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--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab	
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-09-06):
+# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
+# separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+# All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
+#     ISO/TC 46 N1108 (2023-04-05).  See: ISO/TC 46 Documents
+#     https://www.iso.org/committee/48750.html?view=documents
+# 2.  The usual English name for the coded region.  This sometimes
+#     departs from ISO-listed names, sometimes so that sorted subsets
+#     of names are useful (e.g., "Samoa (American)" and "Samoa
+#     (western)" rather than "American Samoa" and "Samoa"),
+#     sometimes to avoid confusion among non-experts (e.g.,
+#     "Czech Republic" and "Turkey" rather than "Czechia" and "Türkiye"),
+#     and sometimes to omit needless detail or churn (e.g., "Netherlands"
+#     rather than "Netherlands (the)" or "Netherlands (Kingdom of the)").
+#
+# The table is sorted by country code.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#code	name of country, territory, area, or subdivision
+AD	Andorra
+AE	United Arab Emirates
+AF	Afghanistan
+AG	Antigua & Barbuda
+AI	Anguilla
+AL	Albania
+AM	Armenia
+AO	Angola
+AQ	Antarctica
+AR	Argentina
+AS	Samoa (American)
+AT	Austria
+AU	Australia
+AW	Aruba
+AX	Åland Islands
+AZ	Azerbaijan
+BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
+BB	Barbados
+BD	Bangladesh
+BE	Belgium
+BF	Burkina Faso
+BG	Bulgaria
+BH	Bahrain
+BI	Burundi
+BJ	Benin
+BL	St Barthelemy
+BM	Bermuda
+BN	Brunei
+BO	Bolivia
+BQ	Caribbean NL
+BR	Brazil
+BS	Bahamas
+BT	Bhutan
+BV	Bouvet Island
+BW	Botswana
+BY	Belarus
+BZ	Belize
+CA	Canada
+CC	Cocos (Keeling) Islands
+CD	Congo (Dem. Rep.)
+CF	Central African Rep.
+CG	Congo (Rep.)
+CH	Switzerland
+CI	Côte d'Ivoire
+CK	Cook Islands
+CL	Chile
+CM	Cameroon
+CN	China
+CO	Colombia
+CR	Costa Rica
+CU	Cuba
+CV	Cape Verde
+CW	Curaçao
+CX	Christmas Island
+CY	Cyprus
+CZ	Czech Republic
+DE	Germany
+DJ	Djibouti
+DK	Denmark
+DM	Dominica
+DO	Dominican Republic
+DZ	Algeria
+EC	Ecuador
+EE	Estonia
+EG	Egypt
+EH	Western Sahara
+ER	Eritrea
+ES	Spain
+ET	Ethiopia
+FI	Finland
+FJ	Fiji
+FK	Falkland Islands
+FM	Micronesia
+FO	Faroe Islands
+FR	France
+GA	Gabon
+GB	Britain (UK)
+GD	Grenada
+GE	Georgia
+GF	French Guiana
+GG	Guernsey
+GH	Ghana
+GI	Gibraltar
+GL	Greenland
+GM	Gambia
+GN	Guinea
+GP	Guadeloupe
+GQ	Equatorial Guinea
+GR	Greece
+GS	South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands
+GT	Guatemala
+GU	Guam
+GW	Guinea-Bissau
+GY	Guyana
+HK	Hong Kong
+HM	Heard Island & McDonald Islands
+HN	Honduras
+HR	Croatia
+HT	Haiti
+HU	Hungary
+ID	Indonesia
+IE	Ireland
+IL	Israel
+IM	Isle of Man
+IN	India
+IO	British Indian Ocean Territory
+IQ	Iraq
+IR	Iran
+IS	Iceland
+IT	Italy
+JE	Jersey
+JM	Jamaica
+JO	Jordan
+JP	Japan
+KE	Kenya
+KG	Kyrgyzstan
+KH	Cambodia
+KI	Kiribati
+KM	Comoros
+KN	St Kitts & Nevis
+KP	Korea (North)
+KR	Korea (South)
+KW	Kuwait
+KY	Cayman Islands
+KZ	Kazakhstan
+LA	Laos
+LB	Lebanon
+LC	St Lucia
+LI	Liechtenstein
+LK	Sri Lanka
+LR	Liberia
+LS	Lesotho
+LT	Lithuania
+LU	Luxembourg
+LV	Latvia
+LY	Libya
+MA	Morocco
+MC	Monaco
+MD	Moldova
+ME	Montenegro
+MF	St Martin (French)
+MG	Madagascar
+MH	Marshall Islands
+MK	North Macedonia
+ML	Mali
+MM	Myanmar (Burma)
+MN	Mongolia
+MO	Macau
+MP	Northern Mariana Islands
+MQ	Martinique
+MR	Mauritania
+MS	Montserrat
+MT	Malta
+MU	Mauritius
+MV	Maldives
+MW	Malawi
+MX	Mexico
+MY	Malaysia
+MZ	Mozambique
+NA	Namibia
+NC	New Caledonia
+NE	Niger
+NF	Norfolk Island
+NG	Nigeria
+NI	Nicaragua
+NL	Netherlands
+NO	Norway
+NP	Nepal
+NR	Nauru
+NU	Niue
+NZ	New Zealand
+OM	Oman
+PA	Panama
+PE	Peru
+PF	French Polynesia
+PG	Papua New Guinea
+PH	Philippines
+PK	Pakistan
+PL	Poland
+PM	St Pierre & Miquelon
+PN	Pitcairn
+PR	Puerto Rico
+PS	Palestine
+PT	Portugal
+PW	Palau
+PY	Paraguay
+QA	Qatar
+RE	Réunion
+RO	Romania
+RS	Serbia
+RU	Russia
+RW	Rwanda
+SA	Saudi Arabia
+SB	Solomon Islands
+SC	Seychelles
+SD	Sudan
+SE	Sweden
+SG	Singapore
+SH	St Helena
+SI	Slovenia
+SJ	Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+SK	Slovakia
+SL	Sierra Leone
+SM	San Marino
+SN	Senegal
+SO	Somalia
+SR	Suriname
+SS	South Sudan
+ST	Sao Tome & Principe
+SV	El Salvador
+SX	St Maarten (Dutch)
+SY	Syria
+SZ	Eswatini (Swaziland)
+TC	Turks & Caicos Is
+TD	Chad
+TF	French S. Terr.
+TG	Togo
+TH	Thailand
+TJ	Tajikistan
+TK	Tokelau
+TL	East Timor
+TM	Turkmenistan
+TN	Tunisia
+TO	Tonga
+TR	Turkey
+TT	Trinidad & Tobago
+TV	Tuvalu
+TW	Taiwan
+TZ	Tanzania
+UA	Ukraine
+UG	Uganda
+UM	US minor outlying islands
+US	United States
+UY	Uruguay
+UZ	Uzbekistan
+VA	Vatican City
+VC	St Vincent
+VE	Venezuela
+VG	Virgin Islands (UK)
+VI	Virgin Islands (US)
+VN	Vietnam
+VU	Vanuatu
+WF	Wallis & Futuna
+WS	Samoa (western)
+YE	Yemen
+YT	Mayotte
+ZA	South Africa
+ZM	Zambia
+ZW	Zimbabwe
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/leapseconds b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/leapseconds
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce150bfe0dca775b057923c4d335b8cb907f7272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/leapseconds	
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file.
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
+# NIST/IERS format leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
+# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list>
+# or, in a variant with different comments, from
+# <ftp://ftp.boulder.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>.
+# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
+# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
+# <https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html>.
+
+# The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of:
+# Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions.
+# International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication Sector
+# (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002)
+# <https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/>.
+# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
+# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
+# (a proxy for Earth's angle in space as measured by astronomers)
+# and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file
+# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/Leap_Second.dat>.
+# See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second.
+# URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995
+# <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7909995>.
+
+# There were no leap seconds before 1972, as no official mechanism
+# accounted for the discrepancy between atomic time (TAI) and the earth's
+# rotation.  The first ("1 Jan 1972") data line in leap-seconds.list
+# does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition
+# of UTC.
+
+# All leap-seconds are Stationary (S) at the given UTC time.
+# The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so in the unlikely
+# event of a negative leap second, a line would look like this:
+# Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	S
+# Typical lines look like this:
+# Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1972	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1973	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1974	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1975	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1976	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1977	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1978	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1979	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1981	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1982	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1983	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1985	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1987	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1989	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1990	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1992	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1993	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1994	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1995	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1997	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+
+# UTC timestamp when this leap second list expires.
+# Any additional leap seconds will come after this.
+# This Expires line is commented out for now,
+# so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file.
+#Expires 2024	Dec	28	00:00:00
+
+# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
+#updated 1704708379 (2024-01-08 10:06:19 UTC)
+#expires 1735344000 (2024-12-28 00:00:00 UTC)
+
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C (https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat)
+#	File expires on 28 December 2024
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/tzdata.zi b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/tzdata.zi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5a03be786d23c708e0c8eec25cf550f8e8eb46d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/tzdata.zi	
@@ -0,0 +1,4294 @@
+# version unknown
+# This zic input file is in the public domain.
+R d 1916 o - Jun 14 23s 1 S
+R d 1916 1919 - O Su>=1 23s 0 -
+R d 1917 o - Mar 24 23s 1 S
+R d 1918 o - Mar 9 23s 1 S
+R d 1919 o - Mar 1 23s 1 S
+R d 1920 o - F 14 23s 1 S
+R d 1920 o - O 23 23s 0 -
+R d 1921 o - Mar 14 23s 1 S
+R d 1921 o - Jun 21 23s 0 -
+R d 1939 o - S 11 23s 1 S
+R d 1939 o - N 19 1 0 -
+R d 1944 1945 - Ap M>=1 2 1 S
+R d 1944 o - O 8 2 0 -
+R d 1945 o - S 16 1 0 -
+R d 1971 o - Ap 25 23s 1 S
+R d 1971 o - S 26 23s 0 -
+R d 1977 o - May 6 0 1 S
+R d 1977 o - O 21 0 0 -
+R d 1978 o - Mar 24 1 1 S
+R d 1978 o - S 22 3 0 -
+R d 1980 o - Ap 25 0 1 S
+R d 1980 o - O 31 2 0 -
+R K 1940 o - Jul 15 0 1 S
+R K 1940 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R K 1941 o - Ap 15 0 1 S
+R K 1941 o - S 16 0 0 -
+R K 1942 1944 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R K 1942 o - O 27 0 0 -
+R K 1943 1945 - N 1 0 0 -
+R K 1945 o - Ap 16 0 1 S
+R K 1957 o - May 10 0 1 S
+R K 1957 1958 - O 1 0 0 -
+R K 1958 o - May 1 0 1 S
+R K 1959 1981 - May 1 1 1 S
+R K 1959 1965 - S 30 3 0 -
+R K 1966 1994 - O 1 3 0 -
+R K 1982 o - Jul 25 1 1 S
+R K 1983 o - Jul 12 1 1 S
+R K 1984 1988 - May 1 1 1 S
+R K 1989 o - May 6 1 1 S
+R K 1990 1994 - May 1 1 1 S
+R K 1995 2010 - Ap lastF 0s 1 S
+R K 1995 2005 - S lastTh 24 0 -
+R K 2006 o - S 21 24 0 -
+R K 2007 o - S Th>=1 24 0 -
+R K 2008 o - Au lastTh 24 0 -
+R K 2009 o - Au 20 24 0 -
+R K 2010 o - Au 10 24 0 -
+R K 2010 o - S 9 24 1 S
+R K 2010 o - S lastTh 24 0 -
+R K 2014 o - May 15 24 1 S
+R K 2014 o - Jun 26 24 0 -
+R K 2014 o - Jul 31 24 1 S
+R K 2014 o - S lastTh 24 0 -
+R K 2023 ma - Ap lastF 0 1 S
+R K 2023 ma - O lastTh 24 0 -
+R L 1951 o - O 14 2 1 S
+R L 1952 o - Ja 1 0 0 -
+R L 1953 o - O 9 2 1 S
+R L 1954 o - Ja 1 0 0 -
+R L 1955 o - S 30 0 1 S
+R L 1956 o - Ja 1 0 0 -
+R L 1982 1984 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R L 1982 1985 - O 1 0 0 -
+R L 1985 o - Ap 6 0 1 S
+R L 1986 o - Ap 4 0 1 S
+R L 1986 o - O 3 0 0 -
+R L 1987 1989 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R L 1987 1989 - O 1 0 0 -
+R L 1997 o - Ap 4 0 1 S
+R L 1997 o - O 4 0 0 -
+R L 2013 o - Mar lastF 1 1 S
+R L 2013 o - O lastF 2 0 -
+R MU 1982 o - O 10 0 1 -
+R MU 1983 o - Mar 21 0 0 -
+R MU 2008 o - O lastSu 2 1 -
+R MU 2009 o - Mar lastSu 2 0 -
+R M 1939 o - S 12 0 1 -
+R M 1939 o - N 19 0 0 -
+R M 1940 o - F 25 0 1 -
+R M 1945 o - N 18 0 0 -
+R M 1950 o - Jun 11 0 1 -
+R M 1950 o - O 29 0 0 -
+R M 1967 o - Jun 3 12 1 -
+R M 1967 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R M 1974 o - Jun 24 0 1 -
+R M 1974 o - S 1 0 0 -
+R M 1976 1977 - May 1 0 1 -
+R M 1976 o - Au 1 0 0 -
+R M 1977 o - S 28 0 0 -
+R M 1978 o - Jun 1 0 1 -
+R M 1978 o - Au 4 0 0 -
+R M 2008 o - Jun 1 0 1 -
+R M 2008 o - S 1 0 0 -
+R M 2009 o - Jun 1 0 1 -
+R M 2009 o - Au 21 0 0 -
+R M 2010 o - May 2 0 1 -
+R M 2010 o - Au 8 0 0 -
+R M 2011 o - Ap 3 0 1 -
+R M 2011 o - Jul 31 0 0 -
+R M 2012 2013 - Ap lastSu 2 1 -
+R M 2012 o - Jul 20 3 0 -
+R M 2012 o - Au 20 2 1 -
+R M 2012 o - S 30 3 0 -
+R M 2013 o - Jul 7 3 0 -
+R M 2013 o - Au 10 2 1 -
+R M 2013 2018 - O lastSu 3 0 -
+R M 2014 2018 - Mar lastSu 2 1 -
+R M 2014 o - Jun 28 3 0 -
+R M 2014 o - Au 2 2 1 -
+R M 2015 o - Jun 14 3 0 -
+R M 2015 o - Jul 19 2 1 -
+R M 2016 o - Jun 5 3 0 -
+R M 2016 o - Jul 10 2 1 -
+R M 2017 o - May 21 3 0 -
+R M 2017 o - Jul 2 2 1 -
+R M 2018 o - May 13 3 0 -
+R M 2018 o - Jun 17 2 1 -
+R M 2019 o - May 5 3 -1 -
+R M 2019 o - Jun 9 2 0 -
+R M 2020 o - Ap 19 3 -1 -
+R M 2020 o - May 31 2 0 -
+R M 2021 o - Ap 11 3 -1 -
+R M 2021 o - May 16 2 0 -
+R M 2022 o - Mar 27 3 -1 -
+R M 2022 o - May 8 2 0 -
+R M 2023 o - Mar 19 3 -1 -
+R M 2023 o - Ap 23 2 0 -
+R M 2024 o - Mar 10 3 -1 -
+R M 2024 o - Ap 14 2 0 -
+R M 2025 o - F 23 3 -1 -
+R M 2025 o - Ap 6 2 0 -
+R M 2026 o - F 15 3 -1 -
+R M 2026 o - Mar 22 2 0 -
+R M 2027 o - F 7 3 -1 -
+R M 2027 o - Mar 14 2 0 -
+R M 2028 o - Ja 23 3 -1 -
+R M 2028 o - Mar 5 2 0 -
+R M 2029 o - Ja 14 3 -1 -
+R M 2029 o - F 18 2 0 -
+R M 2029 o - D 30 3 -1 -
+R M 2030 o - F 10 2 0 -
+R M 2030 o - D 22 3 -1 -
+R M 2031 o - Ja 26 2 0 -
+R M 2031 o - D 14 3 -1 -
+R M 2032 o - Ja 18 2 0 -
+R M 2032 o - N 28 3 -1 -
+R M 2033 o - Ja 9 2 0 -
+R M 2033 o - N 20 3 -1 -
+R M 2033 o - D 25 2 0 -
+R M 2034 o - N 5 3 -1 -
+R M 2034 o - D 17 2 0 -
+R M 2035 o - O 28 3 -1 -
+R M 2035 o - D 9 2 0 -
+R M 2036 o - O 19 3 -1 -
+R M 2036 o - N 23 2 0 -
+R M 2037 o - O 4 3 -1 -
+R M 2037 o - N 15 2 0 -
+R M 2038 o - S 26 3 -1 -
+R M 2038 o - O 31 2 0 -
+R M 2039 o - S 18 3 -1 -
+R M 2039 o - O 23 2 0 -
+R M 2040 o - S 2 3 -1 -
+R M 2040 o - O 14 2 0 -
+R M 2041 o - Au 25 3 -1 -
+R M 2041 o - S 29 2 0 -
+R M 2042 o - Au 10 3 -1 -
+R M 2042 o - S 21 2 0 -
+R M 2043 o - Au 2 3 -1 -
+R M 2043 o - S 13 2 0 -
+R M 2044 o - Jul 24 3 -1 -
+R M 2044 o - Au 28 2 0 -
+R M 2045 o - Jul 9 3 -1 -
+R M 2045 o - Au 20 2 0 -
+R M 2046 o - Jul 1 3 -1 -
+R M 2046 o - Au 5 2 0 -
+R M 2047 o - Jun 23 3 -1 -
+R M 2047 o - Jul 28 2 0 -
+R M 2048 o - Jun 7 3 -1 -
+R M 2048 o - Jul 19 2 0 -
+R M 2049 o - May 30 3 -1 -
+R M 2049 o - Jul 4 2 0 -
+R M 2050 o - May 15 3 -1 -
+R M 2050 o - Jun 26 2 0 -
+R M 2051 o - May 7 3 -1 -
+R M 2051 o - Jun 18 2 0 -
+R M 2052 o - Ap 28 3 -1 -
+R M 2052 o - Jun 2 2 0 -
+R M 2053 o - Ap 13 3 -1 -
+R M 2053 o - May 25 2 0 -
+R M 2054 o - Ap 5 3 -1 -
+R M 2054 o - May 10 2 0 -
+R M 2055 o - Mar 28 3 -1 -
+R M 2055 o - May 2 2 0 -
+R M 2056 o - Mar 12 3 -1 -
+R M 2056 o - Ap 23 2 0 -
+R M 2057 o - Mar 4 3 -1 -
+R M 2057 o - Ap 8 2 0 -
+R M 2058 o - F 17 3 -1 -
+R M 2058 o - Mar 31 2 0 -
+R M 2059 o - F 9 3 -1 -
+R M 2059 o - Mar 23 2 0 -
+R M 2060 o - F 1 3 -1 -
+R M 2060 o - Mar 7 2 0 -
+R M 2061 o - Ja 16 3 -1 -
+R M 2061 o - F 27 2 0 -
+R M 2062 o - Ja 8 3 -1 -
+R M 2062 o - F 12 2 0 -
+R M 2062 o - D 31 3 -1 -
+R M 2063 o - F 4 2 0 -
+R M 2063 o - D 16 3 -1 -
+R M 2064 o - Ja 27 2 0 -
+R M 2064 o - D 7 3 -1 -
+R M 2065 o - Ja 11 2 0 -
+R M 2065 o - N 22 3 -1 -
+R M 2066 o - Ja 3 2 0 -
+R M 2066 o - N 14 3 -1 -
+R M 2066 o - D 26 2 0 -
+R M 2067 o - N 6 3 -1 -
+R M 2067 o - D 11 2 0 -
+R M 2068 o - O 21 3 -1 -
+R M 2068 o - D 2 2 0 -
+R M 2069 o - O 13 3 -1 -
+R M 2069 o - N 17 2 0 -
+R M 2070 o - O 5 3 -1 -
+R M 2070 o - N 9 2 0 -
+R M 2071 o - S 20 3 -1 -
+R M 2071 o - N 1 2 0 -
+R M 2072 o - S 11 3 -1 -
+R M 2072 o - O 16 2 0 -
+R M 2073 o - Au 27 3 -1 -
+R M 2073 o - O 8 2 0 -
+R M 2074 o - Au 19 3 -1 -
+R M 2074 o - S 30 2 0 -
+R M 2075 o - Au 11 3 -1 -
+R M 2075 o - S 15 2 0 -
+R M 2076 o - Jul 26 3 -1 -
+R M 2076 o - S 6 2 0 -
+R M 2077 o - Jul 18 3 -1 -
+R M 2077 o - Au 22 2 0 -
+R M 2078 o - Jul 10 3 -1 -
+R M 2078 o - Au 14 2 0 -
+R M 2079 o - Jun 25 3 -1 -
+R M 2079 o - Au 6 2 0 -
+R M 2080 o - Jun 16 3 -1 -
+R M 2080 o - Jul 21 2 0 -
+R M 2081 o - Jun 1 3 -1 -
+R M 2081 o - Jul 13 2 0 -
+R M 2082 o - May 24 3 -1 -
+R M 2082 o - Jun 28 2 0 -
+R M 2083 o - May 16 3 -1 -
+R M 2083 o - Jun 20 2 0 -
+R M 2084 o - Ap 30 3 -1 -
+R M 2084 o - Jun 11 2 0 -
+R M 2085 o - Ap 22 3 -1 -
+R M 2085 o - May 27 2 0 -
+R M 2086 o - Ap 14 3 -1 -
+R M 2086 o - May 19 2 0 -
+R M 2087 o - Mar 30 3 -1 -
+R M 2087 o - May 11 2 0 -
+R NA 1994 o - Mar 21 0 -1 WAT
+R NA 1994 2017 - S Su>=1 2 0 CAT
+R NA 1995 2017 - Ap Su>=1 2 -1 WAT
+R SA 1942 1943 - S Su>=15 2 1 -
+R SA 1943 1944 - Mar Su>=15 2 0 -
+R SD 1970 o - May 1 0 1 S
+R SD 1970 1985 - O 15 0 0 -
+R SD 1971 o - Ap 30 0 1 S
+R SD 1972 1985 - Ap lastSu 0 1 S
+R n 1939 o - Ap 15 23s 1 S
+R n 1939 o - N 18 23s 0 -
+R n 1940 o - F 25 23s 1 S
+R n 1941 o - O 6 0 0 -
+R n 1942 o - Mar 9 0 1 S
+R n 1942 o - N 2 3 0 -
+R n 1943 o - Mar 29 2 1 S
+R n 1943 o - Ap 17 2 0 -
+R n 1943 o - Ap 25 2 1 S
+R n 1943 o - O 4 2 0 -
+R n 1944 1945 - Ap M>=1 2 1 S
+R n 1944 o - O 8 0 0 -
+R n 1945 o - S 16 0 0 -
+R n 1977 o - Ap 30 0s 1 S
+R n 1977 o - S 24 0s 0 -
+R n 1978 o - May 1 0s 1 S
+R n 1978 o - O 1 0s 0 -
+R n 1988 o - Jun 1 0s 1 S
+R n 1988 1990 - S lastSu 0s 0 -
+R n 1989 o - Mar 26 0s 1 S
+R n 1990 o - May 1 0s 1 S
+R n 2005 o - May 1 0s 1 S
+R n 2005 o - S 30 1s 0 -
+R n 2006 2008 - Mar lastSu 2s 1 S
+R n 2006 2008 - O lastSu 2s 0 -
+R Tr 2005 ma - Mar lastSu 1u 2 +02
+R Tr 2004 ma - O lastSu 1u 0 +00
+R AM 2011 o - Mar lastSu 2s 1 -
+R AM 2011 o - O lastSu 2s 0 -
+R AZ 1997 2015 - Mar lastSu 4 1 -
+R AZ 1997 2015 - O lastSu 5 0 -
+R BD 2009 o - Jun 19 23 1 -
+R BD 2009 o - D 31 24 0 -
+R Sh 1919 o - Ap 12 24 1 D
+R Sh 1919 o - S 30 24 0 S
+R Sh 1940 o - Jun 1 0 1 D
+R Sh 1940 o - O 12 24 0 S
+R Sh 1941 o - Mar 15 0 1 D
+R Sh 1941 o - N 1 24 0 S
+R Sh 1942 o - Ja 31 0 1 D
+R Sh 1945 o - S 1 24 0 S
+R Sh 1946 o - May 15 0 1 D
+R Sh 1946 o - S 30 24 0 S
+R Sh 1947 o - Ap 15 0 1 D
+R Sh 1947 o - O 31 24 0 S
+R Sh 1948 1949 - May 1 0 1 D
+R Sh 1948 1949 - S 30 24 0 S
+R CN 1986 o - May 4 2 1 D
+R CN 1986 1991 - S Su>=11 2 0 S
+R CN 1987 1991 - Ap Su>=11 2 1 D
+R HK 1946 o - Ap 21 0 1 S
+R HK 1946 o - D 1 3:30s 0 -
+R HK 1947 o - Ap 13 3:30s 1 S
+R HK 1947 o - N 30 3:30s 0 -
+R HK 1948 o - May 2 3:30s 1 S
+R HK 1948 1952 - O Su>=28 3:30s 0 -
+R HK 1949 1953 - Ap Su>=1 3:30 1 S
+R HK 1953 1964 - O Su>=31 3:30 0 -
+R HK 1954 1964 - Mar Su>=18 3:30 1 S
+R HK 1965 1976 - Ap Su>=16 3:30 1 S
+R HK 1965 1976 - O Su>=16 3:30 0 -
+R HK 1973 o - D 30 3:30 1 S
+R HK 1979 o - May 13 3:30 1 S
+R HK 1979 o - O 21 3:30 0 -
+R f 1946 o - May 15 0 1 D
+R f 1946 o - O 1 0 0 S
+R f 1947 o - Ap 15 0 1 D
+R f 1947 o - N 1 0 0 S
+R f 1948 1951 - May 1 0 1 D
+R f 1948 1951 - O 1 0 0 S
+R f 1952 o - Mar 1 0 1 D
+R f 1952 1954 - N 1 0 0 S
+R f 1953 1959 - Ap 1 0 1 D
+R f 1955 1961 - O 1 0 0 S
+R f 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0 1 D
+R f 1974 1975 - Ap 1 0 1 D
+R f 1974 1975 - O 1 0 0 S
+R f 1979 o - Jul 1 0 1 D
+R f 1979 o - O 1 0 0 S
+R _ 1942 1943 - Ap 30 23 1 -
+R _ 1942 o - N 17 23 0 -
+R _ 1943 o - S 30 23 0 S
+R _ 1946 o - Ap 30 23s 1 D
+R _ 1946 o - S 30 23s 0 S
+R _ 1947 o - Ap 19 23s 1 D
+R _ 1947 o - N 30 23s 0 S
+R _ 1948 o - May 2 23s 1 D
+R _ 1948 o - O 31 23s 0 S
+R _ 1949 1950 - Ap Sa>=1 23s 1 D
+R _ 1949 1950 - O lastSa 23s 0 S
+R _ 1951 o - Mar 31 23s 1 D
+R _ 1951 o - O 28 23s 0 S
+R _ 1952 1953 - Ap Sa>=1 23s 1 D
+R _ 1952 o - N 1 23s 0 S
+R _ 1953 1954 - O lastSa 23s 0 S
+R _ 1954 1956 - Mar Sa>=17 23s 1 D
+R _ 1955 o - N 5 23s 0 S
+R _ 1956 1964 - N Su>=1 3:30 0 S
+R _ 1957 1964 - Mar Su>=18 3:30 1 D
+R _ 1965 1973 - Ap Su>=16 3:30 1 D
+R _ 1965 1966 - O Su>=16 2:30 0 S
+R _ 1967 1976 - O Su>=16 3:30 0 S
+R _ 1973 o - D 30 3:30 1 D
+R _ 1975 1976 - Ap Su>=16 3:30 1 D
+R _ 1979 o - May 13 3:30 1 D
+R _ 1979 o - O Su>=16 3:30 0 S
+R CY 1975 o - Ap 13 0 1 S
+R CY 1975 o - O 12 0 0 -
+R CY 1976 o - May 15 0 1 S
+R CY 1976 o - O 11 0 0 -
+R CY 1977 1980 - Ap Su>=1 0 1 S
+R CY 1977 o - S 25 0 0 -
+R CY 1978 o - O 2 0 0 -
+R CY 1979 1997 - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R CY 1981 1998 - Mar lastSu 0 1 S
+R i 1910 o - Ja 1 0 0 -
+R i 1977 o - Mar 21 23 1 -
+R i 1977 o - O 20 24 0 -
+R i 1978 o - Mar 24 24 1 -
+R i 1978 o - Au 5 1 0 -
+R i 1979 o - May 26 24 1 -
+R i 1979 o - S 18 24 0 -
+R i 1980 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 1980 o - S 22 24 0 -
+R i 1991 o - May 2 24 1 -
+R i 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 1991 1995 - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 1996 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 1996 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 1997 1999 - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 2000 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 2000 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 2001 2003 - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 2004 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 2004 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 2005 o - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 2005 o - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 2008 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 2008 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 2009 2011 - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 2012 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 2012 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 2013 2015 - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 2016 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 2016 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 2017 2019 - S 21 24 0 -
+R i 2020 o - Mar 20 24 1 -
+R i 2020 o - S 20 24 0 -
+R i 2021 2022 - Mar 21 24 1 -
+R i 2021 2022 - S 21 24 0 -
+R IQ 1982 o - May 1 0 1 -
+R IQ 1982 1984 - O 1 0 0 -
+R IQ 1983 o - Mar 31 0 1 -
+R IQ 1984 1985 - Ap 1 0 1 -
+R IQ 1985 1990 - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R IQ 1986 1990 - Mar lastSu 1s 1 -
+R IQ 1991 2007 - Ap 1 3s 1 -
+R IQ 1991 2007 - O 1 3s 0 -
+R Z 1940 o - May 31 24u 1 D
+R Z 1940 o - S 30 24u 0 S
+R Z 1940 o - N 16 24u 1 D
+R Z 1942 1946 - O 31 24u 0 S
+R Z 1943 1944 - Mar 31 24u 1 D
+R Z 1945 1946 - Ap 15 24u 1 D
+R Z 1948 o - May 22 24u 2 DD
+R Z 1948 o - Au 31 24u 1 D
+R Z 1948 1949 - O 31 24u 0 S
+R Z 1949 o - Ap 30 24u 1 D
+R Z 1950 o - Ap 15 24u 1 D
+R Z 1950 o - S 14 24u 0 S
+R Z 1951 o - Mar 31 24u 1 D
+R Z 1951 o - N 10 24u 0 S
+R Z 1952 o - Ap 19 24u 1 D
+R Z 1952 o - O 18 24u 0 S
+R Z 1953 o - Ap 11 24u 1 D
+R Z 1953 o - S 12 24u 0 S
+R Z 1954 o - Jun 12 24u 1 D
+R Z 1954 o - S 11 24u 0 S
+R Z 1955 o - Jun 11 24u 1 D
+R Z 1955 o - S 10 24u 0 S
+R Z 1956 o - Jun 2 24u 1 D
+R Z 1956 o - S 29 24u 0 S
+R Z 1957 o - Ap 27 24u 1 D
+R Z 1957 o - S 21 24u 0 S
+R Z 1974 o - Jul 6 24 1 D
+R Z 1974 o - O 12 24 0 S
+R Z 1975 o - Ap 19 24 1 D
+R Z 1975 o - Au 30 24 0 S
+R Z 1980 o - Au 2 24s 1 D
+R Z 1980 o - S 13 24s 0 S
+R Z 1984 o - May 5 24s 1 D
+R Z 1984 o - Au 25 24s 0 S
+R Z 1985 o - Ap 13 24 1 D
+R Z 1985 o - Au 31 24 0 S
+R Z 1986 o - May 17 24 1 D
+R Z 1986 o - S 6 24 0 S
+R Z 1987 o - Ap 14 24 1 D
+R Z 1987 o - S 12 24 0 S
+R Z 1988 o - Ap 9 24 1 D
+R Z 1988 o - S 3 24 0 S
+R Z 1989 o - Ap 29 24 1 D
+R Z 1989 o - S 2 24 0 S
+R Z 1990 o - Mar 24 24 1 D
+R Z 1990 o - Au 25 24 0 S
+R Z 1991 o - Mar 23 24 1 D
+R Z 1991 o - Au 31 24 0 S
+R Z 1992 o - Mar 28 24 1 D
+R Z 1992 o - S 5 24 0 S
+R Z 1993 o - Ap 2 0 1 D
+R Z 1993 o - S 5 0 0 S
+R Z 1994 o - Ap 1 0 1 D
+R Z 1994 o - Au 28 0 0 S
+R Z 1995 o - Mar 31 0 1 D
+R Z 1995 o - S 3 0 0 S
+R Z 1996 o - Mar 14 24 1 D
+R Z 1996 o - S 15 24 0 S
+R Z 1997 o - Mar 20 24 1 D
+R Z 1997 o - S 13 24 0 S
+R Z 1998 o - Mar 20 0 1 D
+R Z 1998 o - S 6 0 0 S
+R Z 1999 o - Ap 2 2 1 D
+R Z 1999 o - S 3 2 0 S
+R Z 2000 o - Ap 14 2 1 D
+R Z 2000 o - O 6 1 0 S
+R Z 2001 o - Ap 9 1 1 D
+R Z 2001 o - S 24 1 0 S
+R Z 2002 o - Mar 29 1 1 D
+R Z 2002 o - O 7 1 0 S
+R Z 2003 o - Mar 28 1 1 D
+R Z 2003 o - O 3 1 0 S
+R Z 2004 o - Ap 7 1 1 D
+R Z 2004 o - S 22 1 0 S
+R Z 2005 2012 - Ap F<=1 2 1 D
+R Z 2005 o - O 9 2 0 S
+R Z 2006 o - O 1 2 0 S
+R Z 2007 o - S 16 2 0 S
+R Z 2008 o - O 5 2 0 S
+R Z 2009 o - S 27 2 0 S
+R Z 2010 o - S 12 2 0 S
+R Z 2011 o - O 2 2 0 S
+R Z 2012 o - S 23 2 0 S
+R Z 2013 ma - Mar F>=23 2 1 D
+R Z 2013 ma - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R JP 1948 o - May Sa>=1 24 1 D
+R JP 1948 1951 - S Sa>=8 25 0 S
+R JP 1949 o - Ap Sa>=1 24 1 D
+R JP 1950 1951 - May Sa>=1 24 1 D
+R J 1973 o - Jun 6 0 1 S
+R J 1973 1975 - O 1 0 0 -
+R J 1974 1977 - May 1 0 1 S
+R J 1976 o - N 1 0 0 -
+R J 1977 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R J 1978 o - Ap 30 0 1 S
+R J 1978 o - S 30 0 0 -
+R J 1985 o - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R J 1985 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R J 1986 1988 - Ap F>=1 0 1 S
+R J 1986 1990 - O F>=1 0 0 -
+R J 1989 o - May 8 0 1 S
+R J 1990 o - Ap 27 0 1 S
+R J 1991 o - Ap 17 0 1 S
+R J 1991 o - S 27 0 0 -
+R J 1992 o - Ap 10 0 1 S
+R J 1992 1993 - O F>=1 0 0 -
+R J 1993 1998 - Ap F>=1 0 1 S
+R J 1994 o - S F>=15 0 0 -
+R J 1995 1998 - S F>=15 0s 0 -
+R J 1999 o - Jul 1 0s 1 S
+R J 1999 2002 - S lastF 0s 0 -
+R J 2000 2001 - Mar lastTh 0s 1 S
+R J 2002 2012 - Mar lastTh 24 1 S
+R J 2003 o - O 24 0s 0 -
+R J 2004 o - O 15 0s 0 -
+R J 2005 o - S lastF 0s 0 -
+R J 2006 2011 - O lastF 0s 0 -
+R J 2013 o - D 20 0 0 -
+R J 2014 2021 - Mar lastTh 24 1 S
+R J 2014 2022 - O lastF 0s 0 -
+R J 2022 o - F lastTh 24 1 S
+R KG 1992 1996 - Ap Su>=7 0s 1 -
+R KG 1992 1996 - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R KG 1997 2005 - Mar lastSu 2:30 1 -
+R KG 1997 2004 - O lastSu 2:30 0 -
+R KR 1948 o - Jun 1 0 1 D
+R KR 1948 o - S 12 24 0 S
+R KR 1949 o - Ap 3 0 1 D
+R KR 1949 1951 - S Sa>=7 24 0 S
+R KR 1950 o - Ap 1 0 1 D
+R KR 1951 o - May 6 0 1 D
+R KR 1955 o - May 5 0 1 D
+R KR 1955 o - S 8 24 0 S
+R KR 1956 o - May 20 0 1 D
+R KR 1956 o - S 29 24 0 S
+R KR 1957 1960 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R KR 1957 1960 - S Sa>=17 24 0 S
+R KR 1987 1988 - May Su>=8 2 1 D
+R KR 1987 1988 - O Su>=8 3 0 S
+R l 1920 o - Mar 28 0 1 S
+R l 1920 o - O 25 0 0 -
+R l 1921 o - Ap 3 0 1 S
+R l 1921 o - O 3 0 0 -
+R l 1922 o - Mar 26 0 1 S
+R l 1922 o - O 8 0 0 -
+R l 1923 o - Ap 22 0 1 S
+R l 1923 o - S 16 0 0 -
+R l 1957 1961 - May 1 0 1 S
+R l 1957 1961 - O 1 0 0 -
+R l 1972 o - Jun 22 0 1 S
+R l 1972 1977 - O 1 0 0 -
+R l 1973 1977 - May 1 0 1 S
+R l 1978 o - Ap 30 0 1 S
+R l 1978 o - S 30 0 0 -
+R l 1984 1987 - May 1 0 1 S
+R l 1984 1991 - O 16 0 0 -
+R l 1988 o - Jun 1 0 1 S
+R l 1989 o - May 10 0 1 S
+R l 1990 1992 - May 1 0 1 S
+R l 1992 o - O 4 0 0 -
+R l 1993 ma - Mar lastSu 0 1 S
+R l 1993 1998 - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R l 1999 ma - O lastSu 0 0 -
+R NB 1935 1941 - S 14 0 0:20 -
+R NB 1935 1941 - D 14 0 0 -
+R X 1983 1984 - Ap 1 0 1 -
+R X 1983 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R X 1985 1998 - Mar lastSu 0 1 -
+R X 1984 1998 - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R X 2001 o - Ap lastSa 2 1 -
+R X 2001 2006 - S lastSa 2 0 -
+R X 2002 2006 - Mar lastSa 2 1 -
+R X 2015 2016 - Mar lastSa 2 1 -
+R X 2015 2016 - S lastSa 0 0 -
+R PK 2002 o - Ap Su>=2 0 1 S
+R PK 2002 o - O Su>=2 0 0 -
+R PK 2008 o - Jun 1 0 1 S
+R PK 2008 2009 - N 1 0 0 -
+R PK 2009 o - Ap 15 0 1 S
+R P 1999 2005 - Ap F>=15 0 1 S
+R P 1999 2003 - O F>=15 0 0 -
+R P 2004 o - O 1 1 0 -
+R P 2005 o - O 4 2 0 -
+R P 2006 2007 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R P 2006 o - S 22 0 0 -
+R P 2007 o - S 13 2 0 -
+R P 2008 2009 - Mar lastF 0 1 S
+R P 2008 o - S 1 0 0 -
+R P 2009 o - S 4 1 0 -
+R P 2010 o - Mar 26 0 1 S
+R P 2010 o - Au 11 0 0 -
+R P 2011 o - Ap 1 0:1 1 S
+R P 2011 o - Au 1 0 0 -
+R P 2011 o - Au 30 0 1 S
+R P 2011 o - S 30 0 0 -
+R P 2012 2014 - Mar lastTh 24 1 S
+R P 2012 o - S 21 1 0 -
+R P 2013 o - S 27 0 0 -
+R P 2014 o - O 24 0 0 -
+R P 2015 o - Mar 28 0 1 S
+R P 2015 o - O 23 1 0 -
+R P 2016 2018 - Mar Sa<=30 1 1 S
+R P 2016 2018 - O Sa<=30 1 0 -
+R P 2019 o - Mar 29 0 1 S
+R P 2019 o - O Sa<=30 0 0 -
+R P 2020 2021 - Mar Sa<=30 0 1 S
+R P 2020 o - O 24 1 0 -
+R P 2021 o - O 29 1 0 -
+R P 2022 o - Mar 27 0 1 S
+R P 2022 2035 - O Sa<=30 2 0 -
+R P 2023 o - Ap 29 2 1 S
+R P 2024 o - Ap 20 2 1 S
+R P 2025 o - Ap 12 2 1 S
+R P 2026 2054 - Mar Sa<=30 2 1 S
+R P 2036 o - O 18 2 0 -
+R P 2037 o - O 10 2 0 -
+R P 2038 o - S 25 2 0 -
+R P 2039 o - S 17 2 0 -
+R P 2040 o - S 1 2 0 -
+R P 2040 o - O 20 2 1 S
+R P 2040 2067 - O Sa<=30 2 0 -
+R P 2041 o - Au 24 2 0 -
+R P 2041 o - O 5 2 1 S
+R P 2042 o - Au 16 2 0 -
+R P 2042 o - S 27 2 1 S
+R P 2043 o - Au 1 2 0 -
+R P 2043 o - S 19 2 1 S
+R P 2044 o - Jul 23 2 0 -
+R P 2044 o - S 3 2 1 S
+R P 2045 o - Jul 15 2 0 -
+R P 2045 o - Au 26 2 1 S
+R P 2046 o - Jun 30 2 0 -
+R P 2046 o - Au 18 2 1 S
+R P 2047 o - Jun 22 2 0 -
+R P 2047 o - Au 3 2 1 S
+R P 2048 o - Jun 6 2 0 -
+R P 2048 o - Jul 25 2 1 S
+R P 2049 o - May 29 2 0 -
+R P 2049 o - Jul 10 2 1 S
+R P 2050 o - May 21 2 0 -
+R P 2050 o - Jul 2 2 1 S
+R P 2051 o - May 6 2 0 -
+R P 2051 o - Jun 24 2 1 S
+R P 2052 o - Ap 27 2 0 -
+R P 2052 o - Jun 8 2 1 S
+R P 2053 o - Ap 12 2 0 -
+R P 2053 o - May 31 2 1 S
+R P 2054 o - Ap 4 2 0 -
+R P 2054 o - May 23 2 1 S
+R P 2055 o - May 8 2 1 S
+R P 2056 o - Ap 29 2 1 S
+R P 2057 o - Ap 14 2 1 S
+R P 2058 o - Ap 6 2 1 S
+R P 2059 ma - Mar Sa<=30 2 1 S
+R P 2068 o - O 20 2 0 -
+R P 2069 o - O 12 2 0 -
+R P 2070 o - O 4 2 0 -
+R P 2071 o - S 19 2 0 -
+R P 2072 o - S 10 2 0 -
+R P 2072 o - O 22 2 1 S
+R P 2072 ma - O Sa<=30 2 0 -
+R P 2073 o - S 2 2 0 -
+R P 2073 o - O 14 2 1 S
+R P 2074 o - Au 18 2 0 -
+R P 2074 o - O 6 2 1 S
+R P 2075 o - Au 10 2 0 -
+R P 2075 o - S 21 2 1 S
+R P 2076 o - Jul 25 2 0 -
+R P 2076 o - S 12 2 1 S
+R P 2077 o - Jul 17 2 0 -
+R P 2077 o - S 4 2 1 S
+R P 2078 o - Jul 9 2 0 -
+R P 2078 o - Au 20 2 1 S
+R P 2079 o - Jun 24 2 0 -
+R P 2079 o - Au 12 2 1 S
+R P 2080 o - Jun 15 2 0 -
+R P 2080 o - Jul 27 2 1 S
+R P 2081 o - Jun 7 2 0 -
+R P 2081 o - Jul 19 2 1 S
+R P 2082 o - May 23 2 0 -
+R P 2082 o - Jul 11 2 1 S
+R P 2083 o - May 15 2 0 -
+R P 2083 o - Jun 26 2 1 S
+R P 2084 o - Ap 29 2 0 -
+R P 2084 o - Jun 17 2 1 S
+R P 2085 o - Ap 21 2 0 -
+R P 2085 o - Jun 9 2 1 S
+R P 2086 o - Ap 13 2 0 -
+R P 2086 o - May 25 2 1 S
+R PH 1936 o - N 1 0 1 D
+R PH 1937 o - F 1 0 0 S
+R PH 1954 o - Ap 12 0 1 D
+R PH 1954 o - Jul 1 0 0 S
+R PH 1978 o - Mar 22 0 1 D
+R PH 1978 o - S 21 0 0 S
+R S 1920 1923 - Ap Su>=15 2 1 S
+R S 1920 1923 - O Su>=1 2 0 -
+R S 1962 o - Ap 29 2 1 S
+R S 1962 o - O 1 2 0 -
+R S 1963 1965 - May 1 2 1 S
+R S 1963 o - S 30 2 0 -
+R S 1964 o - O 1 2 0 -
+R S 1965 o - S 30 2 0 -
+R S 1966 o - Ap 24 2 1 S
+R S 1966 1976 - O 1 2 0 -
+R S 1967 1978 - May 1 2 1 S
+R S 1977 1978 - S 1 2 0 -
+R S 1983 1984 - Ap 9 2 1 S
+R S 1983 1984 - O 1 2 0 -
+R S 1986 o - F 16 2 1 S
+R S 1986 o - O 9 2 0 -
+R S 1987 o - Mar 1 2 1 S
+R S 1987 1988 - O 31 2 0 -
+R S 1988 o - Mar 15 2 1 S
+R S 1989 o - Mar 31 2 1 S
+R S 1989 o - O 1 2 0 -
+R S 1990 o - Ap 1 2 1 S
+R S 1990 o - S 30 2 0 -
+R S 1991 o - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R S 1991 1992 - O 1 0 0 -
+R S 1992 o - Ap 8 0 1 S
+R S 1993 o - Mar 26 0 1 S
+R S 1993 o - S 25 0 0 -
+R S 1994 1996 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R S 1994 2005 - O 1 0 0 -
+R S 1997 1998 - Mar lastM 0 1 S
+R S 1999 2006 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R S 2006 o - S 22 0 0 -
+R S 2007 o - Mar lastF 0 1 S
+R S 2007 o - N F>=1 0 0 -
+R S 2008 o - Ap F>=1 0 1 S
+R S 2008 o - N 1 0 0 -
+R S 2009 o - Mar lastF 0 1 S
+R S 2010 2011 - Ap F>=1 0 1 S
+R S 2012 2022 - Mar lastF 0 1 S
+R S 2009 2022 - O lastF 0 0 -
+R AU 1917 o - Ja 1 2s 1 D
+R AU 1917 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AU 1942 o - Ja 1 2s 1 D
+R AU 1942 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AU 1942 o - S 27 2s 1 D
+R AU 1943 1944 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AU 1943 o - O 3 2s 1 D
+R AW 1974 o - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AW 1975 o - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AW 1983 o - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AW 1984 o - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AW 1991 o - N 17 2s 1 D
+R AW 1992 o - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AW 2006 o - D 3 2s 1 D
+R AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AW 2007 2008 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AQ 1971 o - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AQ 1972 o - F lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AQ 1989 1991 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R Ho 1992 1993 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R Ho 1993 1994 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AS 1971 1985 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AS 1986 o - O 19 2s 1 D
+R AS 1987 2007 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AS 1972 o - F 27 2s 0 S
+R AS 1973 1985 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AS 1986 1990 - Mar Su>=15 2s 0 S
+R AS 1991 o - Mar 3 2s 0 S
+R AS 1992 o - Mar 22 2s 0 S
+R AS 1993 o - Mar 7 2s 0 S
+R AS 1994 o - Mar 20 2s 0 S
+R AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AS 2006 o - Ap 2 2s 0 S
+R AS 2007 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AS 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AS 2008 ma - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R AT 1916 o - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R AT 1917 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AT 1917 1918 - O Su>=22 2s 1 D
+R AT 1918 1919 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AT 1967 o - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R AT 1968 o - Mar Su>=29 2s 0 S
+R AT 1968 1985 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AT 1969 1971 - Mar Su>=8 2s 0 S
+R AT 1972 o - F lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AT 1973 1981 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AT 1984 1986 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AT 1986 o - O Su>=15 2s 1 D
+R AT 1987 1990 - Mar Su>=15 2s 0 S
+R AT 1987 o - O Su>=22 2s 1 D
+R AT 1988 1990 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AT 1991 1999 - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AT 2000 o - Au lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AT 2001 ma - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R AT 2006 o - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AT 2007 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AT 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AV 1971 1985 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AV 1972 o - F lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AV 1973 1985 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AV 1986 1990 - Mar Su>=15 2s 0 S
+R AV 1986 1987 - O Su>=15 2s 1 D
+R AV 1988 1999 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AV 1991 1994 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AV 2000 o - Au lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AV 2001 2007 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AV 2006 o - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AV 2007 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AV 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AV 2008 ma - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R AN 1971 1985 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AN 1972 o - F 27 2s 0 S
+R AN 1973 1981 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AN 1982 o - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AN 1983 1985 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AN 1986 1989 - Mar Su>=15 2s 0 S
+R AN 1986 o - O 19 2s 1 D
+R AN 1987 1999 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AN 1990 1995 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AN 2000 o - Au lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AN 2001 2007 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R AN 2006 o - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AN 2007 o - Mar lastSu 2s 0 S
+R AN 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R AN 2008 ma - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R LH 1981 1984 - O lastSu 2 1 -
+R LH 1982 1985 - Mar Su>=1 2 0 -
+R LH 1985 o - O lastSu 2 0:30 -
+R LH 1986 1989 - Mar Su>=15 2 0 -
+R LH 1986 o - O 19 2 0:30 -
+R LH 1987 1999 - O lastSu 2 0:30 -
+R LH 1990 1995 - Mar Su>=1 2 0 -
+R LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSu 2 0 -
+R LH 2000 o - Au lastSu 2 0:30 -
+R LH 2001 2007 - O lastSu 2 0:30 -
+R LH 2006 o - Ap Su>=1 2 0 -
+R LH 2007 o - Mar lastSu 2 0 -
+R LH 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2 0 -
+R LH 2008 ma - O Su>=1 2 0:30 -
+R FJ 1998 1999 - N Su>=1 2 1 -
+R FJ 1999 2000 - F lastSu 3 0 -
+R FJ 2009 o - N 29 2 1 -
+R FJ 2010 o - Mar lastSu 3 0 -
+R FJ 2010 2013 - O Su>=21 2 1 -
+R FJ 2011 o - Mar Su>=1 3 0 -
+R FJ 2012 2013 - Ja Su>=18 3 0 -
+R FJ 2014 o - Ja Su>=18 2 0 -
+R FJ 2014 2018 - N Su>=1 2 1 -
+R FJ 2015 2021 - Ja Su>=12 3 0 -
+R FJ 2019 o - N Su>=8 2 1 -
+R FJ 2020 o - D 20 2 1 -
+R Gu 1959 o - Jun 27 2 1 D
+R Gu 1961 o - Ja 29 2 0 S
+R Gu 1967 o - S 1 2 1 D
+R Gu 1969 o - Ja 26 0:1 0 S
+R Gu 1969 o - Jun 22 2 1 D
+R Gu 1969 o - Au 31 2 0 S
+R Gu 1970 1971 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Gu 1970 1971 - S Su>=1 2 0 S
+R Gu 1973 o - D 16 2 1 D
+R Gu 1974 o - F 24 2 0 S
+R Gu 1976 o - May 26 2 1 D
+R Gu 1976 o - Au 22 2:1 0 S
+R Gu 1977 o - Ap 24 2 1 D
+R Gu 1977 o - Au 28 2 0 S
+R NC 1977 1978 - D Su>=1 0 1 -
+R NC 1978 1979 - F 27 0 0 -
+R NC 1996 o - D 1 2s 1 -
+R NC 1997 o - Mar 2 2s 0 -
+R NZ 1927 o - N 6 2 1 S
+R NZ 1928 o - Mar 4 2 0 M
+R NZ 1928 1933 - O Su>=8 2 0:30 S
+R NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Su>=15 2 0 M
+R NZ 1934 1940 - Ap lastSu 2 0 M
+R NZ 1934 1940 - S lastSu 2 0:30 S
+R NZ 1946 o - Ja 1 0 0 S
+R NZ 1974 o - N Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R k 1974 o - N Su>=1 2:45s 1 -
+R NZ 1975 o - F lastSu 2s 0 S
+R k 1975 o - F lastSu 2:45s 0 -
+R NZ 1975 1988 - O lastSu 2s 1 D
+R k 1975 1988 - O lastSu 2:45s 1 -
+R NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R k 1976 1989 - Mar Su>=1 2:45s 0 -
+R NZ 1989 o - O Su>=8 2s 1 D
+R k 1989 o - O Su>=8 2:45s 1 -
+R NZ 1990 2006 - O Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R k 1990 2006 - O Su>=1 2:45s 1 -
+R NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Su>=15 2s 0 S
+R k 1990 2007 - Mar Su>=15 2:45s 0 -
+R NZ 2007 ma - S lastSu 2s 1 D
+R k 2007 ma - S lastSu 2:45s 1 -
+R NZ 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2s 0 S
+R k 2008 ma - Ap Su>=1 2:45s 0 -
+R CK 1978 o - N 12 0 0:30 -
+R CK 1979 1991 - Mar Su>=1 0 0 -
+R CK 1979 1990 - O lastSu 0 0:30 -
+R WS 2010 o - S lastSu 0 1 -
+R WS 2011 o - Ap Sa>=1 4 0 -
+R WS 2011 o - S lastSa 3 1 -
+R WS 2012 2021 - Ap Su>=1 4 0 -
+R WS 2012 2020 - S lastSu 3 1 -
+R TO 1999 o - O 7 2s 1 -
+R TO 2000 o - Mar 19 2s 0 -
+R TO 2000 2001 - N Su>=1 2 1 -
+R TO 2001 2002 - Ja lastSu 2 0 -
+R TO 2016 o - N Su>=1 2 1 -
+R TO 2017 o - Ja Su>=15 3 0 -
+R VU 1973 o - D 22 12u 1 -
+R VU 1974 o - Mar 30 12u 0 -
+R VU 1983 1991 - S Sa>=22 24 1 -
+R VU 1984 1991 - Mar Sa>=22 24 0 -
+R VU 1992 1993 - Ja Sa>=22 24 0 -
+R VU 1992 o - O Sa>=22 24 1 -
+R G 1916 o - May 21 2s 1 BST
+R G 1916 o - O 1 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1917 o - Ap 8 2s 1 BST
+R G 1917 o - S 17 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1918 o - Mar 24 2s 1 BST
+R G 1918 o - S 30 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1919 o - Mar 30 2s 1 BST
+R G 1919 o - S 29 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1920 o - Mar 28 2s 1 BST
+R G 1920 o - O 25 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1921 o - Ap 3 2s 1 BST
+R G 1921 o - O 3 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1922 o - Mar 26 2s 1 BST
+R G 1922 o - O 8 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1923 o - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1923 1924 - S Su>=16 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1924 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1925 1926 - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1925 1938 - O Su>=2 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1927 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1928 1929 - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1930 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1931 1932 - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1933 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1934 o - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1935 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1936 1937 - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1938 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1939 o - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1939 o - N Su>=16 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1940 o - F Su>=23 2s 1 BST
+R G 1941 o - May Su>=2 1s 2 BDST
+R G 1941 1943 - Au Su>=9 1s 1 BST
+R G 1942 1944 - Ap Su>=2 1s 2 BDST
+R G 1944 o - S Su>=16 1s 1 BST
+R G 1945 o - Ap M>=2 1s 2 BDST
+R G 1945 o - Jul Su>=9 1s 1 BST
+R G 1945 1946 - O Su>=2 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1946 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1947 o - Mar 16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1947 o - Ap 13 1s 2 BDST
+R G 1947 o - Au 10 1s 1 BST
+R G 1947 o - N 2 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1948 o - Mar 14 2s 1 BST
+R G 1948 o - O 31 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1949 o - Ap 3 2s 1 BST
+R G 1949 o - O 30 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1950 1952 - Ap Su>=14 2s 1 BST
+R G 1950 1952 - O Su>=21 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1953 o - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1953 1960 - O Su>=2 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1954 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1955 1956 - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1957 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1958 1959 - Ap Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1960 o - Ap Su>=9 2s 1 BST
+R G 1961 1963 - Mar lastSu 2s 1 BST
+R G 1961 1968 - O Su>=23 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1964 1967 - Mar Su>=19 2s 1 BST
+R G 1968 o - F 18 2s 1 BST
+R G 1972 1980 - Mar Su>=16 2s 1 BST
+R G 1972 1980 - O Su>=23 2s 0 GMT
+R G 1981 1995 - Mar lastSu 1u 1 BST
+R G 1981 1989 - O Su>=23 1u 0 GMT
+R G 1990 1995 - O Su>=22 1u 0 GMT
+R IE 1971 o - O 31 2u -1 -
+R IE 1972 1980 - Mar Su>=16 2u 0 -
+R IE 1972 1980 - O Su>=23 2u -1 -
+R IE 1981 ma - Mar lastSu 1u 0 -
+R IE 1981 1989 - O Su>=23 1u -1 -
+R IE 1990 1995 - O Su>=22 1u -1 -
+R IE 1996 ma - O lastSu 1u -1 -
+R E 1977 1980 - Ap Su>=1 1u 1 S
+R E 1977 o - S lastSu 1u 0 -
+R E 1978 o - O 1 1u 0 -
+R E 1979 1995 - S lastSu 1u 0 -
+R E 1981 ma - Mar lastSu 1u 1 S
+R E 1996 ma - O lastSu 1u 0 -
+R W- 1977 1980 - Ap Su>=1 1s 1 S
+R W- 1977 o - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R W- 1978 o - O 1 1s 0 -
+R W- 1979 1995 - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R W- 1981 ma - Mar lastSu 1s 1 S
+R W- 1996 ma - O lastSu 1s 0 -
+R c 1916 o - Ap 30 23 1 S
+R c 1916 o - O 1 1 0 -
+R c 1917 1918 - Ap M>=15 2s 1 S
+R c 1917 1918 - S M>=15 2s 0 -
+R c 1940 o - Ap 1 2s 1 S
+R c 1942 o - N 2 2s 0 -
+R c 1943 o - Mar 29 2s 1 S
+R c 1943 o - O 4 2s 0 -
+R c 1944 1945 - Ap M>=1 2s 1 S
+R c 1944 o - O 2 2s 0 -
+R c 1945 o - S 16 2s 0 -
+R c 1977 1980 - Ap Su>=1 2s 1 S
+R c 1977 o - S lastSu 2s 0 -
+R c 1978 o - O 1 2s 0 -
+R c 1979 1995 - S lastSu 2s 0 -
+R c 1981 ma - Mar lastSu 2s 1 S
+R c 1996 ma - O lastSu 2s 0 -
+R e 1977 1980 - Ap Su>=1 0 1 S
+R e 1977 o - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R e 1978 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R e 1979 1995 - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R e 1981 ma - Mar lastSu 0 1 S
+R e 1996 ma - O lastSu 0 0 -
+R R 1917 o - Jul 1 23 1 MST
+R R 1917 o - D 28 0 0 MMT
+R R 1918 o - May 31 22 2 MDST
+R R 1918 o - S 16 1 1 MST
+R R 1919 o - May 31 23 2 MDST
+R R 1919 o - Jul 1 0u 1 MSD
+R R 1919 o - Au 16 0 0 MSK
+R R 1921 o - F 14 23 1 MSD
+R R 1921 o - Mar 20 23 2 +05
+R R 1921 o - S 1 0 1 MSD
+R R 1921 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R R 1981 1984 - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R R 1981 1983 - O 1 0 0 -
+R R 1984 1995 - S lastSu 2s 0 -
+R R 1985 2010 - Mar lastSu 2s 1 S
+R R 1996 2010 - O lastSu 2s 0 -
+R q 1940 o - Jun 16 0 1 S
+R q 1942 o - N 2 3 0 -
+R q 1943 o - Mar 29 2 1 S
+R q 1943 o - Ap 10 3 0 -
+R q 1974 o - May 4 0 1 S
+R q 1974 o - O 2 0 0 -
+R q 1975 o - May 1 0 1 S
+R q 1975 o - O 2 0 0 -
+R q 1976 o - May 2 0 1 S
+R q 1976 o - O 3 0 0 -
+R q 1977 o - May 8 0 1 S
+R q 1977 o - O 2 0 0 -
+R q 1978 o - May 6 0 1 S
+R q 1978 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R q 1979 o - May 5 0 1 S
+R q 1979 o - S 30 0 0 -
+R q 1980 o - May 3 0 1 S
+R q 1980 o - O 4 0 0 -
+R q 1981 o - Ap 26 0 1 S
+R q 1981 o - S 27 0 0 -
+R q 1982 o - May 2 0 1 S
+R q 1982 o - O 3 0 0 -
+R q 1983 o - Ap 18 0 1 S
+R q 1983 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R q 1984 o - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R a 1920 o - Ap 5 2s 1 S
+R a 1920 o - S 13 2s 0 -
+R a 1946 o - Ap 14 2s 1 S
+R a 1946 o - O 7 2s 0 -
+R a 1947 1948 - O Su>=1 2s 0 -
+R a 1947 o - Ap 6 2s 1 S
+R a 1948 o - Ap 18 2s 1 S
+R a 1980 o - Ap 6 0 1 S
+R a 1980 o - S 28 0 0 -
+R b 1918 o - Mar 9 0s 1 S
+R b 1918 1919 - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R b 1919 o - Mar 1 23s 1 S
+R b 1920 o - F 14 23s 1 S
+R b 1920 o - O 23 23s 0 -
+R b 1921 o - Mar 14 23s 1 S
+R b 1921 o - O 25 23s 0 -
+R b 1922 o - Mar 25 23s 1 S
+R b 1922 1927 - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R b 1923 o - Ap 21 23s 1 S
+R b 1924 o - Mar 29 23s 1 S
+R b 1925 o - Ap 4 23s 1 S
+R b 1926 o - Ap 17 23s 1 S
+R b 1927 o - Ap 9 23s 1 S
+R b 1928 o - Ap 14 23s 1 S
+R b 1928 1938 - O Su>=2 2s 0 -
+R b 1929 o - Ap 21 2s 1 S
+R b 1930 o - Ap 13 2s 1 S
+R b 1931 o - Ap 19 2s 1 S
+R b 1932 o - Ap 3 2s 1 S
+R b 1933 o - Mar 26 2s 1 S
+R b 1934 o - Ap 8 2s 1 S
+R b 1935 o - Mar 31 2s 1 S
+R b 1936 o - Ap 19 2s 1 S
+R b 1937 o - Ap 4 2s 1 S
+R b 1938 o - Mar 27 2s 1 S
+R b 1939 o - Ap 16 2s 1 S
+R b 1939 o - N 19 2s 0 -
+R b 1940 o - F 25 2s 1 S
+R b 1944 o - S 17 2s 0 -
+R b 1945 o - Ap 2 2s 1 S
+R b 1945 o - S 16 2s 0 -
+R b 1946 o - May 19 2s 1 S
+R b 1946 o - O 7 2s 0 -
+R BG 1979 o - Mar 31 23 1 S
+R BG 1979 o - O 1 1 0 -
+R BG 1980 1982 - Ap Sa>=1 23 1 S
+R BG 1980 o - S 29 1 0 -
+R BG 1981 o - S 27 2 0 -
+R CZ 1945 o - Ap M>=1 2s 1 S
+R CZ 1945 o - O 1 2s 0 -
+R CZ 1946 o - May 6 2s 1 S
+R CZ 1946 1949 - O Su>=1 2s 0 -
+R CZ 1947 1948 - Ap Su>=15 2s 1 S
+R CZ 1949 o - Ap 9 2s 1 S
+R Th 1991 1992 - Mar lastSu 2 1 D
+R Th 1991 1992 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Th 1993 2006 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 D
+R Th 1993 2006 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Th 2007 ma - Mar Su>=8 2 1 D
+R Th 2007 ma - N Su>=1 2 0 S
+R FI 1942 o - Ap 2 24 1 S
+R FI 1942 o - O 4 1 0 -
+R FI 1981 1982 - Mar lastSu 2 1 S
+R FI 1981 1982 - S lastSu 3 0 -
+R F 1916 o - Jun 14 23s 1 S
+R F 1916 1919 - O Su>=1 23s 0 -
+R F 1917 o - Mar 24 23s 1 S
+R F 1918 o - Mar 9 23s 1 S
+R F 1919 o - Mar 1 23s 1 S
+R F 1920 o - F 14 23s 1 S
+R F 1920 o - O 23 23s 0 -
+R F 1921 o - Mar 14 23s 1 S
+R F 1921 o - O 25 23s 0 -
+R F 1922 o - Mar 25 23s 1 S
+R F 1922 1938 - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R F 1923 o - May 26 23s 1 S
+R F 1924 o - Mar 29 23s 1 S
+R F 1925 o - Ap 4 23s 1 S
+R F 1926 o - Ap 17 23s 1 S
+R F 1927 o - Ap 9 23s 1 S
+R F 1928 o - Ap 14 23s 1 S
+R F 1929 o - Ap 20 23s 1 S
+R F 1930 o - Ap 12 23s 1 S
+R F 1931 o - Ap 18 23s 1 S
+R F 1932 o - Ap 2 23s 1 S
+R F 1933 o - Mar 25 23s 1 S
+R F 1934 o - Ap 7 23s 1 S
+R F 1935 o - Mar 30 23s 1 S
+R F 1936 o - Ap 18 23s 1 S
+R F 1937 o - Ap 3 23s 1 S
+R F 1938 o - Mar 26 23s 1 S
+R F 1939 o - Ap 15 23s 1 S
+R F 1939 o - N 18 23s 0 -
+R F 1940 o - F 25 2 1 S
+R F 1941 o - May 5 0 2 M
+R F 1941 o - O 6 0 1 S
+R F 1942 o - Mar 9 0 2 M
+R F 1942 o - N 2 3 1 S
+R F 1943 o - Mar 29 2 2 M
+R F 1943 o - O 4 3 1 S
+R F 1944 o - Ap 3 2 2 M
+R F 1944 o - O 8 1 1 S
+R F 1945 o - Ap 2 2 2 M
+R F 1945 o - S 16 3 0 -
+R F 1976 o - Mar 28 1 1 S
+R F 1976 o - S 26 1 0 -
+R DE 1946 o - Ap 14 2s 1 S
+R DE 1946 o - O 7 2s 0 -
+R DE 1947 1949 - O Su>=1 2s 0 -
+R DE 1947 o - Ap 6 3s 1 S
+R DE 1947 o - May 11 2s 2 M
+R DE 1947 o - Jun 29 3 1 S
+R DE 1948 o - Ap 18 2s 1 S
+R DE 1949 o - Ap 10 2s 1 S
+R So 1945 o - May 24 2 2 M
+R So 1945 o - S 24 3 1 S
+R So 1945 o - N 18 2s 0 -
+R g 1932 o - Jul 7 0 1 S
+R g 1932 o - S 1 0 0 -
+R g 1941 o - Ap 7 0 1 S
+R g 1942 o - N 2 3 0 -
+R g 1943 o - Mar 30 0 1 S
+R g 1943 o - O 4 0 0 -
+R g 1952 o - Jul 1 0 1 S
+R g 1952 o - N 2 0 0 -
+R g 1975 o - Ap 12 0s 1 S
+R g 1975 o - N 26 0s 0 -
+R g 1976 o - Ap 11 2s 1 S
+R g 1976 o - O 10 2s 0 -
+R g 1977 1978 - Ap Su>=1 2s 1 S
+R g 1977 o - S 26 2s 0 -
+R g 1978 o - S 24 4 0 -
+R g 1979 o - Ap 1 9 1 S
+R g 1979 o - S 29 2 0 -
+R g 1980 o - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R g 1980 o - S 28 0 0 -
+R h 1918 1919 - Ap 15 2 1 S
+R h 1918 1920 - S M>=15 3 0 -
+R h 1920 o - Ap 5 2 1 S
+R h 1945 o - May 1 23 1 S
+R h 1945 o - N 1 1 0 -
+R h 1946 o - Mar 31 2s 1 S
+R h 1946 o - O 7 2 0 -
+R h 1947 1949 - Ap Su>=4 2s 1 S
+R h 1947 1949 - O Su>=1 2s 0 -
+R h 1954 o - May 23 0 1 S
+R h 1954 o - O 3 0 0 -
+R h 1955 o - May 22 2 1 S
+R h 1955 o - O 2 3 0 -
+R h 1956 1957 - Jun Su>=1 2 1 S
+R h 1956 1957 - S lastSu 3 0 -
+R h 1980 o - Ap 6 0 1 S
+R h 1980 o - S 28 1 0 -
+R h 1981 1983 - Mar lastSu 0 1 S
+R h 1981 1983 - S lastSu 1 0 -
+R I 1916 o - Jun 3 24 1 S
+R I 1916 1917 - S 30 24 0 -
+R I 1917 o - Mar 31 24 1 S
+R I 1918 o - Mar 9 24 1 S
+R I 1918 o - O 6 24 0 -
+R I 1919 o - Mar 1 24 1 S
+R I 1919 o - O 4 24 0 -
+R I 1920 o - Mar 20 24 1 S
+R I 1920 o - S 18 24 0 -
+R I 1940 o - Jun 14 24 1 S
+R I 1942 o - N 2 2s 0 -
+R I 1943 o - Mar 29 2s 1 S
+R I 1943 o - O 4 2s 0 -
+R I 1944 o - Ap 2 2s 1 S
+R I 1944 o - S 17 2s 0 -
+R I 1945 o - Ap 2 2 1 S
+R I 1945 o - S 15 1 0 -
+R I 1946 o - Mar 17 2s 1 S
+R I 1946 o - O 6 2s 0 -
+R I 1947 o - Mar 16 0s 1 S
+R I 1947 o - O 5 0s 0 -
+R I 1948 o - F 29 2s 1 S
+R I 1948 o - O 3 2s 0 -
+R I 1966 1968 - May Su>=22 0s 1 S
+R I 1966 o - S 24 24 0 -
+R I 1967 1969 - S Su>=22 0s 0 -
+R I 1969 o - Jun 1 0s 1 S
+R I 1970 o - May 31 0s 1 S
+R I 1970 o - S lastSu 0s 0 -
+R I 1971 1972 - May Su>=22 0s 1 S
+R I 1971 o - S lastSu 0s 0 -
+R I 1972 o - O 1 0s 0 -
+R I 1973 o - Jun 3 0s 1 S
+R I 1973 1974 - S lastSu 0s 0 -
+R I 1974 o - May 26 0s 1 S
+R I 1975 o - Jun 1 0s 1 S
+R I 1975 1977 - S lastSu 0s 0 -
+R I 1976 o - May 30 0s 1 S
+R I 1977 1979 - May Su>=22 0s 1 S
+R I 1978 o - O 1 0s 0 -
+R I 1979 o - S 30 0s 0 -
+R LV 1989 1996 - Mar lastSu 2s 1 S
+R LV 1989 1996 - S lastSu 2s 0 -
+R MT 1973 o - Mar 31 0s 1 S
+R MT 1973 o - S 29 0s 0 -
+R MT 1974 o - Ap 21 0s 1 S
+R MT 1974 o - S 16 0s 0 -
+R MT 1975 1979 - Ap Su>=15 2 1 S
+R MT 1975 1980 - S Su>=15 2 0 -
+R MT 1980 o - Mar 31 2 1 S
+R MD 1997 ma - Mar lastSu 2 1 S
+R MD 1997 ma - O lastSu 3 0 -
+R O 1918 1919 - S 16 2s 0 -
+R O 1919 o - Ap 15 2s 1 S
+R O 1944 o - Ap 3 2s 1 S
+R O 1944 o - O 4 2 0 -
+R O 1945 o - Ap 29 0 1 S
+R O 1945 o - N 1 0 0 -
+R O 1946 o - Ap 14 0s 1 S
+R O 1946 o - O 7 2s 0 -
+R O 1947 o - May 4 2s 1 S
+R O 1947 1949 - O Su>=1 2s 0 -
+R O 1948 o - Ap 18 2s 1 S
+R O 1949 o - Ap 10 2s 1 S
+R O 1957 o - Jun 2 1s 1 S
+R O 1957 1958 - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R O 1958 o - Mar 30 1s 1 S
+R O 1959 o - May 31 1s 1 S
+R O 1959 1961 - O Su>=1 1s 0 -
+R O 1960 o - Ap 3 1s 1 S
+R O 1961 1964 - May lastSu 1s 1 S
+R O 1962 1964 - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R p 1916 o - Jun 17 23 1 S
+R p 1916 o - N 1 1 0 -
+R p 1917 o - F 28 23s 1 S
+R p 1917 1921 - O 14 23s 0 -
+R p 1918 o - Mar 1 23s 1 S
+R p 1919 o - F 28 23s 1 S
+R p 1920 o - F 29 23s 1 S
+R p 1921 o - F 28 23s 1 S
+R p 1924 o - Ap 16 23s 1 S
+R p 1924 o - O 14 23s 0 -
+R p 1926 o - Ap 17 23s 1 S
+R p 1926 1929 - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R p 1927 o - Ap 9 23s 1 S
+R p 1928 o - Ap 14 23s 1 S
+R p 1929 o - Ap 20 23s 1 S
+R p 1931 o - Ap 18 23s 1 S
+R p 1931 1932 - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R p 1932 o - Ap 2 23s 1 S
+R p 1934 o - Ap 7 23s 1 S
+R p 1934 1938 - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R p 1935 o - Mar 30 23s 1 S
+R p 1936 o - Ap 18 23s 1 S
+R p 1937 o - Ap 3 23s 1 S
+R p 1938 o - Mar 26 23s 1 S
+R p 1939 o - Ap 15 23s 1 S
+R p 1939 o - N 18 23s 0 -
+R p 1940 o - F 24 23s 1 S
+R p 1940 1941 - O 5 23s 0 -
+R p 1941 o - Ap 5 23s 1 S
+R p 1942 1945 - Mar Sa>=8 23s 1 S
+R p 1942 o - Ap 25 22s 2 M
+R p 1942 o - Au 15 22s 1 S
+R p 1942 1945 - O Sa>=24 23s 0 -
+R p 1943 o - Ap 17 22s 2 M
+R p 1943 1945 - Au Sa>=25 22s 1 S
+R p 1944 1945 - Ap Sa>=21 22s 2 M
+R p 1946 o - Ap Sa>=1 23s 1 S
+R p 1946 o - O Sa>=1 23s 0 -
+R p 1947 1965 - Ap Su>=1 2s 1 S
+R p 1947 1965 - O Su>=1 2s 0 -
+R p 1977 o - Mar 27 0s 1 S
+R p 1977 o - S 25 0s 0 -
+R p 1978 1979 - Ap Su>=1 0s 1 S
+R p 1978 o - O 1 0s 0 -
+R p 1979 1982 - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R p 1980 o - Mar lastSu 0s 1 S
+R p 1981 1982 - Mar lastSu 1s 1 S
+R p 1983 o - Mar lastSu 2s 1 S
+R z 1932 o - May 21 0s 1 S
+R z 1932 1939 - O Su>=1 0s 0 -
+R z 1933 1939 - Ap Su>=2 0s 1 S
+R z 1979 o - May 27 0 1 S
+R z 1979 o - S lastSu 0 0 -
+R z 1980 o - Ap 5 23 1 S
+R z 1980 o - S lastSu 1 0 -
+R z 1991 1993 - Mar lastSu 0s 1 S
+R z 1991 1993 - S lastSu 0s 0 -
+R s 1918 o - Ap 15 23 1 S
+R s 1918 1919 - O 6 24s 0 -
+R s 1919 o - Ap 6 23 1 S
+R s 1924 o - Ap 16 23 1 S
+R s 1924 o - O 4 24s 0 -
+R s 1926 o - Ap 17 23 1 S
+R s 1926 1929 - O Sa>=1 24s 0 -
+R s 1927 o - Ap 9 23 1 S
+R s 1928 o - Ap 15 0 1 S
+R s 1929 o - Ap 20 23 1 S
+R s 1937 o - Jun 16 23 1 S
+R s 1937 o - O 2 24s 0 -
+R s 1938 o - Ap 2 23 1 S
+R s 1938 o - Ap 30 23 2 M
+R s 1938 o - O 2 24 1 S
+R s 1939 o - O 7 24s 0 -
+R s 1942 o - May 2 23 1 S
+R s 1942 o - S 1 1 0 -
+R s 1943 1946 - Ap Sa>=13 23 1 S
+R s 1943 1944 - O Su>=1 1 0 -
+R s 1945 1946 - S lastSu 1 0 -
+R s 1949 o - Ap 30 23 1 S
+R s 1949 o - O 2 1 0 -
+R s 1974 1975 - Ap Sa>=12 23 1 S
+R s 1974 1975 - O Su>=1 1 0 -
+R s 1976 o - Mar 27 23 1 S
+R s 1976 1977 - S lastSu 1 0 -
+R s 1977 o - Ap 2 23 1 S
+R s 1978 o - Ap 2 2s 1 S
+R s 1978 o - O 1 2s 0 -
+R Sp 1967 o - Jun 3 12 1 S
+R Sp 1967 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R Sp 1974 o - Jun 24 0 1 S
+R Sp 1974 o - S 1 0 0 -
+R Sp 1976 1977 - May 1 0 1 S
+R Sp 1976 o - Au 1 0 0 -
+R Sp 1977 o - S 28 0 0 -
+R Sp 1978 o - Jun 1 0 1 S
+R Sp 1978 o - Au 4 0 0 -
+R CH 1941 1942 - May M>=1 1 1 S
+R CH 1941 1942 - O M>=1 2 0 -
+R T 1916 o - May 1 0 1 S
+R T 1916 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R T 1920 o - Mar 28 0 1 S
+R T 1920 o - O 25 0 0 -
+R T 1921 o - Ap 3 0 1 S
+R T 1921 o - O 3 0 0 -
+R T 1922 o - Mar 26 0 1 S
+R T 1922 o - O 8 0 0 -
+R T 1924 o - May 13 0 1 S
+R T 1924 1925 - O 1 0 0 -
+R T 1925 o - May 1 0 1 S
+R T 1940 o - Jul 1 0 1 S
+R T 1940 o - O 6 0 0 -
+R T 1940 o - D 1 0 1 S
+R T 1941 o - S 21 0 0 -
+R T 1942 o - Ap 1 0 1 S
+R T 1945 o - O 8 0 0 -
+R T 1946 o - Jun 1 0 1 S
+R T 1946 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R T 1947 1948 - Ap Su>=16 0 1 S
+R T 1947 1951 - O Su>=2 0 0 -
+R T 1949 o - Ap 10 0 1 S
+R T 1950 o - Ap 16 0 1 S
+R T 1951 o - Ap 22 0 1 S
+R T 1962 o - Jul 15 0 1 S
+R T 1963 o - O 30 0 0 -
+R T 1964 o - May 15 0 1 S
+R T 1964 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R T 1973 o - Jun 3 1 1 S
+R T 1973 1976 - O Su>=31 2 0 -
+R T 1974 o - Mar 31 2 1 S
+R T 1975 o - Mar 22 2 1 S
+R T 1976 o - Mar 21 2 1 S
+R T 1977 1978 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 S
+R T 1977 1978 - O Su>=15 2 0 -
+R T 1978 o - Jun 29 0 0 -
+R T 1983 o - Jul 31 2 1 S
+R T 1983 o - O 2 2 0 -
+R T 1985 o - Ap 20 1s 1 S
+R T 1985 o - S 28 1s 0 -
+R T 1986 1993 - Mar lastSu 1s 1 S
+R T 1986 1995 - S lastSu 1s 0 -
+R T 1994 o - Mar 20 1s 1 S
+R T 1995 2006 - Mar lastSu 1s 1 S
+R T 1996 2006 - O lastSu 1s 0 -
+R u 1918 1919 - Mar lastSu 2 1 D
+R u 1918 1919 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R u 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R u 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R u 1945 o - S 30 2 0 S
+R u 1967 2006 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R u 1967 1973 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R u 1974 o - Ja 6 2 1 D
+R u 1975 o - F lastSu 2 1 D
+R u 1976 1986 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R u 1987 2006 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 D
+R u 2007 ma - Mar Su>=8 2 1 D
+R u 2007 ma - N Su>=1 2 0 S
+R NY 1920 o - Mar lastSu 2 1 D
+R NY 1920 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R NY 1921 1966 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R NY 1921 1954 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R NY 1955 1966 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ch 1920 o - Jun 13 2 1 D
+R Ch 1920 1921 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ch 1921 o - Mar lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ch 1922 1966 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ch 1922 1954 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ch 1955 1966 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R De 1920 1921 - Mar lastSu 2 1 D
+R De 1920 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R De 1921 o - May 22 2 0 S
+R De 1965 1966 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R De 1965 1966 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R CA 1948 o - Mar 14 2:1 1 D
+R CA 1949 o - Ja 1 2 0 S
+R CA 1950 1966 - Ap lastSu 1 1 D
+R CA 1950 1961 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R CA 1962 1966 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R In 1941 o - Jun 22 2 1 D
+R In 1941 1954 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R In 1946 1954 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ma 1951 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ma 1951 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ma 1954 1960 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ma 1954 1960 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R V 1946 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R V 1946 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R V 1953 1954 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R V 1953 1959 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R V 1955 o - May 1 0 1 D
+R V 1956 1963 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R V 1960 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R V 1961 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R V 1962 1963 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pe 1955 o - May 1 0 1 D
+R Pe 1955 1960 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pe 1956 1963 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Pe 1961 1963 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pi 1955 o - May 1 0 1 D
+R Pi 1955 1960 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pi 1956 1964 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Pi 1961 1964 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R St 1947 1961 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R St 1947 1954 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R St 1955 1956 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R St 1957 1958 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R St 1959 1961 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pu 1946 1960 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Pu 1946 1954 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pu 1955 1956 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Pu 1957 1960 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R v 1921 o - May 1 2 1 D
+R v 1921 o - S 1 2 0 S
+R v 1941 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R v 1941 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R v 1946 o - Ap lastSu 0:1 1 D
+R v 1946 o - Jun 2 2 0 S
+R v 1950 1961 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R v 1950 1955 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R v 1956 1961 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Dt 1948 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Dt 1948 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Me 1946 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Me 1946 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Me 1966 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Me 1966 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R C 1918 o - Ap 14 2 1 D
+R C 1918 o - O 27 2 0 S
+R C 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R C 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R C 1945 o - S 30 2 0 S
+R C 1974 1986 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R C 1974 2006 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R C 1987 2006 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 D
+R C 2007 ma - Mar Su>=8 2 1 D
+R C 2007 ma - N Su>=1 2 0 S
+R j 1917 o - Ap 8 2 1 D
+R j 1917 o - S 17 2 0 S
+R j 1919 o - May 5 23 1 D
+R j 1919 o - Au 12 23 0 S
+R j 1920 1935 - May Su>=1 23 1 D
+R j 1920 1935 - O lastSu 23 0 S
+R j 1936 1941 - May M>=9 0 1 D
+R j 1936 1941 - O M>=2 0 0 S
+R j 1946 1950 - May Su>=8 2 1 D
+R j 1946 1950 - O Su>=2 2 0 S
+R j 1951 1986 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R j 1951 1959 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R j 1960 1986 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R j 1987 o - Ap Su>=1 0:1 1 D
+R j 1987 2006 - O lastSu 0:1 0 S
+R j 1988 o - Ap Su>=1 0:1 2 DD
+R j 1989 2006 - Ap Su>=1 0:1 1 D
+R j 2007 2011 - Mar Su>=8 0:1 1 D
+R j 2007 2010 - N Su>=1 0:1 0 S
+R H 1916 o - Ap 1 0 1 D
+R H 1916 o - O 1 0 0 S
+R H 1920 o - May 9 0 1 D
+R H 1920 o - Au 29 0 0 S
+R H 1921 o - May 6 0 1 D
+R H 1921 1922 - S 5 0 0 S
+R H 1922 o - Ap 30 0 1 D
+R H 1923 1925 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R H 1923 o - S 4 0 0 S
+R H 1924 o - S 15 0 0 S
+R H 1925 o - S 28 0 0 S
+R H 1926 o - May 16 0 1 D
+R H 1926 o - S 13 0 0 S
+R H 1927 o - May 1 0 1 D
+R H 1927 o - S 26 0 0 S
+R H 1928 1931 - May Su>=8 0 1 D
+R H 1928 o - S 9 0 0 S
+R H 1929 o - S 3 0 0 S
+R H 1930 o - S 15 0 0 S
+R H 1931 1932 - S M>=24 0 0 S
+R H 1932 o - May 1 0 1 D
+R H 1933 o - Ap 30 0 1 D
+R H 1933 o - O 2 0 0 S
+R H 1934 o - May 20 0 1 D
+R H 1934 o - S 16 0 0 S
+R H 1935 o - Jun 2 0 1 D
+R H 1935 o - S 30 0 0 S
+R H 1936 o - Jun 1 0 1 D
+R H 1936 o - S 14 0 0 S
+R H 1937 1938 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R H 1937 1941 - S M>=24 0 0 S
+R H 1939 o - May 28 0 1 D
+R H 1940 1941 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R H 1946 1949 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R H 1946 1949 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R H 1951 1954 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R H 1951 1954 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R H 1956 1959 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R H 1956 1959 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R H 1962 1973 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R H 1962 1973 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R o 1933 1935 - Jun Su>=8 1 1 D
+R o 1933 1935 - S Su>=8 1 0 S
+R o 1936 1938 - Jun Su>=1 1 1 D
+R o 1936 1938 - S Su>=1 1 0 S
+R o 1939 o - May 27 1 1 D
+R o 1939 1941 - S Sa>=21 1 0 S
+R o 1940 o - May 19 1 1 D
+R o 1941 o - May 4 1 1 D
+R o 1946 1972 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R o 1946 1956 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R o 1957 1972 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R o 1993 2006 - Ap Su>=1 0:1 1 D
+R o 1993 2006 - O lastSu 0:1 0 S
+R t 1919 o - Mar 30 23:30 1 D
+R t 1919 o - O 26 0 0 S
+R t 1920 o - May 2 2 1 D
+R t 1920 o - S 26 0 0 S
+R t 1921 o - May 15 2 1 D
+R t 1921 o - S 15 2 0 S
+R t 1922 1923 - May Su>=8 2 1 D
+R t 1922 1926 - S Su>=15 2 0 S
+R t 1924 1927 - May Su>=1 2 1 D
+R t 1927 1937 - S Su>=25 2 0 S
+R t 1928 1937 - Ap Su>=25 2 1 D
+R t 1938 1940 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R t 1938 1939 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R t 1945 1948 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R t 1946 1973 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R t 1949 1950 - N lastSu 2 0 S
+R t 1951 1956 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R t 1957 1973 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R W 1916 o - Ap 23 0 1 D
+R W 1916 o - S 17 0 0 S
+R W 1918 o - Ap 14 2 1 D
+R W 1918 o - O 27 2 0 S
+R W 1937 o - May 16 2 1 D
+R W 1937 o - S 26 2 0 S
+R W 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R W 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R W 1945 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R W 1946 o - May 12 2 1 D
+R W 1946 o - O 13 2 0 S
+R W 1947 1949 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R W 1947 1949 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R W 1950 o - May 1 2 1 D
+R W 1950 o - S 30 2 0 S
+R W 1951 1960 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R W 1951 1958 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R W 1959 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R W 1960 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R W 1963 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R W 1963 o - S 22 2 0 S
+R W 1966 1986 - Ap lastSu 2s 1 D
+R W 1966 2005 - O lastSu 2s 0 S
+R W 1987 2005 - Ap Su>=1 2s 1 D
+R r 1918 o - Ap 14 2 1 D
+R r 1918 o - O 27 2 0 S
+R r 1930 1934 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R r 1930 1934 - O Su>=1 0 0 S
+R r 1937 1941 - Ap Su>=8 0 1 D
+R r 1937 o - O Su>=8 0 0 S
+R r 1938 o - O Su>=1 0 0 S
+R r 1939 1941 - O Su>=8 0 0 S
+R r 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R r 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R r 1945 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R r 1946 o - Ap Su>=8 2 1 D
+R r 1946 o - O Su>=8 2 0 S
+R r 1947 1957 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R r 1947 1957 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R r 1959 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R r 1959 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Sw 1957 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Sw 1957 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Sw 1959 1961 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Sw 1959 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Sw 1960 1961 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ed 1918 1919 - Ap Su>=8 2 1 D
+R Ed 1918 o - O 27 2 0 S
+R Ed 1919 o - May 27 2 0 S
+R Ed 1920 1923 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ed 1920 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ed 1921 1923 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ed 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R Ed 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R Ed 1945 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ed 1947 o - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ed 1947 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Ed 1972 1986 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Ed 1972 2006 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Va 1918 o - Ap 14 2 1 D
+R Va 1918 o - O 27 2 0 S
+R Va 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R Va 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R Va 1945 o - S 30 2 0 S
+R Va 1946 1986 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Va 1946 o - S 29 2 0 S
+R Va 1947 1961 - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R Va 1962 2006 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Y 1918 o - Ap 14 2 1 D
+R Y 1918 o - O 27 2 0 S
+R Y 1919 o - May 25 2 1 D
+R Y 1919 o - N 1 0 0 S
+R Y 1942 o - F 9 2 1 W
+R Y 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 P
+R Y 1945 o - S 30 2 0 S
+R Y 1972 1986 - Ap lastSu 2 1 D
+R Y 1972 2006 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R Y 1987 2006 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 D
+R Yu 1965 o - Ap lastSu 0 2 DD
+R Yu 1965 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R m 1931 o - May 1 23 1 D
+R m 1931 o - O 1 0 0 S
+R m 1939 o - F 5 0 1 D
+R m 1939 o - Jun 25 0 0 S
+R m 1940 o - D 9 0 1 D
+R m 1941 o - Ap 1 0 0 S
+R m 1943 o - D 16 0 1 W
+R m 1944 o - May 1 0 0 S
+R m 1950 o - F 12 0 1 D
+R m 1950 o - Jul 30 0 0 S
+R m 1996 2000 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 D
+R m 1996 2000 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R m 2001 o - May Su>=1 2 1 D
+R m 2001 o - S lastSu 2 0 S
+R m 2002 2022 - Ap Su>=1 2 1 D
+R m 2002 2022 - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R BB 1942 o - Ap 19 5u 1 D
+R BB 1942 o - Au 31 6u 0 S
+R BB 1943 o - May 2 5u 1 D
+R BB 1943 o - S 5 6u 0 S
+R BB 1944 o - Ap 10 5u 0:30 -
+R BB 1944 o - S 10 6u 0 S
+R BB 1977 o - Jun 12 2 1 D
+R BB 1977 1978 - O Su>=1 2 0 S
+R BB 1978 1980 - Ap Su>=15 2 1 D
+R BB 1979 o - S 30 2 0 S
+R BB 1980 o - S 25 2 0 S
+R BZ 1918 1941 - O Sa>=1 24 0:30 -0530
+R BZ 1919 1942 - F Sa>=8 24 0 CST
+R BZ 1942 o - Jun 27 24 1 CWT
+R BZ 1945 o - Au 14 23u 1 CPT
+R BZ 1945 o - D 15 24 0 CST
+R BZ 1947 1967 - O Sa>=1 24 0:30 -0530
+R BZ 1948 1968 - F Sa>=8 24 0 CST
+R BZ 1973 o - D 5 0 1 CDT
+R BZ 1974 o - F 9 0 0 CST
+R BZ 1982 o - D 18 0 1 CDT
+R BZ 1983 o - F 12 0 0 CST
+R Be 1917 o - Ap 5 24 1 -
+R Be 1917 o - S 30 24 0 -
+R Be 1918 o - Ap 13 24 1 -
+R Be 1918 o - S 15 24 0 S
+R Be 1942 o - Ja 11 2 1 D
+R Be 1942 o - O 18 2 0 S
+R Be 1943 o - Mar 21 2 1 D
+R Be 1943 o - O 31 2 0 S
+R Be 1944 1945 - Mar Su>=8 2 1 D
+R Be 1944 1945 - N Su>=1 2 0 S
+R Be 1947 o - May Su>=15 2 1 D
+R Be 1947 o - S Su>=8 2 0 S
+R Be 1948 1952 - May Su>=22 2 1 D
+R Be 1948 1952 - S Su>=1 2 0 S
+R Be 1956 o - May Su>=22 2 1 D
+R Be 1956 o - O lastSu 2 0 S
+R CR 1979 1980 - F lastSu 0 1 D
+R CR 1979 1980 - Jun Su>=1 0 0 S
+R CR 1991 1992 - Ja Sa>=15 0 1 D
+R CR 1991 o - Jul 1 0 0 S
+R CR 1992 o - Mar 15 0 0 S
+R Q 1928 o - Jun 10 0 1 D
+R Q 1928 o - O 10 0 0 S
+R Q 1940 1942 - Jun Su>=1 0 1 D
+R Q 1940 1942 - S Su>=1 0 0 S
+R Q 1945 1946 - Jun Su>=1 0 1 D
+R Q 1945 1946 - S Su>=1 0 0 S
+R Q 1965 o - Jun 1 0 1 D
+R Q 1965 o - S 30 0 0 S
+R Q 1966 o - May 29 0 1 D
+R Q 1966 o - O 2 0 0 S
+R Q 1967 o - Ap 8 0 1 D
+R Q 1967 1968 - S Su>=8 0 0 S
+R Q 1968 o - Ap 14 0 1 D
+R Q 1969 1977 - Ap lastSu 0 1 D
+R Q 1969 1971 - O lastSu 0 0 S
+R Q 1972 1974 - O 8 0 0 S
+R Q 1975 1977 - O lastSu 0 0 S
+R Q 1978 o - May 7 0 1 D
+R Q 1978 1990 - O Su>=8 0 0 S
+R Q 1979 1980 - Mar Su>=15 0 1 D
+R Q 1981 1985 - May Su>=5 0 1 D
+R Q 1986 1989 - Mar Su>=14 0 1 D
+R Q 1990 1997 - Ap Su>=1 0 1 D
+R Q 1991 1995 - O Su>=8 0s 0 S
+R Q 1996 o - O 6 0s 0 S
+R Q 1997 o - O 12 0s 0 S
+R Q 1998 1999 - Mar lastSu 0s 1 D
+R Q 1998 2003 - O lastSu 0s 0 S
+R Q 2000 2003 - Ap Su>=1 0s 1 D
+R Q 2004 o - Mar lastSu 0s 1 D
+R Q 2006 2010 - O lastSu 0s 0 S
+R Q 2007 o - Mar Su>=8 0s 1 D
+R Q 2008 o - Mar Su>=15 0s 1 D
+R Q 2009 2010 - Mar Su>=8 0s 1 D
+R Q 2011 o - Mar Su>=15 0s 1 D
+R Q 2011 o - N 13 0s 0 S
+R Q 2012 o - Ap 1 0s 1 D
+R Q 2012 ma - N Su>=1 0s 0 S
+R Q 2013 ma - Mar Su>=8 0s 1 D
+R DO 1966 o - O 30 0 1 EDT
+R DO 1967 o - F 28 0 0 EST
+R DO 1969 1973 - O lastSu 0 0:30 -0430
+R DO 1970 o - F 21 0 0 EST
+R DO 1971 o - Ja 20 0 0 EST
+R DO 1972 1974 - Ja 21 0 0 EST
+R SV 1987 1988 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R SV 1987 1988 - S lastSu 0 0 S
+R GT 1973 o - N 25 0 1 D
+R GT 1974 o - F 24 0 0 S
+R GT 1983 o - May 21 0 1 D
+R GT 1983 o - S 22 0 0 S
+R GT 1991 o - Mar 23 0 1 D
+R GT 1991 o - S 7 0 0 S
+R GT 2006 o - Ap 30 0 1 D
+R GT 2006 o - O 1 0 0 S
+R HT 1983 o - May 8 0 1 D
+R HT 1984 1987 - Ap lastSu 0 1 D
+R HT 1983 1987 - O lastSu 0 0 S
+R HT 1988 1997 - Ap Su>=1 1s 1 D
+R HT 1988 1997 - O lastSu 1s 0 S
+R HT 2005 2006 - Ap Su>=1 0 1 D
+R HT 2005 2006 - O lastSu 0 0 S
+R HT 2012 2015 - Mar Su>=8 2 1 D
+R HT 2012 2015 - N Su>=1 2 0 S
+R HT 2017 ma - Mar Su>=8 2 1 D
+R HT 2017 ma - N Su>=1 2 0 S
+R HN 1987 1988 - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R HN 1987 1988 - S lastSu 0 0 S
+R HN 2006 o - May Su>=1 0 1 D
+R HN 2006 o - Au M>=1 0 0 S
+R NI 1979 1980 - Mar Su>=16 0 1 D
+R NI 1979 1980 - Jun M>=23 0 0 S
+R NI 2005 o - Ap 10 0 1 D
+R NI 2005 o - O Su>=1 0 0 S
+R NI 2006 o - Ap 30 2 1 D
+R NI 2006 o - O Su>=1 1 0 S
+R A 1930 o - D 1 0 1 -
+R A 1931 o - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R A 1931 o - O 15 0 1 -
+R A 1932 1940 - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R A 1932 1939 - N 1 0 1 -
+R A 1940 o - Jul 1 0 1 -
+R A 1941 o - Jun 15 0 0 -
+R A 1941 o - O 15 0 1 -
+R A 1943 o - Au 1 0 0 -
+R A 1943 o - O 15 0 1 -
+R A 1946 o - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R A 1946 o - O 1 0 1 -
+R A 1963 o - O 1 0 0 -
+R A 1963 o - D 15 0 1 -
+R A 1964 1966 - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R A 1964 1966 - O 15 0 1 -
+R A 1967 o - Ap 2 0 0 -
+R A 1967 1968 - O Su>=1 0 1 -
+R A 1968 1969 - Ap Su>=1 0 0 -
+R A 1974 o - Ja 23 0 1 -
+R A 1974 o - May 1 0 0 -
+R A 1988 o - D 1 0 1 -
+R A 1989 1993 - Mar Su>=1 0 0 -
+R A 1989 1992 - O Su>=15 0 1 -
+R A 1999 o - O Su>=1 0 1 -
+R A 2000 o - Mar 3 0 0 -
+R A 2007 o - D 30 0 1 -
+R A 2008 2009 - Mar Su>=15 0 0 -
+R A 2008 o - O Su>=15 0 1 -
+R Sa 2008 2009 - Mar Su>=8 0 0 -
+R Sa 2007 2008 - O Su>=8 0 1 -
+R B 1931 o - O 3 11 1 -
+R B 1932 1933 - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R B 1932 o - O 3 0 1 -
+R B 1949 1952 - D 1 0 1 -
+R B 1950 o - Ap 16 1 0 -
+R B 1951 1952 - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R B 1953 o - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R B 1963 o - D 9 0 1 -
+R B 1964 o - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R B 1965 o - Ja 31 0 1 -
+R B 1965 o - Mar 31 0 0 -
+R B 1965 o - D 1 0 1 -
+R B 1966 1968 - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R B 1966 1967 - N 1 0 1 -
+R B 1985 o - N 2 0 1 -
+R B 1986 o - Mar 15 0 0 -
+R B 1986 o - O 25 0 1 -
+R B 1987 o - F 14 0 0 -
+R B 1987 o - O 25 0 1 -
+R B 1988 o - F 7 0 0 -
+R B 1988 o - O 16 0 1 -
+R B 1989 o - Ja 29 0 0 -
+R B 1989 o - O 15 0 1 -
+R B 1990 o - F 11 0 0 -
+R B 1990 o - O 21 0 1 -
+R B 1991 o - F 17 0 0 -
+R B 1991 o - O 20 0 1 -
+R B 1992 o - F 9 0 0 -
+R B 1992 o - O 25 0 1 -
+R B 1993 o - Ja 31 0 0 -
+R B 1993 1995 - O Su>=11 0 1 -
+R B 1994 1995 - F Su>=15 0 0 -
+R B 1996 o - F 11 0 0 -
+R B 1996 o - O 6 0 1 -
+R B 1997 o - F 16 0 0 -
+R B 1997 o - O 6 0 1 -
+R B 1998 o - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R B 1998 o - O 11 0 1 -
+R B 1999 o - F 21 0 0 -
+R B 1999 o - O 3 0 1 -
+R B 2000 o - F 27 0 0 -
+R B 2000 2001 - O Su>=8 0 1 -
+R B 2001 2006 - F Su>=15 0 0 -
+R B 2002 o - N 3 0 1 -
+R B 2003 o - O 19 0 1 -
+R B 2004 o - N 2 0 1 -
+R B 2005 o - O 16 0 1 -
+R B 2006 o - N 5 0 1 -
+R B 2007 o - F 25 0 0 -
+R B 2007 o - O Su>=8 0 1 -
+R B 2008 2017 - O Su>=15 0 1 -
+R B 2008 2011 - F Su>=15 0 0 -
+R B 2012 o - F Su>=22 0 0 -
+R B 2013 2014 - F Su>=15 0 0 -
+R B 2015 o - F Su>=22 0 0 -
+R B 2016 2019 - F Su>=15 0 0 -
+R B 2018 o - N Su>=1 0 1 -
+R x 1927 1931 - S 1 0 1 -
+R x 1928 1932 - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R x 1968 o - N 3 4u 1 -
+R x 1969 o - Mar 30 3u 0 -
+R x 1969 o - N 23 4u 1 -
+R x 1970 o - Mar 29 3u 0 -
+R x 1971 o - Mar 14 3u 0 -
+R x 1970 1972 - O Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 1972 1986 - Mar Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 1973 o - S 30 4u 1 -
+R x 1974 1987 - O Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 1987 o - Ap 12 3u 0 -
+R x 1988 1990 - Mar Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 1988 1989 - O Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 1990 o - S 16 4u 1 -
+R x 1991 1996 - Mar Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 1991 1997 - O Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 1997 o - Mar 30 3u 0 -
+R x 1998 o - Mar Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 1998 o - S 27 4u 1 -
+R x 1999 o - Ap 4 3u 0 -
+R x 1999 2010 - O Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 2000 2007 - Mar Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 2008 o - Mar 30 3u 0 -
+R x 2009 o - Mar Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 2010 o - Ap Su>=1 3u 0 -
+R x 2011 o - May Su>=2 3u 0 -
+R x 2011 o - Au Su>=16 4u 1 -
+R x 2012 2014 - Ap Su>=23 3u 0 -
+R x 2012 2014 - S Su>=2 4u 1 -
+R x 2016 2018 - May Su>=9 3u 0 -
+R x 2016 2018 - Au Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 2019 ma - Ap Su>=2 3u 0 -
+R x 2019 2021 - S Su>=2 4u 1 -
+R x 2022 o - S Su>=9 4u 1 -
+R x 2023 ma - S Su>=2 4u 1 -
+R CO 1992 o - May 3 0 1 -
+R CO 1993 o - F 6 24 0 -
+R EC 1992 o - N 28 0 1 -
+R EC 1993 o - F 5 0 0 -
+R FK 1937 1938 - S lastSu 0 1 -
+R FK 1938 1942 - Mar Su>=19 0 0 -
+R FK 1939 o - O 1 0 1 -
+R FK 1940 1942 - S lastSu 0 1 -
+R FK 1943 o - Ja 1 0 0 -
+R FK 1983 o - S lastSu 0 1 -
+R FK 1984 1985 - Ap lastSu 0 0 -
+R FK 1984 o - S 16 0 1 -
+R FK 1985 2000 - S Su>=9 0 1 -
+R FK 1986 2000 - Ap Su>=16 0 0 -
+R FK 2001 2010 - Ap Su>=15 2 0 -
+R FK 2001 2010 - S Su>=1 2 1 -
+R y 1975 1988 - O 1 0 1 -
+R y 1975 1978 - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R y 1979 1991 - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R y 1989 o - O 22 0 1 -
+R y 1990 o - O 1 0 1 -
+R y 1991 o - O 6 0 1 -
+R y 1992 o - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R y 1992 o - O 5 0 1 -
+R y 1993 o - Mar 31 0 0 -
+R y 1993 1995 - O 1 0 1 -
+R y 1994 1995 - F lastSu 0 0 -
+R y 1996 o - Mar 1 0 0 -
+R y 1996 2001 - O Su>=1 0 1 -
+R y 1997 o - F lastSu 0 0 -
+R y 1998 2001 - Mar Su>=1 0 0 -
+R y 2002 2004 - Ap Su>=1 0 0 -
+R y 2002 2003 - S Su>=1 0 1 -
+R y 2004 2009 - O Su>=15 0 1 -
+R y 2005 2009 - Mar Su>=8 0 0 -
+R y 2010 ma - O Su>=1 0 1 -
+R y 2010 2012 - Ap Su>=8 0 0 -
+R y 2013 ma - Mar Su>=22 0 0 -
+R PE 1938 o - Ja 1 0 1 -
+R PE 1938 o - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R PE 1938 1939 - S lastSu 0 1 -
+R PE 1939 1940 - Mar Su>=24 0 0 -
+R PE 1986 1987 - Ja 1 0 1 -
+R PE 1986 1987 - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R PE 1990 o - Ja 1 0 1 -
+R PE 1990 o - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R PE 1994 o - Ja 1 0 1 -
+R PE 1994 o - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R U 1923 1925 - O 1 0 0:30 -
+R U 1924 1926 - Ap 1 0 0 -
+R U 1933 1938 - O lastSu 0 0:30 -
+R U 1934 1941 - Mar lastSa 24 0 -
+R U 1939 o - O 1 0 0:30 -
+R U 1940 o - O 27 0 0:30 -
+R U 1941 o - Au 1 0 0:30 -
+R U 1942 o - D 14 0 0:30 -
+R U 1943 o - Mar 14 0 0 -
+R U 1959 o - May 24 0 0:30 -
+R U 1959 o - N 15 0 0 -
+R U 1960 o - Ja 17 0 1 -
+R U 1960 o - Mar 6 0 0 -
+R U 1965 o - Ap 4 0 1 -
+R U 1965 o - S 26 0 0 -
+R U 1968 o - May 27 0 0:30 -
+R U 1968 o - D 1 0 0 -
+R U 1970 o - Ap 25 0 1 -
+R U 1970 o - Jun 14 0 0 -
+R U 1972 o - Ap 23 0 1 -
+R U 1972 o - Jul 16 0 0 -
+R U 1974 o - Ja 13 0 1:30 -
+R U 1974 o - Mar 10 0 0:30 -
+R U 1974 o - S 1 0 0 -
+R U 1974 o - D 22 0 1 -
+R U 1975 o - Mar 30 0 0 -
+R U 1976 o - D 19 0 1 -
+R U 1977 o - Mar 6 0 0 -
+R U 1977 o - D 4 0 1 -
+R U 1978 1979 - Mar Su>=1 0 0 -
+R U 1978 o - D 17 0 1 -
+R U 1979 o - Ap 29 0 1 -
+R U 1980 o - Mar 16 0 0 -
+R U 1987 o - D 14 0 1 -
+R U 1988 o - F 28 0 0 -
+R U 1988 o - D 11 0 1 -
+R U 1989 o - Mar 5 0 0 -
+R U 1989 o - O 29 0 1 -
+R U 1990 o - F 25 0 0 -
+R U 1990 1991 - O Su>=21 0 1 -
+R U 1991 1992 - Mar Su>=1 0 0 -
+R U 1992 o - O 18 0 1 -
+R U 1993 o - F 28 0 0 -
+R U 2004 o - S 19 0 1 -
+R U 2005 o - Mar 27 2 0 -
+R U 2005 o - O 9 2 1 -
+R U 2006 2015 - Mar Su>=8 2 0 -
+R U 2006 2014 - O Su>=1 2 1 -
+Z Africa/Abidjan -0:16:8 - LMT 1912
+0 - GMT
+Z Africa/Algiers 0:12:12 - LMT 1891 Mar 16
+0:9:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11
+0 d WE%sT 1940 F 25 2
+1 d CE%sT 1946 O 7
+0 - WET 1956 Ja 29
+1 - CET 1963 Ap 14
+0 d WE%sT 1977 O 21
+1 d CE%sT 1979 O 26
+0 d WE%sT 1981 May
+1 - CET
+Z Africa/Bissau -1:2:20 - LMT 1912 Ja 1 1u
+-1 - -01 1975
+0 - GMT
+Z Africa/Cairo 2:5:9 - LMT 1900 O
+2 K EE%sT
+Z Africa/Casablanca -0:30:20 - LMT 1913 O 26
+0 M +00/+01 1984 Mar 16
+1 - +01 1986
+0 M +00/+01 2018 O 28 3
+1 M +01/+00
+Z Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 Ja 1 0u
+0 - WET 1918 May 6 23
+0 1 WEST 1918 O 7 23
+0 - WET 1924
+0 s WE%sT 1929
+0 - WET 1967
+0 Sp WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
+1 - CET 1986
+1 E CE%sT
+Z Africa/El_Aaiun -0:52:48 - LMT 1934
+-1 - -01 1976 Ap 14
+0 M +00/+01 2018 O 28 3
+1 M +01/+00
+Z Africa/Johannesburg 1:52 - LMT 1892 F 8
+1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
+2 SA SAST
+Z Africa/Juba 2:6:28 - LMT 1931
+2 SD CA%sT 2000 Ja 15 12
+3 - EAT 2021 F
+2 - CAT
+Z Africa/Khartoum 2:10:8 - LMT 1931
+2 SD CA%sT 2000 Ja 15 12
+3 - EAT 2017 N
+2 - CAT
+Z Africa/Lagos 0:13:35 - LMT 1905 Jul
+0 - GMT 1908 Jul
+0:13:35 - LMT 1914
+0:30 - +0030 1919 S
+1 - WAT
+Z Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
+2 - CAT
+Z Africa/Monrovia -0:43:8 - LMT 1882
+-0:43:8 - MMT 1919 Mar
+-0:44:30 - MMT 1972 Ja 7
+0 - GMT
+Z Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1908 May
+2:30 - +0230 1928 Jun 30 24
+3 - EAT 1930 Ja 4 24
+2:30 - +0230 1936 D 31 24
+2:45 - +0245 1942 Jul 31 24
+3 - EAT
+Z Africa/Ndjamena 1:0:12 - LMT 1912
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+L America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires America/Buenos_Aires
+L America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Catamarca
+L America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Cordoba
+L America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Indianapolis
+L America/Argentina/Jujuy America/Jujuy
+L America/Indiana/Knox America/Knox_IN
+L America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Louisville
+L America/Argentina/Mendoza America/Mendoza
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Virgin
+L Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Samoa
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi
+L Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo
+L Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru
+L Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou
+L Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Anguilla
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Antigua
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Aruba
+L America/Panama America/Atikokan
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Blanc-Sablon
+L America/Panama America/Cayman
+L America/Phoenix America/Creston
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Curacao
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Dominica
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Grenada
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Guadeloupe
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Kralendijk
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Lower_Princes
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Marigot
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Montserrat
+L America/Toronto America/Nassau
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Port_of_Spain
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Barthelemy
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Kitts
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Lucia
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Thomas
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Vincent
+L America/Puerto_Rico America/Tortola
+L Pacific/Port_Moresby Antarctica/DumontDUrville
+L Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
+L Asia/Riyadh Antarctica/Syowa
+L Europe/Berlin Arctic/Longyearbyen
+L Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden
+L Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
+L Asia/Kuching Asia/Brunei
+L Asia/Singapore Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
+L Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
+L Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat
+L Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh
+L Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane
+L Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/Reykjavik
+L Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena
+L Europe/Brussels Europe/Amsterdam
+L Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
+L Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
+L Europe/Berlin Europe/Copenhagen
+L Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
+L Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
+L Europe/London Europe/Jersey
+L Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana
+L Europe/Brussels Europe/Luxembourg
+L Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
+L Europe/Paris Europe/Monaco
+L Europe/Berlin Europe/Oslo
+L Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica
+L Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
+L Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo
+L Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje
+L Europe/Berlin Europe/Stockholm
+L Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+L Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
+L Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb
+L Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo
+L Asia/Bangkok Indian/Christmas
+L Asia/Yangon Indian/Cocos
+L Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
+L Indian/Maldives Indian/Kerguelen
+L Asia/Dubai Indian/Mahe
+L Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
+L Asia/Dubai Indian/Reunion
+L Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Chuuk
+L Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Funafuti
+L Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Majuro
+L Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway
+L Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Pohnpei
+L Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan
+L Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Wake
+L Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Wallis
+L Africa/Abidjan Africa/Timbuktu
+L America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
+L America/Adak America/Atka
+L America/Panama America/Coral_Harbour
+L America/Tijuana America/Ensenada
+L America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Fort_Wayne
+L America/Toronto America/Montreal
+L America/Toronto America/Nipigon
+L America/Iqaluit America/Pangnirtung
+L America/Rio_Branco America/Porto_Acre
+L America/Winnipeg America/Rainy_River
+L America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Rosario
+L America/Tijuana America/Santa_Isabel
+L America/Denver America/Shiprock
+L America/Toronto America/Thunder_Bay
+L America/Edmonton America/Yellowknife
+L Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/South_Pole
+L Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chongqing
+L Asia/Shanghai Asia/Harbin
+L Asia/Urumqi Asia/Kashgar
+L Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Tel_Aviv
+L Europe/Berlin Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+L Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
+L Australia/Hobart Australia/Currie
+L Europe/London Europe/Belfast
+L Europe/Chisinau Europe/Tiraspol
+L Europe/Kyiv Europe/Uzhgorod
+L Europe/Kyiv Europe/Zaporozhye
+L Pacific/Kanton Pacific/Enderbury
+L Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
+L Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Yap
+L Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmera
+L America/Nuuk America/Godthab
+L Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad
+L Asia/Kolkata Asia/Calcutta
+L Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chungking
+L Asia/Dhaka Asia/Dacca
+L Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul
+L Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Katmandu
+L Asia/Macau Asia/Macao
+L Asia/Yangon Asia/Rangoon
+L Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Saigon
+L Asia/Thimphu Asia/Thimbu
+L Asia/Makassar Asia/Ujung_Pandang
+L Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator
+L Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Faeroe
+L Europe/Kyiv Europe/Kiev
+L Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
+L Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Ponape
+L Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Truk
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zone.tab b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zone.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fa9306afbad786fb8a6ba0bd54a1d38975dce8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zone.tab	
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-09-20):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
+#
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
+#
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a timezone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
+#
+# Unlike zone1970.tab, a row's third column can be a Link from
+# 'backward' instead of a Zone.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#code	coordinates	TZ			comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AG	+1703-06148	America/Antigua
+AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	New Zealand time - McMurdo, South Pole
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AW	+1230-06958	America/Aruba
+AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BA	+4352+01825	Europe/Sarajevo
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BF	+1222-00131	Africa/Ouagadougou
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BH	+2623+05035	Asia/Bahrain
+BI	-0323+02922	Africa/Bujumbura
+BJ	+0629+00237	Africa/Porto-Novo
+BL	+1753-06251	America/St_Barthelemy
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BQ	+120903-0681636	America/Kralendijk
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Para (east), Amapa
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Para (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondonia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland, Labrador (SE)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas), PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON & QC (most areas)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most areas)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west), Manitoba
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB, BC(E), NT(E), SK(W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5546-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	Dem. Rep. of Congo (west)
+CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	Dem. Rep. of Congo (east)
+CF	+0422+01835	Africa/Bangui
+CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
+CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
+CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	most of Cyprus
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
+CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most of Germany
+DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
+DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galapagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ER	+1520+03853	Africa/Asmara
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+ET	+0902+03842	Africa/Addis_Ababa
+FI	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GA	+0023+00927	Africa/Libreville
+GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GG	+492717-0023210	Europe/Guernsey
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
+GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
+GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
+GQ	+0345+00847	Africa/Malabo
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south), Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra, Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya), Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JE	+491101-0020624	Europe/Jersey
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KH	+1133+10455	Asia/Phnom_Penh
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KM	-1141+04316	Indian/Comoro
+KN	+1718-06243	America/St_Kitts
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
+KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most of Kazakhstan
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystau/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LC	+1401-06100	America/St_Lucia
+LI	+4709+00931	Europe/Vaduz
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LS	-2928+02730	Africa/Maseru
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+ME	+4226+01916	Europe/Podgorica
+MF	+1804-06305	America/Marigot
+MG	-1855+04731	Indian/Antananarivo
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most of Marshall Islands
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
+ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most of Mongolia
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
+MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
+MS	+1643-06213	America/Montserrat
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Mexico
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Campeche, Yucatan
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+3144-10629	America/Ciudad_Juarez	Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Bahia de Banderas
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Baja California
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NE	+1331+00207	Africa/Niamey
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most of New Zealand
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
+PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	most of Papua New Guinea
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+# The obsolescent zone.tab format cannot represent Europe/Simferopol well.
+# Put it in RU section and list as UA.  See "territorial claims" above.
+# Programs should use zone1970.tab instead; see above.
+UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E), N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
+SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SH	-1555-00542	Atlantic/St_Helena
+SI	+4603+01431	Europe/Ljubljana
+SJ	+7800+01600	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+SK	+4809+01707	Europe/Bratislava
+SL	+0830-01315	Africa/Freetown
+SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
+SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
+SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+SZ	-2618+03106	Africa/Mbabane
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen
+TG	+0608+00113	Africa/Lome
+TH	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	most of Ukraine
+UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
+UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south), OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - AZ (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Alaska - western Aleutians
+US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican
+VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VG	+1827-06437	America/Tortola
+VI	+1821-06456	America/St_Thomas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+YE	+1245+04512	Asia/Aden
+YT	-1247+04514	Indian/Mayotte
+ZA	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+ZM	-1525+02817	Africa/Lusaka
+ZW	-1750+03103	Africa/Harare
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abd9489753f1aab2e8120506041d537d86f75206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab	
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a timezone where
+# civil timestamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the timezone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.  See the file 'iso3166.tab'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the timezone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either ±DDMM±DDDMM or ±DDMMSS±DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Timezone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the theory.html file for how these names are chosen.
+#     If multiple timezones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if countries have multiple timezones,
+#     and useful only for those countries.  For example, the comments
+#     for the row with countries CH,DE,LI and name Europe/Zurich
+#     are useful only for DE, since CH and LI have no other timezones.
+#
+# If a timezone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous timezones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM,RE,SC,TF	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai	Crozet
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE,LU,NL	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Pará (east), Amapá
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Pará (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland, Labrador (SE)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas), PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA,BS	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON & QC (most areas)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most areas)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west), Manitoba
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB, BC(E), NT(E), SK(W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+5546-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Büsingen
+CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,IS,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	most of Cyprus
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE,DK,NO,SE,SJ	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most of Germany
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR,MC	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south), Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra, Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya), Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI,MH,TV,UM,WF	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilberts, Marshalls, Wake
+KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most of Kazakhstan
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtöbe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystaū/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyraū/Atirau/Gur'yev
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM,CC	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most of Mongolia
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV,TF	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives	Kerguelen, St Paul I, Amsterdam I
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Mexico
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+3144-10629	America/Ciudad_Juarez	Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Bahía de Banderas
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Baja California
+MY,BN	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA,CA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama	EST - ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG,AQ,FM	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas), Chuuk, Yap, Dumont d'Urville
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR,AG,CA,AI,AW,BL,BQ,CW,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,SX,TT,VC,VG,VI	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+# Mention RU and UA alphabetically.  See "territorial claims" above.
+RU,UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E), N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+SA,AQ,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh	Syowa
+SB,FM	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pohnpei
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SG,MY	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	peninsular Malaysia
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TH,CX,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	north Vietnam
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	most of Ukraine
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south), OR (east)
+US,CA	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - AZ (most areas), Creston BC
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Alaska - western Aleutians
+US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	south Vietnam
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+#
+# The next section contains experimental tab-separated comments for
+# use by user agents like tzselect that identify continents and oceans.
+#
+# For example, the comment "#@AQ<tab>Antarctica/" means the country code
+# AQ is in the continent Antarctica regardless of the Zone name,
+# so Pacific/Auckland should be listed under Antarctica as well as
+# under the Pacific because its line's country codes include AQ.
+#
+# If more than one country code is affected each is listed separated
+# by commas, e.g., #@IS,SH<tab>Atlantic/".  If a country code is in
+# more than one continent or ocean, each is listed separated by
+# commas, e.g., the second column of "#@CY,TR<tab>Asia/,Europe/".
+#
+# These experimental comments are present only for country codes where
+# the continent or ocean is not already obvious from the Zone name.
+# For example, there is no such comment for RU since it already
+# corresponds to Zone names starting with both "Europe/" and "Asia/".
+#
+#@AQ	Antarctica/
+#@IS,SH	Atlantic/
+#@CY,TR	Asia/,Europe/
+#@SJ	Arctic/
+#@CC,CX,KM,MG,YT	Indian/
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zonenow.tab b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zonenow.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6f2910956fb6e57a5e9c83237343ebc95b3b490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pytz/zoneinfo/zonenow.tab	
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions, for users who do not care about old timestamps
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-12-18):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a timezone
+# where civil timestamps are predicted to agree from now on.
+# This file is like zone1970.tab (see zone1970.tab's coments),
+# but with the following changes:
+#
+# 1.  Each timezone corresponds to a set of clocks that are planned
+#     to agree from now on.  This is a larger set of clocks than in
+#     zone1970.tab, where each timezone's clocks must agree from 1970 on.
+# 2.  The first column is irrelevant and ignored.
+# 3.  The table is sorted in a different way:
+#     first by standard time UTC offset;
+#     then, if DST is used, by daylight saving UTC offset;
+#     then by time zone abbreviation.
+# 4.  Every timezone has a nonempty comments column, with wording
+#     distinguishing the timezone only from other timezones with the
+#     same UTC offset at some point during the year.
+#
+# The format of this table is experimental, and may change in future versions.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#XX	coordinates	TZ	comments
+#
+# -11 - SST
+XX	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Midway; Samoa ("SST")
+#
+# -11
+XX	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue	Niue
+#
+# -10 - HST
+XX	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii ("HST")
+#
+# -10
+XX	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Tahiti; Cook Islands
+#
+# -10/-09 - HST / HDT (North America DST)
+XX	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	western Aleutians in Alaska ("HST/HDT")
+#
+# -09:30
+XX	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas
+#
+# -09
+XX	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier
+#
+# -09/-08 - AKST/AKDT (North America DST)
+XX	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	most of Alaska ("AKST/AKDT")
+#
+# -08
+XX	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn	Pitcairn
+#
+# -08/-07 - PST/PDT (North America DST)
+XX	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific ("PST/PDT") - US & Canada; Mexico near US border
+#
+# -07 - MST
+XX	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard ("MST") - Arizona; western Mexico; Yukon
+#
+# -07/-06 - MST/MDT (North America DST)
+XX	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain ("MST/MDT") - US & Canada; Mexico near US border
+#
+# -06
+XX	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos
+#
+# -06 - CST
+XX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Standard ("CST") - Saskatchewan; central Mexico; Central America
+#
+# -06/-05 (Chile DST)
+XX	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+#
+# -06/-05 - CST/CDT (North America DST)
+XX	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central ("CST/CDT") - US & Canada; Mexico near US border
+#
+# -05
+XX	-1203-07703	America/Lima	eastern South America
+#
+# -05 - EST
+XX	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica	Eastern Standard ("EST") - Caymans; Jamaica; eastern Mexico; Panama
+#
+# -05/-04 - CST/CDT (Cuba DST)
+XX	+2308-08222	America/Havana	Cuba
+#
+# -05/-04 - EST/EDT (North America DST)
+XX	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern ("EST/EDT") - US & Canada
+#
+# -04
+XX	+1030-06656	America/Caracas	western South America
+#
+# -04 - AST
+XX	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo	Atlantic Standard ("AST") - eastern Caribbean
+#
+# -04/-03 (Chile DST)
+XX	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
+#
+# -04/-03 (Paraguay DST)
+XX	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion	Paraguay
+#
+# -04/-03 - AST/ADT (North America DST)
+XX	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic ("AST/ADT") - Canada; Bermuda
+#
+# -03:30/-02:30 - NST/NDT (North America DST)
+XX	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland ("NST/NDT")
+#
+# -03
+XX	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	eastern South America
+#
+# -03/-02 (North America DST)
+XX	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon	St Pierre & Miquelon
+#
+# -02
+XX	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Fernando de Noronha; South Georgia
+#
+# -02/-01 (EU DST)
+XX	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
+#
+# -01
+XX	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde	Cape Verde
+#
+# -01/+00 (EU DST)
+XX	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+# -01/+00 (EU DST) until 2024-03-31; then -02/-01 (EU DST)
+XX	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Ittoqqortoormiit
+#
+# +00 - GMT
+XX	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan	far western Africa; Iceland ("GMT")
+#
+# +00/+01 - GMT/BST (EU DST)
+XX	+513030-0000731	Europe/London	United Kingdom ("GMT/BST")
+#
+# +00/+01 - WET/WEST (EU DST)
+XX	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	western Europe ("WET/WEST")
+#
+# +00/+02 - Troll DST
+XX	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station in Antarctica
+#
+# +01 - CET
+XX	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers	Algeria, Tunisia ("CET")
+#
+# +01 - WAT
+XX	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	western Africa ("WAT")
+#
+# +01/+00 - IST/GMT (EU DST in reverse)
+XX	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin	Ireland ("IST/GMT")
+#
+# +01/+00 - (Morocco DST)
+XX	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca	Morocco
+#
+# +01/+02 - CET/CEST (EU DST)
+XX	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris	central Europe ("CET/CEST")
+#
+# +02 - CAT
+XX	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	central Africa ("CAT")
+#
+# +02 - EET
+XX	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli	Libya; Kaliningrad ("EET")
+#
+# +02 - SAST
+XX	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg	southern Africa ("SAST")
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (EU DST)
+XX	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens	eastern Europe ("EET/EEST")
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Egypt DST)
+XX	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo	Egypt
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Lebanon DST)
+XX	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut	Lebanon
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Moldova DST)
+XX	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau	Moldova
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Palestine DST)
+XX	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Palestine
+#
+# +02/+03 - IST/IDT (Israel DST)
+XX	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem	Israel
+#
+# +03
+XX	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul	Near East; Belarus
+#
+# +03 - EAT
+XX	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi	eastern Africa ("EAT")
+#
+# +03 - MSK
+XX	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	Moscow ("MSK")
+#
+# +03:30
+XX	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran	Iran
+#
+# +04
+XX	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai	Russia; Caucasus; Persian Gulf; Seychelles; Réunion
+#
+# +04:30
+XX	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul	Afghanistan
+#
+# +05
+XX	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Russia; west Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Maldives
+#
+# +05 - PKT
+XX	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi	Pakistan ("PKT")
+#
+# +05:30
+XX	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo	Sri Lanka
+#
+# +05:30 - IST
+XX	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata	India ("IST")
+#
+# +05:45
+XX	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu	Nepal
+#
+# +06
+XX	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka	Russia; Kyrgyzstan; Bhutan; Bangladesh; Chagos
+# +06 until 2024-03-01; then +05
+XX	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (except western areas)
+#
+# +06:30
+XX	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon	Myanmar; Cocos
+#
+# +07
+XX	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	Russia; Indochina; Christmas Island
+#
+# +07 - WIB
+XX	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Indonesia ("WIB")
+#
+# +08
+XX	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	Russia; Brunei; Malaysia; Singapore
+#
+# +08 - AWST
+XX	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia ("AWST")
+#
+# +08 - CST
+XX	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	China ("CST")
+#
+# +08 - HKT
+XX	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong	Hong Kong ("HKT")
+#
+# +08 - PHT
+XX	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila	Philippines ("PHT")
+#
+# +08 - WITA
+XX	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Indonesia ("WITA")
+#
+# +08:45
+XX	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Eucla
+#
+# +09
+XX	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	Russia; Palau; East Timor
+#
+# +09 - JST
+XX	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo	Japan ("JST")
+#
+# +09 - KST
+XX	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul	Korea ("KST")
+#
+# +09 - WIT
+XX	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	Indonesia ("WIT")
+#
+# +09:30 - ACST
+XX	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory ("ACST")
+#
+# +09:30/+10:30 - ACST/ACDT (Australia DST)
+XX	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia ("ACST/ACDT")
+#
+# +10
+XX	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Russia; Yap; Chuuk; Papua New Guinea; Dumont d'Urville
+#
+# +10 - AEST
+XX	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland ("AEST")
+#
+# +10 - ChST
+XX	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam	Mariana Islands ("ChST")
+#
+# +10/+11 - AEST/AEDT (Australia DST)
+XX	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	southeast Australia ("AEST/AEDT")
+#
+# +10:30/+11
+XX	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+#
+# +11
+XX	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Russia; Kosrae; Bougainville; Solomons
+#
+# +11/+12 (Australia DST)
+XX	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk	Norfolk Island
+#
+# +12
+XX	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Russia; Tuvalu; Fiji; etc.
+#
+# +12/+13 (New Zealand DST)
+XX	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand ("NZST/NZDT")
+#
+# +12:45/+13:45 (Chatham DST)
+XX	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+#
+# +13
+XX	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu	Kanton; Tokelau; Samoa (western); Tonga
+#
+# +14
+XX	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Kiritimati
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pywinpty-2.0.13.dist-info/license_files/LICENSE.txt b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pywinpty-2.0.13.dist-info/license_files/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23d052cebacf4fe4bb66fbd575b0471d1b301f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/pywinpty-2.0.13.dist-info/license_files/LICENSE.txt	
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2017 Spyder IDE
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/etree.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6739d2271f2d5276b18560182699419cd6ffbd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/etree.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+try:
+    import lxml.etree as ET  # type: ignore  # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:
+    import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET  # type: ignore  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/pil.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/pil.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de6c6cb70ccd0953775827cdf20a3e13f94d66fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/compat/pil.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Try to import PIL in either of the two ways it can be installed.
+Image = None
+ImageDraw = None
+
+try:
+    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw  # type: ignore  # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        import Image  # type: ignore  # noqa: F401
+        import ImageDraw  # type: ignore  # noqa: F401
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e8468b2dd69ac223e3776108fc230e3999ba8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import abc
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from qrcode.image.styles.moduledrawers.base import QRModuleDrawer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qrcode.main import ActiveWithNeighbors, QRCode
+
+
+DrawerAliases = Dict[str, Tuple[Type[QRModuleDrawer], Dict[str, Any]]]
+
+
+class BaseImage:
+    """
+    Base QRCode image output class.
+    """
+
+    kind: Optional[str] = None
+    allowed_kinds: Optional[Tuple[str]] = None
+    needs_context = False
+    needs_processing = False
+    needs_drawrect = True
+
+    def __init__(self, border, width, box_size, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.border = border
+        self.width = width
+        self.box_size = box_size
+        self.pixel_size = (self.width + self.border * 2) * self.box_size
+        self.modules = kwargs.pop("qrcode_modules")
+        self._img = self.new_image(**kwargs)
+        self.init_new_image()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def drawrect(self, row, col):
+        """
+        Draw a single rectangle of the QR code.
+        """
+
+    def drawrect_context(self, row: int, col: int, qr: "QRCode"):
+        """
+        Draw a single rectangle of the QR code given the surrounding context
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("BaseImage.drawrect_context")  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def process(self):
+        """
+        Processes QR code after completion
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("BaseImage.drawimage")  # pragma: no cover
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def save(self, stream, kind=None):
+        """
+        Save the image file.
+        """
+
+    def pixel_box(self, row, col):
+        """
+        A helper method for pixel-based image generators that specifies the
+        four pixel coordinates for a single rect.
+        """
+        x = (col + self.border) * self.box_size
+        y = (row + self.border) * self.box_size
+        return (
+            (x, y),
+            (x + self.box_size - 1, y + self.box_size - 1),
+        )
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def new_image(self, **kwargs) -> Any:
+        """
+        Build the image class. Subclasses should return the class created.
+        """
+
+    def init_new_image(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_image(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Return the image class for further processing.
+        """
+        return self._img
+
+    def check_kind(self, kind, transform=None):
+        """
+        Get the image type.
+        """
+        if kind is None:
+            kind = self.kind
+        allowed = not self.allowed_kinds or kind in self.allowed_kinds
+        if transform:
+            kind = transform(kind)
+            if not allowed:
+                allowed = kind in self.allowed_kinds
+        if not allowed:
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot set {type(self).__name__} type to {kind}")
+        return kind
+
+    def is_eye(self, row: int, col: int):
+        """
+        Find whether the referenced module is in an eye.
+        """
+        return (
+            (row < 7 and col < 7)
+            or (row < 7 and self.width - col < 8)
+            or (self.width - row < 8 and col < 7)
+        )
+
+
+class BaseImageWithDrawer(BaseImage):
+    default_drawer_class: Type[QRModuleDrawer]
+    drawer_aliases: DrawerAliases = {}
+
+    def get_default_module_drawer(self) -> QRModuleDrawer:
+        return self.default_drawer_class()
+
+    def get_default_eye_drawer(self) -> QRModuleDrawer:
+        return self.default_drawer_class()
+
+    needs_context = True
+
+    module_drawer: "QRModuleDrawer"
+    eye_drawer: "QRModuleDrawer"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args,
+        module_drawer: Union[QRModuleDrawer, str, None] = None,
+        eye_drawer: Union[QRModuleDrawer, str, None] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        self.module_drawer = (
+            self.get_drawer(module_drawer) or self.get_default_module_drawer()
+        )
+        # The eye drawer can be overridden by another module drawer as well,
+        # but you have to be more careful with these in order to make the QR
+        # code still parseable
+        self.eye_drawer = self.get_drawer(eye_drawer) or self.get_default_eye_drawer()
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_drawer(
+        self, drawer: Union[QRModuleDrawer, str, None]
+    ) -> Optional[QRModuleDrawer]:
+        if not isinstance(drawer, str):
+            return drawer
+        drawer_cls, kwargs = self.drawer_aliases[drawer]
+        return drawer_cls(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_new_image(self):
+        self.module_drawer.initialize(img=self)
+        self.eye_drawer.initialize(img=self)
+
+        return super().init_new_image()
+
+    def drawrect_context(self, row: int, col: int, qr: "QRCode"):
+        box = self.pixel_box(row, col)
+        drawer = self.eye_drawer if self.is_eye(row, col) else self.module_drawer
+        is_active: Union[bool, ActiveWithNeighbors] = (
+            qr.active_with_neighbors(row, col)
+            if drawer.needs_neighbors
+            else bool(qr.modules[row][col])
+        )
+
+        drawer.drawrect(box, is_active)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/pil.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/pil.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5767148d7ea962852307c978ba72da9da1d64774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/pil.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import qrcode.image.base
+from qrcode.compat.pil import Image, ImageDraw
+
+
+class PilImage(qrcode.image.base.BaseImage):
+    """
+    PIL image builder, default format is PNG.
+    """
+
+    kind = "PNG"
+
+    def new_image(self, **kwargs):
+        back_color = kwargs.get("back_color", "white")
+        fill_color = kwargs.get("fill_color", "black")
+
+        try:
+            fill_color = fill_color.lower()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            back_color = back_color.lower()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        # L mode (1 mode) color = (r*299 + g*587 + b*114)//1000
+        if fill_color == "black" and back_color == "white":
+            mode = "1"
+            fill_color = 0
+            if back_color == "white":
+                back_color = 255
+        elif back_color == "transparent":
+            mode = "RGBA"
+            back_color = None
+        else:
+            mode = "RGB"
+
+        img = Image.new(mode, (self.pixel_size, self.pixel_size), back_color)
+        self.fill_color = fill_color
+        self._idr = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+        return img
+
+    def drawrect(self, row, col):
+        box = self.pixel_box(row, col)
+        self._idr.rectangle(box, fill=self.fill_color)
+
+    def save(self, stream, format=None, **kwargs):
+        kind = kwargs.pop("kind", self.kind)
+        if format is None:
+            format = kind
+        self._img.save(stream, format=format, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._img, name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/pure.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/pure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..690ebe0ca4a6d22bae9f2ebdbd9c59635397a484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/pure.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from itertools import chain
+
+import png
+
+import qrcode.image.base
+
+
+class PyPNGImage(qrcode.image.base.BaseImage):
+    """
+    pyPNG image builder.
+    """
+
+    kind = "PNG"
+    allowed_kinds = ("PNG",)
+    needs_drawrect = False
+
+    def new_image(self, **kwargs):
+        return png.Writer(self.pixel_size, self.pixel_size, greyscale=True, bitdepth=1)
+
+    def drawrect(self, row, col):
+        """
+        Not used.
+        """
+
+    def save(self, stream, kind=None):
+        if isinstance(stream, str):
+            stream = open(stream, "wb")
+        self._img.write(stream, self.rows_iter())
+
+    def rows_iter(self):
+        yield from self.border_rows_iter()
+        border_col = [1] * (self.box_size * self.border)
+        for module_row in self.modules:
+            row = (
+                border_col
+                + list(
+                    chain.from_iterable(
+                        ([not point] * self.box_size) for point in module_row
+                    )
+                )
+                + border_col
+            )
+            for _ in range(self.box_size):
+                yield row
+        yield from self.border_rows_iter()
+
+    def border_rows_iter(self):
+        border_row = [1] * (self.box_size * (self.width + self.border * 2))
+        for _ in range(self.border * self.box_size):
+            yield border_row
+
+
+# Keeping this for backwards compatibility.
+PymagingImage = PyPNGImage
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styledpil.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styledpil.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c9d999581d80eb049abb6a7139f0adee821a553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styledpil.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# Needed on case-insensitive filesystems
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import qrcode.image.base
+from qrcode.compat.pil import Image
+from qrcode.image.styles.colormasks import QRColorMask, SolidFillColorMask
+from qrcode.image.styles.moduledrawers import SquareModuleDrawer
+
+
+class StyledPilImage(qrcode.image.base.BaseImageWithDrawer):
+    """
+    Styled PIL image builder, default format is PNG.
+
+    This differs from the PilImage in that there is a module_drawer, a
+    color_mask, and an optional image
+
+    The module_drawer should extend the QRModuleDrawer class and implement the
+    drawrect_context(self, box, active, context), and probably also the
+    initialize function. This will draw an individual "module" or square on
+    the QR code.
+
+    The color_mask will extend the QRColorMask class and will at very least
+    implement the get_fg_pixel(image, x, y) function, calculating a color to
+    put on the image at the pixel location (x,y) (more advanced functionality
+    can be gotten by instead overriding other functions defined in the
+    QRColorMask class)
+
+    The Image can be specified either by path or with a Pillow Image, and if it
+    is there will be placed in the middle of the QR code. No effort is done to
+    ensure that the QR code is still legible after the image has been placed
+    there; Q or H level error correction levels are recommended to maintain
+    data integrity A resampling filter can be specified (defaulting to
+    PIL.Image.Resampling.LANCZOS) for resizing; see PIL.Image.resize() for possible
+    options for this parameter.
+    """
+
+    kind = "PNG"
+
+    needs_processing = True
+    color_mask: QRColorMask
+    default_drawer_class = SquareModuleDrawer
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.color_mask = kwargs.get("color_mask", SolidFillColorMask())
+        embeded_image_path = kwargs.get("embeded_image_path", None)
+        self.embeded_image = kwargs.get("embeded_image", None)
+        self.embeded_image_resample = kwargs.get(
+            "embeded_image_resample", Image.Resampling.LANCZOS
+        )
+        if not self.embeded_image and embeded_image_path:
+            self.embeded_image = Image.open(embeded_image_path)
+
+        # the paint_color is the color the module drawer will use to draw upon
+        # a canvas During the color mask process, pixels that are paint_color
+        # are replaced by a newly-calculated color
+        self.paint_color = tuple(0 for i in self.color_mask.back_color)
+        if self.color_mask.has_transparency:
+            self.paint_color = tuple([*self.color_mask.back_color[:3], 255])
+
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def new_image(self, **kwargs):
+        mode = (
+            "RGBA"
+            if (
+                self.color_mask.has_transparency
+                or (self.embeded_image and "A" in self.embeded_image.getbands())
+            )
+            else "RGB"
+        )
+        # This is the background color. Should be white or whiteish
+        back_color = self.color_mask.back_color
+
+        return Image.new(mode, (self.pixel_size, self.pixel_size), back_color)
+
+    def init_new_image(self):
+        self.color_mask.initialize(self, self._img)
+        super().init_new_image()
+
+    def process(self):
+        self.color_mask.apply_mask(self._img)
+        if self.embeded_image:
+            self.draw_embeded_image()
+
+    def draw_embeded_image(self):
+        if not self.embeded_image:
+            return
+        total_width, _ = self._img.size
+        total_width = int(total_width)
+        logo_width_ish = int(total_width / 4)
+        logo_offset = (
+            int((int(total_width / 2) - int(logo_width_ish / 2)) / self.box_size)
+            * self.box_size
+        )  # round the offset to the nearest module
+        logo_position = (logo_offset, logo_offset)
+        logo_width = total_width - logo_offset * 2
+        region = self.embeded_image
+        region = region.resize((logo_width, logo_width), self.embeded_image_resample)
+        if "A" in region.getbands():
+            self._img.alpha_composite(region, logo_position)
+        else:
+            self._img.paste(region, logo_position)
+
+    def save(self, stream, format=None, **kwargs):
+        if format is None:
+            format = kwargs.get("kind", self.kind)
+        if "kind" in kwargs:
+            del kwargs["kind"]
+        self._img.save(stream, format=format, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._img, name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/colormasks.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/colormasks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b9a808489a188635e5fcefc6b2bc49513c2807b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/colormasks.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# Needed on case-insensitive filesystems
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import math
+
+from qrcode.compat.pil import Image
+
+
+class QRColorMask:
+    """
+    QRColorMask is used to color in the QRCode.
+
+    By the time apply_mask is called, the QRModuleDrawer of the StyledPilImage
+    will have drawn all of the modules on the canvas (the color of these
+    modules will be mostly black, although antialiasing may result in
+    gradients) In the base class, apply_mask is implemented such that the
+    background color will remain, but the foreground pixels will be replaced by
+    a color determined by a call to get_fg_pixel. There is additional
+    calculation done to preserve the gradient artifacts of antialiasing.
+
+    All QRColorMask objects should be careful about RGB vs RGBA color spaces.
+
+    For examples of what these look like, see doc/color_masks.png
+    """
+
+    back_color = (255, 255, 255)
+    has_transparency = False
+    paint_color = back_color
+
+    def initialize(self, styledPilImage, image):
+        self.paint_color = styledPilImage.paint_color
+
+    def apply_mask(self, image):
+        width, height = image.size
+        for x in range(width):
+            for y in range(height):
+                norm = self.extrap_color(
+                    self.back_color, self.paint_color, image.getpixel((x, y))
+                )
+                if norm is not None:
+                    image.putpixel(
+                        (x, y),
+                        self.interp_color(
+                            self.get_bg_pixel(image, x, y),
+                            self.get_fg_pixel(image, x, y),
+                            norm,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    image.putpixel((x, y), self.get_bg_pixel(image, x, y))
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        raise NotImplementedError("QRModuleDrawer.paint_fg_pixel")
+
+    def get_bg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        return self.back_color
+
+    # The following functions are helpful for color calculation:
+
+    # interpolate a number between two numbers
+    def interp_num(self, n1, n2, norm):
+        return int(n2 * norm + n1 * (1 - norm))
+
+    # interpolate a color between two colorrs
+    def interp_color(self, col1, col2, norm):
+        return tuple(self.interp_num(col1[i], col2[i], norm) for i in range(len(col1)))
+
+    # find the interpolation coefficient between two numbers
+    def extrap_num(self, n1, n2, interped_num):
+        if n2 == n1:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return (interped_num - n1) / (n2 - n1)
+
+    # find the interpolation coefficient between two numbers
+    def extrap_color(self, col1, col2, interped_color):
+        normed = []
+        for c1, c2, ci in zip(col1, col2, interped_color):
+            extrap = self.extrap_num(c1, c2, ci)
+            if extrap is not None:
+                normed.append(extrap)
+        if not normed:
+            return None
+        return sum(normed) / len(normed)
+
+
+class SolidFillColorMask(QRColorMask):
+    """
+    Just fills in the background with one color and the foreground with another
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, back_color=(255, 255, 255), front_color=(0, 0, 0)):
+        self.back_color = back_color
+        self.front_color = front_color
+        self.has_transparency = len(self.back_color) == 4
+
+    def apply_mask(self, image):
+        if self.back_color == (255, 255, 255) and self.front_color == (0, 0, 0):
+            # Optimization: the image is already drawn by QRModuleDrawer in
+            # black and white, so if these are also our mask colors we don't
+            # need to do anything. This is much faster than actually applying a
+            # mask.
+            pass
+        else:
+            # TODO there's probably a way to use PIL.ImageMath instead of doing
+            # the individual pixel comparisons that the base class uses, which
+            # would be a lot faster. (In fact doing this would probably remove
+            # the need for the B&W optimization above.)
+            QRColorMask.apply_mask(self, image)
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        return self.front_color
+
+
+class RadialGradiantColorMask(QRColorMask):
+    """
+    Fills in the foreground with a radial gradient from the center to the edge
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, back_color=(255, 255, 255), center_color=(0, 0, 0), edge_color=(0, 0, 255)
+    ):
+        self.back_color = back_color
+        self.center_color = center_color
+        self.edge_color = edge_color
+        self.has_transparency = len(self.back_color) == 4
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        width, _ = image.size
+        normedDistanceToCenter = math.sqrt(
+            (x - width / 2) ** 2 + (y - width / 2) ** 2
+        ) / (math.sqrt(2) * width / 2)
+        return self.interp_color(
+            self.center_color, self.edge_color, normedDistanceToCenter
+        )
+
+
+class SquareGradiantColorMask(QRColorMask):
+    """
+    Fills in the foreground with a square gradient from the center to the edge
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, back_color=(255, 255, 255), center_color=(0, 0, 0), edge_color=(0, 0, 255)
+    ):
+        self.back_color = back_color
+        self.center_color = center_color
+        self.edge_color = edge_color
+        self.has_transparency = len(self.back_color) == 4
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        width, _ = image.size
+        normedDistanceToCenter = max(abs(x - width / 2), abs(y - width / 2)) / (
+            width / 2
+        )
+        return self.interp_color(
+            self.center_color, self.edge_color, normedDistanceToCenter
+        )
+
+
+class HorizontalGradiantColorMask(QRColorMask):
+    """
+    Fills in the foreground with a gradient sweeping from the left to the right
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, back_color=(255, 255, 255), left_color=(0, 0, 0), right_color=(0, 0, 255)
+    ):
+        self.back_color = back_color
+        self.left_color = left_color
+        self.right_color = right_color
+        self.has_transparency = len(self.back_color) == 4
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        width, _ = image.size
+        return self.interp_color(self.left_color, self.right_color, x / width)
+
+
+class VerticalGradiantColorMask(QRColorMask):
+    """
+    Fills in the forefround with a gradient sweeping from the top to the bottom
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, back_color=(255, 255, 255), top_color=(0, 0, 0), bottom_color=(0, 0, 255)
+    ):
+        self.back_color = back_color
+        self.top_color = top_color
+        self.bottom_color = bottom_color
+        self.has_transparency = len(self.back_color) == 4
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        width, _ = image.size
+        return self.interp_color(self.top_color, self.bottom_color, y / width)
+
+
+class ImageColorMask(QRColorMask):
+    """
+    Fills in the foreground with pixels from another image, either passed by
+    path or passed by image object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, back_color=(255, 255, 255), color_mask_path=None, color_mask_image=None
+    ):
+        self.back_color = back_color
+        if color_mask_image:
+            self.color_img = color_mask_image
+        else:
+            self.color_img = Image.open(color_mask_path)
+
+        self.has_transparency = len(self.back_color) == 4
+
+    def initialize(self, styledPilImage, image):
+        self.paint_color = styledPilImage.paint_color
+        self.color_img = self.color_img.resize(image.size)
+
+    def get_fg_pixel(self, image, x, y):
+        width, _ = image.size
+        return self.color_img.getpixel((x, y))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99217d4966a112f294529f890fb57f1ea9b2f74c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# For backwards compatibility, importing the PIL drawers here.
+try:
+    from .pil import CircleModuleDrawer  # noqa: F401
+    from .pil import GappedSquareModuleDrawer  # noqa: F401
+    from .pil import HorizontalBarsDrawer  # noqa: F401
+    from .pil import RoundedModuleDrawer  # noqa: F401
+    from .pil import SquareModuleDrawer  # noqa: F401
+    from .pil import VerticalBarsDrawer  # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:
+    pass
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8de330594cb4ccd36e26a144097451a7362b7466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import abc
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qrcode.image.base import BaseImage
+
+
+class QRModuleDrawer(abc.ABC):
+    """
+    QRModuleDrawer exists to draw the modules of the QR Code onto images.
+
+    For this, technically all that is necessary is a ``drawrect(self, box,
+    is_active)`` function which takes in the box in which it is to draw,
+    whether or not the box is "active" (a module exists there). If
+    ``needs_neighbors`` is set to True, then the method should also accept a
+    ``neighbors`` kwarg (the neighboring pixels).
+
+    It is frequently necessary to also implement an "initialize" function to
+    set up values that only the containing Image class knows about.
+
+    For examples of what these look like, see doc/module_drawers.png
+    """
+
+    needs_neighbors = False
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+    def initialize(self, img: "BaseImage") -> None:
+        self.img = img
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active) -> None:
+        ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/pil.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/pil.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..398010c6f8f4938512e74e4ad8e8f672921b5e9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/pil.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# Needed on case-insensitive filesystems
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List
+
+from qrcode.compat.pil import Image, ImageDraw
+from qrcode.image.styles.moduledrawers.base import QRModuleDrawer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qrcode.image.styledpil import StyledPilImage
+    from qrcode.main import ActiveWithNeighbors
+
+# When drawing antialiased things, make them bigger and then shrink them down
+# to size after the geometry has been drawn.
+ANTIALIASING_FACTOR = 4
+
+
+class StyledPilQRModuleDrawer(QRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    A base class for StyledPilImage module drawers.
+
+    NOTE: the color that this draws in should be whatever is equivalent to
+    black in the color space, and the specified QRColorMask will handle adding
+    colors as necessary to the image
+    """
+
+    img: "StyledPilImage"
+
+
+class SquareModuleDrawer(StyledPilQRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    Draws the modules as simple squares
+    """
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.imgDraw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.img._img)
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: bool):
+        if is_active:
+            self.imgDraw.rectangle(box, fill=self.img.paint_color)
+
+
+class GappedSquareModuleDrawer(StyledPilQRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    Draws the modules as simple squares that are not contiguous.
+
+    The size_ratio determines how wide the squares are relative to the width of
+    the space they are printed in
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, size_ratio=0.8):
+        self.size_ratio = size_ratio
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.imgDraw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.img._img)
+        self.delta = (1 - self.size_ratio) * self.img.box_size / 2
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: bool):
+        if is_active:
+            smaller_box = (
+                box[0][0] + self.delta,
+                box[0][1] + self.delta,
+                box[1][0] - self.delta,
+                box[1][1] - self.delta,
+            )
+            self.imgDraw.rectangle(smaller_box, fill=self.img.paint_color)
+
+
+class CircleModuleDrawer(StyledPilQRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    Draws the modules as circles
+    """
+
+    circle = None
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        box_size = self.img.box_size
+        fake_size = box_size * ANTIALIASING_FACTOR
+        self.circle = Image.new(
+            self.img.mode,
+            (fake_size, fake_size),
+            self.img.color_mask.back_color,
+        )
+        ImageDraw.Draw(self.circle).ellipse(
+            (0, 0, fake_size, fake_size), fill=self.img.paint_color
+        )
+        self.circle = self.circle.resize((box_size, box_size), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: bool):
+        if is_active:
+            self.img._img.paste(self.circle, (box[0][0], box[0][1]))
+
+
+class RoundedModuleDrawer(StyledPilQRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    Draws the modules with all 90 degree corners replaced with rounded edges.
+
+    radius_ratio determines the radius of the rounded edges - a value of 1
+    means that an isolated module will be drawn as a circle, while a value of 0
+    means that the radius of the rounded edge will be 0 (and thus back to 90
+    degrees again).
+    """
+
+    needs_neighbors = True
+
+    def __init__(self, radius_ratio=1):
+        self.radius_ratio = radius_ratio
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.corner_width = int(self.img.box_size / 2)
+        self.setup_corners()
+
+    def setup_corners(self):
+        mode = self.img.mode
+        back_color = self.img.color_mask.back_color
+        front_color = self.img.paint_color
+        self.SQUARE = Image.new(
+            mode, (self.corner_width, self.corner_width), front_color
+        )
+
+        fake_width = self.corner_width * ANTIALIASING_FACTOR
+        radius = self.radius_ratio * fake_width
+        diameter = radius * 2
+        base = Image.new(
+            mode, (fake_width, fake_width), back_color
+        )  # make something 4x bigger for antialiasing
+        base_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(base)
+        base_draw.ellipse((0, 0, diameter, diameter), fill=front_color)
+        base_draw.rectangle((radius, 0, fake_width, fake_width), fill=front_color)
+        base_draw.rectangle((0, radius, fake_width, fake_width), fill=front_color)
+        self.NW_ROUND = base.resize(
+            (self.corner_width, self.corner_width), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS
+        )
+        self.SW_ROUND = self.NW_ROUND.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM)
+        self.SE_ROUND = self.NW_ROUND.transpose(Image.Transpose.ROTATE_180)
+        self.NE_ROUND = self.NW_ROUND.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
+
+    def drawrect(self, box: List[List[int]], is_active: "ActiveWithNeighbors"):
+        if not is_active:
+            return
+        # find rounded edges
+        nw_rounded = not is_active.W and not is_active.N
+        ne_rounded = not is_active.N and not is_active.E
+        se_rounded = not is_active.E and not is_active.S
+        sw_rounded = not is_active.S and not is_active.W
+
+        nw = self.NW_ROUND if nw_rounded else self.SQUARE
+        ne = self.NE_ROUND if ne_rounded else self.SQUARE
+        se = self.SE_ROUND if se_rounded else self.SQUARE
+        sw = self.SW_ROUND if sw_rounded else self.SQUARE
+        self.img._img.paste(nw, (box[0][0], box[0][1]))
+        self.img._img.paste(ne, (box[0][0] + self.corner_width, box[0][1]))
+        self.img._img.paste(
+            se, (box[0][0] + self.corner_width, box[0][1] + self.corner_width)
+        )
+        self.img._img.paste(sw, (box[0][0], box[0][1] + self.corner_width))
+
+
+class VerticalBarsDrawer(StyledPilQRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    Draws vertically contiguous groups of modules as long rounded rectangles,
+    with gaps between neighboring bands (the size of these gaps is inversely
+    proportional to the horizontal_shrink).
+    """
+
+    needs_neighbors = True
+
+    def __init__(self, horizontal_shrink=0.8):
+        self.horizontal_shrink = horizontal_shrink
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.half_height = int(self.img.box_size / 2)
+        self.delta = int((1 - self.horizontal_shrink) * self.half_height)
+        self.setup_edges()
+
+    def setup_edges(self):
+        mode = self.img.mode
+        back_color = self.img.color_mask.back_color
+        front_color = self.img.paint_color
+
+        height = self.half_height
+        width = height * 2
+        shrunken_width = int(width * self.horizontal_shrink)
+        self.SQUARE = Image.new(mode, (shrunken_width, height), front_color)
+
+        fake_width = width * ANTIALIASING_FACTOR
+        fake_height = height * ANTIALIASING_FACTOR
+        base = Image.new(
+            mode, (fake_width, fake_height), back_color
+        )  # make something 4x bigger for antialiasing
+        base_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(base)
+        base_draw.ellipse((0, 0, fake_width, fake_height * 2), fill=front_color)
+
+        self.ROUND_TOP = base.resize((shrunken_width, height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+        self.ROUND_BOTTOM = self.ROUND_TOP.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM)
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: "ActiveWithNeighbors"):
+        if is_active:
+            # find rounded edges
+            top_rounded = not is_active.N
+            bottom_rounded = not is_active.S
+
+            top = self.ROUND_TOP if top_rounded else self.SQUARE
+            bottom = self.ROUND_BOTTOM if bottom_rounded else self.SQUARE
+            self.img._img.paste(top, (box[0][0] + self.delta, box[0][1]))
+            self.img._img.paste(
+                bottom, (box[0][0] + self.delta, box[0][1] + self.half_height)
+            )
+
+
+class HorizontalBarsDrawer(StyledPilQRModuleDrawer):
+    """
+    Draws horizontally contiguous groups of modules as long rounded rectangles,
+    with gaps between neighboring bands (the size of these gaps is inversely
+    proportional to the vertical_shrink).
+    """
+
+    needs_neighbors = True
+
+    def __init__(self, vertical_shrink=0.8):
+        self.vertical_shrink = vertical_shrink
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.half_width = int(self.img.box_size / 2)
+        self.delta = int((1 - self.vertical_shrink) * self.half_width)
+        self.setup_edges()
+
+    def setup_edges(self):
+        mode = self.img.mode
+        back_color = self.img.color_mask.back_color
+        front_color = self.img.paint_color
+
+        width = self.half_width
+        height = width * 2
+        shrunken_height = int(height * self.vertical_shrink)
+        self.SQUARE = Image.new(mode, (width, shrunken_height), front_color)
+
+        fake_width = width * ANTIALIASING_FACTOR
+        fake_height = height * ANTIALIASING_FACTOR
+        base = Image.new(
+            mode, (fake_width, fake_height), back_color
+        )  # make something 4x bigger for antialiasing
+        base_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(base)
+        base_draw.ellipse((0, 0, fake_width * 2, fake_height), fill=front_color)
+
+        self.ROUND_LEFT = base.resize((width, shrunken_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+        self.ROUND_RIGHT = self.ROUND_LEFT.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: "ActiveWithNeighbors"):
+        if is_active:
+            # find rounded edges
+            left_rounded = not is_active.W
+            right_rounded = not is_active.E
+
+            left = self.ROUND_LEFT if left_rounded else self.SQUARE
+            right = self.ROUND_RIGHT if right_rounded else self.SQUARE
+            self.img._img.paste(left, (box[0][0], box[0][1] + self.delta))
+            self.img._img.paste(
+                right, (box[0][0] + self.half_width, box[0][1] + self.delta)
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/svg.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/svg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e62975972365a734aece92b28560ee11ea28fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/styles/moduledrawers/svg.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import abc
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NamedTuple
+
+from qrcode.image.styles.moduledrawers.base import QRModuleDrawer
+from qrcode.compat.etree import ET
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qrcode.image.svg import SvgFragmentImage, SvgPathImage
+
+ANTIALIASING_FACTOR = 4
+
+
+class Coords(NamedTuple):
+    x0: Decimal
+    y0: Decimal
+    x1: Decimal
+    y1: Decimal
+    xh: Decimal
+    yh: Decimal
+
+
+class BaseSvgQRModuleDrawer(QRModuleDrawer):
+    img: "SvgFragmentImage"
+
+    def __init__(self, *, size_ratio: Decimal = Decimal(1), **kwargs):
+        self.size_ratio = size_ratio
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.box_delta = (1 - self.size_ratio) * self.img.box_size / 2
+        self.box_size = Decimal(self.img.box_size) * self.size_ratio
+        self.box_half = self.box_size / 2
+
+    def coords(self, box) -> Coords:
+        row, col = box[0]
+        x = row + self.box_delta
+        y = col + self.box_delta
+
+        return Coords(
+            x,
+            y,
+            x + self.box_size,
+            y + self.box_size,
+            x + self.box_half,
+            y + self.box_half,
+        )
+
+
+class SvgQRModuleDrawer(BaseSvgQRModuleDrawer):
+    tag = "rect"
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.tag_qname = ET.QName(self.img._SVG_namespace, self.tag)
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: bool):
+        if not is_active:
+            return
+        self.img._img.append(self.el(box))
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def el(self, box):
+        ...
+
+
+class SvgSquareDrawer(SvgQRModuleDrawer):
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.unit_size = self.img.units(self.box_size)
+
+    def el(self, box):
+        coords = self.coords(box)
+        return ET.Element(
+            self.tag_qname,  # type: ignore
+            x=self.img.units(coords.x0),
+            y=self.img.units(coords.y0),
+            width=self.unit_size,
+            height=self.unit_size,
+        )
+
+
+class SvgCircleDrawer(SvgQRModuleDrawer):
+    tag = "circle"
+
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.radius = self.img.units(self.box_half)
+
+    def el(self, box):
+        coords = self.coords(box)
+        return ET.Element(
+            self.tag_qname,  # type: ignore
+            cx=self.img.units(coords.xh),
+            cy=self.img.units(coords.yh),
+            r=self.radius,
+        )
+
+
+class SvgPathQRModuleDrawer(BaseSvgQRModuleDrawer):
+    img: "SvgPathImage"
+
+    def drawrect(self, box, is_active: bool):
+        if not is_active:
+            return
+        self.img._subpaths.append(self.subpath(box))
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def subpath(self, box) -> str:
+        ...
+
+
+class SvgPathSquareDrawer(SvgPathQRModuleDrawer):
+    def subpath(self, box) -> str:
+        coords = self.coords(box)
+        x0 = self.img.units(coords.x0, text=False)
+        y0 = self.img.units(coords.y0, text=False)
+        x1 = self.img.units(coords.x1, text=False)
+        y1 = self.img.units(coords.y1, text=False)
+
+        return f"M{x0},{y0}H{x1}V{y1}H{x0}z"
+
+
+class SvgPathCircleDrawer(SvgPathQRModuleDrawer):
+    def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().initialize(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def subpath(self, box) -> str:
+        coords = self.coords(box)
+        x0 = self.img.units(coords.x0, text=False)
+        yh = self.img.units(coords.yh, text=False)
+        h = self.img.units(self.box_half - self.box_delta, text=False)
+        x1 = self.img.units(coords.x1, text=False)
+
+        # rx,ry is the centerpoint of the arc
+        # 1? is the x-axis-rotation
+        # 2? is the large-arc-flag
+        # 3? is the sweep flag
+        # x,y is the point the arc is drawn to
+
+        return f"M{x0},{yh}A{h},{h} 0 0 0 {x1},{yh}A{h},{h} 0 0 0 {x0},{yh}z"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/svg.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/svg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf0ec870b4d24467b7e6e15317bfd76479644666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/qrcode/image/svg.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import decimal
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import List, Optional, Type, Union, overload
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import qrcode.image.base
+from qrcode.compat.etree import ET
+from qrcode.image.styles.moduledrawers import svg as svg_drawers
+from qrcode.image.styles.moduledrawers.base import QRModuleDrawer
+
+
+class SvgFragmentImage(qrcode.image.base.BaseImageWithDrawer):
+    """
+    SVG image builder
+
+    Creates a QR-code image as a SVG document fragment.
+    """
+
+    _SVG_namespace = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+    kind = "SVG"
+    allowed_kinds = ("SVG",)
+    default_drawer_class: Type[QRModuleDrawer] = svg_drawers.SvgSquareDrawer
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        ET.register_namespace("svg", self._SVG_namespace)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        # Save the unit size, for example the default box_size of 10 is '1mm'.
+        self.unit_size = self.units(self.box_size)
+
+    @overload
+    def units(self, pixels: Union[int, Decimal], text: Literal[False]) -> Decimal:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def units(self, pixels: Union[int, Decimal], text: Literal[True] = True) -> str:
+        ...
+
+    def units(self, pixels, text=True):
+        """
+        A box_size of 10 (default) equals 1mm.
+        """
+        units = Decimal(pixels) / 10
+        if not text:
+            return units
+        units = units.quantize(Decimal("0.001"))
+        context = decimal.Context(traps=[decimal.Inexact])
+        try:
+            for d in (Decimal("0.01"), Decimal("0.1"), Decimal("0")):
+                units = units.quantize(d, context=context)
+        except decimal.Inexact:
+            pass
+        return f"{units}mm"
+
+    def save(self, stream, kind=None):
+        self.check_kind(kind=kind)
+        self._write(stream)
+
+    def to_string(self, **kwargs):
+        return ET.tostring(self._img, **kwargs)
+
+    def new_image(self, **kwargs):
+        return self._svg(**kwargs)
+
+    def _svg(self, tag=None, version="1.1", **kwargs):
+        if tag is None:
+            tag = ET.QName(self._SVG_namespace, "svg")
+        dimension = self.units(self.pixel_size)
+        return ET.Element(
+            tag,  # type: ignore
+            width=dimension,
+            height=dimension,
+            version=version,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _write(self, stream):
+        ET.ElementTree(self._img).write(stream, xml_declaration=False)
+
+
+class SvgImage(SvgFragmentImage):
+    """
+    Standalone SVG image builder
+
+    Creates a QR-code image as a standalone SVG document.
+    """
+
+    background: Optional[str] = None
+    drawer_aliases: qrcode.image.base.DrawerAliases = {
+        "circle": (svg_drawers.SvgCircleDrawer, {}),
+        "gapped-circle": (svg_drawers.SvgCircleDrawer, {"size_ratio": Decimal(0.8)}),
+        "gapped-square": (svg_drawers.SvgSquareDrawer, {"size_ratio": Decimal(0.8)}),
+    }
+
+    def _svg(self, tag="svg", **kwargs):
+        svg = super()._svg(tag=tag, **kwargs)
+        svg.set("xmlns", self._SVG_namespace)
+        if self.background:
+            svg.append(
+                ET.Element(
+                    "rect",
+                    fill=self.background,
+                    x="0",
+                    y="0",
+                    width="100%",
+                    height="100%",
+                )
+            )
+        return svg
+
+    def _write(self, stream):
+        ET.ElementTree(self._img).write(stream, encoding="UTF-8", xml_declaration=True)
+
+
+class SvgPathImage(SvgImage):
+    """
+    SVG image builder with one single <path> element (removes white spaces
+    between individual QR points).
+    """
+
+    QR_PATH_STYLE = {
+        "fill": "#000000",
+        "fill-opacity": "1",
+        "fill-rule": "nonzero",
+        "stroke": "none",
+    }
+
+    needs_processing = True
+    path: Optional[ET.Element] = None
+    default_drawer_class: Type[QRModuleDrawer] = svg_drawers.SvgPathSquareDrawer
+    drawer_aliases = {
+        "circle": (svg_drawers.SvgPathCircleDrawer, {}),
+        "gapped-circle": (
+            svg_drawers.SvgPathCircleDrawer,
+            {"size_ratio": Decimal(0.8)},
+        ),
+        "gapped-square": (
+            svg_drawers.SvgPathSquareDrawer,
+            {"size_ratio": Decimal(0.8)},
+        ),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._subpaths: List[str] = []
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _svg(self, viewBox=None, **kwargs):
+        if viewBox is None:
+            dimension = self.units(self.pixel_size, text=False)
+            viewBox = "0 0 {d} {d}".format(d=dimension)
+        return super()._svg(viewBox=viewBox, **kwargs)
+
+    def process(self):
+        # Store the path just in case someone wants to use it again or in some
+        # unique way.
+        self.path = ET.Element(
+            ET.QName("path"),  # type: ignore
+            d="".join(self._subpaths),
+            id="qr-path",
+            **self.QR_PATH_STYLE,
+        )
+        self._subpaths = []
+        self._img.append(self.path)
+
+
+class SvgFillImage(SvgImage):
+    """
+    An SvgImage that fills the background to white.
+    """
+
+    background = "white"
+
+
+class SvgPathFillImage(SvgPathImage):
+    """
+    An SvgPathImage that fills the background to white.
+    """
+
+    background = "white"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8815ea0b8eec8630d6cf957f91796df695e365bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# ruff: noqa: F401
+from .facebook import facebook_compliance_fix
+from .fitbit import fitbit_compliance_fix
+from .slack import slack_compliance_fix
+from .instagram import instagram_compliance_fix
+from .mailchimp import mailchimp_compliance_fix
+from .weibo import weibo_compliance_fix
+from .plentymarkets import plentymarkets_compliance_fix
+from .ebay import ebay_compliance_fix
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/douban.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/douban.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8b99c721e9bb09e3a0127bb90e09f53814d714c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/douban.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import json
+
+
+def douban_compliance_fix(session):
+    def fix_token_type(r):
+        token = json.loads(r.text)
+        token.setdefault("token_type", "Bearer")
+        fixed_token = json.dumps(token)
+        r._content = fixed_token.encode()
+        return r
+
+    session._client_default_token_placement = "query"
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", fix_token_type)
+
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/ebay.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/ebay.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef33f39101bd97ab2926b13289f8ff3886265fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/ebay.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import json
+
+
+def ebay_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _compliance_fix(response):
+        token = json.loads(response.text)
+
+        # eBay responds with non-compliant token types.
+        # https://developer.ebay.com/api-docs/static/oauth-client-credentials-grant.html
+        # https://developer.ebay.com/api-docs/static/oauth-auth-code-grant-request.html
+        # Modify these to be "Bearer".
+        if token.get("token_type") in ["Application Access Token", "User Access Token"]:
+            token["token_type"] = "Bearer"
+            fixed_token = json.dumps(token)
+            response._content = fixed_token.encode()
+
+        return response
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _compliance_fix)
+    session.register_compliance_hook("refresh_token_response", _compliance_fix)
+
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/facebook.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/facebook.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f44558a83902a76022c38f2310a7eddb39cee150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/facebook.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from json import dumps
+from urllib.parse import parse_qsl
+
+
+def facebook_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _compliance_fix(r):
+        # if Facebook claims to be sending us json, let's trust them.
+        if "application/json" in r.headers.get("content-type", {}):
+            return r
+
+        # Facebook returns a content-type of text/plain when sending their
+        # x-www-form-urlencoded responses, along with a 200. If not, let's
+        # assume we're getting JSON and bail on the fix.
+        if "text/plain" in r.headers.get("content-type", {}) and r.status_code == 200:
+            token = dict(parse_qsl(r.text, keep_blank_values=True))
+        else:
+            return r
+
+        expires = token.get("expires")
+        if expires is not None:
+            token["expires_in"] = expires
+        token["token_type"] = "Bearer"
+        r._content = dumps(token).encode()
+        return r
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _compliance_fix)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/fitbit.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/fitbit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aacc68bfbb1b80be304d21a0f4d4a57cbb7db54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/fitbit.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""
+The Fitbit API breaks from the OAuth2 RFC standard by returning an "errors"
+object list, rather than a single "error" string. This puts hooks in place so
+that oauthlib can process an error in the results from access token and refresh
+token responses. This is necessary to prevent getting the generic red herring
+MissingTokenError.
+"""
+
+from json import loads, dumps
+
+
+def fitbit_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _missing_error(r):
+        token = loads(r.text)
+        if "errors" in token:
+            # Set the error to the first one we have
+            token["error"] = token["errors"][0]["errorType"]
+        r._content = dumps(token).encode()
+        return r
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _missing_error)
+    session.register_compliance_hook("refresh_token_response", _missing_error)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/instagram.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/instagram.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d5a2ad447eda3bbcefe65f417e1f9d82848c27e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/instagram.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+
+from oauthlib.common import add_params_to_uri
+
+
+def instagram_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _non_compliant_param_name(url, headers, data):
+        # If the user has already specified the token in the URL
+        # then there's nothing to do.
+        # If the specified token is different from ``session.access_token``,
+        # we assume the user intends to override the access token.
+        url_query = dict(parse_qs(urlparse(url).query))
+        token = url_query.get("access_token")
+        if token:
+            # Nothing to do, just return.
+            return url, headers, data
+
+        token = [("access_token", session.access_token)]
+        url = add_params_to_uri(url, token)
+        return url, headers, data
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("protected_request", _non_compliant_param_name)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/mailchimp.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/mailchimp.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d602659c646203a012f107e5651087762b93d37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/mailchimp.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import json
+
+
+def mailchimp_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _null_scope(r):
+        token = json.loads(r.text)
+        if "scope" in token and token["scope"] is None:
+            token.pop("scope")
+        r._content = json.dumps(token).encode()
+        return r
+
+    def _non_zero_expiration(r):
+        token = json.loads(r.text)
+        if "expires_in" in token and token["expires_in"] == 0:
+            token["expires_in"] = 3600
+        r._content = json.dumps(token).encode()
+        return r
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _null_scope)
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _non_zero_expiration)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/plentymarkets.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/plentymarkets.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..859f0566a5be32fb1a8d2f013c8205800bb84e23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/plentymarkets.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from json import dumps, loads
+import re
+
+
+def plentymarkets_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _to_snake_case(n):
+        return re.sub("(.)([A-Z][a-z]+)", r"\1_\2", n).lower()
+
+    def _compliance_fix(r):
+        # Plenty returns the Token in CamelCase instead of _
+        if (
+            "application/json" in r.headers.get("content-type", {})
+            and r.status_code == 200
+        ):
+            token = loads(r.text)
+        else:
+            return r
+
+        fixed_token = {}
+        for k, v in token.items():
+            fixed_token[_to_snake_case(k)] = v
+
+        r._content = dumps(fixed_token).encode()
+        return r
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _compliance_fix)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/slack.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/slack.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9095a470cd1ccb7783bd3129286310920c1e2b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/slack.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+
+from oauthlib.common import add_params_to_uri
+
+
+def slack_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _non_compliant_param_name(url, headers, data):
+        # If the user has already specified the token, either in the URL
+        # or in a data dictionary, then there's nothing to do.
+        # If the specified token is different from ``session.access_token``,
+        # we assume the user intends to override the access token.
+        url_query = dict(parse_qs(urlparse(url).query))
+        token = url_query.get("token")
+        if not token and isinstance(data, dict):
+            token = data.get("token")
+
+        if token:
+            # Nothing to do, just return.
+            return url, headers, data
+
+        if not data:
+            data = {"token": session.access_token}
+        elif isinstance(data, dict):
+            data["token"] = session.access_token
+        else:
+            # ``data`` is something other than a dict: maybe a stream,
+            # maybe a file object, maybe something else. We can't easily
+            # modify it, so we'll set the token by modifying the URL instead.
+            token = [("token", session.access_token)]
+            url = add_params_to_uri(url, token)
+        return url, headers, data
+
+    session.register_compliance_hook("protected_request", _non_compliant_param_name)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/weibo.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/weibo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1623fd6d768e5c5cdb91485f01a58c184040833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/compliance_fixes/weibo.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from json import loads, dumps
+
+
+def weibo_compliance_fix(session):
+    def _missing_token_type(r):
+        token = loads(r.text)
+        token["token_type"] = "Bearer"
+        r._content = dumps(token).encode()
+        return r
+
+    session._client.default_token_placement = "query"
+    session.register_compliance_hook("access_token_response", _missing_token_type)
+    return session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/scripts/readme-gen/readme_gen.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/scripts/readme-gen/readme_gen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1acc119835b558c1dd17d5d05ef8f78899fe82c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/scripts/readme-gen/readme_gen.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2023 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Generates READMEs using configuration defined in yaml."""
+
+import argparse
+import io
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+import jinja2
+import yaml
+
+
+jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(
+    trim_blocks=True,
+    loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(
+        os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates"))
+    ),
+    autoescape=True,
+)
+
+README_TMPL = jinja_env.get_template("README.tmpl.rst")
+
+
+def get_help(file):
+    return subprocess.check_output(["python", file, "--help"]).decode()
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("source")
+    parser.add_argument("--destination", default="README.rst")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    source = os.path.abspath(args.source)
+    root = os.path.dirname(source)
+    destination = os.path.join(root, args.destination)
+
+    jinja_env.globals["get_help"] = get_help
+
+    with io.open(source, "r") as f:
+        config = yaml.load(f)
+
+    # This allows get_help to execute in the right directory.
+    os.chdir(root)
+
+    output = README_TMPL.render(config)
+
+    with io.open(destination, "w") as f:
+        f.write(output)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e374d5c5604d0eeed555e68b7523bfac72fd9101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import importlib
+import sys
+
+__version__, _, _ = sys.version.partition(' ')
+
+
+try:
+    # Allow Debian and pkgsrc (only) to customize system
+    # behavior. Ref pypa/distutils#2 and pypa/distutils#16.
+    # This hook is deprecated and no other environments
+    # should use it.
+    importlib.import_module('_distutils_system_mod')
+except ImportError:
+    pass
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_collections.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d11a83467c23d34e14ef25c80b6363b80f5e5d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_collections.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any
+
+
+# from jaraco.collections 3.5.1
+class DictStack(list, collections.abc.Mapping):
+    """
+    A stack of dictionaries that behaves as a view on those dictionaries,
+    giving preference to the last.
+
+    >>> stack = DictStack([dict(a=1, c=2), dict(b=2, a=2)])
+    >>> stack['a']
+    2
+    >>> stack['b']
+    2
+    >>> stack['c']
+    2
+    >>> len(stack)
+    3
+    >>> stack.push(dict(a=3))
+    >>> stack['a']
+    3
+    >>> set(stack.keys()) == set(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    True
+    >>> set(stack.items()) == set([('a', 3), ('b', 2), ('c', 2)])
+    True
+    >>> dict(**stack) == dict(stack) == dict(a=3, c=2, b=2)
+    True
+    >>> d = stack.pop()
+    >>> stack['a']
+    2
+    >>> d = stack.pop()
+    >>> stack['a']
+    1
+    >>> stack.get('b', None)
+    >>> 'c' in stack
+    True
+    """
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        dicts = list.__iter__(self)
+        return iter(set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(c.keys() for c in dicts)))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        for scope in reversed(tuple(list.__iter__(self))):
+            if key in scope:
+                return scope[key]
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+    push = list.append
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        return collections.abc.Mapping.__contains__(self, other)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(list(iter(self)))
+
+
+# from jaraco.collections 5.0.1
+class RangeMap(dict):
+    """
+    A dictionary-like object that uses the keys as bounds for a range.
+    Inclusion of the value for that range is determined by the
+    key_match_comparator, which defaults to less-than-or-equal.
+    A value is returned for a key if it is the first key that matches in
+    the sorted list of keys.
+
+    One may supply keyword parameters to be passed to the sort function used
+    to sort keys (i.e. key, reverse) as sort_params.
+
+    Create a map that maps 1-3 -> 'a', 4-6 -> 'b'
+
+    >>> r = RangeMap({3: 'a', 6: 'b'})  # boy, that was easy
+    >>> r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4], r[5], r[6]
+    ('a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b')
+
+    Even float values should work so long as the comparison operator
+    supports it.
+
+    >>> r[4.5]
+    'b'
+
+    Notice that the way rangemap is defined, it must be open-ended
+    on one side.
+
+    >>> r[0]
+    'a'
+    >>> r[-1]
+    'a'
+
+    One can close the open-end of the RangeMap by using undefined_value
+
+    >>> r = RangeMap({0: RangeMap.undefined_value, 3: 'a', 6: 'b'})
+    >>> r[0]
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    KeyError: 0
+
+    One can get the first or last elements in the range by using RangeMap.Item
+
+    >>> last_item = RangeMap.Item(-1)
+    >>> r[last_item]
+    'b'
+
+    .last_item is a shortcut for Item(-1)
+
+    >>> r[RangeMap.last_item]
+    'b'
+
+    Sometimes it's useful to find the bounds for a RangeMap
+
+    >>> r.bounds()
+    (0, 6)
+
+    RangeMap supports .get(key, default)
+
+    >>> r.get(0, 'not found')
+    'not found'
+
+    >>> r.get(7, 'not found')
+    'not found'
+
+    One often wishes to define the ranges by their left-most values,
+    which requires use of sort params and a key_match_comparator.
+
+    >>> r = RangeMap({1: 'a', 4: 'b'},
+    ...     sort_params=dict(reverse=True),
+    ...     key_match_comparator=operator.ge)
+    >>> r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4], r[5], r[6]
+    ('a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b')
+
+    That wasn't nearly as easy as before, so an alternate constructor
+    is provided:
+
+    >>> r = RangeMap.left({1: 'a', 4: 'b', 7: RangeMap.undefined_value})
+    >>> r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4], r[5], r[6]
+    ('a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b')
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        source,
+        sort_params: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+        key_match_comparator=operator.le,
+    ):
+        dict.__init__(self, source)
+        self.sort_params = sort_params
+        self.match = key_match_comparator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def left(cls, source):
+        return cls(
+            source, sort_params=dict(reverse=True), key_match_comparator=operator.ge
+        )
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        sorted_keys = sorted(self.keys(), **self.sort_params)
+        if isinstance(item, RangeMap.Item):
+            result = self.__getitem__(sorted_keys[item])
+        else:
+            key = self._find_first_match_(sorted_keys, item)
+            result = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+            if result is RangeMap.undefined_value:
+                raise KeyError(key)
+        return result
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """
+        Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
+        If default is not given, it defaults to None, so that this method
+        never raises a KeyError.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def _find_first_match_(self, keys, item):
+        is_match = functools.partial(self.match, item)
+        matches = list(filter(is_match, keys))
+        if matches:
+            return matches[0]
+        raise KeyError(item)
+
+    def bounds(self):
+        sorted_keys = sorted(self.keys(), **self.sort_params)
+        return (sorted_keys[RangeMap.first_item], sorted_keys[RangeMap.last_item])
+
+    # some special values for the RangeMap
+    undefined_value = type('RangeValueUndefined', (), {})()
+
+    class Item(int):
+        "RangeMap Item"
+
+    first_item = Item(0)
+    last_item = Item(-1)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_functools.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_functools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e03365eafae275b173012be2deeba2e9d566e366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_functools.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import collections.abc
+import functools
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 3.5
+def pass_none(func):
+    """
+    Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None
+
+    >>> print_text = pass_none(print)
+    >>> print_text('text')
+    text
+    >>> print_text(None)
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(param, *args, **kwargs):
+        if param is not None:
+            return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 4.0
+@functools.singledispatch
+def _splat_inner(args, func):
+    """Splat args to func."""
+    return func(*args)
+
+
+@_splat_inner.register
+def _(args: collections.abc.Mapping, func):
+    """Splat kargs to func as kwargs."""
+    return func(**args)
+
+
+def splat(func):
+    """
+    Wrap func to expect its parameters to be passed positionally in a tuple.
+
+    Has a similar effect to that of ``itertools.starmap`` over
+    simple ``map``.
+
+    >>> import itertools, operator
+    >>> pairs = [(-1, 1), (0, 2)]
+    >>> _ = tuple(itertools.starmap(print, pairs))
+    -1 1
+    0 2
+    >>> _ = tuple(map(splat(print), pairs))
+    -1 1
+    0 2
+
+    The approach generalizes to other iterators that don't have a "star"
+    equivalent, such as a "starfilter".
+
+    >>> list(filter(splat(operator.add), pairs))
+    [(0, 2)]
+
+    Splat also accepts a mapping argument.
+
+    >>> def is_nice(msg, code):
+    ...     return "smile" in msg or code == 0
+    >>> msgs = [
+    ...     dict(msg='smile!', code=20),
+    ...     dict(msg='error :(', code=1),
+    ...     dict(msg='unknown', code=0),
+    ... ]
+    >>> for msg in filter(splat(is_nice), msgs):
+    ...     print(msg)
+    {'msg': 'smile!', 'code': 20}
+    {'msg': 'unknown', 'code': 0}
+    """
+    return functools.wraps(func)(functools.partial(_splat_inner, func=func))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_itertools.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_itertools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85b29511861453f815e0942da24cd77538fe77b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_itertools.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# from more_itertools 10.2
+def always_iterable(obj, base_type=(str, bytes)):
+    """If *obj* is iterable, return an iterator over its items::
+
+        >>> obj = (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        [1, 2, 3]
+
+    If *obj* is not iterable, return a one-item iterable containing *obj*::
+
+        >>> obj = 1
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        [1]
+
+    If *obj* is ``None``, return an empty iterable:
+
+        >>> obj = None
+        >>> list(always_iterable(None))
+        []
+
+    By default, binary and text strings are not considered iterable::
+
+        >>> obj = 'foo'
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        ['foo']
+
+    If *base_type* is set, objects for which ``isinstance(obj, base_type)``
+    returns ``True`` won't be considered iterable.
+
+        >>> obj = {'a': 1}
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))  # Iterate over the dict's keys
+        ['a']
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=dict))  # Treat dicts as a unit
+        [{'a': 1}]
+
+    Set *base_type* to ``None`` to avoid any special handling and treat objects
+    Python considers iterable as iterable:
+
+        >>> obj = 'foo'
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=None))
+        ['f', 'o', 'o']
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return iter(())
+
+    if (base_type is not None) and isinstance(obj, base_type):
+        return iter((obj,))
+
+    try:
+        return iter(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        return iter((obj,))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_log.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_log.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0148f157ff3bf8bd728c82f49cd3d1cd9cb5a43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_log.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import logging
+
+log = logging.getLogger()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_macos_compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_macos_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76ecb96abe478313ce7d09342b2643bf4a765331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_macos_compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import importlib
+import sys
+
+
+def bypass_compiler_fixup(cmd, args):
+    return cmd
+
+
+if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    compiler_fixup = importlib.import_module('_osx_support').compiler_fixup
+else:
+    compiler_fixup = bypass_compiler_fixup
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_modified.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_modified.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78485dc25e5ff3041cdfccd93503158dc44064e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_modified.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+"""Timestamp comparison of files and groups of files."""
+
+import functools
+import os.path
+
+from ._functools import splat
+from .errors import DistutilsFileError
+from .py39compat import zip_strict
+
+
+def _newer(source, target):
+    return not os.path.exists(target) or (
+        os.path.getmtime(source) > os.path.getmtime(target)
+    )
+
+
+def newer(source, target):
+    """
+    Is source modified more recently than target.
+
+    Returns True if 'source' is modified more recently than
+    'target' or if 'target' does not exist.
+
+    Raises DistutilsFileError if 'source' does not exist.
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(source):
+        raise DistutilsFileError("file '%s' does not exist" % os.path.abspath(source))
+
+    return _newer(source, target)
+
+
+def newer_pairwise(sources, targets, newer=newer):
+    """
+    Filter filenames where sources are newer than targets.
+
+    Walk two filename iterables in parallel, testing if each source is newer
+    than its corresponding target.  Returns a pair of lists (sources,
+    targets) where source is newer than target, according to the semantics
+    of 'newer()'.
+    """
+    newer_pairs = filter(splat(newer), zip_strict(sources, targets))
+    return tuple(map(list, zip(*newer_pairs))) or ([], [])
+
+
+def newer_group(sources, target, missing='error'):
+    """
+    Is target out-of-date with respect to any file in sources.
+
+    Return True if 'target' is out-of-date with respect to any file
+    listed in 'sources'. In other words, if 'target' exists and is newer
+    than every file in 'sources', return False; otherwise return True.
+    ``missing`` controls how to handle a missing source file:
+
+    - error (default): allow the ``stat()`` call to fail.
+    - ignore: silently disregard any missing source files.
+    - newer: treat missing source files as "target out of date". This
+      mode is handy in "dry-run" mode: it will pretend to carry out
+      commands that wouldn't work because inputs are missing, but
+      that doesn't matter because dry-run won't run the commands.
+    """
+
+    def missing_as_newer(source):
+        return missing == 'newer' and not os.path.exists(source)
+
+    ignored = os.path.exists if missing == 'ignore' else None
+    return any(
+        missing_as_newer(source) or _newer(source, target)
+        for source in filter(ignored, sources)
+    )
+
+
+newer_pairwise_group = functools.partial(newer_pairwise, newer=newer_group)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_msvccompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_msvccompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2159fef838f7b14c2f98b2477c63243ae45814f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/_msvccompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+"""distutils._msvccompiler
+
+Contains MSVCCompiler, an implementation of the abstract CCompiler class
+for Microsoft Visual Studio 2015.
+
+The module is compatible with VS 2015 and later. You can find legacy support
+for older versions in distutils.msvc9compiler and distutils.msvccompiler.
+"""
+
+# Written by Perry Stoll
+# hacked by Robin Becker and Thomas Heller to do a better job of
+#   finding DevStudio (through the registry)
+# ported to VS 2005 and VS 2008 by Christian Heimes
+# ported to VS 2015 by Steve Dower
+
+import contextlib
+import os
+import subprocess
+import unittest.mock as mock
+import warnings
+
+with contextlib.suppress(ImportError):
+    import winreg
+
+from itertools import count
+
+from ._log import log
+from .ccompiler import CCompiler, gen_lib_options
+from .errors import (
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsExecError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+    LibError,
+    LinkError,
+)
+from .util import get_platform
+
+
+def _find_vc2015():
+    try:
+        key = winreg.OpenKeyEx(
+            winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+            r"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\SxS\VC7",
+            access=winreg.KEY_READ | winreg.KEY_WOW64_32KEY,
+        )
+    except OSError:
+        log.debug("Visual C++ is not registered")
+        return None, None
+
+    best_version = 0
+    best_dir = None
+    with key:
+        for i in count():
+            try:
+                v, vc_dir, vt = winreg.EnumValue(key, i)
+            except OSError:
+                break
+            if v and vt == winreg.REG_SZ and os.path.isdir(vc_dir):
+                try:
+                    version = int(float(v))
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    continue
+                if version >= 14 and version > best_version:
+                    best_version, best_dir = version, vc_dir
+    return best_version, best_dir
+
+
+def _find_vc2017():
+    """Returns "15, path" based on the result of invoking vswhere.exe
+    If no install is found, returns "None, None"
+
+    The version is returned to avoid unnecessarily changing the function
+    result. It may be ignored when the path is not None.
+
+    If vswhere.exe is not available, by definition, VS 2017 is not
+    installed.
+    """
+    root = os.environ.get("ProgramFiles(x86)") or os.environ.get("ProgramFiles")
+    if not root:
+        return None, None
+
+    try:
+        path = subprocess.check_output(
+            [
+                os.path.join(
+                    root, "Microsoft Visual Studio", "Installer", "vswhere.exe"
+                ),
+                "-latest",
+                "-prerelease",
+                "-requires",
+                "Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64",
+                "-property",
+                "installationPath",
+                "-products",
+                "*",
+            ],
+            encoding="mbcs",
+            errors="strict",
+        ).strip()
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError, UnicodeDecodeError):
+        return None, None
+
+    path = os.path.join(path, "VC", "Auxiliary", "Build")
+    if os.path.isdir(path):
+        return 15, path
+
+    return None, None
+
+
+PLAT_SPEC_TO_RUNTIME = {
+    'x86': 'x86',
+    'x86_amd64': 'x64',
+    'x86_arm': 'arm',
+    'x86_arm64': 'arm64',
+}
+
+
+def _find_vcvarsall(plat_spec):
+    # bpo-38597: Removed vcruntime return value
+    _, best_dir = _find_vc2017()
+
+    if not best_dir:
+        best_version, best_dir = _find_vc2015()
+
+    if not best_dir:
+        log.debug("No suitable Visual C++ version found")
+        return None, None
+
+    vcvarsall = os.path.join(best_dir, "vcvarsall.bat")
+    if not os.path.isfile(vcvarsall):
+        log.debug("%s cannot be found", vcvarsall)
+        return None, None
+
+    return vcvarsall, None
+
+
+def _get_vc_env(plat_spec):
+    if os.getenv("DISTUTILS_USE_SDK"):
+        return {key.lower(): value for key, value in os.environ.items()}
+
+    vcvarsall, _ = _find_vcvarsall(plat_spec)
+    if not vcvarsall:
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError("Unable to find vcvarsall.bat")
+
+    try:
+        out = subprocess.check_output(
+            f'cmd /u /c "{vcvarsall}" {plat_spec} && set',
+            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+        ).decode('utf-16le', errors='replace')
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
+        log.error(exc.output)
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(f"Error executing {exc.cmd}")
+
+    env = {
+        key.lower(): value
+        for key, _, value in (line.partition('=') for line in out.splitlines())
+        if key and value
+    }
+
+    return env
+
+
+def _find_exe(exe, paths=None):
+    """Return path to an MSVC executable program.
+
+    Tries to find the program in several places: first, one of the
+    MSVC program search paths from the registry; next, the directories
+    in the PATH environment variable.  If any of those work, return an
+    absolute path that is known to exist.  If none of them work, just
+    return the original program name, 'exe'.
+    """
+    if not paths:
+        paths = os.getenv('path').split(os.pathsep)
+    for p in paths:
+        fn = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(p), exe)
+        if os.path.isfile(fn):
+            return fn
+    return exe
+
+
+# A map keyed by get_platform() return values to values accepted by
+# 'vcvarsall.bat'. Always cross-compile from x86 to work with the
+# lighter-weight MSVC installs that do not include native 64-bit tools.
+PLAT_TO_VCVARS = {
+    'win32': 'x86',
+    'win-amd64': 'x86_amd64',
+    'win-arm32': 'x86_arm',
+    'win-arm64': 'x86_arm64',
+}
+
+
+class MSVCCompiler(CCompiler):
+    """Concrete class that implements an interface to Microsoft Visual C++,
+    as defined by the CCompiler abstract class."""
+
+    compiler_type = 'msvc'
+
+    # Just set this so CCompiler's constructor doesn't barf.  We currently
+    # don't use the 'set_executables()' bureaucracy provided by CCompiler,
+    # as it really isn't necessary for this sort of single-compiler class.
+    # Would be nice to have a consistent interface with UnixCCompiler,
+    # though, so it's worth thinking about.
+    executables = {}
+
+    # Private class data (need to distinguish C from C++ source for compiler)
+    _c_extensions = ['.c']
+    _cpp_extensions = ['.cc', '.cpp', '.cxx']
+    _rc_extensions = ['.rc']
+    _mc_extensions = ['.mc']
+
+    # Needed for the filename generation methods provided by the
+    # base class, CCompiler.
+    src_extensions = _c_extensions + _cpp_extensions + _rc_extensions + _mc_extensions
+    res_extension = '.res'
+    obj_extension = '.obj'
+    static_lib_extension = '.lib'
+    shared_lib_extension = '.dll'
+    static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = '%s%s'
+    exe_extension = '.exe'
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+        # target platform (.plat_name is consistent with 'bdist')
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _configure(cls, vc_env):
+        """
+        Set class-level include/lib dirs.
+        """
+        cls.include_dirs = cls._parse_path(vc_env.get('include', ''))
+        cls.library_dirs = cls._parse_path(vc_env.get('lib', ''))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_path(val):
+        return [dir.rstrip(os.sep) for dir in val.split(os.pathsep) if dir]
+
+    def initialize(self, plat_name=None):
+        # multi-init means we would need to check platform same each time...
+        assert not self.initialized, "don't init multiple times"
+        if plat_name is None:
+            plat_name = get_platform()
+        # sanity check for platforms to prevent obscure errors later.
+        if plat_name not in PLAT_TO_VCVARS:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                f"--plat-name must be one of {tuple(PLAT_TO_VCVARS)}"
+            )
+
+        # Get the vcvarsall.bat spec for the requested platform.
+        plat_spec = PLAT_TO_VCVARS[plat_name]
+
+        vc_env = _get_vc_env(plat_spec)
+        if not vc_env:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                "Unable to find a compatible Visual Studio installation."
+            )
+        self._configure(vc_env)
+
+        self._paths = vc_env.get('path', '')
+        paths = self._paths.split(os.pathsep)
+        self.cc = _find_exe("cl.exe", paths)
+        self.linker = _find_exe("link.exe", paths)
+        self.lib = _find_exe("lib.exe", paths)
+        self.rc = _find_exe("rc.exe", paths)  # resource compiler
+        self.mc = _find_exe("mc.exe", paths)  # message compiler
+        self.mt = _find_exe("mt.exe", paths)  # message compiler
+
+        self.preprocess_options = None
+        # bpo-38597: Always compile with dynamic linking
+        # Future releases of Python 3.x will include all past
+        # versions of vcruntime*.dll for compatibility.
+        self.compile_options = ['/nologo', '/O2', '/W3', '/GL', '/DNDEBUG', '/MD']
+
+        self.compile_options_debug = [
+            '/nologo',
+            '/Od',
+            '/MDd',
+            '/Zi',
+            '/W3',
+            '/D_DEBUG',
+        ]
+
+        ldflags = ['/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:NO', '/LTCG']
+
+        ldflags_debug = ['/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:NO', '/LTCG', '/DEBUG:FULL']
+
+        self.ldflags_exe = [*ldflags, '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=1']
+        self.ldflags_exe_debug = [*ldflags_debug, '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=1']
+        self.ldflags_shared = [
+            *ldflags,
+            '/DLL',
+            '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=2',
+            '/MANIFESTUAC:NO',
+        ]
+        self.ldflags_shared_debug = [
+            *ldflags_debug,
+            '/DLL',
+            '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=2',
+            '/MANIFESTUAC:NO',
+        ]
+        self.ldflags_static = [*ldflags]
+        self.ldflags_static_debug = [*ldflags_debug]
+
+        self._ldflags = {
+            (CCompiler.EXECUTABLE, None): self.ldflags_exe,
+            (CCompiler.EXECUTABLE, False): self.ldflags_exe,
+            (CCompiler.EXECUTABLE, True): self.ldflags_exe_debug,
+            (CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT, None): self.ldflags_shared,
+            (CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT, False): self.ldflags_shared,
+            (CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT, True): self.ldflags_shared_debug,
+            (CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY, None): self.ldflags_static,
+            (CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY, False): self.ldflags_static,
+            (CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY, True): self.ldflags_static_debug,
+        }
+
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    # -- Worker methods ------------------------------------------------
+
+    @property
+    def out_extensions(self):
+        return {
+            **super().out_extensions,
+            **{
+                ext: self.res_extension
+                for ext in self._rc_extensions + self._mc_extensions
+            },
+        }
+
+    def compile(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        sources,
+        output_dir=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        depends=None,
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        compile_info = self._setup_compile(
+            output_dir, macros, include_dirs, sources, depends, extra_postargs
+        )
+        macros, objects, extra_postargs, pp_opts, build = compile_info
+
+        compile_opts = extra_preargs or []
+        compile_opts.append('/c')
+        if debug:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options_debug)
+        else:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options)
+
+        add_cpp_opts = False
+
+        for obj in objects:
+            try:
+                src, ext = build[obj]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            if debug:
+                # pass the full pathname to MSVC in debug mode,
+                # this allows the debugger to find the source file
+                # without asking the user to browse for it
+                src = os.path.abspath(src)
+
+            if ext in self._c_extensions:
+                input_opt = "/Tc" + src
+            elif ext in self._cpp_extensions:
+                input_opt = "/Tp" + src
+                add_cpp_opts = True
+            elif ext in self._rc_extensions:
+                # compile .RC to .RES file
+                input_opt = src
+                output_opt = "/fo" + obj
+                try:
+                    self.spawn([self.rc] + pp_opts + [output_opt, input_opt])
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue
+            elif ext in self._mc_extensions:
+                # Compile .MC to .RC file to .RES file.
+                #   * '-h dir' specifies the directory for the
+                #     generated include file
+                #   * '-r dir' specifies the target directory of the
+                #     generated RC file and the binary message resource
+                #     it includes
+                #
+                # For now (since there are no options to change this),
+                # we use the source-directory for the include file and
+                # the build directory for the RC file and message
+                # resources. This works at least for win32all.
+                h_dir = os.path.dirname(src)
+                rc_dir = os.path.dirname(obj)
+                try:
+                    # first compile .MC to .RC and .H file
+                    self.spawn([self.mc, '-h', h_dir, '-r', rc_dir, src])
+                    base, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src))
+                    rc_file = os.path.join(rc_dir, base + '.rc')
+                    # then compile .RC to .RES file
+                    self.spawn([self.rc, "/fo" + obj, rc_file])
+
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue
+            else:
+                # how to handle this file?
+                raise CompileError(f"Don't know how to compile {src} to {obj}")
+
+            args = [self.cc] + compile_opts + pp_opts
+            if add_cpp_opts:
+                args.append('/EHsc')
+            args.extend((input_opt, "/Fo" + obj))
+            args.extend(extra_postargs)
+
+            try:
+                self.spawn(args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+
+        return objects
+
+    def create_static_lib(
+        self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, debug=0, target_lang=None
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        objects, output_dir = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        output_filename = self.library_filename(output_libname, output_dir=output_dir)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            lib_args = objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
+            if debug:
+                pass  # XXX what goes here?
+            try:
+                log.debug('Executing "%s" %s', self.lib, ' '.join(lib_args))
+                self.spawn([self.lib] + lib_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LibError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    def link(
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        objects, output_dir = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        fixed_args = self._fix_lib_args(libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs)
+        libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs = fixed_args
+
+        if runtime_library_dirs:
+            self.warn(
+                "I don't know what to do with 'runtime_library_dirs': "
+                + str(runtime_library_dirs)
+            )
+
+        lib_opts = gen_lib_options(self, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs, libraries)
+        if output_dir is not None:
+            output_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, output_filename)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            ldflags = self._ldflags[target_desc, debug]
+
+            export_opts = ["/EXPORT:" + sym for sym in (export_symbols or [])]
+
+            ld_args = (
+                ldflags + lib_opts + export_opts + objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
+            )
+
+            # The MSVC linker generates .lib and .exp files, which cannot be
+            # suppressed by any linker switches. The .lib files may even be
+            # needed! Make sure they are generated in the temporary build
+            # directory. Since they have different names for debug and release
+            # builds, they can go into the same directory.
+            build_temp = os.path.dirname(objects[0])
+            if export_symbols is not None:
+                (dll_name, dll_ext) = os.path.splitext(
+                    os.path.basename(output_filename)
+                )
+                implib_file = os.path.join(build_temp, self.library_filename(dll_name))
+                ld_args.append('/IMPLIB:' + implib_file)
+
+            if extra_preargs:
+                ld_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+            if extra_postargs:
+                ld_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+
+            output_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(output_filename))
+            self.mkpath(output_dir)
+            try:
+                log.debug('Executing "%s" %s', self.linker, ' '.join(ld_args))
+                self.spawn([self.linker] + ld_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LinkError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    def spawn(self, cmd):
+        env = dict(os.environ, PATH=self._paths)
+        with self._fallback_spawn(cmd, env) as fallback:
+            return super().spawn(cmd, env=env)
+        return fallback.value
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _fallback_spawn(self, cmd, env):
+        """
+        Discovered in pypa/distutils#15, some tools monkeypatch the compiler,
+        so the 'env' kwarg causes a TypeError. Detect this condition and
+        restore the legacy, unsafe behavior.
+        """
+        bag = type('Bag', (), {})()
+        try:
+            yield bag
+        except TypeError as exc:
+            if "unexpected keyword argument 'env'" not in str(exc):
+                raise
+        else:
+            return
+        warnings.warn("Fallback spawn triggered. Please update distutils monkeypatch.")
+        with mock.patch.dict('os.environ', env):
+            bag.value = super().spawn(cmd)
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+    # These are all used by the 'gen_lib_options() function, in
+    # ccompiler.py.
+
+    def library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        return "/LIBPATH:" + dir
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+            "don't know how to set runtime library search path for MSVC"
+        )
+
+    def library_option(self, lib):
+        return self.library_filename(lib)
+
+    def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
+        # Prefer a debugging library if found (and requested), but deal
+        # with it if we don't have one.
+        if debug:
+            try_names = [lib + "_d", lib]
+        else:
+            try_names = [lib]
+        for dir in dirs:
+            for name in try_names:
+                libfile = os.path.join(dir, self.library_filename(name))
+                if os.path.isfile(libfile):
+                    return libfile
+        else:
+            # Oops, didn't find it in *any* of 'dirs'
+            return None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/archive_util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/archive_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..052f6e46466985fff1ceb78de60c3c521fd1934c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/archive_util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+"""distutils.archive_util
+
+Utility functions for creating archive files (tarballs, zip files,
+that sort of thing)."""
+
+import os
+import sys
+from warnings import warn
+
+try:
+    import zipfile
+except ImportError:
+    zipfile = None
+
+
+from ._log import log
+from .dir_util import mkpath
+from .errors import DistutilsExecError
+from .spawn import spawn
+
+try:
+    from pwd import getpwnam
+except ImportError:
+    getpwnam = None
+
+try:
+    from grp import getgrnam
+except ImportError:
+    getgrnam = None
+
+
+def _get_gid(name):
+    """Returns a gid, given a group name."""
+    if getgrnam is None or name is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = getgrnam(name)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = None
+    if result is not None:
+        return result[2]
+    return None
+
+
+def _get_uid(name):
+    """Returns an uid, given a user name."""
+    if getpwnam is None or name is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = getpwnam(name)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = None
+    if result is not None:
+        return result[2]
+    return None
+
+
+def make_tarball(
+    base_name, base_dir, compress="gzip", verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None
+):
+    """Create a (possibly compressed) tar file from all the files under
+    'base_dir'.
+
+    'compress' must be "gzip" (the default), "bzip2", "xz", "compress", or
+    None.  ("compress" will be deprecated in Python 3.2)
+
+    'owner' and 'group' can be used to define an owner and a group for the
+    archive that is being built. If not provided, the current owner and group
+    will be used.
+
+    The output tar file will be named 'base_dir' +  ".tar", possibly plus
+    the appropriate compression extension (".gz", ".bz2", ".xz" or ".Z").
+
+    Returns the output filename.
+    """
+    tar_compression = {
+        'gzip': 'gz',
+        'bzip2': 'bz2',
+        'xz': 'xz',
+        None: '',
+        'compress': '',
+    }
+    compress_ext = {'gzip': '.gz', 'bzip2': '.bz2', 'xz': '.xz', 'compress': '.Z'}
+
+    # flags for compression program, each element of list will be an argument
+    if compress is not None and compress not in compress_ext.keys():
+        raise ValueError(
+            "bad value for 'compress': must be None, 'gzip', 'bzip2', "
+            "'xz' or 'compress'"
+        )
+
+    archive_name = base_name + '.tar'
+    if compress != 'compress':
+        archive_name += compress_ext.get(compress, '')
+
+    mkpath(os.path.dirname(archive_name), dry_run=dry_run)
+
+    # creating the tarball
+    import tarfile  # late import so Python build itself doesn't break
+
+    log.info('Creating tar archive')
+
+    uid = _get_uid(owner)
+    gid = _get_gid(group)
+
+    def _set_uid_gid(tarinfo):
+        if gid is not None:
+            tarinfo.gid = gid
+            tarinfo.gname = group
+        if uid is not None:
+            tarinfo.uid = uid
+            tarinfo.uname = owner
+        return tarinfo
+
+    if not dry_run:
+        tar = tarfile.open(archive_name, 'w|%s' % tar_compression[compress])
+        try:
+            tar.add(base_dir, filter=_set_uid_gid)
+        finally:
+            tar.close()
+
+    # compression using `compress`
+    if compress == 'compress':
+        warn("'compress' is deprecated.", DeprecationWarning)
+        # the option varies depending on the platform
+        compressed_name = archive_name + compress_ext[compress]
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            cmd = [compress, archive_name, compressed_name]
+        else:
+            cmd = [compress, '-f', archive_name]
+        spawn(cmd, dry_run=dry_run)
+        return compressed_name
+
+    return archive_name
+
+
+def make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0):  # noqa: C901
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.
+
+    The output zip file will be named 'base_name' + ".zip".  Uses either the
+    "zipfile" Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility
+    (if installed and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is
+    available, raises DistutilsExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip
+    file.
+    """
+    zip_filename = base_name + ".zip"
+    mkpath(os.path.dirname(zip_filename), dry_run=dry_run)
+
+    # If zipfile module is not available, try spawning an external
+    # 'zip' command.
+    if zipfile is None:
+        if verbose:
+            zipoptions = "-r"
+        else:
+            zipoptions = "-rq"
+
+        try:
+            spawn(["zip", zipoptions, zip_filename, base_dir], dry_run=dry_run)
+        except DistutilsExecError:
+            # XXX really should distinguish between "couldn't find
+            # external 'zip' command" and "zip failed".
+            raise DistutilsExecError(
+                (
+                    "unable to create zip file '%s': "
+                    "could neither import the 'zipfile' module nor "
+                    "find a standalone zip utility"
+                )
+                % zip_filename
+            )
+
+    else:
+        log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+        if not dry_run:
+            try:
+                zip = zipfile.ZipFile(
+                    zip_filename, "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED
+                )
+            except RuntimeError:
+                zip = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_STORED)
+
+            with zip:
+                if base_dir != os.curdir:
+                    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(base_dir, ''))
+                    zip.write(path, path)
+                    log.info("adding '%s'", path)
+                for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
+                    for name in dirnames:
+                        path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name, ''))
+                        zip.write(path, path)
+                        log.info("adding '%s'", path)
+                    for name in filenames:
+                        path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
+                        if os.path.isfile(path):
+                            zip.write(path, path)
+                            log.info("adding '%s'", path)
+
+    return zip_filename
+
+
+ARCHIVE_FORMATS = {
+    'gztar': (make_tarball, [('compress', 'gzip')], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
+    'bztar': (make_tarball, [('compress', 'bzip2')], "bzip2'ed tar-file"),
+    'xztar': (make_tarball, [('compress', 'xz')], "xz'ed tar-file"),
+    'ztar': (make_tarball, [('compress', 'compress')], "compressed tar file"),
+    'tar': (make_tarball, [('compress', None)], "uncompressed tar file"),
+    'zip': (make_zipfile, [], "ZIP file"),
+}
+
+
+def check_archive_formats(formats):
+    """Returns the first format from the 'format' list that is unknown.
+
+    If all formats are known, returns None
+    """
+    for format in formats:
+        if format not in ARCHIVE_FORMATS:
+            return format
+    return None
+
+
+def make_archive(
+    base_name,
+    format,
+    root_dir=None,
+    base_dir=None,
+    verbose=0,
+    dry_run=0,
+    owner=None,
+    group=None,
+):
+    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
+
+    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
+    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar",
+    "bztar", "xztar", or "ztar".
+
+    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
+    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
+    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
+    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
+    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
+    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.
+
+    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
+    uses the current owner and group.
+    """
+    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
+    if root_dir is not None:
+        log.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
+        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.chdir(root_dir)
+
+    if base_dir is None:
+        base_dir = os.curdir
+
+    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run}
+
+    try:
+        format_info = ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError("unknown archive format '%s'" % format)
+
+    func = format_info[0]
+    for arg, val in format_info[1]:
+        kwargs[arg] = val
+
+    if format != 'zip':
+        kwargs['owner'] = owner
+        kwargs['group'] = group
+
+    try:
+        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
+    finally:
+        if root_dir is not None:
+            log.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
+            os.chdir(save_cwd)
+
+    return filename
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/bcppcompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/bcppcompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1341e43cb4066d5dfcddd61355402a9110f5c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/bcppcompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+"""distutils.bcppcompiler
+
+Contains BorlandCCompiler, an implementation of the abstract CCompiler class
+for the Borland C++ compiler.
+"""
+
+# This implementation by Lyle Johnson, based on the original msvccompiler.py
+# module and using the directions originally published by Gordon Williams.
+
+# XXX looks like there's a LOT of overlap between these two classes:
+# someone should sit down and factor out the common code as
+# WindowsCCompiler!  --GPW
+
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from ._log import log
+from ._modified import newer
+from .ccompiler import CCompiler, gen_preprocess_options
+from .errors import (
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsExecError,
+    LibError,
+    LinkError,
+    UnknownFileError,
+)
+from .file_util import write_file
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "bcppcompiler is deprecated and slated to be removed "
+    "in the future. Please discontinue use or file an issue "
+    "with pypa/distutils describing your use case.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
+
+
+class BCPPCompiler(CCompiler):
+    """Concrete class that implements an interface to the Borland C/C++
+    compiler, as defined by the CCompiler abstract class.
+    """
+
+    compiler_type = 'bcpp'
+
+    # Just set this so CCompiler's constructor doesn't barf.  We currently
+    # don't use the 'set_executables()' bureaucracy provided by CCompiler,
+    # as it really isn't necessary for this sort of single-compiler class.
+    # Would be nice to have a consistent interface with UnixCCompiler,
+    # though, so it's worth thinking about.
+    executables = {}
+
+    # Private class data (need to distinguish C from C++ source for compiler)
+    _c_extensions = ['.c']
+    _cpp_extensions = ['.cc', '.cpp', '.cxx']
+
+    # Needed for the filename generation methods provided by the
+    # base class, CCompiler.
+    src_extensions = _c_extensions + _cpp_extensions
+    obj_extension = '.obj'
+    static_lib_extension = '.lib'
+    shared_lib_extension = '.dll'
+    static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = '%s%s'
+    exe_extension = '.exe'
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+
+        # These executables are assumed to all be in the path.
+        # Borland doesn't seem to use any special registry settings to
+        # indicate their installation locations.
+
+        self.cc = "bcc32.exe"
+        self.linker = "ilink32.exe"
+        self.lib = "tlib.exe"
+
+        self.preprocess_options = None
+        self.compile_options = ['/tWM', '/O2', '/q', '/g0']
+        self.compile_options_debug = ['/tWM', '/Od', '/q', '/g0']
+
+        self.ldflags_shared = ['/Tpd', '/Gn', '/q', '/x']
+        self.ldflags_shared_debug = ['/Tpd', '/Gn', '/q', '/x']
+        self.ldflags_static = []
+        self.ldflags_exe = ['/Gn', '/q', '/x']
+        self.ldflags_exe_debug = ['/Gn', '/q', '/x', '/r']
+
+    # -- Worker methods ------------------------------------------------
+
+    def compile(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        sources,
+        output_dir=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        depends=None,
+    ):
+        macros, objects, extra_postargs, pp_opts, build = self._setup_compile(
+            output_dir, macros, include_dirs, sources, depends, extra_postargs
+        )
+        compile_opts = extra_preargs or []
+        compile_opts.append('-c')
+        if debug:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options_debug)
+        else:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options)
+
+        for obj in objects:
+            try:
+                src, ext = build[obj]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            # XXX why do the normpath here?
+            src = os.path.normpath(src)
+            obj = os.path.normpath(obj)
+            # XXX _setup_compile() did a mkpath() too but before the normpath.
+            # Is it possible to skip the normpath?
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(obj))
+
+            if ext == '.res':
+                # This is already a binary file -- skip it.
+                continue  # the 'for' loop
+            if ext == '.rc':
+                # This needs to be compiled to a .res file -- do it now.
+                try:
+                    self.spawn(["brcc32", "-fo", obj, src])
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue  # the 'for' loop
+
+            # The next two are both for the real compiler.
+            if ext in self._c_extensions:
+                input_opt = ""
+            elif ext in self._cpp_extensions:
+                input_opt = "-P"
+            else:
+                # Unknown file type -- no extra options.  The compiler
+                # will probably fail, but let it just in case this is a
+                # file the compiler recognizes even if we don't.
+                input_opt = ""
+
+            output_opt = "-o" + obj
+
+            # Compiler command line syntax is: "bcc32 [options] file(s)".
+            # Note that the source file names must appear at the end of
+            # the command line.
+            try:
+                self.spawn(
+                    [self.cc]
+                    + compile_opts
+                    + pp_opts
+                    + [input_opt, output_opt]
+                    + extra_postargs
+                    + [src]
+                )
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+
+        return objects
+
+    # compile ()
+
+    def create_static_lib(
+        self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, debug=0, target_lang=None
+    ):
+        (objects, output_dir) = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        output_filename = self.library_filename(output_libname, output_dir=output_dir)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            lib_args = [output_filename, '/u'] + objects
+            if debug:
+                pass  # XXX what goes here?
+            try:
+                self.spawn([self.lib] + lib_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LibError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    # create_static_lib ()
+
+    def link(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        # XXX this ignores 'build_temp'!  should follow the lead of
+        # msvccompiler.py
+
+        (objects, output_dir) = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        (libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs) = self._fix_lib_args(
+            libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs
+        )
+
+        if runtime_library_dirs:
+            log.warning(
+                "I don't know what to do with 'runtime_library_dirs': %s",
+                str(runtime_library_dirs),
+            )
+
+        if output_dir is not None:
+            output_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, output_filename)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            # Figure out linker args based on type of target.
+            if target_desc == CCompiler.EXECUTABLE:
+                startup_obj = 'c0w32'
+                if debug:
+                    ld_args = self.ldflags_exe_debug[:]
+                else:
+                    ld_args = self.ldflags_exe[:]
+            else:
+                startup_obj = 'c0d32'
+                if debug:
+                    ld_args = self.ldflags_shared_debug[:]
+                else:
+                    ld_args = self.ldflags_shared[:]
+
+            # Create a temporary exports file for use by the linker
+            if export_symbols is None:
+                def_file = ''
+            else:
+                head, tail = os.path.split(output_filename)
+                modname, ext = os.path.splitext(tail)
+                temp_dir = os.path.dirname(objects[0])  # preserve tree structure
+                def_file = os.path.join(temp_dir, '%s.def' % modname)
+                contents = ['EXPORTS']
+                for sym in export_symbols or []:
+                    contents.append(f'  {sym}=_{sym}')
+                self.execute(write_file, (def_file, contents), "writing %s" % def_file)
+
+            # Borland C++ has problems with '/' in paths
+            objects2 = map(os.path.normpath, objects)
+            # split objects in .obj and .res files
+            # Borland C++ needs them at different positions in the command line
+            objects = [startup_obj]
+            resources = []
+            for file in objects2:
+                (base, ext) = os.path.splitext(os.path.normcase(file))
+                if ext == '.res':
+                    resources.append(file)
+                else:
+                    objects.append(file)
+
+            for ell in library_dirs:
+                ld_args.append("/L%s" % os.path.normpath(ell))
+            ld_args.append("/L.")  # we sometimes use relative paths
+
+            # list of object files
+            ld_args.extend(objects)
+
+            # XXX the command-line syntax for Borland C++ is a bit wonky;
+            # certain filenames are jammed together in one big string, but
+            # comma-delimited.  This doesn't mesh too well with the
+            # Unix-centric attitude (with a DOS/Windows quoting hack) of
+            # 'spawn()', so constructing the argument list is a bit
+            # awkward.  Note that doing the obvious thing and jamming all
+            # the filenames and commas into one argument would be wrong,
+            # because 'spawn()' would quote any filenames with spaces in
+            # them.  Arghghh!.  Apparently it works fine as coded...
+
+            # name of dll/exe file
+            ld_args.extend([',', output_filename])
+            # no map file and start libraries
+            ld_args.append(',,')
+
+            for lib in libraries:
+                # see if we find it and if there is a bcpp specific lib
+                # (xxx_bcpp.lib)
+                libfile = self.find_library_file(library_dirs, lib, debug)
+                if libfile is None:
+                    ld_args.append(lib)
+                    # probably a BCPP internal library -- don't warn
+                else:
+                    # full name which prefers bcpp_xxx.lib over xxx.lib
+                    ld_args.append(libfile)
+
+            # some default libraries
+            ld_args.extend(('import32', 'cw32mt'))
+
+            # def file for export symbols
+            ld_args.extend([',', def_file])
+            # add resource files
+            ld_args.append(',')
+            ld_args.extend(resources)
+
+            if extra_preargs:
+                ld_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+            if extra_postargs:
+                ld_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_filename))
+            try:
+                self.spawn([self.linker] + ld_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LinkError(msg)
+
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    # link ()
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+
+    def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
+        # List of effective library names to try, in order of preference:
+        # xxx_bcpp.lib is better than xxx.lib
+        # and xxx_d.lib is better than xxx.lib if debug is set
+        #
+        # The "_bcpp" suffix is to handle a Python installation for people
+        # with multiple compilers (primarily Distutils hackers, I suspect
+        # ;-).  The idea is they'd have one static library for each
+        # compiler they care about, since (almost?) every Windows compiler
+        # seems to have a different format for static libraries.
+        if debug:
+            dlib = lib + "_d"
+            try_names = (dlib + "_bcpp", lib + "_bcpp", dlib, lib)
+        else:
+            try_names = (lib + "_bcpp", lib)
+
+        for dir in dirs:
+            for name in try_names:
+                libfile = os.path.join(dir, self.library_filename(name))
+                if os.path.exists(libfile):
+                    return libfile
+        else:
+            # Oops, didn't find it in *any* of 'dirs'
+            return None
+
+    # overwrite the one from CCompiler to support rc and res-files
+    def object_filenames(self, source_filenames, strip_dir=0, output_dir=''):
+        if output_dir is None:
+            output_dir = ''
+        obj_names = []
+        for src_name in source_filenames:
+            # use normcase to make sure '.rc' is really '.rc' and not '.RC'
+            (base, ext) = os.path.splitext(os.path.normcase(src_name))
+            if ext not in (self.src_extensions + ['.rc', '.res']):
+                raise UnknownFileError(f"unknown file type '{ext}' (from '{src_name}')")
+            if strip_dir:
+                base = os.path.basename(base)
+            if ext == '.res':
+                # these can go unchanged
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + ext))
+            elif ext == '.rc':
+                # these need to be compiled to .res-files
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + '.res'))
+            else:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.obj_extension))
+        return obj_names
+
+    # object_filenames ()
+
+    def preprocess(
+        self,
+        source,
+        output_file=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+    ):
+        (_, macros, include_dirs) = self._fix_compile_args(None, macros, include_dirs)
+        pp_opts = gen_preprocess_options(macros, include_dirs)
+        pp_args = ['cpp32.exe'] + pp_opts
+        if output_file is not None:
+            pp_args.append('-o' + output_file)
+        if extra_preargs:
+            pp_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+        if extra_postargs:
+            pp_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+        pp_args.append(source)
+
+        # We need to preprocess: either we're being forced to, or the
+        # source file is newer than the target (or the target doesn't
+        # exist).
+        if self.force or output_file is None or newer(source, output_file):
+            if output_file:
+                self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_file))
+            try:
+                self.spawn(pp_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                print(msg)
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+
+    # preprocess()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/ccompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/ccompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8876d7309864f656c8e3106ef5736ec0dc0055d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/ccompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1252 @@
+"""distutils.ccompiler
+
+Contains CCompiler, an abstract base class that defines the interface
+for the Distutils compiler abstraction model."""
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from ._itertools import always_iterable
+from ._log import log
+from ._modified import newer_group
+from .dir_util import mkpath
+from .errors import (
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsModuleError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+    LinkError,
+    UnknownFileError,
+)
+from .file_util import move_file
+from .spawn import spawn
+from .util import execute, split_quoted
+
+
+class CCompiler:
+    """Abstract base class to define the interface that must be implemented
+    by real compiler classes.  Also has some utility methods used by
+    several compiler classes.
+
+    The basic idea behind a compiler abstraction class is that each
+    instance can be used for all the compile/link steps in building a
+    single project.  Thus, attributes common to all of those compile and
+    link steps -- include directories, macros to define, libraries to link
+    against, etc. -- are attributes of the compiler instance.  To allow for
+    variability in how individual files are treated, most of those
+    attributes may be varied on a per-compilation or per-link basis.
+    """
+
+    # 'compiler_type' is a class attribute that identifies this class.  It
+    # keeps code that wants to know what kind of compiler it's dealing with
+    # from having to import all possible compiler classes just to do an
+    # 'isinstance'.  In concrete CCompiler subclasses, 'compiler_type'
+    # should really, really be one of the keys of the 'compiler_class'
+    # dictionary (see below -- used by the 'new_compiler()' factory
+    # function) -- authors of new compiler interface classes are
+    # responsible for updating 'compiler_class'!
+    compiler_type = None
+
+    # XXX things not handled by this compiler abstraction model:
+    #   * client can't provide additional options for a compiler,
+    #     e.g. warning, optimization, debugging flags.  Perhaps this
+    #     should be the domain of concrete compiler abstraction classes
+    #     (UnixCCompiler, MSVCCompiler, etc.) -- or perhaps the base
+    #     class should have methods for the common ones.
+    #   * can't completely override the include or library searchg
+    #     path, ie. no "cc -I -Idir1 -Idir2" or "cc -L -Ldir1 -Ldir2".
+    #     I'm not sure how widely supported this is even by Unix
+    #     compilers, much less on other platforms.  And I'm even less
+    #     sure how useful it is; maybe for cross-compiling, but
+    #     support for that is a ways off.  (And anyways, cross
+    #     compilers probably have a dedicated binary with the
+    #     right paths compiled in.  I hope.)
+    #   * can't do really freaky things with the library list/library
+    #     dirs, e.g. "-Ldir1 -lfoo -Ldir2 -lfoo" to link against
+    #     different versions of libfoo.a in different locations.  I
+    #     think this is useless without the ability to null out the
+    #     library search path anyways.
+
+    # Subclasses that rely on the standard filename generation methods
+    # implemented below should override these; see the comment near
+    # those methods ('object_filenames()' et. al.) for details:
+    src_extensions = None  # list of strings
+    obj_extension = None  # string
+    static_lib_extension = None
+    shared_lib_extension = None  # string
+    static_lib_format = None  # format string
+    shared_lib_format = None  # prob. same as static_lib_format
+    exe_extension = None  # string
+
+    # Default language settings. language_map is used to detect a source
+    # file or Extension target language, checking source filenames.
+    # language_order is used to detect the language precedence, when deciding
+    # what language to use when mixing source types. For example, if some
+    # extension has two files with ".c" extension, and one with ".cpp", it
+    # is still linked as c++.
+    language_map = {
+        ".c": "c",
+        ".cc": "c++",
+        ".cpp": "c++",
+        ".cxx": "c++",
+        ".m": "objc",
+    }
+    language_order = ["c++", "objc", "c"]
+
+    include_dirs = []
+    """
+    include dirs specific to this compiler class
+    """
+
+    library_dirs = []
+    """
+    library dirs specific to this compiler class
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        self.dry_run = dry_run
+        self.force = force
+        self.verbose = verbose
+
+        # 'output_dir': a common output directory for object, library,
+        # shared object, and shared library files
+        self.output_dir = None
+
+        # 'macros': a list of macro definitions (or undefinitions).  A
+        # macro definition is a 2-tuple (name, value), where the value is
+        # either a string or None (no explicit value).  A macro
+        # undefinition is a 1-tuple (name,).
+        self.macros = []
+
+        # 'include_dirs': a list of directories to search for include files
+        self.include_dirs = []
+
+        # 'libraries': a list of libraries to include in any link
+        # (library names, not filenames: eg. "foo" not "libfoo.a")
+        self.libraries = []
+
+        # 'library_dirs': a list of directories to search for libraries
+        self.library_dirs = []
+
+        # 'runtime_library_dirs': a list of directories to search for
+        # shared libraries/objects at runtime
+        self.runtime_library_dirs = []
+
+        # 'objects': a list of object files (or similar, such as explicitly
+        # named library files) to include on any link
+        self.objects = []
+
+        for key in self.executables.keys():
+            self.set_executable(key, self.executables[key])
+
+    def set_executables(self, **kwargs):
+        """Define the executables (and options for them) that will be run
+        to perform the various stages of compilation.  The exact set of
+        executables that may be specified here depends on the compiler
+        class (via the 'executables' class attribute), but most will have:
+          compiler      the C/C++ compiler
+          linker_so     linker used to create shared objects and libraries
+          linker_exe    linker used to create binary executables
+          archiver      static library creator
+
+        On platforms with a command-line (Unix, DOS/Windows), each of these
+        is a string that will be split into executable name and (optional)
+        list of arguments.  (Splitting the string is done similarly to how
+        Unix shells operate: words are delimited by spaces, but quotes and
+        backslashes can override this.  See
+        'distutils.util.split_quoted()'.)
+        """
+
+        # Note that some CCompiler implementation classes will define class
+        # attributes 'cpp', 'cc', etc. with hard-coded executable names;
+        # this is appropriate when a compiler class is for exactly one
+        # compiler/OS combination (eg. MSVCCompiler).  Other compiler
+        # classes (UnixCCompiler, in particular) are driven by information
+        # discovered at run-time, since there are many different ways to do
+        # basically the same things with Unix C compilers.
+
+        for key in kwargs:
+            if key not in self.executables:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"unknown executable '{key}' for class {self.__class__.__name__}"
+                )
+            self.set_executable(key, kwargs[key])
+
+    def set_executable(self, key, value):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            setattr(self, key, split_quoted(value))
+        else:
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def _find_macro(self, name):
+        i = 0
+        for defn in self.macros:
+            if defn[0] == name:
+                return i
+            i += 1
+        return None
+
+    def _check_macro_definitions(self, definitions):
+        """Ensures that every element of 'definitions' is a valid macro
+        definition, ie. either (name,value) 2-tuple or a (name,) tuple.  Do
+        nothing if all definitions are OK, raise TypeError otherwise.
+        """
+        for defn in definitions:
+            if not (
+                isinstance(defn, tuple)
+                and (
+                    len(defn) in (1, 2)
+                    and (isinstance(defn[1], str) or defn[1] is None)
+                )
+                and isinstance(defn[0], str)
+            ):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    ("invalid macro definition '%s': " % defn)
+                    + "must be tuple (string,), (string, string), or "
+                    + "(string, None)"
+                )
+
+    # -- Bookkeeping methods -------------------------------------------
+
+    def define_macro(self, name, value=None):
+        """Define a preprocessor macro for all compilations driven by this
+        compiler object.  The optional parameter 'value' should be a
+        string; if it is not supplied, then the macro will be defined
+        without an explicit value and the exact outcome depends on the
+        compiler used (XXX true? does ANSI say anything about this?)
+        """
+        # Delete from the list of macro definitions/undefinitions if
+        # already there (so that this one will take precedence).
+        i = self._find_macro(name)
+        if i is not None:
+            del self.macros[i]
+
+        self.macros.append((name, value))
+
+    def undefine_macro(self, name):
+        """Undefine a preprocessor macro for all compilations driven by
+        this compiler object.  If the same macro is defined by
+        'define_macro()' and undefined by 'undefine_macro()' the last call
+        takes precedence (including multiple redefinitions or
+        undefinitions).  If the macro is redefined/undefined on a
+        per-compilation basis (ie. in the call to 'compile()'), then that
+        takes precedence.
+        """
+        # Delete from the list of macro definitions/undefinitions if
+        # already there (so that this one will take precedence).
+        i = self._find_macro(name)
+        if i is not None:
+            del self.macros[i]
+
+        undefn = (name,)
+        self.macros.append(undefn)
+
+    def add_include_dir(self, dir):
+        """Add 'dir' to the list of directories that will be searched for
+        header files.  The compiler is instructed to search directories in
+        the order in which they are supplied by successive calls to
+        'add_include_dir()'.
+        """
+        self.include_dirs.append(dir)
+
+    def set_include_dirs(self, dirs):
+        """Set the list of directories that will be searched to 'dirs' (a
+        list of strings).  Overrides any preceding calls to
+        'add_include_dir()'; subsequence calls to 'add_include_dir()' add
+        to the list passed to 'set_include_dirs()'.  This does not affect
+        any list of standard include directories that the compiler may
+        search by default.
+        """
+        self.include_dirs = dirs[:]
+
+    def add_library(self, libname):
+        """Add 'libname' to the list of libraries that will be included in
+        all links driven by this compiler object.  Note that 'libname'
+        should *not* be the name of a file containing a library, but the
+        name of the library itself: the actual filename will be inferred by
+        the linker, the compiler, or the compiler class (depending on the
+        platform).
+
+        The linker will be instructed to link against libraries in the
+        order they were supplied to 'add_library()' and/or
+        'set_libraries()'.  It is perfectly valid to duplicate library
+        names; the linker will be instructed to link against libraries as
+        many times as they are mentioned.
+        """
+        self.libraries.append(libname)
+
+    def set_libraries(self, libnames):
+        """Set the list of libraries to be included in all links driven by
+        this compiler object to 'libnames' (a list of strings).  This does
+        not affect any standard system libraries that the linker may
+        include by default.
+        """
+        self.libraries = libnames[:]
+
+    def add_library_dir(self, dir):
+        """Add 'dir' to the list of directories that will be searched for
+        libraries specified to 'add_library()' and 'set_libraries()'.  The
+        linker will be instructed to search for libraries in the order they
+        are supplied to 'add_library_dir()' and/or 'set_library_dirs()'.
+        """
+        self.library_dirs.append(dir)
+
+    def set_library_dirs(self, dirs):
+        """Set the list of library search directories to 'dirs' (a list of
+        strings).  This does not affect any standard library search path
+        that the linker may search by default.
+        """
+        self.library_dirs = dirs[:]
+
+    def add_runtime_library_dir(self, dir):
+        """Add 'dir' to the list of directories that will be searched for
+        shared libraries at runtime.
+        """
+        self.runtime_library_dirs.append(dir)
+
+    def set_runtime_library_dirs(self, dirs):
+        """Set the list of directories to search for shared libraries at
+        runtime to 'dirs' (a list of strings).  This does not affect any
+        standard search path that the runtime linker may search by
+        default.
+        """
+        self.runtime_library_dirs = dirs[:]
+
+    def add_link_object(self, object):
+        """Add 'object' to the list of object files (or analogues, such as
+        explicitly named library files or the output of "resource
+        compilers") to be included in every link driven by this compiler
+        object.
+        """
+        self.objects.append(object)
+
+    def set_link_objects(self, objects):
+        """Set the list of object files (or analogues) to be included in
+        every link to 'objects'.  This does not affect any standard object
+        files that the linker may include by default (such as system
+        libraries).
+        """
+        self.objects = objects[:]
+
+    # -- Private utility methods --------------------------------------
+    # (here for the convenience of subclasses)
+
+    # Helper method to prep compiler in subclass compile() methods
+
+    def _setup_compile(self, outdir, macros, incdirs, sources, depends, extra):
+        """Process arguments and decide which source files to compile."""
+        outdir, macros, incdirs = self._fix_compile_args(outdir, macros, incdirs)
+
+        if extra is None:
+            extra = []
+
+        # Get the list of expected output (object) files
+        objects = self.object_filenames(sources, strip_dir=0, output_dir=outdir)
+        assert len(objects) == len(sources)
+
+        pp_opts = gen_preprocess_options(macros, incdirs)
+
+        build = {}
+        for i in range(len(sources)):
+            src = sources[i]
+            obj = objects[i]
+            ext = os.path.splitext(src)[1]
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(obj))
+            build[obj] = (src, ext)
+
+        return macros, objects, extra, pp_opts, build
+
+    def _get_cc_args(self, pp_opts, debug, before):
+        # works for unixccompiler, cygwinccompiler
+        cc_args = pp_opts + ['-c']
+        if debug:
+            cc_args[:0] = ['-g']
+        if before:
+            cc_args[:0] = before
+        return cc_args
+
+    def _fix_compile_args(self, output_dir, macros, include_dirs):
+        """Typecheck and fix-up some of the arguments to the 'compile()'
+        method, and return fixed-up values.  Specifically: if 'output_dir'
+        is None, replaces it with 'self.output_dir'; ensures that 'macros'
+        is a list, and augments it with 'self.macros'; ensures that
+        'include_dirs' is a list, and augments it with 'self.include_dirs'.
+        Guarantees that the returned values are of the correct type,
+        i.e. for 'output_dir' either string or None, and for 'macros' and
+        'include_dirs' either list or None.
+        """
+        if output_dir is None:
+            output_dir = self.output_dir
+        elif not isinstance(output_dir, str):
+            raise TypeError("'output_dir' must be a string or None")
+
+        if macros is None:
+            macros = list(self.macros)
+        elif isinstance(macros, list):
+            macros = macros + (self.macros or [])
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("'macros' (if supplied) must be a list of tuples")
+
+        if include_dirs is None:
+            include_dirs = list(self.include_dirs)
+        elif isinstance(include_dirs, (list, tuple)):
+            include_dirs = list(include_dirs) + (self.include_dirs or [])
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("'include_dirs' (if supplied) must be a list of strings")
+
+        # add include dirs for class
+        include_dirs += self.__class__.include_dirs
+
+        return output_dir, macros, include_dirs
+
+    def _prep_compile(self, sources, output_dir, depends=None):
+        """Decide which source files must be recompiled.
+
+        Determine the list of object files corresponding to 'sources',
+        and figure out which ones really need to be recompiled.
+        Return a list of all object files and a dictionary telling
+        which source files can be skipped.
+        """
+        # Get the list of expected output (object) files
+        objects = self.object_filenames(sources, output_dir=output_dir)
+        assert len(objects) == len(sources)
+
+        # Return an empty dict for the "which source files can be skipped"
+        # return value to preserve API compatibility.
+        return objects, {}
+
+    def _fix_object_args(self, objects, output_dir):
+        """Typecheck and fix up some arguments supplied to various methods.
+        Specifically: ensure that 'objects' is a list; if output_dir is
+        None, replace with self.output_dir.  Return fixed versions of
+        'objects' and 'output_dir'.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(objects, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("'objects' must be a list or tuple of strings")
+        objects = list(objects)
+
+        if output_dir is None:
+            output_dir = self.output_dir
+        elif not isinstance(output_dir, str):
+            raise TypeError("'output_dir' must be a string or None")
+
+        return (objects, output_dir)
+
+    def _fix_lib_args(self, libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs):
+        """Typecheck and fix up some of the arguments supplied to the
+        'link_*' methods.  Specifically: ensure that all arguments are
+        lists, and augment them with their permanent versions
+        (eg. 'self.libraries' augments 'libraries').  Return a tuple with
+        fixed versions of all arguments.
+        """
+        if libraries is None:
+            libraries = list(self.libraries)
+        elif isinstance(libraries, (list, tuple)):
+            libraries = list(libraries) + (self.libraries or [])
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("'libraries' (if supplied) must be a list of strings")
+
+        if library_dirs is None:
+            library_dirs = list(self.library_dirs)
+        elif isinstance(library_dirs, (list, tuple)):
+            library_dirs = list(library_dirs) + (self.library_dirs or [])
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("'library_dirs' (if supplied) must be a list of strings")
+
+        # add library dirs for class
+        library_dirs += self.__class__.library_dirs
+
+        if runtime_library_dirs is None:
+            runtime_library_dirs = list(self.runtime_library_dirs)
+        elif isinstance(runtime_library_dirs, (list, tuple)):
+            runtime_library_dirs = list(runtime_library_dirs) + (
+                self.runtime_library_dirs or []
+            )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "'runtime_library_dirs' (if supplied) must be a list of strings"
+            )
+
+        return (libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs)
+
+    def _need_link(self, objects, output_file):
+        """Return true if we need to relink the files listed in 'objects'
+        to recreate 'output_file'.
+        """
+        if self.force:
+            return True
+        else:
+            if self.dry_run:
+                newer = newer_group(objects, output_file, missing='newer')
+            else:
+                newer = newer_group(objects, output_file)
+            return newer
+
+    def detect_language(self, sources):
+        """Detect the language of a given file, or list of files. Uses
+        language_map, and language_order to do the job.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(sources, list):
+            sources = [sources]
+        lang = None
+        index = len(self.language_order)
+        for source in sources:
+            base, ext = os.path.splitext(source)
+            extlang = self.language_map.get(ext)
+            try:
+                extindex = self.language_order.index(extlang)
+                if extindex < index:
+                    lang = extlang
+                    index = extindex
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        return lang
+
+    # -- Worker methods ------------------------------------------------
+    # (must be implemented by subclasses)
+
+    def preprocess(
+        self,
+        source,
+        output_file=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+    ):
+        """Preprocess a single C/C++ source file, named in 'source'.
+        Output will be written to file named 'output_file', or stdout if
+        'output_file' not supplied.  'macros' is a list of macro
+        definitions as for 'compile()', which will augment the macros set
+        with 'define_macro()' and 'undefine_macro()'.  'include_dirs' is a
+        list of directory names that will be added to the default list.
+
+        Raises PreprocessError on failure.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def compile(
+        self,
+        sources,
+        output_dir=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        depends=None,
+    ):
+        """Compile one or more source files.
+
+        'sources' must be a list of filenames, most likely C/C++
+        files, but in reality anything that can be handled by a
+        particular compiler and compiler class (eg. MSVCCompiler can
+        handle resource files in 'sources').  Return a list of object
+        filenames, one per source filename in 'sources'.  Depending on
+        the implementation, not all source files will necessarily be
+        compiled, but all corresponding object filenames will be
+        returned.
+
+        If 'output_dir' is given, object files will be put under it, while
+        retaining their original path component.  That is, "foo/bar.c"
+        normally compiles to "foo/bar.o" (for a Unix implementation); if
+        'output_dir' is "build", then it would compile to
+        "build/foo/bar.o".
+
+        'macros', if given, must be a list of macro definitions.  A macro
+        definition is either a (name, value) 2-tuple or a (name,) 1-tuple.
+        The former defines a macro; if the value is None, the macro is
+        defined without an explicit value.  The 1-tuple case undefines a
+        macro.  Later definitions/redefinitions/ undefinitions take
+        precedence.
+
+        'include_dirs', if given, must be a list of strings, the
+        directories to add to the default include file search path for this
+        compilation only.
+
+        'debug' is a boolean; if true, the compiler will be instructed to
+        output debug symbols in (or alongside) the object file(s).
+
+        'extra_preargs' and 'extra_postargs' are implementation- dependent.
+        On platforms that have the notion of a command-line (e.g. Unix,
+        DOS/Windows), they are most likely lists of strings: extra
+        command-line arguments to prepend/append to the compiler command
+        line.  On other platforms, consult the implementation class
+        documentation.  In any event, they are intended as an escape hatch
+        for those occasions when the abstract compiler framework doesn't
+        cut the mustard.
+
+        'depends', if given, is a list of filenames that all targets
+        depend on.  If a source file is older than any file in
+        depends, then the source file will be recompiled.  This
+        supports dependency tracking, but only at a coarse
+        granularity.
+
+        Raises CompileError on failure.
+        """
+        # A concrete compiler class can either override this method
+        # entirely or implement _compile().
+        macros, objects, extra_postargs, pp_opts, build = self._setup_compile(
+            output_dir, macros, include_dirs, sources, depends, extra_postargs
+        )
+        cc_args = self._get_cc_args(pp_opts, debug, extra_preargs)
+
+        for obj in objects:
+            try:
+                src, ext = build[obj]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            self._compile(obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts)
+
+        # Return *all* object filenames, not just the ones we just built.
+        return objects
+
+    def _compile(self, obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts):
+        """Compile 'src' to product 'obj'."""
+        # A concrete compiler class that does not override compile()
+        # should implement _compile().
+        pass
+
+    def create_static_lib(
+        self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, debug=0, target_lang=None
+    ):
+        """Link a bunch of stuff together to create a static library file.
+        The "bunch of stuff" consists of the list of object files supplied
+        as 'objects', the extra object files supplied to
+        'add_link_object()' and/or 'set_link_objects()', the libraries
+        supplied to 'add_library()' and/or 'set_libraries()', and the
+        libraries supplied as 'libraries' (if any).
+
+        'output_libname' should be a library name, not a filename; the
+        filename will be inferred from the library name.  'output_dir' is
+        the directory where the library file will be put.
+
+        'debug' is a boolean; if true, debugging information will be
+        included in the library (note that on most platforms, it is the
+        compile step where this matters: the 'debug' flag is included here
+        just for consistency).
+
+        'target_lang' is the target language for which the given objects
+        are being compiled. This allows specific linkage time treatment of
+        certain languages.
+
+        Raises LibError on failure.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    # values for target_desc parameter in link()
+    SHARED_OBJECT = "shared_object"
+    SHARED_LIBRARY = "shared_library"
+    EXECUTABLE = "executable"
+
+    def link(
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        """Link a bunch of stuff together to create an executable or
+        shared library file.
+
+        The "bunch of stuff" consists of the list of object files supplied
+        as 'objects'.  'output_filename' should be a filename.  If
+        'output_dir' is supplied, 'output_filename' is relative to it
+        (i.e. 'output_filename' can provide directory components if
+        needed).
+
+        'libraries' is a list of libraries to link against.  These are
+        library names, not filenames, since they're translated into
+        filenames in a platform-specific way (eg. "foo" becomes "libfoo.a"
+        on Unix and "foo.lib" on DOS/Windows).  However, they can include a
+        directory component, which means the linker will look in that
+        specific directory rather than searching all the normal locations.
+
+        'library_dirs', if supplied, should be a list of directories to
+        search for libraries that were specified as bare library names
+        (ie. no directory component).  These are on top of the system
+        default and those supplied to 'add_library_dir()' and/or
+        'set_library_dirs()'.  'runtime_library_dirs' is a list of
+        directories that will be embedded into the shared library and used
+        to search for other shared libraries that *it* depends on at
+        run-time.  (This may only be relevant on Unix.)
+
+        'export_symbols' is a list of symbols that the shared library will
+        export.  (This appears to be relevant only on Windows.)
+
+        'debug' is as for 'compile()' and 'create_static_lib()', with the
+        slight distinction that it actually matters on most platforms (as
+        opposed to 'create_static_lib()', which includes a 'debug' flag
+        mostly for form's sake).
+
+        'extra_preargs' and 'extra_postargs' are as for 'compile()' (except
+        of course that they supply command-line arguments for the
+        particular linker being used).
+
+        'target_lang' is the target language for which the given objects
+        are being compiled. This allows specific linkage time treatment of
+        certain languages.
+
+        Raises LinkError on failure.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    # Old 'link_*()' methods, rewritten to use the new 'link()' method.
+
+    def link_shared_lib(
+        self,
+        objects,
+        output_libname,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        self.link(
+            CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY,
+            objects,
+            self.library_filename(output_libname, lib_type='shared'),
+            output_dir,
+            libraries,
+            library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols,
+            debug,
+            extra_preargs,
+            extra_postargs,
+            build_temp,
+            target_lang,
+        )
+
+    def link_shared_object(
+        self,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        self.link(
+            CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT,
+            objects,
+            output_filename,
+            output_dir,
+            libraries,
+            library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols,
+            debug,
+            extra_preargs,
+            extra_postargs,
+            build_temp,
+            target_lang,
+        )
+
+    def link_executable(
+        self,
+        objects,
+        output_progname,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        self.link(
+            CCompiler.EXECUTABLE,
+            objects,
+            self.executable_filename(output_progname),
+            output_dir,
+            libraries,
+            library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs,
+            None,
+            debug,
+            extra_preargs,
+            extra_postargs,
+            None,
+            target_lang,
+        )
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+    # These are all used by the 'gen_lib_options() function; there is
+    # no appropriate default implementation so subclasses should
+    # implement all of these.
+
+    def library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        """Return the compiler option to add 'dir' to the list of
+        directories searched for libraries.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        """Return the compiler option to add 'dir' to the list of
+        directories searched for runtime libraries.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def library_option(self, lib):
+        """Return the compiler option to add 'lib' to the list of libraries
+        linked into the shared library or executable.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def has_function(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        funcname,
+        includes=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+    ):
+        """Return a boolean indicating whether funcname is provided as
+        a symbol on the current platform.  The optional arguments can
+        be used to augment the compilation environment.
+
+        The libraries argument is a list of flags to be passed to the
+        linker to make additional symbol definitions available for
+        linking.
+
+        The includes and include_dirs arguments are deprecated.
+        Usually, supplying include files with function declarations
+        will cause function detection to fail even in cases where the
+        symbol is available for linking.
+
+        """
+        # this can't be included at module scope because it tries to
+        # import math which might not be available at that point - maybe
+        # the necessary logic should just be inlined?
+        import tempfile
+
+        if includes is None:
+            includes = []
+        else:
+            warnings.warn("includes is deprecated", DeprecationWarning)
+        if include_dirs is None:
+            include_dirs = []
+        else:
+            warnings.warn("include_dirs is deprecated", DeprecationWarning)
+        if libraries is None:
+            libraries = []
+        if library_dirs is None:
+            library_dirs = []
+        fd, fname = tempfile.mkstemp(".c", funcname, text=True)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            for incl in includes:
+                f.write("""#include "%s"\n""" % incl)
+            if not includes:
+                # Use "char func(void);" as the prototype to follow
+                # what autoconf does.  This prototype does not match
+                # any well-known function the compiler might recognize
+                # as a builtin, so this ends up as a true link test.
+                # Without a fake prototype, the test would need to
+                # know the exact argument types, and the has_function
+                # interface does not provide that level of information.
+                f.write(
+                    """\
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+#endif
+char %s(void);
+"""
+                    % funcname
+                )
+            f.write(
+                """\
+int main (int argc, char **argv) {
+    %s();
+    return 0;
+}
+"""
+                % funcname
+            )
+
+        try:
+            objects = self.compile([fname], include_dirs=include_dirs)
+        except CompileError:
+            return False
+        finally:
+            os.remove(fname)
+
+        try:
+            self.link_executable(
+                objects, "a.out", libraries=libraries, library_dirs=library_dirs
+            )
+        except (LinkError, TypeError):
+            return False
+        else:
+            os.remove(
+                self.executable_filename("a.out", output_dir=self.output_dir or '')
+            )
+        finally:
+            for fn in objects:
+                os.remove(fn)
+        return True
+
+    def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
+        """Search the specified list of directories for a static or shared
+        library file 'lib' and return the full path to that file.  If
+        'debug' true, look for a debugging version (if that makes sense on
+        the current platform).  Return None if 'lib' wasn't found in any of
+        the specified directories.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    # -- Filename generation methods -----------------------------------
+
+    # The default implementation of the filename generating methods are
+    # prejudiced towards the Unix/DOS/Windows view of the world:
+    #   * object files are named by replacing the source file extension
+    #     (eg. .c/.cpp -> .o/.obj)
+    #   * library files (shared or static) are named by plugging the
+    #     library name and extension into a format string, eg.
+    #     "lib%s.%s" % (lib_name, ".a") for Unix static libraries
+    #   * executables are named by appending an extension (possibly
+    #     empty) to the program name: eg. progname + ".exe" for
+    #     Windows
+    #
+    # To reduce redundant code, these methods expect to find
+    # several attributes in the current object (presumably defined
+    # as class attributes):
+    #   * src_extensions -
+    #     list of C/C++ source file extensions, eg. ['.c', '.cpp']
+    #   * obj_extension -
+    #     object file extension, eg. '.o' or '.obj'
+    #   * static_lib_extension -
+    #     extension for static library files, eg. '.a' or '.lib'
+    #   * shared_lib_extension -
+    #     extension for shared library/object files, eg. '.so', '.dll'
+    #   * static_lib_format -
+    #     format string for generating static library filenames,
+    #     eg. 'lib%s.%s' or '%s.%s'
+    #   * shared_lib_format
+    #     format string for generating shared library filenames
+    #     (probably same as static_lib_format, since the extension
+    #     is one of the intended parameters to the format string)
+    #   * exe_extension -
+    #     extension for executable files, eg. '' or '.exe'
+
+    def object_filenames(self, source_filenames, strip_dir=0, output_dir=''):
+        if output_dir is None:
+            output_dir = ''
+        return list(
+            self._make_out_path(output_dir, strip_dir, src_name)
+            for src_name in source_filenames
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def out_extensions(self):
+        return dict.fromkeys(self.src_extensions, self.obj_extension)
+
+    def _make_out_path(self, output_dir, strip_dir, src_name):
+        base, ext = os.path.splitext(src_name)
+        base = self._make_relative(base)
+        try:
+            new_ext = self.out_extensions[ext]
+        except LookupError:
+            raise UnknownFileError(f"unknown file type '{ext}' (from '{src_name}')")
+        if strip_dir:
+            base = os.path.basename(base)
+        return os.path.join(output_dir, base + new_ext)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_relative(base):
+        """
+        In order to ensure that a filename always honors the
+        indicated output_dir, make sure it's relative.
+        Ref python/cpython#37775.
+        """
+        # Chop off the drive
+        no_drive = os.path.splitdrive(base)[1]
+        # If abs, chop off leading /
+        return no_drive[os.path.isabs(no_drive) :]
+
+    def shared_object_filename(self, basename, strip_dir=0, output_dir=''):
+        assert output_dir is not None
+        if strip_dir:
+            basename = os.path.basename(basename)
+        return os.path.join(output_dir, basename + self.shared_lib_extension)
+
+    def executable_filename(self, basename, strip_dir=0, output_dir=''):
+        assert output_dir is not None
+        if strip_dir:
+            basename = os.path.basename(basename)
+        return os.path.join(output_dir, basename + (self.exe_extension or ''))
+
+    def library_filename(
+        self,
+        libname,
+        lib_type='static',
+        strip_dir=0,
+        output_dir='',  # or 'shared'
+    ):
+        assert output_dir is not None
+        expected = '"static", "shared", "dylib", "xcode_stub"'
+        if lib_type not in eval(expected):
+            raise ValueError(f"'lib_type' must be {expected}")
+        fmt = getattr(self, lib_type + "_lib_format")
+        ext = getattr(self, lib_type + "_lib_extension")
+
+        dir, base = os.path.split(libname)
+        filename = fmt % (base, ext)
+        if strip_dir:
+            dir = ''
+
+        return os.path.join(output_dir, dir, filename)
+
+    # -- Utility methods -----------------------------------------------
+
+    def announce(self, msg, level=1):
+        log.debug(msg)
+
+    def debug_print(self, msg):
+        from distutils.debug import DEBUG
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            print(msg)
+
+    def warn(self, msg):
+        sys.stderr.write("warning: %s\n" % msg)
+
+    def execute(self, func, args, msg=None, level=1):
+        execute(func, args, msg, self.dry_run)
+
+    def spawn(self, cmd, **kwargs):
+        spawn(cmd, dry_run=self.dry_run, **kwargs)
+
+    def move_file(self, src, dst):
+        return move_file(src, dst, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+    def mkpath(self, name, mode=0o777):
+        mkpath(name, mode, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+
+# Map a sys.platform/os.name ('posix', 'nt') to the default compiler
+# type for that platform. Keys are interpreted as re match
+# patterns. Order is important; platform mappings are preferred over
+# OS names.
+_default_compilers = (
+    # Platform string mappings
+    # on a cygwin built python we can use gcc like an ordinary UNIXish
+    # compiler
+    ('cygwin.*', 'unix'),
+    ('zos', 'zos'),
+    # OS name mappings
+    ('posix', 'unix'),
+    ('nt', 'msvc'),
+)
+
+
+def get_default_compiler(osname=None, platform=None):
+    """Determine the default compiler to use for the given platform.
+
+    osname should be one of the standard Python OS names (i.e. the
+    ones returned by os.name) and platform the common value
+    returned by sys.platform for the platform in question.
+
+    The default values are os.name and sys.platform in case the
+    parameters are not given.
+    """
+    if osname is None:
+        osname = os.name
+    if platform is None:
+        platform = sys.platform
+    for pattern, compiler in _default_compilers:
+        if (
+            re.match(pattern, platform) is not None
+            or re.match(pattern, osname) is not None
+        ):
+            return compiler
+    # Default to Unix compiler
+    return 'unix'
+
+
+# Map compiler types to (module_name, class_name) pairs -- ie. where to
+# find the code that implements an interface to this compiler.  (The module
+# is assumed to be in the 'distutils' package.)
+compiler_class = {
+    'unix': ('unixccompiler', 'UnixCCompiler', "standard UNIX-style compiler"),
+    'msvc': ('_msvccompiler', 'MSVCCompiler', "Microsoft Visual C++"),
+    'cygwin': (
+        'cygwinccompiler',
+        'CygwinCCompiler',
+        "Cygwin port of GNU C Compiler for Win32",
+    ),
+    'mingw32': (
+        'cygwinccompiler',
+        'Mingw32CCompiler',
+        "Mingw32 port of GNU C Compiler for Win32",
+    ),
+    'bcpp': ('bcppcompiler', 'BCPPCompiler', "Borland C++ Compiler"),
+    'zos': ('zosccompiler', 'zOSCCompiler', 'IBM XL C/C++ Compilers'),
+}
+
+
+def show_compilers():
+    """Print list of available compilers (used by the "--help-compiler"
+    options to "build", "build_ext", "build_clib").
+    """
+    # XXX this "knows" that the compiler option it's describing is
+    # "--compiler", which just happens to be the case for the three
+    # commands that use it.
+    from distutils.fancy_getopt import FancyGetopt
+
+    compilers = []
+    for compiler in compiler_class.keys():
+        compilers.append(("compiler=" + compiler, None, compiler_class[compiler][2]))
+    compilers.sort()
+    pretty_printer = FancyGetopt(compilers)
+    pretty_printer.print_help("List of available compilers:")
+
+
+def new_compiler(plat=None, compiler=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+    """Generate an instance of some CCompiler subclass for the supplied
+    platform/compiler combination.  'plat' defaults to 'os.name'
+    (eg. 'posix', 'nt'), and 'compiler' defaults to the default compiler
+    for that platform.  Currently only 'posix' and 'nt' are supported, and
+    the default compilers are "traditional Unix interface" (UnixCCompiler
+    class) and Visual C++ (MSVCCompiler class).  Note that it's perfectly
+    possible to ask for a Unix compiler object under Windows, and a
+    Microsoft compiler object under Unix -- if you supply a value for
+    'compiler', 'plat' is ignored.
+    """
+    if plat is None:
+        plat = os.name
+
+    try:
+        if compiler is None:
+            compiler = get_default_compiler(plat)
+
+        (module_name, class_name, long_description) = compiler_class[compiler]
+    except KeyError:
+        msg = "don't know how to compile C/C++ code on platform '%s'" % plat
+        if compiler is not None:
+            msg = msg + " with '%s' compiler" % compiler
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(msg)
+
+    try:
+        module_name = "distutils." + module_name
+        __import__(module_name)
+        module = sys.modules[module_name]
+        klass = vars(module)[class_name]
+    except ImportError:
+        raise DistutilsModuleError(
+            "can't compile C/C++ code: unable to load module '%s'" % module_name
+        )
+    except KeyError:
+        raise DistutilsModuleError(
+            f"can't compile C/C++ code: unable to find class '{class_name}' "
+            f"in module '{module_name}'"
+        )
+
+    # XXX The None is necessary to preserve backwards compatibility
+    # with classes that expect verbose to be the first positional
+    # argument.
+    return klass(None, dry_run, force)
+
+
+def gen_preprocess_options(macros, include_dirs):
+    """Generate C pre-processor options (-D, -U, -I) as used by at least
+    two types of compilers: the typical Unix compiler and Visual C++.
+    'macros' is the usual thing, a list of 1- or 2-tuples, where (name,)
+    means undefine (-U) macro 'name', and (name,value) means define (-D)
+    macro 'name' to 'value'.  'include_dirs' is just a list of directory
+    names to be added to the header file search path (-I).  Returns a list
+    of command-line options suitable for either Unix compilers or Visual
+    C++.
+    """
+    # XXX it would be nice (mainly aesthetic, and so we don't generate
+    # stupid-looking command lines) to go over 'macros' and eliminate
+    # redundant definitions/undefinitions (ie. ensure that only the
+    # latest mention of a particular macro winds up on the command
+    # line).  I don't think it's essential, though, since most (all?)
+    # Unix C compilers only pay attention to the latest -D or -U
+    # mention of a macro on their command line.  Similar situation for
+    # 'include_dirs'.  I'm punting on both for now.  Anyways, weeding out
+    # redundancies like this should probably be the province of
+    # CCompiler, since the data structures used are inherited from it
+    # and therefore common to all CCompiler classes.
+    pp_opts = []
+    for macro in macros:
+        if not (isinstance(macro, tuple) and 1 <= len(macro) <= 2):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "bad macro definition '%s': "
+                "each element of 'macros' list must be a 1- or 2-tuple" % macro
+            )
+
+        if len(macro) == 1:  # undefine this macro
+            pp_opts.append("-U%s" % macro[0])
+        elif len(macro) == 2:
+            if macro[1] is None:  # define with no explicit value
+                pp_opts.append("-D%s" % macro[0])
+            else:
+                # XXX *don't* need to be clever about quoting the
+                # macro value here, because we're going to avoid the
+                # shell at all costs when we spawn the command!
+                pp_opts.append("-D{}={}".format(*macro))
+
+    for dir in include_dirs:
+        pp_opts.append("-I%s" % dir)
+    return pp_opts
+
+
+def gen_lib_options(compiler, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs, libraries):
+    """Generate linker options for searching library directories and
+    linking with specific libraries.  'libraries' and 'library_dirs' are,
+    respectively, lists of library names (not filenames!) and search
+    directories.  Returns a list of command-line options suitable for use
+    with some compiler (depending on the two format strings passed in).
+    """
+    lib_opts = []
+
+    for dir in library_dirs:
+        lib_opts.append(compiler.library_dir_option(dir))
+
+    for dir in runtime_library_dirs:
+        lib_opts.extend(always_iterable(compiler.runtime_library_dir_option(dir)))
+
+    # XXX it's important that we *not* remove redundant library mentions!
+    # sometimes you really do have to say "-lfoo -lbar -lfoo" in order to
+    # resolve all symbols.  I just hope we never have to say "-lfoo obj.o
+    # -lbar" to get things to work -- that's certainly a possibility, but a
+    # pretty nasty way to arrange your C code.
+
+    for lib in libraries:
+        (lib_dir, lib_name) = os.path.split(lib)
+        if lib_dir:
+            lib_file = compiler.find_library_file([lib_dir], lib_name)
+            if lib_file:
+                lib_opts.append(lib_file)
+            else:
+                compiler.warn(
+                    "no library file corresponding to '%s' found (skipping)" % lib
+                )
+        else:
+            lib_opts.append(compiler.library_option(lib))
+    return lib_opts
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/cmd.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/cmd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02dbf165f5c08aedd213e8a82ed3204961266324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/cmd.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+"""distutils.cmd
+
+Provides the Command class, the base class for the command classes
+in the distutils.command package.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import _modified, archive_util, dir_util, file_util, util
+from ._log import log
+from .errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+
+class Command:
+    """Abstract base class for defining command classes, the "worker bees"
+    of the Distutils.  A useful analogy for command classes is to think of
+    them as subroutines with local variables called "options".  The options
+    are "declared" in 'initialize_options()' and "defined" (given their
+    final values, aka "finalized") in 'finalize_options()', both of which
+    must be defined by every command class.  The distinction between the
+    two is necessary because option values might come from the outside
+    world (command line, config file, ...), and any options dependent on
+    other options must be computed *after* these outside influences have
+    been processed -- hence 'finalize_options()'.  The "body" of the
+    subroutine, where it does all its work based on the values of its
+    options, is the 'run()' method, which must also be implemented by every
+    command class.
+    """
+
+    # 'sub_commands' formalizes the notion of a "family" of commands,
+    # eg. "install" as the parent with sub-commands "install_lib",
+    # "install_headers", etc.  The parent of a family of commands
+    # defines 'sub_commands' as a class attribute; it's a list of
+    #    (command_name : string, predicate : unbound_method | string | None)
+    # tuples, where 'predicate' is a method of the parent command that
+    # determines whether the corresponding command is applicable in the
+    # current situation.  (Eg. we "install_headers" is only applicable if
+    # we have any C header files to install.)  If 'predicate' is None,
+    # that command is always applicable.
+    #
+    # 'sub_commands' is usually defined at the *end* of a class, because
+    # predicates can be unbound methods, so they must already have been
+    # defined.  The canonical example is the "install" command.
+    sub_commands = []
+
+    # -- Creation/initialization methods -------------------------------
+
+    def __init__(self, dist):
+        """Create and initialize a new Command object.  Most importantly,
+        invokes the 'initialize_options()' method, which is the real
+        initializer and depends on the actual command being
+        instantiated.
+        """
+        # late import because of mutual dependence between these classes
+        from distutils.dist import Distribution
+
+        if not isinstance(dist, Distribution):
+            raise TypeError("dist must be a Distribution instance")
+        if self.__class__ is Command:
+            raise RuntimeError("Command is an abstract class")
+
+        self.distribution = dist
+        self.initialize_options()
+
+        # Per-command versions of the global flags, so that the user can
+        # customize Distutils' behaviour command-by-command and let some
+        # commands fall back on the Distribution's behaviour.  None means
+        # "not defined, check self.distribution's copy", while 0 or 1 mean
+        # false and true (duh).  Note that this means figuring out the real
+        # value of each flag is a touch complicated -- hence "self._dry_run"
+        # will be handled by __getattr__, below.
+        # XXX This needs to be fixed.
+        self._dry_run = None
+
+        # verbose is largely ignored, but needs to be set for
+        # backwards compatibility (I think)?
+        self.verbose = dist.verbose
+
+        # Some commands define a 'self.force' option to ignore file
+        # timestamps, but methods defined *here* assume that
+        # 'self.force' exists for all commands.  So define it here
+        # just to be safe.
+        self.force = None
+
+        # The 'help' flag is just used for command-line parsing, so
+        # none of that complicated bureaucracy is needed.
+        self.help = 0
+
+        # 'finalized' records whether or not 'finalize_options()' has been
+        # called.  'finalize_options()' itself should not pay attention to
+        # this flag: it is the business of 'ensure_finalized()', which
+        # always calls 'finalize_options()', to respect/update it.
+        self.finalized = 0
+
+    # XXX A more explicit way to customize dry_run would be better.
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        if attr == 'dry_run':
+            myval = getattr(self, "_" + attr)
+            if myval is None:
+                return getattr(self.distribution, attr)
+            else:
+                return myval
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+
+    def ensure_finalized(self):
+        if not self.finalized:
+            self.finalize_options()
+        self.finalized = 1
+
+    # Subclasses must define:
+    #   initialize_options()
+    #     provide default values for all options; may be customized by
+    #     setup script, by options from config file(s), or by command-line
+    #     options
+    #   finalize_options()
+    #     decide on the final values for all options; this is called
+    #     after all possible intervention from the outside world
+    #     (command-line, option file, etc.) has been processed
+    #   run()
+    #     run the command: do whatever it is we're here to do,
+    #     controlled by the command's various option values
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        """Set default values for all the options that this command
+        supports.  Note that these defaults may be overridden by other
+        commands, by the setup script, by config files, or by the
+        command-line.  Thus, this is not the place to code dependencies
+        between options; generally, 'initialize_options()' implementations
+        are just a bunch of "self.foo = None" assignments.
+
+        This method must be implemented by all command classes.
+        """
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "abstract method -- subclass %s must override" % self.__class__
+        )
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        """Set final values for all the options that this command supports.
+        This is always called as late as possible, ie.  after any option
+        assignments from the command-line or from other commands have been
+        done.  Thus, this is the place to code option dependencies: if
+        'foo' depends on 'bar', then it is safe to set 'foo' from 'bar' as
+        long as 'foo' still has the same value it was assigned in
+        'initialize_options()'.
+
+        This method must be implemented by all command classes.
+        """
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "abstract method -- subclass %s must override" % self.__class__
+        )
+
+    def dump_options(self, header=None, indent=""):
+        from distutils.fancy_getopt import longopt_xlate
+
+        if header is None:
+            header = "command options for '%s':" % self.get_command_name()
+        self.announce(indent + header, level=logging.INFO)
+        indent = indent + "  "
+        for option, _, _ in self.user_options:
+            option = option.translate(longopt_xlate)
+            if option[-1] == "=":
+                option = option[:-1]
+            value = getattr(self, option)
+            self.announce(indent + f"{option} = {value}", level=logging.INFO)
+
+    def run(self):
+        """A command's raison d'etre: carry out the action it exists to
+        perform, controlled by the options initialized in
+        'initialize_options()', customized by other commands, the setup
+        script, the command-line, and config files, and finalized in
+        'finalize_options()'.  All terminal output and filesystem
+        interaction should be done by 'run()'.
+
+        This method must be implemented by all command classes.
+        """
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "abstract method -- subclass %s must override" % self.__class__
+        )
+
+    def announce(self, msg, level=logging.DEBUG):
+        log.log(level, msg)
+
+    def debug_print(self, msg):
+        """Print 'msg' to stdout if the global DEBUG (taken from the
+        DISTUTILS_DEBUG environment variable) flag is true.
+        """
+        from distutils.debug import DEBUG
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            print(msg)
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    # -- Option validation methods -------------------------------------
+    # (these are very handy in writing the 'finalize_options()' method)
+    #
+    # NB. the general philosophy here is to ensure that a particular option
+    # value meets certain type and value constraints.  If not, we try to
+    # force it into conformance (eg. if we expect a list but have a string,
+    # split the string on comma and/or whitespace).  If we can't force the
+    # option into conformance, raise DistutilsOptionError.  Thus, command
+    # classes need do nothing more than (eg.)
+    #   self.ensure_string_list('foo')
+    # and they can be guaranteed that thereafter, self.foo will be
+    # a list of strings.
+
+    def _ensure_stringlike(self, option, what, default=None):
+        val = getattr(self, option)
+        if val is None:
+            setattr(self, option, default)
+            return default
+        elif not isinstance(val, str):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(f"'{option}' must be a {what} (got `{val}`)")
+        return val
+
+    def ensure_string(self, option, default=None):
+        """Ensure that 'option' is a string; if not defined, set it to
+        'default'.
+        """
+        self._ensure_stringlike(option, "string", default)
+
+    def ensure_string_list(self, option):
+        r"""Ensure that 'option' is a list of strings.  If 'option' is
+        currently a string, we split it either on /,\s*/ or /\s+/, so
+        "foo bar baz", "foo,bar,baz", and "foo,   bar baz" all become
+        ["foo", "bar", "baz"].
+        """
+        val = getattr(self, option)
+        if val is None:
+            return
+        elif isinstance(val, str):
+            setattr(self, option, re.split(r',\s*|\s+', val))
+        else:
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                ok = all(isinstance(v, str) for v in val)
+            else:
+                ok = False
+            if not ok:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                    f"'{option}' must be a list of strings (got {val!r})"
+                )
+
+    def _ensure_tested_string(self, option, tester, what, error_fmt, default=None):
+        val = self._ensure_stringlike(option, what, default)
+        if val is not None and not tester(val):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                ("error in '%s' option: " + error_fmt) % (option, val)
+            )
+
+    def ensure_filename(self, option):
+        """Ensure that 'option' is the name of an existing file."""
+        self._ensure_tested_string(
+            option, os.path.isfile, "filename", "'%s' does not exist or is not a file"
+        )
+
+    def ensure_dirname(self, option):
+        self._ensure_tested_string(
+            option,
+            os.path.isdir,
+            "directory name",
+            "'%s' does not exist or is not a directory",
+        )
+
+    # -- Convenience methods for commands ------------------------------
+
+    def get_command_name(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'command_name'):
+            return self.command_name
+        else:
+            return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def set_undefined_options(self, src_cmd, *option_pairs):
+        """Set the values of any "undefined" options from corresponding
+        option values in some other command object.  "Undefined" here means
+        "is None", which is the convention used to indicate that an option
+        has not been changed between 'initialize_options()' and
+        'finalize_options()'.  Usually called from 'finalize_options()' for
+        options that depend on some other command rather than another
+        option of the same command.  'src_cmd' is the other command from
+        which option values will be taken (a command object will be created
+        for it if necessary); the remaining arguments are
+        '(src_option,dst_option)' tuples which mean "take the value of
+        'src_option' in the 'src_cmd' command object, and copy it to
+        'dst_option' in the current command object".
+        """
+        # Option_pairs: list of (src_option, dst_option) tuples
+        src_cmd_obj = self.distribution.get_command_obj(src_cmd)
+        src_cmd_obj.ensure_finalized()
+        for src_option, dst_option in option_pairs:
+            if getattr(self, dst_option) is None:
+                setattr(self, dst_option, getattr(src_cmd_obj, src_option))
+
+    def get_finalized_command(self, command, create=1):
+        """Wrapper around Distribution's 'get_command_obj()' method: find
+        (create if necessary and 'create' is true) the command object for
+        'command', call its 'ensure_finalized()' method, and return the
+        finalized command object.
+        """
+        cmd_obj = self.distribution.get_command_obj(command, create)
+        cmd_obj.ensure_finalized()
+        return cmd_obj
+
+    # XXX rename to 'get_reinitialized_command()'? (should do the
+    # same in dist.py, if so)
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0):
+        return self.distribution.reinitialize_command(command, reinit_subcommands)
+
+    def run_command(self, command):
+        """Run some other command: uses the 'run_command()' method of
+        Distribution, which creates and finalizes the command object if
+        necessary and then invokes its 'run()' method.
+        """
+        self.distribution.run_command(command)
+
+    def get_sub_commands(self):
+        """Determine the sub-commands that are relevant in the current
+        distribution (ie., that need to be run).  This is based on the
+        'sub_commands' class attribute: each tuple in that list may include
+        a method that we call to determine if the subcommand needs to be
+        run for the current distribution.  Return a list of command names.
+        """
+        commands = []
+        for cmd_name, method in self.sub_commands:
+            if method is None or method(self):
+                commands.append(cmd_name)
+        return commands
+
+    # -- External world manipulation -----------------------------------
+
+    def warn(self, msg):
+        log.warning("warning: %s: %s\n", self.get_command_name(), msg)
+
+    def execute(self, func, args, msg=None, level=1):
+        util.execute(func, args, msg, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+    def mkpath(self, name, mode=0o777):
+        dir_util.mkpath(name, mode, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+    def copy_file(
+        self, infile, outfile, preserve_mode=1, preserve_times=1, link=None, level=1
+    ):
+        """Copy a file respecting verbose, dry-run and force flags.  (The
+        former two default to whatever is in the Distribution object, and
+        the latter defaults to false for commands that don't define it.)"""
+        return file_util.copy_file(
+            infile,
+            outfile,
+            preserve_mode,
+            preserve_times,
+            not self.force,
+            link,
+            dry_run=self.dry_run,
+        )
+
+    def copy_tree(
+        self,
+        infile,
+        outfile,
+        preserve_mode=1,
+        preserve_times=1,
+        preserve_symlinks=0,
+        level=1,
+    ):
+        """Copy an entire directory tree respecting verbose, dry-run,
+        and force flags.
+        """
+        return dir_util.copy_tree(
+            infile,
+            outfile,
+            preserve_mode,
+            preserve_times,
+            preserve_symlinks,
+            not self.force,
+            dry_run=self.dry_run,
+        )
+
+    def move_file(self, src, dst, level=1):
+        """Move a file respecting dry-run flag."""
+        return file_util.move_file(src, dst, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+    def spawn(self, cmd, search_path=1, level=1):
+        """Spawn an external command respecting dry-run flag."""
+        from distutils.spawn import spawn
+
+        spawn(cmd, search_path, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+    def make_archive(
+        self, base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, owner=None, group=None
+    ):
+        return archive_util.make_archive(
+            base_name,
+            format,
+            root_dir,
+            base_dir,
+            dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            owner=owner,
+            group=group,
+        )
+
+    def make_file(
+        self, infiles, outfile, func, args, exec_msg=None, skip_msg=None, level=1
+    ):
+        """Special case of 'execute()' for operations that process one or
+        more input files and generate one output file.  Works just like
+        'execute()', except the operation is skipped and a different
+        message printed if 'outfile' already exists and is newer than all
+        files listed in 'infiles'.  If the command defined 'self.force',
+        and it is true, then the command is unconditionally run -- does no
+        timestamp checks.
+        """
+        if skip_msg is None:
+            skip_msg = "skipping %s (inputs unchanged)" % outfile
+
+        # Allow 'infiles' to be a single string
+        if isinstance(infiles, str):
+            infiles = (infiles,)
+        elif not isinstance(infiles, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("'infiles' must be a string, or a list or tuple of strings")
+
+        if exec_msg is None:
+            exec_msg = "generating {} from {}".format(outfile, ', '.join(infiles))
+
+        # If 'outfile' must be regenerated (either because it doesn't
+        # exist, is out-of-date, or the 'force' flag is true) then
+        # perform the action that presumably regenerates it
+        if self.force or _modified.newer_group(infiles, outfile):
+            self.execute(func, args, exec_msg, level)
+        # Otherwise, print the "skip" message
+        else:
+            log.debug(skip_msg)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..028dcfa0fc4b3a07307989c40389b2042ceafc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""distutils.command
+
+Package containing implementation of all the standard Distutils
+commands."""
+
+__all__ = [  # noqa: F822
+    'build',
+    'build_py',
+    'build_ext',
+    'build_clib',
+    'build_scripts',
+    'clean',
+    'install',
+    'install_lib',
+    'install_headers',
+    'install_scripts',
+    'install_data',
+    'sdist',
+    'register',
+    'bdist',
+    'bdist_dumb',
+    'bdist_rpm',
+    'check',
+    'upload',
+]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/_framework_compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/_framework_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00d34bc7d8c85126dbae716ebfa48e35b0833222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/_framework_compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""
+Backward compatibility for homebrew builds on macOS.
+"""
+
+import functools
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def enabled():
+    """
+    Only enabled for Python 3.9 framework homebrew builds
+    except ensurepip and venv.
+    """
+    PY39 = (3, 9) < sys.version_info < (3, 10)
+    framework = sys.platform == 'darwin' and sys._framework
+    homebrew = "Cellar" in sysconfig.get_config_var('projectbase')
+    venv = sys.prefix != sys.base_prefix
+    ensurepip = os.environ.get("ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS")
+    return PY39 and framework and homebrew and not venv and not ensurepip
+
+
+schemes = dict(
+    osx_framework_library=dict(
+        stdlib='{installed_base}/{platlibdir}/python{py_version_short}',
+        platstdlib='{platbase}/{platlibdir}/python{py_version_short}',
+        purelib='{homebrew_prefix}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages',
+        platlib='{homebrew_prefix}/{platlibdir}/python{py_version_short}/site-packages',
+        include='{installed_base}/include/python{py_version_short}{abiflags}',
+        platinclude='{installed_platbase}/include/python{py_version_short}{abiflags}',
+        scripts='{homebrew_prefix}/bin',
+        data='{homebrew_prefix}',
+    )
+)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def vars():
+    if not enabled():
+        return {}
+    homebrew_prefix = subprocess.check_output(['brew', '--prefix'], text=True).strip()
+    return locals()
+
+
+def scheme(name):
+    """
+    Override the selected scheme for posix_prefix.
+    """
+    if not enabled() or not name.endswith('_prefix'):
+        return name
+    return 'osx_framework_library'
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ade98445bacc477676db28da83e5e41314d0b7a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+"""distutils.command.bdist
+
+Implements the Distutils 'bdist' command (create a built [binary]
+distribution)."""
+
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsOptionError, DistutilsPlatformError
+from ..util import get_platform
+
+
+def show_formats():
+    """Print list of available formats (arguments to "--format" option)."""
+    from ..fancy_getopt import FancyGetopt
+
+    formats = []
+    for format in bdist.format_commands:
+        formats.append(("formats=" + format, None, bdist.format_commands[format][1]))
+    pretty_printer = FancyGetopt(formats)
+    pretty_printer.print_help("List of available distribution formats:")
+
+
+class ListCompat(dict):
+    # adapter to allow for Setuptools compatibility in format_commands
+    def append(self, item):
+        warnings.warn(
+            """format_commands is now a dict. append is deprecated.""",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+
+class bdist(Command):
+    description = "create a built (binary) distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-base=', 'b', "temporary directory for creating built distributions"),
+        (
+            'plat-name=',
+            'p',
+            "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+            "(default: %s)" % get_platform(),
+        ),
+        ('formats=', None, "formats for distribution (comma-separated list)"),
+        (
+            'dist-dir=',
+            'd',
+            "directory to put final built distributions in [default: dist]",
+        ),
+        ('skip-build', None, "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+        (
+            'owner=',
+            'u',
+            "Owner name used when creating a tar file [default: current user]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'group=',
+            'g',
+            "Group name used when creating a tar file [default: current group]",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['skip-build']
+
+    help_options = [
+        ('help-formats', None, "lists available distribution formats", show_formats),
+    ]
+
+    # The following commands do not take a format option from bdist
+    no_format_option = ('bdist_rpm',)
+
+    # This won't do in reality: will need to distinguish RPM-ish Linux,
+    # Debian-ish Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, ..., Windows, Mac OS.
+    default_format = {'posix': 'gztar', 'nt': 'zip'}
+
+    # Define commands in preferred order for the --help-formats option
+    format_commands = ListCompat({
+        'rpm': ('bdist_rpm', "RPM distribution"),
+        'gztar': ('bdist_dumb', "gzip'ed tar file"),
+        'bztar': ('bdist_dumb', "bzip2'ed tar file"),
+        'xztar': ('bdist_dumb', "xz'ed tar file"),
+        'ztar': ('bdist_dumb', "compressed tar file"),
+        'tar': ('bdist_dumb', "tar file"),
+        'zip': ('bdist_dumb', "ZIP file"),
+    })
+
+    # for compatibility until consumers only reference format_commands
+    format_command = format_commands
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_base = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.formats = None
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = 0
+        self.group = None
+        self.owner = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        # have to finalize 'plat_name' before 'bdist_base'
+        if self.plat_name is None:
+            if self.skip_build:
+                self.plat_name = get_platform()
+            else:
+                self.plat_name = self.get_finalized_command('build').plat_name
+
+        # 'bdist_base' -- parent of per-built-distribution-format
+        # temporary directories (eg. we'll probably have
+        # "build/bdist.<plat>/dumb", "build/bdist.<plat>/rpm", etc.)
+        if self.bdist_base is None:
+            build_base = self.get_finalized_command('build').build_base
+            self.bdist_base = os.path.join(build_base, 'bdist.' + self.plat_name)
+
+        self.ensure_string_list('formats')
+        if self.formats is None:
+            try:
+                self.formats = [self.default_format[os.name]]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    "don't know how to create built distributions "
+                    "on platform %s" % os.name
+                )
+
+        if self.dist_dir is None:
+            self.dist_dir = "dist"
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Figure out which sub-commands we need to run.
+        commands = []
+        for format in self.formats:
+            try:
+                commands.append(self.format_commands[format][0])
+            except KeyError:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("invalid format '%s'" % format)
+
+        # Reinitialize and run each command.
+        for i in range(len(self.formats)):
+            cmd_name = commands[i]
+            sub_cmd = self.reinitialize_command(cmd_name)
+            if cmd_name not in self.no_format_option:
+                sub_cmd.format = self.formats[i]
+
+            # passing the owner and group names for tar archiving
+            if cmd_name == 'bdist_dumb':
+                sub_cmd.owner = self.owner
+                sub_cmd.group = self.group
+
+            # If we're going to need to run this command again, tell it to
+            # keep its temporary files around so subsequent runs go faster.
+            if cmd_name in commands[i + 1 :]:
+                sub_cmd.keep_temp = 1
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06502d201e63446c1df64a3e517820dec13181fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist_dumb.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+"""distutils.command.bdist_dumb
+
+Implements the Distutils 'bdist_dumb' command (create a "dumb" built
+distribution -- i.e., just an archive to be unpacked under $prefix or
+$exec_prefix)."""
+
+import os
+from distutils._log import log
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..dir_util import ensure_relative, remove_tree
+from ..errors import DistutilsPlatformError
+from ..sysconfig import get_python_version
+from ..util import get_platform
+
+
+class bdist_dumb(Command):
+    description = "create a \"dumb\" built distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-dir=', 'd', "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+        (
+            'plat-name=',
+            'p',
+            "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+            "(default: %s)" % get_platform(),
+        ),
+        (
+            'format=',
+            'f',
+            "archive format to create (tar, gztar, bztar, xztar, ztar, zip)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'keep-temp',
+            'k',
+            "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after "
+            + "creating the distribution archive",
+        ),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd', "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+        ('skip-build', None, "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+        (
+            'relative',
+            None,
+            "build the archive using relative paths (default: false)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'owner=',
+            'u',
+            "Owner name used when creating a tar file [default: current user]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'group=',
+            'g',
+            "Group name used when creating a tar file [default: current group]",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'relative']
+
+    default_format = {'posix': 'gztar', 'nt': 'zip'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.format = None
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = None
+        self.relative = 0
+        self.owner = None
+        self.group = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'dumb')
+
+        if self.format is None:
+            try:
+                self.format = self.default_format[os.name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    "don't know how to create dumb built distributions "
+                    "on platform %s" % os.name
+                )
+
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'bdist',
+            ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'),
+            ('plat_name', 'plat_name'),
+            ('skip_build', 'skip_build'),
+        )
+
+    def run(self):
+        if not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build')
+
+        install = self.reinitialize_command('install', reinit_subcommands=1)
+        install.root = self.bdist_dir
+        install.skip_build = self.skip_build
+        install.warn_dir = 0
+
+        log.info("installing to %s", self.bdist_dir)
+        self.run_command('install')
+
+        # And make an archive relative to the root of the
+        # pseudo-installation tree.
+        archive_basename = f"{self.distribution.get_fullname()}.{self.plat_name}"
+
+        pseudoinstall_root = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, archive_basename)
+        if not self.relative:
+            archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        else:
+            if self.distribution.has_ext_modules() and (
+                install.install_base != install.install_platbase
+            ):
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    "can't make a dumb built distribution where "
+                    f"base and platbase are different ({repr(install.install_base)}, {repr(install.install_platbase)})"
+                )
+            else:
+                archive_root = os.path.join(
+                    self.bdist_dir, ensure_relative(install.install_base)
+                )
+
+        # Make the archive
+        filename = self.make_archive(
+            pseudoinstall_root,
+            self.format,
+            root_dir=archive_root,
+            owner=self.owner,
+            group=self.group,
+        )
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            pyversion = get_python_version()
+        else:
+            pyversion = 'any'
+        self.distribution.dist_files.append(('bdist_dumb', pyversion, filename))
+
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            remove_tree(self.bdist_dir, dry_run=self.dry_run)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist_rpm.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist_rpm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..649968a5eb5819fa6d91db54dcf8cc2422248804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/bdist_rpm.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+"""distutils.command.bdist_rpm
+
+Implements the Distutils 'bdist_rpm' command (create RPM source and binary
+distributions)."""
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from distutils._log import log
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..debug import DEBUG
+from ..errors import (
+    DistutilsExecError,
+    DistutilsFileError,
+    DistutilsOptionError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+)
+from ..file_util import write_file
+from ..sysconfig import get_python_version
+
+
+class bdist_rpm(Command):
+    description = "create an RPM distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-base=', None, "base directory for creating built distributions"),
+        (
+            'rpm-base=',
+            None,
+            "base directory for creating RPMs (defaults to \"rpm\" under "
+            "--bdist-base; must be specified for RPM 2)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'dist-dir=',
+            'd',
+            "directory to put final RPM files in (and .spec files if --spec-only)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'python=',
+            None,
+            "path to Python interpreter to hard-code in the .spec file "
+            "(default: \"python\")",
+        ),
+        (
+            'fix-python',
+            None,
+            "hard-code the exact path to the current Python interpreter in "
+            "the .spec file",
+        ),
+        ('spec-only', None, "only regenerate spec file"),
+        ('source-only', None, "only generate source RPM"),
+        ('binary-only', None, "only generate binary RPM"),
+        ('use-bzip2', None, "use bzip2 instead of gzip to create source distribution"),
+        # More meta-data: too RPM-specific to put in the setup script,
+        # but needs to go in the .spec file -- so we make these options
+        # to "bdist_rpm".  The idea is that packagers would put this
+        # info in setup.cfg, although they are of course free to
+        # supply it on the command line.
+        (
+            'distribution-name=',
+            None,
+            "name of the (Linux) distribution to which this "
+            "RPM applies (*not* the name of the module distribution!)",
+        ),
+        ('group=', None, "package classification [default: \"Development/Libraries\"]"),
+        ('release=', None, "RPM release number"),
+        ('serial=', None, "RPM serial number"),
+        (
+            'vendor=',
+            None,
+            "RPM \"vendor\" (eg. \"Joe Blow <joe@example.com>\") "
+            "[default: maintainer or author from setup script]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'packager=',
+            None,
+            "RPM packager (eg. \"Jane Doe <jane@example.net>\") [default: vendor]",
+        ),
+        ('doc-files=', None, "list of documentation files (space or comma-separated)"),
+        ('changelog=', None, "RPM changelog"),
+        ('icon=', None, "name of icon file"),
+        ('provides=', None, "capabilities provided by this package"),
+        ('requires=', None, "capabilities required by this package"),
+        ('conflicts=', None, "capabilities which conflict with this package"),
+        ('build-requires=', None, "capabilities required to build this package"),
+        ('obsoletes=', None, "capabilities made obsolete by this package"),
+        ('no-autoreq', None, "do not automatically calculate dependencies"),
+        # Actions to take when building RPM
+        ('keep-temp', 'k', "don't clean up RPM build directory"),
+        ('no-keep-temp', None, "clean up RPM build directory [default]"),
+        (
+            'use-rpm-opt-flags',
+            None,
+            "compile with RPM_OPT_FLAGS when building from source RPM",
+        ),
+        ('no-rpm-opt-flags', None, "do not pass any RPM CFLAGS to compiler"),
+        ('rpm3-mode', None, "RPM 3 compatibility mode (default)"),
+        ('rpm2-mode', None, "RPM 2 compatibility mode"),
+        # Add the hooks necessary for specifying custom scripts
+        ('prep-script=', None, "Specify a script for the PREP phase of RPM building"),
+        ('build-script=', None, "Specify a script for the BUILD phase of RPM building"),
+        (
+            'pre-install=',
+            None,
+            "Specify a script for the pre-INSTALL phase of RPM building",
+        ),
+        (
+            'install-script=',
+            None,
+            "Specify a script for the INSTALL phase of RPM building",
+        ),
+        (
+            'post-install=',
+            None,
+            "Specify a script for the post-INSTALL phase of RPM building",
+        ),
+        (
+            'pre-uninstall=',
+            None,
+            "Specify a script for the pre-UNINSTALL phase of RPM building",
+        ),
+        (
+            'post-uninstall=',
+            None,
+            "Specify a script for the post-UNINSTALL phase of RPM building",
+        ),
+        ('clean-script=', None, "Specify a script for the CLEAN phase of RPM building"),
+        (
+            'verify-script=',
+            None,
+            "Specify a script for the VERIFY phase of the RPM build",
+        ),
+        # Allow a packager to explicitly force an architecture
+        ('force-arch=', None, "Force an architecture onto the RPM build process"),
+        ('quiet', 'q', "Run the INSTALL phase of RPM building in quiet mode"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'keep-temp',
+        'use-rpm-opt-flags',
+        'rpm3-mode',
+        'no-autoreq',
+        'quiet',
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {
+        'no-keep-temp': 'keep-temp',
+        'no-rpm-opt-flags': 'use-rpm-opt-flags',
+        'rpm2-mode': 'rpm3-mode',
+    }
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_base = None
+        self.rpm_base = None
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.python = None
+        self.fix_python = None
+        self.spec_only = None
+        self.binary_only = None
+        self.source_only = None
+        self.use_bzip2 = None
+
+        self.distribution_name = None
+        self.group = None
+        self.release = None
+        self.serial = None
+        self.vendor = None
+        self.packager = None
+        self.doc_files = None
+        self.changelog = None
+        self.icon = None
+
+        self.prep_script = None
+        self.build_script = None
+        self.install_script = None
+        self.clean_script = None
+        self.verify_script = None
+        self.pre_install = None
+        self.post_install = None
+        self.pre_uninstall = None
+        self.post_uninstall = None
+        self.prep = None
+        self.provides = None
+        self.requires = None
+        self.conflicts = None
+        self.build_requires = None
+        self.obsoletes = None
+
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.use_rpm_opt_flags = 1
+        self.rpm3_mode = 1
+        self.no_autoreq = 0
+
+        self.force_arch = None
+        self.quiet = 0
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('bdist_base', 'bdist_base'))
+        if self.rpm_base is None:
+            if not self.rpm3_mode:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("you must specify --rpm-base in RPM 2 mode")
+            self.rpm_base = os.path.join(self.bdist_base, "rpm")
+
+        if self.python is None:
+            if self.fix_python:
+                self.python = sys.executable
+            else:
+                self.python = "python3"
+        elif self.fix_python:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "--python and --fix-python are mutually exclusive options"
+            )
+
+        if os.name != 'posix':
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                "don't know how to create RPM distributions on platform %s" % os.name
+            )
+        if self.binary_only and self.source_only:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "cannot supply both '--source-only' and '--binary-only'"
+            )
+
+        # don't pass CFLAGS to pure python distributions
+        if not self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            self.use_rpm_opt_flags = 0
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+        self.finalize_package_data()
+
+    def finalize_package_data(self):
+        self.ensure_string('group', "Development/Libraries")
+        self.ensure_string(
+            'vendor',
+            f"{self.distribution.get_contact()} <{self.distribution.get_contact_email()}>",
+        )
+        self.ensure_string('packager')
+        self.ensure_string_list('doc_files')
+        if isinstance(self.doc_files, list):
+            for readme in ('README', 'README.txt'):
+                if os.path.exists(readme) and readme not in self.doc_files:
+                    self.doc_files.append(readme)
+
+        self.ensure_string('release', "1")
+        self.ensure_string('serial')  # should it be an int?
+
+        self.ensure_string('distribution_name')
+
+        self.ensure_string('changelog')
+        # Format changelog correctly
+        self.changelog = self._format_changelog(self.changelog)
+
+        self.ensure_filename('icon')
+
+        self.ensure_filename('prep_script')
+        self.ensure_filename('build_script')
+        self.ensure_filename('install_script')
+        self.ensure_filename('clean_script')
+        self.ensure_filename('verify_script')
+        self.ensure_filename('pre_install')
+        self.ensure_filename('post_install')
+        self.ensure_filename('pre_uninstall')
+        self.ensure_filename('post_uninstall')
+
+        # XXX don't forget we punted on summaries and descriptions -- they
+        # should be handled here eventually!
+
+        # Now *this* is some meta-data that belongs in the setup script...
+        self.ensure_string_list('provides')
+        self.ensure_string_list('requires')
+        self.ensure_string_list('conflicts')
+        self.ensure_string_list('build_requires')
+        self.ensure_string_list('obsoletes')
+
+        self.ensure_string('force_arch')
+
+    def run(self):  # noqa: C901
+        if DEBUG:
+            print("before _get_package_data():")
+            print("vendor =", self.vendor)
+            print("packager =", self.packager)
+            print("doc_files =", self.doc_files)
+            print("changelog =", self.changelog)
+
+        # make directories
+        if self.spec_only:
+            spec_dir = self.dist_dir
+            self.mkpath(spec_dir)
+        else:
+            rpm_dir = {}
+            for d in ('SOURCES', 'SPECS', 'BUILD', 'RPMS', 'SRPMS'):
+                rpm_dir[d] = os.path.join(self.rpm_base, d)
+                self.mkpath(rpm_dir[d])
+            spec_dir = rpm_dir['SPECS']
+
+        # Spec file goes into 'dist_dir' if '--spec-only specified',
+        # build/rpm.<plat> otherwise.
+        spec_path = os.path.join(spec_dir, "%s.spec" % self.distribution.get_name())
+        self.execute(
+            write_file, (spec_path, self._make_spec_file()), "writing '%s'" % spec_path
+        )
+
+        if self.spec_only:  # stop if requested
+            return
+
+        # Make a source distribution and copy to SOURCES directory with
+        # optional icon.
+        saved_dist_files = self.distribution.dist_files[:]
+        sdist = self.reinitialize_command('sdist')
+        if self.use_bzip2:
+            sdist.formats = ['bztar']
+        else:
+            sdist.formats = ['gztar']
+        self.run_command('sdist')
+        self.distribution.dist_files = saved_dist_files
+
+        source = sdist.get_archive_files()[0]
+        source_dir = rpm_dir['SOURCES']
+        self.copy_file(source, source_dir)
+
+        if self.icon:
+            if os.path.exists(self.icon):
+                self.copy_file(self.icon, source_dir)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsFileError("icon file '%s' does not exist" % self.icon)
+
+        # build package
+        log.info("building RPMs")
+        rpm_cmd = ['rpmbuild']
+
+        if self.source_only:  # what kind of RPMs?
+            rpm_cmd.append('-bs')
+        elif self.binary_only:
+            rpm_cmd.append('-bb')
+        else:
+            rpm_cmd.append('-ba')
+        rpm_cmd.extend(['--define', '__python %s' % self.python])
+        if self.rpm3_mode:
+            rpm_cmd.extend(['--define', '_topdir %s' % os.path.abspath(self.rpm_base)])
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            rpm_cmd.append('--clean')
+
+        if self.quiet:
+            rpm_cmd.append('--quiet')
+
+        rpm_cmd.append(spec_path)
+        # Determine the binary rpm names that should be built out of this spec
+        # file
+        # Note that some of these may not be really built (if the file
+        # list is empty)
+        nvr_string = "%{name}-%{version}-%{release}"
+        src_rpm = nvr_string + ".src.rpm"
+        non_src_rpm = "%{arch}/" + nvr_string + ".%{arch}.rpm"
+        q_cmd = rf"rpm -q --qf '{src_rpm} {non_src_rpm}\n' --specfile '{spec_path}'"
+
+        out = os.popen(q_cmd)
+        try:
+            binary_rpms = []
+            source_rpm = None
+            while True:
+                line = out.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    break
+                ell = line.strip().split()
+                assert len(ell) == 2
+                binary_rpms.append(ell[1])
+                # The source rpm is named after the first entry in the spec file
+                if source_rpm is None:
+                    source_rpm = ell[0]
+
+            status = out.close()
+            if status:
+                raise DistutilsExecError("Failed to execute: %s" % repr(q_cmd))
+
+        finally:
+            out.close()
+
+        self.spawn(rpm_cmd)
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+                pyversion = get_python_version()
+            else:
+                pyversion = 'any'
+
+            if not self.binary_only:
+                srpm = os.path.join(rpm_dir['SRPMS'], source_rpm)
+                assert os.path.exists(srpm)
+                self.move_file(srpm, self.dist_dir)
+                filename = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, source_rpm)
+                self.distribution.dist_files.append(('bdist_rpm', pyversion, filename))
+
+            if not self.source_only:
+                for rpm in binary_rpms:
+                    rpm = os.path.join(rpm_dir['RPMS'], rpm)
+                    if os.path.exists(rpm):
+                        self.move_file(rpm, self.dist_dir)
+                        filename = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, os.path.basename(rpm))
+                        self.distribution.dist_files.append((
+                            'bdist_rpm',
+                            pyversion,
+                            filename,
+                        ))
+
+    def _dist_path(self, path):
+        return os.path.join(self.dist_dir, os.path.basename(path))
+
+    def _make_spec_file(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Generate the text of an RPM spec file and return it as a
+        list of strings (one per line).
+        """
+        # definitions and headers
+        spec_file = [
+            '%define name ' + self.distribution.get_name(),
+            '%define version ' + self.distribution.get_version().replace('-', '_'),
+            '%define unmangled_version ' + self.distribution.get_version(),
+            '%define release ' + self.release.replace('-', '_'),
+            '',
+            'Summary: ' + (self.distribution.get_description() or "UNKNOWN"),
+        ]
+
+        # Workaround for #14443 which affects some RPM based systems such as
+        # RHEL6 (and probably derivatives)
+        vendor_hook = subprocess.getoutput('rpm --eval %{__os_install_post}')
+        # Generate a potential replacement value for __os_install_post (whilst
+        # normalizing the whitespace to simplify the test for whether the
+        # invocation of brp-python-bytecompile passes in __python):
+        vendor_hook = '\n'.join([
+            '  %s \\' % line.strip() for line in vendor_hook.splitlines()
+        ])
+        problem = "brp-python-bytecompile \\\n"
+        fixed = "brp-python-bytecompile %{__python} \\\n"
+        fixed_hook = vendor_hook.replace(problem, fixed)
+        if fixed_hook != vendor_hook:
+            spec_file.append('# Workaround for https://bugs.python.org/issue14443')
+            spec_file.append('%define __os_install_post ' + fixed_hook + '\n')
+
+        # put locale summaries into spec file
+        # XXX not supported for now (hard to put a dictionary
+        # in a config file -- arg!)
+        # for locale in self.summaries.keys():
+        #    spec_file.append('Summary(%s): %s' % (locale,
+        #                                          self.summaries[locale]))
+
+        spec_file.extend([
+            'Name: %{name}',
+            'Version: %{version}',
+            'Release: %{release}',
+        ])
+
+        # XXX yuck! this filename is available from the "sdist" command,
+        # but only after it has run: and we create the spec file before
+        # running "sdist", in case of --spec-only.
+        if self.use_bzip2:
+            spec_file.append('Source0: %{name}-%{unmangled_version}.tar.bz2')
+        else:
+            spec_file.append('Source0: %{name}-%{unmangled_version}.tar.gz')
+
+        spec_file.extend([
+            'License: ' + (self.distribution.get_license() or "UNKNOWN"),
+            'Group: ' + self.group,
+            'BuildRoot: %{_tmppath}/%{name}-%{version}-%{release}-buildroot',
+            'Prefix: %{_prefix}',
+        ])
+
+        if not self.force_arch:
+            # noarch if no extension modules
+            if not self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+                spec_file.append('BuildArch: noarch')
+        else:
+            spec_file.append('BuildArch: %s' % self.force_arch)
+
+        for field in (
+            'Vendor',
+            'Packager',
+            'Provides',
+            'Requires',
+            'Conflicts',
+            'Obsoletes',
+        ):
+            val = getattr(self, field.lower())
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                spec_file.append('{}: {}'.format(field, ' '.join(val)))
+            elif val is not None:
+                spec_file.append(f'{field}: {val}')
+
+        if self.distribution.get_url():
+            spec_file.append('Url: ' + self.distribution.get_url())
+
+        if self.distribution_name:
+            spec_file.append('Distribution: ' + self.distribution_name)
+
+        if self.build_requires:
+            spec_file.append('BuildRequires: ' + ' '.join(self.build_requires))
+
+        if self.icon:
+            spec_file.append('Icon: ' + os.path.basename(self.icon))
+
+        if self.no_autoreq:
+            spec_file.append('AutoReq: 0')
+
+        spec_file.extend([
+            '',
+            '%description',
+            self.distribution.get_long_description() or "",
+        ])
+
+        # put locale descriptions into spec file
+        # XXX again, suppressed because config file syntax doesn't
+        # easily support this ;-(
+        # for locale in self.descriptions.keys():
+        #    spec_file.extend([
+        #        '',
+        #        '%description -l ' + locale,
+        #        self.descriptions[locale],
+        #        ])
+
+        # rpm scripts
+        # figure out default build script
+        def_setup_call = f"{self.python} {os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])}"
+        def_build = "%s build" % def_setup_call
+        if self.use_rpm_opt_flags:
+            def_build = 'env CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS" ' + def_build
+
+        # insert contents of files
+
+        # XXX this is kind of misleading: user-supplied options are files
+        # that we open and interpolate into the spec file, but the defaults
+        # are just text that we drop in as-is.  Hmmm.
+
+        install_cmd = (
+            '%s install -O1 --root=$RPM_BUILD_ROOT ' '--record=INSTALLED_FILES'
+        ) % def_setup_call
+
+        script_options = [
+            ('prep', 'prep_script', "%setup -n %{name}-%{unmangled_version}"),
+            ('build', 'build_script', def_build),
+            ('install', 'install_script', install_cmd),
+            ('clean', 'clean_script', "rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT"),
+            ('verifyscript', 'verify_script', None),
+            ('pre', 'pre_install', None),
+            ('post', 'post_install', None),
+            ('preun', 'pre_uninstall', None),
+            ('postun', 'post_uninstall', None),
+        ]
+
+        for rpm_opt, attr, default in script_options:
+            # Insert contents of file referred to, if no file is referred to
+            # use 'default' as contents of script
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val or default:
+                spec_file.extend([
+                    '',
+                    '%' + rpm_opt,
+                ])
+                if val:
+                    with open(val) as f:
+                        spec_file.extend(f.read().split('\n'))
+                else:
+                    spec_file.append(default)
+
+        # files section
+        spec_file.extend([
+            '',
+            '%files -f INSTALLED_FILES',
+            '%defattr(-,root,root)',
+        ])
+
+        if self.doc_files:
+            spec_file.append('%doc ' + ' '.join(self.doc_files))
+
+        if self.changelog:
+            spec_file.extend([
+                '',
+                '%changelog',
+            ])
+            spec_file.extend(self.changelog)
+
+        return spec_file
+
+    def _format_changelog(self, changelog):
+        """Format the changelog correctly and convert it to a list of strings"""
+        if not changelog:
+            return changelog
+        new_changelog = []
+        for line in changelog.strip().split('\n'):
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line[0] == '*':
+                new_changelog.extend(['', line])
+            elif line[0] == '-':
+                new_changelog.append(line)
+            else:
+                new_changelog.append('  ' + line)
+
+        # strip trailing newline inserted by first changelog entry
+        if not new_changelog[0]:
+            del new_changelog[0]
+
+        return new_changelog
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d18ed503e368c13a546403c11254019c6a53b5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""distutils.command.build
+
+Implements the Distutils 'build' command."""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from ..util import get_platform
+
+
+def show_compilers():
+    from ..ccompiler import show_compilers
+
+    show_compilers()
+
+
+class build(Command):
+    description = "build everything needed to install"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('build-base=', 'b', "base directory for build library"),
+        ('build-purelib=', None, "build directory for platform-neutral distributions"),
+        ('build-platlib=', None, "build directory for platform-specific distributions"),
+        (
+            'build-lib=',
+            None,
+            "build directory for all distribution (defaults to either "
+            + "build-purelib or build-platlib",
+        ),
+        ('build-scripts=', None, "build directory for scripts"),
+        ('build-temp=', 't', "temporary build directory"),
+        (
+            'plat-name=',
+            'p',
+            "platform name to build for, if supported "
+            "(default: %s)" % get_platform(),
+        ),
+        ('compiler=', 'c', "specify the compiler type"),
+        ('parallel=', 'j', "number of parallel build jobs"),
+        ('debug', 'g', "compile extensions and libraries with debugging information"),
+        ('force', 'f', "forcibly build everything (ignore file timestamps)"),
+        ('executable=', 'e', "specify final destination interpreter path (build.py)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['debug', 'force']
+
+    help_options = [
+        ('help-compiler', None, "list available compilers", show_compilers),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.build_base = 'build'
+        # these are decided only after 'build_base' has its final value
+        # (unless overridden by the user or client)
+        self.build_purelib = None
+        self.build_platlib = None
+        self.build_lib = None
+        self.build_temp = None
+        self.build_scripts = None
+        self.compiler = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.debug = None
+        self.force = 0
+        self.executable = None
+        self.parallel = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):  # noqa: C901
+        if self.plat_name is None:
+            self.plat_name = get_platform()
+        else:
+            # plat-name only supported for windows (other platforms are
+            # supported via ./configure flags, if at all).  Avoid misleading
+            # other platforms.
+            if os.name != 'nt':
+                raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                    "--plat-name only supported on Windows (try "
+                    "using './configure --help' on your platform)"
+                )
+
+        plat_specifier = f".{self.plat_name}-{sys.implementation.cache_tag}"
+
+        # Make it so Python 2.x and Python 2.x with --with-pydebug don't
+        # share the same build directories. Doing so confuses the build
+        # process for C modules
+        if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):
+            plat_specifier += '-pydebug'
+
+        # 'build_purelib' and 'build_platlib' just default to 'lib' and
+        # 'lib.<plat>' under the base build directory.  We only use one of
+        # them for a given distribution, though --
+        if self.build_purelib is None:
+            self.build_purelib = os.path.join(self.build_base, 'lib')
+        if self.build_platlib is None:
+            self.build_platlib = os.path.join(self.build_base, 'lib' + plat_specifier)
+
+        # 'build_lib' is the actual directory that we will use for this
+        # particular module distribution -- if user didn't supply it, pick
+        # one of 'build_purelib' or 'build_platlib'.
+        if self.build_lib is None:
+            if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+                self.build_lib = self.build_platlib
+            else:
+                self.build_lib = self.build_purelib
+
+        # 'build_temp' -- temporary directory for compiler turds,
+        # "build/temp.<plat>"
+        if self.build_temp is None:
+            self.build_temp = os.path.join(self.build_base, 'temp' + plat_specifier)
+        if self.build_scripts is None:
+            self.build_scripts = os.path.join(
+                self.build_base, 'scripts-%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+            )
+
+        if self.executable is None and sys.executable:
+            self.executable = os.path.normpath(sys.executable)
+
+        if isinstance(self.parallel, str):
+            try:
+                self.parallel = int(self.parallel)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("parallel should be an integer")
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Run all relevant sub-commands.  This will be some subset of:
+        #  - build_py      - pure Python modules
+        #  - build_clib    - standalone C libraries
+        #  - build_ext     - Python extensions
+        #  - build_scripts - (Python) scripts
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+    # -- Predicates for the sub-command list ---------------------------
+
+    def has_pure_modules(self):
+        return self.distribution.has_pure_modules()
+
+    def has_c_libraries(self):
+        return self.distribution.has_c_libraries()
+
+    def has_ext_modules(self):
+        return self.distribution.has_ext_modules()
+
+    def has_scripts(self):
+        return self.distribution.has_scripts()
+
+    sub_commands = [
+        ('build_py', has_pure_modules),
+        ('build_clib', has_c_libraries),
+        ('build_ext', has_ext_modules),
+        ('build_scripts', has_scripts),
+    ]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_clib.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_clib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..360575d0cb4138bf8da01b3aa1eb2ad6a9a3cc29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_clib.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+"""distutils.command.build_clib
+
+Implements the Distutils 'build_clib' command, to build a C/C++ library
+that is included in the module distribution and needed by an extension
+module."""
+
+
+# XXX this module has *lots* of code ripped-off quite transparently from
+# build_ext.py -- not surprisingly really, as the work required to build
+# a static library from a collection of C source files is not really all
+# that different from what's required to build a shared object file from
+# a collection of C source files.  Nevertheless, I haven't done the
+# necessary refactoring to account for the overlap in code between the
+# two modules, mainly because a number of subtle details changed in the
+# cut 'n paste.  Sigh.
+
+import os
+from distutils._log import log
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsSetupError
+from ..sysconfig import customize_compiler
+
+
+def show_compilers():
+    from ..ccompiler import show_compilers
+
+    show_compilers()
+
+
+class build_clib(Command):
+    description = "build C/C++ libraries used by Python extensions"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('build-clib=', 'b', "directory to build C/C++ libraries to"),
+        ('build-temp=', 't', "directory to put temporary build by-products"),
+        ('debug', 'g', "compile with debugging information"),
+        ('force', 'f', "forcibly build everything (ignore file timestamps)"),
+        ('compiler=', 'c', "specify the compiler type"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['debug', 'force']
+
+    help_options = [
+        ('help-compiler', None, "list available compilers", show_compilers),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.build_clib = None
+        self.build_temp = None
+
+        # List of libraries to build
+        self.libraries = None
+
+        # Compilation options for all libraries
+        self.include_dirs = None
+        self.define = None
+        self.undef = None
+        self.debug = None
+        self.force = 0
+        self.compiler = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        # This might be confusing: both build-clib and build-temp default
+        # to build-temp as defined by the "build" command.  This is because
+        # I think that C libraries are really just temporary build
+        # by-products, at least from the point of view of building Python
+        # extensions -- but I want to keep my options open.
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'build',
+            ('build_temp', 'build_clib'),
+            ('build_temp', 'build_temp'),
+            ('compiler', 'compiler'),
+            ('debug', 'debug'),
+            ('force', 'force'),
+        )
+
+        self.libraries = self.distribution.libraries
+        if self.libraries:
+            self.check_library_list(self.libraries)
+
+        if self.include_dirs is None:
+            self.include_dirs = self.distribution.include_dirs or []
+        if isinstance(self.include_dirs, str):
+            self.include_dirs = self.include_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        # XXX same as for build_ext -- what about 'self.define' and
+        # 'self.undef' ?
+
+    def run(self):
+        if not self.libraries:
+            return
+
+        # Yech -- this is cut 'n pasted from build_ext.py!
+        from ..ccompiler import new_compiler
+
+        self.compiler = new_compiler(
+            compiler=self.compiler, dry_run=self.dry_run, force=self.force
+        )
+        customize_compiler(self.compiler)
+
+        if self.include_dirs is not None:
+            self.compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+        if self.define is not None:
+            # 'define' option is a list of (name,value) tuples
+            for name, value in self.define:
+                self.compiler.define_macro(name, value)
+        if self.undef is not None:
+            for macro in self.undef:
+                self.compiler.undefine_macro(macro)
+
+        self.build_libraries(self.libraries)
+
+    def check_library_list(self, libraries):
+        """Ensure that the list of libraries is valid.
+
+        `library` is presumably provided as a command option 'libraries'.
+        This method checks that it is a list of 2-tuples, where the tuples
+        are (library_name, build_info_dict).
+
+        Raise DistutilsSetupError if the structure is invalid anywhere;
+        just returns otherwise.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(libraries, list):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError("'libraries' option must be a list of tuples")
+
+        for lib in libraries:
+            if not isinstance(lib, tuple) and len(lib) != 2:
+                raise DistutilsSetupError("each element of 'libraries' must a 2-tuple")
+
+            name, build_info = lib
+
+            if not isinstance(name, str):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "first element of each tuple in 'libraries' "
+                    "must be a string (the library name)"
+                )
+
+            if '/' in name or (os.sep != '/' and os.sep in name):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "bad library name '%s': "
+                    "may not contain directory separators" % lib[0]
+                )
+
+            if not isinstance(build_info, dict):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "second element of each tuple in 'libraries' "
+                    "must be a dictionary (build info)"
+                )
+
+    def get_library_names(self):
+        # Assume the library list is valid -- 'check_library_list()' is
+        # called from 'finalize_options()', so it should be!
+        if not self.libraries:
+            return None
+
+        lib_names = []
+        for lib_name, _build_info in self.libraries:
+            lib_names.append(lib_name)
+        return lib_names
+
+    def get_source_files(self):
+        self.check_library_list(self.libraries)
+        filenames = []
+        for lib_name, build_info in self.libraries:
+            sources = build_info.get('sources')
+            if sources is None or not isinstance(sources, (list, tuple)):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "in 'libraries' option (library '%s'), "
+                    "'sources' must be present and must be "
+                    "a list of source filenames" % lib_name
+                )
+
+            filenames.extend(sources)
+        return filenames
+
+    def build_libraries(self, libraries):
+        for lib_name, build_info in libraries:
+            sources = build_info.get('sources')
+            if sources is None or not isinstance(sources, (list, tuple)):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "in 'libraries' option (library '%s'), "
+                    "'sources' must be present and must be "
+                    "a list of source filenames" % lib_name
+                )
+            sources = list(sources)
+
+            log.info("building '%s' library", lib_name)
+
+            # First, compile the source code to object files in the library
+            # directory.  (This should probably change to putting object
+            # files in a temporary build directory.)
+            macros = build_info.get('macros')
+            include_dirs = build_info.get('include_dirs')
+            objects = self.compiler.compile(
+                sources,
+                output_dir=self.build_temp,
+                macros=macros,
+                include_dirs=include_dirs,
+                debug=self.debug,
+            )
+
+            # Now "link" the object files together into a static library.
+            # (On Unix at least, this isn't really linking -- it just
+            # builds an archive.  Whatever.)
+            self.compiler.create_static_lib(
+                objects, lib_name, output_dir=self.build_clib, debug=self.debug
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_ext.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06d949aff16c58c32a015e350c4441ed38ef1efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_ext.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+"""distutils.command.build_ext
+
+Implements the Distutils 'build_ext' command, for building extension
+modules (currently limited to C extensions, should accommodate C++
+extensions ASAP)."""
+
+import contextlib
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from distutils._log import log
+from site import USER_BASE
+
+from .._modified import newer_group
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import (
+    CCompilerError,
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsError,
+    DistutilsOptionError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+    DistutilsSetupError,
+)
+from ..extension import Extension
+from ..sysconfig import customize_compiler, get_config_h_filename, get_python_version
+from ..util import get_platform
+
+# An extension name is just a dot-separated list of Python NAMEs (ie.
+# the same as a fully-qualified module name).
+extension_name_re = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*(\.[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)*$')
+
+
+def show_compilers():
+    from ..ccompiler import show_compilers
+
+    show_compilers()
+
+
+class build_ext(Command):
+    description = "build C/C++ extensions (compile/link to build directory)"
+
+    # XXX thoughts on how to deal with complex command-line options like
+    # these, i.e. how to make it so fancy_getopt can suck them off the
+    # command line and make it look like setup.py defined the appropriate
+    # lists of tuples of what-have-you.
+    #   - each command needs a callback to process its command-line options
+    #   - Command.__init__() needs access to its share of the whole
+    #     command line (must ultimately come from
+    #     Distribution.parse_command_line())
+    #   - it then calls the current command class' option-parsing
+    #     callback to deal with weird options like -D, which have to
+    #     parse the option text and churn out some custom data
+    #     structure
+    #   - that data structure (in this case, a list of 2-tuples)
+    #     will then be present in the command object by the time
+    #     we get to finalize_options() (i.e. the constructor
+    #     takes care of both command-line and client options
+    #     in between initialize_options() and finalize_options())
+
+    sep_by = " (separated by '%s')" % os.pathsep
+    user_options = [
+        ('build-lib=', 'b', "directory for compiled extension modules"),
+        ('build-temp=', 't', "directory for temporary files (build by-products)"),
+        (
+            'plat-name=',
+            'p',
+            "platform name to cross-compile for, if supported "
+            "(default: %s)" % get_platform(),
+        ),
+        (
+            'inplace',
+            'i',
+            "ignore build-lib and put compiled extensions into the source "
+            + "directory alongside your pure Python modules",
+        ),
+        (
+            'include-dirs=',
+            'I',
+            "list of directories to search for header files" + sep_by,
+        ),
+        ('define=', 'D', "C preprocessor macros to define"),
+        ('undef=', 'U', "C preprocessor macros to undefine"),
+        ('libraries=', 'l', "external C libraries to link with"),
+        (
+            'library-dirs=',
+            'L',
+            "directories to search for external C libraries" + sep_by,
+        ),
+        ('rpath=', 'R', "directories to search for shared C libraries at runtime"),
+        ('link-objects=', 'O', "extra explicit link objects to include in the link"),
+        ('debug', 'g', "compile/link with debugging information"),
+        ('force', 'f', "forcibly build everything (ignore file timestamps)"),
+        ('compiler=', 'c', "specify the compiler type"),
+        ('parallel=', 'j', "number of parallel build jobs"),
+        ('swig-cpp', None, "make SWIG create C++ files (default is C)"),
+        ('swig-opts=', None, "list of SWIG command line options"),
+        ('swig=', None, "path to the SWIG executable"),
+        ('user', None, "add user include, library and rpath"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['inplace', 'debug', 'force', 'swig-cpp', 'user']
+
+    help_options = [
+        ('help-compiler', None, "list available compilers", show_compilers),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.extensions = None
+        self.build_lib = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.build_temp = None
+        self.inplace = 0
+        self.package = None
+
+        self.include_dirs = None
+        self.define = None
+        self.undef = None
+        self.libraries = None
+        self.library_dirs = None
+        self.rpath = None
+        self.link_objects = None
+        self.debug = None
+        self.force = None
+        self.compiler = None
+        self.swig = None
+        self.swig_cpp = None
+        self.swig_opts = None
+        self.user = None
+        self.parallel = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _python_lib_dir(sysconfig):
+        """
+        Resolve Python's library directory for building extensions
+        that rely on a shared Python library.
+
+        See python/cpython#44264 and python/cpython#48686
+        """
+        if not sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED'):
+            return
+
+        if sysconfig.python_build:
+            yield '.'
+            return
+
+        if sys.platform == 'zos':
+            # On z/OS, a user is not required to install Python to
+            # a predetermined path, but can use Python portably
+            installed_dir = sysconfig.get_config_var('base')
+            lib_dir = sysconfig.get_config_var('platlibdir')
+            yield os.path.join(installed_dir, lib_dir)
+        else:
+            # building third party extensions
+            yield sysconfig.get_config_var('LIBDIR')
+
+    def finalize_options(self):  # noqa: C901
+        from distutils import sysconfig
+
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'build',
+            ('build_lib', 'build_lib'),
+            ('build_temp', 'build_temp'),
+            ('compiler', 'compiler'),
+            ('debug', 'debug'),
+            ('force', 'force'),
+            ('parallel', 'parallel'),
+            ('plat_name', 'plat_name'),
+        )
+
+        if self.package is None:
+            self.package = self.distribution.ext_package
+
+        self.extensions = self.distribution.ext_modules
+
+        # Make sure Python's include directories (for Python.h, pyconfig.h,
+        # etc.) are in the include search path.
+        py_include = sysconfig.get_python_inc()
+        plat_py_include = sysconfig.get_python_inc(plat_specific=1)
+        if self.include_dirs is None:
+            self.include_dirs = self.distribution.include_dirs or []
+        if isinstance(self.include_dirs, str):
+            self.include_dirs = self.include_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        # If in a virtualenv, add its include directory
+        # Issue 16116
+        if sys.exec_prefix != sys.base_exec_prefix:
+            self.include_dirs.append(os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, 'include'))
+
+        # Put the Python "system" include dir at the end, so that
+        # any local include dirs take precedence.
+        self.include_dirs.extend(py_include.split(os.path.pathsep))
+        if plat_py_include != py_include:
+            self.include_dirs.extend(plat_py_include.split(os.path.pathsep))
+
+        self.ensure_string_list('libraries')
+        self.ensure_string_list('link_objects')
+
+        # Life is easier if we're not forever checking for None, so
+        # simplify these options to empty lists if unset
+        if self.libraries is None:
+            self.libraries = []
+        if self.library_dirs is None:
+            self.library_dirs = []
+        elif isinstance(self.library_dirs, str):
+            self.library_dirs = self.library_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        if self.rpath is None:
+            self.rpath = []
+        elif isinstance(self.rpath, str):
+            self.rpath = self.rpath.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        # for extensions under windows use different directories
+        # for Release and Debug builds.
+        # also Python's library directory must be appended to library_dirs
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            # the 'libs' directory is for binary installs - we assume that
+            # must be the *native* platform.  But we don't really support
+            # cross-compiling via a binary install anyway, so we let it go.
+            self.library_dirs.append(os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, 'libs'))
+            if sys.base_exec_prefix != sys.prefix:  # Issue 16116
+                self.library_dirs.append(os.path.join(sys.base_exec_prefix, 'libs'))
+            if self.debug:
+                self.build_temp = os.path.join(self.build_temp, "Debug")
+            else:
+                self.build_temp = os.path.join(self.build_temp, "Release")
+
+            # Append the source distribution include and library directories,
+            # this allows distutils on windows to work in the source tree
+            self.include_dirs.append(os.path.dirname(get_config_h_filename()))
+            self.library_dirs.append(sys.base_exec_prefix)
+
+            # Use the .lib files for the correct architecture
+            if self.plat_name == 'win32':
+                suffix = 'win32'
+            else:
+                # win-amd64
+                suffix = self.plat_name[4:]
+            new_lib = os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, 'PCbuild')
+            if suffix:
+                new_lib = os.path.join(new_lib, suffix)
+            self.library_dirs.append(new_lib)
+
+        # For extensions under Cygwin, Python's library directory must be
+        # appended to library_dirs
+        if sys.platform[:6] == 'cygwin':
+            if not sysconfig.python_build:
+                # building third party extensions
+                self.library_dirs.append(
+                    os.path.join(
+                        sys.prefix, "lib", "python" + get_python_version(), "config"
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                # building python standard extensions
+                self.library_dirs.append('.')
+
+        self.library_dirs.extend(self._python_lib_dir(sysconfig))
+
+        # The argument parsing will result in self.define being a string, but
+        # it has to be a list of 2-tuples.  All the preprocessor symbols
+        # specified by the 'define' option will be set to '1'.  Multiple
+        # symbols can be separated with commas.
+
+        if self.define:
+            defines = self.define.split(',')
+            self.define = [(symbol, '1') for symbol in defines]
+
+        # The option for macros to undefine is also a string from the
+        # option parsing, but has to be a list.  Multiple symbols can also
+        # be separated with commas here.
+        if self.undef:
+            self.undef = self.undef.split(',')
+
+        if self.swig_opts is None:
+            self.swig_opts = []
+        else:
+            self.swig_opts = self.swig_opts.split(' ')
+
+        # Finally add the user include and library directories if requested
+        if self.user:
+            user_include = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "include")
+            user_lib = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib")
+            if os.path.isdir(user_include):
+                self.include_dirs.append(user_include)
+            if os.path.isdir(user_lib):
+                self.library_dirs.append(user_lib)
+                self.rpath.append(user_lib)
+
+        if isinstance(self.parallel, str):
+            try:
+                self.parallel = int(self.parallel)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("parallel should be an integer")
+
+    def run(self):  # noqa: C901
+        from ..ccompiler import new_compiler
+
+        # 'self.extensions', as supplied by setup.py, is a list of
+        # Extension instances.  See the documentation for Extension (in
+        # distutils.extension) for details.
+        #
+        # For backwards compatibility with Distutils 0.8.2 and earlier, we
+        # also allow the 'extensions' list to be a list of tuples:
+        #    (ext_name, build_info)
+        # where build_info is a dictionary containing everything that
+        # Extension instances do except the name, with a few things being
+        # differently named.  We convert these 2-tuples to Extension
+        # instances as needed.
+
+        if not self.extensions:
+            return
+
+        # If we were asked to build any C/C++ libraries, make sure that the
+        # directory where we put them is in the library search path for
+        # linking extensions.
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries():
+            build_clib = self.get_finalized_command('build_clib')
+            self.libraries.extend(build_clib.get_library_names() or [])
+            self.library_dirs.append(build_clib.build_clib)
+
+        # Setup the CCompiler object that we'll use to do all the
+        # compiling and linking
+        self.compiler = new_compiler(
+            compiler=self.compiler,
+            verbose=self.verbose,
+            dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            force=self.force,
+        )
+        customize_compiler(self.compiler)
+        # If we are cross-compiling, init the compiler now (if we are not
+        # cross-compiling, init would not hurt, but people may rely on
+        # late initialization of compiler even if they shouldn't...)
+        if os.name == 'nt' and self.plat_name != get_platform():
+            self.compiler.initialize(self.plat_name)
+
+        # And make sure that any compile/link-related options (which might
+        # come from the command-line or from the setup script) are set in
+        # that CCompiler object -- that way, they automatically apply to
+        # all compiling and linking done here.
+        if self.include_dirs is not None:
+            self.compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+        if self.define is not None:
+            # 'define' option is a list of (name,value) tuples
+            for name, value in self.define:
+                self.compiler.define_macro(name, value)
+        if self.undef is not None:
+            for macro in self.undef:
+                self.compiler.undefine_macro(macro)
+        if self.libraries is not None:
+            self.compiler.set_libraries(self.libraries)
+        if self.library_dirs is not None:
+            self.compiler.set_library_dirs(self.library_dirs)
+        if self.rpath is not None:
+            self.compiler.set_runtime_library_dirs(self.rpath)
+        if self.link_objects is not None:
+            self.compiler.set_link_objects(self.link_objects)
+
+        # Now actually compile and link everything.
+        self.build_extensions()
+
+    def check_extensions_list(self, extensions):  # noqa: C901
+        """Ensure that the list of extensions (presumably provided as a
+        command option 'extensions') is valid, i.e. it is a list of
+        Extension objects.  We also support the old-style list of 2-tuples,
+        where the tuples are (ext_name, build_info), which are converted to
+        Extension instances here.
+
+        Raise DistutilsSetupError if the structure is invalid anywhere;
+        just returns otherwise.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(extensions, list):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "'ext_modules' option must be a list of Extension instances"
+            )
+
+        for i, ext in enumerate(extensions):
+            if isinstance(ext, Extension):
+                continue  # OK! (assume type-checking done
+                # by Extension constructor)
+
+            if not isinstance(ext, tuple) or len(ext) != 2:
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "each element of 'ext_modules' option must be an "
+                    "Extension instance or 2-tuple"
+                )
+
+            ext_name, build_info = ext
+
+            log.warning(
+                "old-style (ext_name, build_info) tuple found in "
+                "ext_modules for extension '%s' "
+                "-- please convert to Extension instance",
+                ext_name,
+            )
+
+            if not (isinstance(ext_name, str) and extension_name_re.match(ext_name)):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "first element of each tuple in 'ext_modules' "
+                    "must be the extension name (a string)"
+                )
+
+            if not isinstance(build_info, dict):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "second element of each tuple in 'ext_modules' "
+                    "must be a dictionary (build info)"
+                )
+
+            # OK, the (ext_name, build_info) dict is type-safe: convert it
+            # to an Extension instance.
+            ext = Extension(ext_name, build_info['sources'])
+
+            # Easy stuff: one-to-one mapping from dict elements to
+            # instance attributes.
+            for key in (
+                'include_dirs',
+                'library_dirs',
+                'libraries',
+                'extra_objects',
+                'extra_compile_args',
+                'extra_link_args',
+            ):
+                val = build_info.get(key)
+                if val is not None:
+                    setattr(ext, key, val)
+
+            # Medium-easy stuff: same syntax/semantics, different names.
+            ext.runtime_library_dirs = build_info.get('rpath')
+            if 'def_file' in build_info:
+                log.warning("'def_file' element of build info dict no longer supported")
+
+            # Non-trivial stuff: 'macros' split into 'define_macros'
+            # and 'undef_macros'.
+            macros = build_info.get('macros')
+            if macros:
+                ext.define_macros = []
+                ext.undef_macros = []
+                for macro in macros:
+                    if not (isinstance(macro, tuple) and len(macro) in (1, 2)):
+                        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                            "'macros' element of build info dict "
+                            "must be 1- or 2-tuple"
+                        )
+                    if len(macro) == 1:
+                        ext.undef_macros.append(macro[0])
+                    elif len(macro) == 2:
+                        ext.define_macros.append(macro)
+
+            extensions[i] = ext
+
+    def get_source_files(self):
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        filenames = []
+
+        # Wouldn't it be neat if we knew the names of header files too...
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            filenames.extend(ext.sources)
+        return filenames
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        # Sanity check the 'extensions' list -- can't assume this is being
+        # done in the same run as a 'build_extensions()' call (in fact, we
+        # can probably assume that it *isn't*!).
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+
+        # And build the list of output (built) filenames.  Note that this
+        # ignores the 'inplace' flag, and assumes everything goes in the
+        # "build" tree.
+        outputs = []
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            outputs.append(self.get_ext_fullpath(ext.name))
+        return outputs
+
+    def build_extensions(self):
+        # First, sanity-check the 'extensions' list
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        if self.parallel:
+            self._build_extensions_parallel()
+        else:
+            self._build_extensions_serial()
+
+    def _build_extensions_parallel(self):
+        workers = self.parallel
+        if self.parallel is True:
+            workers = os.cpu_count()  # may return None
+        try:
+            from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+        except ImportError:
+            workers = None
+
+        if workers is None:
+            self._build_extensions_serial()
+            return
+
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=workers) as executor:
+            futures = [
+                executor.submit(self.build_extension, ext) for ext in self.extensions
+            ]
+            for ext, fut in zip(self.extensions, futures):
+                with self._filter_build_errors(ext):
+                    fut.result()
+
+    def _build_extensions_serial(self):
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            with self._filter_build_errors(ext):
+                self.build_extension(ext)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _filter_build_errors(self, ext):
+        try:
+            yield
+        except (CCompilerError, DistutilsError, CompileError) as e:
+            if not ext.optional:
+                raise
+            self.warn(f'building extension "{ext.name}" failed: {e}')
+
+    def build_extension(self, ext):
+        sources = ext.sources
+        if sources is None or not isinstance(sources, (list, tuple)):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "in 'ext_modules' option (extension '%s'), "
+                "'sources' must be present and must be "
+                "a list of source filenames" % ext.name
+            )
+        # sort to make the resulting .so file build reproducible
+        sources = sorted(sources)
+
+        ext_path = self.get_ext_fullpath(ext.name)
+        depends = sources + ext.depends
+        if not (self.force or newer_group(depends, ext_path, 'newer')):
+            log.debug("skipping '%s' extension (up-to-date)", ext.name)
+            return
+        else:
+            log.info("building '%s' extension", ext.name)
+
+        # First, scan the sources for SWIG definition files (.i), run
+        # SWIG on 'em to create .c files, and modify the sources list
+        # accordingly.
+        sources = self.swig_sources(sources, ext)
+
+        # Next, compile the source code to object files.
+
+        # XXX not honouring 'define_macros' or 'undef_macros' -- the
+        # CCompiler API needs to change to accommodate this, and I
+        # want to do one thing at a time!
+
+        # Two possible sources for extra compiler arguments:
+        #   - 'extra_compile_args' in Extension object
+        #   - CFLAGS environment variable (not particularly
+        #     elegant, but people seem to expect it and I
+        #     guess it's useful)
+        # The environment variable should take precedence, and
+        # any sensible compiler will give precedence to later
+        # command line args.  Hence we combine them in order:
+        extra_args = ext.extra_compile_args or []
+
+        macros = ext.define_macros[:]
+        for undef in ext.undef_macros:
+            macros.append((undef,))
+
+        objects = self.compiler.compile(
+            sources,
+            output_dir=self.build_temp,
+            macros=macros,
+            include_dirs=ext.include_dirs,
+            debug=self.debug,
+            extra_postargs=extra_args,
+            depends=ext.depends,
+        )
+
+        # XXX outdated variable, kept here in case third-part code
+        # needs it.
+        self._built_objects = objects[:]
+
+        # Now link the object files together into a "shared object" --
+        # of course, first we have to figure out all the other things
+        # that go into the mix.
+        if ext.extra_objects:
+            objects.extend(ext.extra_objects)
+        extra_args = ext.extra_link_args or []
+
+        # Detect target language, if not provided
+        language = ext.language or self.compiler.detect_language(sources)
+
+        self.compiler.link_shared_object(
+            objects,
+            ext_path,
+            libraries=self.get_libraries(ext),
+            library_dirs=ext.library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs=ext.runtime_library_dirs,
+            extra_postargs=extra_args,
+            export_symbols=self.get_export_symbols(ext),
+            debug=self.debug,
+            build_temp=self.build_temp,
+            target_lang=language,
+        )
+
+    def swig_sources(self, sources, extension):
+        """Walk the list of source files in 'sources', looking for SWIG
+        interface (.i) files.  Run SWIG on all that are found, and
+        return a modified 'sources' list with SWIG source files replaced
+        by the generated C (or C++) files.
+        """
+        new_sources = []
+        swig_sources = []
+        swig_targets = {}
+
+        # XXX this drops generated C/C++ files into the source tree, which
+        # is fine for developers who want to distribute the generated
+        # source -- but there should be an option to put SWIG output in
+        # the temp dir.
+
+        if self.swig_cpp:
+            log.warning("--swig-cpp is deprecated - use --swig-opts=-c++")
+
+        if (
+            self.swig_cpp
+            or ('-c++' in self.swig_opts)
+            or ('-c++' in extension.swig_opts)
+        ):
+            target_ext = '.cpp'
+        else:
+            target_ext = '.c'
+
+        for source in sources:
+            (base, ext) = os.path.splitext(source)
+            if ext == ".i":  # SWIG interface file
+                new_sources.append(base + '_wrap' + target_ext)
+                swig_sources.append(source)
+                swig_targets[source] = new_sources[-1]
+            else:
+                new_sources.append(source)
+
+        if not swig_sources:
+            return new_sources
+
+        swig = self.swig or self.find_swig()
+        swig_cmd = [swig, "-python"]
+        swig_cmd.extend(self.swig_opts)
+        if self.swig_cpp:
+            swig_cmd.append("-c++")
+
+        # Do not override commandline arguments
+        if not self.swig_opts:
+            for o in extension.swig_opts:
+                swig_cmd.append(o)
+
+        for source in swig_sources:
+            target = swig_targets[source]
+            log.info("swigging %s to %s", source, target)
+            self.spawn(swig_cmd + ["-o", target, source])
+
+        return new_sources
+
+    def find_swig(self):
+        """Return the name of the SWIG executable.  On Unix, this is
+        just "swig" -- it should be in the PATH.  Tries a bit harder on
+        Windows.
+        """
+        if os.name == "posix":
+            return "swig"
+        elif os.name == "nt":
+            # Look for SWIG in its standard installation directory on
+            # Windows (or so I presume!).  If we find it there, great;
+            # if not, act like Unix and assume it's in the PATH.
+            for vers in ("1.3", "1.2", "1.1"):
+                fn = os.path.join("c:\\swig%s" % vers, "swig.exe")
+                if os.path.isfile(fn):
+                    return fn
+            else:
+                return "swig.exe"
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                "I don't know how to find (much less run) SWIG "
+                "on platform '%s'" % os.name
+            )
+
+    # -- Name generators -----------------------------------------------
+    # (extension names, filenames, whatever)
+    def get_ext_fullpath(self, ext_name):
+        """Returns the path of the filename for a given extension.
+
+        The file is located in `build_lib` or directly in the package
+        (inplace option).
+        """
+        fullname = self.get_ext_fullname(ext_name)
+        modpath = fullname.split('.')
+        filename = self.get_ext_filename(modpath[-1])
+
+        if not self.inplace:
+            # no further work needed
+            # returning :
+            #   build_dir/package/path/filename
+            filename = os.path.join(*modpath[:-1] + [filename])
+            return os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename)
+
+        # the inplace option requires to find the package directory
+        # using the build_py command for that
+        package = '.'.join(modpath[0:-1])
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+        package_dir = os.path.abspath(build_py.get_package_dir(package))
+
+        # returning
+        #   package_dir/filename
+        return os.path.join(package_dir, filename)
+
+    def get_ext_fullname(self, ext_name):
+        """Returns the fullname of a given extension name.
+
+        Adds the `package.` prefix"""
+        if self.package is None:
+            return ext_name
+        else:
+            return self.package + '.' + ext_name
+
+    def get_ext_filename(self, ext_name):
+        r"""Convert the name of an extension (eg. "foo.bar") into the name
+        of the file from which it will be loaded (eg. "foo/bar.so", or
+        "foo\bar.pyd").
+        """
+        from ..sysconfig import get_config_var
+
+        ext_path = ext_name.split('.')
+        ext_suffix = get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')
+        return os.path.join(*ext_path) + ext_suffix
+
+    def get_export_symbols(self, ext):
+        """Return the list of symbols that a shared extension has to
+        export.  This either uses 'ext.export_symbols' or, if it's not
+        provided, "PyInit_" + module_name.  Only relevant on Windows, where
+        the .pyd file (DLL) must export the module "PyInit_" function.
+        """
+        name = ext.name.split('.')[-1]
+        try:
+            # Unicode module name support as defined in PEP-489
+            # https://peps.python.org/pep-0489/#export-hook-name
+            name.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            suffix = 'U_' + name.encode('punycode').replace(b'-', b'_').decode('ascii')
+        else:
+            suffix = "_" + name
+
+        initfunc_name = "PyInit" + suffix
+        if initfunc_name not in ext.export_symbols:
+            ext.export_symbols.append(initfunc_name)
+        return ext.export_symbols
+
+    def get_libraries(self, ext):  # noqa: C901
+        """Return the list of libraries to link against when building a
+        shared extension.  On most platforms, this is just 'ext.libraries';
+        on Windows, we add the Python library (eg. python20.dll).
+        """
+        # The python library is always needed on Windows.  For MSVC, this
+        # is redundant, since the library is mentioned in a pragma in
+        # pyconfig.h that MSVC groks.  The other Windows compilers all seem
+        # to need it mentioned explicitly, though, so that's what we do.
+        # Append '_d' to the python import library on debug builds.
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            from .._msvccompiler import MSVCCompiler
+
+            if not isinstance(self.compiler, MSVCCompiler):
+                template = "python%d%d"
+                if self.debug:
+                    template = template + '_d'
+                pythonlib = template % (
+                    sys.hexversion >> 24,
+                    (sys.hexversion >> 16) & 0xFF,
+                )
+                # don't extend ext.libraries, it may be shared with other
+                # extensions, it is a reference to the original list
+                return ext.libraries + [pythonlib]
+        else:
+            # On Android only the main executable and LD_PRELOADs are considered
+            # to be RTLD_GLOBAL, all the dependencies of the main executable
+            # remain RTLD_LOCAL and so the shared libraries must be linked with
+            # libpython when python is built with a shared python library (issue
+            # bpo-21536).
+            # On Cygwin (and if required, other POSIX-like platforms based on
+            # Windows like MinGW) it is simply necessary that all symbols in
+            # shared libraries are resolved at link time.
+            from ..sysconfig import get_config_var
+
+            link_libpython = False
+            if get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED'):
+                # A native build on an Android device or on Cygwin
+                if hasattr(sys, 'getandroidapilevel'):
+                    link_libpython = True
+                elif sys.platform == 'cygwin':
+                    link_libpython = True
+                elif '_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM' in os.environ:
+                    # We are cross-compiling for one of the relevant platforms
+                    if get_config_var('ANDROID_API_LEVEL') != 0:
+                        link_libpython = True
+                    elif get_config_var('MACHDEP') == 'cygwin':
+                        link_libpython = True
+
+            if link_libpython:
+                ldversion = get_config_var('LDVERSION')
+                return ext.libraries + ['python' + ldversion]
+
+        return ext.libraries
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_py.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56e6fa2e66fdfa6d388509a17e476094d09e1749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_py.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+"""distutils.command.build_py
+
+Implements the Distutils 'build_py' command."""
+
+import glob
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import sys
+from distutils._log import log
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsFileError, DistutilsOptionError
+from ..util import convert_path
+
+
+class build_py(Command):
+    description = "\"build\" pure Python modules (copy to build directory)"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('build-lib=', 'd', "directory to \"build\" (copy) to"),
+        ('compile', 'c', "compile .py to .pyc"),
+        ('no-compile', None, "don't compile .py files [default]"),
+        (
+            'optimize=',
+            'O',
+            "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+            "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]",
+        ),
+        ('force', 'f', "forcibly build everything (ignore file timestamps)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['compile', 'force']
+    negative_opt = {'no-compile': 'compile'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.build_lib = None
+        self.py_modules = None
+        self.package = None
+        self.package_data = None
+        self.package_dir = None
+        self.compile = 0
+        self.optimize = 0
+        self.force = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'build', ('build_lib', 'build_lib'), ('force', 'force')
+        )
+
+        # Get the distribution options that are aliases for build_py
+        # options -- list of packages and list of modules.
+        self.packages = self.distribution.packages
+        self.py_modules = self.distribution.py_modules
+        self.package_data = self.distribution.package_data
+        self.package_dir = {}
+        if self.distribution.package_dir:
+            for name, path in self.distribution.package_dir.items():
+                self.package_dir[name] = convert_path(path)
+        self.data_files = self.get_data_files()
+
+        # Ick, copied straight from install_lib.py (fancy_getopt needs a
+        # type system!  Hell, *everything* needs a type system!!!)
+        if not isinstance(self.optimize, int):
+            try:
+                self.optimize = int(self.optimize)
+                assert 0 <= self.optimize <= 2
+            except (ValueError, AssertionError):
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("optimize must be 0, 1, or 2")
+
+    def run(self):
+        # XXX copy_file by default preserves atime and mtime.  IMHO this is
+        # the right thing to do, but perhaps it should be an option -- in
+        # particular, a site administrator might want installed files to
+        # reflect the time of installation rather than the last
+        # modification time before the installed release.
+
+        # XXX copy_file by default preserves mode, which appears to be the
+        # wrong thing to do: if a file is read-only in the working
+        # directory, we want it to be installed read/write so that the next
+        # installation of the same module distribution can overwrite it
+        # without problems.  (This might be a Unix-specific issue.)  Thus
+        # we turn off 'preserve_mode' when copying to the build directory,
+        # since the build directory is supposed to be exactly what the
+        # installation will look like (ie. we preserve mode when
+        # installing).
+
+        # Two options control which modules will be installed: 'packages'
+        # and 'py_modules'.  The former lets us work with whole packages, not
+        # specifying individual modules at all; the latter is for
+        # specifying modules one-at-a-time.
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.build_modules()
+        if self.packages:
+            self.build_packages()
+            self.build_package_data()
+
+        self.byte_compile(self.get_outputs(include_bytecode=0))
+
+    def get_data_files(self):
+        """Generate list of '(package,src_dir,build_dir,filenames)' tuples"""
+        data = []
+        if not self.packages:
+            return data
+        for package in self.packages:
+            # Locate package source directory
+            src_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+
+            # Compute package build directory
+            build_dir = os.path.join(*([self.build_lib] + package.split('.')))
+
+            # Length of path to strip from found files
+            plen = 0
+            if src_dir:
+                plen = len(src_dir) + 1
+
+            # Strip directory from globbed filenames
+            filenames = [file[plen:] for file in self.find_data_files(package, src_dir)]
+            data.append((package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames))
+        return data
+
+    def find_data_files(self, package, src_dir):
+        """Return filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = self.package_data.get('', []) + self.package_data.get(package, [])
+        files = []
+        for pattern in globs:
+            # Each pattern has to be converted to a platform-specific path
+            filelist = glob.glob(
+                os.path.join(glob.escape(src_dir), convert_path(pattern))
+            )
+            # Files that match more than one pattern are only added once
+            files.extend([
+                fn for fn in filelist if fn not in files and os.path.isfile(fn)
+            ])
+        return files
+
+    def build_package_data(self):
+        """Copy data files into build directory"""
+        for _package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames in self.data_files:
+            for filename in filenames:
+                target = os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
+                self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(target))
+                self.copy_file(
+                    os.path.join(src_dir, filename), target, preserve_mode=False
+                )
+
+    def get_package_dir(self, package):
+        """Return the directory, relative to the top of the source
+        distribution, where package 'package' should be found
+        (at least according to the 'package_dir' option, if any)."""
+        path = package.split('.')
+
+        if not self.package_dir:
+            if path:
+                return os.path.join(*path)
+            else:
+                return ''
+        else:
+            tail = []
+            while path:
+                try:
+                    pdir = self.package_dir['.'.join(path)]
+                except KeyError:
+                    tail.insert(0, path[-1])
+                    del path[-1]
+                else:
+                    tail.insert(0, pdir)
+                    return os.path.join(*tail)
+            else:
+                # Oops, got all the way through 'path' without finding a
+                # match in package_dir.  If package_dir defines a directory
+                # for the root (nameless) package, then fallback on it;
+                # otherwise, we might as well have not consulted
+                # package_dir at all, as we just use the directory implied
+                # by 'tail' (which should be the same as the original value
+                # of 'path' at this point).
+                pdir = self.package_dir.get('')
+                if pdir is not None:
+                    tail.insert(0, pdir)
+
+                if tail:
+                    return os.path.join(*tail)
+                else:
+                    return ''
+
+    def check_package(self, package, package_dir):
+        # Empty dir name means current directory, which we can probably
+        # assume exists.  Also, os.path.exists and isdir don't know about
+        # my "empty string means current dir" convention, so we have to
+        # circumvent them.
+        if package_dir != "":
+            if not os.path.exists(package_dir):
+                raise DistutilsFileError(
+                    "package directory '%s' does not exist" % package_dir
+                )
+            if not os.path.isdir(package_dir):
+                raise DistutilsFileError(
+                    "supposed package directory '%s' exists, "
+                    "but is not a directory" % package_dir
+                )
+
+        # Directories without __init__.py are namespace packages (PEP 420).
+        if package:
+            init_py = os.path.join(package_dir, "__init__.py")
+            if os.path.isfile(init_py):
+                return init_py
+
+        # Either not in a package at all (__init__.py not expected), or
+        # __init__.py doesn't exist -- so don't return the filename.
+        return None
+
+    def check_module(self, module, module_file):
+        if not os.path.isfile(module_file):
+            log.warning("file %s (for module %s) not found", module_file, module)
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def find_package_modules(self, package, package_dir):
+        self.check_package(package, package_dir)
+        module_files = glob.glob(os.path.join(glob.escape(package_dir), "*.py"))
+        modules = []
+        setup_script = os.path.abspath(self.distribution.script_name)
+
+        for f in module_files:
+            abs_f = os.path.abspath(f)
+            if abs_f != setup_script:
+                module = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(f))[0]
+                modules.append((package, module, f))
+            else:
+                self.debug_print("excluding %s" % setup_script)
+        return modules
+
+    def find_modules(self):
+        """Finds individually-specified Python modules, ie. those listed by
+        module name in 'self.py_modules'.  Returns a list of tuples (package,
+        module_base, filename): 'package' is a tuple of the path through
+        package-space to the module; 'module_base' is the bare (no
+        packages, no dots) module name, and 'filename' is the path to the
+        ".py" file (relative to the distribution root) that implements the
+        module.
+        """
+        # Map package names to tuples of useful info about the package:
+        #    (package_dir, checked)
+        # package_dir - the directory where we'll find source files for
+        #   this package
+        # checked - true if we have checked that the package directory
+        #   is valid (exists, contains __init__.py, ... ?)
+        packages = {}
+
+        # List of (package, module, filename) tuples to return
+        modules = []
+
+        # We treat modules-in-packages almost the same as toplevel modules,
+        # just the "package" for a toplevel is empty (either an empty
+        # string or empty list, depending on context).  Differences:
+        #   - don't check for __init__.py in directory for empty package
+        for module in self.py_modules:
+            path = module.split('.')
+            package = '.'.join(path[0:-1])
+            module_base = path[-1]
+
+            try:
+                (package_dir, checked) = packages[package]
+            except KeyError:
+                package_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+                checked = 0
+
+            if not checked:
+                init_py = self.check_package(package, package_dir)
+                packages[package] = (package_dir, 1)
+                if init_py:
+                    modules.append((package, "__init__", init_py))
+
+            # XXX perhaps we should also check for just .pyc files
+            # (so greedy closed-source bastards can distribute Python
+            # modules too)
+            module_file = os.path.join(package_dir, module_base + ".py")
+            if not self.check_module(module, module_file):
+                continue
+
+            modules.append((package, module_base, module_file))
+
+        return modules
+
+    def find_all_modules(self):
+        """Compute the list of all modules that will be built, whether
+        they are specified one-module-at-a-time ('self.py_modules') or
+        by whole packages ('self.packages').  Return a list of tuples
+        (package, module, module_file), just like 'find_modules()' and
+        'find_package_modules()' do."""
+        modules = []
+        if self.py_modules:
+            modules.extend(self.find_modules())
+        if self.packages:
+            for package in self.packages:
+                package_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+                m = self.find_package_modules(package, package_dir)
+                modules.extend(m)
+        return modules
+
+    def get_source_files(self):
+        return [module[-1] for module in self.find_all_modules()]
+
+    def get_module_outfile(self, build_dir, package, module):
+        outfile_path = [build_dir] + list(package) + [module + ".py"]
+        return os.path.join(*outfile_path)
+
+    def get_outputs(self, include_bytecode=1):
+        modules = self.find_all_modules()
+        outputs = []
+        for package, module, _module_file in modules:
+            package = package.split('.')
+            filename = self.get_module_outfile(self.build_lib, package, module)
+            outputs.append(filename)
+            if include_bytecode:
+                if self.compile:
+                    outputs.append(
+                        importlib.util.cache_from_source(filename, optimization='')
+                    )
+                if self.optimize > 0:
+                    outputs.append(
+                        importlib.util.cache_from_source(
+                            filename, optimization=self.optimize
+                        )
+                    )
+
+        outputs += [
+            os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
+            for package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames in self.data_files
+            for filename in filenames
+        ]
+
+        return outputs
+
+    def build_module(self, module, module_file, package):
+        if isinstance(package, str):
+            package = package.split('.')
+        elif not isinstance(package, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "'package' must be a string (dot-separated), list, or tuple"
+            )
+
+        # Now put the module source file into the "build" area -- this is
+        # easy, we just copy it somewhere under self.build_lib (the build
+        # directory for Python source).
+        outfile = self.get_module_outfile(self.build_lib, package, module)
+        dir = os.path.dirname(outfile)
+        self.mkpath(dir)
+        return self.copy_file(module_file, outfile, preserve_mode=0)
+
+    def build_modules(self):
+        modules = self.find_modules()
+        for package, module, module_file in modules:
+            # Now "build" the module -- ie. copy the source file to
+            # self.build_lib (the build directory for Python source).
+            # (Actually, it gets copied to the directory for this package
+            # under self.build_lib.)
+            self.build_module(module, module_file, package)
+
+    def build_packages(self):
+        for package in self.packages:
+            # Get list of (package, module, module_file) tuples based on
+            # scanning the package directory.  'package' is only included
+            # in the tuple so that 'find_modules()' and
+            # 'find_package_tuples()' have a consistent interface; it's
+            # ignored here (apart from a sanity check).  Also, 'module' is
+            # the *unqualified* module name (ie. no dots, no package -- we
+            # already know its package!), and 'module_file' is the path to
+            # the .py file, relative to the current directory
+            # (ie. including 'package_dir').
+            package_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+            modules = self.find_package_modules(package, package_dir)
+
+            # Now loop over the modules we found, "building" each one (just
+            # copy it to self.build_lib).
+            for package_, module, module_file in modules:
+                assert package == package_
+                self.build_module(module, module_file, package)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, files):
+        if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+            self.warn('byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.')
+            return
+
+        from ..util import byte_compile
+
+        prefix = self.build_lib
+        if prefix[-1] != os.sep:
+            prefix = prefix + os.sep
+
+        # XXX this code is essentially the same as the 'byte_compile()
+        # method of the "install_lib" command, except for the determination
+        # of the 'prefix' string.  Hmmm.
+        if self.compile:
+            byte_compile(
+                files, optimize=0, force=self.force, prefix=prefix, dry_run=self.dry_run
+            )
+        if self.optimize > 0:
+            byte_compile(
+                files,
+                optimize=self.optimize,
+                force=self.force,
+                prefix=prefix,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_scripts.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f3902a02758215309c994c42ff7a3e6300a9663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/build_scripts.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""distutils.command.build_scripts
+
+Implements the Distutils 'build_scripts' command."""
+
+import os
+import re
+import tokenize
+from distutils import sysconfig
+from distutils._log import log
+from stat import ST_MODE
+
+from .._modified import newer
+from ..core import Command
+from ..util import convert_path
+
+shebang_pattern = re.compile('^#!.*python[0-9.]*([ \t].*)?$')
+"""
+Pattern matching a Python interpreter indicated in first line of a script.
+"""
+
+# for Setuptools compatibility
+first_line_re = shebang_pattern
+
+
+class build_scripts(Command):
+    description = "\"build\" scripts (copy and fixup #! line)"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('build-dir=', 'd', "directory to \"build\" (copy) to"),
+        ('force', 'f', "forcibly build everything (ignore file timestamps"),
+        ('executable=', 'e', "specify final destination interpreter path"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['force']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.build_dir = None
+        self.scripts = None
+        self.force = None
+        self.executable = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'build',
+            ('build_scripts', 'build_dir'),
+            ('force', 'force'),
+            ('executable', 'executable'),
+        )
+        self.scripts = self.distribution.scripts
+
+    def get_source_files(self):
+        return self.scripts
+
+    def run(self):
+        if not self.scripts:
+            return
+        self.copy_scripts()
+
+    def copy_scripts(self):
+        """
+        Copy each script listed in ``self.scripts``.
+
+        If a script is marked as a Python script (first line matches
+        'shebang_pattern', i.e. starts with ``#!`` and contains
+        "python"), then adjust in the copy the first line to refer to
+        the current Python interpreter.
+        """
+        self.mkpath(self.build_dir)
+        outfiles = []
+        updated_files = []
+        for script in self.scripts:
+            self._copy_script(script, outfiles, updated_files)
+
+        self._change_modes(outfiles)
+
+        return outfiles, updated_files
+
+    def _copy_script(self, script, outfiles, updated_files):  # noqa: C901
+        shebang_match = None
+        script = convert_path(script)
+        outfile = os.path.join(self.build_dir, os.path.basename(script))
+        outfiles.append(outfile)
+
+        if not self.force and not newer(script, outfile):
+            log.debug("not copying %s (up-to-date)", script)
+            return
+
+        # Always open the file, but ignore failures in dry-run mode
+        # in order to attempt to copy directly.
+        try:
+            f = tokenize.open(script)
+        except OSError:
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                raise
+            f = None
+        else:
+            first_line = f.readline()
+            if not first_line:
+                self.warn("%s is an empty file (skipping)" % script)
+                return
+
+            shebang_match = shebang_pattern.match(first_line)
+
+        updated_files.append(outfile)
+        if shebang_match:
+            log.info("copying and adjusting %s -> %s", script, self.build_dir)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                if not sysconfig.python_build:
+                    executable = self.executable
+                else:
+                    executable = os.path.join(
+                        sysconfig.get_config_var("BINDIR"),
+                        "python{}{}".format(
+                            sysconfig.get_config_var("VERSION"),
+                            sysconfig.get_config_var("EXE"),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                post_interp = shebang_match.group(1) or ''
+                shebang = "#!" + executable + post_interp + "\n"
+                self._validate_shebang(shebang, f.encoding)
+                with open(outfile, "w", encoding=f.encoding) as outf:
+                    outf.write(shebang)
+                    outf.writelines(f.readlines())
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+        else:
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+            self.copy_file(script, outfile)
+
+    def _change_modes(self, outfiles):
+        if os.name != 'posix':
+            return
+
+        for file in outfiles:
+            self._change_mode(file)
+
+    def _change_mode(self, file):
+        if self.dry_run:
+            log.info("changing mode of %s", file)
+            return
+
+        oldmode = os.stat(file)[ST_MODE] & 0o7777
+        newmode = (oldmode | 0o555) & 0o7777
+        if newmode != oldmode:
+            log.info("changing mode of %s from %o to %o", file, oldmode, newmode)
+            os.chmod(file, newmode)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_shebang(shebang, encoding):
+        # Python parser starts to read a script using UTF-8 until
+        # it gets a #coding:xxx cookie. The shebang has to be the
+        # first line of a file, the #coding:xxx cookie cannot be
+        # written before. So the shebang has to be encodable to
+        # UTF-8.
+        try:
+            shebang.encode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            raise ValueError(f"The shebang ({shebang!r}) is not encodable to utf-8")
+
+        # If the script is encoded to a custom encoding (use a
+        # #coding:xxx cookie), the shebang has to be encodable to
+        # the script encoding too.
+        try:
+            shebang.encode(encoding)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The shebang ({shebang!r}) is not encodable "
+                f"to the script encoding ({encoding})"
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/check.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/check.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28599e109c85ea97c1cc5a04364b91e0ef89f030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/check.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+"""distutils.command.check
+
+Implements the Distutils 'check' command.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsSetupError
+
+with contextlib.suppress(ImportError):
+    import docutils.frontend
+    import docutils.nodes
+    import docutils.parsers.rst
+    import docutils.utils
+
+    class SilentReporter(docutils.utils.Reporter):
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            source,
+            report_level,
+            halt_level,
+            stream=None,
+            debug=0,
+            encoding='ascii',
+            error_handler='replace',
+        ):
+            self.messages = []
+            super().__init__(
+                source, report_level, halt_level, stream, debug, encoding, error_handler
+            )
+
+        def system_message(self, level, message, *children, **kwargs):
+            self.messages.append((level, message, children, kwargs))
+            return docutils.nodes.system_message(
+                message, *children, level=level, type=self.levels[level], **kwargs
+            )
+
+
+class check(Command):
+    """This command checks the meta-data of the package."""
+
+    description = "perform some checks on the package"
+    user_options = [
+        ('metadata', 'm', 'Verify meta-data'),
+        (
+            'restructuredtext',
+            'r',
+            (
+                'Checks if long string meta-data syntax '
+                'are reStructuredText-compliant'
+            ),
+        ),
+        ('strict', 's', 'Will exit with an error if a check fails'),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['metadata', 'restructuredtext', 'strict']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        """Sets default values for options."""
+        self.restructuredtext = 0
+        self.metadata = 1
+        self.strict = 0
+        self._warnings = 0
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def warn(self, msg):
+        """Counts the number of warnings that occurs."""
+        self._warnings += 1
+        return Command.warn(self, msg)
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Runs the command."""
+        # perform the various tests
+        if self.metadata:
+            self.check_metadata()
+        if self.restructuredtext:
+            if 'docutils' in globals():
+                try:
+                    self.check_restructuredtext()
+                except TypeError as exc:
+                    raise DistutilsSetupError(str(exc))
+            elif self.strict:
+                raise DistutilsSetupError('The docutils package is needed.')
+
+        # let's raise an error in strict mode, if we have at least
+        # one warning
+        if self.strict and self._warnings > 0:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError('Please correct your package.')
+
+    def check_metadata(self):
+        """Ensures that all required elements of meta-data are supplied.
+
+        Required fields:
+            name, version
+
+        Warns if any are missing.
+        """
+        metadata = self.distribution.metadata
+
+        missing = []
+        for attr in 'name', 'version':
+            if not getattr(metadata, attr, None):
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        if missing:
+            self.warn("missing required meta-data: %s" % ', '.join(missing))
+
+    def check_restructuredtext(self):
+        """Checks if the long string fields are reST-compliant."""
+        data = self.distribution.get_long_description()
+        for warning in self._check_rst_data(data):
+            line = warning[-1].get('line')
+            if line is None:
+                warning = warning[1]
+            else:
+                warning = f'{warning[1]} (line {line})'
+            self.warn(warning)
+
+    def _check_rst_data(self, data):
+        """Returns warnings when the provided data doesn't compile."""
+        # the include and csv_table directives need this to be a path
+        source_path = self.distribution.script_name or 'setup.py'
+        parser = docutils.parsers.rst.Parser()
+        settings = docutils.frontend.OptionParser(
+            components=(docutils.parsers.rst.Parser,)
+        ).get_default_values()
+        settings.tab_width = 4
+        settings.pep_references = None
+        settings.rfc_references = None
+        reporter = SilentReporter(
+            source_path,
+            settings.report_level,
+            settings.halt_level,
+            stream=settings.warning_stream,
+            debug=settings.debug,
+            encoding=settings.error_encoding,
+            error_handler=settings.error_encoding_error_handler,
+        )
+
+        document = docutils.nodes.document(settings, reporter, source=source_path)
+        document.note_source(source_path, -1)
+        try:
+            parser.parse(data, document)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            reporter.messages.append((
+                -1,
+                'Could not finish the parsing: %s.' % e,
+                '',
+                {},
+            ))
+
+        return reporter.messages
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/clean.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/clean.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4167a83fb3b4d830539f68083954e540721f549c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/clean.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+"""distutils.command.clean
+
+Implements the Distutils 'clean' command."""
+
+# contributed by Bastian Kleineidam <calvin@cs.uni-sb.de>, added 2000-03-18
+
+import os
+from distutils._log import log
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..dir_util import remove_tree
+
+
+class clean(Command):
+    description = "clean up temporary files from 'build' command"
+    user_options = [
+        ('build-base=', 'b', "base build directory (default: 'build.build-base')"),
+        (
+            'build-lib=',
+            None,
+            "build directory for all modules (default: 'build.build-lib')",
+        ),
+        ('build-temp=', 't', "temporary build directory (default: 'build.build-temp')"),
+        (
+            'build-scripts=',
+            None,
+            "build directory for scripts (default: 'build.build-scripts')",
+        ),
+        ('bdist-base=', None, "temporary directory for built distributions"),
+        ('all', 'a', "remove all build output, not just temporary by-products"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['all']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.build_base = None
+        self.build_lib = None
+        self.build_temp = None
+        self.build_scripts = None
+        self.bdist_base = None
+        self.all = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'build',
+            ('build_base', 'build_base'),
+            ('build_lib', 'build_lib'),
+            ('build_scripts', 'build_scripts'),
+            ('build_temp', 'build_temp'),
+        )
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('bdist_base', 'bdist_base'))
+
+    def run(self):
+        # remove the build/temp.<plat> directory (unless it's already
+        # gone)
+        if os.path.exists(self.build_temp):
+            remove_tree(self.build_temp, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        else:
+            log.debug("'%s' does not exist -- can't clean it", self.build_temp)
+
+        if self.all:
+            # remove build directories
+            for directory in (self.build_lib, self.bdist_base, self.build_scripts):
+                if os.path.exists(directory):
+                    remove_tree(directory, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+                else:
+                    log.warning("'%s' does not exist -- can't clean it", directory)
+
+        # just for the heck of it, try to remove the base build directory:
+        # we might have emptied it right now, but if not we don't care
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            try:
+                os.rmdir(self.build_base)
+                log.info("removing '%s'", self.build_base)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/config.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4b2b0a3620a572838d8d09c842c409fb242b587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/config.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+"""distutils.command.config
+
+Implements the Distutils 'config' command, a (mostly) empty command class
+that exists mainly to be sub-classed by specific module distributions and
+applications.  The idea is that while every "config" command is different,
+at least they're all named the same, and users always see "config" in the
+list of standard commands.  Also, this is a good place to put common
+configure-like tasks: "try to compile this C code", or "figure out where
+this header file lives".
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from distutils._log import log
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsExecError
+from ..sysconfig import customize_compiler
+
+LANG_EXT = {"c": ".c", "c++": ".cxx"}
+
+
+class config(Command):
+    description = "prepare to build"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('compiler=', None, "specify the compiler type"),
+        ('cc=', None, "specify the compiler executable"),
+        ('include-dirs=', 'I', "list of directories to search for header files"),
+        ('define=', 'D', "C preprocessor macros to define"),
+        ('undef=', 'U', "C preprocessor macros to undefine"),
+        ('libraries=', 'l', "external C libraries to link with"),
+        ('library-dirs=', 'L', "directories to search for external C libraries"),
+        ('noisy', None, "show every action (compile, link, run, ...) taken"),
+        (
+            'dump-source',
+            None,
+            "dump generated source files before attempting to compile them",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    # The three standard command methods: since the "config" command
+    # does nothing by default, these are empty.
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.compiler = None
+        self.cc = None
+        self.include_dirs = None
+        self.libraries = None
+        self.library_dirs = None
+
+        # maximal output for now
+        self.noisy = 1
+        self.dump_source = 1
+
+        # list of temporary files generated along-the-way that we have
+        # to clean at some point
+        self.temp_files = []
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.include_dirs is None:
+            self.include_dirs = self.distribution.include_dirs or []
+        elif isinstance(self.include_dirs, str):
+            self.include_dirs = self.include_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        if self.libraries is None:
+            self.libraries = []
+        elif isinstance(self.libraries, str):
+            self.libraries = [self.libraries]
+
+        if self.library_dirs is None:
+            self.library_dirs = []
+        elif isinstance(self.library_dirs, str):
+            self.library_dirs = self.library_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+
+    def run(self):
+        pass
+
+    # Utility methods for actual "config" commands.  The interfaces are
+    # loosely based on Autoconf macros of similar names.  Sub-classes
+    # may use these freely.
+
+    def _check_compiler(self):
+        """Check that 'self.compiler' really is a CCompiler object;
+        if not, make it one.
+        """
+        # We do this late, and only on-demand, because this is an expensive
+        # import.
+        from ..ccompiler import CCompiler, new_compiler
+
+        if not isinstance(self.compiler, CCompiler):
+            self.compiler = new_compiler(
+                compiler=self.compiler, dry_run=self.dry_run, force=1
+            )
+            customize_compiler(self.compiler)
+            if self.include_dirs:
+                self.compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+            if self.libraries:
+                self.compiler.set_libraries(self.libraries)
+            if self.library_dirs:
+                self.compiler.set_library_dirs(self.library_dirs)
+
+    def _gen_temp_sourcefile(self, body, headers, lang):
+        filename = "_configtest" + LANG_EXT[lang]
+        with open(filename, "w", encoding='utf-8') as file:
+            if headers:
+                for header in headers:
+                    file.write("#include <%s>\n" % header)
+                file.write("\n")
+            file.write(body)
+            if body[-1] != "\n":
+                file.write("\n")
+        return filename
+
+    def _preprocess(self, body, headers, include_dirs, lang):
+        src = self._gen_temp_sourcefile(body, headers, lang)
+        out = "_configtest.i"
+        self.temp_files.extend([src, out])
+        self.compiler.preprocess(src, out, include_dirs=include_dirs)
+        return (src, out)
+
+    def _compile(self, body, headers, include_dirs, lang):
+        src = self._gen_temp_sourcefile(body, headers, lang)
+        if self.dump_source:
+            dump_file(src, "compiling '%s':" % src)
+        (obj,) = self.compiler.object_filenames([src])
+        self.temp_files.extend([src, obj])
+        self.compiler.compile([src], include_dirs=include_dirs)
+        return (src, obj)
+
+    def _link(self, body, headers, include_dirs, libraries, library_dirs, lang):
+        (src, obj) = self._compile(body, headers, include_dirs, lang)
+        prog = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src))[0]
+        self.compiler.link_executable(
+            [obj],
+            prog,
+            libraries=libraries,
+            library_dirs=library_dirs,
+            target_lang=lang,
+        )
+
+        if self.compiler.exe_extension is not None:
+            prog = prog + self.compiler.exe_extension
+        self.temp_files.append(prog)
+
+        return (src, obj, prog)
+
+    def _clean(self, *filenames):
+        if not filenames:
+            filenames = self.temp_files
+            self.temp_files = []
+        log.info("removing: %s", ' '.join(filenames))
+        for filename in filenames:
+            try:
+                os.remove(filename)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+    # XXX these ignore the dry-run flag: what to do, what to do? even if
+    # you want a dry-run build, you still need some sort of configuration
+    # info.  My inclination is to make it up to the real config command to
+    # consult 'dry_run', and assume a default (minimal) configuration if
+    # true.  The problem with trying to do it here is that you'd have to
+    # return either true or false from all the 'try' methods, neither of
+    # which is correct.
+
+    # XXX need access to the header search path and maybe default macros.
+
+    def try_cpp(self, body=None, headers=None, include_dirs=None, lang="c"):
+        """Construct a source file from 'body' (a string containing lines
+        of C/C++ code) and 'headers' (a list of header files to include)
+        and run it through the preprocessor.  Return true if the
+        preprocessor succeeded, false if there were any errors.
+        ('body' probably isn't of much use, but what the heck.)
+        """
+        from ..ccompiler import CompileError
+
+        self._check_compiler()
+        ok = True
+        try:
+            self._preprocess(body, headers, include_dirs, lang)
+        except CompileError:
+            ok = False
+
+        self._clean()
+        return ok
+
+    def search_cpp(self, pattern, body=None, headers=None, include_dirs=None, lang="c"):
+        """Construct a source file (just like 'try_cpp()'), run it through
+        the preprocessor, and return true if any line of the output matches
+        'pattern'.  'pattern' should either be a compiled regex object or a
+        string containing a regex.  If both 'body' and 'headers' are None,
+        preprocesses an empty file -- which can be useful to determine the
+        symbols the preprocessor and compiler set by default.
+        """
+        self._check_compiler()
+        src, out = self._preprocess(body, headers, include_dirs, lang)
+
+        if isinstance(pattern, str):
+            pattern = re.compile(pattern)
+
+        with open(out, encoding='utf-8') as file:
+            match = any(pattern.search(line) for line in file)
+
+        self._clean()
+        return match
+
+    def try_compile(self, body, headers=None, include_dirs=None, lang="c"):
+        """Try to compile a source file built from 'body' and 'headers'.
+        Return true on success, false otherwise.
+        """
+        from ..ccompiler import CompileError
+
+        self._check_compiler()
+        try:
+            self._compile(body, headers, include_dirs, lang)
+            ok = True
+        except CompileError:
+            ok = False
+
+        log.info(ok and "success!" or "failure.")
+        self._clean()
+        return ok
+
+    def try_link(
+        self,
+        body,
+        headers=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        lang="c",
+    ):
+        """Try to compile and link a source file, built from 'body' and
+        'headers', to executable form.  Return true on success, false
+        otherwise.
+        """
+        from ..ccompiler import CompileError, LinkError
+
+        self._check_compiler()
+        try:
+            self._link(body, headers, include_dirs, libraries, library_dirs, lang)
+            ok = True
+        except (CompileError, LinkError):
+            ok = False
+
+        log.info(ok and "success!" or "failure.")
+        self._clean()
+        return ok
+
+    def try_run(
+        self,
+        body,
+        headers=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        lang="c",
+    ):
+        """Try to compile, link to an executable, and run a program
+        built from 'body' and 'headers'.  Return true on success, false
+        otherwise.
+        """
+        from ..ccompiler import CompileError, LinkError
+
+        self._check_compiler()
+        try:
+            src, obj, exe = self._link(
+                body, headers, include_dirs, libraries, library_dirs, lang
+            )
+            self.spawn([exe])
+            ok = True
+        except (CompileError, LinkError, DistutilsExecError):
+            ok = False
+
+        log.info(ok and "success!" or "failure.")
+        self._clean()
+        return ok
+
+    # -- High-level methods --------------------------------------------
+    # (these are the ones that are actually likely to be useful
+    # when implementing a real-world config command!)
+
+    def check_func(
+        self,
+        func,
+        headers=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        decl=0,
+        call=0,
+    ):
+        """Determine if function 'func' is available by constructing a
+        source file that refers to 'func', and compiles and links it.
+        If everything succeeds, returns true; otherwise returns false.
+
+        The constructed source file starts out by including the header
+        files listed in 'headers'.  If 'decl' is true, it then declares
+        'func' (as "int func()"); you probably shouldn't supply 'headers'
+        and set 'decl' true in the same call, or you might get errors about
+        a conflicting declarations for 'func'.  Finally, the constructed
+        'main()' function either references 'func' or (if 'call' is true)
+        calls it.  'libraries' and 'library_dirs' are used when
+        linking.
+        """
+        self._check_compiler()
+        body = []
+        if decl:
+            body.append("int %s ();" % func)
+        body.append("int main () {")
+        if call:
+            body.append("  %s();" % func)
+        else:
+            body.append("  %s;" % func)
+        body.append("}")
+        body = "\n".join(body) + "\n"
+
+        return self.try_link(body, headers, include_dirs, libraries, library_dirs)
+
+    def check_lib(
+        self,
+        library,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        headers=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        other_libraries: Sequence[str] = [],
+    ):
+        """Determine if 'library' is available to be linked against,
+        without actually checking that any particular symbols are provided
+        by it.  'headers' will be used in constructing the source file to
+        be compiled, but the only effect of this is to check if all the
+        header files listed are available.  Any libraries listed in
+        'other_libraries' will be included in the link, in case 'library'
+        has symbols that depend on other libraries.
+        """
+        self._check_compiler()
+        return self.try_link(
+            "int main (void) { }",
+            headers,
+            include_dirs,
+            [library] + list(other_libraries),
+            library_dirs,
+        )
+
+    def check_header(self, header, include_dirs=None, library_dirs=None, lang="c"):
+        """Determine if the system header file named by 'header_file'
+        exists and can be found by the preprocessor; return true if so,
+        false otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.try_cpp(
+            body="/* No body */", headers=[header], include_dirs=include_dirs
+        )
+
+
+def dump_file(filename, head=None):
+    """Dumps a file content into log.info.
+
+    If head is not None, will be dumped before the file content.
+    """
+    if head is None:
+        log.info('%s', filename)
+    else:
+        log.info(head)
+    log.info(pathlib.Path(filename).read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e920be4de6ef036dc8a7f9552c5890dc71e3c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+"""distutils.command.install
+
+Implements the Distutils 'install' command."""
+
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import os
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from distutils._log import log
+from site import USER_BASE, USER_SITE
+
+from .. import _collections
+from ..core import Command
+from ..debug import DEBUG
+from ..errors import DistutilsOptionError, DistutilsPlatformError
+from ..file_util import write_file
+from ..sysconfig import get_config_vars
+from ..util import change_root, convert_path, get_platform, subst_vars
+from . import _framework_compat as fw
+
+HAS_USER_SITE = True
+
+WINDOWS_SCHEME = {
+    'purelib': '{base}/Lib/site-packages',
+    'platlib': '{base}/Lib/site-packages',
+    'headers': '{base}/Include/{dist_name}',
+    'scripts': '{base}/Scripts',
+    'data': '{base}',
+}
+
+INSTALL_SCHEMES = {
+    'posix_prefix': {
+        'purelib': '{base}/lib/{implementation_lower}{py_version_short}/site-packages',
+        'platlib': '{platbase}/{platlibdir}/{implementation_lower}'
+        '{py_version_short}/site-packages',
+        'headers': '{base}/include/{implementation_lower}'
+        '{py_version_short}{abiflags}/{dist_name}',
+        'scripts': '{base}/bin',
+        'data': '{base}',
+    },
+    'posix_home': {
+        'purelib': '{base}/lib/{implementation_lower}',
+        'platlib': '{base}/{platlibdir}/{implementation_lower}',
+        'headers': '{base}/include/{implementation_lower}/{dist_name}',
+        'scripts': '{base}/bin',
+        'data': '{base}',
+    },
+    'nt': WINDOWS_SCHEME,
+    'pypy': {
+        'purelib': '{base}/site-packages',
+        'platlib': '{base}/site-packages',
+        'headers': '{base}/include/{dist_name}',
+        'scripts': '{base}/bin',
+        'data': '{base}',
+    },
+    'pypy_nt': {
+        'purelib': '{base}/site-packages',
+        'platlib': '{base}/site-packages',
+        'headers': '{base}/include/{dist_name}',
+        'scripts': '{base}/Scripts',
+        'data': '{base}',
+    },
+}
+
+# user site schemes
+if HAS_USER_SITE:
+    INSTALL_SCHEMES['nt_user'] = {
+        'purelib': '{usersite}',
+        'platlib': '{usersite}',
+        'headers': '{userbase}/{implementation}{py_version_nodot_plat}'
+        '/Include/{dist_name}',
+        'scripts': '{userbase}/{implementation}{py_version_nodot_plat}/Scripts',
+        'data': '{userbase}',
+    }
+
+    INSTALL_SCHEMES['posix_user'] = {
+        'purelib': '{usersite}',
+        'platlib': '{usersite}',
+        'headers': '{userbase}/include/{implementation_lower}'
+        '{py_version_short}{abiflags}/{dist_name}',
+        'scripts': '{userbase}/bin',
+        'data': '{userbase}',
+    }
+
+
+INSTALL_SCHEMES.update(fw.schemes)
+
+
+# The keys to an installation scheme; if any new types of files are to be
+# installed, be sure to add an entry to every installation scheme above,
+# and to SCHEME_KEYS here.
+SCHEME_KEYS = ('purelib', 'platlib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data')
+
+
+def _load_sysconfig_schemes():
+    with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+        return {
+            scheme: sysconfig.get_paths(scheme, expand=False)
+            for scheme in sysconfig.get_scheme_names()
+        }
+
+
+def _load_schemes():
+    """
+    Extend default schemes with schemes from sysconfig.
+    """
+
+    sysconfig_schemes = _load_sysconfig_schemes() or {}
+
+    return {
+        scheme: {
+            **INSTALL_SCHEMES.get(scheme, {}),
+            **sysconfig_schemes.get(scheme, {}),
+        }
+        for scheme in set(itertools.chain(INSTALL_SCHEMES, sysconfig_schemes))
+    }
+
+
+def _get_implementation():
+    if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+        return 'PyPy'
+    else:
+        return 'Python'
+
+
+def _select_scheme(ob, name):
+    scheme = _inject_headers(name, _load_scheme(_resolve_scheme(name)))
+    vars(ob).update(_remove_set(ob, _scheme_attrs(scheme)))
+
+
+def _remove_set(ob, attrs):
+    """
+    Include only attrs that are None in ob.
+    """
+    return {key: value for key, value in attrs.items() if getattr(ob, key) is None}
+
+
+def _resolve_scheme(name):
+    os_name, sep, key = name.partition('_')
+    try:
+        resolved = sysconfig.get_preferred_scheme(key)
+    except Exception:
+        resolved = fw.scheme(_pypy_hack(name))
+    return resolved
+
+
+def _load_scheme(name):
+    return _load_schemes()[name]
+
+
+def _inject_headers(name, scheme):
+    """
+    Given a scheme name and the resolved scheme,
+    if the scheme does not include headers, resolve
+    the fallback scheme for the name and use headers
+    from it. pypa/distutils#88
+    """
+    # Bypass the preferred scheme, which may not
+    # have defined headers.
+    fallback = _load_scheme(_pypy_hack(name))
+    scheme.setdefault('headers', fallback['headers'])
+    return scheme
+
+
+def _scheme_attrs(scheme):
+    """Resolve install directories by applying the install schemes."""
+    return {f'install_{key}': scheme[key] for key in SCHEME_KEYS}
+
+
+def _pypy_hack(name):
+    PY37 = sys.version_info < (3, 8)
+    old_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info') and PY37
+    prefix = not name.endswith(('_user', '_home'))
+    pypy_name = 'pypy' + '_nt' * (os.name == 'nt')
+    return pypy_name if old_pypy and prefix else name
+
+
+class install(Command):
+    description = "install everything from build directory"
+
+    user_options = [
+        # Select installation scheme and set base director(y|ies)
+        ('prefix=', None, "installation prefix"),
+        ('exec-prefix=', None, "(Unix only) prefix for platform-specific files"),
+        ('home=', None, "(Unix only) home directory to install under"),
+        # Or, just set the base director(y|ies)
+        (
+            'install-base=',
+            None,
+            "base installation directory (instead of --prefix or --home)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'install-platbase=',
+            None,
+            "base installation directory for platform-specific files "
+            + "(instead of --exec-prefix or --home)",
+        ),
+        ('root=', None, "install everything relative to this alternate root directory"),
+        # Or, explicitly set the installation scheme
+        (
+            'install-purelib=',
+            None,
+            "installation directory for pure Python module distributions",
+        ),
+        (
+            'install-platlib=',
+            None,
+            "installation directory for non-pure module distributions",
+        ),
+        (
+            'install-lib=',
+            None,
+            "installation directory for all module distributions "
+            + "(overrides --install-purelib and --install-platlib)",
+        ),
+        ('install-headers=', None, "installation directory for C/C++ headers"),
+        ('install-scripts=', None, "installation directory for Python scripts"),
+        ('install-data=', None, "installation directory for data files"),
+        # Byte-compilation options -- see install_lib.py for details, as
+        # these are duplicated from there (but only install_lib does
+        # anything with them).
+        ('compile', 'c', "compile .py to .pyc [default]"),
+        ('no-compile', None, "don't compile .py files"),
+        (
+            'optimize=',
+            'O',
+            "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+            "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]",
+        ),
+        # Miscellaneous control options
+        ('force', 'f', "force installation (overwrite any existing files)"),
+        ('skip-build', None, "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+        # Where to install documentation (eventually!)
+        # ('doc-format=', None, "format of documentation to generate"),
+        # ('install-man=', None, "directory for Unix man pages"),
+        # ('install-html=', None, "directory for HTML documentation"),
+        # ('install-info=', None, "directory for GNU info files"),
+        ('record=', None, "filename in which to record list of installed files"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['compile', 'force', 'skip-build']
+
+    if HAS_USER_SITE:
+        user_options.append((
+            'user',
+            None,
+            "install in user site-package '%s'" % USER_SITE,
+        ))
+        boolean_options.append('user')
+
+    negative_opt = {'no-compile': 'compile'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        """Initializes options."""
+        # High-level options: these select both an installation base
+        # and scheme.
+        self.prefix = None
+        self.exec_prefix = None
+        self.home = None
+        self.user = 0
+
+        # These select only the installation base; it's up to the user to
+        # specify the installation scheme (currently, that means supplying
+        # the --install-{platlib,purelib,scripts,data} options).
+        self.install_base = None
+        self.install_platbase = None
+        self.root = None
+
+        # These options are the actual installation directories; if not
+        # supplied by the user, they are filled in using the installation
+        # scheme implied by prefix/exec-prefix/home and the contents of
+        # that installation scheme.
+        self.install_purelib = None  # for pure module distributions
+        self.install_platlib = None  # non-pure (dists w/ extensions)
+        self.install_headers = None  # for C/C++ headers
+        self.install_lib = None  # set to either purelib or platlib
+        self.install_scripts = None
+        self.install_data = None
+        self.install_userbase = USER_BASE
+        self.install_usersite = USER_SITE
+
+        self.compile = None
+        self.optimize = None
+
+        # Deprecated
+        # These two are for putting non-packagized distributions into their
+        # own directory and creating a .pth file if it makes sense.
+        # 'extra_path' comes from the setup file; 'install_path_file' can
+        # be turned off if it makes no sense to install a .pth file.  (But
+        # better to install it uselessly than to guess wrong and not
+        # install it when it's necessary and would be used!)  Currently,
+        # 'install_path_file' is always true unless some outsider meddles
+        # with it.
+        self.extra_path = None
+        self.install_path_file = 1
+
+        # 'force' forces installation, even if target files are not
+        # out-of-date.  'skip_build' skips running the "build" command,
+        # handy if you know it's not necessary.  'warn_dir' (which is *not*
+        # a user option, it's just there so the bdist_* commands can turn
+        # it off) determines whether we warn about installing to a
+        # directory not in sys.path.
+        self.force = 0
+        self.skip_build = 0
+        self.warn_dir = 1
+
+        # These are only here as a conduit from the 'build' command to the
+        # 'install_*' commands that do the real work.  ('build_base' isn't
+        # actually used anywhere, but it might be useful in future.)  They
+        # are not user options, because if the user told the install
+        # command where the build directory is, that wouldn't affect the
+        # build command.
+        self.build_base = None
+        self.build_lib = None
+
+        # Not defined yet because we don't know anything about
+        # documentation yet.
+        # self.install_man = None
+        # self.install_html = None
+        # self.install_info = None
+
+        self.record = None
+
+    # -- Option finalizing methods -------------------------------------
+    # (This is rather more involved than for most commands,
+    # because this is where the policy for installing third-
+    # party Python modules on various platforms given a wide
+    # array of user input is decided.  Yes, it's quite complex!)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Finalizes options."""
+        # This method (and its helpers, like 'finalize_unix()',
+        # 'finalize_other()', and 'select_scheme()') is where the default
+        # installation directories for modules, extension modules, and
+        # anything else we care to install from a Python module
+        # distribution.  Thus, this code makes a pretty important policy
+        # statement about how third-party stuff is added to a Python
+        # installation!  Note that the actual work of installation is done
+        # by the relatively simple 'install_*' commands; they just take
+        # their orders from the installation directory options determined
+        # here.
+
+        # Check for errors/inconsistencies in the options; first, stuff
+        # that's wrong on any platform.
+
+        if (self.prefix or self.exec_prefix or self.home) and (
+            self.install_base or self.install_platbase
+        ):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "must supply either prefix/exec-prefix/home or "
+                + "install-base/install-platbase -- not both"
+            )
+
+        if self.home and (self.prefix or self.exec_prefix):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "must supply either home or prefix/exec-prefix -- not both"
+            )
+
+        if self.user and (
+            self.prefix
+            or self.exec_prefix
+            or self.home
+            or self.install_base
+            or self.install_platbase
+        ):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "can't combine user with prefix, "
+                "exec_prefix/home, or install_(plat)base"
+            )
+
+        # Next, stuff that's wrong (or dubious) only on certain platforms.
+        if os.name != "posix":
+            if self.exec_prefix:
+                self.warn("exec-prefix option ignored on this platform")
+                self.exec_prefix = None
+
+        # Now the interesting logic -- so interesting that we farm it out
+        # to other methods.  The goal of these methods is to set the final
+        # values for the install_{lib,scripts,data,...}  options, using as
+        # input a heady brew of prefix, exec_prefix, home, install_base,
+        # install_platbase, user-supplied versions of
+        # install_{purelib,platlib,lib,scripts,data,...}, and the
+        # install schemes.  Phew!
+
+        self.dump_dirs("pre-finalize_{unix,other}")
+
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            self.finalize_unix()
+        else:
+            self.finalize_other()
+
+        self.dump_dirs("post-finalize_{unix,other}()")
+
+        # Expand configuration variables, tilde, etc. in self.install_base
+        # and self.install_platbase -- that way, we can use $base or
+        # $platbase in the other installation directories and not worry
+        # about needing recursive variable expansion (shudder).
+
+        py_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+        (prefix, exec_prefix) = get_config_vars('prefix', 'exec_prefix')
+        try:
+            abiflags = sys.abiflags
+        except AttributeError:
+            # sys.abiflags may not be defined on all platforms.
+            abiflags = ''
+        local_vars = {
+            'dist_name': self.distribution.get_name(),
+            'dist_version': self.distribution.get_version(),
+            'dist_fullname': self.distribution.get_fullname(),
+            'py_version': py_version,
+            'py_version_short': '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2],
+            'py_version_nodot': '%d%d' % sys.version_info[:2],
+            'sys_prefix': prefix,
+            'prefix': prefix,
+            'sys_exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            'exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            'abiflags': abiflags,
+            'platlibdir': getattr(sys, 'platlibdir', 'lib'),
+            'implementation_lower': _get_implementation().lower(),
+            'implementation': _get_implementation(),
+        }
+
+        # vars for compatibility on older Pythons
+        compat_vars = dict(
+            # Python 3.9 and earlier
+            py_version_nodot_plat=getattr(sys, 'winver', '').replace('.', ''),
+        )
+
+        if HAS_USER_SITE:
+            local_vars['userbase'] = self.install_userbase
+            local_vars['usersite'] = self.install_usersite
+
+        self.config_vars = _collections.DictStack([
+            fw.vars(),
+            compat_vars,
+            sysconfig.get_config_vars(),
+            local_vars,
+        ])
+
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+
+        self.dump_dirs("post-expand_basedirs()")
+
+        # Now define config vars for the base directories so we can expand
+        # everything else.
+        local_vars['base'] = self.install_base
+        local_vars['platbase'] = self.install_platbase
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            from pprint import pprint
+
+            print("config vars:")
+            pprint(dict(self.config_vars))
+
+        # Expand "~" and configuration variables in the installation
+        # directories.
+        self.expand_dirs()
+
+        self.dump_dirs("post-expand_dirs()")
+
+        # Create directories in the home dir:
+        if self.user:
+            self.create_home_path()
+
+        # Pick the actual directory to install all modules to: either
+        # install_purelib or install_platlib, depending on whether this
+        # module distribution is pure or not.  Of course, if the user
+        # already specified install_lib, use their selection.
+        if self.install_lib is None:
+            if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():  # has extensions: non-pure
+                self.install_lib = self.install_platlib
+            else:
+                self.install_lib = self.install_purelib
+
+        # Convert directories from Unix /-separated syntax to the local
+        # convention.
+        self.convert_paths(
+            'lib',
+            'purelib',
+            'platlib',
+            'scripts',
+            'data',
+            'headers',
+            'userbase',
+            'usersite',
+        )
+
+        # Deprecated
+        # Well, we're not actually fully completely finalized yet: we still
+        # have to deal with 'extra_path', which is the hack for allowing
+        # non-packagized module distributions (hello, Numerical Python!) to
+        # get their own directories.
+        self.handle_extra_path()
+        self.install_libbase = self.install_lib  # needed for .pth file
+        self.install_lib = os.path.join(self.install_lib, self.extra_dirs)
+
+        # If a new root directory was supplied, make all the installation
+        # dirs relative to it.
+        if self.root is not None:
+            self.change_roots(
+                'libbase', 'lib', 'purelib', 'platlib', 'scripts', 'data', 'headers'
+            )
+
+        self.dump_dirs("after prepending root")
+
+        # Find out the build directories, ie. where to install from.
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'build', ('build_base', 'build_base'), ('build_lib', 'build_lib')
+        )
+
+        # Punt on doc directories for now -- after all, we're punting on
+        # documentation completely!
+
+    def dump_dirs(self, msg):
+        """Dumps the list of user options."""
+        if not DEBUG:
+            return
+        from ..fancy_getopt import longopt_xlate
+
+        log.debug(msg + ":")
+        for opt in self.user_options:
+            opt_name = opt[0]
+            if opt_name[-1] == "=":
+                opt_name = opt_name[0:-1]
+            if opt_name in self.negative_opt:
+                opt_name = self.negative_opt[opt_name]
+                opt_name = opt_name.translate(longopt_xlate)
+                val = not getattr(self, opt_name)
+            else:
+                opt_name = opt_name.translate(longopt_xlate)
+                val = getattr(self, opt_name)
+            log.debug("  %s: %s", opt_name, val)
+
+    def finalize_unix(self):
+        """Finalizes options for posix platforms."""
+        if self.install_base is not None or self.install_platbase is not None:
+            incomplete_scheme = (
+                (
+                    self.install_lib is None
+                    and self.install_purelib is None
+                    and self.install_platlib is None
+                )
+                or self.install_headers is None
+                or self.install_scripts is None
+                or self.install_data is None
+            )
+            if incomplete_scheme:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                    "install-base or install-platbase supplied, but "
+                    "installation scheme is incomplete"
+                )
+            return
+
+        if self.user:
+            if self.install_userbase is None:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError("User base directory is not specified")
+            self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.install_userbase
+            self.select_scheme("posix_user")
+        elif self.home is not None:
+            self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.home
+            self.select_scheme("posix_home")
+        else:
+            if self.prefix is None:
+                if self.exec_prefix is not None:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        "must not supply exec-prefix without prefix"
+                    )
+
+                # Allow Fedora to add components to the prefix
+                _prefix_addition = getattr(sysconfig, '_prefix_addition', "")
+
+                self.prefix = os.path.normpath(sys.prefix) + _prefix_addition
+                self.exec_prefix = os.path.normpath(sys.exec_prefix) + _prefix_addition
+
+            else:
+                if self.exec_prefix is None:
+                    self.exec_prefix = self.prefix
+
+            self.install_base = self.prefix
+            self.install_platbase = self.exec_prefix
+            self.select_scheme("posix_prefix")
+
+    def finalize_other(self):
+        """Finalizes options for non-posix platforms"""
+        if self.user:
+            if self.install_userbase is None:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError("User base directory is not specified")
+            self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.install_userbase
+            self.select_scheme(os.name + "_user")
+        elif self.home is not None:
+            self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.home
+            self.select_scheme("posix_home")
+        else:
+            if self.prefix is None:
+                self.prefix = os.path.normpath(sys.prefix)
+
+            self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.prefix
+            try:
+                self.select_scheme(os.name)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    "I don't know how to install stuff on '%s'" % os.name
+                )
+
+    def select_scheme(self, name):
+        _select_scheme(self, name)
+
+    def _expand_attrs(self, attrs):
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                if os.name in ('posix', 'nt'):
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                val = subst_vars(val, self.config_vars)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+    def expand_basedirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install_base, install_platbase and
+        root."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_base', 'install_platbase', 'root'])
+
+    def expand_dirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install dirs."""
+        self._expand_attrs([
+            'install_purelib',
+            'install_platlib',
+            'install_lib',
+            'install_headers',
+            'install_scripts',
+            'install_data',
+        ])
+
+    def convert_paths(self, *names):
+        """Call `convert_path` over `names`."""
+        for name in names:
+            attr = "install_" + name
+            setattr(self, attr, convert_path(getattr(self, attr)))
+
+    def handle_extra_path(self):
+        """Set `path_file` and `extra_dirs` using `extra_path`."""
+        if self.extra_path is None:
+            self.extra_path = self.distribution.extra_path
+
+        if self.extra_path is not None:
+            log.warning(
+                "Distribution option extra_path is deprecated. "
+                "See issue27919 for details."
+            )
+            if isinstance(self.extra_path, str):
+                self.extra_path = self.extra_path.split(',')
+
+            if len(self.extra_path) == 1:
+                path_file = extra_dirs = self.extra_path[0]
+            elif len(self.extra_path) == 2:
+                path_file, extra_dirs = self.extra_path
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                    "'extra_path' option must be a list, tuple, or "
+                    "comma-separated string with 1 or 2 elements"
+                )
+
+            # convert to local form in case Unix notation used (as it
+            # should be in setup scripts)
+            extra_dirs = convert_path(extra_dirs)
+        else:
+            path_file = None
+            extra_dirs = ''
+
+        # XXX should we warn if path_file and not extra_dirs? (in which
+        # case the path file would be harmless but pointless)
+        self.path_file = path_file
+        self.extra_dirs = extra_dirs
+
+    def change_roots(self, *names):
+        """Change the install directories pointed by name using root."""
+        for name in names:
+            attr = "install_" + name
+            setattr(self, attr, change_root(self.root, getattr(self, attr)))
+
+    def create_home_path(self):
+        """Create directories under ~."""
+        if not self.user:
+            return
+        home = convert_path(os.path.expanduser("~"))
+        for _name, path in self.config_vars.items():
+            if str(path).startswith(home) and not os.path.isdir(path):
+                self.debug_print("os.makedirs('%s', 0o700)" % path)
+                os.makedirs(path, 0o700)
+
+    # -- Command execution methods -------------------------------------
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Runs the command."""
+        # Obviously have to build before we can install
+        if not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build')
+            # If we built for any other platform, we can't install.
+            build_plat = self.distribution.get_command_obj('build').plat_name
+            # check warn_dir - it is a clue that the 'install' is happening
+            # internally, and not to sys.path, so we don't check the platform
+            # matches what we are running.
+            if self.warn_dir and build_plat != get_platform():
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError("Can't install when cross-compiling")
+
+        # Run all sub-commands (at least those that need to be run)
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        if self.path_file:
+            self.create_path_file()
+
+        # write list of installed files, if requested.
+        if self.record:
+            outputs = self.get_outputs()
+            if self.root:  # strip any package prefix
+                root_len = len(self.root)
+                for counter in range(len(outputs)):
+                    outputs[counter] = outputs[counter][root_len:]
+            self.execute(
+                write_file,
+                (self.record, outputs),
+                "writing list of installed files to '%s'" % self.record,
+            )
+
+        sys_path = map(os.path.normpath, sys.path)
+        sys_path = map(os.path.normcase, sys_path)
+        install_lib = os.path.normcase(os.path.normpath(self.install_lib))
+        if (
+            self.warn_dir
+            and not (self.path_file and self.install_path_file)
+            and install_lib not in sys_path
+        ):
+            log.debug(
+                (
+                    "modules installed to '%s', which is not in "
+                    "Python's module search path (sys.path) -- "
+                    "you'll have to change the search path yourself"
+                ),
+                self.install_lib,
+            )
+
+    def create_path_file(self):
+        """Creates the .pth file"""
+        filename = os.path.join(self.install_libbase, self.path_file + ".pth")
+        if self.install_path_file:
+            self.execute(
+                write_file, (filename, [self.extra_dirs]), "creating %s" % filename
+            )
+        else:
+            self.warn("path file '%s' not created" % filename)
+
+    # -- Reporting methods ---------------------------------------------
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        """Assembles the outputs of all the sub-commands."""
+        outputs = []
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            cmd = self.get_finalized_command(cmd_name)
+            # Add the contents of cmd.get_outputs(), ensuring
+            # that outputs doesn't contain duplicate entries
+            for filename in cmd.get_outputs():
+                if filename not in outputs:
+                    outputs.append(filename)
+
+        if self.path_file and self.install_path_file:
+            outputs.append(os.path.join(self.install_libbase, self.path_file + ".pth"))
+
+        return outputs
+
+    def get_inputs(self):
+        """Returns the inputs of all the sub-commands"""
+        # XXX gee, this looks familiar ;-(
+        inputs = []
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            cmd = self.get_finalized_command(cmd_name)
+            inputs.extend(cmd.get_inputs())
+
+        return inputs
+
+    # -- Predicates for sub-command list -------------------------------
+
+    def has_lib(self):
+        """Returns true if the current distribution has any Python
+        modules to install."""
+        return (
+            self.distribution.has_pure_modules() or self.distribution.has_ext_modules()
+        )
+
+    def has_headers(self):
+        """Returns true if the current distribution has any headers to
+        install."""
+        return self.distribution.has_headers()
+
+    def has_scripts(self):
+        """Returns true if the current distribution has any scripts to.
+        install."""
+        return self.distribution.has_scripts()
+
+    def has_data(self):
+        """Returns true if the current distribution has any data to.
+        install."""
+        return self.distribution.has_data_files()
+
+    # 'sub_commands': a list of commands this command might have to run to
+    # get its work done.  See cmd.py for more info.
+    sub_commands = [
+        ('install_lib', has_lib),
+        ('install_headers', has_headers),
+        ('install_scripts', has_scripts),
+        ('install_data', has_data),
+        ('install_egg_info', lambda self: True),
+    ]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_data.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b63a1af25eae873b0f8ab82800474bbcb33bfb84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_data.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+"""distutils.command.install_data
+
+Implements the Distutils 'install_data' command, for installing
+platform-independent data files."""
+
+# contributed by Bastian Kleineidam
+
+import os
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..util import change_root, convert_path
+
+
+class install_data(Command):
+    description = "install data files"
+
+    user_options = [
+        (
+            'install-dir=',
+            'd',
+            "base directory for installing data files "
+            "(default: installation base dir)",
+        ),
+        ('root=', None, "install everything relative to this alternate root directory"),
+        ('force', 'f', "force installation (overwrite existing files)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['force']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+        self.outfiles = []
+        self.root = None
+        self.force = 0
+        self.data_files = self.distribution.data_files
+        self.warn_dir = 1
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install',
+            ('install_data', 'install_dir'),
+            ('root', 'root'),
+            ('force', 'force'),
+        )
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.mkpath(self.install_dir)
+        for f in self.data_files:
+            if isinstance(f, str):
+                # it's a simple file, so copy it
+                f = convert_path(f)
+                if self.warn_dir:
+                    self.warn(
+                        "setup script did not provide a directory for "
+                        f"'{f}' -- installing right in '{self.install_dir}'"
+                    )
+                (out, _) = self.copy_file(f, self.install_dir)
+                self.outfiles.append(out)
+            else:
+                # it's a tuple with path to install to and a list of files
+                dir = convert_path(f[0])
+                if not os.path.isabs(dir):
+                    dir = os.path.join(self.install_dir, dir)
+                elif self.root:
+                    dir = change_root(self.root, dir)
+                self.mkpath(dir)
+
+                if f[1] == []:
+                    # If there are no files listed, the user must be
+                    # trying to create an empty directory, so add the
+                    # directory to the list of output files.
+                    self.outfiles.append(dir)
+                else:
+                    # Copy files, adding them to the list of output files.
+                    for data in f[1]:
+                        data = convert_path(data)
+                        (out, _) = self.copy_file(data, dir)
+                        self.outfiles.append(out)
+
+    def get_inputs(self):
+        return self.data_files or []
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outfiles
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_egg_info.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4fbb3440abc340feb68123e91cdd70fafea1ae9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_egg_info.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""
+distutils.command.install_egg_info
+
+Implements the Distutils 'install_egg_info' command, for installing
+a package's PKG-INFO metadata.
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from .. import dir_util
+from .._log import log
+from ..cmd import Command
+
+
+class install_egg_info(Command):
+    """Install an .egg-info file for the package"""
+
+    description = "Install package's PKG-INFO metadata as an .egg-info file"
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install to"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+
+    @property
+    def basename(self):
+        """
+        Allow basename to be overridden by child class.
+        Ref pypa/distutils#2.
+        """
+        return "%s-%s-py%d.%d.egg-info" % (
+            to_filename(safe_name(self.distribution.get_name())),
+            to_filename(safe_version(self.distribution.get_version())),
+            *sys.version_info[:2],
+        )
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('install_dir', 'install_dir'))
+        self.target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, self.basename)
+        self.outputs = [self.target]
+
+    def run(self):
+        target = self.target
+        if os.path.isdir(target) and not os.path.islink(target):
+            dir_util.remove_tree(target, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        elif os.path.exists(target):
+            self.execute(os.unlink, (self.target,), "Removing " + target)
+        elif not os.path.isdir(self.install_dir):
+            self.execute(
+                os.makedirs, (self.install_dir,), "Creating " + self.install_dir
+            )
+        log.info("Writing %s", target)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(target, 'w', encoding='UTF-8') as f:
+                self.distribution.metadata.write_pkg_file(f)
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outputs
+
+
+# The following routines are taken from setuptools' pkg_resources module and
+# can be replaced by importing them from pkg_resources once it is included
+# in the stdlib.
+
+
+def safe_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name)
+
+
+def safe_version(version):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string
+
+    Spaces become dots, and all other non-alphanumeric characters become
+    dashes, with runs of multiple dashes condensed to a single dash.
+    """
+    version = version.replace(' ', '.')
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version)
+
+
+def to_filename(name):
+    """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form
+
+    Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'.
+    """
+    return name.replace('-', '_')
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_headers.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_headers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..085272c1a2274471d6cdc9022b8a273966086bcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_headers.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""distutils.command.install_headers
+
+Implements the Distutils 'install_headers' command, to install C/C++ header
+files to the Python include directory."""
+
+from ..core import Command
+
+
+# XXX force is never used
+class install_headers(Command):
+    description = "install C/C++ header files"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install header files to"),
+        ('force', 'f', "force installation (overwrite existing files)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['force']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+        self.force = 0
+        self.outfiles = []
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install', ('install_headers', 'install_dir'), ('force', 'force')
+        )
+
+    def run(self):
+        headers = self.distribution.headers
+        if not headers:
+            return
+
+        self.mkpath(self.install_dir)
+        for header in headers:
+            (out, _) = self.copy_file(header, self.install_dir)
+            self.outfiles.append(out)
+
+    def get_inputs(self):
+        return self.distribution.headers or []
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outfiles
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_lib.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_lib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1f346f018b097fe91b76cea299a8ac308aa9a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_lib.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""distutils.command.install_lib
+
+Implements the Distutils 'install_lib' command
+(install all Python modules)."""
+
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import sys
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+# Extension for Python source files.
+PYTHON_SOURCE_EXTENSION = ".py"
+
+
+class install_lib(Command):
+    description = "install all Python modules (extensions and pure Python)"
+
+    # The byte-compilation options are a tad confusing.  Here are the
+    # possible scenarios:
+    #   1) no compilation at all (--no-compile --no-optimize)
+    #   2) compile .pyc only (--compile --no-optimize; default)
+    #   3) compile .pyc and "opt-1" .pyc (--compile --optimize)
+    #   4) compile "opt-1" .pyc only (--no-compile --optimize)
+    #   5) compile .pyc and "opt-2" .pyc (--compile --optimize-more)
+    #   6) compile "opt-2" .pyc only (--no-compile --optimize-more)
+    #
+    # The UI for this is two options, 'compile' and 'optimize'.
+    # 'compile' is strictly boolean, and only decides whether to
+    # generate .pyc files.  'optimize' is three-way (0, 1, or 2), and
+    # decides both whether to generate .pyc files and what level of
+    # optimization to use.
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install to"),
+        ('build-dir=', 'b', "build directory (where to install from)"),
+        ('force', 'f', "force installation (overwrite existing files)"),
+        ('compile', 'c', "compile .py to .pyc [default]"),
+        ('no-compile', None, "don't compile .py files"),
+        (
+            'optimize=',
+            'O',
+            "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+            "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]",
+        ),
+        ('skip-build', None, "skip the build steps"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['force', 'compile', 'skip-build']
+    negative_opt = {'no-compile': 'compile'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        # let the 'install' command dictate our installation directory
+        self.install_dir = None
+        self.build_dir = None
+        self.force = 0
+        self.compile = None
+        self.optimize = None
+        self.skip_build = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        # Get all the information we need to install pure Python modules
+        # from the umbrella 'install' command -- build (source) directory,
+        # install (target) directory, and whether to compile .py files.
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install',
+            ('build_lib', 'build_dir'),
+            ('install_lib', 'install_dir'),
+            ('force', 'force'),
+            ('compile', 'compile'),
+            ('optimize', 'optimize'),
+            ('skip_build', 'skip_build'),
+        )
+
+        if self.compile is None:
+            self.compile = True
+        if self.optimize is None:
+            self.optimize = False
+
+        if not isinstance(self.optimize, int):
+            try:
+                self.optimize = int(self.optimize)
+                if self.optimize not in (0, 1, 2):
+                    raise AssertionError
+            except (ValueError, AssertionError):
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("optimize must be 0, 1, or 2")
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Make sure we have built everything we need first
+        self.build()
+
+        # Install everything: simply dump the entire contents of the build
+        # directory to the installation directory (that's the beauty of
+        # having a build directory!)
+        outfiles = self.install()
+
+        # (Optionally) compile .py to .pyc
+        if outfiles is not None and self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            self.byte_compile(outfiles)
+
+    # -- Top-level worker functions ------------------------------------
+    # (called from 'run()')
+
+    def build(self):
+        if not self.skip_build:
+            if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+                self.run_command('build_py')
+            if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+                self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+    def install(self):
+        if os.path.isdir(self.build_dir):
+            outfiles = self.copy_tree(self.build_dir, self.install_dir)
+        else:
+            self.warn(
+                "'%s' does not exist -- no Python modules to install" % self.build_dir
+            )
+            return
+        return outfiles
+
+    def byte_compile(self, files):
+        if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+            self.warn('byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.')
+            return
+
+        from ..util import byte_compile
+
+        # Get the "--root" directory supplied to the "install" command,
+        # and use it as a prefix to strip off the purported filename
+        # encoded in bytecode files.  This is far from complete, but it
+        # should at least generate usable bytecode in RPM distributions.
+        install_root = self.get_finalized_command('install').root
+
+        if self.compile:
+            byte_compile(
+                files,
+                optimize=0,
+                force=self.force,
+                prefix=install_root,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            )
+        if self.optimize > 0:
+            byte_compile(
+                files,
+                optimize=self.optimize,
+                force=self.force,
+                prefix=install_root,
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            )
+
+    # -- Utility methods -----------------------------------------------
+
+    def _mutate_outputs(self, has_any, build_cmd, cmd_option, output_dir):
+        if not has_any:
+            return []
+
+        build_cmd = self.get_finalized_command(build_cmd)
+        build_files = build_cmd.get_outputs()
+        build_dir = getattr(build_cmd, cmd_option)
+
+        prefix_len = len(build_dir) + len(os.sep)
+        outputs = []
+        for file in build_files:
+            outputs.append(os.path.join(output_dir, file[prefix_len:]))
+
+        return outputs
+
+    def _bytecode_filenames(self, py_filenames):
+        bytecode_files = []
+        for py_file in py_filenames:
+            # Since build_py handles package data installation, the
+            # list of outputs can contain more than just .py files.
+            # Make sure we only report bytecode for the .py files.
+            ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.normcase(py_file))[1]
+            if ext != PYTHON_SOURCE_EXTENSION:
+                continue
+            if self.compile:
+                bytecode_files.append(
+                    importlib.util.cache_from_source(py_file, optimization='')
+                )
+            if self.optimize > 0:
+                bytecode_files.append(
+                    importlib.util.cache_from_source(
+                        py_file, optimization=self.optimize
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return bytecode_files
+
+    # -- External interface --------------------------------------------
+    # (called by outsiders)
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        """Return the list of files that would be installed if this command
+        were actually run.  Not affected by the "dry-run" flag or whether
+        modules have actually been built yet.
+        """
+        pure_outputs = self._mutate_outputs(
+            self.distribution.has_pure_modules(),
+            'build_py',
+            'build_lib',
+            self.install_dir,
+        )
+        if self.compile:
+            bytecode_outputs = self._bytecode_filenames(pure_outputs)
+        else:
+            bytecode_outputs = []
+
+        ext_outputs = self._mutate_outputs(
+            self.distribution.has_ext_modules(),
+            'build_ext',
+            'build_lib',
+            self.install_dir,
+        )
+
+        return pure_outputs + bytecode_outputs + ext_outputs
+
+    def get_inputs(self):
+        """Get the list of files that are input to this command, ie. the
+        files that get installed as they are named in the build tree.
+        The files in this list correspond one-to-one to the output
+        filenames returned by 'get_outputs()'.
+        """
+        inputs = []
+
+        if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+            inputs.extend(build_py.get_outputs())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_ext = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            inputs.extend(build_ext.get_outputs())
+
+        return inputs
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_scripts.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e66b13a16dfbd52ace07e76806e93b8ea08d1d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/install_scripts.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"""distutils.command.install_scripts
+
+Implements the Distutils 'install_scripts' command, for installing
+Python scripts."""
+
+# contributed by Bastian Kleineidam
+
+import os
+from distutils._log import log
+from stat import ST_MODE
+
+from ..core import Command
+
+
+class install_scripts(Command):
+    description = "install scripts (Python or otherwise)"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install scripts to"),
+        ('build-dir=', 'b', "build directory (where to install from)"),
+        ('force', 'f', "force installation (overwrite existing files)"),
+        ('skip-build', None, "skip the build steps"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['force', 'skip-build']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+        self.force = 0
+        self.build_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('build', ('build_scripts', 'build_dir'))
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install',
+            ('install_scripts', 'install_dir'),
+            ('force', 'force'),
+            ('skip_build', 'skip_build'),
+        )
+
+    def run(self):
+        if not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build_scripts')
+        self.outfiles = self.copy_tree(self.build_dir, self.install_dir)
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            # Set the executable bits (owner, group, and world) on
+            # all the scripts we just installed.
+            for file in self.get_outputs():
+                if self.dry_run:
+                    log.info("changing mode of %s", file)
+                else:
+                    mode = ((os.stat(file)[ST_MODE]) | 0o555) & 0o7777
+                    log.info("changing mode of %s to %o", file, mode)
+                    os.chmod(file, mode)
+
+    def get_inputs(self):
+        return self.distribution.scripts or []
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outfiles or []
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/register.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/register.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee6c54dabadd00586e746b1e010aabbc08d2f713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/register.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+"""distutils.command.register
+
+Implements the Distutils 'register' command (register with the repository).
+"""
+
+# created 2002/10/21, Richard Jones
+
+import getpass
+import io
+import logging
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+from distutils._log import log
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .._itertools import always_iterable
+from ..core import PyPIRCCommand
+
+
+class register(PyPIRCCommand):
+    description = "register the distribution with the Python package index"
+    user_options = PyPIRCCommand.user_options + [
+        ('list-classifiers', None, 'list the valid Trove classifiers'),
+        (
+            'strict',
+            None,
+            'Will stop the registering if the meta-data are not fully compliant',
+        ),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = PyPIRCCommand.boolean_options + [
+        'verify',
+        'list-classifiers',
+        'strict',
+    ]
+
+    sub_commands = [('check', lambda self: True)]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        PyPIRCCommand.initialize_options(self)
+        self.list_classifiers = 0
+        self.strict = 0
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        PyPIRCCommand.finalize_options(self)
+        # setting options for the `check` subcommand
+        check_options = {
+            'strict': ('register', self.strict),
+            'restructuredtext': ('register', 1),
+        }
+        self.distribution.command_options['check'] = check_options
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.finalize_options()
+        self._set_config()
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            self.verify_metadata()
+        elif self.list_classifiers:
+            self.classifiers()
+        else:
+            self.send_metadata()
+
+    def check_metadata(self):
+        """Deprecated API."""
+        warn(
+            "distutils.command.register.check_metadata is deprecated; "
+            "use the check command instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        check = self.distribution.get_command_obj('check')
+        check.ensure_finalized()
+        check.strict = self.strict
+        check.restructuredtext = 1
+        check.run()
+
+    def _set_config(self):
+        """Reads the configuration file and set attributes."""
+        config = self._read_pypirc()
+        if config != {}:
+            self.username = config['username']
+            self.password = config['password']
+            self.repository = config['repository']
+            self.realm = config['realm']
+            self.has_config = True
+        else:
+            if self.repository not in ('pypi', self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY):
+                raise ValueError('%s not found in .pypirc' % self.repository)
+            if self.repository == 'pypi':
+                self.repository = self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+            self.has_config = False
+
+    def classifiers(self):
+        """Fetch the list of classifiers from the server."""
+        url = self.repository + '?:action=list_classifiers'
+        response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+        log.info(self._read_pypi_response(response))
+
+    def verify_metadata(self):
+        """Send the metadata to the package index server to be checked."""
+        # send the info to the server and report the result
+        (code, result) = self.post_to_server(self.build_post_data('verify'))
+        log.info('Server response (%s): %s', code, result)
+
+    def send_metadata(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Send the metadata to the package index server.
+
+        Well, do the following:
+        1. figure who the user is, and then
+        2. send the data as a Basic auth'ed POST.
+
+        First we try to read the username/password from $HOME/.pypirc,
+        which is a ConfigParser-formatted file with a section
+        [distutils] containing username and password entries (both
+        in clear text). Eg:
+
+            [distutils]
+            index-servers =
+                pypi
+
+            [pypi]
+            username: fred
+            password: sekrit
+
+        Otherwise, to figure who the user is, we offer the user three
+        choices:
+
+         1. use existing login,
+         2. register as a new user, or
+         3. set the password to a random string and email the user.
+
+        """
+        # see if we can short-cut and get the username/password from the
+        # config
+        if self.has_config:
+            choice = '1'
+            username = self.username
+            password = self.password
+        else:
+            choice = 'x'
+            username = password = ''
+
+        # get the user's login info
+        choices = '1 2 3 4'.split()
+        while choice not in choices:
+            self.announce(
+                """\
+We need to know who you are, so please choose either:
+ 1. use your existing login,
+ 2. register as a new user,
+ 3. have the server generate a new password for you (and email it to you), or
+ 4. quit
+Your selection [default 1]: """,
+                logging.INFO,
+            )
+            choice = input()
+            if not choice:
+                choice = '1'
+            elif choice not in choices:
+                print('Please choose one of the four options!')
+
+        if choice == '1':
+            # get the username and password
+            while not username:
+                username = input('Username: ')
+            while not password:
+                password = getpass.getpass('Password: ')
+
+            # set up the authentication
+            auth = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgr()
+            host = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.repository)[1]
+            auth.add_password(self.realm, host, username, password)
+            # send the info to the server and report the result
+            code, result = self.post_to_server(self.build_post_data('submit'), auth)
+            self.announce(f'Server response ({code}): {result}', logging.INFO)
+
+            # possibly save the login
+            if code == 200:
+                if self.has_config:
+                    # sharing the password in the distribution instance
+                    # so the upload command can reuse it
+                    self.distribution.password = password
+                else:
+                    self.announce(
+                        (
+                            'I can store your PyPI login so future '
+                            'submissions will be faster.'
+                        ),
+                        logging.INFO,
+                    )
+                    self.announce(
+                        '(the login will be stored in %s)' % self._get_rc_file(),
+                        logging.INFO,
+                    )
+                    choice = 'X'
+                    while choice.lower() not in 'yn':
+                        choice = input('Save your login (y/N)?')
+                        if not choice:
+                            choice = 'n'
+                    if choice.lower() == 'y':
+                        self._store_pypirc(username, password)
+
+        elif choice == '2':
+            data = {':action': 'user'}
+            data['name'] = data['password'] = data['email'] = ''
+            data['confirm'] = None
+            while not data['name']:
+                data['name'] = input('Username: ')
+            while data['password'] != data['confirm']:
+                while not data['password']:
+                    data['password'] = getpass.getpass('Password: ')
+                while not data['confirm']:
+                    data['confirm'] = getpass.getpass(' Confirm: ')
+                if data['password'] != data['confirm']:
+                    data['password'] = ''
+                    data['confirm'] = None
+                    print("Password and confirm don't match!")
+            while not data['email']:
+                data['email'] = input('   EMail: ')
+            code, result = self.post_to_server(data)
+            if code != 200:
+                log.info('Server response (%s): %s', code, result)
+            else:
+                log.info('You will receive an email shortly.')
+                log.info('Follow the instructions in it to ' 'complete registration.')
+        elif choice == '3':
+            data = {':action': 'password_reset'}
+            data['email'] = ''
+            while not data['email']:
+                data['email'] = input('Your email address: ')
+            code, result = self.post_to_server(data)
+            log.info('Server response (%s): %s', code, result)
+
+    def build_post_data(self, action):
+        # figure the data to send - the metadata plus some additional
+        # information used by the package server
+        meta = self.distribution.metadata
+        data = {
+            ':action': action,
+            'metadata_version': '1.0',
+            'name': meta.get_name(),
+            'version': meta.get_version(),
+            'summary': meta.get_description(),
+            'home_page': meta.get_url(),
+            'author': meta.get_contact(),
+            'author_email': meta.get_contact_email(),
+            'license': meta.get_licence(),
+            'description': meta.get_long_description(),
+            'keywords': meta.get_keywords(),
+            'platform': meta.get_platforms(),
+            'classifiers': meta.get_classifiers(),
+            'download_url': meta.get_download_url(),
+            # PEP 314
+            'provides': meta.get_provides(),
+            'requires': meta.get_requires(),
+            'obsoletes': meta.get_obsoletes(),
+        }
+        if data['provides'] or data['requires'] or data['obsoletes']:
+            data['metadata_version'] = '1.1'
+        return data
+
+    def post_to_server(self, data, auth=None):  # noqa: C901
+        """Post a query to the server, and return a string response."""
+        if 'name' in data:
+            self.announce(
+                'Registering {} to {}'.format(data['name'], self.repository),
+                logging.INFO,
+            )
+        # Build up the MIME payload for the urllib2 POST data
+        boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+        sep_boundary = '\n--' + boundary
+        end_boundary = sep_boundary + '--'
+        body = io.StringIO()
+        for key, values in data.items():
+            for value in map(str, make_iterable(values)):
+                body.write(sep_boundary)
+                body.write('\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key)
+                body.write("\n\n")
+                body.write(value)
+                if value and value[-1] == '\r':
+                    body.write('\n')  # write an extra newline (lurve Macs)
+        body.write(end_boundary)
+        body.write("\n")
+        body = body.getvalue().encode("utf-8")
+
+        # build the Request
+        headers = {
+            'Content-type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s; charset=utf-8'
+            % boundary,
+            'Content-length': str(len(body)),
+        }
+        req = urllib.request.Request(self.repository, body, headers)
+
+        # handle HTTP and include the Basic Auth handler
+        opener = urllib.request.build_opener(
+            urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr=auth)
+        )
+        data = ''
+        try:
+            result = opener.open(req)
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            if self.show_response:
+                data = e.fp.read()
+            result = e.code, e.msg
+        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+            result = 500, str(e)
+        else:
+            if self.show_response:
+                data = self._read_pypi_response(result)
+            result = 200, 'OK'
+        if self.show_response:
+            msg = '\n'.join(('-' * 75, data, '-' * 75))
+            self.announce(msg, logging.INFO)
+        return result
+
+
+def make_iterable(values):
+    if values is None:
+        return [None]
+    return always_iterable(values)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/sdist.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/sdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..387d27c90b3a8e22bea79881215b68602006e693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/sdist.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+"""distutils.command.sdist
+
+Implements the Distutils 'sdist' command (create a source distribution)."""
+
+import os
+import sys
+from distutils import archive_util, dir_util, file_util
+from distutils._log import log
+from glob import glob
+from itertools import filterfalse
+from warnings import warn
+
+from ..core import Command
+from ..errors import DistutilsOptionError, DistutilsTemplateError
+from ..filelist import FileList
+from ..text_file import TextFile
+from ..util import convert_path
+
+
+def show_formats():
+    """Print all possible values for the 'formats' option (used by
+    the "--help-formats" command-line option).
+    """
+    from ..archive_util import ARCHIVE_FORMATS
+    from ..fancy_getopt import FancyGetopt
+
+    formats = []
+    for format in ARCHIVE_FORMATS.keys():
+        formats.append(("formats=" + format, None, ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format][2]))
+    formats.sort()
+    FancyGetopt(formats).print_help("List of available source distribution formats:")
+
+
+class sdist(Command):
+    description = "create a source distribution (tarball, zip file, etc.)"
+
+    def checking_metadata(self):
+        """Callable used for the check sub-command.
+
+        Placed here so user_options can view it"""
+        return self.metadata_check
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('template=', 't', "name of manifest template file [default: MANIFEST.in]"),
+        ('manifest=', 'm', "name of manifest file [default: MANIFEST]"),
+        (
+            'use-defaults',
+            None,
+            "include the default file set in the manifest "
+            "[default; disable with --no-defaults]",
+        ),
+        ('no-defaults', None, "don't include the default file set"),
+        (
+            'prune',
+            None,
+            "specifically exclude files/directories that should not be "
+            "distributed (build tree, RCS/CVS dirs, etc.) "
+            "[default; disable with --no-prune]",
+        ),
+        ('no-prune', None, "don't automatically exclude anything"),
+        (
+            'manifest-only',
+            'o',
+            "just regenerate the manifest and then stop (implies --force-manifest)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'force-manifest',
+            'f',
+            "forcibly regenerate the manifest and carry on as usual. "
+            "Deprecated: now the manifest is always regenerated.",
+        ),
+        ('formats=', None, "formats for source distribution (comma-separated list)"),
+        (
+            'keep-temp',
+            'k',
+            "keep the distribution tree around after creating " + "archive file(s)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'dist-dir=',
+            'd',
+            "directory to put the source distribution archive(s) in [default: dist]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'metadata-check',
+            None,
+            "Ensure that all required elements of meta-data "
+            "are supplied. Warn if any missing. [default]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'owner=',
+            'u',
+            "Owner name used when creating a tar file [default: current user]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'group=',
+            'g',
+            "Group name used when creating a tar file [default: current group]",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'use-defaults',
+        'prune',
+        'manifest-only',
+        'force-manifest',
+        'keep-temp',
+        'metadata-check',
+    ]
+
+    help_options = [
+        ('help-formats', None, "list available distribution formats", show_formats),
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {'no-defaults': 'use-defaults', 'no-prune': 'prune'}
+
+    sub_commands = [('check', checking_metadata)]
+
+    READMES = ('README', 'README.txt', 'README.rst')
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        # 'template' and 'manifest' are, respectively, the names of
+        # the manifest template and manifest file.
+        self.template = None
+        self.manifest = None
+
+        # 'use_defaults': if true, we will include the default file set
+        # in the manifest
+        self.use_defaults = 1
+        self.prune = 1
+
+        self.manifest_only = 0
+        self.force_manifest = 0
+
+        self.formats = ['gztar']
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.dist_dir = None
+
+        self.archive_files = None
+        self.metadata_check = 1
+        self.owner = None
+        self.group = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.manifest is None:
+            self.manifest = "MANIFEST"
+        if self.template is None:
+            self.template = "MANIFEST.in"
+
+        self.ensure_string_list('formats')
+
+        bad_format = archive_util.check_archive_formats(self.formats)
+        if bad_format:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("unknown archive format '%s'" % bad_format)
+
+        if self.dist_dir is None:
+            self.dist_dir = "dist"
+
+    def run(self):
+        # 'filelist' contains the list of files that will make up the
+        # manifest
+        self.filelist = FileList()
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        # Do whatever it takes to get the list of files to process
+        # (process the manifest template, read an existing manifest,
+        # whatever).  File list is accumulated in 'self.filelist'.
+        self.get_file_list()
+
+        # If user just wanted us to regenerate the manifest, stop now.
+        if self.manifest_only:
+            return
+
+        # Otherwise, go ahead and create the source distribution tarball,
+        # or zipfile, or whatever.
+        self.make_distribution()
+
+    def check_metadata(self):
+        """Deprecated API."""
+        warn(
+            "distutils.command.sdist.check_metadata is deprecated, \
+              use the check command instead",
+            PendingDeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        check = self.distribution.get_command_obj('check')
+        check.ensure_finalized()
+        check.run()
+
+    def get_file_list(self):
+        """Figure out the list of files to include in the source
+        distribution, and put it in 'self.filelist'.  This might involve
+        reading the manifest template (and writing the manifest), or just
+        reading the manifest, or just using the default file set -- it all
+        depends on the user's options.
+        """
+        # new behavior when using a template:
+        # the file list is recalculated every time because
+        # even if MANIFEST.in or setup.py are not changed
+        # the user might have added some files in the tree that
+        # need to be included.
+        #
+        #  This makes --force the default and only behavior with templates.
+        template_exists = os.path.isfile(self.template)
+        if not template_exists and self._manifest_is_not_generated():
+            self.read_manifest()
+            self.filelist.sort()
+            self.filelist.remove_duplicates()
+            return
+
+        if not template_exists:
+            self.warn(
+                ("manifest template '%s' does not exist " + "(using default file list)")
+                % self.template
+            )
+        self.filelist.findall()
+
+        if self.use_defaults:
+            self.add_defaults()
+
+        if template_exists:
+            self.read_template()
+
+        if self.prune:
+            self.prune_file_list()
+
+        self.filelist.sort()
+        self.filelist.remove_duplicates()
+        self.write_manifest()
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        """Add all the default files to self.filelist:
+          - README or README.txt
+          - setup.py
+          - tests/test*.py and test/test*.py
+          - all pure Python modules mentioned in setup script
+          - all files pointed by package_data (build_py)
+          - all files defined in data_files.
+          - all files defined as scripts.
+          - all C sources listed as part of extensions or C libraries
+            in the setup script (doesn't catch C headers!)
+        Warns if (README or README.txt) or setup.py are missing; everything
+        else is optional.
+        """
+        self._add_defaults_standards()
+        self._add_defaults_optional()
+        self._add_defaults_python()
+        self._add_defaults_data_files()
+        self._add_defaults_ext()
+        self._add_defaults_c_libs()
+        self._add_defaults_scripts()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cs_path_exists(fspath):
+        """
+        Case-sensitive path existence check
+
+        >>> sdist._cs_path_exists(__file__)
+        True
+        >>> sdist._cs_path_exists(__file__.upper())
+        False
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(fspath):
+            return False
+        # make absolute so we always have a directory
+        abspath = os.path.abspath(fspath)
+        directory, filename = os.path.split(abspath)
+        return filename in os.listdir(directory)
+
+    def _add_defaults_standards(self):
+        standards = [self.READMES, self.distribution.script_name]
+        for fn in standards:
+            if isinstance(fn, tuple):
+                alts = fn
+                got_it = False
+                for fn in alts:
+                    if self._cs_path_exists(fn):
+                        got_it = True
+                        self.filelist.append(fn)
+                        break
+
+                if not got_it:
+                    self.warn(
+                        "standard file not found: should have one of " + ', '.join(alts)
+                    )
+            else:
+                if self._cs_path_exists(fn):
+                    self.filelist.append(fn)
+                else:
+                    self.warn("standard file '%s' not found" % fn)
+
+    def _add_defaults_optional(self):
+        optional = ['tests/test*.py', 'test/test*.py', 'setup.cfg']
+        for pattern in optional:
+            files = filter(os.path.isfile, glob(pattern))
+            self.filelist.extend(files)
+
+    def _add_defaults_python(self):
+        # build_py is used to get:
+        #  - python modules
+        #  - files defined in package_data
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+
+        # getting python files
+        if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            self.filelist.extend(build_py.get_source_files())
+
+        # getting package_data files
+        # (computed in build_py.data_files by build_py.finalize_options)
+        for _pkg, src_dir, _build_dir, filenames in build_py.data_files:
+            for filename in filenames:
+                self.filelist.append(os.path.join(src_dir, filename))
+
+    def _add_defaults_data_files(self):
+        # getting distribution.data_files
+        if self.distribution.has_data_files():
+            for item in self.distribution.data_files:
+                if isinstance(item, str):
+                    # plain file
+                    item = convert_path(item)
+                    if os.path.isfile(item):
+                        self.filelist.append(item)
+                else:
+                    # a (dirname, filenames) tuple
+                    dirname, filenames = item
+                    for f in filenames:
+                        f = convert_path(f)
+                        if os.path.isfile(f):
+                            self.filelist.append(f)
+
+    def _add_defaults_ext(self):
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_ext = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_ext.get_source_files())
+
+    def _add_defaults_c_libs(self):
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries():
+            build_clib = self.get_finalized_command('build_clib')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_clib.get_source_files())
+
+    def _add_defaults_scripts(self):
+        if self.distribution.has_scripts():
+            build_scripts = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_scripts.get_source_files())
+
+    def read_template(self):
+        """Read and parse manifest template file named by self.template.
+
+        (usually "MANIFEST.in") The parsing and processing is done by
+        'self.filelist', which updates itself accordingly.
+        """
+        log.info("reading manifest template '%s'", self.template)
+        template = TextFile(
+            self.template,
+            strip_comments=1,
+            skip_blanks=1,
+            join_lines=1,
+            lstrip_ws=1,
+            rstrip_ws=1,
+            collapse_join=1,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                line = template.readline()
+                if line is None:  # end of file
+                    break
+
+                try:
+                    self.filelist.process_template_line(line)
+                # the call above can raise a DistutilsTemplateError for
+                # malformed lines, or a ValueError from the lower-level
+                # convert_path function
+                except (DistutilsTemplateError, ValueError) as msg:
+                    self.warn(
+                        "%s, line %d: %s"
+                        % (template.filename, template.current_line, msg)
+                    )
+        finally:
+            template.close()
+
+    def prune_file_list(self):
+        """Prune off branches that might slip into the file list as created
+        by 'read_template()', but really don't belong there:
+          * the build tree (typically "build")
+          * the release tree itself (only an issue if we ran "sdist"
+            previously with --keep-temp, or it aborted)
+          * any RCS, CVS, .svn, .hg, .git, .bzr, _darcs directories
+        """
+        build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+        base_dir = self.distribution.get_fullname()
+
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=build.build_base)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=base_dir)
+
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            seps = r'/|\\'
+        else:
+            seps = '/'
+
+        vcs_dirs = ['RCS', 'CVS', r'\.svn', r'\.hg', r'\.git', r'\.bzr', '_darcs']
+        vcs_ptrn = r'(^|{})({})({}).*'.format(seps, '|'.join(vcs_dirs), seps)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(vcs_ptrn, is_regex=1)
+
+    def write_manifest(self):
+        """Write the file list in 'self.filelist' (presumably as filled in
+        by 'add_defaults()' and 'read_template()') to the manifest file
+        named by 'self.manifest'.
+        """
+        if self._manifest_is_not_generated():
+            log.info(
+                "not writing to manually maintained "
+                "manifest file '%s'" % self.manifest
+            )
+            return
+
+        content = self.filelist.files[:]
+        content.insert(0, '# file GENERATED by distutils, do NOT edit')
+        self.execute(
+            file_util.write_file,
+            (self.manifest, content),
+            "writing manifest file '%s'" % self.manifest,
+        )
+
+    def _manifest_is_not_generated(self):
+        # check for special comment used in 3.1.3 and higher
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.manifest):
+            return False
+
+        with open(self.manifest, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            first_line = next(fp)
+        return first_line != '# file GENERATED by distutils, do NOT edit\n'
+
+    def read_manifest(self):
+        """Read the manifest file (named by 'self.manifest') and use it to
+        fill in 'self.filelist', the list of files to include in the source
+        distribution.
+        """
+        log.info("reading manifest file '%s'", self.manifest)
+        with open(self.manifest, encoding='utf-8') as lines:
+            self.filelist.extend(
+                # ignore comments and blank lines
+                filter(None, filterfalse(is_comment, map(str.strip, lines)))
+            )
+
+    def make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files):
+        """Create the directory tree that will become the source
+        distribution archive.  All directories implied by the filenames in
+        'files' are created under 'base_dir', and then we hard link or copy
+        (if hard linking is unavailable) those files into place.
+        Essentially, this duplicates the developer's source tree, but in a
+        directory named after the distribution, containing only the files
+        to be distributed.
+        """
+        # Create all the directories under 'base_dir' necessary to
+        # put 'files' there; the 'mkpath()' is just so we don't die
+        # if the manifest happens to be empty.
+        self.mkpath(base_dir)
+        dir_util.create_tree(base_dir, files, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+        # And walk over the list of files, either making a hard link (if
+        # os.link exists) to each one that doesn't already exist in its
+        # corresponding location under 'base_dir', or copying each file
+        # that's out-of-date in 'base_dir'.  (Usually, all files will be
+        # out-of-date, because by default we blow away 'base_dir' when
+        # we're done making the distribution archives.)
+
+        if hasattr(os, 'link'):  # can make hard links on this system
+            link = 'hard'
+            msg = "making hard links in %s..." % base_dir
+        else:  # nope, have to copy
+            link = None
+            msg = "copying files to %s..." % base_dir
+
+        if not files:
+            log.warning("no files to distribute -- empty manifest?")
+        else:
+            log.info(msg)
+        for file in files:
+            if not os.path.isfile(file):
+                log.warning("'%s' not a regular file -- skipping", file)
+            else:
+                dest = os.path.join(base_dir, file)
+                self.copy_file(file, dest, link=link)
+
+        self.distribution.metadata.write_pkg_info(base_dir)
+
+    def make_distribution(self):
+        """Create the source distribution(s).  First, we create the release
+        tree with 'make_release_tree()'; then, we create all required
+        archive files (according to 'self.formats') from the release tree.
+        Finally, we clean up by blowing away the release tree (unless
+        'self.keep_temp' is true).  The list of archive files created is
+        stored so it can be retrieved later by 'get_archive_files()'.
+        """
+        # Don't warn about missing meta-data here -- should be (and is!)
+        # done elsewhere.
+        base_dir = self.distribution.get_fullname()
+        base_name = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, base_dir)
+
+        self.make_release_tree(base_dir, self.filelist.files)
+        archive_files = []  # remember names of files we create
+        # tar archive must be created last to avoid overwrite and remove
+        if 'tar' in self.formats:
+            self.formats.append(self.formats.pop(self.formats.index('tar')))
+
+        for fmt in self.formats:
+            file = self.make_archive(
+                base_name, fmt, base_dir=base_dir, owner=self.owner, group=self.group
+            )
+            archive_files.append(file)
+            self.distribution.dist_files.append(('sdist', '', file))
+
+        self.archive_files = archive_files
+
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            dir_util.remove_tree(base_dir, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+    def get_archive_files(self):
+        """Return the list of archive files created when the command
+        was run, or None if the command hasn't run yet.
+        """
+        return self.archive_files
+
+
+def is_comment(line):
+    return line.startswith('#')
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/upload.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/upload.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf541f8a82158733ca1c8fa85fd21e0b743cdc64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/command/upload.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+"""
+distutils.command.upload
+
+Implements the Distutils 'upload' subcommand (upload package to a package
+index).
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import io
+import logging
+import os
+from base64 import standard_b64encode
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from urllib.request import HTTPError, Request, urlopen
+
+from .._itertools import always_iterable
+from ..core import PyPIRCCommand
+from ..errors import DistutilsError, DistutilsOptionError
+from ..spawn import spawn
+
+# PyPI Warehouse supports MD5, SHA256, and Blake2 (blake2-256)
+# https://bugs.python.org/issue40698
+_FILE_CONTENT_DIGESTS = {
+    "md5_digest": getattr(hashlib, "md5", None),
+    "sha256_digest": getattr(hashlib, "sha256", None),
+    "blake2_256_digest": getattr(hashlib, "blake2b", None),
+}
+
+
+class upload(PyPIRCCommand):
+    description = "upload binary package to PyPI"
+
+    user_options = PyPIRCCommand.user_options + [
+        ('sign', 's', 'sign files to upload using gpg'),
+        ('identity=', 'i', 'GPG identity used to sign files'),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = PyPIRCCommand.boolean_options + ['sign']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        PyPIRCCommand.initialize_options(self)
+        self.username = ''
+        self.password = ''
+        self.show_response = 0
+        self.sign = False
+        self.identity = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        PyPIRCCommand.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.identity and not self.sign:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must use --sign for --identity to have meaning")
+        config = self._read_pypirc()
+        if config != {}:
+            self.username = config['username']
+            self.password = config['password']
+            self.repository = config['repository']
+            self.realm = config['realm']
+
+        # getting the password from the distribution
+        # if previously set by the register command
+        if not self.password and self.distribution.password:
+            self.password = self.distribution.password
+
+    def run(self):
+        if not self.distribution.dist_files:
+            msg = (
+                "Must create and upload files in one command "
+                "(e.g. setup.py sdist upload)"
+            )
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+        for command, pyversion, filename in self.distribution.dist_files:
+            self.upload_file(command, pyversion, filename)
+
+    def upload_file(self, command, pyversion, filename):  # noqa: C901
+        # Makes sure the repository URL is compliant
+        schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = urlparse(self.repository)
+        if params or query or fragments:
+            raise AssertionError("Incompatible url %s" % self.repository)
+
+        if schema not in ('http', 'https'):
+            raise AssertionError("unsupported schema " + schema)
+
+        # Sign if requested
+        if self.sign:
+            gpg_args = ["gpg", "--detach-sign", "-a", filename]
+            if self.identity:
+                gpg_args[2:2] = ["--local-user", self.identity]
+            spawn(gpg_args, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+        # Fill in the data - send all the meta-data in case we need to
+        # register a new release
+        f = open(filename, 'rb')
+        try:
+            content = f.read()
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+        meta = self.distribution.metadata
+        data = {
+            # action
+            ':action': 'file_upload',
+            'protocol_version': '1',
+            # identify release
+            'name': meta.get_name(),
+            'version': meta.get_version(),
+            # file content
+            'content': (os.path.basename(filename), content),
+            'filetype': command,
+            'pyversion': pyversion,
+            # additional meta-data
+            'metadata_version': '1.0',
+            'summary': meta.get_description(),
+            'home_page': meta.get_url(),
+            'author': meta.get_contact(),
+            'author_email': meta.get_contact_email(),
+            'license': meta.get_licence(),
+            'description': meta.get_long_description(),
+            'keywords': meta.get_keywords(),
+            'platform': meta.get_platforms(),
+            'classifiers': meta.get_classifiers(),
+            'download_url': meta.get_download_url(),
+            # PEP 314
+            'provides': meta.get_provides(),
+            'requires': meta.get_requires(),
+            'obsoletes': meta.get_obsoletes(),
+        }
+
+        data['comment'] = ''
+
+        # file content digests
+        for digest_name, digest_cons in _FILE_CONTENT_DIGESTS.items():
+            if digest_cons is None:
+                continue
+            try:
+                data[digest_name] = digest_cons(content).hexdigest()
+            except ValueError:
+                # hash digest not available or blocked by security policy
+                pass
+
+        if self.sign:
+            with open(filename + ".asc", "rb") as f:
+                data['gpg_signature'] = (os.path.basename(filename) + ".asc", f.read())
+
+        # set up the authentication
+        user_pass = (self.username + ":" + self.password).encode('ascii')
+        # The exact encoding of the authentication string is debated.
+        # Anyway PyPI only accepts ascii for both username or password.
+        auth = "Basic " + standard_b64encode(user_pass).decode('ascii')
+
+        # Build up the MIME payload for the POST data
+        boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+        sep_boundary = b'\r\n--' + boundary.encode('ascii')
+        end_boundary = sep_boundary + b'--\r\n'
+        body = io.BytesIO()
+        for key, values in data.items():
+            title = '\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
+            for value in make_iterable(values):
+                if type(value) is tuple:
+                    title += '; filename="%s"' % value[0]
+                    value = value[1]
+                else:
+                    value = str(value).encode('utf-8')
+                body.write(sep_boundary)
+                body.write(title.encode('utf-8'))
+                body.write(b"\r\n\r\n")
+                body.write(value)
+        body.write(end_boundary)
+        body = body.getvalue()
+
+        msg = f"Submitting {filename} to {self.repository}"
+        self.announce(msg, logging.INFO)
+
+        # build the Request
+        headers = {
+            'Content-type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary,
+            'Content-length': str(len(body)),
+            'Authorization': auth,
+        }
+
+        request = Request(self.repository, data=body, headers=headers)
+        # send the data
+        try:
+            result = urlopen(request)
+            status = result.getcode()
+            reason = result.msg
+        except HTTPError as e:
+            status = e.code
+            reason = e.msg
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.announce(str(e), logging.ERROR)
+            raise
+
+        if status == 200:
+            self.announce(f'Server response ({status}): {reason}', logging.INFO)
+            if self.show_response:
+                text = self._read_pypi_response(result)
+                msg = '\n'.join(('-' * 75, text, '-' * 75))
+                self.announce(msg, logging.INFO)
+        else:
+            msg = f'Upload failed ({status}): {reason}'
+            self.announce(msg, logging.ERROR)
+            raise DistutilsError(msg)
+
+
+def make_iterable(values):
+    if values is None:
+        return [None]
+    return always_iterable(values, base_type=(bytes, str, tuple))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/compat/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/compat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1ee3fe8b010309c0fb5cd77f4376bb70acb740e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/compat/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .py38 import removeprefix
+
+
+def consolidate_linker_args(args: list[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Ensure the return value is a string for backward compatibility.
+
+    Retain until at least 2024-04-31. See pypa/distutils#246
+    """
+
+    if not all(arg.startswith('-Wl,') for arg in args):
+        return args
+    return '-Wl,' + ','.join(removeprefix(arg, '-Wl,') for arg in args)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/compat/py38.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/compat/py38.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0af38140174b70c13640e22c1b2a920515ae82fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/compat/py38.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+
+    def removesuffix(self, suffix):
+        # suffix='' should not call self[:-0].
+        if suffix and self.endswith(suffix):
+            return self[: -len(suffix)]
+        else:
+            return self[:]
+
+    def removeprefix(self, prefix):
+        if self.startswith(prefix):
+            return self[len(prefix) :]
+        else:
+            return self[:]
+else:
+
+    def removesuffix(self, suffix):
+        return self.removesuffix(suffix)
+
+    def removeprefix(self, prefix):
+        return self.removeprefix(prefix)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/config.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83f96a9eec996ec0d780a5c26691ca0645eed75f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/config.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+"""distutils.pypirc
+
+Provides the PyPIRCCommand class, the base class for the command classes
+that uses .pypirc in the distutils.command package.
+"""
+
+import email.message
+import os
+from configparser import RawConfigParser
+
+from .cmd import Command
+
+DEFAULT_PYPIRC = """\
+[distutils]
+index-servers =
+    pypi
+
+[pypi]
+username:%s
+password:%s
+"""
+
+
+class PyPIRCCommand(Command):
+    """Base command that knows how to handle the .pypirc file"""
+
+    DEFAULT_REPOSITORY = 'https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/'
+    DEFAULT_REALM = 'pypi'
+    repository = None
+    realm = None
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('repository=', 'r', "url of repository [default: %s]" % DEFAULT_REPOSITORY),
+        ('show-response', None, 'display full response text from server'),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['show-response']
+
+    def _get_rc_file(self):
+        """Returns rc file path."""
+        return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), '.pypirc')
+
+    def _store_pypirc(self, username, password):
+        """Creates a default .pypirc file."""
+        rc = self._get_rc_file()
+        raw = os.open(rc, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY, 0o600)
+        with os.fdopen(raw, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.write(DEFAULT_PYPIRC % (username, password))
+
+    def _read_pypirc(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Reads the .pypirc file."""
+        rc = self._get_rc_file()
+        if os.path.exists(rc):
+            self.announce('Using PyPI login from %s' % rc)
+            repository = self.repository or self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+
+            config = RawConfigParser()
+            config.read(rc, encoding='utf-8')
+            sections = config.sections()
+            if 'distutils' in sections:
+                # let's get the list of servers
+                index_servers = config.get('distutils', 'index-servers')
+                _servers = [
+                    server.strip()
+                    for server in index_servers.split('\n')
+                    if server.strip() != ''
+                ]
+                if _servers == []:
+                    # nothing set, let's try to get the default pypi
+                    if 'pypi' in sections:
+                        _servers = ['pypi']
+                    else:
+                        # the file is not properly defined, returning
+                        # an empty dict
+                        return {}
+                for server in _servers:
+                    current = {'server': server}
+                    current['username'] = config.get(server, 'username')
+
+                    # optional params
+                    for key, default in (
+                        ('repository', self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY),
+                        ('realm', self.DEFAULT_REALM),
+                        ('password', None),
+                    ):
+                        if config.has_option(server, key):
+                            current[key] = config.get(server, key)
+                        else:
+                            current[key] = default
+
+                    # work around people having "repository" for the "pypi"
+                    # section of their config set to the HTTP (rather than
+                    # HTTPS) URL
+                    if server == 'pypi' and repository in (
+                        self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY,
+                        'pypi',
+                    ):
+                        current['repository'] = self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+                        return current
+
+                    if (
+                        current['server'] == repository
+                        or current['repository'] == repository
+                    ):
+                        return current
+            elif 'server-login' in sections:
+                # old format
+                server = 'server-login'
+                if config.has_option(server, 'repository'):
+                    repository = config.get(server, 'repository')
+                else:
+                    repository = self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+                return {
+                    'username': config.get(server, 'username'),
+                    'password': config.get(server, 'password'),
+                    'repository': repository,
+                    'server': server,
+                    'realm': self.DEFAULT_REALM,
+                }
+
+        return {}
+
+    def _read_pypi_response(self, response):
+        """Read and decode a PyPI HTTP response."""
+        content_type = response.getheader('content-type', 'text/plain')
+        return response.read().decode(_extract_encoding(content_type))
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        """Initialize options."""
+        self.repository = None
+        self.realm = None
+        self.show_response = 0
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        """Finalizes options."""
+        if self.repository is None:
+            self.repository = self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+        if self.realm is None:
+            self.realm = self.DEFAULT_REALM
+
+
+def _extract_encoding(content_type):
+    """
+    >>> _extract_encoding('text/plain')
+    'ascii'
+    >>> _extract_encoding('text/html; charset="utf8"')
+    'utf8'
+    """
+    msg = email.message.EmailMessage()
+    msg['content-type'] = content_type
+    return msg['content-type'].params.get('charset', 'ascii')
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/core.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..309ce696fa08ee3947d1add99d6b0620eb555989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/core.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+"""distutils.core
+
+The only module that needs to be imported to use the Distutils; provides
+the 'setup' function (which is to be called from the setup script).  Also
+indirectly provides the Distribution and Command classes, although they are
+really defined in distutils.dist and distutils.cmd.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import tokenize
+
+from .cmd import Command
+from .config import PyPIRCCommand
+from .debug import DEBUG
+
+# Mainly import these so setup scripts can "from distutils.core import" them.
+from .dist import Distribution
+from .errors import (
+    CCompilerError,
+    DistutilsArgError,
+    DistutilsError,
+    DistutilsSetupError,
+)
+from .extension import Extension
+
+__all__ = ['Distribution', 'Command', 'PyPIRCCommand', 'Extension', 'setup']
+
+# This is a barebones help message generated displayed when the user
+# runs the setup script with no arguments at all.  More useful help
+# is generated with various --help options: global help, list commands,
+# and per-command help.
+USAGE = """\
+usage: %(script)s [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
+   or: %(script)s --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
+   or: %(script)s --help-commands
+   or: %(script)s cmd --help
+"""
+
+
+def gen_usage(script_name):
+    script = os.path.basename(script_name)
+    return USAGE % locals()
+
+
+# Some mild magic to control the behaviour of 'setup()' from 'run_setup()'.
+_setup_stop_after = None
+_setup_distribution = None
+
+# Legal keyword arguments for the setup() function
+setup_keywords = (
+    'distclass',
+    'script_name',
+    'script_args',
+    'options',
+    'name',
+    'version',
+    'author',
+    'author_email',
+    'maintainer',
+    'maintainer_email',
+    'url',
+    'license',
+    'description',
+    'long_description',
+    'keywords',
+    'platforms',
+    'classifiers',
+    'download_url',
+    'requires',
+    'provides',
+    'obsoletes',
+)
+
+# Legal keyword arguments for the Extension constructor
+extension_keywords = (
+    'name',
+    'sources',
+    'include_dirs',
+    'define_macros',
+    'undef_macros',
+    'library_dirs',
+    'libraries',
+    'runtime_library_dirs',
+    'extra_objects',
+    'extra_compile_args',
+    'extra_link_args',
+    'swig_opts',
+    'export_symbols',
+    'depends',
+    'language',
+)
+
+
+def setup(**attrs):  # noqa: C901
+    """The gateway to the Distutils: do everything your setup script needs
+    to do, in a highly flexible and user-driven way.  Briefly: create a
+    Distribution instance; find and parse config files; parse the command
+    line; run each Distutils command found there, customized by the options
+    supplied to 'setup()' (as keyword arguments), in config files, and on
+    the command line.
+
+    The Distribution instance might be an instance of a class supplied via
+    the 'distclass' keyword argument to 'setup'; if no such class is
+    supplied, then the Distribution class (in dist.py) is instantiated.
+    All other arguments to 'setup' (except for 'cmdclass') are used to set
+    attributes of the Distribution instance.
+
+    The 'cmdclass' argument, if supplied, is a dictionary mapping command
+    names to command classes.  Each command encountered on the command line
+    will be turned into a command class, which is in turn instantiated; any
+    class found in 'cmdclass' is used in place of the default, which is
+    (for command 'foo_bar') class 'foo_bar' in module
+    'distutils.command.foo_bar'.  The command class must provide a
+    'user_options' attribute which is a list of option specifiers for
+    'distutils.fancy_getopt'.  Any command-line options between the current
+    and the next command are used to set attributes of the current command
+    object.
+
+    When the entire command-line has been successfully parsed, calls the
+    'run()' method on each command object in turn.  This method will be
+    driven entirely by the Distribution object (which each command object
+    has a reference to, thanks to its constructor), and the
+    command-specific options that became attributes of each command
+    object.
+    """
+
+    global _setup_stop_after, _setup_distribution
+
+    # Determine the distribution class -- either caller-supplied or
+    # our Distribution (see below).
+    klass = attrs.get('distclass')
+    if klass:
+        attrs.pop('distclass')
+    else:
+        klass = Distribution
+
+    if 'script_name' not in attrs:
+        attrs['script_name'] = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+    if 'script_args' not in attrs:
+        attrs['script_args'] = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    # Create the Distribution instance, using the remaining arguments
+    # (ie. everything except distclass) to initialize it
+    try:
+        _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
+    except DistutilsSetupError as msg:
+        if 'name' not in attrs:
+            raise SystemExit("error in setup command: %s" % msg)
+        else:
+            raise SystemExit("error in {} setup command: {}".format(attrs['name'], msg))
+
+    if _setup_stop_after == "init":
+        return dist
+
+    # Find and parse the config file(s): they will override options from
+    # the setup script, but be overridden by the command line.
+    dist.parse_config_files()
+
+    if DEBUG:
+        print("options (after parsing config files):")
+        dist.dump_option_dicts()
+
+    if _setup_stop_after == "config":
+        return dist
+
+    # Parse the command line and override config files; any
+    # command-line errors are the end user's fault, so turn them into
+    # SystemExit to suppress tracebacks.
+    try:
+        ok = dist.parse_command_line()
+    except DistutilsArgError as msg:
+        raise SystemExit(gen_usage(dist.script_name) + "\nerror: %s" % msg)
+
+    if DEBUG:
+        print("options (after parsing command line):")
+        dist.dump_option_dicts()
+
+    if _setup_stop_after == "commandline":
+        return dist
+
+    # And finally, run all the commands found on the command line.
+    if ok:
+        return run_commands(dist)
+
+    return dist
+
+
+# setup ()
+
+
+def run_commands(dist):
+    """Given a Distribution object run all the commands,
+    raising ``SystemExit`` errors in the case of failure.
+
+    This function assumes that either ``sys.argv`` or ``dist.script_args``
+    is already set accordingly.
+    """
+    try:
+        dist.run_commands()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        raise SystemExit("interrupted")
+    except OSError as exc:
+        if DEBUG:
+            sys.stderr.write(f"error: {exc}\n")
+            raise
+        else:
+            raise SystemExit(f"error: {exc}")
+
+    except (DistutilsError, CCompilerError) as msg:
+        if DEBUG:
+            raise
+        else:
+            raise SystemExit("error: " + str(msg))
+
+    return dist
+
+
+def run_setup(script_name, script_args=None, stop_after="run"):
+    """Run a setup script in a somewhat controlled environment, and
+    return the Distribution instance that drives things.  This is useful
+    if you need to find out the distribution meta-data (passed as
+    keyword args from 'script' to 'setup()', or the contents of the
+    config files or command-line.
+
+    'script_name' is a file that will be read and run with 'exec()';
+    'sys.argv[0]' will be replaced with 'script' for the duration of the
+    call.  'script_args' is a list of strings; if supplied,
+    'sys.argv[1:]' will be replaced by 'script_args' for the duration of
+    the call.
+
+    'stop_after' tells 'setup()' when to stop processing; possible
+    values:
+      init
+        stop after the Distribution instance has been created and
+        populated with the keyword arguments to 'setup()'
+      config
+        stop after config files have been parsed (and their data
+        stored in the Distribution instance)
+      commandline
+        stop after the command-line ('sys.argv[1:]' or 'script_args')
+        have been parsed (and the data stored in the Distribution)
+      run [default]
+        stop after all commands have been run (the same as if 'setup()'
+        had been called in the usual way
+
+    Returns the Distribution instance, which provides all information
+    used to drive the Distutils.
+    """
+    if stop_after not in ('init', 'config', 'commandline', 'run'):
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid value for 'stop_after': {stop_after!r}")
+
+    global _setup_stop_after, _setup_distribution
+    _setup_stop_after = stop_after
+
+    save_argv = sys.argv.copy()
+    g = {'__file__': script_name, '__name__': '__main__'}
+    try:
+        try:
+            sys.argv[0] = script_name
+            if script_args is not None:
+                sys.argv[1:] = script_args
+            # tokenize.open supports automatic encoding detection
+            with tokenize.open(script_name) as f:
+                code = f.read().replace(r'\r\n', r'\n')
+                exec(code, g)
+        finally:
+            sys.argv = save_argv
+            _setup_stop_after = None
+    except SystemExit:
+        # Hmm, should we do something if exiting with a non-zero code
+        # (ie. error)?
+        pass
+
+    if _setup_distribution is None:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            (
+                "'distutils.core.setup()' was never called -- "
+                "perhaps '%s' is not a Distutils setup script?"
+            )
+            % script_name
+        )
+
+    # I wonder if the setup script's namespace -- g and l -- would be of
+    # any interest to callers?
+    # print "_setup_distribution:", _setup_distribution
+    return _setup_distribution
+
+
+# run_setup ()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/cygwinccompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/cygwinccompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..539f09d8f300aea9f7a3c7a57cb83c8a8e04005b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/cygwinccompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+"""distutils.cygwinccompiler
+
+Provides the CygwinCCompiler class, a subclass of UnixCCompiler that
+handles the Cygwin port of the GNU C compiler to Windows.  It also contains
+the Mingw32CCompiler class which handles the mingw32 port of GCC (same as
+cygwin in no-cygwin mode).
+"""
+
+import copy
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import shlex
+import sys
+import warnings
+from subprocess import check_output
+
+from ._collections import RangeMap
+from .errors import (
+    CCompilerError,
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsExecError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+)
+from .file_util import write_file
+from .unixccompiler import UnixCCompiler
+from .version import LooseVersion, suppress_known_deprecation
+
+_msvcr_lookup = RangeMap.left(
+    {
+        # MSVC 7.0
+        1300: ['msvcr70'],
+        # MSVC 7.1
+        1310: ['msvcr71'],
+        # VS2005 / MSVC 8.0
+        1400: ['msvcr80'],
+        # VS2008 / MSVC 9.0
+        1500: ['msvcr90'],
+        # VS2010 / MSVC 10.0
+        1600: ['msvcr100'],
+        # VS2012 / MSVC 11.0
+        1700: ['msvcr110'],
+        # VS2013 / MSVC 12.0
+        1800: ['msvcr120'],
+        # VS2015 / MSVC 14.0
+        1900: ['vcruntime140'],
+        2000: RangeMap.undefined_value,
+    },
+)
+
+
+def get_msvcr():
+    """Include the appropriate MSVC runtime library if Python was built
+    with MSVC 7.0 or later.
+    """
+    match = re.search(r'MSC v\.(\d{4})', sys.version)
+    try:
+        msc_ver = int(match.group(1))
+    except AttributeError:
+        return
+    try:
+        return _msvcr_lookup[msc_ver]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError("Unknown MS Compiler version %s " % msc_ver)
+
+
+_runtime_library_dirs_msg = (
+    "Unable to set runtime library search path on Windows, "
+    "usually indicated by `runtime_library_dirs` parameter to Extension"
+)
+
+
+class CygwinCCompiler(UnixCCompiler):
+    """Handles the Cygwin port of the GNU C compiler to Windows."""
+
+    compiler_type = 'cygwin'
+    obj_extension = ".o"
+    static_lib_extension = ".a"
+    shared_lib_extension = ".dll.a"
+    dylib_lib_extension = ".dll"
+    static_lib_format = "lib%s%s"
+    shared_lib_format = "lib%s%s"
+    dylib_lib_format = "cyg%s%s"
+    exe_extension = ".exe"
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+
+        status, details = check_config_h()
+        self.debug_print(f"Python's GCC status: {status} (details: {details})")
+        if status is not CONFIG_H_OK:
+            self.warn(
+                "Python's pyconfig.h doesn't seem to support your compiler. "
+                "Reason: %s. "
+                "Compiling may fail because of undefined preprocessor macros." % details
+            )
+
+        self.cc = os.environ.get('CC', 'gcc')
+        self.cxx = os.environ.get('CXX', 'g++')
+
+        self.linker_dll = self.cc
+        shared_option = "-shared"
+
+        self.set_executables(
+            compiler='%s -mcygwin -O -Wall' % self.cc,
+            compiler_so='%s -mcygwin -mdll -O -Wall' % self.cc,
+            compiler_cxx='%s -mcygwin -O -Wall' % self.cxx,
+            linker_exe='%s -mcygwin' % self.cc,
+            linker_so=(f'{self.linker_dll} -mcygwin {shared_option}'),
+        )
+
+        # Include the appropriate MSVC runtime library if Python was built
+        # with MSVC 7.0 or later.
+        self.dll_libraries = get_msvcr()
+
+    @property
+    def gcc_version(self):
+        # Older numpy depended on this existing to check for ancient
+        # gcc versions. This doesn't make much sense with clang etc so
+        # just hardcode to something recent.
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/20333
+        warnings.warn(
+            "gcc_version attribute of CygwinCCompiler is deprecated. "
+            "Instead of returning actual gcc version a fixed value 11.2.0 is returned.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        with suppress_known_deprecation():
+            return LooseVersion("11.2.0")
+
+    def _compile(self, obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts):
+        """Compiles the source by spawning GCC and windres if needed."""
+        if ext in ('.rc', '.res'):
+            # gcc needs '.res' and '.rc' compiled to object files !!!
+            try:
+                self.spawn(["windres", "-i", src, "-o", obj])
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+        else:  # for other files use the C-compiler
+            try:
+                self.spawn(
+                    self.compiler_so + cc_args + [src, '-o', obj] + extra_postargs
+                )
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+
+    def link(
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        """Link the objects."""
+        # use separate copies, so we can modify the lists
+        extra_preargs = copy.copy(extra_preargs or [])
+        libraries = copy.copy(libraries or [])
+        objects = copy.copy(objects or [])
+
+        if runtime_library_dirs:
+            self.warn(_runtime_library_dirs_msg)
+
+        # Additional libraries
+        libraries.extend(self.dll_libraries)
+
+        # handle export symbols by creating a def-file
+        # with executables this only works with gcc/ld as linker
+        if (export_symbols is not None) and (
+            target_desc != self.EXECUTABLE or self.linker_dll == "gcc"
+        ):
+            # (The linker doesn't do anything if output is up-to-date.
+            # So it would probably better to check if we really need this,
+            # but for this we had to insert some unchanged parts of
+            # UnixCCompiler, and this is not what we want.)
+
+            # we want to put some files in the same directory as the
+            # object files are, build_temp doesn't help much
+            # where are the object files
+            temp_dir = os.path.dirname(objects[0])
+            # name of dll to give the helper files the same base name
+            (dll_name, dll_extension) = os.path.splitext(
+                os.path.basename(output_filename)
+            )
+
+            # generate the filenames for these files
+            def_file = os.path.join(temp_dir, dll_name + ".def")
+
+            # Generate .def file
+            contents = ["LIBRARY %s" % os.path.basename(output_filename), "EXPORTS"]
+            for sym in export_symbols:
+                contents.append(sym)
+            self.execute(write_file, (def_file, contents), "writing %s" % def_file)
+
+            # next add options for def-file
+
+            # for gcc/ld the def-file is specified as any object files
+            objects.append(def_file)
+
+        # end: if ((export_symbols is not None) and
+        #        (target_desc != self.EXECUTABLE or self.linker_dll == "gcc")):
+
+        # who wants symbols and a many times larger output file
+        # should explicitly switch the debug mode on
+        # otherwise we let ld strip the output file
+        # (On my machine: 10KiB < stripped_file < ??100KiB
+        #   unstripped_file = stripped_file + XXX KiB
+        #  ( XXX=254 for a typical python extension))
+        if not debug:
+            extra_preargs.append("-s")
+
+        UnixCCompiler.link(
+            self,
+            target_desc,
+            objects,
+            output_filename,
+            output_dir,
+            libraries,
+            library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs,
+            None,  # export_symbols, we do this in our def-file
+            debug,
+            extra_preargs,
+            extra_postargs,
+            build_temp,
+            target_lang,
+        )
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        # cygwin doesn't support rpath. While in theory we could error
+        # out like MSVC does, code might expect it to work like on Unix, so
+        # just warn and hope for the best.
+        self.warn(_runtime_library_dirs_msg)
+        return []
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+
+    def _make_out_path(self, output_dir, strip_dir, src_name):
+        # use normcase to make sure '.rc' is really '.rc' and not '.RC'
+        norm_src_name = os.path.normcase(src_name)
+        return super()._make_out_path(output_dir, strip_dir, norm_src_name)
+
+    @property
+    def out_extensions(self):
+        """
+        Add support for rc and res files.
+        """
+        return {
+            **super().out_extensions,
+            **{ext: ext + self.obj_extension for ext in ('.res', '.rc')},
+        }
+
+
+# the same as cygwin plus some additional parameters
+class Mingw32CCompiler(CygwinCCompiler):
+    """Handles the Mingw32 port of the GNU C compiler to Windows."""
+
+    compiler_type = 'mingw32'
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+
+        shared_option = "-shared"
+
+        if is_cygwincc(self.cc):
+            raise CCompilerError('Cygwin gcc cannot be used with --compiler=mingw32')
+
+        self.set_executables(
+            compiler='%s -O -Wall' % self.cc,
+            compiler_so='%s -mdll -O -Wall' % self.cc,
+            compiler_cxx='%s -O -Wall' % self.cxx,
+            linker_exe='%s' % self.cc,
+            linker_so=f'{self.linker_dll} {shared_option}',
+        )
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(_runtime_library_dirs_msg)
+
+
+# Because these compilers aren't configured in Python's pyconfig.h file by
+# default, we should at least warn the user if he is using an unmodified
+# version.
+
+CONFIG_H_OK = "ok"
+CONFIG_H_NOTOK = "not ok"
+CONFIG_H_UNCERTAIN = "uncertain"
+
+
+def check_config_h():
+    """Check if the current Python installation appears amenable to building
+    extensions with GCC.
+
+    Returns a tuple (status, details), where 'status' is one of the following
+    constants:
+
+    - CONFIG_H_OK: all is well, go ahead and compile
+    - CONFIG_H_NOTOK: doesn't look good
+    - CONFIG_H_UNCERTAIN: not sure -- unable to read pyconfig.h
+
+    'details' is a human-readable string explaining the situation.
+
+    Note there are two ways to conclude "OK": either 'sys.version' contains
+    the string "GCC" (implying that this Python was built with GCC), or the
+    installed "pyconfig.h" contains the string "__GNUC__".
+    """
+
+    # XXX since this function also checks sys.version, it's not strictly a
+    # "pyconfig.h" check -- should probably be renamed...
+
+    from distutils import sysconfig
+
+    # if sys.version contains GCC then python was compiled with GCC, and the
+    # pyconfig.h file should be OK
+    if "GCC" in sys.version:
+        return CONFIG_H_OK, "sys.version mentions 'GCC'"
+
+    # Clang would also work
+    if "Clang" in sys.version:
+        return CONFIG_H_OK, "sys.version mentions 'Clang'"
+
+    # let's see if __GNUC__ is mentioned in python.h
+    fn = sysconfig.get_config_h_filename()
+    try:
+        config_h = pathlib.Path(fn).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        substring = '__GNUC__'
+        if substring in config_h:
+            code = CONFIG_H_OK
+            mention_inflected = 'mentions'
+        else:
+            code = CONFIG_H_NOTOK
+            mention_inflected = 'does not mention'
+        return code, f"{fn!r} {mention_inflected} {substring!r}"
+    except OSError as exc:
+        return (CONFIG_H_UNCERTAIN, f"couldn't read '{fn}': {exc.strerror}")
+
+
+def is_cygwincc(cc):
+    """Try to determine if the compiler that would be used is from cygwin."""
+    out_string = check_output(shlex.split(cc) + ['-dumpmachine'])
+    return out_string.strip().endswith(b'cygwin')
+
+
+get_versions = None
+"""
+A stand-in for the previous get_versions() function to prevent failures
+when monkeypatched. See pypa/setuptools#2969.
+"""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/debug.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/debug.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..daf1660f0d821143e388d37532a39ddfd2ca0347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/debug.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import os
+
+# If DISTUTILS_DEBUG is anything other than the empty string, we run in
+# debug mode.
+DEBUG = os.environ.get('DISTUTILS_DEBUG')
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dep_util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dep_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09a8a2e126c8bb009dbbe61c5c4bd5e358744996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dep_util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import warnings
+
+from . import _modified
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    if name not in ['newer', 'newer_group', 'newer_pairwise']:
+        raise AttributeError(name)
+    warnings.warn(
+        "dep_util is Deprecated. Use functions from setuptools instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return getattr(_modified, name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dir_util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dir_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..370c6ffd491f104001c7fe49f8209ff211a7a333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dir_util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+"""distutils.dir_util
+
+Utility functions for manipulating directories and directory trees."""
+
+import errno
+import os
+
+from ._log import log
+from .errors import DistutilsFileError, DistutilsInternalError
+
+# cache for by mkpath() -- in addition to cheapening redundant calls,
+# eliminates redundant "creating /foo/bar/baz" messages in dry-run mode
+_path_created = {}
+
+
+def mkpath(name, mode=0o777, verbose=1, dry_run=0):  # noqa: C901
+    """Create a directory and any missing ancestor directories.
+
+    If the directory already exists (or if 'name' is the empty string, which
+    means the current directory, which of course exists), then do nothing.
+    Raise DistutilsFileError if unable to create some directory along the way
+    (eg. some sub-path exists, but is a file rather than a directory).
+    If 'verbose' is true, print a one-line summary of each mkdir to stdout.
+    Return the list of directories actually created.
+
+    os.makedirs is not used because:
+
+    a) It's new to Python 1.5.2, and
+    b) it blows up if the directory already exists (in which case it should
+       silently succeed).
+    """
+
+    global _path_created
+
+    # Detect a common bug -- name is None
+    if not isinstance(name, str):
+        raise DistutilsInternalError(f"mkpath: 'name' must be a string (got {name!r})")
+
+    # XXX what's the better way to handle verbosity? print as we create
+    # each directory in the path (the current behaviour), or only announce
+    # the creation of the whole path? (quite easy to do the latter since
+    # we're not using a recursive algorithm)
+
+    name = os.path.normpath(name)
+    created_dirs = []
+    if os.path.isdir(name) or name == '':
+        return created_dirs
+    if _path_created.get(os.path.abspath(name)):
+        return created_dirs
+
+    (head, tail) = os.path.split(name)
+    tails = [tail]  # stack of lone dirs to create
+
+    while head and tail and not os.path.isdir(head):
+        (head, tail) = os.path.split(head)
+        tails.insert(0, tail)  # push next higher dir onto stack
+
+    # now 'head' contains the deepest directory that already exists
+    # (that is, the child of 'head' in 'name' is the highest directory
+    # that does *not* exist)
+    for d in tails:
+        # print "head = %s, d = %s: " % (head, d),
+        head = os.path.join(head, d)
+        abs_head = os.path.abspath(head)
+
+        if _path_created.get(abs_head):
+            continue
+
+        if verbose >= 1:
+            log.info("creating %s", head)
+
+        if not dry_run:
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(head, mode)
+            except OSError as exc:
+                if not (exc.errno == errno.EEXIST and os.path.isdir(head)):
+                    raise DistutilsFileError(
+                        f"could not create '{head}': {exc.args[-1]}"
+                    )
+            created_dirs.append(head)
+
+        _path_created[abs_head] = 1
+    return created_dirs
+
+
+def create_tree(base_dir, files, mode=0o777, verbose=1, dry_run=0):
+    """Create all the empty directories under 'base_dir' needed to put 'files'
+    there.
+
+    'base_dir' is just the name of a directory which doesn't necessarily
+    exist yet; 'files' is a list of filenames to be interpreted relative to
+    'base_dir'.  'base_dir' + the directory portion of every file in 'files'
+    will be created if it doesn't already exist.  'mode', 'verbose' and
+    'dry_run' flags are as for 'mkpath()'.
+    """
+    # First get the list of directories to create
+    need_dir = set(os.path.join(base_dir, os.path.dirname(file)) for file in files)
+
+    # Now create them
+    for dir in sorted(need_dir):
+        mkpath(dir, mode, verbose=verbose, dry_run=dry_run)
+
+
+def copy_tree(  # noqa: C901
+    src,
+    dst,
+    preserve_mode=1,
+    preserve_times=1,
+    preserve_symlinks=0,
+    update=0,
+    verbose=1,
+    dry_run=0,
+):
+    """Copy an entire directory tree 'src' to a new location 'dst'.
+
+    Both 'src' and 'dst' must be directory names.  If 'src' is not a
+    directory, raise DistutilsFileError.  If 'dst' does not exist, it is
+    created with 'mkpath()'.  The end result of the copy is that every
+    file in 'src' is copied to 'dst', and directories under 'src' are
+    recursively copied to 'dst'.  Return the list of files that were
+    copied or might have been copied, using their output name.  The
+    return value is unaffected by 'update' or 'dry_run': it is simply
+    the list of all files under 'src', with the names changed to be
+    under 'dst'.
+
+    'preserve_mode' and 'preserve_times' are the same as for
+    'copy_file'; note that they only apply to regular files, not to
+    directories.  If 'preserve_symlinks' is true, symlinks will be
+    copied as symlinks (on platforms that support them!); otherwise
+    (the default), the destination of the symlink will be copied.
+    'update' and 'verbose' are the same as for 'copy_file'.
+    """
+    from distutils.file_util import copy_file
+
+    if not dry_run and not os.path.isdir(src):
+        raise DistutilsFileError("cannot copy tree '%s': not a directory" % src)
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(src)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if dry_run:
+            names = []
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsFileError(f"error listing files in '{src}': {e.strerror}")
+
+    if not dry_run:
+        mkpath(dst, verbose=verbose)
+
+    outputs = []
+
+    for n in names:
+        src_name = os.path.join(src, n)
+        dst_name = os.path.join(dst, n)
+
+        if n.startswith('.nfs'):
+            # skip NFS rename files
+            continue
+
+        if preserve_symlinks and os.path.islink(src_name):
+            link_dest = os.readlink(src_name)
+            if verbose >= 1:
+                log.info("linking %s -> %s", dst_name, link_dest)
+            if not dry_run:
+                os.symlink(link_dest, dst_name)
+            outputs.append(dst_name)
+
+        elif os.path.isdir(src_name):
+            outputs.extend(
+                copy_tree(
+                    src_name,
+                    dst_name,
+                    preserve_mode,
+                    preserve_times,
+                    preserve_symlinks,
+                    update,
+                    verbose=verbose,
+                    dry_run=dry_run,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            copy_file(
+                src_name,
+                dst_name,
+                preserve_mode,
+                preserve_times,
+                update,
+                verbose=verbose,
+                dry_run=dry_run,
+            )
+            outputs.append(dst_name)
+
+    return outputs
+
+
+def _build_cmdtuple(path, cmdtuples):
+    """Helper for remove_tree()."""
+    for f in os.listdir(path):
+        real_f = os.path.join(path, f)
+        if os.path.isdir(real_f) and not os.path.islink(real_f):
+            _build_cmdtuple(real_f, cmdtuples)
+        else:
+            cmdtuples.append((os.remove, real_f))
+    cmdtuples.append((os.rmdir, path))
+
+
+def remove_tree(directory, verbose=1, dry_run=0):
+    """Recursively remove an entire directory tree.
+
+    Any errors are ignored (apart from being reported to stdout if 'verbose'
+    is true).
+    """
+    global _path_created
+
+    if verbose >= 1:
+        log.info("removing '%s' (and everything under it)", directory)
+    if dry_run:
+        return
+    cmdtuples = []
+    _build_cmdtuple(directory, cmdtuples)
+    for cmd in cmdtuples:
+        try:
+            cmd[0](cmd[1])
+            # remove dir from cache if it's already there
+            abspath = os.path.abspath(cmd[1])
+            if abspath in _path_created:
+                _path_created.pop(abspath)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            log.warning("error removing %s: %s", directory, exc)
+
+
+def ensure_relative(path):
+    """Take the full path 'path', and make it a relative path.
+
+    This is useful to make 'path' the second argument to os.path.join().
+    """
+    drive, path = os.path.splitdrive(path)
+    if path[0:1] == os.sep:
+        path = drive + path[1:]
+    return path
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dist.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..668ce7eb0a1c54b4c61d378db22f61b7deaee7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/dist.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1287 @@
+"""distutils.dist
+
+Provides the Distribution class, which represents the module distribution
+being built/installed/distributed.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from email import message_from_file
+
+try:
+    import warnings
+except ImportError:
+    warnings = None
+
+from ._log import log
+from .debug import DEBUG
+from .errors import (
+    DistutilsArgError,
+    DistutilsClassError,
+    DistutilsModuleError,
+    DistutilsOptionError,
+)
+from .fancy_getopt import FancyGetopt, translate_longopt
+from .util import check_environ, rfc822_escape, strtobool
+
+# Regex to define acceptable Distutils command names.  This is not *quite*
+# the same as a Python NAME -- I don't allow leading underscores.  The fact
+# that they're very similar is no coincidence; the default naming scheme is
+# to look for a Python module named after the command.
+command_re = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z]([a-zA-Z0-9_]*)$')
+
+
+def _ensure_list(value, fieldname):
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        # a string containing comma separated values is okay.  It will
+        # be converted to a list by Distribution.finalize_options().
+        pass
+    elif not isinstance(value, list):
+        # passing a tuple or an iterator perhaps, warn and convert
+        typename = type(value).__name__
+        msg = "Warning: '{fieldname}' should be a list, got type '{typename}'"
+        msg = msg.format(**locals())
+        log.warning(msg)
+        value = list(value)
+    return value
+
+
+class Distribution:
+    """The core of the Distutils.  Most of the work hiding behind 'setup'
+    is really done within a Distribution instance, which farms the work out
+    to the Distutils commands specified on the command line.
+
+    Setup scripts will almost never instantiate Distribution directly,
+    unless the 'setup()' function is totally inadequate to their needs.
+    However, it is conceivable that a setup script might wish to subclass
+    Distribution for some specialized purpose, and then pass the subclass
+    to 'setup()' as the 'distclass' keyword argument.  If so, it is
+    necessary to respect the expectations that 'setup' has of Distribution.
+    See the code for 'setup()', in core.py, for details.
+    """
+
+    # 'global_options' describes the command-line options that may be
+    # supplied to the setup script prior to any actual commands.
+    # Eg. "./setup.py -n" or "./setup.py --quiet" both take advantage of
+    # these global options.  This list should be kept to a bare minimum,
+    # since every global option is also valid as a command option -- and we
+    # don't want to pollute the commands with too many options that they
+    # have minimal control over.
+    # The fourth entry for verbose means that it can be repeated.
+    global_options = [
+        ('verbose', 'v', "run verbosely (default)", 1),
+        ('quiet', 'q', "run quietly (turns verbosity off)"),
+        ('dry-run', 'n', "don't actually do anything"),
+        ('help', 'h', "show detailed help message"),
+        ('no-user-cfg', None, 'ignore pydistutils.cfg in your home directory'),
+    ]
+
+    # 'common_usage' is a short (2-3 line) string describing the common
+    # usage of the setup script.
+    common_usage = """\
+Common commands: (see '--help-commands' for more)
+
+  setup.py build      will build the package underneath 'build/'
+  setup.py install    will install the package
+"""
+
+    # options that are not propagated to the commands
+    display_options = [
+        ('help-commands', None, "list all available commands"),
+        ('name', None, "print package name"),
+        ('version', 'V', "print package version"),
+        ('fullname', None, "print <package name>-<version>"),
+        ('author', None, "print the author's name"),
+        ('author-email', None, "print the author's email address"),
+        ('maintainer', None, "print the maintainer's name"),
+        ('maintainer-email', None, "print the maintainer's email address"),
+        ('contact', None, "print the maintainer's name if known, else the author's"),
+        (
+            'contact-email',
+            None,
+            "print the maintainer's email address if known, else the author's",
+        ),
+        ('url', None, "print the URL for this package"),
+        ('license', None, "print the license of the package"),
+        ('licence', None, "alias for --license"),
+        ('description', None, "print the package description"),
+        ('long-description', None, "print the long package description"),
+        ('platforms', None, "print the list of platforms"),
+        ('classifiers', None, "print the list of classifiers"),
+        ('keywords', None, "print the list of keywords"),
+        ('provides', None, "print the list of packages/modules provided"),
+        ('requires', None, "print the list of packages/modules required"),
+        ('obsoletes', None, "print the list of packages/modules made obsolete"),
+    ]
+    display_option_names = [translate_longopt(x[0]) for x in display_options]
+
+    # negative options are options that exclude other options
+    negative_opt = {'quiet': 'verbose'}
+
+    # -- Creation/initialization methods -------------------------------
+
+    def __init__(self, attrs=None):  # noqa: C901
+        """Construct a new Distribution instance: initialize all the
+        attributes of a Distribution, and then use 'attrs' (a dictionary
+        mapping attribute names to values) to assign some of those
+        attributes their "real" values.  (Any attributes not mentioned in
+        'attrs' will be assigned to some null value: 0, None, an empty list
+        or dictionary, etc.)  Most importantly, initialize the
+        'command_obj' attribute to the empty dictionary; this will be
+        filled in with real command objects by 'parse_command_line()'.
+        """
+
+        # Default values for our command-line options
+        self.verbose = 1
+        self.dry_run = 0
+        self.help = 0
+        for attr in self.display_option_names:
+            setattr(self, attr, 0)
+
+        # Store the distribution meta-data (name, version, author, and so
+        # forth) in a separate object -- we're getting to have enough
+        # information here (and enough command-line options) that it's
+        # worth it.  Also delegate 'get_XXX()' methods to the 'metadata'
+        # object in a sneaky and underhanded (but efficient!) way.
+        self.metadata = DistributionMetadata()
+        for basename in self.metadata._METHOD_BASENAMES:
+            method_name = "get_" + basename
+            setattr(self, method_name, getattr(self.metadata, method_name))
+
+        # 'cmdclass' maps command names to class objects, so we
+        # can 1) quickly figure out which class to instantiate when
+        # we need to create a new command object, and 2) have a way
+        # for the setup script to override command classes
+        self.cmdclass = {}
+
+        # 'command_packages' is a list of packages in which commands
+        # are searched for.  The factory for command 'foo' is expected
+        # to be named 'foo' in the module 'foo' in one of the packages
+        # named here.  This list is searched from the left; an error
+        # is raised if no named package provides the command being
+        # searched for.  (Always access using get_command_packages().)
+        self.command_packages = None
+
+        # 'script_name' and 'script_args' are usually set to sys.argv[0]
+        # and sys.argv[1:], but they can be overridden when the caller is
+        # not necessarily a setup script run from the command-line.
+        self.script_name = None
+        self.script_args = None
+
+        # 'command_options' is where we store command options between
+        # parsing them (from config files, the command-line, etc.) and when
+        # they are actually needed -- ie. when the command in question is
+        # instantiated.  It is a dictionary of dictionaries of 2-tuples:
+        #   command_options = { command_name : { option : (source, value) } }
+        self.command_options = {}
+
+        # 'dist_files' is the list of (command, pyversion, file) that
+        # have been created by any dist commands run so far. This is
+        # filled regardless of whether the run is dry or not. pyversion
+        # gives sysconfig.get_python_version() if the dist file is
+        # specific to a Python version, 'any' if it is good for all
+        # Python versions on the target platform, and '' for a source
+        # file. pyversion should not be used to specify minimum or
+        # maximum required Python versions; use the metainfo for that
+        # instead.
+        self.dist_files = []
+
+        # These options are really the business of various commands, rather
+        # than of the Distribution itself.  We provide aliases for them in
+        # Distribution as a convenience to the developer.
+        self.packages = None
+        self.package_data = {}
+        self.package_dir = None
+        self.py_modules = None
+        self.libraries = None
+        self.headers = None
+        self.ext_modules = None
+        self.ext_package = None
+        self.include_dirs = None
+        self.extra_path = None
+        self.scripts = None
+        self.data_files = None
+        self.password = ''
+
+        # And now initialize bookkeeping stuff that can't be supplied by
+        # the caller at all.  'command_obj' maps command names to
+        # Command instances -- that's how we enforce that every command
+        # class is a singleton.
+        self.command_obj = {}
+
+        # 'have_run' maps command names to boolean values; it keeps track
+        # of whether we have actually run a particular command, to make it
+        # cheap to "run" a command whenever we think we might need to -- if
+        # it's already been done, no need for expensive filesystem
+        # operations, we just check the 'have_run' dictionary and carry on.
+        # It's only safe to query 'have_run' for a command class that has
+        # been instantiated -- a false value will be inserted when the
+        # command object is created, and replaced with a true value when
+        # the command is successfully run.  Thus it's probably best to use
+        # '.get()' rather than a straight lookup.
+        self.have_run = {}
+
+        # Now we'll use the attrs dictionary (ultimately, keyword args from
+        # the setup script) to possibly override any or all of these
+        # distribution options.
+
+        if attrs:
+            # Pull out the set of command options and work on them
+            # specifically.  Note that this order guarantees that aliased
+            # command options will override any supplied redundantly
+            # through the general options dictionary.
+            options = attrs.get('options')
+            if options is not None:
+                del attrs['options']
+                for command, cmd_options in options.items():
+                    opt_dict = self.get_option_dict(command)
+                    for opt, val in cmd_options.items():
+                        opt_dict[opt] = ("setup script", val)
+
+            if 'licence' in attrs:
+                attrs['license'] = attrs['licence']
+                del attrs['licence']
+                msg = "'licence' distribution option is deprecated; use 'license'"
+                if warnings is not None:
+                    warnings.warn(msg)
+                else:
+                    sys.stderr.write(msg + "\n")
+
+            # Now work on the rest of the attributes.  Any attribute that's
+            # not already defined is invalid!
+            for key, val in attrs.items():
+                if hasattr(self.metadata, "set_" + key):
+                    getattr(self.metadata, "set_" + key)(val)
+                elif hasattr(self.metadata, key):
+                    setattr(self.metadata, key, val)
+                elif hasattr(self, key):
+                    setattr(self, key, val)
+                else:
+                    msg = "Unknown distribution option: %s" % repr(key)
+                    warnings.warn(msg)
+
+        # no-user-cfg is handled before other command line args
+        # because other args override the config files, and this
+        # one is needed before we can load the config files.
+        # If attrs['script_args'] wasn't passed, assume false.
+        #
+        # This also make sure we just look at the global options
+        self.want_user_cfg = True
+
+        if self.script_args is not None:
+            for arg in self.script_args:
+                if not arg.startswith('-'):
+                    break
+                if arg == '--no-user-cfg':
+                    self.want_user_cfg = False
+                    break
+
+        self.finalize_options()
+
+    def get_option_dict(self, command):
+        """Get the option dictionary for a given command.  If that
+        command's option dictionary hasn't been created yet, then create it
+        and return the new dictionary; otherwise, return the existing
+        option dictionary.
+        """
+        dict = self.command_options.get(command)
+        if dict is None:
+            dict = self.command_options[command] = {}
+        return dict
+
+    def dump_option_dicts(self, header=None, commands=None, indent=""):
+        from pprint import pformat
+
+        if commands is None:  # dump all command option dicts
+            commands = sorted(self.command_options.keys())
+
+        if header is not None:
+            self.announce(indent + header)
+            indent = indent + "  "
+
+        if not commands:
+            self.announce(indent + "no commands known yet")
+            return
+
+        for cmd_name in commands:
+            opt_dict = self.command_options.get(cmd_name)
+            if opt_dict is None:
+                self.announce(indent + "no option dict for '%s' command" % cmd_name)
+            else:
+                self.announce(indent + "option dict for '%s' command:" % cmd_name)
+                out = pformat(opt_dict)
+                for line in out.split('\n'):
+                    self.announce(indent + "  " + line)
+
+    # -- Config file finding/parsing methods ---------------------------
+
+    def find_config_files(self):
+        """Find as many configuration files as should be processed for this
+        platform, and return a list of filenames in the order in which they
+        should be parsed.  The filenames returned are guaranteed to exist
+        (modulo nasty race conditions).
+
+        There are multiple possible config files:
+        - distutils.cfg in the Distutils installation directory (i.e.
+          where the top-level Distutils __inst__.py file lives)
+        - a file in the user's home directory named .pydistutils.cfg
+          on Unix and pydistutils.cfg on Windows/Mac; may be disabled
+          with the ``--no-user-cfg`` option
+        - setup.cfg in the current directory
+        - a file named by an environment variable
+        """
+        check_environ()
+        files = [str(path) for path in self._gen_paths() if os.path.isfile(path)]
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            self.announce("using config files: %s" % ', '.join(files))
+
+        return files
+
+    def _gen_paths(self):
+        # The system-wide Distutils config file
+        sys_dir = pathlib.Path(sys.modules['distutils'].__file__).parent
+        yield sys_dir / "distutils.cfg"
+
+        # The per-user config file
+        prefix = '.' * (os.name == 'posix')
+        filename = prefix + 'pydistutils.cfg'
+        if self.want_user_cfg:
+            yield pathlib.Path('~').expanduser() / filename
+
+        # All platforms support local setup.cfg
+        yield pathlib.Path('setup.cfg')
+
+        # Additional config indicated in the environment
+        with contextlib.suppress(TypeError):
+            yield pathlib.Path(os.getenv("DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG"))
+
+    def parse_config_files(self, filenames=None):  # noqa: C901
+        from configparser import ConfigParser
+
+        # Ignore install directory options if we have a venv
+        if sys.prefix != sys.base_prefix:
+            ignore_options = [
+                'install-base',
+                'install-platbase',
+                'install-lib',
+                'install-platlib',
+                'install-purelib',
+                'install-headers',
+                'install-scripts',
+                'install-data',
+                'prefix',
+                'exec-prefix',
+                'home',
+                'user',
+                'root',
+            ]
+        else:
+            ignore_options = []
+
+        ignore_options = frozenset(ignore_options)
+
+        if filenames is None:
+            filenames = self.find_config_files()
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            self.announce("Distribution.parse_config_files():")
+
+        parser = ConfigParser()
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if DEBUG:
+                self.announce("  reading %s" % filename)
+            parser.read(filename, encoding='utf-8')
+            for section in parser.sections():
+                options = parser.options(section)
+                opt_dict = self.get_option_dict(section)
+
+                for opt in options:
+                    if opt != '__name__' and opt not in ignore_options:
+                        val = parser.get(section, opt)
+                        opt = opt.replace('-', '_')
+                        opt_dict[opt] = (filename, val)
+
+            # Make the ConfigParser forget everything (so we retain
+            # the original filenames that options come from)
+            parser.__init__()
+
+        # If there was a "global" section in the config file, use it
+        # to set Distribution options.
+
+        if 'global' in self.command_options:
+            for opt, (_src, val) in self.command_options['global'].items():
+                alias = self.negative_opt.get(opt)
+                try:
+                    if alias:
+                        setattr(self, alias, not strtobool(val))
+                    elif opt in ('verbose', 'dry_run'):  # ugh!
+                        setattr(self, opt, strtobool(val))
+                    else:
+                        setattr(self, opt, val)
+                except ValueError as msg:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+    # -- Command-line parsing methods ----------------------------------
+
+    def parse_command_line(self):
+        """Parse the setup script's command line, taken from the
+        'script_args' instance attribute (which defaults to 'sys.argv[1:]'
+        -- see 'setup()' in core.py).  This list is first processed for
+        "global options" -- options that set attributes of the Distribution
+        instance.  Then, it is alternately scanned for Distutils commands
+        and options for that command.  Each new command terminates the
+        options for the previous command.  The allowed options for a
+        command are determined by the 'user_options' attribute of the
+        command class -- thus, we have to be able to load command classes
+        in order to parse the command line.  Any error in that 'options'
+        attribute raises DistutilsGetoptError; any error on the
+        command-line raises DistutilsArgError.  If no Distutils commands
+        were found on the command line, raises DistutilsArgError.  Return
+        true if command-line was successfully parsed and we should carry
+        on with executing commands; false if no errors but we shouldn't
+        execute commands (currently, this only happens if user asks for
+        help).
+        """
+        #
+        # We now have enough information to show the Macintosh dialog
+        # that allows the user to interactively specify the "command line".
+        #
+        toplevel_options = self._get_toplevel_options()
+
+        # We have to parse the command line a bit at a time -- global
+        # options, then the first command, then its options, and so on --
+        # because each command will be handled by a different class, and
+        # the options that are valid for a particular class aren't known
+        # until we have loaded the command class, which doesn't happen
+        # until we know what the command is.
+
+        self.commands = []
+        parser = FancyGetopt(toplevel_options + self.display_options)
+        parser.set_negative_aliases(self.negative_opt)
+        parser.set_aliases({'licence': 'license'})
+        args = parser.getopt(args=self.script_args, object=self)
+        option_order = parser.get_option_order()
+        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.WARN - 10 * self.verbose)
+
+        # for display options we return immediately
+        if self.handle_display_options(option_order):
+            return
+        while args:
+            args = self._parse_command_opts(parser, args)
+            if args is None:  # user asked for help (and got it)
+                return
+
+        # Handle the cases of --help as a "global" option, ie.
+        # "setup.py --help" and "setup.py --help command ...".  For the
+        # former, we show global options (--verbose, --dry-run, etc.)
+        # and display-only options (--name, --version, etc.); for the
+        # latter, we omit the display-only options and show help for
+        # each command listed on the command line.
+        if self.help:
+            self._show_help(
+                parser, display_options=len(self.commands) == 0, commands=self.commands
+            )
+            return
+
+        # Oops, no commands found -- an end-user error
+        if not self.commands:
+            raise DistutilsArgError("no commands supplied")
+
+        # All is well: return true
+        return True
+
+    def _get_toplevel_options(self):
+        """Return the non-display options recognized at the top level.
+
+        This includes options that are recognized *only* at the top
+        level as well as options recognized for commands.
+        """
+        return self.global_options + [
+            (
+                "command-packages=",
+                None,
+                "list of packages that provide distutils commands",
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def _parse_command_opts(self, parser, args):  # noqa: C901
+        """Parse the command-line options for a single command.
+        'parser' must be a FancyGetopt instance; 'args' must be the list
+        of arguments, starting with the current command (whose options
+        we are about to parse).  Returns a new version of 'args' with
+        the next command at the front of the list; will be the empty
+        list if there are no more commands on the command line.  Returns
+        None if the user asked for help on this command.
+        """
+        # late import because of mutual dependence between these modules
+        from distutils.cmd import Command
+
+        # Pull the current command from the head of the command line
+        command = args[0]
+        if not command_re.match(command):
+            raise SystemExit("invalid command name '%s'" % command)
+        self.commands.append(command)
+
+        # Dig up the command class that implements this command, so we
+        # 1) know that it's a valid command, and 2) know which options
+        # it takes.
+        try:
+            cmd_class = self.get_command_class(command)
+        except DistutilsModuleError as msg:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(msg)
+
+        # Require that the command class be derived from Command -- want
+        # to be sure that the basic "command" interface is implemented.
+        if not issubclass(cmd_class, Command):
+            raise DistutilsClassError(
+                "command class %s must subclass Command" % cmd_class
+            )
+
+        # Also make sure that the command object provides a list of its
+        # known options.
+        if not (
+            hasattr(cmd_class, 'user_options')
+            and isinstance(cmd_class.user_options, list)
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "command class %s must provide "
+                "'user_options' attribute (a list of tuples)"
+            )
+            raise DistutilsClassError(msg % cmd_class)
+
+        # If the command class has a list of negative alias options,
+        # merge it in with the global negative aliases.
+        negative_opt = self.negative_opt
+        if hasattr(cmd_class, 'negative_opt'):
+            negative_opt = negative_opt.copy()
+            negative_opt.update(cmd_class.negative_opt)
+
+        # Check for help_options in command class.  They have a different
+        # format (tuple of four) so we need to preprocess them here.
+        if hasattr(cmd_class, 'help_options') and isinstance(
+            cmd_class.help_options, list
+        ):
+            help_options = fix_help_options(cmd_class.help_options)
+        else:
+            help_options = []
+
+        # All commands support the global options too, just by adding
+        # in 'global_options'.
+        parser.set_option_table(
+            self.global_options + cmd_class.user_options + help_options
+        )
+        parser.set_negative_aliases(negative_opt)
+        (args, opts) = parser.getopt(args[1:])
+        if hasattr(opts, 'help') and opts.help:
+            self._show_help(parser, display_options=0, commands=[cmd_class])
+            return
+
+        if hasattr(cmd_class, 'help_options') and isinstance(
+            cmd_class.help_options, list
+        ):
+            help_option_found = 0
+            for help_option, _short, _desc, func in cmd_class.help_options:
+                if hasattr(opts, parser.get_attr_name(help_option)):
+                    help_option_found = 1
+                    if callable(func):
+                        func()
+                    else:
+                        raise DistutilsClassError(
+                            f"invalid help function {func!r} for help option '{help_option}': "
+                            "must be a callable object (function, etc.)"
+                        )
+
+            if help_option_found:
+                return
+
+        # Put the options from the command-line into their official
+        # holding pen, the 'command_options' dictionary.
+        opt_dict = self.get_option_dict(command)
+        for name, value in vars(opts).items():
+            opt_dict[name] = ("command line", value)
+
+        return args
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        """Set final values for all the options on the Distribution
+        instance, analogous to the .finalize_options() method of Command
+        objects.
+        """
+        for attr in ('keywords', 'platforms'):
+            value = getattr(self.metadata, attr)
+            if value is None:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                value = [elm.strip() for elm in value.split(',')]
+                setattr(self.metadata, attr, value)
+
+    def _show_help(
+        self, parser, global_options=1, display_options=1, commands: Iterable = ()
+    ):
+        """Show help for the setup script command-line in the form of
+        several lists of command-line options.  'parser' should be a
+        FancyGetopt instance; do not expect it to be returned in the
+        same state, as its option table will be reset to make it
+        generate the correct help text.
+
+        If 'global_options' is true, lists the global options:
+        --verbose, --dry-run, etc.  If 'display_options' is true, lists
+        the "display-only" options: --name, --version, etc.  Finally,
+        lists per-command help for every command name or command class
+        in 'commands'.
+        """
+        # late import because of mutual dependence between these modules
+        from distutils.cmd import Command
+        from distutils.core import gen_usage
+
+        if global_options:
+            if display_options:
+                options = self._get_toplevel_options()
+            else:
+                options = self.global_options
+            parser.set_option_table(options)
+            parser.print_help(self.common_usage + "\nGlobal options:")
+            print()
+
+        if display_options:
+            parser.set_option_table(self.display_options)
+            parser.print_help(
+                "Information display options (just display "
+                + "information, ignore any commands)"
+            )
+            print()
+
+        for command in self.commands:
+            if isinstance(command, type) and issubclass(command, Command):
+                klass = command
+            else:
+                klass = self.get_command_class(command)
+            if hasattr(klass, 'help_options') and isinstance(klass.help_options, list):
+                parser.set_option_table(
+                    klass.user_options + fix_help_options(klass.help_options)
+                )
+            else:
+                parser.set_option_table(klass.user_options)
+            parser.print_help("Options for '%s' command:" % klass.__name__)
+            print()
+
+        print(gen_usage(self.script_name))
+
+    def handle_display_options(self, option_order):
+        """If there were any non-global "display-only" options
+        (--help-commands or the metadata display options) on the command
+        line, display the requested info and return true; else return
+        false.
+        """
+        from distutils.core import gen_usage
+
+        # User just wants a list of commands -- we'll print it out and stop
+        # processing now (ie. if they ran "setup --help-commands foo bar",
+        # we ignore "foo bar").
+        if self.help_commands:
+            self.print_commands()
+            print()
+            print(gen_usage(self.script_name))
+            return 1
+
+        # If user supplied any of the "display metadata" options, then
+        # display that metadata in the order in which the user supplied the
+        # metadata options.
+        any_display_options = 0
+        is_display_option = {}
+        for option in self.display_options:
+            is_display_option[option[0]] = 1
+
+        for opt, val in option_order:
+            if val and is_display_option.get(opt):
+                opt = translate_longopt(opt)
+                value = getattr(self.metadata, "get_" + opt)()
+                if opt in ('keywords', 'platforms'):
+                    print(','.join(value))
+                elif opt in ('classifiers', 'provides', 'requires', 'obsoletes'):
+                    print('\n'.join(value))
+                else:
+                    print(value)
+                any_display_options = 1
+
+        return any_display_options
+
+    def print_command_list(self, commands, header, max_length):
+        """Print a subset of the list of all commands -- used by
+        'print_commands()'.
+        """
+        print(header + ":")
+
+        for cmd in commands:
+            klass = self.cmdclass.get(cmd)
+            if not klass:
+                klass = self.get_command_class(cmd)
+            try:
+                description = klass.description
+            except AttributeError:
+                description = "(no description available)"
+
+            print("  %-*s  %s" % (max_length, cmd, description))
+
+    def print_commands(self):
+        """Print out a help message listing all available commands with a
+        description of each.  The list is divided into "standard commands"
+        (listed in distutils.command.__all__) and "extra commands"
+        (mentioned in self.cmdclass, but not a standard command).  The
+        descriptions come from the command class attribute
+        'description'.
+        """
+        import distutils.command
+
+        std_commands = distutils.command.__all__
+        is_std = {}
+        for cmd in std_commands:
+            is_std[cmd] = 1
+
+        extra_commands = []
+        for cmd in self.cmdclass.keys():
+            if not is_std.get(cmd):
+                extra_commands.append(cmd)
+
+        max_length = 0
+        for cmd in std_commands + extra_commands:
+            if len(cmd) > max_length:
+                max_length = len(cmd)
+
+        self.print_command_list(std_commands, "Standard commands", max_length)
+        if extra_commands:
+            print()
+            self.print_command_list(extra_commands, "Extra commands", max_length)
+
+    def get_command_list(self):
+        """Get a list of (command, description) tuples.
+        The list is divided into "standard commands" (listed in
+        distutils.command.__all__) and "extra commands" (mentioned in
+        self.cmdclass, but not a standard command).  The descriptions come
+        from the command class attribute 'description'.
+        """
+        # Currently this is only used on Mac OS, for the Mac-only GUI
+        # Distutils interface (by Jack Jansen)
+        import distutils.command
+
+        std_commands = distutils.command.__all__
+        is_std = {}
+        for cmd in std_commands:
+            is_std[cmd] = 1
+
+        extra_commands = []
+        for cmd in self.cmdclass.keys():
+            if not is_std.get(cmd):
+                extra_commands.append(cmd)
+
+        rv = []
+        for cmd in std_commands + extra_commands:
+            klass = self.cmdclass.get(cmd)
+            if not klass:
+                klass = self.get_command_class(cmd)
+            try:
+                description = klass.description
+            except AttributeError:
+                description = "(no description available)"
+            rv.append((cmd, description))
+        return rv
+
+    # -- Command class/object methods ----------------------------------
+
+    def get_command_packages(self):
+        """Return a list of packages from which commands are loaded."""
+        pkgs = self.command_packages
+        if not isinstance(pkgs, list):
+            if pkgs is None:
+                pkgs = ''
+            pkgs = [pkg.strip() for pkg in pkgs.split(',') if pkg != '']
+            if "distutils.command" not in pkgs:
+                pkgs.insert(0, "distutils.command")
+            self.command_packages = pkgs
+        return pkgs
+
+    def get_command_class(self, command):
+        """Return the class that implements the Distutils command named by
+        'command'.  First we check the 'cmdclass' dictionary; if the
+        command is mentioned there, we fetch the class object from the
+        dictionary and return it.  Otherwise we load the command module
+        ("distutils.command." + command) and fetch the command class from
+        the module.  The loaded class is also stored in 'cmdclass'
+        to speed future calls to 'get_command_class()'.
+
+        Raises DistutilsModuleError if the expected module could not be
+        found, or if that module does not define the expected class.
+        """
+        klass = self.cmdclass.get(command)
+        if klass:
+            return klass
+
+        for pkgname in self.get_command_packages():
+            module_name = f"{pkgname}.{command}"
+            klass_name = command
+
+            try:
+                __import__(module_name)
+                module = sys.modules[module_name]
+            except ImportError:
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                klass = getattr(module, klass_name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise DistutilsModuleError(
+                    f"invalid command '{command}' (no class '{klass_name}' in module '{module_name}')"
+                )
+
+            self.cmdclass[command] = klass
+            return klass
+
+        raise DistutilsModuleError("invalid command '%s'" % command)
+
+    def get_command_obj(self, command, create=1):
+        """Return the command object for 'command'.  Normally this object
+        is cached on a previous call to 'get_command_obj()'; if no command
+        object for 'command' is in the cache, then we either create and
+        return it (if 'create' is true) or return None.
+        """
+        cmd_obj = self.command_obj.get(command)
+        if not cmd_obj and create:
+            if DEBUG:
+                self.announce(
+                    "Distribution.get_command_obj(): "
+                    "creating '%s' command object" % command
+                )
+
+            klass = self.get_command_class(command)
+            cmd_obj = self.command_obj[command] = klass(self)
+            self.have_run[command] = 0
+
+            # Set any options that were supplied in config files
+            # or on the command line.  (NB. support for error
+            # reporting is lame here: any errors aren't reported
+            # until 'finalize_options()' is called, which means
+            # we won't report the source of the error.)
+            options = self.command_options.get(command)
+            if options:
+                self._set_command_options(cmd_obj, options)
+
+        return cmd_obj
+
+    def _set_command_options(self, command_obj, option_dict=None):  # noqa: C901
+        """Set the options for 'command_obj' from 'option_dict'.  Basically
+        this means copying elements of a dictionary ('option_dict') to
+        attributes of an instance ('command').
+
+        'command_obj' must be a Command instance.  If 'option_dict' is not
+        supplied, uses the standard option dictionary for this command
+        (from 'self.command_options').
+        """
+        command_name = command_obj.get_command_name()
+        if option_dict is None:
+            option_dict = self.get_option_dict(command_name)
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            self.announce("  setting options for '%s' command:" % command_name)
+        for option, (source, value) in option_dict.items():
+            if DEBUG:
+                self.announce(f"    {option} = {value} (from {source})")
+            try:
+                bool_opts = [translate_longopt(o) for o in command_obj.boolean_options]
+            except AttributeError:
+                bool_opts = []
+            try:
+                neg_opt = command_obj.negative_opt
+            except AttributeError:
+                neg_opt = {}
+
+            try:
+                is_string = isinstance(value, str)
+                if option in neg_opt and is_string:
+                    setattr(command_obj, neg_opt[option], not strtobool(value))
+                elif option in bool_opts and is_string:
+                    setattr(command_obj, option, strtobool(value))
+                elif hasattr(command_obj, option):
+                    setattr(command_obj, option, value)
+                else:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        f"error in {source}: command '{command_name}' has no such option '{option}'"
+                    )
+            except ValueError as msg:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0):
+        """Reinitializes a command to the state it was in when first
+        returned by 'get_command_obj()': ie., initialized but not yet
+        finalized.  This provides the opportunity to sneak option
+        values in programmatically, overriding or supplementing
+        user-supplied values from the config files and command line.
+        You'll have to re-finalize the command object (by calling
+        'finalize_options()' or 'ensure_finalized()') before using it for
+        real.
+
+        'command' should be a command name (string) or command object.  If
+        'reinit_subcommands' is true, also reinitializes the command's
+        sub-commands, as declared by the 'sub_commands' class attribute (if
+        it has one).  See the "install" command for an example.  Only
+        reinitializes the sub-commands that actually matter, ie. those
+        whose test predicates return true.
+
+        Returns the reinitialized command object.
+        """
+        from distutils.cmd import Command
+
+        if not isinstance(command, Command):
+            command_name = command
+            command = self.get_command_obj(command_name)
+        else:
+            command_name = command.get_command_name()
+
+        if not command.finalized:
+            return command
+        command.initialize_options()
+        command.finalized = 0
+        self.have_run[command_name] = 0
+        self._set_command_options(command)
+
+        if reinit_subcommands:
+            for sub in command.get_sub_commands():
+                self.reinitialize_command(sub, reinit_subcommands)
+
+        return command
+
+    # -- Methods that operate on the Distribution ----------------------
+
+    def announce(self, msg, level=logging.INFO):
+        log.log(level, msg)
+
+    def run_commands(self):
+        """Run each command that was seen on the setup script command line.
+        Uses the list of commands found and cache of command objects
+        created by 'get_command_obj()'.
+        """
+        for cmd in self.commands:
+            self.run_command(cmd)
+
+    # -- Methods that operate on its Commands --------------------------
+
+    def run_command(self, command):
+        """Do whatever it takes to run a command (including nothing at all,
+        if the command has already been run).  Specifically: if we have
+        already created and run the command named by 'command', return
+        silently without doing anything.  If the command named by 'command'
+        doesn't even have a command object yet, create one.  Then invoke
+        'run()' on that command object (or an existing one).
+        """
+        # Already been here, done that? then return silently.
+        if self.have_run.get(command):
+            return
+
+        log.info("running %s", command)
+        cmd_obj = self.get_command_obj(command)
+        cmd_obj.ensure_finalized()
+        cmd_obj.run()
+        self.have_run[command] = 1
+
+    # -- Distribution query methods ------------------------------------
+
+    def has_pure_modules(self):
+        return len(self.packages or self.py_modules or []) > 0
+
+    def has_ext_modules(self):
+        return self.ext_modules and len(self.ext_modules) > 0
+
+    def has_c_libraries(self):
+        return self.libraries and len(self.libraries) > 0
+
+    def has_modules(self):
+        return self.has_pure_modules() or self.has_ext_modules()
+
+    def has_headers(self):
+        return self.headers and len(self.headers) > 0
+
+    def has_scripts(self):
+        return self.scripts and len(self.scripts) > 0
+
+    def has_data_files(self):
+        return self.data_files and len(self.data_files) > 0
+
+    def is_pure(self):
+        return (
+            self.has_pure_modules()
+            and not self.has_ext_modules()
+            and not self.has_c_libraries()
+        )
+
+    # -- Metadata query methods ----------------------------------------
+
+    # If you're looking for 'get_name()', 'get_version()', and so forth,
+    # they are defined in a sneaky way: the constructor binds self.get_XXX
+    # to self.metadata.get_XXX.  The actual code is in the
+    # DistributionMetadata class, below.
+
+
+class DistributionMetadata:
+    """Dummy class to hold the distribution meta-data: name, version,
+    author, and so forth.
+    """
+
+    _METHOD_BASENAMES = (
+        "name",
+        "version",
+        "author",
+        "author_email",
+        "maintainer",
+        "maintainer_email",
+        "url",
+        "license",
+        "description",
+        "long_description",
+        "keywords",
+        "platforms",
+        "fullname",
+        "contact",
+        "contact_email",
+        "classifiers",
+        "download_url",
+        # PEP 314
+        "provides",
+        "requires",
+        "obsoletes",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None):
+        if path is not None:
+            self.read_pkg_file(open(path))
+        else:
+            self.name = None
+            self.version = None
+            self.author = None
+            self.author_email = None
+            self.maintainer = None
+            self.maintainer_email = None
+            self.url = None
+            self.license = None
+            self.description = None
+            self.long_description = None
+            self.keywords = None
+            self.platforms = None
+            self.classifiers = None
+            self.download_url = None
+            # PEP 314
+            self.provides = None
+            self.requires = None
+            self.obsoletes = None
+
+    def read_pkg_file(self, file):
+        """Reads the metadata values from a file object."""
+        msg = message_from_file(file)
+
+        def _read_field(name):
+            value = msg[name]
+            if value and value != "UNKNOWN":
+                return value
+
+        def _read_list(name):
+            values = msg.get_all(name, None)
+            if values == []:
+                return None
+            return values
+
+        metadata_version = msg['metadata-version']
+        self.name = _read_field('name')
+        self.version = _read_field('version')
+        self.description = _read_field('summary')
+        # we are filling author only.
+        self.author = _read_field('author')
+        self.maintainer = None
+        self.author_email = _read_field('author-email')
+        self.maintainer_email = None
+        self.url = _read_field('home-page')
+        self.license = _read_field('license')
+
+        if 'download-url' in msg:
+            self.download_url = _read_field('download-url')
+        else:
+            self.download_url = None
+
+        self.long_description = _read_field('description')
+        self.description = _read_field('summary')
+
+        if 'keywords' in msg:
+            self.keywords = _read_field('keywords').split(',')
+
+        self.platforms = _read_list('platform')
+        self.classifiers = _read_list('classifier')
+
+        # PEP 314 - these fields only exist in 1.1
+        if metadata_version == '1.1':
+            self.requires = _read_list('requires')
+            self.provides = _read_list('provides')
+            self.obsoletes = _read_list('obsoletes')
+        else:
+            self.requires = None
+            self.provides = None
+            self.obsoletes = None
+
+    def write_pkg_info(self, base_dir):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO file into the release tree."""
+        with open(
+            os.path.join(base_dir, 'PKG-INFO'), 'w', encoding='UTF-8'
+        ) as pkg_info:
+            self.write_pkg_file(pkg_info)
+
+    def write_pkg_file(self, file):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO format data to a file object."""
+        version = '1.0'
+        if (
+            self.provides
+            or self.requires
+            or self.obsoletes
+            or self.classifiers
+            or self.download_url
+        ):
+            version = '1.1'
+
+        # required fields
+        file.write('Metadata-Version: %s\n' % version)
+        file.write('Name: %s\n' % self.get_name())
+        file.write('Version: %s\n' % self.get_version())
+
+        def maybe_write(header, val):
+            if val:
+                file.write(f"{header}: {val}\n")
+
+        # optional fields
+        maybe_write("Summary", self.get_description())
+        maybe_write("Home-page", self.get_url())
+        maybe_write("Author", self.get_contact())
+        maybe_write("Author-email", self.get_contact_email())
+        maybe_write("License", self.get_license())
+        maybe_write("Download-URL", self.download_url)
+        maybe_write("Description", rfc822_escape(self.get_long_description() or ""))
+        maybe_write("Keywords", ",".join(self.get_keywords()))
+
+        self._write_list(file, 'Platform', self.get_platforms())
+        self._write_list(file, 'Classifier', self.get_classifiers())
+
+        # PEP 314
+        self._write_list(file, 'Requires', self.get_requires())
+        self._write_list(file, 'Provides', self.get_provides())
+        self._write_list(file, 'Obsoletes', self.get_obsoletes())
+
+    def _write_list(self, file, name, values):
+        values = values or []
+        for value in values:
+            file.write(f'{name}: {value}\n')
+
+    # -- Metadata query methods ----------------------------------------
+
+    def get_name(self):
+        return self.name or "UNKNOWN"
+
+    def get_version(self):
+        return self.version or "0.0.0"
+
+    def get_fullname(self):
+        return f"{self.get_name()}-{self.get_version()}"
+
+    def get_author(self):
+        return self.author
+
+    def get_author_email(self):
+        return self.author_email
+
+    def get_maintainer(self):
+        return self.maintainer
+
+    def get_maintainer_email(self):
+        return self.maintainer_email
+
+    def get_contact(self):
+        return self.maintainer or self.author
+
+    def get_contact_email(self):
+        return self.maintainer_email or self.author_email
+
+    def get_url(self):
+        return self.url
+
+    def get_license(self):
+        return self.license
+
+    get_licence = get_license
+
+    def get_description(self):
+        return self.description
+
+    def get_long_description(self):
+        return self.long_description
+
+    def get_keywords(self):
+        return self.keywords or []
+
+    def set_keywords(self, value):
+        self.keywords = _ensure_list(value, 'keywords')
+
+    def get_platforms(self):
+        return self.platforms
+
+    def set_platforms(self, value):
+        self.platforms = _ensure_list(value, 'platforms')
+
+    def get_classifiers(self):
+        return self.classifiers or []
+
+    def set_classifiers(self, value):
+        self.classifiers = _ensure_list(value, 'classifiers')
+
+    def get_download_url(self):
+        return self.download_url
+
+    # PEP 314
+    def get_requires(self):
+        return self.requires or []
+
+    def set_requires(self, value):
+        import distutils.versionpredicate
+
+        for v in value:
+            distutils.versionpredicate.VersionPredicate(v)
+        self.requires = list(value)
+
+    def get_provides(self):
+        return self.provides or []
+
+    def set_provides(self, value):
+        value = [v.strip() for v in value]
+        for v in value:
+            import distutils.versionpredicate
+
+            distutils.versionpredicate.split_provision(v)
+        self.provides = value
+
+    def get_obsoletes(self):
+        return self.obsoletes or []
+
+    def set_obsoletes(self, value):
+        import distutils.versionpredicate
+
+        for v in value:
+            distutils.versionpredicate.VersionPredicate(v)
+        self.obsoletes = list(value)
+
+
+def fix_help_options(options):
+    """Convert a 4-tuple 'help_options' list as found in various command
+    classes to the 3-tuple form required by FancyGetopt.
+    """
+    new_options = []
+    for help_tuple in options:
+        new_options.append(help_tuple[0:3])
+    return new_options
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/errors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..626254c321fb31033c54fed7ff57a0df5eaaa608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/errors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+"""distutils.errors
+
+Provides exceptions used by the Distutils modules.  Note that Distutils
+modules may raise standard exceptions; in particular, SystemExit is
+usually raised for errors that are obviously the end-user's fault
+(eg. bad command-line arguments).
+
+This module is safe to use in "from ... import *" mode; it only exports
+symbols whose names start with "Distutils" and end with "Error"."""
+
+
+class DistutilsError(Exception):
+    """The root of all Distutils evil."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsModuleError(DistutilsError):
+    """Unable to load an expected module, or to find an expected class
+    within some module (in particular, command modules and classes)."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsClassError(DistutilsError):
+    """Some command class (or possibly distribution class, if anyone
+    feels a need to subclass Distribution) is found not to be holding
+    up its end of the bargain, ie. implementing some part of the
+    "command "interface."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsGetoptError(DistutilsError):
+    """The option table provided to 'fancy_getopt()' is bogus."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsArgError(DistutilsError):
+    """Raised by fancy_getopt in response to getopt.error -- ie. an
+    error in the command line usage."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsFileError(DistutilsError):
+    """Any problems in the filesystem: expected file not found, etc.
+    Typically this is for problems that we detect before OSError
+    could be raised."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsOptionError(DistutilsError):
+    """Syntactic/semantic errors in command options, such as use of
+    mutually conflicting options, or inconsistent options,
+    badly-spelled values, etc.  No distinction is made between option
+    values originating in the setup script, the command line, config
+    files, or what-have-you -- but if we *know* something originated in
+    the setup script, we'll raise DistutilsSetupError instead."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsSetupError(DistutilsError):
+    """For errors that can be definitely blamed on the setup script,
+    such as invalid keyword arguments to 'setup()'."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsPlatformError(DistutilsError):
+    """We don't know how to do something on the current platform (but
+    we do know how to do it on some platform) -- eg. trying to compile
+    C files on a platform not supported by a CCompiler subclass."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsExecError(DistutilsError):
+    """Any problems executing an external program (such as the C
+    compiler, when compiling C files)."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsInternalError(DistutilsError):
+    """Internal inconsistencies or impossibilities (obviously, this
+    should never be seen if the code is working!)."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DistutilsTemplateError(DistutilsError):
+    """Syntax error in a file list template."""
+
+
+class DistutilsByteCompileError(DistutilsError):
+    """Byte compile error."""
+
+
+# Exception classes used by the CCompiler implementation classes
+class CCompilerError(Exception):
+    """Some compile/link operation failed."""
+
+
+class PreprocessError(CCompilerError):
+    """Failure to preprocess one or more C/C++ files."""
+
+
+class CompileError(CCompilerError):
+    """Failure to compile one or more C/C++ source files."""
+
+
+class LibError(CCompilerError):
+    """Failure to create a static library from one or more C/C++ object
+    files."""
+
+
+class LinkError(CCompilerError):
+    """Failure to link one or more C/C++ object files into an executable
+    or shared library file."""
+
+
+class UnknownFileError(CCompilerError):
+    """Attempt to process an unknown file type."""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/extension.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94e71635d93ced65743aceb92d52fa6d3cab8ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/extension.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+"""distutils.extension
+
+Provides the Extension class, used to describe C/C++ extension
+modules in setup scripts."""
+
+import os
+import warnings
+
+# This class is really only used by the "build_ext" command, so it might
+# make sense to put it in distutils.command.build_ext.  However, that
+# module is already big enough, and I want to make this class a bit more
+# complex to simplify some common cases ("foo" module in "foo.c") and do
+# better error-checking ("foo.c" actually exists).
+#
+# Also, putting this in build_ext.py means every setup script would have to
+# import that large-ish module (indirectly, through distutils.core) in
+# order to do anything.
+
+
+class Extension:
+    """Just a collection of attributes that describes an extension
+    module and everything needed to build it (hopefully in a portable
+    way, but there are hooks that let you be as unportable as you need).
+
+    Instance attributes:
+      name : string
+        the full name of the extension, including any packages -- ie.
+        *not* a filename or pathname, but Python dotted name
+      sources : [string]
+        list of source filenames, relative to the distribution root
+        (where the setup script lives), in Unix form (slash-separated)
+        for portability.  Source files may be C, C++, SWIG (.i),
+        platform-specific resource files, or whatever else is recognized
+        by the "build_ext" command as source for a Python extension.
+      include_dirs : [string]
+        list of directories to search for C/C++ header files (in Unix
+        form for portability)
+      define_macros : [(name : string, value : string|None)]
+        list of macros to define; each macro is defined using a 2-tuple,
+        where 'value' is either the string to define it to or None to
+        define it without a particular value (equivalent of "#define
+        FOO" in source or -DFOO on Unix C compiler command line)
+      undef_macros : [string]
+        list of macros to undefine explicitly
+      library_dirs : [string]
+        list of directories to search for C/C++ libraries at link time
+      libraries : [string]
+        list of library names (not filenames or paths) to link against
+      runtime_library_dirs : [string]
+        list of directories to search for C/C++ libraries at run time
+        (for shared extensions, this is when the extension is loaded)
+      extra_objects : [string]
+        list of extra files to link with (eg. object files not implied
+        by 'sources', static library that must be explicitly specified,
+        binary resource files, etc.)
+      extra_compile_args : [string]
+        any extra platform- and compiler-specific information to use
+        when compiling the source files in 'sources'.  For platforms and
+        compilers where "command line" makes sense, this is typically a
+        list of command-line arguments, but for other platforms it could
+        be anything.
+      extra_link_args : [string]
+        any extra platform- and compiler-specific information to use
+        when linking object files together to create the extension (or
+        to create a new static Python interpreter).  Similar
+        interpretation as for 'extra_compile_args'.
+      export_symbols : [string]
+        list of symbols to be exported from a shared extension.  Not
+        used on all platforms, and not generally necessary for Python
+        extensions, which typically export exactly one symbol: "init" +
+        extension_name.
+      swig_opts : [string]
+        any extra options to pass to SWIG if a source file has the .i
+        extension.
+      depends : [string]
+        list of files that the extension depends on
+      language : string
+        extension language (i.e. "c", "c++", "objc"). Will be detected
+        from the source extensions if not provided.
+      optional : boolean
+        specifies that a build failure in the extension should not abort the
+        build process, but simply not install the failing extension.
+    """
+
+    # When adding arguments to this constructor, be sure to update
+    # setup_keywords in core.py.
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        sources,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        define_macros=None,
+        undef_macros=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        extra_objects=None,
+        extra_compile_args=None,
+        extra_link_args=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        swig_opts=None,
+        depends=None,
+        language=None,
+        optional=None,
+        **kw,  # To catch unknown keywords
+    ):
+        if not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise AssertionError("'name' must be a string")
+        if not (isinstance(sources, list) and all(isinstance(v, str) for v in sources)):
+            raise AssertionError("'sources' must be a list of strings")
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.sources = sources
+        self.include_dirs = include_dirs or []
+        self.define_macros = define_macros or []
+        self.undef_macros = undef_macros or []
+        self.library_dirs = library_dirs or []
+        self.libraries = libraries or []
+        self.runtime_library_dirs = runtime_library_dirs or []
+        self.extra_objects = extra_objects or []
+        self.extra_compile_args = extra_compile_args or []
+        self.extra_link_args = extra_link_args or []
+        self.export_symbols = export_symbols or []
+        self.swig_opts = swig_opts or []
+        self.depends = depends or []
+        self.language = language
+        self.optional = optional
+
+        # If there are unknown keyword options, warn about them
+        if len(kw) > 0:
+            options = [repr(option) for option in kw]
+            options = ', '.join(sorted(options))
+            msg = "Unknown Extension options: %s" % options
+            warnings.warn(msg)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__qualname__}({self.name!r}) at {id(self):#x}>'
+
+
+def read_setup_file(filename):  # noqa: C901
+    """Reads a Setup file and returns Extension instances."""
+    from distutils.sysconfig import _variable_rx, expand_makefile_vars, parse_makefile
+    from distutils.text_file import TextFile
+    from distutils.util import split_quoted
+
+    # First pass over the file to gather "VAR = VALUE" assignments.
+    vars = parse_makefile(filename)
+
+    # Second pass to gobble up the real content: lines of the form
+    #   <module> ... [<sourcefile> ...] [<cpparg> ...] [<library> ...]
+    file = TextFile(
+        filename,
+        strip_comments=1,
+        skip_blanks=1,
+        join_lines=1,
+        lstrip_ws=1,
+        rstrip_ws=1,
+    )
+    try:
+        extensions = []
+
+        while True:
+            line = file.readline()
+            if line is None:  # eof
+                break
+            if _variable_rx.match(line):  # VAR=VALUE, handled in first pass
+                continue
+
+            if line[0] == line[-1] == "*":
+                file.warn("'%s' lines not handled yet" % line)
+                continue
+
+            line = expand_makefile_vars(line, vars)
+            words = split_quoted(line)
+
+            # NB. this parses a slightly different syntax than the old
+            # makesetup script: here, there must be exactly one extension per
+            # line, and it must be the first word of the line.  I have no idea
+            # why the old syntax supported multiple extensions per line, as
+            # they all wind up being the same.
+
+            module = words[0]
+            ext = Extension(module, [])
+            append_next_word = None
+
+            for word in words[1:]:
+                if append_next_word is not None:
+                    append_next_word.append(word)
+                    append_next_word = None
+                    continue
+
+                suffix = os.path.splitext(word)[1]
+                switch = word[0:2]
+                value = word[2:]
+
+                if suffix in (".c", ".cc", ".cpp", ".cxx", ".c++", ".m", ".mm"):
+                    # hmm, should we do something about C vs. C++ sources?
+                    # or leave it up to the CCompiler implementation to
+                    # worry about?
+                    ext.sources.append(word)
+                elif switch == "-I":
+                    ext.include_dirs.append(value)
+                elif switch == "-D":
+                    equals = value.find("=")
+                    if equals == -1:  # bare "-DFOO" -- no value
+                        ext.define_macros.append((value, None))
+                    else:  # "-DFOO=blah"
+                        ext.define_macros.append((value[0:equals], value[equals + 2 :]))
+                elif switch == "-U":
+                    ext.undef_macros.append(value)
+                elif switch == "-C":  # only here 'cause makesetup has it!
+                    ext.extra_compile_args.append(word)
+                elif switch == "-l":
+                    ext.libraries.append(value)
+                elif switch == "-L":
+                    ext.library_dirs.append(value)
+                elif switch == "-R":
+                    ext.runtime_library_dirs.append(value)
+                elif word == "-rpath":
+                    append_next_word = ext.runtime_library_dirs
+                elif word == "-Xlinker":
+                    append_next_word = ext.extra_link_args
+                elif word == "-Xcompiler":
+                    append_next_word = ext.extra_compile_args
+                elif switch == "-u":
+                    ext.extra_link_args.append(word)
+                    if not value:
+                        append_next_word = ext.extra_link_args
+                elif suffix in (".a", ".so", ".sl", ".o", ".dylib"):
+                    # NB. a really faithful emulation of makesetup would
+                    # append a .o file to extra_objects only if it
+                    # had a slash in it; otherwise, it would s/.o/.c/
+                    # and append it to sources.  Hmmmm.
+                    ext.extra_objects.append(word)
+                else:
+                    file.warn("unrecognized argument '%s'" % word)
+
+            extensions.append(ext)
+    finally:
+        file.close()
+
+    return extensions
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/fancy_getopt.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/fancy_getopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e905aede4d985de0a5d2dcdc5ec275efef5ae552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/fancy_getopt.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+"""distutils.fancy_getopt
+
+Wrapper around the standard getopt module that provides the following
+additional features:
+  * short and long options are tied together
+  * options have help strings, so fancy_getopt could potentially
+    create a complete usage summary
+  * options set attributes of a passed-in object
+"""
+
+import getopt
+import re
+import string
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Sequence
+
+from .errors import DistutilsArgError, DistutilsGetoptError
+
+# Much like command_re in distutils.core, this is close to but not quite
+# the same as a Python NAME -- except, in the spirit of most GNU
+# utilities, we use '-' in place of '_'.  (The spirit of LISP lives on!)
+# The similarities to NAME are again not a coincidence...
+longopt_pat = r'[a-zA-Z](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]*)'
+longopt_re = re.compile(r'^%s$' % longopt_pat)
+
+# For recognizing "negative alias" options, eg. "quiet=!verbose"
+neg_alias_re = re.compile(f"^({longopt_pat})=!({longopt_pat})$")
+
+# This is used to translate long options to legitimate Python identifiers
+# (for use as attributes of some object).
+longopt_xlate = str.maketrans('-', '_')
+
+
+class FancyGetopt:
+    """Wrapper around the standard 'getopt()' module that provides some
+    handy extra functionality:
+      * short and long options are tied together
+      * options have help strings, and help text can be assembled
+        from them
+      * options set attributes of a passed-in object
+      * boolean options can have "negative aliases" -- eg. if
+        --quiet is the "negative alias" of --verbose, then "--quiet"
+        on the command line sets 'verbose' to false
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, option_table=None):
+        # The option table is (currently) a list of tuples.  The
+        # tuples may have 3 or four values:
+        #   (long_option, short_option, help_string [, repeatable])
+        # if an option takes an argument, its long_option should have '='
+        # appended; short_option should just be a single character, no ':'
+        # in any case.  If a long_option doesn't have a corresponding
+        # short_option, short_option should be None.  All option tuples
+        # must have long options.
+        self.option_table = option_table
+
+        # 'option_index' maps long option names to entries in the option
+        # table (ie. those 3-tuples).
+        self.option_index = {}
+        if self.option_table:
+            self._build_index()
+
+        # 'alias' records (duh) alias options; {'foo': 'bar'} means
+        # --foo is an alias for --bar
+        self.alias = {}
+
+        # 'negative_alias' keeps track of options that are the boolean
+        # opposite of some other option
+        self.negative_alias = {}
+
+        # These keep track of the information in the option table.  We
+        # don't actually populate these structures until we're ready to
+        # parse the command-line, since the 'option_table' passed in here
+        # isn't necessarily the final word.
+        self.short_opts = []
+        self.long_opts = []
+        self.short2long = {}
+        self.attr_name = {}
+        self.takes_arg = {}
+
+        # And 'option_order' is filled up in 'getopt()'; it records the
+        # original order of options (and their values) on the command-line,
+        # but expands short options, converts aliases, etc.
+        self.option_order = []
+
+    def _build_index(self):
+        self.option_index.clear()
+        for option in self.option_table:
+            self.option_index[option[0]] = option
+
+    def set_option_table(self, option_table):
+        self.option_table = option_table
+        self._build_index()
+
+    def add_option(self, long_option, short_option=None, help_string=None):
+        if long_option in self.option_index:
+            raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                "option conflict: already an option '%s'" % long_option
+            )
+        else:
+            option = (long_option, short_option, help_string)
+            self.option_table.append(option)
+            self.option_index[long_option] = option
+
+    def has_option(self, long_option):
+        """Return true if the option table for this parser has an
+        option with long name 'long_option'."""
+        return long_option in self.option_index
+
+    def get_attr_name(self, long_option):
+        """Translate long option name 'long_option' to the form it
+        has as an attribute of some object: ie., translate hyphens
+        to underscores."""
+        return long_option.translate(longopt_xlate)
+
+    def _check_alias_dict(self, aliases, what):
+        assert isinstance(aliases, dict)
+        for alias, opt in aliases.items():
+            if alias not in self.option_index:
+                raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                    f"invalid {what} '{alias}': " f"option '{alias}' not defined"
+                )
+            if opt not in self.option_index:
+                raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                    f"invalid {what} '{alias}': " f"aliased option '{opt}' not defined"
+                )
+
+    def set_aliases(self, alias):
+        """Set the aliases for this option parser."""
+        self._check_alias_dict(alias, "alias")
+        self.alias = alias
+
+    def set_negative_aliases(self, negative_alias):
+        """Set the negative aliases for this option parser.
+        'negative_alias' should be a dictionary mapping option names to
+        option names, both the key and value must already be defined
+        in the option table."""
+        self._check_alias_dict(negative_alias, "negative alias")
+        self.negative_alias = negative_alias
+
+    def _grok_option_table(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Populate the various data structures that keep tabs on the
+        option table.  Called by 'getopt()' before it can do anything
+        worthwhile.
+        """
+        self.long_opts = []
+        self.short_opts = []
+        self.short2long.clear()
+        self.repeat = {}
+
+        for option in self.option_table:
+            if len(option) == 3:
+                long, short, help = option
+                repeat = 0
+            elif len(option) == 4:
+                long, short, help, repeat = option
+            else:
+                # the option table is part of the code, so simply
+                # assert that it is correct
+                raise ValueError(f"invalid option tuple: {option!r}")
+
+            # Type- and value-check the option names
+            if not isinstance(long, str) or len(long) < 2:
+                raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                    ("invalid long option '%s': must be a string of length >= 2") % long
+                )
+
+            if not ((short is None) or (isinstance(short, str) and len(short) == 1)):
+                raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                    "invalid short option '%s': "
+                    "must a single character or None" % short
+                )
+
+            self.repeat[long] = repeat
+            self.long_opts.append(long)
+
+            if long[-1] == '=':  # option takes an argument?
+                if short:
+                    short = short + ':'
+                long = long[0:-1]
+                self.takes_arg[long] = 1
+            else:
+                # Is option is a "negative alias" for some other option (eg.
+                # "quiet" == "!verbose")?
+                alias_to = self.negative_alias.get(long)
+                if alias_to is not None:
+                    if self.takes_arg[alias_to]:
+                        raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                            f"invalid negative alias '{long}': "
+                            f"aliased option '{alias_to}' takes a value"
+                        )
+
+                    self.long_opts[-1] = long  # XXX redundant?!
+                self.takes_arg[long] = 0
+
+            # If this is an alias option, make sure its "takes arg" flag is
+            # the same as the option it's aliased to.
+            alias_to = self.alias.get(long)
+            if alias_to is not None:
+                if self.takes_arg[long] != self.takes_arg[alias_to]:
+                    raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                        f"invalid alias '{long}': inconsistent with "
+                        f"aliased option '{alias_to}' (one of them takes a value, "
+                        "the other doesn't"
+                    )
+
+            # Now enforce some bondage on the long option name, so we can
+            # later translate it to an attribute name on some object.  Have
+            # to do this a bit late to make sure we've removed any trailing
+            # '='.
+            if not longopt_re.match(long):
+                raise DistutilsGetoptError(
+                    "invalid long option name '%s' "
+                    "(must be letters, numbers, hyphens only" % long
+                )
+
+            self.attr_name[long] = self.get_attr_name(long)
+            if short:
+                self.short_opts.append(short)
+                self.short2long[short[0]] = long
+
+    def getopt(self, args=None, object=None):  # noqa: C901
+        """Parse command-line options in args. Store as attributes on object.
+
+        If 'args' is None or not supplied, uses 'sys.argv[1:]'.  If
+        'object' is None or not supplied, creates a new OptionDummy
+        object, stores option values there, and returns a tuple (args,
+        object).  If 'object' is supplied, it is modified in place and
+        'getopt()' just returns 'args'; in both cases, the returned
+        'args' is a modified copy of the passed-in 'args' list, which
+        is left untouched.
+        """
+        if args is None:
+            args = sys.argv[1:]
+        if object is None:
+            object = OptionDummy()
+            created_object = True
+        else:
+            created_object = False
+
+        self._grok_option_table()
+
+        short_opts = ' '.join(self.short_opts)
+        try:
+            opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, short_opts, self.long_opts)
+        except getopt.error as msg:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(msg)
+
+        for opt, val in opts:
+            if len(opt) == 2 and opt[0] == '-':  # it's a short option
+                opt = self.short2long[opt[1]]
+            else:
+                assert len(opt) > 2 and opt[:2] == '--'
+                opt = opt[2:]
+
+            alias = self.alias.get(opt)
+            if alias:
+                opt = alias
+
+            if not self.takes_arg[opt]:  # boolean option?
+                assert val == '', "boolean option can't have value"
+                alias = self.negative_alias.get(opt)
+                if alias:
+                    opt = alias
+                    val = 0
+                else:
+                    val = 1
+
+            attr = self.attr_name[opt]
+            # The only repeating option at the moment is 'verbose'.
+            # It has a negative option -q quiet, which should set verbose = 0.
+            if val and self.repeat.get(attr) is not None:
+                val = getattr(object, attr, 0) + 1
+            setattr(object, attr, val)
+            self.option_order.append((opt, val))
+
+        # for opts
+        if created_object:
+            return args, object
+        else:
+            return args
+
+    def get_option_order(self):
+        """Returns the list of (option, value) tuples processed by the
+        previous run of 'getopt()'.  Raises RuntimeError if
+        'getopt()' hasn't been called yet.
+        """
+        if self.option_order is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("'getopt()' hasn't been called yet")
+        else:
+            return self.option_order
+
+    def generate_help(self, header=None):  # noqa: C901
+        """Generate help text (a list of strings, one per suggested line of
+        output) from the option table for this FancyGetopt object.
+        """
+        # Blithely assume the option table is good: probably wouldn't call
+        # 'generate_help()' unless you've already called 'getopt()'.
+
+        # First pass: determine maximum length of long option names
+        max_opt = 0
+        for option in self.option_table:
+            long = option[0]
+            short = option[1]
+            ell = len(long)
+            if long[-1] == '=':
+                ell = ell - 1
+            if short is not None:
+                ell = ell + 5  # " (-x)" where short == 'x'
+            if ell > max_opt:
+                max_opt = ell
+
+        opt_width = max_opt + 2 + 2 + 2  # room for indent + dashes + gutter
+
+        # Typical help block looks like this:
+        #   --foo       controls foonabulation
+        # Help block for longest option looks like this:
+        #   --flimflam  set the flim-flam level
+        # and with wrapped text:
+        #   --flimflam  set the flim-flam level (must be between
+        #               0 and 100, except on Tuesdays)
+        # Options with short names will have the short name shown (but
+        # it doesn't contribute to max_opt):
+        #   --foo (-f)  controls foonabulation
+        # If adding the short option would make the left column too wide,
+        # we push the explanation off to the next line
+        #   --flimflam (-l)
+        #               set the flim-flam level
+        # Important parameters:
+        #   - 2 spaces before option block start lines
+        #   - 2 dashes for each long option name
+        #   - min. 2 spaces between option and explanation (gutter)
+        #   - 5 characters (incl. space) for short option name
+
+        # Now generate lines of help text.  (If 80 columns were good enough
+        # for Jesus, then 78 columns are good enough for me!)
+        line_width = 78
+        text_width = line_width - opt_width
+        big_indent = ' ' * opt_width
+        if header:
+            lines = [header]
+        else:
+            lines = ['Option summary:']
+
+        for option in self.option_table:
+            long, short, help = option[:3]
+            text = wrap_text(help, text_width)
+            if long[-1] == '=':
+                long = long[0:-1]
+
+            # Case 1: no short option at all (makes life easy)
+            if short is None:
+                if text:
+                    lines.append("  --%-*s  %s" % (max_opt, long, text[0]))
+                else:
+                    lines.append("  --%-*s  " % (max_opt, long))
+
+            # Case 2: we have a short option, so we have to include it
+            # just after the long option
+            else:
+                opt_names = f"{long} (-{short})"
+                if text:
+                    lines.append("  --%-*s  %s" % (max_opt, opt_names, text[0]))
+                else:
+                    lines.append("  --%-*s" % opt_names)
+
+            for ell in text[1:]:
+                lines.append(big_indent + ell)
+        return lines
+
+    def print_help(self, header=None, file=None):
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+        for line in self.generate_help(header):
+            file.write(line + "\n")
+
+
+def fancy_getopt(options, negative_opt, object, args):
+    parser = FancyGetopt(options)
+    parser.set_negative_aliases(negative_opt)
+    return parser.getopt(args, object)
+
+
+WS_TRANS = {ord(_wschar): ' ' for _wschar in string.whitespace}
+
+
+def wrap_text(text, width):
+    """wrap_text(text : string, width : int) -> [string]
+
+    Split 'text' into multiple lines of no more than 'width' characters
+    each, and return the list of strings that results.
+    """
+    if text is None:
+        return []
+    if len(text) <= width:
+        return [text]
+
+    text = text.expandtabs()
+    text = text.translate(WS_TRANS)
+    chunks = re.split(r'( +|-+)', text)
+    chunks = [ch for ch in chunks if ch]  # ' - ' results in empty strings
+    lines = []
+
+    while chunks:
+        cur_line = []  # list of chunks (to-be-joined)
+        cur_len = 0  # length of current line
+
+        while chunks:
+            ell = len(chunks[0])
+            if cur_len + ell <= width:  # can squeeze (at least) this chunk in
+                cur_line.append(chunks[0])
+                del chunks[0]
+                cur_len = cur_len + ell
+            else:  # this line is full
+                # drop last chunk if all space
+                if cur_line and cur_line[-1][0] == ' ':
+                    del cur_line[-1]
+                break
+
+        if chunks:  # any chunks left to process?
+            # if the current line is still empty, then we had a single
+            # chunk that's too big too fit on a line -- so we break
+            # down and break it up at the line width
+            if cur_len == 0:
+                cur_line.append(chunks[0][0:width])
+                chunks[0] = chunks[0][width:]
+
+            # all-whitespace chunks at the end of a line can be discarded
+            # (and we know from the re.split above that if a chunk has
+            # *any* whitespace, it is *all* whitespace)
+            if chunks[0][0] == ' ':
+                del chunks[0]
+
+        # and store this line in the list-of-all-lines -- as a single
+        # string, of course!
+        lines.append(''.join(cur_line))
+
+    return lines
+
+
+def translate_longopt(opt):
+    """Convert a long option name to a valid Python identifier by
+    changing "-" to "_".
+    """
+    return opt.translate(longopt_xlate)
+
+
+class OptionDummy:
+    """Dummy class just used as a place to hold command-line option
+    values as instance attributes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, options: Sequence[Any] = []):
+        """Create a new OptionDummy instance.  The attributes listed in
+        'options' will be initialized to None."""
+        for opt in options:
+            setattr(self, opt, None)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    text = """\
+Tra-la-la, supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.
+How *do* you spell that odd word, anyways?
+(Someone ask Mary -- she'll know [or she'll
+say, "How should I know?"].)"""
+
+    for w in (10, 20, 30, 40):
+        print("width: %d" % w)
+        print("\n".join(wrap_text(text, w)))
+        print()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/file_util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/file_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..960def9cf97d60383e677a37b89fc4940384b512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/file_util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+"""distutils.file_util
+
+Utility functions for operating on single files.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from ._log import log
+from .errors import DistutilsFileError
+
+# for generating verbose output in 'copy_file()'
+_copy_action = {None: 'copying', 'hard': 'hard linking', 'sym': 'symbolically linking'}
+
+
+def _copy_file_contents(src, dst, buffer_size=16 * 1024):  # noqa: C901
+    """Copy the file 'src' to 'dst'; both must be filenames.  Any error
+    opening either file, reading from 'src', or writing to 'dst', raises
+    DistutilsFileError.  Data is read/written in chunks of 'buffer_size'
+    bytes (default 16k).  No attempt is made to handle anything apart from
+    regular files.
+    """
+    # Stolen from shutil module in the standard library, but with
+    # custom error-handling added.
+    fsrc = None
+    fdst = None
+    try:
+        try:
+            fsrc = open(src, 'rb')
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise DistutilsFileError(f"could not open '{src}': {e.strerror}")
+
+        if os.path.exists(dst):
+            try:
+                os.unlink(dst)
+            except OSError as e:
+                raise DistutilsFileError(f"could not delete '{dst}': {e.strerror}")
+
+        try:
+            fdst = open(dst, 'wb')
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise DistutilsFileError(f"could not create '{dst}': {e.strerror}")
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                buf = fsrc.read(buffer_size)
+            except OSError as e:
+                raise DistutilsFileError(f"could not read from '{src}': {e.strerror}")
+
+            if not buf:
+                break
+
+            try:
+                fdst.write(buf)
+            except OSError as e:
+                raise DistutilsFileError(f"could not write to '{dst}': {e.strerror}")
+    finally:
+        if fdst:
+            fdst.close()
+        if fsrc:
+            fsrc.close()
+
+
+def copy_file(  # noqa: C901
+    src,
+    dst,
+    preserve_mode=1,
+    preserve_times=1,
+    update=0,
+    link=None,
+    verbose=1,
+    dry_run=0,
+):
+    """Copy a file 'src' to 'dst'.  If 'dst' is a directory, then 'src' is
+    copied there with the same name; otherwise, it must be a filename.  (If
+    the file exists, it will be ruthlessly clobbered.)  If 'preserve_mode'
+    is true (the default), the file's mode (type and permission bits, or
+    whatever is analogous on the current platform) is copied.  If
+    'preserve_times' is true (the default), the last-modified and
+    last-access times are copied as well.  If 'update' is true, 'src' will
+    only be copied if 'dst' does not exist, or if 'dst' does exist but is
+    older than 'src'.
+
+    'link' allows you to make hard links (os.link) or symbolic links
+    (os.symlink) instead of copying: set it to "hard" or "sym"; if it is
+    None (the default), files are copied.  Don't set 'link' on systems that
+    don't support it: 'copy_file()' doesn't check if hard or symbolic
+    linking is available. If hardlink fails, falls back to
+    _copy_file_contents().
+
+    Under Mac OS, uses the native file copy function in macostools; on
+    other systems, uses '_copy_file_contents()' to copy file contents.
+
+    Return a tuple (dest_name, copied): 'dest_name' is the actual name of
+    the output file, and 'copied' is true if the file was copied (or would
+    have been copied, if 'dry_run' true).
+    """
+    # XXX if the destination file already exists, we clobber it if
+    # copying, but blow up if linking.  Hmmm.  And I don't know what
+    # macostools.copyfile() does.  Should definitely be consistent, and
+    # should probably blow up if destination exists and we would be
+    # changing it (ie. it's not already a hard/soft link to src OR
+    # (not update) and (src newer than dst).
+
+    from distutils._modified import newer
+    from stat import S_IMODE, ST_ATIME, ST_MODE, ST_MTIME
+
+    if not os.path.isfile(src):
+        raise DistutilsFileError(
+            "can't copy '%s': doesn't exist or not a regular file" % src
+        )
+
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        dir = dst
+        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+    else:
+        dir = os.path.dirname(dst)
+
+    if update and not newer(src, dst):
+        if verbose >= 1:
+            log.debug("not copying %s (output up-to-date)", src)
+        return (dst, 0)
+
+    try:
+        action = _copy_action[link]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError("invalid value '%s' for 'link' argument" % link)
+
+    if verbose >= 1:
+        if os.path.basename(dst) == os.path.basename(src):
+            log.info("%s %s -> %s", action, src, dir)
+        else:
+            log.info("%s %s -> %s", action, src, dst)
+
+    if dry_run:
+        return (dst, 1)
+
+    # If linking (hard or symbolic), use the appropriate system call
+    # (Unix only, of course, but that's the caller's responsibility)
+    elif link == 'hard':
+        if not (os.path.exists(dst) and os.path.samefile(src, dst)):
+            try:
+                os.link(src, dst)
+                return (dst, 1)
+            except OSError:
+                # If hard linking fails, fall back on copying file
+                # (some special filesystems don't support hard linking
+                #  even under Unix, see issue #8876).
+                pass
+    elif link == 'sym':
+        if not (os.path.exists(dst) and os.path.samefile(src, dst)):
+            os.symlink(src, dst)
+            return (dst, 1)
+
+    # Otherwise (non-Mac, not linking), copy the file contents and
+    # (optionally) copy the times and mode.
+    _copy_file_contents(src, dst)
+    if preserve_mode or preserve_times:
+        st = os.stat(src)
+
+        # According to David Ascher <da@ski.org>, utime() should be done
+        # before chmod() (at least under NT).
+        if preserve_times:
+            os.utime(dst, (st[ST_ATIME], st[ST_MTIME]))
+        if preserve_mode:
+            os.chmod(dst, S_IMODE(st[ST_MODE]))
+
+    return (dst, 1)
+
+
+# XXX I suspect this is Unix-specific -- need porting help!
+def move_file(src, dst, verbose=1, dry_run=0):  # noqa: C901
+    """Move a file 'src' to 'dst'.  If 'dst' is a directory, the file will
+    be moved into it with the same name; otherwise, 'src' is just renamed
+    to 'dst'.  Return the new full name of the file.
+
+    Handles cross-device moves on Unix using 'copy_file()'.  What about
+    other systems???
+    """
+    import errno
+    from os.path import basename, dirname, exists, isdir, isfile
+
+    if verbose >= 1:
+        log.info("moving %s -> %s", src, dst)
+
+    if dry_run:
+        return dst
+
+    if not isfile(src):
+        raise DistutilsFileError("can't move '%s': not a regular file" % src)
+
+    if isdir(dst):
+        dst = os.path.join(dst, basename(src))
+    elif exists(dst):
+        raise DistutilsFileError(
+            f"can't move '{src}': destination '{dst}' already exists"
+        )
+
+    if not isdir(dirname(dst)):
+        raise DistutilsFileError(
+            f"can't move '{src}': destination '{dst}' not a valid path"
+        )
+
+    copy_it = False
+    try:
+        os.rename(src, dst)
+    except OSError as e:
+        (num, msg) = e.args
+        if num == errno.EXDEV:
+            copy_it = True
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsFileError(f"couldn't move '{src}' to '{dst}': {msg}")
+
+    if copy_it:
+        copy_file(src, dst, verbose=verbose)
+        try:
+            os.unlink(src)
+        except OSError as e:
+            (num, msg) = e.args
+            try:
+                os.unlink(dst)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            raise DistutilsFileError(
+                f"couldn't move '{src}' to '{dst}' by copy/delete: "
+                f"delete '{src}' failed: {msg}"
+            )
+    return dst
+
+
+def write_file(filename, contents):
+    """Create a file with the specified name and write 'contents' (a
+    sequence of strings without line terminators) to it.
+    """
+    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        f.writelines(line + '\n' for line in contents)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/filelist.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/filelist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71ffb2abe7e270c8ff65f491741b43e601e8307b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/filelist.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+"""distutils.filelist
+
+Provides the FileList class, used for poking about the filesystem
+and building lists of files.
+"""
+
+import fnmatch
+import functools
+import os
+import re
+
+from ._log import log
+from .errors import DistutilsInternalError, DistutilsTemplateError
+from .util import convert_path
+
+
+class FileList:
+    """A list of files built by on exploring the filesystem and filtered by
+    applying various patterns to what we find there.
+
+    Instance attributes:
+      dir
+        directory from which files will be taken -- only used if
+        'allfiles' not supplied to constructor
+      files
+        list of filenames currently being built/filtered/manipulated
+      allfiles
+        complete list of files under consideration (ie. without any
+        filtering applied)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, warn=None, debug_print=None):
+        # ignore argument to FileList, but keep them for backwards
+        # compatibility
+        self.allfiles = None
+        self.files = []
+
+    def set_allfiles(self, allfiles):
+        self.allfiles = allfiles
+
+    def findall(self, dir=os.curdir):
+        self.allfiles = findall(dir)
+
+    def debug_print(self, msg):
+        """Print 'msg' to stdout if the global DEBUG (taken from the
+        DISTUTILS_DEBUG environment variable) flag is true.
+        """
+        from distutils.debug import DEBUG
+
+        if DEBUG:
+            print(msg)
+
+    # Collection methods
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self.files.append(item)
+
+    def extend(self, items):
+        self.files.extend(items)
+
+    def sort(self):
+        # Not a strict lexical sort!
+        sortable_files = sorted(map(os.path.split, self.files))
+        self.files = []
+        for sort_tuple in sortable_files:
+            self.files.append(os.path.join(*sort_tuple))
+
+    # Other miscellaneous utility methods
+
+    def remove_duplicates(self):
+        # Assumes list has been sorted!
+        for i in range(len(self.files) - 1, 0, -1):
+            if self.files[i] == self.files[i - 1]:
+                del self.files[i]
+
+    # "File template" methods
+
+    def _parse_template_line(self, line):
+        words = line.split()
+        action = words[0]
+
+        patterns = dir = dir_pattern = None
+
+        if action in ('include', 'exclude', 'global-include', 'global-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 2:
+                raise DistutilsTemplateError(
+                    "'%s' expects <pattern1> <pattern2> ..." % action
+                )
+            patterns = [convert_path(w) for w in words[1:]]
+        elif action in ('recursive-include', 'recursive-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 3:
+                raise DistutilsTemplateError(
+                    "'%s' expects <dir> <pattern1> <pattern2> ..." % action
+                )
+            dir = convert_path(words[1])
+            patterns = [convert_path(w) for w in words[2:]]
+        elif action in ('graft', 'prune'):
+            if len(words) != 2:
+                raise DistutilsTemplateError(
+                    "'%s' expects a single <dir_pattern>" % action
+                )
+            dir_pattern = convert_path(words[1])
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsTemplateError("unknown action '%s'" % action)
+
+        return (action, patterns, dir, dir_pattern)
+
+    def process_template_line(self, line):  # noqa: C901
+        # Parse the line: split it up, make sure the right number of words
+        # is there, and return the relevant words.  'action' is always
+        # defined: it's the first word of the line.  Which of the other
+        # three are defined depends on the action; it'll be either
+        # patterns, (dir and patterns), or (dir_pattern).
+        (action, patterns, dir, dir_pattern) = self._parse_template_line(line)
+
+        # OK, now we know that the action is valid and we have the
+        # right number of words on the line for that action -- so we
+        # can proceed with minimal error-checking.
+        if action == 'include':
+            self.debug_print("include " + ' '.join(patterns))
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self.include_pattern(pattern, anchor=1):
+                    log.warning("warning: no files found matching '%s'", pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'exclude':
+            self.debug_print("exclude " + ' '.join(patterns))
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self.exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=1):
+                    log.warning(
+                        (
+                            "warning: no previously-included files "
+                            "found matching '%s'"
+                        ),
+                        pattern,
+                    )
+
+        elif action == 'global-include':
+            self.debug_print("global-include " + ' '.join(patterns))
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self.include_pattern(pattern, anchor=0):
+                    log.warning(
+                        (
+                            "warning: no files found matching '%s' "
+                            "anywhere in distribution"
+                        ),
+                        pattern,
+                    )
+
+        elif action == 'global-exclude':
+            self.debug_print("global-exclude " + ' '.join(patterns))
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self.exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=0):
+                    log.warning(
+                        (
+                            "warning: no previously-included files matching "
+                            "'%s' found anywhere in distribution"
+                        ),
+                        pattern,
+                    )
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-include':
+            self.debug_print("recursive-include {} {}".format(dir, ' '.join(patterns)))
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self.include_pattern(pattern, prefix=dir):
+                    msg = "warning: no files found matching '%s' under directory '%s'"
+                    log.warning(msg, pattern, dir)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-exclude':
+            self.debug_print("recursive-exclude {} {}".format(dir, ' '.join(patterns)))
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self.exclude_pattern(pattern, prefix=dir):
+                    log.warning(
+                        (
+                            "warning: no previously-included files matching "
+                            "'%s' found under directory '%s'"
+                        ),
+                        pattern,
+                        dir,
+                    )
+
+        elif action == 'graft':
+            self.debug_print("graft " + dir_pattern)
+            if not self.include_pattern(None, prefix=dir_pattern):
+                log.warning("warning: no directories found matching '%s'", dir_pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'prune':
+            self.debug_print("prune " + dir_pattern)
+            if not self.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=dir_pattern):
+                log.warning(
+                    ("no previously-included directories found matching '%s'"),
+                    dir_pattern,
+                )
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsInternalError(
+                "this cannot happen: invalid action '%s'" % action
+            )
+
+    # Filtering/selection methods
+
+    def include_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=1, prefix=None, is_regex=0):
+        """Select strings (presumably filenames) from 'self.files' that
+        match 'pattern', a Unix-style wildcard (glob) pattern.  Patterns
+        are not quite the same as implemented by the 'fnmatch' module: '*'
+        and '?'  match non-special characters, where "special" is platform-
+        dependent: slash on Unix; colon, slash, and backslash on
+        DOS/Windows; and colon on Mac OS.
+
+        If 'anchor' is true (the default), then the pattern match is more
+        stringent: "*.py" will match "foo.py" but not "foo/bar.py".  If
+        'anchor' is false, both of these will match.
+
+        If 'prefix' is supplied, then only filenames starting with 'prefix'
+        (itself a pattern) and ending with 'pattern', with anything in between
+        them, will match.  'anchor' is ignored in this case.
+
+        If 'is_regex' is true, 'anchor' and 'prefix' are ignored, and
+        'pattern' is assumed to be either a string containing a regex or a
+        regex object -- no translation is done, the regex is just compiled
+        and used as-is.
+
+        Selected strings will be added to self.files.
+
+        Return True if files are found, False otherwise.
+        """
+        # XXX docstring lying about what the special chars are?
+        files_found = False
+        pattern_re = translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+        self.debug_print("include_pattern: applying regex r'%s'" % pattern_re.pattern)
+
+        # delayed loading of allfiles list
+        if self.allfiles is None:
+            self.findall()
+
+        for name in self.allfiles:
+            if pattern_re.search(name):
+                self.debug_print(" adding " + name)
+                self.files.append(name)
+                files_found = True
+        return files_found
+
+    def exclude_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=1, prefix=None, is_regex=0):
+        """Remove strings (presumably filenames) from 'files' that match
+        'pattern'.  Other parameters are the same as for
+        'include_pattern()', above.
+        The list 'self.files' is modified in place.
+        Return True if files are found, False otherwise.
+        """
+        files_found = False
+        pattern_re = translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+        self.debug_print("exclude_pattern: applying regex r'%s'" % pattern_re.pattern)
+        for i in range(len(self.files) - 1, -1, -1):
+            if pattern_re.search(self.files[i]):
+                self.debug_print(" removing " + self.files[i])
+                del self.files[i]
+                files_found = True
+        return files_found
+
+
+# Utility functions
+
+
+def _find_all_simple(path):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'path'
+    """
+    all_unique = _UniqueDirs.filter(os.walk(path, followlinks=True))
+    results = (
+        os.path.join(base, file) for base, dirs, files in all_unique for file in files
+    )
+    return filter(os.path.isfile, results)
+
+
+class _UniqueDirs(set):
+    """
+    Exclude previously-seen dirs from walk results,
+    avoiding infinite recursion.
+    Ref https://bugs.python.org/issue44497.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, walk_item):
+        """
+        Given an item from an os.walk result, determine
+        if the item represents a unique dir for this instance
+        and if not, prevent further traversal.
+        """
+        base, dirs, files = walk_item
+        stat = os.stat(base)
+        candidate = stat.st_dev, stat.st_ino
+        found = candidate in self
+        if found:
+            del dirs[:]
+        self.add(candidate)
+        return not found
+
+    @classmethod
+    def filter(cls, items):
+        return filter(cls(), items)
+
+
+def findall(dir=os.curdir):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'dir' and return the list of full filenames.
+    Unless dir is '.', return full filenames with dir prepended.
+    """
+    files = _find_all_simple(dir)
+    if dir == os.curdir:
+        make_rel = functools.partial(os.path.relpath, start=dir)
+        files = map(make_rel, files)
+    return list(files)
+
+
+def glob_to_re(pattern):
+    """Translate a shell-like glob pattern to a regular expression; return
+    a string containing the regex.  Differs from 'fnmatch.translate()' in
+    that '*' does not match "special characters" (which are
+    platform-specific).
+    """
+    pattern_re = fnmatch.translate(pattern)
+
+    # '?' and '*' in the glob pattern become '.' and '.*' in the RE, which
+    # IMHO is wrong -- '?' and '*' aren't supposed to match slash in Unix,
+    # and by extension they shouldn't match such "special characters" under
+    # any OS.  So change all non-escaped dots in the RE to match any
+    # character except the special characters (currently: just os.sep).
+    sep = os.sep
+    if os.sep == '\\':
+        # we're using a regex to manipulate a regex, so we need
+        # to escape the backslash twice
+        sep = r'\\\\'
+    escaped = r'\1[^%s]' % sep
+    pattern_re = re.sub(r'((?<!\\)(\\\\)*)\.', escaped, pattern_re)
+    return pattern_re
+
+
+def translate_pattern(pattern, anchor=1, prefix=None, is_regex=0):
+    """Translate a shell-like wildcard pattern to a compiled regular
+    expression.  Return the compiled regex.  If 'is_regex' true,
+    then 'pattern' is directly compiled to a regex (if it's a string)
+    or just returned as-is (assumes it's a regex object).
+    """
+    if is_regex:
+        if isinstance(pattern, str):
+            return re.compile(pattern)
+        else:
+            return pattern
+
+    # ditch start and end characters
+    start, _, end = glob_to_re('_').partition('_')
+
+    if pattern:
+        pattern_re = glob_to_re(pattern)
+        assert pattern_re.startswith(start) and pattern_re.endswith(end)
+    else:
+        pattern_re = ''
+
+    if prefix is not None:
+        prefix_re = glob_to_re(prefix)
+        assert prefix_re.startswith(start) and prefix_re.endswith(end)
+        prefix_re = prefix_re[len(start) : len(prefix_re) - len(end)]
+        sep = os.sep
+        if os.sep == '\\':
+            sep = r'\\'
+        pattern_re = pattern_re[len(start) : len(pattern_re) - len(end)]
+        pattern_re = rf'{start}\A{prefix_re}{sep}.*{pattern_re}{end}'
+    else:  # no prefix -- respect anchor flag
+        if anchor:
+            pattern_re = rf'{start}\A{pattern_re[len(start) :]}'
+
+    return re.compile(pattern_re)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/log.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/log.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8abb09cfa2b8ed70cf67ecd80414dc3a9fd4a158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/log.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""
+A simple log mechanism styled after PEP 282.
+
+Retained for compatibility and should not be used.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+from ._log import log as _global_log
+
+DEBUG = logging.DEBUG
+INFO = logging.INFO
+WARN = logging.WARN
+ERROR = logging.ERROR
+FATAL = logging.FATAL
+
+log = _global_log.log
+debug = _global_log.debug
+info = _global_log.info
+warn = _global_log.warning
+error = _global_log.error
+fatal = _global_log.fatal
+
+
+def set_threshold(level):
+    orig = _global_log.level
+    _global_log.setLevel(level)
+    return orig
+
+
+def set_verbosity(v):
+    if v <= 0:
+        set_threshold(logging.WARN)
+    elif v == 1:
+        set_threshold(logging.INFO)
+    elif v >= 2:
+        set_threshold(logging.DEBUG)
+
+
+class Log(logging.Logger):
+    """distutils.log.Log is deprecated, please use an alternative from `logging`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, threshold=WARN):
+        warnings.warn(Log.__doc__)  # avoid DeprecationWarning to ensure warn is shown
+        super().__init__(__name__, level=threshold)
+
+    @property
+    def threshold(self):
+        return self.level
+
+    @threshold.setter
+    def threshold(self, level):
+        self.setLevel(level)
+
+    warn = logging.Logger.warning
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/msvc9compiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/msvc9compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a0105e4847f3743c8b4f3129b8eb9d2d0e6bd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/msvc9compiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+"""distutils.msvc9compiler
+
+Contains MSVCCompiler, an implementation of the abstract CCompiler class
+for the Microsoft Visual Studio 2008.
+
+The module is compatible with VS 2005 and VS 2008. You can find legacy support
+for older versions of VS in distutils.msvccompiler.
+"""
+
+# Written by Perry Stoll
+# hacked by Robin Becker and Thomas Heller to do a better job of
+#   finding DevStudio (through the registry)
+# ported to VS2005 and VS 2008 by Christian Heimes
+
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import warnings
+import winreg
+
+from ._log import log
+from .ccompiler import CCompiler, gen_lib_options
+from .errors import (
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsExecError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+    LibError,
+    LinkError,
+)
+from .util import get_platform
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "msvc9compiler is deprecated and slated to be removed "
+    "in the future. Please discontinue use or file an issue "
+    "with pypa/distutils describing your use case.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
+
+RegOpenKeyEx = winreg.OpenKeyEx
+RegEnumKey = winreg.EnumKey
+RegEnumValue = winreg.EnumValue
+RegError = winreg.error
+
+HKEYS = (
+    winreg.HKEY_USERS,
+    winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
+    winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+    winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT,
+)
+
+NATIVE_WIN64 = sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.maxsize > 2**32
+if NATIVE_WIN64:
+    # Visual C++ is a 32-bit application, so we need to look in
+    # the corresponding registry branch, if we're running a
+    # 64-bit Python on Win64
+    VS_BASE = r"Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\VisualStudio\%0.1f"
+    WINSDK_BASE = r"Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Microsoft SDKs\Windows"
+    NET_BASE = r"Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\.NETFramework"
+else:
+    VS_BASE = r"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\%0.1f"
+    WINSDK_BASE = r"Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SDKs\Windows"
+    NET_BASE = r"Software\Microsoft\.NETFramework"
+
+# A map keyed by get_platform() return values to values accepted by
+# 'vcvarsall.bat'.  Note a cross-compile may combine these (eg, 'x86_amd64' is
+# the param to cross-compile on x86 targeting amd64.)
+PLAT_TO_VCVARS = {
+    'win32': 'x86',
+    'win-amd64': 'amd64',
+}
+
+
+class Reg:
+    """Helper class to read values from the registry"""
+
+    def get_value(cls, path, key):
+        for base in HKEYS:
+            d = cls.read_values(base, path)
+            if d and key in d:
+                return d[key]
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+    get_value = classmethod(get_value)
+
+    def read_keys(cls, base, key):
+        """Return list of registry keys."""
+        try:
+            handle = RegOpenKeyEx(base, key)
+        except RegError:
+            return None
+        L = []
+        i = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                k = RegEnumKey(handle, i)
+            except RegError:
+                break
+            L.append(k)
+            i += 1
+        return L
+
+    read_keys = classmethod(read_keys)
+
+    def read_values(cls, base, key):
+        """Return dict of registry keys and values.
+
+        All names are converted to lowercase.
+        """
+        try:
+            handle = RegOpenKeyEx(base, key)
+        except RegError:
+            return None
+        d = {}
+        i = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                name, value, type = RegEnumValue(handle, i)
+            except RegError:
+                break
+            name = name.lower()
+            d[cls.convert_mbcs(name)] = cls.convert_mbcs(value)
+            i += 1
+        return d
+
+    read_values = classmethod(read_values)
+
+    def convert_mbcs(s):
+        dec = getattr(s, "decode", None)
+        if dec is not None:
+            try:
+                s = dec("mbcs")
+            except UnicodeError:
+                pass
+        return s
+
+    convert_mbcs = staticmethod(convert_mbcs)
+
+
+class MacroExpander:
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self.macros = {}
+        self.vsbase = VS_BASE % version
+        self.load_macros(version)
+
+    def set_macro(self, macro, path, key):
+        self.macros["$(%s)" % macro] = Reg.get_value(path, key)
+
+    def load_macros(self, version):
+        self.set_macro("VCInstallDir", self.vsbase + r"\Setup\VC", "productdir")
+        self.set_macro("VSInstallDir", self.vsbase + r"\Setup\VS", "productdir")
+        self.set_macro("FrameworkDir", NET_BASE, "installroot")
+        try:
+            if version >= 8.0:
+                self.set_macro("FrameworkSDKDir", NET_BASE, "sdkinstallrootv2.0")
+            else:
+                raise KeyError("sdkinstallrootv2.0")
+        except KeyError:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                """Python was built with Visual Studio 2008;
+extensions must be built with a compiler than can generate compatible binaries.
+Visual Studio 2008 was not found on this system. If you have Cygwin installed,
+you can try compiling with MingW32, by passing "-c mingw32" to setup.py."""
+            )
+
+        if version >= 9.0:
+            self.set_macro("FrameworkVersion", self.vsbase, "clr version")
+            self.set_macro("WindowsSdkDir", WINSDK_BASE, "currentinstallfolder")
+        else:
+            p = r"Software\Microsoft\NET Framework Setup\Product"
+            for base in HKEYS:
+                try:
+                    h = RegOpenKeyEx(base, p)
+                except RegError:
+                    continue
+                key = RegEnumKey(h, 0)
+                d = Reg.get_value(base, rf"{p}\{key}")
+                self.macros["$(FrameworkVersion)"] = d["version"]
+
+    def sub(self, s):
+        for k, v in self.macros.items():
+            s = s.replace(k, v)
+        return s
+
+
+def get_build_version():
+    """Return the version of MSVC that was used to build Python.
+
+    For Python 2.3 and up, the version number is included in
+    sys.version.  For earlier versions, assume the compiler is MSVC 6.
+    """
+    prefix = "MSC v."
+    i = sys.version.find(prefix)
+    if i == -1:
+        return 6
+    i = i + len(prefix)
+    s, rest = sys.version[i:].split(" ", 1)
+    majorVersion = int(s[:-2]) - 6
+    if majorVersion >= 13:
+        # v13 was skipped and should be v14
+        majorVersion += 1
+    minorVersion = int(s[2:3]) / 10.0
+    # I don't think paths are affected by minor version in version 6
+    if majorVersion == 6:
+        minorVersion = 0
+    if majorVersion >= 6:
+        return majorVersion + minorVersion
+    # else we don't know what version of the compiler this is
+    return None
+
+
+def normalize_and_reduce_paths(paths):
+    """Return a list of normalized paths with duplicates removed.
+
+    The current order of paths is maintained.
+    """
+    # Paths are normalized so things like:  /a and /a/ aren't both preserved.
+    reduced_paths = []
+    for p in paths:
+        np = os.path.normpath(p)
+        # XXX(nnorwitz): O(n**2), if reduced_paths gets long perhaps use a set.
+        if np not in reduced_paths:
+            reduced_paths.append(np)
+    return reduced_paths
+
+
+def removeDuplicates(variable):
+    """Remove duplicate values of an environment variable."""
+    oldList = variable.split(os.pathsep)
+    newList = []
+    for i in oldList:
+        if i not in newList:
+            newList.append(i)
+    newVariable = os.pathsep.join(newList)
+    return newVariable
+
+
+def find_vcvarsall(version):
+    """Find the vcvarsall.bat file
+
+    At first it tries to find the productdir of VS 2008 in the registry. If
+    that fails it falls back to the VS90COMNTOOLS env var.
+    """
+    vsbase = VS_BASE % version
+    try:
+        productdir = Reg.get_value(r"%s\Setup\VC" % vsbase, "productdir")
+    except KeyError:
+        log.debug("Unable to find productdir in registry")
+        productdir = None
+
+    if not productdir or not os.path.isdir(productdir):
+        toolskey = "VS%0.f0COMNTOOLS" % version
+        toolsdir = os.environ.get(toolskey, None)
+
+        if toolsdir and os.path.isdir(toolsdir):
+            productdir = os.path.join(toolsdir, os.pardir, os.pardir, "VC")
+            productdir = os.path.abspath(productdir)
+            if not os.path.isdir(productdir):
+                log.debug("%s is not a valid directory" % productdir)
+                return None
+        else:
+            log.debug("Env var %s is not set or invalid" % toolskey)
+    if not productdir:
+        log.debug("No productdir found")
+        return None
+    vcvarsall = os.path.join(productdir, "vcvarsall.bat")
+    if os.path.isfile(vcvarsall):
+        return vcvarsall
+    log.debug("Unable to find vcvarsall.bat")
+    return None
+
+
+def query_vcvarsall(version, arch="x86"):
+    """Launch vcvarsall.bat and read the settings from its environment"""
+    vcvarsall = find_vcvarsall(version)
+    interesting = {"include", "lib", "libpath", "path"}
+    result = {}
+
+    if vcvarsall is None:
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError("Unable to find vcvarsall.bat")
+    log.debug("Calling 'vcvarsall.bat %s' (version=%s)", arch, version)
+    popen = subprocess.Popen(
+        f'"{vcvarsall}" {arch} & set',
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+    )
+    try:
+        stdout, stderr = popen.communicate()
+        if popen.wait() != 0:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(stderr.decode("mbcs"))
+
+        stdout = stdout.decode("mbcs")
+        for line in stdout.split("\n"):
+            line = Reg.convert_mbcs(line)
+            if '=' not in line:
+                continue
+            line = line.strip()
+            key, value = line.split('=', 1)
+            key = key.lower()
+            if key in interesting:
+                if value.endswith(os.pathsep):
+                    value = value[:-1]
+                result[key] = removeDuplicates(value)
+
+    finally:
+        popen.stdout.close()
+        popen.stderr.close()
+
+    if len(result) != len(interesting):
+        raise ValueError(str(list(result.keys())))
+
+    return result
+
+
+# More globals
+VERSION = get_build_version()
+# MACROS = MacroExpander(VERSION)
+
+
+class MSVCCompiler(CCompiler):
+    """Concrete class that implements an interface to Microsoft Visual C++,
+    as defined by the CCompiler abstract class."""
+
+    compiler_type = 'msvc'
+
+    # Just set this so CCompiler's constructor doesn't barf.  We currently
+    # don't use the 'set_executables()' bureaucracy provided by CCompiler,
+    # as it really isn't necessary for this sort of single-compiler class.
+    # Would be nice to have a consistent interface with UnixCCompiler,
+    # though, so it's worth thinking about.
+    executables = {}
+
+    # Private class data (need to distinguish C from C++ source for compiler)
+    _c_extensions = ['.c']
+    _cpp_extensions = ['.cc', '.cpp', '.cxx']
+    _rc_extensions = ['.rc']
+    _mc_extensions = ['.mc']
+
+    # Needed for the filename generation methods provided by the
+    # base class, CCompiler.
+    src_extensions = _c_extensions + _cpp_extensions + _rc_extensions + _mc_extensions
+    res_extension = '.res'
+    obj_extension = '.obj'
+    static_lib_extension = '.lib'
+    shared_lib_extension = '.dll'
+    static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = '%s%s'
+    exe_extension = '.exe'
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+        self.__version = VERSION
+        self.__root = r"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio"
+        # self.__macros = MACROS
+        self.__paths = []
+        # target platform (.plat_name is consistent with 'bdist')
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.__arch = None  # deprecated name
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    def initialize(self, plat_name=None):  # noqa: C901
+        # multi-init means we would need to check platform same each time...
+        assert not self.initialized, "don't init multiple times"
+        if self.__version < 8.0:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                "VC %0.1f is not supported by this module" % self.__version
+            )
+        if plat_name is None:
+            plat_name = get_platform()
+        # sanity check for platforms to prevent obscure errors later.
+        ok_plats = 'win32', 'win-amd64'
+        if plat_name not in ok_plats:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(f"--plat-name must be one of {ok_plats}")
+
+        if (
+            "DISTUTILS_USE_SDK" in os.environ
+            and "MSSdk" in os.environ
+            and self.find_exe("cl.exe")
+        ):
+            # Assume that the SDK set up everything alright; don't try to be
+            # smarter
+            self.cc = "cl.exe"
+            self.linker = "link.exe"
+            self.lib = "lib.exe"
+            self.rc = "rc.exe"
+            self.mc = "mc.exe"
+        else:
+            # On x86, 'vcvars32.bat amd64' creates an env that doesn't work;
+            # to cross compile, you use 'x86_amd64'.
+            # On AMD64, 'vcvars32.bat amd64' is a native build env; to cross
+            # compile use 'x86' (ie, it runs the x86 compiler directly)
+            if plat_name in (get_platform(), 'win32'):
+                # native build or cross-compile to win32
+                plat_spec = PLAT_TO_VCVARS[plat_name]
+            else:
+                # cross compile from win32 -> some 64bit
+                plat_spec = (
+                    PLAT_TO_VCVARS[get_platform()] + '_' + PLAT_TO_VCVARS[plat_name]
+                )
+
+            vc_env = query_vcvarsall(VERSION, plat_spec)
+
+            self.__paths = vc_env['path'].split(os.pathsep)
+            os.environ['lib'] = vc_env['lib']
+            os.environ['include'] = vc_env['include']
+
+            if len(self.__paths) == 0:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    "Python was built with %s, "
+                    "and extensions need to be built with the same "
+                    "version of the compiler, but it isn't installed." % self.__product
+                )
+
+            self.cc = self.find_exe("cl.exe")
+            self.linker = self.find_exe("link.exe")
+            self.lib = self.find_exe("lib.exe")
+            self.rc = self.find_exe("rc.exe")  # resource compiler
+            self.mc = self.find_exe("mc.exe")  # message compiler
+            # self.set_path_env_var('lib')
+            # self.set_path_env_var('include')
+
+        # extend the MSVC path with the current path
+        try:
+            for p in os.environ['path'].split(';'):
+                self.__paths.append(p)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self.__paths = normalize_and_reduce_paths(self.__paths)
+        os.environ['path'] = ";".join(self.__paths)
+
+        self.preprocess_options = None
+        if self.__arch == "x86":
+            self.compile_options = ['/nologo', '/O2', '/MD', '/W3', '/DNDEBUG']
+            self.compile_options_debug = [
+                '/nologo',
+                '/Od',
+                '/MDd',
+                '/W3',
+                '/Z7',
+                '/D_DEBUG',
+            ]
+        else:
+            # Win64
+            self.compile_options = ['/nologo', '/O2', '/MD', '/W3', '/GS-', '/DNDEBUG']
+            self.compile_options_debug = [
+                '/nologo',
+                '/Od',
+                '/MDd',
+                '/W3',
+                '/GS-',
+                '/Z7',
+                '/D_DEBUG',
+            ]
+
+        self.ldflags_shared = ['/DLL', '/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:NO']
+        if self.__version >= 7:
+            self.ldflags_shared_debug = ['/DLL', '/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:no', '/DEBUG']
+        self.ldflags_static = ['/nologo']
+
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    # -- Worker methods ------------------------------------------------
+
+    def object_filenames(self, source_filenames, strip_dir=0, output_dir=''):
+        # Copied from ccompiler.py, extended to return .res as 'object'-file
+        # for .rc input file
+        if output_dir is None:
+            output_dir = ''
+        obj_names = []
+        for src_name in source_filenames:
+            (base, ext) = os.path.splitext(src_name)
+            base = os.path.splitdrive(base)[1]  # Chop off the drive
+            base = base[os.path.isabs(base) :]  # If abs, chop off leading /
+            if ext not in self.src_extensions:
+                # Better to raise an exception instead of silently continuing
+                # and later complain about sources and targets having
+                # different lengths
+                raise CompileError("Don't know how to compile %s" % src_name)
+            if strip_dir:
+                base = os.path.basename(base)
+            if ext in self._rc_extensions:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.res_extension))
+            elif ext in self._mc_extensions:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.res_extension))
+            else:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.obj_extension))
+        return obj_names
+
+    def compile(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        sources,
+        output_dir=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        depends=None,
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        compile_info = self._setup_compile(
+            output_dir, macros, include_dirs, sources, depends, extra_postargs
+        )
+        macros, objects, extra_postargs, pp_opts, build = compile_info
+
+        compile_opts = extra_preargs or []
+        compile_opts.append('/c')
+        if debug:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options_debug)
+        else:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options)
+
+        for obj in objects:
+            try:
+                src, ext = build[obj]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            if debug:
+                # pass the full pathname to MSVC in debug mode,
+                # this allows the debugger to find the source file
+                # without asking the user to browse for it
+                src = os.path.abspath(src)
+
+            if ext in self._c_extensions:
+                input_opt = "/Tc" + src
+            elif ext in self._cpp_extensions:
+                input_opt = "/Tp" + src
+            elif ext in self._rc_extensions:
+                # compile .RC to .RES file
+                input_opt = src
+                output_opt = "/fo" + obj
+                try:
+                    self.spawn([self.rc] + pp_opts + [output_opt] + [input_opt])
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue
+            elif ext in self._mc_extensions:
+                # Compile .MC to .RC file to .RES file.
+                #   * '-h dir' specifies the directory for the
+                #     generated include file
+                #   * '-r dir' specifies the target directory of the
+                #     generated RC file and the binary message resource
+                #     it includes
+                #
+                # For now (since there are no options to change this),
+                # we use the source-directory for the include file and
+                # the build directory for the RC file and message
+                # resources. This works at least for win32all.
+                h_dir = os.path.dirname(src)
+                rc_dir = os.path.dirname(obj)
+                try:
+                    # first compile .MC to .RC and .H file
+                    self.spawn([self.mc] + ['-h', h_dir, '-r', rc_dir] + [src])
+                    base, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src))
+                    rc_file = os.path.join(rc_dir, base + '.rc')
+                    # then compile .RC to .RES file
+                    self.spawn([self.rc] + ["/fo" + obj] + [rc_file])
+
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue
+            else:
+                # how to handle this file?
+                raise CompileError(f"Don't know how to compile {src} to {obj}")
+
+            output_opt = "/Fo" + obj
+            try:
+                self.spawn(
+                    [self.cc]
+                    + compile_opts
+                    + pp_opts
+                    + [input_opt, output_opt]
+                    + extra_postargs
+                )
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+
+        return objects
+
+    def create_static_lib(
+        self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, debug=0, target_lang=None
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        (objects, output_dir) = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        output_filename = self.library_filename(output_libname, output_dir=output_dir)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            lib_args = objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
+            if debug:
+                pass  # XXX what goes here?
+            try:
+                self.spawn([self.lib] + lib_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LibError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    def link(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        (objects, output_dir) = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        fixed_args = self._fix_lib_args(libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs)
+        (libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs) = fixed_args
+
+        if runtime_library_dirs:
+            self.warn(
+                "I don't know what to do with 'runtime_library_dirs': "
+                + str(runtime_library_dirs)
+            )
+
+        lib_opts = gen_lib_options(self, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs, libraries)
+        if output_dir is not None:
+            output_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, output_filename)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            if target_desc == CCompiler.EXECUTABLE:
+                if debug:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared_debug[1:]
+                else:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared[1:]
+            else:
+                if debug:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared_debug
+                else:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared
+
+            export_opts = []
+            for sym in export_symbols or []:
+                export_opts.append("/EXPORT:" + sym)
+
+            ld_args = (
+                ldflags + lib_opts + export_opts + objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
+            )
+
+            # The MSVC linker generates .lib and .exp files, which cannot be
+            # suppressed by any linker switches. The .lib files may even be
+            # needed! Make sure they are generated in the temporary build
+            # directory. Since they have different names for debug and release
+            # builds, they can go into the same directory.
+            build_temp = os.path.dirname(objects[0])
+            if export_symbols is not None:
+                (dll_name, dll_ext) = os.path.splitext(
+                    os.path.basename(output_filename)
+                )
+                implib_file = os.path.join(build_temp, self.library_filename(dll_name))
+                ld_args.append('/IMPLIB:' + implib_file)
+
+            self.manifest_setup_ldargs(output_filename, build_temp, ld_args)
+
+            if extra_preargs:
+                ld_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+            if extra_postargs:
+                ld_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_filename))
+            try:
+                self.spawn([self.linker] + ld_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LinkError(msg)
+
+            # embed the manifest
+            # XXX - this is somewhat fragile - if mt.exe fails, distutils
+            # will still consider the DLL up-to-date, but it will not have a
+            # manifest.  Maybe we should link to a temp file?  OTOH, that
+            # implies a build environment error that shouldn't go undetected.
+            mfinfo = self.manifest_get_embed_info(target_desc, ld_args)
+            if mfinfo is not None:
+                mffilename, mfid = mfinfo
+                out_arg = f'-outputresource:{output_filename};{mfid}'
+                try:
+                    self.spawn(['mt.exe', '-nologo', '-manifest', mffilename, out_arg])
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise LinkError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    def manifest_setup_ldargs(self, output_filename, build_temp, ld_args):
+        # If we need a manifest at all, an embedded manifest is recommended.
+        # See MSDN article titled
+        # "Understanding manifest generation for C/C++ programs"
+        # (currently at https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/understanding-manifest-generation-for-c-cpp-programs)
+        # Ask the linker to generate the manifest in the temp dir, so
+        # we can check it, and possibly embed it, later.
+        temp_manifest = os.path.join(
+            build_temp, os.path.basename(output_filename) + ".manifest"
+        )
+        ld_args.append('/MANIFESTFILE:' + temp_manifest)
+
+    def manifest_get_embed_info(self, target_desc, ld_args):
+        # If a manifest should be embedded, return a tuple of
+        # (manifest_filename, resource_id).  Returns None if no manifest
+        # should be embedded.  See https://bugs.python.org/issue7833 for why
+        # we want to avoid any manifest for extension modules if we can)
+        for arg in ld_args:
+            if arg.startswith("/MANIFESTFILE:"):
+                temp_manifest = arg.split(":", 1)[1]
+                break
+        else:
+            # no /MANIFESTFILE so nothing to do.
+            return None
+        if target_desc == CCompiler.EXECUTABLE:
+            # by default, executables always get the manifest with the
+            # CRT referenced.
+            mfid = 1
+        else:
+            # Extension modules try and avoid any manifest if possible.
+            mfid = 2
+            temp_manifest = self._remove_visual_c_ref(temp_manifest)
+        if temp_manifest is None:
+            return None
+        return temp_manifest, mfid
+
+    def _remove_visual_c_ref(self, manifest_file):
+        try:
+            # Remove references to the Visual C runtime, so they will
+            # fall through to the Visual C dependency of Python.exe.
+            # This way, when installed for a restricted user (e.g.
+            # runtimes are not in WinSxS folder, but in Python's own
+            # folder), the runtimes do not need to be in every folder
+            # with .pyd's.
+            # Returns either the filename of the modified manifest or
+            # None if no manifest should be embedded.
+            manifest_f = open(manifest_file)
+            try:
+                manifest_buf = manifest_f.read()
+            finally:
+                manifest_f.close()
+            pattern = re.compile(
+                r"""<assemblyIdentity.*?name=("|')Microsoft\."""
+                r"""VC\d{2}\.CRT("|').*?(/>|</assemblyIdentity>)""",
+                re.DOTALL,
+            )
+            manifest_buf = re.sub(pattern, "", manifest_buf)
+            pattern = r"<dependentAssembly>\s*</dependentAssembly>"
+            manifest_buf = re.sub(pattern, "", manifest_buf)
+            # Now see if any other assemblies are referenced - if not, we
+            # don't want a manifest embedded.
+            pattern = re.compile(
+                r"""<assemblyIdentity.*?name=(?:"|')(.+?)(?:"|')"""
+                r""".*?(?:/>|</assemblyIdentity>)""",
+                re.DOTALL,
+            )
+            if re.search(pattern, manifest_buf) is None:
+                return None
+
+            manifest_f = open(manifest_file, 'w')
+            try:
+                manifest_f.write(manifest_buf)
+                return manifest_file
+            finally:
+                manifest_f.close()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+    # These are all used by the 'gen_lib_options() function, in
+    # ccompiler.py.
+
+    def library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        return "/LIBPATH:" + dir
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+            "don't know how to set runtime library search path for MSVC++"
+        )
+
+    def library_option(self, lib):
+        return self.library_filename(lib)
+
+    def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
+        # Prefer a debugging library if found (and requested), but deal
+        # with it if we don't have one.
+        if debug:
+            try_names = [lib + "_d", lib]
+        else:
+            try_names = [lib]
+        for dir in dirs:
+            for name in try_names:
+                libfile = os.path.join(dir, self.library_filename(name))
+                if os.path.exists(libfile):
+                    return libfile
+        else:
+            # Oops, didn't find it in *any* of 'dirs'
+            return None
+
+    # Helper methods for using the MSVC registry settings
+
+    def find_exe(self, exe):
+        """Return path to an MSVC executable program.
+
+        Tries to find the program in several places: first, one of the
+        MSVC program search paths from the registry; next, the directories
+        in the PATH environment variable.  If any of those work, return an
+        absolute path that is known to exist.  If none of them work, just
+        return the original program name, 'exe'.
+        """
+        for p in self.__paths:
+            fn = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(p), exe)
+            if os.path.isfile(fn):
+                return fn
+
+        # didn't find it; try existing path
+        for p in os.environ['Path'].split(';'):
+            fn = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(p), exe)
+            if os.path.isfile(fn):
+                return fn
+
+        return exe
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/msvccompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/msvccompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac8b68c08c6dca13a4d894ff57edb6e07466fd71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/msvccompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+"""distutils.msvccompiler
+
+Contains MSVCCompiler, an implementation of the abstract CCompiler class
+for the Microsoft Visual Studio.
+"""
+
+# Written by Perry Stoll
+# hacked by Robin Becker and Thomas Heller to do a better job of
+#   finding DevStudio (through the registry)
+
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from ._log import log
+from .ccompiler import CCompiler, gen_lib_options
+from .errors import (
+    CompileError,
+    DistutilsExecError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+    LibError,
+    LinkError,
+)
+
+_can_read_reg = False
+try:
+    import winreg
+
+    _can_read_reg = True
+    hkey_mod = winreg
+
+    RegOpenKeyEx = winreg.OpenKeyEx
+    RegEnumKey = winreg.EnumKey
+    RegEnumValue = winreg.EnumValue
+    RegError = winreg.error
+
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        import win32api
+        import win32con
+
+        _can_read_reg = True
+        hkey_mod = win32con
+
+        RegOpenKeyEx = win32api.RegOpenKeyEx
+        RegEnumKey = win32api.RegEnumKey
+        RegEnumValue = win32api.RegEnumValue
+        RegError = win32api.error
+    except ImportError:
+        log.info(
+            "Warning: Can't read registry to find the "
+            "necessary compiler setting\n"
+            "Make sure that Python modules winreg, "
+            "win32api or win32con are installed."
+        )
+        pass
+
+if _can_read_reg:
+    HKEYS = (
+        hkey_mod.HKEY_USERS,
+        hkey_mod.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
+        hkey_mod.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+        hkey_mod.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT,
+    )
+
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "msvccompiler is deprecated and slated to be removed "
+    "in the future. Please discontinue use or file an issue "
+    "with pypa/distutils describing your use case.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
+
+
+def read_keys(base, key):
+    """Return list of registry keys."""
+    try:
+        handle = RegOpenKeyEx(base, key)
+    except RegError:
+        return None
+    L = []
+    i = 0
+    while True:
+        try:
+            k = RegEnumKey(handle, i)
+        except RegError:
+            break
+        L.append(k)
+        i += 1
+    return L
+
+
+def read_values(base, key):
+    """Return dict of registry keys and values.
+
+    All names are converted to lowercase.
+    """
+    try:
+        handle = RegOpenKeyEx(base, key)
+    except RegError:
+        return None
+    d = {}
+    i = 0
+    while True:
+        try:
+            name, value, type = RegEnumValue(handle, i)
+        except RegError:
+            break
+        name = name.lower()
+        d[convert_mbcs(name)] = convert_mbcs(value)
+        i += 1
+    return d
+
+
+def convert_mbcs(s):
+    dec = getattr(s, "decode", None)
+    if dec is not None:
+        try:
+            s = dec("mbcs")
+        except UnicodeError:
+            pass
+    return s
+
+
+class MacroExpander:
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self.macros = {}
+        self.load_macros(version)
+
+    def set_macro(self, macro, path, key):
+        for base in HKEYS:
+            d = read_values(base, path)
+            if d:
+                self.macros["$(%s)" % macro] = d[key]
+                break
+
+    def load_macros(self, version):
+        vsbase = r"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\%0.1f" % version
+        self.set_macro("VCInstallDir", vsbase + r"\Setup\VC", "productdir")
+        self.set_macro("VSInstallDir", vsbase + r"\Setup\VS", "productdir")
+        net = r"Software\Microsoft\.NETFramework"
+        self.set_macro("FrameworkDir", net, "installroot")
+        try:
+            if version > 7.0:
+                self.set_macro("FrameworkSDKDir", net, "sdkinstallrootv1.1")
+            else:
+                self.set_macro("FrameworkSDKDir", net, "sdkinstallroot")
+        except KeyError:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                """Python was built with Visual Studio 2003;
+extensions must be built with a compiler than can generate compatible binaries.
+Visual Studio 2003 was not found on this system. If you have Cygwin installed,
+you can try compiling with MingW32, by passing "-c mingw32" to setup.py."""
+            )
+
+        p = r"Software\Microsoft\NET Framework Setup\Product"
+        for base in HKEYS:
+            try:
+                h = RegOpenKeyEx(base, p)
+            except RegError:
+                continue
+            key = RegEnumKey(h, 0)
+            d = read_values(base, rf"{p}\{key}")
+            self.macros["$(FrameworkVersion)"] = d["version"]
+
+    def sub(self, s):
+        for k, v in self.macros.items():
+            s = s.replace(k, v)
+        return s
+
+
+def get_build_version():
+    """Return the version of MSVC that was used to build Python.
+
+    For Python 2.3 and up, the version number is included in
+    sys.version.  For earlier versions, assume the compiler is MSVC 6.
+    """
+    prefix = "MSC v."
+    i = sys.version.find(prefix)
+    if i == -1:
+        return 6
+    i = i + len(prefix)
+    s, rest = sys.version[i:].split(" ", 1)
+    majorVersion = int(s[:-2]) - 6
+    if majorVersion >= 13:
+        # v13 was skipped and should be v14
+        majorVersion += 1
+    minorVersion = int(s[2:3]) / 10.0
+    # I don't think paths are affected by minor version in version 6
+    if majorVersion == 6:
+        minorVersion = 0
+    if majorVersion >= 6:
+        return majorVersion + minorVersion
+    # else we don't know what version of the compiler this is
+    return None
+
+
+def get_build_architecture():
+    """Return the processor architecture.
+
+    Possible results are "Intel" or "AMD64".
+    """
+
+    prefix = " bit ("
+    i = sys.version.find(prefix)
+    if i == -1:
+        return "Intel"
+    j = sys.version.find(")", i)
+    return sys.version[i + len(prefix) : j]
+
+
+def normalize_and_reduce_paths(paths):
+    """Return a list of normalized paths with duplicates removed.
+
+    The current order of paths is maintained.
+    """
+    # Paths are normalized so things like:  /a and /a/ aren't both preserved.
+    reduced_paths = []
+    for p in paths:
+        np = os.path.normpath(p)
+        # XXX(nnorwitz): O(n**2), if reduced_paths gets long perhaps use a set.
+        if np not in reduced_paths:
+            reduced_paths.append(np)
+    return reduced_paths
+
+
+class MSVCCompiler(CCompiler):
+    """Concrete class that implements an interface to Microsoft Visual C++,
+    as defined by the CCompiler abstract class."""
+
+    compiler_type = 'msvc'
+
+    # Just set this so CCompiler's constructor doesn't barf.  We currently
+    # don't use the 'set_executables()' bureaucracy provided by CCompiler,
+    # as it really isn't necessary for this sort of single-compiler class.
+    # Would be nice to have a consistent interface with UnixCCompiler,
+    # though, so it's worth thinking about.
+    executables = {}
+
+    # Private class data (need to distinguish C from C++ source for compiler)
+    _c_extensions = ['.c']
+    _cpp_extensions = ['.cc', '.cpp', '.cxx']
+    _rc_extensions = ['.rc']
+    _mc_extensions = ['.mc']
+
+    # Needed for the filename generation methods provided by the
+    # base class, CCompiler.
+    src_extensions = _c_extensions + _cpp_extensions + _rc_extensions + _mc_extensions
+    res_extension = '.res'
+    obj_extension = '.obj'
+    static_lib_extension = '.lib'
+    shared_lib_extension = '.dll'
+    static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = '%s%s'
+    exe_extension = '.exe'
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+        self.__version = get_build_version()
+        self.__arch = get_build_architecture()
+        if self.__arch == "Intel":
+            # x86
+            if self.__version >= 7:
+                self.__root = r"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio"
+                self.__macros = MacroExpander(self.__version)
+            else:
+                self.__root = r"Software\Microsoft\Devstudio"
+            self.__product = "Visual Studio version %s" % self.__version
+        else:
+            # Win64. Assume this was built with the platform SDK
+            self.__product = "Microsoft SDK compiler %s" % (self.__version + 6)
+
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    def initialize(self):
+        self.__paths = []
+        if (
+            "DISTUTILS_USE_SDK" in os.environ
+            and "MSSdk" in os.environ
+            and self.find_exe("cl.exe")
+        ):
+            # Assume that the SDK set up everything alright; don't try to be
+            # smarter
+            self.cc = "cl.exe"
+            self.linker = "link.exe"
+            self.lib = "lib.exe"
+            self.rc = "rc.exe"
+            self.mc = "mc.exe"
+        else:
+            self.__paths = self.get_msvc_paths("path")
+
+            if len(self.__paths) == 0:
+                raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    "Python was built with %s, "
+                    "and extensions need to be built with the same "
+                    "version of the compiler, but it isn't installed." % self.__product
+                )
+
+            self.cc = self.find_exe("cl.exe")
+            self.linker = self.find_exe("link.exe")
+            self.lib = self.find_exe("lib.exe")
+            self.rc = self.find_exe("rc.exe")  # resource compiler
+            self.mc = self.find_exe("mc.exe")  # message compiler
+            self.set_path_env_var('lib')
+            self.set_path_env_var('include')
+
+        # extend the MSVC path with the current path
+        try:
+            for p in os.environ['path'].split(';'):
+                self.__paths.append(p)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self.__paths = normalize_and_reduce_paths(self.__paths)
+        os.environ['path'] = ";".join(self.__paths)
+
+        self.preprocess_options = None
+        if self.__arch == "Intel":
+            self.compile_options = ['/nologo', '/O2', '/MD', '/W3', '/GX', '/DNDEBUG']
+            self.compile_options_debug = [
+                '/nologo',
+                '/Od',
+                '/MDd',
+                '/W3',
+                '/GX',
+                '/Z7',
+                '/D_DEBUG',
+            ]
+        else:
+            # Win64
+            self.compile_options = ['/nologo', '/O2', '/MD', '/W3', '/GS-', '/DNDEBUG']
+            self.compile_options_debug = [
+                '/nologo',
+                '/Od',
+                '/MDd',
+                '/W3',
+                '/GS-',
+                '/Z7',
+                '/D_DEBUG',
+            ]
+
+        self.ldflags_shared = ['/DLL', '/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:NO']
+        if self.__version >= 7:
+            self.ldflags_shared_debug = ['/DLL', '/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:no', '/DEBUG']
+        else:
+            self.ldflags_shared_debug = [
+                '/DLL',
+                '/nologo',
+                '/INCREMENTAL:no',
+                '/pdb:None',
+                '/DEBUG',
+            ]
+        self.ldflags_static = ['/nologo']
+
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    # -- Worker methods ------------------------------------------------
+
+    def object_filenames(self, source_filenames, strip_dir=0, output_dir=''):
+        # Copied from ccompiler.py, extended to return .res as 'object'-file
+        # for .rc input file
+        if output_dir is None:
+            output_dir = ''
+        obj_names = []
+        for src_name in source_filenames:
+            (base, ext) = os.path.splitext(src_name)
+            base = os.path.splitdrive(base)[1]  # Chop off the drive
+            base = base[os.path.isabs(base) :]  # If abs, chop off leading /
+            if ext not in self.src_extensions:
+                # Better to raise an exception instead of silently continuing
+                # and later complain about sources and targets having
+                # different lengths
+                raise CompileError("Don't know how to compile %s" % src_name)
+            if strip_dir:
+                base = os.path.basename(base)
+            if ext in self._rc_extensions:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.res_extension))
+            elif ext in self._mc_extensions:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.res_extension))
+            else:
+                obj_names.append(os.path.join(output_dir, base + self.obj_extension))
+        return obj_names
+
+    def compile(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        sources,
+        output_dir=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        depends=None,
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        compile_info = self._setup_compile(
+            output_dir, macros, include_dirs, sources, depends, extra_postargs
+        )
+        macros, objects, extra_postargs, pp_opts, build = compile_info
+
+        compile_opts = extra_preargs or []
+        compile_opts.append('/c')
+        if debug:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options_debug)
+        else:
+            compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options)
+
+        for obj in objects:
+            try:
+                src, ext = build[obj]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            if debug:
+                # pass the full pathname to MSVC in debug mode,
+                # this allows the debugger to find the source file
+                # without asking the user to browse for it
+                src = os.path.abspath(src)
+
+            if ext in self._c_extensions:
+                input_opt = "/Tc" + src
+            elif ext in self._cpp_extensions:
+                input_opt = "/Tp" + src
+            elif ext in self._rc_extensions:
+                # compile .RC to .RES file
+                input_opt = src
+                output_opt = "/fo" + obj
+                try:
+                    self.spawn([self.rc] + pp_opts + [output_opt] + [input_opt])
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue
+            elif ext in self._mc_extensions:
+                # Compile .MC to .RC file to .RES file.
+                #   * '-h dir' specifies the directory for the
+                #     generated include file
+                #   * '-r dir' specifies the target directory of the
+                #     generated RC file and the binary message resource
+                #     it includes
+                #
+                # For now (since there are no options to change this),
+                # we use the source-directory for the include file and
+                # the build directory for the RC file and message
+                # resources. This works at least for win32all.
+                h_dir = os.path.dirname(src)
+                rc_dir = os.path.dirname(obj)
+                try:
+                    # first compile .MC to .RC and .H file
+                    self.spawn([self.mc] + ['-h', h_dir, '-r', rc_dir] + [src])
+                    base, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src))
+                    rc_file = os.path.join(rc_dir, base + '.rc')
+                    # then compile .RC to .RES file
+                    self.spawn([self.rc] + ["/fo" + obj] + [rc_file])
+
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise CompileError(msg)
+                continue
+            else:
+                # how to handle this file?
+                raise CompileError(f"Don't know how to compile {src} to {obj}")
+
+            output_opt = "/Fo" + obj
+            try:
+                self.spawn(
+                    [self.cc]
+                    + compile_opts
+                    + pp_opts
+                    + [input_opt, output_opt]
+                    + extra_postargs
+                )
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise CompileError(msg)
+
+        return objects
+
+    def create_static_lib(
+        self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, debug=0, target_lang=None
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        (objects, output_dir) = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        output_filename = self.library_filename(output_libname, output_dir=output_dir)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            lib_args = objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
+            if debug:
+                pass  # XXX what goes here?
+            try:
+                self.spawn([self.lib] + lib_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LibError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    def link(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+        (objects, output_dir) = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        fixed_args = self._fix_lib_args(libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs)
+        (libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs) = fixed_args
+
+        if runtime_library_dirs:
+            self.warn(
+                "I don't know what to do with 'runtime_library_dirs': "
+                + str(runtime_library_dirs)
+            )
+
+        lib_opts = gen_lib_options(self, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs, libraries)
+        if output_dir is not None:
+            output_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, output_filename)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            if target_desc == CCompiler.EXECUTABLE:
+                if debug:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared_debug[1:]
+                else:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared[1:]
+            else:
+                if debug:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared_debug
+                else:
+                    ldflags = self.ldflags_shared
+
+            export_opts = []
+            for sym in export_symbols or []:
+                export_opts.append("/EXPORT:" + sym)
+
+            ld_args = (
+                ldflags + lib_opts + export_opts + objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
+            )
+
+            # The MSVC linker generates .lib and .exp files, which cannot be
+            # suppressed by any linker switches. The .lib files may even be
+            # needed! Make sure they are generated in the temporary build
+            # directory. Since they have different names for debug and release
+            # builds, they can go into the same directory.
+            if export_symbols is not None:
+                (dll_name, dll_ext) = os.path.splitext(
+                    os.path.basename(output_filename)
+                )
+                implib_file = os.path.join(
+                    os.path.dirname(objects[0]), self.library_filename(dll_name)
+                )
+                ld_args.append('/IMPLIB:' + implib_file)
+
+            if extra_preargs:
+                ld_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+            if extra_postargs:
+                ld_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_filename))
+            try:
+                self.spawn([self.linker] + ld_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LinkError(msg)
+
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+    # These are all used by the 'gen_lib_options() function, in
+    # ccompiler.py.
+
+    def library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        return "/LIBPATH:" + dir
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+            "don't know how to set runtime library search path for MSVC++"
+        )
+
+    def library_option(self, lib):
+        return self.library_filename(lib)
+
+    def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
+        # Prefer a debugging library if found (and requested), but deal
+        # with it if we don't have one.
+        if debug:
+            try_names = [lib + "_d", lib]
+        else:
+            try_names = [lib]
+        for dir in dirs:
+            for name in try_names:
+                libfile = os.path.join(dir, self.library_filename(name))
+                if os.path.exists(libfile):
+                    return libfile
+        else:
+            # Oops, didn't find it in *any* of 'dirs'
+            return None
+
+    # Helper methods for using the MSVC registry settings
+
+    def find_exe(self, exe):
+        """Return path to an MSVC executable program.
+
+        Tries to find the program in several places: first, one of the
+        MSVC program search paths from the registry; next, the directories
+        in the PATH environment variable.  If any of those work, return an
+        absolute path that is known to exist.  If none of them work, just
+        return the original program name, 'exe'.
+        """
+        for p in self.__paths:
+            fn = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(p), exe)
+            if os.path.isfile(fn):
+                return fn
+
+        # didn't find it; try existing path
+        for p in os.environ['Path'].split(';'):
+            fn = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(p), exe)
+            if os.path.isfile(fn):
+                return fn
+
+        return exe
+
+    def get_msvc_paths(self, path, platform='x86'):
+        """Get a list of devstudio directories (include, lib or path).
+
+        Return a list of strings.  The list will be empty if unable to
+        access the registry or appropriate registry keys not found.
+        """
+        if not _can_read_reg:
+            return []
+
+        path = path + " dirs"
+        if self.__version >= 7:
+            key = rf"{self.__root}\{self.__version:0.1f}\VC\VC_OBJECTS_PLATFORM_INFO\Win32\Directories"
+        else:
+            key = (
+                rf"{self.__root}\6.0\Build System\Components\Platforms"
+                rf"\Win32 ({platform})\Directories"
+            )
+
+        for base in HKEYS:
+            d = read_values(base, key)
+            if d:
+                if self.__version >= 7:
+                    return self.__macros.sub(d[path]).split(";")
+                else:
+                    return d[path].split(";")
+        # MSVC 6 seems to create the registry entries we need only when
+        # the GUI is run.
+        if self.__version == 6:
+            for base in HKEYS:
+                if read_values(base, r"%s\6.0" % self.__root) is not None:
+                    self.warn(
+                        "It seems you have Visual Studio 6 installed, "
+                        "but the expected registry settings are not present.\n"
+                        "You must at least run the Visual Studio GUI once "
+                        "so that these entries are created."
+                    )
+                    break
+        return []
+
+    def set_path_env_var(self, name):
+        """Set environment variable 'name' to an MSVC path type value.
+
+        This is equivalent to a SET command prior to execution of spawned
+        commands.
+        """
+
+        if name == "lib":
+            p = self.get_msvc_paths("library")
+        else:
+            p = self.get_msvc_paths(name)
+        if p:
+            os.environ[name] = ';'.join(p)
+
+
+if get_build_version() >= 8.0:
+    log.debug("Importing new compiler from distutils.msvc9compiler")
+    OldMSVCCompiler = MSVCCompiler
+    # get_build_architecture not really relevant now we support cross-compile
+    from distutils.msvc9compiler import (
+        MacroExpander,  # noqa: F811
+        MSVCCompiler,
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/py38compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/py38compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab12119fa5f0565f9508cf835ed881f0fb70ba2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/py38compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+def aix_platform(osname, version, release):
+    try:
+        import _aix_support
+
+        return _aix_support.aix_platform()
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    return f"{osname}-{version}.{release}"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/py39compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/py39compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b436d76586cbcf38164548f3fc849ce1a3ff600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/py39compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import functools
+import itertools
+import platform
+import sys
+
+
+def add_ext_suffix_39(vars):
+    """
+    Ensure vars contains 'EXT_SUFFIX'. pypa/distutils#130
+    """
+    import _imp
+
+    ext_suffix = _imp.extension_suffixes()[0]
+    vars.update(
+        EXT_SUFFIX=ext_suffix,
+        # sysconfig sets SO to match EXT_SUFFIX, so maintain
+        # that expectation.
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/785cc6770588de087d09e89a69110af2542be208/Lib/sysconfig.py#L671-L673
+        SO=ext_suffix,
+    )
+
+
+needs_ext_suffix = sys.version_info < (3, 10) and platform.system() == 'Windows'
+add_ext_suffix = add_ext_suffix_39 if needs_ext_suffix else lambda vars: None
+
+
+# from more_itertools
+class UnequalIterablesError(ValueError):
+    def __init__(self, details=None):
+        msg = 'Iterables have different lengths'
+        if details is not None:
+            msg += (': index 0 has length {}; index {} has length {}').format(*details)
+
+        super().__init__(msg)
+
+
+# from more_itertools
+def _zip_equal_generator(iterables):
+    _marker = object()
+    for combo in itertools.zip_longest(*iterables, fillvalue=_marker):
+        for val in combo:
+            if val is _marker:
+                raise UnequalIterablesError()
+        yield combo
+
+
+# from more_itertools
+def _zip_equal(*iterables):
+    # Check whether the iterables are all the same size.
+    try:
+        first_size = len(iterables[0])
+        for i, it in enumerate(iterables[1:], 1):
+            size = len(it)
+            if size != first_size:
+                raise UnequalIterablesError(details=(first_size, i, size))
+        # All sizes are equal, we can use the built-in zip.
+        return zip(*iterables)
+    # If any one of the iterables didn't have a length, start reading
+    # them until one runs out.
+    except TypeError:
+        return _zip_equal_generator(iterables)
+
+
+zip_strict = (
+    _zip_equal if sys.version_info < (3, 10) else functools.partial(zip, strict=True)
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/spawn.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/spawn.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..046b5bbb822cace43da5870626f00ffee98c30b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/spawn.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""distutils.spawn
+
+Provides the 'spawn()' function, a front-end to various platform-
+specific functions for launching another program in a sub-process.
+Also provides the 'find_executable()' to search the path for a given
+executable name.
+"""
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from ._log import log
+from .debug import DEBUG
+from .errors import DistutilsExecError
+
+
+def spawn(cmd, search_path=1, verbose=0, dry_run=0, env=None):  # noqa: C901
+    """Run another program, specified as a command list 'cmd', in a new process.
+
+    'cmd' is just the argument list for the new process, ie.
+    cmd[0] is the program to run and cmd[1:] are the rest of its arguments.
+    There is no way to run a program with a name different from that of its
+    executable.
+
+    If 'search_path' is true (the default), the system's executable
+    search path will be used to find the program; otherwise, cmd[0]
+    must be the exact path to the executable.  If 'dry_run' is true,
+    the command will not actually be run.
+
+    Raise DistutilsExecError if running the program fails in any way; just
+    return on success.
+    """
+    # cmd is documented as a list, but just in case some code passes a tuple
+    # in, protect our %-formatting code against horrible death
+    cmd = list(cmd)
+
+    log.info(subprocess.list2cmdline(cmd))
+    if dry_run:
+        return
+
+    if search_path:
+        executable = find_executable(cmd[0])
+        if executable is not None:
+            cmd[0] = executable
+
+    env = env if env is not None else dict(os.environ)
+
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        from distutils.util import MACOSX_VERSION_VAR, get_macosx_target_ver
+
+        macosx_target_ver = get_macosx_target_ver()
+        if macosx_target_ver:
+            env[MACOSX_VERSION_VAR] = macosx_target_ver
+
+    try:
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, env=env)
+        proc.wait()
+        exitcode = proc.returncode
+    except OSError as exc:
+        if not DEBUG:
+            cmd = cmd[0]
+        raise DistutilsExecError(f"command {cmd!r} failed: {exc.args[-1]}") from exc
+
+    if exitcode:
+        if not DEBUG:
+            cmd = cmd[0]
+        raise DistutilsExecError(f"command {cmd!r} failed with exit code {exitcode}")
+
+
+def find_executable(executable, path=None):
+    """Tries to find 'executable' in the directories listed in 'path'.
+
+    A string listing directories separated by 'os.pathsep'; defaults to
+    os.environ['PATH'].  Returns the complete filename or None if not found.
+    """
+    _, ext = os.path.splitext(executable)
+    if (sys.platform == 'win32') and (ext != '.exe'):
+        executable = executable + '.exe'
+
+    if os.path.isfile(executable):
+        return executable
+
+    if path is None:
+        path = os.environ.get('PATH', None)
+        if path is None:
+            try:
+                path = os.confstr("CS_PATH")
+            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                # os.confstr() or CS_PATH is not available
+                path = os.defpath
+        # bpo-35755: Don't use os.defpath if the PATH environment variable is
+        # set to an empty string
+
+    # PATH='' doesn't match, whereas PATH=':' looks in the current directory
+    if not path:
+        return None
+
+    paths = path.split(os.pathsep)
+    for p in paths:
+        f = os.path.join(p, executable)
+        if os.path.isfile(f):
+            # the file exists, we have a shot at spawn working
+            return f
+    return None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/sysconfig.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/sysconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a38e9fa797c951ae37047f81af7abb13e5485c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/sysconfig.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+"""Provide access to Python's configuration information.  The specific
+configuration variables available depend heavily on the platform and
+configuration.  The values may be retrieved using
+get_config_var(name), and the list of variables is available via
+get_config_vars().keys().  Additional convenience functions are also
+available.
+
+Written by:   Fred L. Drake, Jr.
+Email:        <fdrake@acm.org>
+"""
+
+import functools
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+
+from . import py39compat
+from ._functools import pass_none
+from .errors import DistutilsPlatformError
+
+IS_PYPY = '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names
+
+# These are needed in a couple of spots, so just compute them once.
+PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.prefix)
+EXEC_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.exec_prefix)
+BASE_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.base_prefix)
+BASE_EXEC_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.base_exec_prefix)
+
+# Path to the base directory of the project. On Windows the binary may
+# live in project/PCbuild/win32 or project/PCbuild/amd64.
+# set for cross builds
+if "_PYTHON_PROJECT_BASE" in os.environ:
+    project_base = os.path.abspath(os.environ["_PYTHON_PROJECT_BASE"])
+else:
+    if sys.executable:
+        project_base = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(sys.executable))
+    else:
+        # sys.executable can be empty if argv[0] has been changed and Python is
+        # unable to retrieve the real program name
+        project_base = os.getcwd()
+
+
+def _is_python_source_dir(d):
+    """
+    Return True if the target directory appears to point to an
+    un-installed Python.
+    """
+    modules = pathlib.Path(d).joinpath('Modules')
+    return any(modules.joinpath(fn).is_file() for fn in ('Setup', 'Setup.local'))
+
+
+_sys_home = getattr(sys, '_home', None)
+
+
+def _is_parent(dir_a, dir_b):
+    """
+    Return True if a is a parent of b.
+    """
+    return os.path.normcase(dir_a).startswith(os.path.normcase(dir_b))
+
+
+if os.name == 'nt':
+
+    @pass_none
+    def _fix_pcbuild(d):
+        # In a venv, sys._home will be inside BASE_PREFIX rather than PREFIX.
+        prefixes = PREFIX, BASE_PREFIX
+        matched = (
+            prefix
+            for prefix in prefixes
+            if _is_parent(d, os.path.join(prefix, "PCbuild"))
+        )
+        return next(matched, d)
+
+    project_base = _fix_pcbuild(project_base)
+    _sys_home = _fix_pcbuild(_sys_home)
+
+
+def _python_build():
+    if _sys_home:
+        return _is_python_source_dir(_sys_home)
+    return _is_python_source_dir(project_base)
+
+
+python_build = _python_build()
+
+
+# Calculate the build qualifier flags if they are defined.  Adding the flags
+# to the include and lib directories only makes sense for an installation, not
+# an in-source build.
+build_flags = ''
+try:
+    if not python_build:
+        build_flags = sys.abiflags
+except AttributeError:
+    # It's not a configure-based build, so the sys module doesn't have
+    # this attribute, which is fine.
+    pass
+
+
+def get_python_version():
+    """Return a string containing the major and minor Python version,
+    leaving off the patchlevel.  Sample return values could be '1.5'
+    or '2.2'.
+    """
+    return '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+
+
+def get_python_inc(plat_specific=0, prefix=None):
+    """Return the directory containing installed Python header files.
+
+    If 'plat_specific' is false (the default), this is the path to the
+    non-platform-specific header files, i.e. Python.h and so on;
+    otherwise, this is the path to platform-specific header files
+    (namely pyconfig.h).
+
+    If 'prefix' is supplied, use it instead of sys.base_prefix or
+    sys.base_exec_prefix -- i.e., ignore 'plat_specific'.
+    """
+    default_prefix = BASE_EXEC_PREFIX if plat_specific else BASE_PREFIX
+    resolved_prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else default_prefix
+    try:
+        getter = globals()[f'_get_python_inc_{os.name}']
+    except KeyError:
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+            "I don't know where Python installs its C header files "
+            "on platform '%s'" % os.name
+        )
+    return getter(resolved_prefix, prefix, plat_specific)
+
+
+@pass_none
+def _extant(path):
+    """
+    Replace path with None if it doesn't exist.
+    """
+    return path if os.path.exists(path) else None
+
+
+def _get_python_inc_posix(prefix, spec_prefix, plat_specific):
+    if IS_PYPY and sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+        return os.path.join(prefix, 'include')
+    return (
+        _get_python_inc_posix_python(plat_specific)
+        or _extant(_get_python_inc_from_config(plat_specific, spec_prefix))
+        or _get_python_inc_posix_prefix(prefix)
+    )
+
+
+def _get_python_inc_posix_python(plat_specific):
+    """
+    Assume the executable is in the build directory. The
+    pyconfig.h file should be in the same directory. Since
+    the build directory may not be the source directory,
+    use "srcdir" from the makefile to find the "Include"
+    directory.
+    """
+    if not python_build:
+        return
+    if plat_specific:
+        return _sys_home or project_base
+    incdir = os.path.join(get_config_var('srcdir'), 'Include')
+    return os.path.normpath(incdir)
+
+
+def _get_python_inc_from_config(plat_specific, spec_prefix):
+    """
+    If no prefix was explicitly specified, provide the include
+    directory from the config vars. Useful when
+    cross-compiling, since the config vars may come from
+    the host
+    platform Python installation, while the current Python
+    executable is from the build platform installation.
+
+    >>> monkeypatch = getfixture('monkeypatch')
+    >>> gpifc = _get_python_inc_from_config
+    >>> monkeypatch.setitem(gpifc.__globals__, 'get_config_var', str.lower)
+    >>> gpifc(False, '/usr/bin/')
+    >>> gpifc(False, '')
+    >>> gpifc(False, None)
+    'includepy'
+    >>> gpifc(True, None)
+    'confincludepy'
+    """
+    if spec_prefix is None:
+        return get_config_var('CONF' * plat_specific + 'INCLUDEPY')
+
+
+def _get_python_inc_posix_prefix(prefix):
+    implementation = 'pypy' if IS_PYPY else 'python'
+    python_dir = implementation + get_python_version() + build_flags
+    return os.path.join(prefix, "include", python_dir)
+
+
+def _get_python_inc_nt(prefix, spec_prefix, plat_specific):
+    if python_build:
+        # Include both include dirs to ensure we can find pyconfig.h
+        return (
+            os.path.join(prefix, "include")
+            + os.path.pathsep
+            + os.path.dirname(sysconfig.get_config_h_filename())
+        )
+    return os.path.join(prefix, "include")
+
+
+# allow this behavior to be monkey-patched. Ref pypa/distutils#2.
+def _posix_lib(standard_lib, libpython, early_prefix, prefix):
+    if standard_lib:
+        return libpython
+    else:
+        return os.path.join(libpython, "site-packages")
+
+
+def get_python_lib(plat_specific=0, standard_lib=0, prefix=None):
+    """Return the directory containing the Python library (standard or
+    site additions).
+
+    If 'plat_specific' is true, return the directory containing
+    platform-specific modules, i.e. any module from a non-pure-Python
+    module distribution; otherwise, return the platform-shared library
+    directory.  If 'standard_lib' is true, return the directory
+    containing standard Python library modules; otherwise, return the
+    directory for site-specific modules.
+
+    If 'prefix' is supplied, use it instead of sys.base_prefix or
+    sys.base_exec_prefix -- i.e., ignore 'plat_specific'.
+    """
+
+    if IS_PYPY and sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+        # PyPy-specific schema
+        if prefix is None:
+            prefix = PREFIX
+        if standard_lib:
+            return os.path.join(prefix, "lib-python", sys.version[0])
+        return os.path.join(prefix, 'site-packages')
+
+    early_prefix = prefix
+
+    if prefix is None:
+        if standard_lib:
+            prefix = plat_specific and BASE_EXEC_PREFIX or BASE_PREFIX
+        else:
+            prefix = plat_specific and EXEC_PREFIX or PREFIX
+
+    if os.name == "posix":
+        if plat_specific or standard_lib:
+            # Platform-specific modules (any module from a non-pure-Python
+            # module distribution) or standard Python library modules.
+            libdir = getattr(sys, "platlibdir", "lib")
+        else:
+            # Pure Python
+            libdir = "lib"
+        implementation = 'pypy' if IS_PYPY else 'python'
+        libpython = os.path.join(prefix, libdir, implementation + get_python_version())
+        return _posix_lib(standard_lib, libpython, early_prefix, prefix)
+    elif os.name == "nt":
+        if standard_lib:
+            return os.path.join(prefix, "Lib")
+        else:
+            return os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")
+    else:
+        raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+            "I don't know where Python installs its library "
+            "on platform '%s'" % os.name
+        )
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _customize_macos():
+    """
+    Perform first-time customization of compiler-related
+    config vars on macOS. Use after a compiler is known
+    to be needed. This customization exists primarily to support Pythons
+    from binary installers. The kind and paths to build tools on
+    the user system may vary significantly from the system
+    that Python itself was built on.  Also the user OS
+    version and build tools may not support the same set
+    of CPU architectures for universal builds.
+    """
+
+    sys.platform == "darwin" and __import__('_osx_support').customize_compiler(
+        get_config_vars()
+    )
+
+
+def customize_compiler(compiler):  # noqa: C901
+    """Do any platform-specific customization of a CCompiler instance.
+
+    Mainly needed on Unix, so we can plug in the information that
+    varies across Unices and is stored in Python's Makefile.
+    """
+    if compiler.compiler_type == "unix":
+        _customize_macos()
+
+        (
+            cc,
+            cxx,
+            cflags,
+            ccshared,
+            ldshared,
+            shlib_suffix,
+            ar,
+            ar_flags,
+        ) = get_config_vars(
+            'CC',
+            'CXX',
+            'CFLAGS',
+            'CCSHARED',
+            'LDSHARED',
+            'SHLIB_SUFFIX',
+            'AR',
+            'ARFLAGS',
+        )
+
+        if 'CC' in os.environ:
+            newcc = os.environ['CC']
+            if 'LDSHARED' not in os.environ and ldshared.startswith(cc):
+                # If CC is overridden, use that as the default
+                #       command for LDSHARED as well
+                ldshared = newcc + ldshared[len(cc) :]
+            cc = newcc
+        if 'CXX' in os.environ:
+            cxx = os.environ['CXX']
+        if 'LDSHARED' in os.environ:
+            ldshared = os.environ['LDSHARED']
+        if 'CPP' in os.environ:
+            cpp = os.environ['CPP']
+        else:
+            cpp = cc + " -E"  # not always
+        if 'LDFLAGS' in os.environ:
+            ldshared = ldshared + ' ' + os.environ['LDFLAGS']
+        if 'CFLAGS' in os.environ:
+            cflags = cflags + ' ' + os.environ['CFLAGS']
+            ldshared = ldshared + ' ' + os.environ['CFLAGS']
+        if 'CPPFLAGS' in os.environ:
+            cpp = cpp + ' ' + os.environ['CPPFLAGS']
+            cflags = cflags + ' ' + os.environ['CPPFLAGS']
+            ldshared = ldshared + ' ' + os.environ['CPPFLAGS']
+        if 'AR' in os.environ:
+            ar = os.environ['AR']
+        if 'ARFLAGS' in os.environ:
+            archiver = ar + ' ' + os.environ['ARFLAGS']
+        else:
+            archiver = ar + ' ' + ar_flags
+
+        cc_cmd = cc + ' ' + cflags
+        compiler.set_executables(
+            preprocessor=cpp,
+            compiler=cc_cmd,
+            compiler_so=cc_cmd + ' ' + ccshared,
+            compiler_cxx=cxx,
+            linker_so=ldshared,
+            linker_exe=cc,
+            archiver=archiver,
+        )
+
+        if 'RANLIB' in os.environ and compiler.executables.get('ranlib', None):
+            compiler.set_executables(ranlib=os.environ['RANLIB'])
+
+        compiler.shared_lib_extension = shlib_suffix
+
+
+def get_config_h_filename():
+    """Return full pathname of installed pyconfig.h file."""
+    return sysconfig.get_config_h_filename()
+
+
+def get_makefile_filename():
+    """Return full pathname of installed Makefile from the Python build."""
+    return sysconfig.get_makefile_filename()
+
+
+def parse_config_h(fp, g=None):
+    """Parse a config.h-style file.
+
+    A dictionary containing name/value pairs is returned.  If an
+    optional dictionary is passed in as the second argument, it is
+    used instead of a new dictionary.
+    """
+    return sysconfig.parse_config_h(fp, vars=g)
+
+
+# Regexes needed for parsing Makefile (and similar syntaxes,
+# like old-style Setup files).
+_variable_rx = re.compile(r"([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*=\s*(.*)")
+_findvar1_rx = re.compile(r"\$\(([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\)")
+_findvar2_rx = re.compile(r"\${([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)}")
+
+
+def parse_makefile(fn, g=None):  # noqa: C901
+    """Parse a Makefile-style file.
+
+    A dictionary containing name/value pairs is returned.  If an
+    optional dictionary is passed in as the second argument, it is
+    used instead of a new dictionary.
+    """
+    from distutils.text_file import TextFile
+
+    fp = TextFile(
+        fn, strip_comments=1, skip_blanks=1, join_lines=1, errors="surrogateescape"
+    )
+
+    if g is None:
+        g = {}
+    done = {}
+    notdone = {}
+
+    while True:
+        line = fp.readline()
+        if line is None:  # eof
+            break
+        m = _variable_rx.match(line)
+        if m:
+            n, v = m.group(1, 2)
+            v = v.strip()
+            # `$$' is a literal `$' in make
+            tmpv = v.replace('$$', '')
+
+            if "$" in tmpv:
+                notdone[n] = v
+            else:
+                try:
+                    v = int(v)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # insert literal `$'
+                    done[n] = v.replace('$$', '$')
+                else:
+                    done[n] = v
+
+    # Variables with a 'PY_' prefix in the makefile. These need to
+    # be made available without that prefix through sysconfig.
+    # Special care is needed to ensure that variable expansion works, even
+    # if the expansion uses the name without a prefix.
+    renamed_variables = ('CFLAGS', 'LDFLAGS', 'CPPFLAGS')
+
+    # do variable interpolation here
+    while notdone:
+        for name in list(notdone):
+            value = notdone[name]
+            m = _findvar1_rx.search(value) or _findvar2_rx.search(value)
+            if m:
+                n = m.group(1)
+                found = True
+                if n in done:
+                    item = str(done[n])
+                elif n in notdone:
+                    # get it on a subsequent round
+                    found = False
+                elif n in os.environ:
+                    # do it like make: fall back to environment
+                    item = os.environ[n]
+
+                elif n in renamed_variables:
+                    if name.startswith('PY_') and name[3:] in renamed_variables:
+                        item = ""
+
+                    elif 'PY_' + n in notdone:
+                        found = False
+
+                    else:
+                        item = str(done['PY_' + n])
+                else:
+                    done[n] = item = ""
+                if found:
+                    after = value[m.end() :]
+                    value = value[: m.start()] + item + after
+                    if "$" in after:
+                        notdone[name] = value
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            value = int(value)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            done[name] = value.strip()
+                        else:
+                            done[name] = value
+                        del notdone[name]
+
+                        if name.startswith('PY_') and name[3:] in renamed_variables:
+                            name = name[3:]
+                            if name not in done:
+                                done[name] = value
+            else:
+                # bogus variable reference; just drop it since we can't deal
+                del notdone[name]
+
+    fp.close()
+
+    # strip spurious spaces
+    for k, v in done.items():
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            done[k] = v.strip()
+
+    # save the results in the global dictionary
+    g.update(done)
+    return g
+
+
+def expand_makefile_vars(s, vars):
+    """Expand Makefile-style variables -- "${foo}" or "$(foo)" -- in
+    'string' according to 'vars' (a dictionary mapping variable names to
+    values).  Variables not present in 'vars' are silently expanded to the
+    empty string.  The variable values in 'vars' should not contain further
+    variable expansions; if 'vars' is the output of 'parse_makefile()',
+    you're fine.  Returns a variable-expanded version of 's'.
+    """
+
+    # This algorithm does multiple expansion, so if vars['foo'] contains
+    # "${bar}", it will expand ${foo} to ${bar}, and then expand
+    # ${bar}... and so forth.  This is fine as long as 'vars' comes from
+    # 'parse_makefile()', which takes care of such expansions eagerly,
+    # according to make's variable expansion semantics.
+
+    while True:
+        m = _findvar1_rx.search(s) or _findvar2_rx.search(s)
+        if m:
+            (beg, end) = m.span()
+            s = s[0:beg] + vars.get(m.group(1)) + s[end:]
+        else:
+            break
+    return s
+
+
+_config_vars = None
+
+
+def get_config_vars(*args):
+    """With no arguments, return a dictionary of all configuration
+    variables relevant for the current platform.  Generally this includes
+    everything needed to build extensions and install both pure modules and
+    extensions.  On Unix, this means every variable defined in Python's
+    installed Makefile; on Windows it's a much smaller set.
+
+    With arguments, return a list of values that result from looking up
+    each argument in the configuration variable dictionary.
+    """
+    global _config_vars
+    if _config_vars is None:
+        _config_vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars().copy()
+        py39compat.add_ext_suffix(_config_vars)
+
+    return [_config_vars.get(name) for name in args] if args else _config_vars
+
+
+def get_config_var(name):
+    """Return the value of a single variable using the dictionary
+    returned by 'get_config_vars()'.  Equivalent to
+    get_config_vars().get(name)
+    """
+    if name == 'SO':
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn('SO is deprecated, use EXT_SUFFIX', DeprecationWarning, 2)
+    return get_config_vars().get(name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/text_file.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/text_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f846e3c526672005bdd0dfc64563ac448006a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/text_file.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+"""text_file
+
+provides the TextFile class, which gives an interface to text files
+that (optionally) takes care of stripping comments, ignoring blank
+lines, and joining lines with backslashes."""
+
+import sys
+
+
+class TextFile:
+    """Provides a file-like object that takes care of all the things you
+    commonly want to do when processing a text file that has some
+    line-by-line syntax: strip comments (as long as "#" is your
+    comment character), skip blank lines, join adjacent lines by
+    escaping the newline (ie. backslash at end of line), strip
+    leading and/or trailing whitespace.  All of these are optional
+    and independently controllable.
+
+    Provides a 'warn()' method so you can generate warning messages that
+    report physical line number, even if the logical line in question
+    spans multiple physical lines.  Also provides 'unreadline()' for
+    implementing line-at-a-time lookahead.
+
+    Constructor is called as:
+
+        TextFile (filename=None, file=None, **options)
+
+    It bombs (RuntimeError) if both 'filename' and 'file' are None;
+    'filename' should be a string, and 'file' a file object (or
+    something that provides 'readline()' and 'close()' methods).  It is
+    recommended that you supply at least 'filename', so that TextFile
+    can include it in warning messages.  If 'file' is not supplied,
+    TextFile creates its own using 'io.open()'.
+
+    The options are all boolean, and affect the value returned by
+    'readline()':
+      strip_comments [default: true]
+        strip from "#" to end-of-line, as well as any whitespace
+        leading up to the "#" -- unless it is escaped by a backslash
+      lstrip_ws [default: false]
+        strip leading whitespace from each line before returning it
+      rstrip_ws [default: true]
+        strip trailing whitespace (including line terminator!) from
+        each line before returning it
+      skip_blanks [default: true}
+        skip lines that are empty *after* stripping comments and
+        whitespace.  (If both lstrip_ws and rstrip_ws are false,
+        then some lines may consist of solely whitespace: these will
+        *not* be skipped, even if 'skip_blanks' is true.)
+      join_lines [default: false]
+        if a backslash is the last non-newline character on a line
+        after stripping comments and whitespace, join the following line
+        to it to form one "logical line"; if N consecutive lines end
+        with a backslash, then N+1 physical lines will be joined to
+        form one logical line.
+      collapse_join [default: false]
+        strip leading whitespace from lines that are joined to their
+        predecessor; only matters if (join_lines and not lstrip_ws)
+      errors [default: 'strict']
+        error handler used to decode the file content
+
+    Note that since 'rstrip_ws' can strip the trailing newline, the
+    semantics of 'readline()' must differ from those of the builtin file
+    object's 'readline()' method!  In particular, 'readline()' returns
+    None for end-of-file: an empty string might just be a blank line (or
+    an all-whitespace line), if 'rstrip_ws' is true but 'skip_blanks' is
+    not."""
+
+    default_options = {
+        'strip_comments': 1,
+        'skip_blanks': 1,
+        'lstrip_ws': 0,
+        'rstrip_ws': 1,
+        'join_lines': 0,
+        'collapse_join': 0,
+        'errors': 'strict',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, file=None, **options):
+        """Construct a new TextFile object.  At least one of 'filename'
+        (a string) and 'file' (a file-like object) must be supplied.
+        They keyword argument options are described above and affect
+        the values returned by 'readline()'."""
+        if filename is None and file is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "you must supply either or both of 'filename' and 'file'"
+            )
+
+        # set values for all options -- either from client option hash
+        # or fallback to default_options
+        for opt in self.default_options.keys():
+            if opt in options:
+                setattr(self, opt, options[opt])
+            else:
+                setattr(self, opt, self.default_options[opt])
+
+        # sanity check client option hash
+        for opt in options.keys():
+            if opt not in self.default_options:
+                raise KeyError("invalid TextFile option '%s'" % opt)
+
+        if file is None:
+            self.open(filename)
+        else:
+            self.filename = filename
+            self.file = file
+            self.current_line = 0  # assuming that file is at BOF!
+
+        # 'linebuf' is a stack of lines that will be emptied before we
+        # actually read from the file; it's only populated by an
+        # 'unreadline()' operation
+        self.linebuf = []
+
+    def open(self, filename):
+        """Open a new file named 'filename'.  This overrides both the
+        'filename' and 'file' arguments to the constructor."""
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.file = open(self.filename, errors=self.errors, encoding='utf-8')
+        self.current_line = 0
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the current file and forget everything we know about it
+        (filename, current line number)."""
+        file = self.file
+        self.file = None
+        self.filename = None
+        self.current_line = None
+        file.close()
+
+    def gen_error(self, msg, line=None):
+        outmsg = []
+        if line is None:
+            line = self.current_line
+        outmsg.append(self.filename + ", ")
+        if isinstance(line, (list, tuple)):
+            outmsg.append("lines %d-%d: " % tuple(line))
+        else:
+            outmsg.append("line %d: " % line)
+        outmsg.append(str(msg))
+        return "".join(outmsg)
+
+    def error(self, msg, line=None):
+        raise ValueError("error: " + self.gen_error(msg, line))
+
+    def warn(self, msg, line=None):
+        """Print (to stderr) a warning message tied to the current logical
+        line in the current file.  If the current logical line in the
+        file spans multiple physical lines, the warning refers to the
+        whole range, eg. "lines 3-5".  If 'line' supplied, it overrides
+        the current line number; it may be a list or tuple to indicate a
+        range of physical lines, or an integer for a single physical
+        line."""
+        sys.stderr.write("warning: " + self.gen_error(msg, line) + "\n")
+
+    def readline(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Read and return a single logical line from the current file (or
+        from an internal buffer if lines have previously been "unread"
+        with 'unreadline()').  If the 'join_lines' option is true, this
+        may involve reading multiple physical lines concatenated into a
+        single string.  Updates the current line number, so calling
+        'warn()' after 'readline()' emits a warning about the physical
+        line(s) just read.  Returns None on end-of-file, since the empty
+        string can occur if 'rstrip_ws' is true but 'strip_blanks' is
+        not."""
+        # If any "unread" lines waiting in 'linebuf', return the top
+        # one.  (We don't actually buffer read-ahead data -- lines only
+        # get put in 'linebuf' if the client explicitly does an
+        # 'unreadline()'.
+        if self.linebuf:
+            line = self.linebuf[-1]
+            del self.linebuf[-1]
+            return line
+
+        buildup_line = ''
+
+        while True:
+            # read the line, make it None if EOF
+            line = self.file.readline()
+            if line == '':
+                line = None
+
+            if self.strip_comments and line:
+                # Look for the first "#" in the line.  If none, never
+                # mind.  If we find one and it's the first character, or
+                # is not preceded by "\", then it starts a comment --
+                # strip the comment, strip whitespace before it, and
+                # carry on.  Otherwise, it's just an escaped "#", so
+                # unescape it (and any other escaped "#"'s that might be
+                # lurking in there) and otherwise leave the line alone.
+
+                pos = line.find("#")
+                if pos == -1:  # no "#" -- no comments
+                    pass
+
+                # It's definitely a comment -- either "#" is the first
+                # character, or it's elsewhere and unescaped.
+                elif pos == 0 or line[pos - 1] != "\\":
+                    # Have to preserve the trailing newline, because it's
+                    # the job of a later step (rstrip_ws) to remove it --
+                    # and if rstrip_ws is false, we'd better preserve it!
+                    # (NB. this means that if the final line is all comment
+                    # and has no trailing newline, we will think that it's
+                    # EOF; I think that's OK.)
+                    eol = (line[-1] == '\n') and '\n' or ''
+                    line = line[0:pos] + eol
+
+                    # If all that's left is whitespace, then skip line
+                    # *now*, before we try to join it to 'buildup_line' --
+                    # that way constructs like
+                    #   hello \\
+                    #   # comment that should be ignored
+                    #   there
+                    # result in "hello there".
+                    if line.strip() == "":
+                        continue
+                else:  # it's an escaped "#"
+                    line = line.replace("\\#", "#")
+
+            # did previous line end with a backslash? then accumulate
+            if self.join_lines and buildup_line:
+                # oops: end of file
+                if line is None:
+                    self.warn("continuation line immediately precedes end-of-file")
+                    return buildup_line
+
+                if self.collapse_join:
+                    line = line.lstrip()
+                line = buildup_line + line
+
+                # careful: pay attention to line number when incrementing it
+                if isinstance(self.current_line, list):
+                    self.current_line[1] = self.current_line[1] + 1
+                else:
+                    self.current_line = [self.current_line, self.current_line + 1]
+            # just an ordinary line, read it as usual
+            else:
+                if line is None:  # eof
+                    return None
+
+                # still have to be careful about incrementing the line number!
+                if isinstance(self.current_line, list):
+                    self.current_line = self.current_line[1] + 1
+                else:
+                    self.current_line = self.current_line + 1
+
+            # strip whitespace however the client wants (leading and
+            # trailing, or one or the other, or neither)
+            if self.lstrip_ws and self.rstrip_ws:
+                line = line.strip()
+            elif self.lstrip_ws:
+                line = line.lstrip()
+            elif self.rstrip_ws:
+                line = line.rstrip()
+
+            # blank line (whether we rstrip'ed or not)? skip to next line
+            # if appropriate
+            if line in ('', '\n') and self.skip_blanks:
+                continue
+
+            if self.join_lines:
+                if line[-1] == '\\':
+                    buildup_line = line[:-1]
+                    continue
+
+                if line[-2:] == '\\\n':
+                    buildup_line = line[0:-2] + '\n'
+                    continue
+
+            # well, I guess there's some actual content there: return it
+            return line
+
+    def readlines(self):
+        """Read and return the list of all logical lines remaining in the
+        current file."""
+        lines = []
+        while True:
+            line = self.readline()
+            if line is None:
+                return lines
+            lines.append(line)
+
+    def unreadline(self, line):
+        """Push 'line' (a string) onto an internal buffer that will be
+        checked by future 'readline()' calls.  Handy for implementing
+        a parser with line-at-a-time lookahead."""
+        self.linebuf.append(line)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/unixccompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/unixccompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0248bde87b073bf439965c81bf0fb84e61df9b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/unixccompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+"""distutils.unixccompiler
+
+Contains the UnixCCompiler class, a subclass of CCompiler that handles
+the "typical" Unix-style command-line C compiler:
+  * macros defined with -Dname[=value]
+  * macros undefined with -Uname
+  * include search directories specified with -Idir
+  * libraries specified with -lllib
+  * library search directories specified with -Ldir
+  * compile handled by 'cc' (or similar) executable with -c option:
+    compiles .c to .o
+  * link static library handled by 'ar' command (possibly with 'ranlib')
+  * link shared library handled by 'cc -shared'
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import sys
+
+from . import sysconfig
+from .compat import consolidate_linker_args
+from ._log import log
+from ._macos_compat import compiler_fixup
+from ._modified import newer
+from .ccompiler import CCompiler, gen_lib_options, gen_preprocess_options
+from .errors import CompileError, DistutilsExecError, LibError, LinkError
+
+# XXX Things not currently handled:
+#   * optimization/debug/warning flags; we just use whatever's in Python's
+#     Makefile and live with it.  Is this adequate?  If not, we might
+#     have to have a bunch of subclasses GNUCCompiler, SGICCompiler,
+#     SunCCompiler, and I suspect down that road lies madness.
+#   * even if we don't know a warning flag from an optimization flag,
+#     we need some way for outsiders to feed preprocessor/compiler/linker
+#     flags in to us -- eg. a sysadmin might want to mandate certain flags
+#     via a site config file, or a user might want to set something for
+#     compiling this module distribution only via the setup.py command
+#     line, whatever.  As long as these options come from something on the
+#     current system, they can be as system-dependent as they like, and we
+#     should just happily stuff them into the preprocessor/compiler/linker
+#     options and carry on.
+
+
+def _split_env(cmd):
+    """
+    For macOS, split command into 'env' portion (if any)
+    and the rest of the linker command.
+
+    >>> _split_env(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    ([], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    >>> _split_env(['/usr/bin/env', 'A=3', 'gcc'])
+    (['/usr/bin/env', 'A=3'], ['gcc'])
+    """
+    pivot = 0
+    if os.path.basename(cmd[0]) == "env":
+        pivot = 1
+        while '=' in cmd[pivot]:
+            pivot += 1
+    return cmd[:pivot], cmd[pivot:]
+
+
+def _split_aix(cmd):
+    """
+    AIX platforms prefix the compiler with the ld_so_aix
+    script, so split that from the linker command.
+
+    >>> _split_aix(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    ([], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+    >>> _split_aix(['/bin/foo/ld_so_aix', 'gcc'])
+    (['/bin/foo/ld_so_aix'], ['gcc'])
+    """
+    pivot = os.path.basename(cmd[0]) == 'ld_so_aix'
+    return cmd[:pivot], cmd[pivot:]
+
+
+def _linker_params(linker_cmd, compiler_cmd):
+    """
+    The linker command usually begins with the compiler
+    command (possibly multiple elements), followed by zero or more
+    params for shared library building.
+
+    If the LDSHARED env variable overrides the linker command,
+    however, the commands may not match.
+
+    Return the best guess of the linker parameters by stripping
+    the linker command. If the compiler command does not
+    match the linker command, assume the linker command is
+    just the first element.
+
+    >>> _linker_params('gcc foo bar'.split(), ['gcc'])
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> _linker_params('gcc foo bar'.split(), ['other'])
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> _linker_params('ccache gcc foo bar'.split(), 'ccache gcc'.split())
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> _linker_params(['gcc'], ['gcc'])
+    []
+    """
+    c_len = len(compiler_cmd)
+    pivot = c_len if linker_cmd[:c_len] == compiler_cmd else 1
+    return linker_cmd[pivot:]
+
+
+class UnixCCompiler(CCompiler):
+    compiler_type = 'unix'
+
+    # These are used by CCompiler in two places: the constructor sets
+    # instance attributes 'preprocessor', 'compiler', etc. from them, and
+    # 'set_executable()' allows any of these to be set.  The defaults here
+    # are pretty generic; they will probably have to be set by an outsider
+    # (eg. using information discovered by the sysconfig about building
+    # Python extensions).
+    executables = {
+        'preprocessor': None,
+        'compiler': ["cc"],
+        'compiler_so': ["cc"],
+        'compiler_cxx': ["cc"],
+        'linker_so': ["cc", "-shared"],
+        'linker_exe': ["cc"],
+        'archiver': ["ar", "-cr"],
+        'ranlib': None,
+    }
+
+    if sys.platform[:6] == "darwin":
+        executables['ranlib'] = ["ranlib"]
+
+    # Needed for the filename generation methods provided by the base
+    # class, CCompiler.  NB. whoever instantiates/uses a particular
+    # UnixCCompiler instance should set 'shared_lib_ext' -- we set a
+    # reasonable common default here, but it's not necessarily used on all
+    # Unices!
+
+    src_extensions = [".c", ".C", ".cc", ".cxx", ".cpp", ".m"]
+    obj_extension = ".o"
+    static_lib_extension = ".a"
+    shared_lib_extension = ".so"
+    dylib_lib_extension = ".dylib"
+    xcode_stub_lib_extension = ".tbd"
+    static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = dylib_lib_format = "lib%s%s"
+    xcode_stub_lib_format = dylib_lib_format
+    if sys.platform == "cygwin":
+        exe_extension = ".exe"
+
+    def preprocess(
+        self,
+        source,
+        output_file=None,
+        macros=None,
+        include_dirs=None,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+    ):
+        fixed_args = self._fix_compile_args(None, macros, include_dirs)
+        ignore, macros, include_dirs = fixed_args
+        pp_opts = gen_preprocess_options(macros, include_dirs)
+        pp_args = self.preprocessor + pp_opts
+        if output_file:
+            pp_args.extend(['-o', output_file])
+        if extra_preargs:
+            pp_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+        if extra_postargs:
+            pp_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+        pp_args.append(source)
+
+        # reasons to preprocess:
+        # - force is indicated
+        # - output is directed to stdout
+        # - source file is newer than the target
+        preprocess = self.force or output_file is None or newer(source, output_file)
+        if not preprocess:
+            return
+
+        if output_file:
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_file))
+
+        try:
+            self.spawn(pp_args)
+        except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+            raise CompileError(msg)
+
+    def _compile(self, obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts):
+        compiler_so = compiler_fixup(self.compiler_so, cc_args + extra_postargs)
+        try:
+            self.spawn(compiler_so + cc_args + [src, '-o', obj] + extra_postargs)
+        except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+            raise CompileError(msg)
+
+    def create_static_lib(
+        self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, debug=0, target_lang=None
+    ):
+        objects, output_dir = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+
+        output_filename = self.library_filename(output_libname, output_dir=output_dir)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_filename))
+            self.spawn(self.archiver + [output_filename] + objects + self.objects)
+
+            # Not many Unices required ranlib anymore -- SunOS 4.x is, I
+            # think the only major Unix that does.  Maybe we need some
+            # platform intelligence here to skip ranlib if it's not
+            # needed -- or maybe Python's configure script took care of
+            # it for us, hence the check for leading colon.
+            if self.ranlib:
+                try:
+                    self.spawn(self.ranlib + [output_filename])
+                except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                    raise LibError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    def link(
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        objects, output_dir = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
+        fixed_args = self._fix_lib_args(libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs)
+        libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs = fixed_args
+
+        lib_opts = gen_lib_options(self, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs, libraries)
+        if not isinstance(output_dir, (str, type(None))):
+            raise TypeError("'output_dir' must be a string or None")
+        if output_dir is not None:
+            output_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, output_filename)
+
+        if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
+            ld_args = objects + self.objects + lib_opts + ['-o', output_filename]
+            if debug:
+                ld_args[:0] = ['-g']
+            if extra_preargs:
+                ld_args[:0] = extra_preargs
+            if extra_postargs:
+                ld_args.extend(extra_postargs)
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(output_filename))
+            try:
+                # Select a linker based on context: linker_exe when
+                # building an executable or linker_so (with shared options)
+                # when building a shared library.
+                building_exe = target_desc == CCompiler.EXECUTABLE
+                linker = (self.linker_exe if building_exe else self.linker_so)[:]
+
+                if target_lang == "c++" and self.compiler_cxx:
+                    env, linker_ne = _split_env(linker)
+                    aix, linker_na = _split_aix(linker_ne)
+                    _, compiler_cxx_ne = _split_env(self.compiler_cxx)
+                    _, linker_exe_ne = _split_env(self.linker_exe)
+
+                    params = _linker_params(linker_na, linker_exe_ne)
+                    linker = env + aix + compiler_cxx_ne + params
+
+                linker = compiler_fixup(linker, ld_args)
+
+                self.spawn(linker + ld_args)
+            except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+                raise LinkError(msg)
+        else:
+            log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
+
+    # -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
+    # These are all used by the 'gen_lib_options() function, in
+    # ccompiler.py.
+
+    def library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        return "-L" + dir
+
+    def _is_gcc(self):
+        cc_var = sysconfig.get_config_var("CC")
+        compiler = os.path.basename(shlex.split(cc_var)[0])
+        return "gcc" in compiler or "g++" in compiler
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir: str) -> str | list[str]:
+        # XXX Hackish, at the very least.  See Python bug #445902:
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue445902
+        # Linkers on different platforms need different options to
+        # specify that directories need to be added to the list of
+        # directories searched for dependencies when a dynamic library
+        # is sought.  GCC on GNU systems (Linux, FreeBSD, ...) has to
+        # be told to pass the -R option through to the linker, whereas
+        # other compilers and gcc on other systems just know this.
+        # Other compilers may need something slightly different.  At
+        # this time, there's no way to determine this information from
+        # the configuration data stored in the Python installation, so
+        # we use this hack.
+        if sys.platform[:6] == "darwin":
+            from distutils.util import get_macosx_target_ver, split_version
+
+            macosx_target_ver = get_macosx_target_ver()
+            if macosx_target_ver and split_version(macosx_target_ver) >= [10, 5]:
+                return "-Wl,-rpath," + dir
+            else:  # no support for -rpath on earlier macOS versions
+                return "-L" + dir
+        elif sys.platform[:7] == "freebsd":
+            return "-Wl,-rpath=" + dir
+        elif sys.platform[:5] == "hp-ux":
+            return [
+                "-Wl,+s" if self._is_gcc() else "+s",
+                "-L" + dir,
+            ]
+
+        # For all compilers, `-Wl` is the presumed way to pass a
+        # compiler option to the linker
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var("GNULD") == "yes":
+            return consolidate_linker_args([
+                # Force RUNPATH instead of RPATH
+                "-Wl,--enable-new-dtags",
+                "-Wl,-rpath," + dir,
+            ])
+        else:
+            return "-Wl,-R" + dir
+
+    def library_option(self, lib):
+        return "-l" + lib
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _library_root(dir):
+        """
+        macOS users can specify an alternate SDK using'-isysroot'.
+        Calculate the SDK root if it is specified.
+
+        Note that, as of Xcode 7, Apple SDKs may contain textual stub
+        libraries with .tbd extensions rather than the normal .dylib
+        shared libraries installed in /.  The Apple compiler tool
+        chain handles this transparently but it can cause problems
+        for programs that are being built with an SDK and searching
+        for specific libraries.  Callers of find_library_file need to
+        keep in mind that the base filename of the returned SDK library
+        file might have a different extension from that of the library
+        file installed on the running system, for example:
+          /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/
+              MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.11.sdk/
+              usr/lib/libedit.tbd
+        vs
+          /usr/lib/libedit.dylib
+        """
+        cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('CFLAGS')
+        match = re.search(r'-isysroot\s*(\S+)', cflags)
+
+        apply_root = (
+            sys.platform == 'darwin'
+            and match
+            and (
+                dir.startswith('/System/')
+                or (dir.startswith('/usr/') and not dir.startswith('/usr/local/'))
+            )
+        )
+
+        return os.path.join(match.group(1), dir[1:]) if apply_root else dir
+
+    def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
+        r"""
+        Second-guess the linker with not much hard
+        data to go on: GCC seems to prefer the shared library, so
+        assume that *all* Unix C compilers do,
+        ignoring even GCC's "-static" option.
+
+        >>> compiler = UnixCCompiler()
+        >>> compiler._library_root = lambda dir: dir
+        >>> monkeypatch = getfixture('monkeypatch')
+        >>> monkeypatch.setattr(os.path, 'exists', lambda d: 'existing' in d)
+        >>> dirs = ('/foo/bar/missing', '/foo/bar/existing')
+        >>> compiler.find_library_file(dirs, 'abc').replace('\\', '/')
+        '/foo/bar/existing/libabc.dylib'
+        >>> compiler.find_library_file(reversed(dirs), 'abc').replace('\\', '/')
+        '/foo/bar/existing/libabc.dylib'
+        >>> monkeypatch.setattr(os.path, 'exists',
+        ...     lambda d: 'existing' in d and '.a' in d)
+        >>> compiler.find_library_file(dirs, 'abc').replace('\\', '/')
+        '/foo/bar/existing/libabc.a'
+        >>> compiler.find_library_file(reversed(dirs), 'abc').replace('\\', '/')
+        '/foo/bar/existing/libabc.a'
+        """
+        lib_names = (
+            self.library_filename(lib, lib_type=type)
+            for type in 'dylib xcode_stub shared static'.split()
+        )
+
+        roots = map(self._library_root, dirs)
+
+        searched = itertools.starmap(os.path.join, itertools.product(roots, lib_names))
+
+        found = filter(os.path.exists, searched)
+
+        # Return None if it could not be found in any dir.
+        return next(found, None)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ee77721b38181fbf4faefd1c644ee7331d7a5f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+"""distutils.util
+
+Miscellaneous utility functions -- anything that doesn't fit into
+one of the other *util.py modules.
+"""
+
+import functools
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import re
+import string
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+
+from ._log import log
+from ._modified import newer
+from .errors import DistutilsByteCompileError, DistutilsPlatformError
+from .spawn import spawn
+
+
+def get_host_platform():
+    """
+    Return a string that identifies the current platform. Use this
+    function to distinguish platform-specific build directories and
+    platform-specific built distributions.
+    """
+
+    # This function initially exposed platforms as defined in Python 3.9
+    # even with older Python versions when distutils was split out.
+    # Now it delegates to stdlib sysconfig, but maintains compatibility.
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+        if os.name == "posix" and hasattr(os, 'uname'):
+            osname, host, release, version, machine = os.uname()
+            if osname[:3] == "aix":
+                from .py38compat import aix_platform
+
+                return aix_platform(osname, version, release)
+
+    return sysconfig.get_platform()
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        TARGET_TO_PLAT = {
+            'x86': 'win32',
+            'x64': 'win-amd64',
+            'arm': 'win-arm32',
+            'arm64': 'win-arm64',
+        }
+        target = os.environ.get('VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH')
+        return TARGET_TO_PLAT.get(target) or get_host_platform()
+    return get_host_platform()
+
+
+if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    _syscfg_macosx_ver = None  # cache the version pulled from sysconfig
+MACOSX_VERSION_VAR = 'MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'
+
+
+def _clear_cached_macosx_ver():
+    """For testing only. Do not call."""
+    global _syscfg_macosx_ver
+    _syscfg_macosx_ver = None
+
+
+def get_macosx_target_ver_from_syscfg():
+    """Get the version of macOS latched in the Python interpreter configuration.
+    Returns the version as a string or None if can't obtain one. Cached."""
+    global _syscfg_macosx_ver
+    if _syscfg_macosx_ver is None:
+        from distutils import sysconfig
+
+        ver = sysconfig.get_config_var(MACOSX_VERSION_VAR) or ''
+        if ver:
+            _syscfg_macosx_ver = ver
+    return _syscfg_macosx_ver
+
+
+def get_macosx_target_ver():
+    """Return the version of macOS for which we are building.
+
+    The target version defaults to the version in sysconfig latched at time
+    the Python interpreter was built, unless overridden by an environment
+    variable. If neither source has a value, then None is returned"""
+
+    syscfg_ver = get_macosx_target_ver_from_syscfg()
+    env_ver = os.environ.get(MACOSX_VERSION_VAR)
+
+    if env_ver:
+        # Validate overridden version against sysconfig version, if have both.
+        # Ensure that the deployment target of the build process is not less
+        # than 10.3 if the interpreter was built for 10.3 or later.  This
+        # ensures extension modules are built with correct compatibility
+        # values, specifically LDSHARED which can use
+        # '-undefined dynamic_lookup' which only works on >= 10.3.
+        if (
+            syscfg_ver
+            and split_version(syscfg_ver) >= [10, 3]
+            and split_version(env_ver) < [10, 3]
+        ):
+            my_msg = (
+                '$' + MACOSX_VERSION_VAR + ' mismatch: '
+                f'now "{env_ver}" but "{syscfg_ver}" during configure; '
+                'must use 10.3 or later'
+            )
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(my_msg)
+        return env_ver
+    return syscfg_ver
+
+
+def split_version(s):
+    """Convert a dot-separated string into a list of numbers for comparisons"""
+    return [int(n) for n in s.split('.')]
+
+
+def convert_path(pathname):
+    """Return 'pathname' as a name that will work on the native filesystem,
+    i.e. split it on '/' and put it back together again using the current
+    directory separator.  Needed because filenames in the setup script are
+    always supplied in Unix style, and have to be converted to the local
+    convention before we can actually use them in the filesystem.  Raises
+    ValueError on non-Unix-ish systems if 'pathname' either starts or
+    ends with a slash.
+    """
+    if os.sep == '/':
+        return pathname
+    if not pathname:
+        return pathname
+    if pathname[0] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot be absolute" % pathname)
+    if pathname[-1] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot end with '/'" % pathname)
+
+    paths = pathname.split('/')
+    while '.' in paths:
+        paths.remove('.')
+    if not paths:
+        return os.curdir
+    return os.path.join(*paths)
+
+
+# convert_path ()
+
+
+def change_root(new_root, pathname):
+    """Return 'pathname' with 'new_root' prepended.  If 'pathname' is
+    relative, this is equivalent to "os.path.join(new_root,pathname)".
+    Otherwise, it requires making 'pathname' relative and then joining the
+    two, which is tricky on DOS/Windows and Mac OS.
+    """
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        if not os.path.isabs(pathname):
+            return os.path.join(new_root, pathname)
+        else:
+            return os.path.join(new_root, pathname[1:])
+
+    elif os.name == 'nt':
+        (drive, path) = os.path.splitdrive(pathname)
+        if path[0] == '\\':
+            path = path[1:]
+        return os.path.join(new_root, path)
+
+    raise DistutilsPlatformError(f"nothing known about platform '{os.name}'")
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def check_environ():
+    """Ensure that 'os.environ' has all the environment variables we
+    guarantee that users can use in config files, command-line options,
+    etc.  Currently this includes:
+      HOME - user's home directory (Unix only)
+      PLAT - description of the current platform, including hardware
+             and OS (see 'get_platform()')
+    """
+    if os.name == 'posix' and 'HOME' not in os.environ:
+        try:
+            import pwd
+
+            os.environ['HOME'] = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[5]
+        except (ImportError, KeyError):
+            # bpo-10496: if the current user identifier doesn't exist in the
+            # password database, do nothing
+            pass
+
+    if 'PLAT' not in os.environ:
+        os.environ['PLAT'] = get_platform()
+
+
+def subst_vars(s, local_vars):
+    """
+    Perform variable substitution on 'string'.
+    Variables are indicated by format-style braces ("{var}").
+    Variable is substituted by the value found in the 'local_vars'
+    dictionary or in 'os.environ' if it's not in 'local_vars'.
+    'os.environ' is first checked/augmented to guarantee that it contains
+    certain values: see 'check_environ()'.  Raise ValueError for any
+    variables not found in either 'local_vars' or 'os.environ'.
+    """
+    check_environ()
+    lookup = dict(os.environ)
+    lookup.update((name, str(value)) for name, value in local_vars.items())
+    try:
+        return _subst_compat(s).format_map(lookup)
+    except KeyError as var:
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid variable {var}")
+
+
+def _subst_compat(s):
+    """
+    Replace shell/Perl-style variable substitution with
+    format-style. For compatibility.
+    """
+
+    def _subst(match):
+        return f'{{{match.group(1)}}}'
+
+    repl = re.sub(r'\$([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)', _subst, s)
+    if repl != s:
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "shell/Perl-style substitutions are deprecated",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+    return repl
+
+
+def grok_environment_error(exc, prefix="error: "):
+    # Function kept for backward compatibility.
+    # Used to try clever things with EnvironmentErrors,
+    # but nowadays str(exception) produces good messages.
+    return prefix + str(exc)
+
+
+# Needed by 'split_quoted()'
+_wordchars_re = _squote_re = _dquote_re = None
+
+
+def _init_regex():
+    global _wordchars_re, _squote_re, _dquote_re
+    _wordchars_re = re.compile(r'[^\\\'\"%s ]*' % string.whitespace)
+    _squote_re = re.compile(r"'(?:[^'\\]|\\.)*'")
+    _dquote_re = re.compile(r'"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*"')
+
+
+def split_quoted(s):
+    """Split a string up according to Unix shell-like rules for quotes and
+    backslashes.  In short: words are delimited by spaces, as long as those
+    spaces are not escaped by a backslash, or inside a quoted string.
+    Single and double quotes are equivalent, and the quote characters can
+    be backslash-escaped.  The backslash is stripped from any two-character
+    escape sequence, leaving only the escaped character.  The quote
+    characters are stripped from any quoted string.  Returns a list of
+    words.
+    """
+
+    # This is a nice algorithm for splitting up a single string, since it
+    # doesn't require character-by-character examination.  It was a little
+    # bit of a brain-bender to get it working right, though...
+    if _wordchars_re is None:
+        _init_regex()
+
+    s = s.strip()
+    words = []
+    pos = 0
+
+    while s:
+        m = _wordchars_re.match(s, pos)
+        end = m.end()
+        if end == len(s):
+            words.append(s[:end])
+            break
+
+        if s[end] in string.whitespace:
+            # unescaped, unquoted whitespace: now
+            # we definitely have a word delimiter
+            words.append(s[:end])
+            s = s[end:].lstrip()
+            pos = 0
+
+        elif s[end] == '\\':
+            # preserve whatever is being escaped;
+            # will become part of the current word
+            s = s[:end] + s[end + 1 :]
+            pos = end + 1
+
+        else:
+            if s[end] == "'":  # slurp singly-quoted string
+                m = _squote_re.match(s, end)
+            elif s[end] == '"':  # slurp doubly-quoted string
+                m = _dquote_re.match(s, end)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("this can't happen (bad char '%c')" % s[end])
+
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError("bad string (mismatched %s quotes?)" % s[end])
+
+            (beg, end) = m.span()
+            s = s[:beg] + s[beg + 1 : end - 1] + s[end:]
+            pos = m.end() - 2
+
+        if pos >= len(s):
+            words.append(s)
+            break
+
+    return words
+
+
+# split_quoted ()
+
+
+def execute(func, args, msg=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0):
+    """Perform some action that affects the outside world (eg.  by
+    writing to the filesystem).  Such actions are special because they
+    are disabled by the 'dry_run' flag.  This method takes care of all
+    that bureaucracy for you; all you have to do is supply the
+    function to call and an argument tuple for it (to embody the
+    "external action" being performed), and an optional message to
+    print.
+    """
+    if msg is None:
+        msg = f"{func.__name__}{args!r}"
+        if msg[-2:] == ',)':  # correct for singleton tuple
+            msg = msg[0:-2] + ')'
+
+    log.info(msg)
+    if not dry_run:
+        func(*args)
+
+
+def strtobool(val):
+    """Convert a string representation of truth to true (1) or false (0).
+
+    True values are 'y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', and '1'; false values
+    are 'n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', and '0'.  Raises ValueError if
+    'val' is anything else.
+    """
+    val = val.lower()
+    if val in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
+        return 1
+    elif val in ('n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', '0'):
+        return 0
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid truth value {val!r}")
+
+
+def byte_compile(  # noqa: C901
+    py_files,
+    optimize=0,
+    force=0,
+    prefix=None,
+    base_dir=None,
+    verbose=1,
+    dry_run=0,
+    direct=None,
+):
+    """Byte-compile a collection of Python source files to .pyc
+    files in a __pycache__ subdirectory.  'py_files' is a list
+    of files to compile; any files that don't end in ".py" are silently
+    skipped.  'optimize' must be one of the following:
+      0 - don't optimize
+      1 - normal optimization (like "python -O")
+      2 - extra optimization (like "python -OO")
+    If 'force' is true, all files are recompiled regardless of
+    timestamps.
+
+    The source filename encoded in each bytecode file defaults to the
+    filenames listed in 'py_files'; you can modify these with 'prefix' and
+    'basedir'.  'prefix' is a string that will be stripped off of each
+    source filename, and 'base_dir' is a directory name that will be
+    prepended (after 'prefix' is stripped).  You can supply either or both
+    (or neither) of 'prefix' and 'base_dir', as you wish.
+
+    If 'dry_run' is true, doesn't actually do anything that would
+    affect the filesystem.
+
+    Byte-compilation is either done directly in this interpreter process
+    with the standard py_compile module, or indirectly by writing a
+    temporary script and executing it.  Normally, you should let
+    'byte_compile()' figure out to use direct compilation or not (see
+    the source for details).  The 'direct' flag is used by the script
+    generated in indirect mode; unless you know what you're doing, leave
+    it set to None.
+    """
+
+    # nothing is done if sys.dont_write_bytecode is True
+    if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+        raise DistutilsByteCompileError('byte-compiling is disabled.')
+
+    # First, if the caller didn't force us into direct or indirect mode,
+    # figure out which mode we should be in.  We take a conservative
+    # approach: choose direct mode *only* if the current interpreter is
+    # in debug mode and optimize is 0.  If we're not in debug mode (-O
+    # or -OO), we don't know which level of optimization this
+    # interpreter is running with, so we can't do direct
+    # byte-compilation and be certain that it's the right thing.  Thus,
+    # always compile indirectly if the current interpreter is in either
+    # optimize mode, or if either optimization level was requested by
+    # the caller.
+    if direct is None:
+        direct = __debug__ and optimize == 0
+
+    # "Indirect" byte-compilation: write a temporary script and then
+    # run it with the appropriate flags.
+    if not direct:
+        try:
+            from tempfile import mkstemp
+
+            (script_fd, script_name) = mkstemp(".py")
+        except ImportError:
+            from tempfile import mktemp
+
+            (script_fd, script_name) = None, mktemp(".py")
+        log.info("writing byte-compilation script '%s'", script_name)
+        if not dry_run:
+            if script_fd is not None:
+                script = os.fdopen(script_fd, "w", encoding='utf-8')
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                script = open(script_name, "w", encoding='utf-8')
+
+            with script:
+                script.write(
+                    """\
+from distutils.util import byte_compile
+files = [
+"""
+                )
+
+                # XXX would be nice to write absolute filenames, just for
+                # safety's sake (script should be more robust in the face of
+                # chdir'ing before running it).  But this requires abspath'ing
+                # 'prefix' as well, and that breaks the hack in build_lib's
+                # 'byte_compile()' method that carefully tacks on a trailing
+                # slash (os.sep really) to make sure the prefix here is "just
+                # right".  This whole prefix business is rather delicate -- the
+                # problem is that it's really a directory, but I'm treating it
+                # as a dumb string, so trailing slashes and so forth matter.
+
+                script.write(",\n".join(map(repr, py_files)) + "]\n")
+                script.write(
+                    f"""
+byte_compile(files, optimize={optimize!r}, force={force!r},
+             prefix={prefix!r}, base_dir={base_dir!r},
+             verbose={verbose!r}, dry_run=0,
+             direct=1)
+"""
+                )
+
+        cmd = [sys.executable]
+        cmd.extend(subprocess._optim_args_from_interpreter_flags())
+        cmd.append(script_name)
+        spawn(cmd, dry_run=dry_run)
+        execute(os.remove, (script_name,), "removing %s" % script_name, dry_run=dry_run)
+
+    # "Direct" byte-compilation: use the py_compile module to compile
+    # right here, right now.  Note that the script generated in indirect
+    # mode simply calls 'byte_compile()' in direct mode, a weird sort of
+    # cross-process recursion.  Hey, it works!
+    else:
+        from py_compile import compile
+
+        for file in py_files:
+            if file[-3:] != ".py":
+                # This lets us be lazy and not filter filenames in
+                # the "install_lib" command.
+                continue
+
+            # Terminology from the py_compile module:
+            #   cfile - byte-compiled file
+            #   dfile - purported source filename (same as 'file' by default)
+            if optimize >= 0:
+                opt = '' if optimize == 0 else optimize
+                cfile = importlib.util.cache_from_source(file, optimization=opt)
+            else:
+                cfile = importlib.util.cache_from_source(file)
+            dfile = file
+            if prefix:
+                if file[: len(prefix)] != prefix:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"invalid prefix: filename {file!r} doesn't start with {prefix!r}"
+                    )
+                dfile = dfile[len(prefix) :]
+            if base_dir:
+                dfile = os.path.join(base_dir, dfile)
+
+            cfile_base = os.path.basename(cfile)
+            if direct:
+                if force or newer(file, cfile):
+                    log.info("byte-compiling %s to %s", file, cfile_base)
+                    if not dry_run:
+                        compile(file, cfile, dfile)
+                else:
+                    log.debug("skipping byte-compilation of %s to %s", file, cfile_base)
+
+
+def rfc822_escape(header):
+    """Return a version of the string escaped for inclusion in an
+    RFC-822 header, by ensuring there are 8 spaces space after each newline.
+    """
+    indent = 8 * " "
+    lines = header.splitlines(keepends=True)
+
+    # Emulate the behaviour of `str.split`
+    # (the terminal line break in `splitlines` does not result in an extra line):
+    ends_in_newline = lines and lines[-1].splitlines()[0] != lines[-1]
+    suffix = indent if ends_in_newline else ""
+
+    return indent.join(lines) + suffix
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/version.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..806d233ca59138c7c0195eeb7106f98fb0b279f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/version.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+#
+# distutils/version.py
+#
+# Implements multiple version numbering conventions for the
+# Python Module Distribution Utilities.
+#
+# $Id$
+#
+
+"""Provides classes to represent module version numbers (one class for
+each style of version numbering).  There are currently two such classes
+implemented: StrictVersion and LooseVersion.
+
+Every version number class implements the following interface:
+  * the 'parse' method takes a string and parses it to some internal
+    representation; if the string is an invalid version number,
+    'parse' raises a ValueError exception
+  * the class constructor takes an optional string argument which,
+    if supplied, is passed to 'parse'
+  * __str__ reconstructs the string that was passed to 'parse' (or
+    an equivalent string -- ie. one that will generate an equivalent
+    version number instance)
+  * __repr__ generates Python code to recreate the version number instance
+  * _cmp compares the current instance with either another instance
+    of the same class or a string (which will be parsed to an instance
+    of the same class, thus must follow the same rules)
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import re
+import warnings
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress_known_deprecation():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as ctx:
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            action='default',
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            message="distutils Version classes are deprecated.",
+        )
+        yield ctx
+
+
+class Version:
+    """Abstract base class for version numbering classes.  Just provides
+    constructor (__init__) and reproducer (__repr__), because those
+    seem to be the same for all version numbering classes; and route
+    rich comparisons to _cmp.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, vstring=None):
+        if vstring:
+            self.parse(vstring)
+        warnings.warn(
+            "distutils Version classes are deprecated. "
+            "Use packaging.version instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__} ('{str(self)}')"
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        c = self._cmp(other)
+        if c is NotImplemented:
+            return c
+        return c == 0
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        c = self._cmp(other)
+        if c is NotImplemented:
+            return c
+        return c < 0
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        c = self._cmp(other)
+        if c is NotImplemented:
+            return c
+        return c <= 0
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        c = self._cmp(other)
+        if c is NotImplemented:
+            return c
+        return c > 0
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        c = self._cmp(other)
+        if c is NotImplemented:
+            return c
+        return c >= 0
+
+
+# Interface for version-number classes -- must be implemented
+# by the following classes (the concrete ones -- Version should
+# be treated as an abstract class).
+#    __init__ (string) - create and take same action as 'parse'
+#                        (string parameter is optional)
+#    parse (string)    - convert a string representation to whatever
+#                        internal representation is appropriate for
+#                        this style of version numbering
+#    __str__ (self)    - convert back to a string; should be very similar
+#                        (if not identical to) the string supplied to parse
+#    __repr__ (self)   - generate Python code to recreate
+#                        the instance
+#    _cmp (self, other) - compare two version numbers ('other' may
+#                        be an unparsed version string, or another
+#                        instance of your version class)
+
+
+class StrictVersion(Version):
+    """Version numbering for anal retentives and software idealists.
+    Implements the standard interface for version number classes as
+    described above.  A version number consists of two or three
+    dot-separated numeric components, with an optional "pre-release" tag
+    on the end.  The pre-release tag consists of the letter 'a' or 'b'
+    followed by a number.  If the numeric components of two version
+    numbers are equal, then one with a pre-release tag will always
+    be deemed earlier (lesser) than one without.
+
+    The following are valid version numbers (shown in the order that
+    would be obtained by sorting according to the supplied cmp function):
+
+        0.4       0.4.0  (these two are equivalent)
+        0.4.1
+        0.5a1
+        0.5b3
+        0.5
+        0.9.6
+        1.0
+        1.0.4a3
+        1.0.4b1
+        1.0.4
+
+    The following are examples of invalid version numbers:
+
+        1
+        2.7.2.2
+        1.3.a4
+        1.3pl1
+        1.3c4
+
+    The rationale for this version numbering system will be explained
+    in the distutils documentation.
+    """
+
+    version_re = re.compile(
+        r'^(\d+) \. (\d+) (\. (\d+))? ([ab](\d+))?$', re.VERBOSE | re.ASCII
+    )
+
+    def parse(self, vstring):
+        match = self.version_re.match(vstring)
+        if not match:
+            raise ValueError("invalid version number '%s'" % vstring)
+
+        (major, minor, patch, prerelease, prerelease_num) = match.group(1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
+
+        if patch:
+            self.version = tuple(map(int, [major, minor, patch]))
+        else:
+            self.version = tuple(map(int, [major, minor])) + (0,)
+
+        if prerelease:
+            self.prerelease = (prerelease[0], int(prerelease_num))
+        else:
+            self.prerelease = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.version[2] == 0:
+            vstring = '.'.join(map(str, self.version[0:2]))
+        else:
+            vstring = '.'.join(map(str, self.version))
+
+        if self.prerelease:
+            vstring = vstring + self.prerelease[0] + str(self.prerelease[1])
+
+        return vstring
+
+    def _cmp(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            with suppress_known_deprecation():
+                other = StrictVersion(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, StrictVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        if self.version == other.version:
+            # versions match; pre-release drives the comparison
+            return self._cmp_prerelease(other)
+
+        return -1 if self.version < other.version else 1
+
+    def _cmp_prerelease(self, other):
+        """
+        case 1: self has prerelease, other doesn't; other is greater
+        case 2: self doesn't have prerelease, other does: self is greater
+        case 3: both or neither have prerelease: compare them!
+        """
+        if self.prerelease and not other.prerelease:
+            return -1
+        elif not self.prerelease and other.prerelease:
+            return 1
+
+        if self.prerelease == other.prerelease:
+            return 0
+        elif self.prerelease < other.prerelease:
+            return -1
+        else:
+            return 1
+
+
+# end class StrictVersion
+
+
+# The rules according to Greg Stein:
+# 1) a version number has 1 or more numbers separated by a period or by
+#    sequences of letters. If only periods, then these are compared
+#    left-to-right to determine an ordering.
+# 2) sequences of letters are part of the tuple for comparison and are
+#    compared lexicographically
+# 3) recognize the numeric components may have leading zeroes
+#
+# The LooseVersion class below implements these rules: a version number
+# string is split up into a tuple of integer and string components, and
+# comparison is a simple tuple comparison.  This means that version
+# numbers behave in a predictable and obvious way, but a way that might
+# not necessarily be how people *want* version numbers to behave.  There
+# wouldn't be a problem if people could stick to purely numeric version
+# numbers: just split on period and compare the numbers as tuples.
+# However, people insist on putting letters into their version numbers;
+# the most common purpose seems to be:
+#   - indicating a "pre-release" version
+#     ('alpha', 'beta', 'a', 'b', 'pre', 'p')
+#   - indicating a post-release patch ('p', 'pl', 'patch')
+# but of course this can't cover all version number schemes, and there's
+# no way to know what a programmer means without asking him.
+#
+# The problem is what to do with letters (and other non-numeric
+# characters) in a version number.  The current implementation does the
+# obvious and predictable thing: keep them as strings and compare
+# lexically within a tuple comparison.  This has the desired effect if
+# an appended letter sequence implies something "post-release":
+# eg. "0.99" < "0.99pl14" < "1.0", and "5.001" < "5.001m" < "5.002".
+#
+# However, if letters in a version number imply a pre-release version,
+# the "obvious" thing isn't correct.  Eg. you would expect that
+# "1.5.1" < "1.5.2a2" < "1.5.2", but under the tuple/lexical comparison
+# implemented here, this just isn't so.
+#
+# Two possible solutions come to mind.  The first is to tie the
+# comparison algorithm to a particular set of semantic rules, as has
+# been done in the StrictVersion class above.  This works great as long
+# as everyone can go along with bondage and discipline.  Hopefully a
+# (large) subset of Python module programmers will agree that the
+# particular flavour of bondage and discipline provided by StrictVersion
+# provides enough benefit to be worth using, and will submit their
+# version numbering scheme to its domination.  The free-thinking
+# anarchists in the lot will never give in, though, and something needs
+# to be done to accommodate them.
+#
+# Perhaps a "moderately strict" version class could be implemented that
+# lets almost anything slide (syntactically), and makes some heuristic
+# assumptions about non-digits in version number strings.  This could
+# sink into special-case-hell, though; if I was as talented and
+# idiosyncratic as Larry Wall, I'd go ahead and implement a class that
+# somehow knows that "1.2.1" < "1.2.2a2" < "1.2.2" < "1.2.2pl3", and is
+# just as happy dealing with things like "2g6" and "1.13++".  I don't
+# think I'm smart enough to do it right though.
+#
+# In any case, I've coded the test suite for this module (see
+# ../test/test_version.py) specifically to fail on things like comparing
+# "1.2a2" and "1.2".  That's not because the *code* is doing anything
+# wrong, it's because the simple, obvious design doesn't match my
+# complicated, hairy expectations for real-world version numbers.  It
+# would be a snap to fix the test suite to say, "Yep, LooseVersion does
+# the Right Thing" (ie. the code matches the conception).  But I'd rather
+# have a conception that matches common notions about version numbers.
+
+
+class LooseVersion(Version):
+    """Version numbering for anarchists and software realists.
+    Implements the standard interface for version number classes as
+    described above.  A version number consists of a series of numbers,
+    separated by either periods or strings of letters.  When comparing
+    version numbers, the numeric components will be compared
+    numerically, and the alphabetic components lexically.  The following
+    are all valid version numbers, in no particular order:
+
+        1.5.1
+        1.5.2b2
+        161
+        3.10a
+        8.02
+        3.4j
+        1996.07.12
+        3.2.pl0
+        3.1.1.6
+        2g6
+        11g
+        0.960923
+        2.2beta29
+        1.13++
+        5.5.kw
+        2.0b1pl0
+
+    In fact, there is no such thing as an invalid version number under
+    this scheme; the rules for comparison are simple and predictable,
+    but may not always give the results you want (for some definition
+    of "want").
+    """
+
+    component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.)', re.VERBOSE)
+
+    def parse(self, vstring):
+        # I've given up on thinking I can reconstruct the version string
+        # from the parsed tuple -- so I just store the string here for
+        # use by __str__
+        self.vstring = vstring
+        components = [x for x in self.component_re.split(vstring) if x and x != '.']
+        for i, obj in enumerate(components):
+            try:
+                components[i] = int(obj)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        self.version = components
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.vstring
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "LooseVersion ('%s')" % str(self)
+
+    def _cmp(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            other = LooseVersion(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, LooseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        if self.version == other.version:
+            return 0
+        if self.version < other.version:
+            return -1
+        if self.version > other.version:
+            return 1
+
+
+# end class LooseVersion
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/versionpredicate.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/versionpredicate.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31c420168cc02284ca8661768663fd669db1bc02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/versionpredicate.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+"""Module for parsing and testing package version predicate strings."""
+
+import operator
+import re
+
+from . import version
+
+re_validPackage = re.compile(r"(?i)^\s*([a-z_]\w*(?:\.[a-z_]\w*)*)(.*)", re.ASCII)
+# (package) (rest)
+
+re_paren = re.compile(r"^\s*\((.*)\)\s*$")  # (list) inside of parentheses
+re_splitComparison = re.compile(r"^\s*(<=|>=|<|>|!=|==)\s*([^\s,]+)\s*$")
+# (comp) (version)
+
+
+def splitUp(pred):
+    """Parse a single version comparison.
+
+    Return (comparison string, StrictVersion)
+    """
+    res = re_splitComparison.match(pred)
+    if not res:
+        raise ValueError("bad package restriction syntax: %r" % pred)
+    comp, verStr = res.groups()
+    with version.suppress_known_deprecation():
+        other = version.StrictVersion(verStr)
+    return (comp, other)
+
+
+compmap = {
+    "<": operator.lt,
+    "<=": operator.le,
+    "==": operator.eq,
+    ">": operator.gt,
+    ">=": operator.ge,
+    "!=": operator.ne,
+}
+
+
+class VersionPredicate:
+    """Parse and test package version predicates.
+
+    >>> v = VersionPredicate('pyepat.abc (>1.0, <3333.3a1, !=1555.1b3)')
+
+    The `name` attribute provides the full dotted name that is given::
+
+    >>> v.name
+    'pyepat.abc'
+
+    The str() of a `VersionPredicate` provides a normalized
+    human-readable version of the expression::
+
+    >>> print(v)
+    pyepat.abc (> 1.0, < 3333.3a1, != 1555.1b3)
+
+    The `satisfied_by()` method can be used to determine with a given
+    version number is included in the set described by the version
+    restrictions::
+
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('1.1')
+    True
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('1.4')
+    True
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('1.0')
+    False
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('4444.4')
+    False
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('1555.1b3')
+    False
+
+    `VersionPredicate` is flexible in accepting extra whitespace::
+
+    >>> v = VersionPredicate(' pat( ==  0.1  )  ')
+    >>> v.name
+    'pat'
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('0.1')
+    True
+    >>> v.satisfied_by('0.2')
+    False
+
+    If any version numbers passed in do not conform to the
+    restrictions of `StrictVersion`, a `ValueError` is raised::
+
+    >>> v = VersionPredicate('p1.p2.p3.p4(>=1.0, <=1.3a1, !=1.2zb3)')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    ValueError: invalid version number '1.2zb3'
+
+    It the module or package name given does not conform to what's
+    allowed as a legal module or package name, `ValueError` is
+    raised::
+
+    >>> v = VersionPredicate('foo-bar')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    ValueError: expected parenthesized list: '-bar'
+
+    >>> v = VersionPredicate('foo bar (12.21)')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    ValueError: expected parenthesized list: 'bar (12.21)'
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, versionPredicateStr):
+        """Parse a version predicate string."""
+        # Fields:
+        #    name:  package name
+        #    pred:  list of (comparison string, StrictVersion)
+
+        versionPredicateStr = versionPredicateStr.strip()
+        if not versionPredicateStr:
+            raise ValueError("empty package restriction")
+        match = re_validPackage.match(versionPredicateStr)
+        if not match:
+            raise ValueError("bad package name in %r" % versionPredicateStr)
+        self.name, paren = match.groups()
+        paren = paren.strip()
+        if paren:
+            match = re_paren.match(paren)
+            if not match:
+                raise ValueError("expected parenthesized list: %r" % paren)
+            str = match.groups()[0]
+            self.pred = [splitUp(aPred) for aPred in str.split(",")]
+            if not self.pred:
+                raise ValueError("empty parenthesized list in %r" % versionPredicateStr)
+        else:
+            self.pred = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.pred:
+            seq = [cond + " " + str(ver) for cond, ver in self.pred]
+            return self.name + " (" + ", ".join(seq) + ")"
+        else:
+            return self.name
+
+    def satisfied_by(self, version):
+        """True if version is compatible with all the predicates in self.
+        The parameter version must be acceptable to the StrictVersion
+        constructor.  It may be either a string or StrictVersion.
+        """
+        for cond, ver in self.pred:
+            if not compmap[cond](version, ver):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+_provision_rx = None
+
+
+def split_provision(value):
+    """Return the name and optional version number of a provision.
+
+    The version number, if given, will be returned as a `StrictVersion`
+    instance, otherwise it will be `None`.
+
+    >>> split_provision('mypkg')
+    ('mypkg', None)
+    >>> split_provision(' mypkg( 1.2 ) ')
+    ('mypkg', StrictVersion ('1.2'))
+    """
+    global _provision_rx
+    if _provision_rx is None:
+        _provision_rx = re.compile(
+            r"([a-zA-Z_]\w*(?:\.[a-zA-Z_]\w*)*)(?:\s*\(\s*([^)\s]+)\s*\))?$", re.ASCII
+        )
+    value = value.strip()
+    m = _provision_rx.match(value)
+    if not m:
+        raise ValueError("illegal provides specification: %r" % value)
+    ver = m.group(2) or None
+    if ver:
+        with version.suppress_known_deprecation():
+            ver = version.StrictVersion(ver)
+    return m.group(1), ver
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/zosccompiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/zosccompiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7a7ca61cf8b466316cb63f991259e8c2cd07c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_distutils/zosccompiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+"""distutils.zosccompiler
+
+Contains the selection of the c & c++ compilers on z/OS. There are several
+different c compilers on z/OS, all of them are optional, so the correct
+one needs to be chosen based on the users input. This is compatible with
+the following compilers:
+
+IBM C/C++ For Open Enterprise Languages on z/OS 2.0
+IBM Open XL C/C++ 1.1 for z/OS
+IBM XL C/C++ V2.4.1 for z/OS 2.4 and 2.5
+IBM z/OS XL C/C++
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from . import sysconfig
+from .errors import CompileError, DistutilsExecError
+from .unixccompiler import UnixCCompiler
+
+_cc_args = {
+    'ibm-openxl': [
+        '-m64',
+        '-fvisibility=default',
+        '-fzos-le-char-mode=ascii',
+        '-fno-short-enums',
+    ],
+    'ibm-xlclang': [
+        '-q64',
+        '-qexportall',
+        '-qascii',
+        '-qstrict',
+        '-qnocsect',
+        '-Wa,asa,goff',
+        '-Wa,xplink',
+        '-qgonumber',
+        '-qenum=int',
+        '-Wc,DLL',
+    ],
+    'ibm-xlc': [
+        '-q64',
+        '-qexportall',
+        '-qascii',
+        '-qstrict',
+        '-qnocsect',
+        '-Wa,asa,goff',
+        '-Wa,xplink',
+        '-qgonumber',
+        '-qenum=int',
+        '-Wc,DLL',
+        '-qlanglvl=extc99',
+    ],
+}
+
+_cxx_args = {
+    'ibm-openxl': [
+        '-m64',
+        '-fvisibility=default',
+        '-fzos-le-char-mode=ascii',
+        '-fno-short-enums',
+    ],
+    'ibm-xlclang': [
+        '-q64',
+        '-qexportall',
+        '-qascii',
+        '-qstrict',
+        '-qnocsect',
+        '-Wa,asa,goff',
+        '-Wa,xplink',
+        '-qgonumber',
+        '-qenum=int',
+        '-Wc,DLL',
+    ],
+    'ibm-xlc': [
+        '-q64',
+        '-qexportall',
+        '-qascii',
+        '-qstrict',
+        '-qnocsect',
+        '-Wa,asa,goff',
+        '-Wa,xplink',
+        '-qgonumber',
+        '-qenum=int',
+        '-Wc,DLL',
+        '-qlanglvl=extended0x',
+    ],
+}
+
+_asm_args = {
+    'ibm-openxl': ['-fasm', '-fno-integrated-as', '-Wa,--ASA', '-Wa,--GOFF'],
+    'ibm-xlclang': [],
+    'ibm-xlc': [],
+}
+
+_ld_args = {
+    'ibm-openxl': [],
+    'ibm-xlclang': ['-Wl,dll', '-q64'],
+    'ibm-xlc': ['-Wl,dll', '-q64'],
+}
+
+
+# Python on z/OS is built with no compiler specific options in it's CFLAGS.
+# But each compiler requires it's own specific options to build successfully,
+# though some of the options are common between them
+class zOSCCompiler(UnixCCompiler):
+    src_extensions = ['.c', '.C', '.cc', '.cxx', '.cpp', '.m', '.s']
+    _cpp_extensions = ['.cc', '.cpp', '.cxx', '.C']
+    _asm_extensions = ['.s']
+
+    def _get_zos_compiler_name(self):
+        zos_compiler_names = [
+            os.path.basename(binary)
+            for envvar in ('CC', 'CXX', 'LDSHARED')
+            if (binary := os.environ.get(envvar, None))
+        ]
+        if len(zos_compiler_names) == 0:
+            return 'ibm-openxl'
+
+        zos_compilers = {}
+        for compiler in (
+            'ibm-clang',
+            'ibm-clang64',
+            'ibm-clang++',
+            'ibm-clang++64',
+            'clang',
+            'clang++',
+            'clang-14',
+        ):
+            zos_compilers[compiler] = 'ibm-openxl'
+
+        for compiler in ('xlclang', 'xlclang++', 'njsc', 'njsc++'):
+            zos_compilers[compiler] = 'ibm-xlclang'
+
+        for compiler in ('xlc', 'xlC', 'xlc++'):
+            zos_compilers[compiler] = 'ibm-xlc'
+
+        return zos_compilers.get(zos_compiler_names[0], 'ibm-openxl')
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
+        super().__init__(verbose, dry_run, force)
+        self.zos_compiler = self._get_zos_compiler_name()
+        sysconfig.customize_compiler(self)
+
+    def _compile(self, obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts):
+        local_args = []
+        if ext in self._cpp_extensions:
+            compiler = self.compiler_cxx
+            local_args.extend(_cxx_args[self.zos_compiler])
+        elif ext in self._asm_extensions:
+            compiler = self.compiler_so
+            local_args.extend(_cc_args[self.zos_compiler])
+            local_args.extend(_asm_args[self.zos_compiler])
+        else:
+            compiler = self.compiler_so
+            local_args.extend(_cc_args[self.zos_compiler])
+        local_args.extend(cc_args)
+
+        try:
+            self.spawn(compiler + local_args + [src, '-o', obj] + extra_postargs)
+        except DistutilsExecError as msg:
+            raise CompileError(msg)
+
+    def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
+        return '-L' + dir
+
+    def link(
+        self,
+        target_desc,
+        objects,
+        output_filename,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        # For a built module to use functions from cpython, it needs to use Pythons
+        # side deck file. The side deck is located beside the libpython3.xx.so
+        ldversion = sysconfig.get_config_var('LDVERSION')
+        if sysconfig.python_build:
+            side_deck_path = os.path.join(
+                sysconfig.get_config_var('abs_builddir'),
+                f'libpython{ldversion}.x',
+            )
+        else:
+            side_deck_path = os.path.join(
+                sysconfig.get_config_var('installed_base'),
+                sysconfig.get_config_var('platlibdir'),
+                f'libpython{ldversion}.x',
+            )
+
+        if os.path.exists(side_deck_path):
+            if extra_postargs:
+                extra_postargs.append(side_deck_path)
+            else:
+                extra_postargs = [side_deck_path]
+
+        # Check and replace libraries included side deck files
+        if runtime_library_dirs:
+            for dir in runtime_library_dirs:
+                for library in libraries[:]:
+                    library_side_deck = os.path.join(dir, f'{library}.x')
+                    if os.path.exists(library_side_deck):
+                        libraries.remove(library)
+                        extra_postargs.append(library_side_deck)
+                        break
+
+        # Any required ld args for the given compiler
+        extra_postargs.extend(_ld_args[self.zos_compiler])
+
+        super().link(
+            target_desc,
+            objects,
+            output_filename,
+            output_dir,
+            libraries,
+            library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols,
+            debug,
+            extra_preargs,
+            extra_postargs,
+            build_temp,
+            target_lang,
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/backports/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/backports/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/backports/tarfile.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/backports/tarfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7a9a6e7b9418edae60289dba9bff5d7fb7fcee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/backports/tarfile.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2900 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+# tarfile.py
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright (C) 2002 Lars Gustaebel <lars@gustaebel.de>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Permission  is  hereby granted,  free  of charge,  to  any person
+# obtaining a  copy of  this software  and associated documentation
+# files  (the  "Software"),  to   deal  in  the  Software   without
+# restriction,  including  without limitation  the  rights to  use,
+# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies  of  the  Software,  and to  permit  persons  to  whom the
+# Software  is  furnished  to  do  so,  subject  to  the  following
+# conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright  notice and this  permission notice shall  be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS  IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY  KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED TO  THE WARRANTIES
+# OF  MERCHANTABILITY,  FITNESS   FOR  A  PARTICULAR   PURPOSE  AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN  NO  EVENT SHALL  THE  AUTHORS  OR COPYRIGHT
+# HOLDERS  BE LIABLE  FOR ANY  CLAIM, DAMAGES  OR OTHER  LIABILITY,
+# WHETHER  IN AN  ACTION OF  CONTRACT, TORT  OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING
+# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+"""Read from and write to tar format archives.
+"""
+
+version     = "0.9.0"
+__author__  = "Lars Gust\u00e4bel (lars@gustaebel.de)"
+__credits__ = "Gustavo Niemeyer, Niels Gust\u00e4bel, Richard Townsend."
+
+#---------
+# Imports
+#---------
+from builtins import open as bltn_open
+import sys
+import os
+import io
+import shutil
+import stat
+import time
+import struct
+import copy
+import re
+import warnings
+
+try:
+    import pwd
+except ImportError:
+    pwd = None
+try:
+    import grp
+except ImportError:
+    grp = None
+
+# os.symlink on Windows prior to 6.0 raises NotImplementedError
+# OSError (winerror=1314) will be raised if the caller does not hold the
+# SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege
+symlink_exception = (AttributeError, NotImplementedError, OSError)
+
+# from tarfile import *
+__all__ = ["TarFile", "TarInfo", "is_tarfile", "TarError", "ReadError",
+           "CompressionError", "StreamError", "ExtractError", "HeaderError",
+           "ENCODING", "USTAR_FORMAT", "GNU_FORMAT", "PAX_FORMAT",
+           "DEFAULT_FORMAT", "open","fully_trusted_filter", "data_filter",
+           "tar_filter", "FilterError", "AbsoluteLinkError",
+           "OutsideDestinationError", "SpecialFileError", "AbsolutePathError",
+           "LinkOutsideDestinationError"]
+
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# tar constants
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+NUL = b"\0"                     # the null character
+BLOCKSIZE = 512                 # length of processing blocks
+RECORDSIZE = BLOCKSIZE * 20     # length of records
+GNU_MAGIC = b"ustar  \0"        # magic gnu tar string
+POSIX_MAGIC = b"ustar\x0000"    # magic posix tar string
+
+LENGTH_NAME = 100               # maximum length of a filename
+LENGTH_LINK = 100               # maximum length of a linkname
+LENGTH_PREFIX = 155             # maximum length of the prefix field
+
+REGTYPE = b"0"                  # regular file
+AREGTYPE = b"\0"                # regular file
+LNKTYPE = b"1"                  # link (inside tarfile)
+SYMTYPE = b"2"                  # symbolic link
+CHRTYPE = b"3"                  # character special device
+BLKTYPE = b"4"                  # block special device
+DIRTYPE = b"5"                  # directory
+FIFOTYPE = b"6"                 # fifo special device
+CONTTYPE = b"7"                 # contiguous file
+
+GNUTYPE_LONGNAME = b"L"         # GNU tar longname
+GNUTYPE_LONGLINK = b"K"         # GNU tar longlink
+GNUTYPE_SPARSE = b"S"           # GNU tar sparse file
+
+XHDTYPE = b"x"                  # POSIX.1-2001 extended header
+XGLTYPE = b"g"                  # POSIX.1-2001 global header
+SOLARIS_XHDTYPE = b"X"          # Solaris extended header
+
+USTAR_FORMAT = 0                # POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format
+GNU_FORMAT = 1                  # GNU tar format
+PAX_FORMAT = 2                  # POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format
+DEFAULT_FORMAT = PAX_FORMAT
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# tarfile constants
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# File types that tarfile supports:
+SUPPORTED_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE,
+                   SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE,
+                   CONTTYPE, CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE,
+                   GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK,
+                   GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# File types that will be treated as a regular file.
+REGULAR_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE,
+                 CONTTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# File types that are part of the GNU tar format.
+GNU_TYPES = (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK,
+             GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# Fields from a pax header that override a TarInfo attribute.
+PAX_FIELDS = ("path", "linkpath", "size", "mtime",
+              "uid", "gid", "uname", "gname")
+
+# Fields from a pax header that are affected by hdrcharset.
+PAX_NAME_FIELDS = {"path", "linkpath", "uname", "gname"}
+
+# Fields in a pax header that are numbers, all other fields
+# are treated as strings.
+PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS = {
+    "atime": float,
+    "ctime": float,
+    "mtime": float,
+    "uid": int,
+    "gid": int,
+    "size": int
+}
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# initialization
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+if os.name == "nt":
+    ENCODING = "utf-8"
+else:
+    ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# Some useful functions
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+
+def stn(s, length, encoding, errors):
+    """Convert a string to a null-terminated bytes object.
+    """
+    if s is None:
+        raise ValueError("metadata cannot contain None")
+    s = s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s[:length] + (length - len(s)) * NUL
+
+def nts(s, encoding, errors):
+    """Convert a null-terminated bytes object to a string.
+    """
+    p = s.find(b"\0")
+    if p != -1:
+        s = s[:p]
+    return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+
+def nti(s):
+    """Convert a number field to a python number.
+    """
+    # There are two possible encodings for a number field, see
+    # itn() below.
+    if s[0] in (0o200, 0o377):
+        n = 0
+        for i in range(len(s) - 1):
+            n <<= 8
+            n += s[i + 1]
+        if s[0] == 0o377:
+            n = -(256 ** (len(s) - 1) - n)
+    else:
+        try:
+            s = nts(s, "ascii", "strict")
+            n = int(s.strip() or "0", 8)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise InvalidHeaderError("invalid header")
+    return n
+
+def itn(n, digits=8, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT):
+    """Convert a python number to a number field.
+    """
+    # POSIX 1003.1-1988 requires numbers to be encoded as a string of
+    # octal digits followed by a null-byte, this allows values up to
+    # (8**(digits-1))-1. GNU tar allows storing numbers greater than
+    # that if necessary. A leading 0o200 or 0o377 byte indicate this
+    # particular encoding, the following digits-1 bytes are a big-endian
+    # base-256 representation. This allows values up to (256**(digits-1))-1.
+    # A 0o200 byte indicates a positive number, a 0o377 byte a negative
+    # number.
+    original_n = n
+    n = int(n)
+    if 0 <= n < 8 ** (digits - 1):
+        s = bytes("%0*o" % (digits - 1, n), "ascii") + NUL
+    elif format == GNU_FORMAT and -256 ** (digits - 1) <= n < 256 ** (digits - 1):
+        if n >= 0:
+            s = bytearray([0o200])
+        else:
+            s = bytearray([0o377])
+            n = 256 ** digits + n
+
+        for i in range(digits - 1):
+            s.insert(1, n & 0o377)
+            n >>= 8
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("overflow in number field")
+
+    return s
+
+def calc_chksums(buf):
+    """Calculate the checksum for a member's header by summing up all
+       characters except for the chksum field which is treated as if
+       it was filled with spaces. According to the GNU tar sources,
+       some tars (Sun and NeXT) calculate chksum with signed char,
+       which will be different if there are chars in the buffer with
+       the high bit set. So we calculate two checksums, unsigned and
+       signed.
+    """
+    unsigned_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack_from("148B8x356B", buf))
+    signed_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack_from("148b8x356b", buf))
+    return unsigned_chksum, signed_chksum
+
+def copyfileobj(src, dst, length=None, exception=OSError, bufsize=None):
+    """Copy length bytes from fileobj src to fileobj dst.
+       If length is None, copy the entire content.
+    """
+    bufsize = bufsize or 16 * 1024
+    if length == 0:
+        return
+    if length is None:
+        shutil.copyfileobj(src, dst, bufsize)
+        return
+
+    blocks, remainder = divmod(length, bufsize)
+    for b in range(blocks):
+        buf = src.read(bufsize)
+        if len(buf) < bufsize:
+            raise exception("unexpected end of data")
+        dst.write(buf)
+
+    if remainder != 0:
+        buf = src.read(remainder)
+        if len(buf) < remainder:
+            raise exception("unexpected end of data")
+        dst.write(buf)
+    return
+
+def _safe_print(s):
+    encoding = getattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding', None)
+    if encoding is not None:
+        s = s.encode(encoding, 'backslashreplace').decode(encoding)
+    print(s, end=' ')
+
+
+class TarError(Exception):
+    """Base exception."""
+    pass
+class ExtractError(TarError):
+    """General exception for extract errors."""
+    pass
+class ReadError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unreadable tar archives."""
+    pass
+class CompressionError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unavailable compression methods."""
+    pass
+class StreamError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unsupported operations on stream-like TarFiles."""
+    pass
+class HeaderError(TarError):
+    """Base exception for header errors."""
+    pass
+class EmptyHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for empty headers."""
+    pass
+class TruncatedHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for truncated headers."""
+    pass
+class EOFHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for end of file headers."""
+    pass
+class InvalidHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for invalid headers."""
+    pass
+class SubsequentHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for missing and invalid extended headers."""
+    pass
+
+#---------------------------
+# internal stream interface
+#---------------------------
+class _LowLevelFile:
+    """Low-level file object. Supports reading and writing.
+       It is used instead of a regular file object for streaming
+       access.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode):
+        mode = {
+            "r": os.O_RDONLY,
+            "w": os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC,
+        }[mode]
+        if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"):
+            mode |= os.O_BINARY
+        self.fd = os.open(name, mode, 0o666)
+
+    def close(self):
+        os.close(self.fd)
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        return os.read(self.fd, size)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        os.write(self.fd, s)
+
+class _Stream:
+    """Class that serves as an adapter between TarFile and
+       a stream-like object.  The stream-like object only
+       needs to have a read() or write() method that works with bytes,
+       and the method is accessed blockwise.
+       Use of gzip or bzip2 compression is possible.
+       A stream-like object could be for example: sys.stdin.buffer,
+       sys.stdout.buffer, a socket, a tape device etc.
+
+       _Stream is intended to be used only internally.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize,
+                 compresslevel):
+        """Construct a _Stream object.
+        """
+        self._extfileobj = True
+        if fileobj is None:
+            fileobj = _LowLevelFile(name, mode)
+            self._extfileobj = False
+
+        if comptype == '*':
+            # Enable transparent compression detection for the
+            # stream interface
+            fileobj = _StreamProxy(fileobj)
+            comptype = fileobj.getcomptype()
+
+        self.name     = name or ""
+        self.mode     = mode
+        self.comptype = comptype
+        self.fileobj  = fileobj
+        self.bufsize  = bufsize
+        self.buf      = b""
+        self.pos      = 0
+        self.closed   = False
+
+        try:
+            if comptype == "gz":
+                try:
+                    import zlib
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("zlib module is not available") from None
+                self.zlib = zlib
+                self.crc = zlib.crc32(b"")
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self.exception = zlib.error
+                    self._init_read_gz()
+                else:
+                    self._init_write_gz(compresslevel)
+
+            elif comptype == "bz2":
+                try:
+                    import bz2
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") from None
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self.dbuf = b""
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
+                    self.exception = OSError
+                else:
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Compressor(compresslevel)
+
+            elif comptype == "xz":
+                try:
+                    import lzma
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self.dbuf = b""
+                    self.cmp = lzma.LZMADecompressor()
+                    self.exception = lzma.LZMAError
+                else:
+                    self.cmp = lzma.LZMACompressor()
+
+            elif comptype != "tar":
+                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
+
+        except:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+            raise
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "closed") and not self.closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def _init_write_gz(self, compresslevel):
+        """Initialize for writing with gzip compression.
+        """
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.compressobj(compresslevel,
+                                         self.zlib.DEFLATED,
+                                         -self.zlib.MAX_WBITS,
+                                         self.zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
+                                         0)
+        timestamp = struct.pack("<L", int(time.time()))
+        self.__write(b"\037\213\010\010" + timestamp + b"\002\377")
+        if self.name.endswith(".gz"):
+            self.name = self.name[:-3]
+        # Honor "directory components removed" from RFC1952
+        self.name = os.path.basename(self.name)
+        # RFC1952 says we must use ISO-8859-1 for the FNAME field.
+        self.__write(self.name.encode("iso-8859-1", "replace") + NUL)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """Write string s to the stream.
+        """
+        if self.comptype == "gz":
+            self.crc = self.zlib.crc32(s, self.crc)
+        self.pos += len(s)
+        if self.comptype != "tar":
+            s = self.cmp.compress(s)
+        self.__write(s)
+
+    def __write(self, s):
+        """Write string s to the stream if a whole new block
+           is ready to be written.
+        """
+        self.buf += s
+        while len(self.buf) > self.bufsize:
+            self.fileobj.write(self.buf[:self.bufsize])
+            self.buf = self.buf[self.bufsize:]
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the _Stream object. No operation should be
+           done on it afterwards.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+
+        self.closed = True
+        try:
+            if self.mode == "w" and self.comptype != "tar":
+                self.buf += self.cmp.flush()
+
+            if self.mode == "w" and self.buf:
+                self.fileobj.write(self.buf)
+                self.buf = b""
+                if self.comptype == "gz":
+                    self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.crc))
+                    self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.pos & 0xffffFFFF))
+        finally:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+
+    def _init_read_gz(self):
+        """Initialize for reading a gzip compressed fileobj.
+        """
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.decompressobj(-self.zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        self.dbuf = b""
+
+        # taken from gzip.GzipFile with some alterations
+        if self.__read(2) != b"\037\213":
+            raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
+        if self.__read(1) != b"\010":
+            raise CompressionError("unsupported compression method")
+
+        flag = ord(self.__read(1))
+        self.__read(6)
+
+        if flag & 4:
+            xlen = ord(self.__read(1)) + 256 * ord(self.__read(1))
+            self.read(xlen)
+        if flag & 8:
+            while True:
+                s = self.__read(1)
+                if not s or s == NUL:
+                    break
+        if flag & 16:
+            while True:
+                s = self.__read(1)
+                if not s or s == NUL:
+                    break
+        if flag & 2:
+            self.__read(2)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the stream's file pointer position.
+        """
+        return self.pos
+
+    def seek(self, pos=0):
+        """Set the stream's file pointer to pos. Negative seeking
+           is forbidden.
+        """
+        if pos - self.pos >= 0:
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(pos - self.pos, self.bufsize)
+            for i in range(blocks):
+                self.read(self.bufsize)
+            self.read(remainder)
+        else:
+            raise StreamError("seeking backwards is not allowed")
+        return self.pos
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        """Return the next size number of bytes from the stream."""
+        assert size is not None
+        buf = self._read(size)
+        self.pos += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def _read(self, size):
+        """Return size bytes from the stream.
+        """
+        if self.comptype == "tar":
+            return self.__read(size)
+
+        c = len(self.dbuf)
+        t = [self.dbuf]
+        while c < size:
+            # Skip underlying buffer to avoid unaligned double buffering.
+            if self.buf:
+                buf = self.buf
+                self.buf = b""
+            else:
+                buf = self.fileobj.read(self.bufsize)
+                if not buf:
+                    break
+            try:
+                buf = self.cmp.decompress(buf)
+            except self.exception as e:
+                raise ReadError("invalid compressed data") from e
+            t.append(buf)
+            c += len(buf)
+        t = b"".join(t)
+        self.dbuf = t[size:]
+        return t[:size]
+
+    def __read(self, size):
+        """Return size bytes from stream. If internal buffer is empty,
+           read another block from the stream.
+        """
+        c = len(self.buf)
+        t = [self.buf]
+        while c < size:
+            buf = self.fileobj.read(self.bufsize)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            t.append(buf)
+            c += len(buf)
+        t = b"".join(t)
+        self.buf = t[size:]
+        return t[:size]
+# class _Stream
+
+class _StreamProxy(object):
+    """Small proxy class that enables transparent compression
+       detection for the Stream interface (mode 'r|*').
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.buf = self.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        self.read = self.fileobj.read
+        return self.buf
+
+    def getcomptype(self):
+        if self.buf.startswith(b"\x1f\x8b\x08"):
+            return "gz"
+        elif self.buf[0:3] == b"BZh" and self.buf[4:10] == b"1AY&SY":
+            return "bz2"
+        elif self.buf.startswith((b"\x5d\x00\x00\x80", b"\xfd7zXZ")):
+            return "xz"
+        else:
+            return "tar"
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.fileobj.close()
+# class StreamProxy
+
+#------------------------
+# Extraction file object
+#------------------------
+class _FileInFile(object):
+    """A thin wrapper around an existing file object that
+       provides a part of its data as an individual file
+       object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, name, blockinfo=None):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.size = size
+        self.position = 0
+        self.name = name
+        self.closed = False
+
+        if blockinfo is None:
+            blockinfo = [(0, size)]
+
+        # Construct a map with data and zero blocks.
+        self.map_index = 0
+        self.map = []
+        lastpos = 0
+        realpos = self.offset
+        for offset, size in blockinfo:
+            if offset > lastpos:
+                self.map.append((False, lastpos, offset, None))
+            self.map.append((True, offset, offset + size, realpos))
+            realpos += size
+            lastpos = offset + size
+        if lastpos < self.size:
+            self.map.append((False, lastpos, self.size, None))
+
+    def flush(self):
+        pass
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return self.fileobj.seekable()
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the current file position.
+        """
+        return self.position
+
+    def seek(self, position, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
+        """Seek to a position in the file.
+        """
+        if whence == io.SEEK_SET:
+            self.position = min(max(position, 0), self.size)
+        elif whence == io.SEEK_CUR:
+            if position < 0:
+                self.position = max(self.position + position, 0)
+            else:
+                self.position = min(self.position + position, self.size)
+        elif whence == io.SEEK_END:
+            self.position = max(min(self.size + position, self.size), 0)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid argument")
+        return self.position
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read data from the file.
+        """
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.size - self.position
+        else:
+            size = min(size, self.size - self.position)
+
+        buf = b""
+        while size > 0:
+            while True:
+                data, start, stop, offset = self.map[self.map_index]
+                if start <= self.position < stop:
+                    break
+                else:
+                    self.map_index += 1
+                    if self.map_index == len(self.map):
+                        self.map_index = 0
+            length = min(size, stop - self.position)
+            if data:
+                self.fileobj.seek(offset + (self.position - start))
+                b = self.fileobj.read(length)
+                if len(b) != length:
+                    raise ReadError("unexpected end of data")
+                buf += b
+            else:
+                buf += NUL * length
+            size -= length
+            self.position += length
+        return buf
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        buf = self.read(len(b))
+        b[:len(buf)] = buf
+        return len(buf)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.closed = True
+#class _FileInFile
+
+class ExFileObject(io.BufferedReader):
+
+    def __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo):
+        fileobj = _FileInFile(tarfile.fileobj, tarinfo.offset_data,
+                tarinfo.size, tarinfo.name, tarinfo.sparse)
+        super().__init__(fileobj)
+#class ExFileObject
+
+
+#-----------------------------
+# extraction filters (PEP 706)
+#-----------------------------
+
+class FilterError(TarError):
+    pass
+
+class AbsolutePathError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        super().__init__(f'member {tarinfo.name!r} has an absolute path')
+
+class OutsideDestinationError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo, path):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        self._path = path
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} would be extracted to {path!r}, '
+                         + 'which is outside the destination')
+
+class SpecialFileError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} is a special file')
+
+class AbsoluteLinkError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} is a link to an absolute path')
+
+class LinkOutsideDestinationError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo, path):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        self._path = path
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} would link to {path!r}, '
+                         + 'which is outside the destination')
+
+def _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, for_data=True):
+    new_attrs = {}
+    name = member.name
+    dest_path = os.path.realpath(dest_path)
+    # Strip leading / (tar's directory separator) from filenames.
+    # Include os.sep (target OS directory separator) as well.
+    if name.startswith(('/', os.sep)):
+        name = new_attrs['name'] = member.path.lstrip('/' + os.sep)
+    if os.path.isabs(name):
+        # Path is absolute even after stripping.
+        # For example, 'C:/foo' on Windows.
+        raise AbsolutePathError(member)
+    # Ensure we stay in the destination
+    target_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(dest_path, name))
+    if os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path:
+        raise OutsideDestinationError(member, target_path)
+    # Limit permissions (no high bits, and go-w)
+    mode = member.mode
+    if mode is not None:
+        # Strip high bits & group/other write bits
+        mode = mode & 0o755
+        if for_data:
+            # For data, handle permissions & file types
+            if member.isreg() or member.islnk():
+                if not mode & 0o100:
+                    # Clear executable bits if not executable by user
+                    mode &= ~0o111
+                # Ensure owner can read & write
+                mode |= 0o600
+            elif member.isdir() or member.issym():
+                # Ignore mode for directories & symlinks
+                mode = None
+            else:
+                # Reject special files
+                raise SpecialFileError(member)
+        if mode != member.mode:
+            new_attrs['mode'] = mode
+    if for_data:
+        # Ignore ownership for 'data'
+        if member.uid is not None:
+            new_attrs['uid'] = None
+        if member.gid is not None:
+            new_attrs['gid'] = None
+        if member.uname is not None:
+            new_attrs['uname'] = None
+        if member.gname is not None:
+            new_attrs['gname'] = None
+        # Check link destination for 'data'
+        if member.islnk() or member.issym():
+            if os.path.isabs(member.linkname):
+                raise AbsoluteLinkError(member)
+            if member.issym():
+                target_path = os.path.join(dest_path,
+                                           os.path.dirname(name),
+                                           member.linkname)
+            else:
+                target_path = os.path.join(dest_path,
+                                           member.linkname)
+            target_path = os.path.realpath(target_path)
+            if os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path:
+                raise LinkOutsideDestinationError(member, target_path)
+    return new_attrs
+
+def fully_trusted_filter(member, dest_path):
+    return member
+
+def tar_filter(member, dest_path):
+    new_attrs = _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, False)
+    if new_attrs:
+        return member.replace(**new_attrs, deep=False)
+    return member
+
+def data_filter(member, dest_path):
+    new_attrs = _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, True)
+    if new_attrs:
+        return member.replace(**new_attrs, deep=False)
+    return member
+
+_NAMED_FILTERS = {
+    "fully_trusted": fully_trusted_filter,
+    "tar": tar_filter,
+    "data": data_filter,
+}
+
+#------------------
+# Exported Classes
+#------------------
+
+# Sentinel for replace() defaults, meaning "don't change the attribute"
+_KEEP = object()
+
+class TarInfo(object):
+    """Informational class which holds the details about an
+       archive member given by a tar header block.
+       TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile.getmember(),
+       TarFile.getmembers() and TarFile.gettarinfo() and are
+       usually created internally.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = dict(
+        name = 'Name of the archive member.',
+        mode = 'Permission bits.',
+        uid = 'User ID of the user who originally stored this member.',
+        gid = 'Group ID of the user who originally stored this member.',
+        size = 'Size in bytes.',
+        mtime = 'Time of last modification.',
+        chksum = 'Header checksum.',
+        type = ('File type. type is usually one of these constants: '
+                'REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE, SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE, '
+                'CONTTYPE, CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE.'),
+        linkname = ('Name of the target file name, which is only present '
+                    'in TarInfo objects of type LNKTYPE and SYMTYPE.'),
+        uname = 'User name.',
+        gname = 'Group name.',
+        devmajor = 'Device major number.',
+        devminor = 'Device minor number.',
+        offset = 'The tar header starts here.',
+        offset_data = "The file's data starts here.",
+        pax_headers = ('A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an '
+                       'associated pax extended header.'),
+        sparse = 'Sparse member information.',
+        tarfile = None,
+        _sparse_structs = None,
+        _link_target = None,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(self, name=""):
+        """Construct a TarInfo object. name is the optional name
+           of the member.
+        """
+        self.name = name        # member name
+        self.mode = 0o644       # file permissions
+        self.uid = 0            # user id
+        self.gid = 0            # group id
+        self.size = 0           # file size
+        self.mtime = 0          # modification time
+        self.chksum = 0         # header checksum
+        self.type = REGTYPE     # member type
+        self.linkname = ""      # link name
+        self.uname = ""         # user name
+        self.gname = ""         # group name
+        self.devmajor = 0       # device major number
+        self.devminor = 0       # device minor number
+
+        self.offset = 0         # the tar header starts here
+        self.offset_data = 0    # the file's data starts here
+
+        self.sparse = None      # sparse member information
+        self.pax_headers = {}   # pax header information
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        'In pax headers, "name" is called "path".'
+        return self.name
+
+    @path.setter
+    def path(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def linkpath(self):
+        'In pax headers, "linkname" is called "linkpath".'
+        return self.linkname
+
+    @linkpath.setter
+    def linkpath(self, linkname):
+        self.linkname = linkname
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__,self.name,id(self))
+
+    def replace(self, *,
+                name=_KEEP, mtime=_KEEP, mode=_KEEP, linkname=_KEEP,
+                uid=_KEEP, gid=_KEEP, uname=_KEEP, gname=_KEEP,
+                deep=True, _KEEP=_KEEP):
+        """Return a deep copy of self with the given attributes replaced.
+        """
+        if deep:
+            result = copy.deepcopy(self)
+        else:
+            result = copy.copy(self)
+        if name is not _KEEP:
+            result.name = name
+        if mtime is not _KEEP:
+            result.mtime = mtime
+        if mode is not _KEEP:
+            result.mode = mode
+        if linkname is not _KEEP:
+            result.linkname = linkname
+        if uid is not _KEEP:
+            result.uid = uid
+        if gid is not _KEEP:
+            result.gid = gid
+        if uname is not _KEEP:
+            result.uname = uname
+        if gname is not _KEEP:
+            result.gname = gname
+        return result
+
+    def get_info(self):
+        """Return the TarInfo's attributes as a dictionary.
+        """
+        if self.mode is None:
+            mode = None
+        else:
+            mode = self.mode & 0o7777
+        info = {
+            "name":     self.name,
+            "mode":     mode,
+            "uid":      self.uid,
+            "gid":      self.gid,
+            "size":     self.size,
+            "mtime":    self.mtime,
+            "chksum":   self.chksum,
+            "type":     self.type,
+            "linkname": self.linkname,
+            "uname":    self.uname,
+            "gname":    self.gname,
+            "devmajor": self.devmajor,
+            "devminor": self.devminor
+        }
+
+        if info["type"] == DIRTYPE and not info["name"].endswith("/"):
+            info["name"] += "/"
+
+        return info
+
+    def tobuf(self, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors="surrogateescape"):
+        """Return a tar header as a string of 512 byte blocks.
+        """
+        info = self.get_info()
+        for name, value in info.items():
+            if value is None:
+                raise ValueError("%s may not be None" % name)
+
+        if format == USTAR_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_ustar_header(info, encoding, errors)
+        elif format == GNU_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_gnu_header(info, encoding, errors)
+        elif format == PAX_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_pax_header(info, encoding)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("invalid format")
+
+    def create_ustar_header(self, info, encoding, errors):
+        """Return the object as a ustar header block.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+
+        if len(info["linkname"].encode(encoding, errors)) > LENGTH_LINK:
+            raise ValueError("linkname is too long")
+
+        if len(info["name"].encode(encoding, errors)) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            info["prefix"], info["name"] = self._posix_split_name(info["name"], encoding, errors)
+
+        return self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors)
+
+    def create_gnu_header(self, info, encoding, errors):
+        """Return the object as a GNU header block sequence.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC
+
+        buf = b""
+        if len(info["linkname"].encode(encoding, errors)) > LENGTH_LINK:
+            buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["linkname"], GNUTYPE_LONGLINK, encoding, errors)
+
+        if len(info["name"].encode(encoding, errors)) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["name"], GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, encoding, errors)
+
+        return buf + self._create_header(info, GNU_FORMAT, encoding, errors)
+
+    def create_pax_header(self, info, encoding):
+        """Return the object as a ustar header block. If it cannot be
+           represented this way, prepend a pax extended header sequence
+           with supplement information.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+        pax_headers = self.pax_headers.copy()
+
+        # Test string fields for values that exceed the field length or cannot
+        # be represented in ASCII encoding.
+        for name, hname, length in (
+                ("name", "path", LENGTH_NAME), ("linkname", "linkpath", LENGTH_LINK),
+                ("uname", "uname", 32), ("gname", "gname", 32)):
+
+            if hname in pax_headers:
+                # The pax header has priority.
+                continue
+
+            # Try to encode the string as ASCII.
+            try:
+                info[name].encode("ascii", "strict")
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                pax_headers[hname] = info[name]
+                continue
+
+            if len(info[name]) > length:
+                pax_headers[hname] = info[name]
+
+        # Test number fields for values that exceed the field limit or values
+        # that like to be stored as float.
+        for name, digits in (("uid", 8), ("gid", 8), ("size", 12), ("mtime", 12)):
+            needs_pax = False
+
+            val = info[name]
+            val_is_float = isinstance(val, float)
+            val_int = round(val) if val_is_float else val
+            if not 0 <= val_int < 8 ** (digits - 1):
+                # Avoid overflow.
+                info[name] = 0
+                needs_pax = True
+            elif val_is_float:
+                # Put rounded value in ustar header, and full
+                # precision value in pax header.
+                info[name] = val_int
+                needs_pax = True
+
+            # The existing pax header has priority.
+            if needs_pax and name not in pax_headers:
+                pax_headers[name] = str(val)
+
+        # Create a pax extended header if necessary.
+        if pax_headers:
+            buf = self._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XHDTYPE, encoding)
+        else:
+            buf = b""
+
+        return buf + self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_pax_global_header(cls, pax_headers):
+        """Return the object as a pax global header block sequence.
+        """
+        return cls._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XGLTYPE, "utf-8")
+
+    def _posix_split_name(self, name, encoding, errors):
+        """Split a name longer than 100 chars into a prefix
+           and a name part.
+        """
+        components = name.split("/")
+        for i in range(1, len(components)):
+            prefix = "/".join(components[:i])
+            name = "/".join(components[i:])
+            if len(prefix.encode(encoding, errors)) <= LENGTH_PREFIX and \
+                    len(name.encode(encoding, errors)) <= LENGTH_NAME:
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("name is too long")
+
+        return prefix, name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_header(info, format, encoding, errors):
+        """Return a header block. info is a dictionary with file
+           information, format must be one of the *_FORMAT constants.
+        """
+        has_device_fields = info.get("type") in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE)
+        if has_device_fields:
+            devmajor = itn(info.get("devmajor", 0), 8, format)
+            devminor = itn(info.get("devminor", 0), 8, format)
+        else:
+            devmajor = stn("", 8, encoding, errors)
+            devminor = stn("", 8, encoding, errors)
+
+        # None values in metadata should cause ValueError.
+        # itn()/stn() do this for all fields except type.
+        filetype = info.get("type", REGTYPE)
+        if filetype is None:
+            raise ValueError("TarInfo.type must not be None")
+
+        parts = [
+            stn(info.get("name", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
+            itn(info.get("mode", 0) & 0o7777, 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("uid", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("gid", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("size", 0), 12, format),
+            itn(info.get("mtime", 0), 12, format),
+            b"        ", # checksum field
+            filetype,
+            stn(info.get("linkname", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
+            info.get("magic", POSIX_MAGIC),
+            stn(info.get("uname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
+            stn(info.get("gname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
+            devmajor,
+            devminor,
+            stn(info.get("prefix", ""), 155, encoding, errors)
+        ]
+
+        buf = struct.pack("%ds" % BLOCKSIZE, b"".join(parts))
+        chksum = calc_chksums(buf[-BLOCKSIZE:])[0]
+        buf = buf[:-364] + bytes("%06o\0" % chksum, "ascii") + buf[-357:]
+        return buf
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_payload(payload):
+        """Return the string payload filled with zero bytes
+           up to the next 512 byte border.
+        """
+        blocks, remainder = divmod(len(payload), BLOCKSIZE)
+        if remainder > 0:
+            payload += (BLOCKSIZE - remainder) * NUL
+        return payload
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_gnu_long_header(cls, name, type, encoding, errors):
+        """Return a GNUTYPE_LONGNAME or GNUTYPE_LONGLINK sequence
+           for name.
+        """
+        name = name.encode(encoding, errors) + NUL
+
+        info = {}
+        info["name"] = "././@LongLink"
+        info["type"] = type
+        info["size"] = len(name)
+        info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC
+
+        # create extended header + name blocks.
+        return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors) + \
+                cls._create_payload(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_pax_generic_header(cls, pax_headers, type, encoding):
+        """Return a POSIX.1-2008 extended or global header sequence
+           that contains a list of keyword, value pairs. The values
+           must be strings.
+        """
+        # Check if one of the fields contains surrogate characters and thereby
+        # forces hdrcharset=BINARY, see _proc_pax() for more information.
+        binary = False
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            try:
+                value.encode("utf-8", "strict")
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                binary = True
+                break
+
+        records = b""
+        if binary:
+            # Put the hdrcharset field at the beginning of the header.
+            records += b"21 hdrcharset=BINARY\n"
+
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            keyword = keyword.encode("utf-8")
+            if binary:
+                # Try to restore the original byte representation of `value'.
+                # Needless to say, that the encoding must match the string.
+                value = value.encode(encoding, "surrogateescape")
+            else:
+                value = value.encode("utf-8")
+
+            l = len(keyword) + len(value) + 3   # ' ' + '=' + '\n'
+            n = p = 0
+            while True:
+                n = l + len(str(p))
+                if n == p:
+                    break
+                p = n
+            records += bytes(str(p), "ascii") + b" " + keyword + b"=" + value + b"\n"
+
+        # We use a hardcoded "././@PaxHeader" name like star does
+        # instead of the one that POSIX recommends.
+        info = {}
+        info["name"] = "././@PaxHeader"
+        info["type"] = type
+        info["size"] = len(records)
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+
+        # Create pax header + record blocks.
+        return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace") + \
+                cls._create_payload(records)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombuf(cls, buf, encoding, errors):
+        """Construct a TarInfo object from a 512 byte bytes object.
+        """
+        if len(buf) == 0:
+            raise EmptyHeaderError("empty header")
+        if len(buf) != BLOCKSIZE:
+            raise TruncatedHeaderError("truncated header")
+        if buf.count(NUL) == BLOCKSIZE:
+            raise EOFHeaderError("end of file header")
+
+        chksum = nti(buf[148:156])
+        if chksum not in calc_chksums(buf):
+            raise InvalidHeaderError("bad checksum")
+
+        obj = cls()
+        obj.name = nts(buf[0:100], encoding, errors)
+        obj.mode = nti(buf[100:108])
+        obj.uid = nti(buf[108:116])
+        obj.gid = nti(buf[116:124])
+        obj.size = nti(buf[124:136])
+        obj.mtime = nti(buf[136:148])
+        obj.chksum = chksum
+        obj.type = buf[156:157]
+        obj.linkname = nts(buf[157:257], encoding, errors)
+        obj.uname = nts(buf[265:297], encoding, errors)
+        obj.gname = nts(buf[297:329], encoding, errors)
+        obj.devmajor = nti(buf[329:337])
+        obj.devminor = nti(buf[337:345])
+        prefix = nts(buf[345:500], encoding, errors)
+
+        # Old V7 tar format represents a directory as a regular
+        # file with a trailing slash.
+        if obj.type == AREGTYPE and obj.name.endswith("/"):
+            obj.type = DIRTYPE
+
+        # The old GNU sparse format occupies some of the unused
+        # space in the buffer for up to 4 sparse structures.
+        # Save them for later processing in _proc_sparse().
+        if obj.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE:
+            pos = 386
+            structs = []
+            for i in range(4):
+                try:
+                    offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12])
+                    numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24])
+                except ValueError:
+                    break
+                structs.append((offset, numbytes))
+                pos += 24
+            isextended = bool(buf[482])
+            origsize = nti(buf[483:495])
+            obj._sparse_structs = (structs, isextended, origsize)
+
+        # Remove redundant slashes from directories.
+        if obj.isdir():
+            obj.name = obj.name.rstrip("/")
+
+        # Reconstruct a ustar longname.
+        if prefix and obj.type not in GNU_TYPES:
+            obj.name = prefix + "/" + obj.name
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromtarfile(cls, tarfile):
+        """Return the next TarInfo object from TarFile object
+           tarfile.
+        """
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+        obj = cls.frombuf(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+        obj.offset = tarfile.fileobj.tell() - BLOCKSIZE
+        return obj._proc_member(tarfile)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # The following are methods that are called depending on the type of a
+    # member. The entry point is _proc_member() which can be overridden in a
+    # subclass to add custom _proc_*() methods. A _proc_*() method MUST
+    # implement the following
+    # operations:
+    # 1. Set self.offset_data to the position where the data blocks begin,
+    #    if there is data that follows.
+    # 2. Set tarfile.offset to the position where the next member's header will
+    #    begin.
+    # 3. Return self or another valid TarInfo object.
+    def _proc_member(self, tarfile):
+        """Choose the right processing method depending on
+           the type and call it.
+        """
+        if self.type in (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK):
+            return self._proc_gnulong(tarfile)
+        elif self.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE:
+            return self._proc_sparse(tarfile)
+        elif self.type in (XHDTYPE, XGLTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE):
+            return self._proc_pax(tarfile)
+        else:
+            return self._proc_builtin(tarfile)
+
+    def _proc_builtin(self, tarfile):
+        """Process a builtin type or an unknown type which
+           will be treated as a regular file.
+        """
+        self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        offset = self.offset_data
+        if self.isreg() or self.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            # Skip the following data blocks.
+            offset += self._block(self.size)
+        tarfile.offset = offset
+
+        # Patch the TarInfo object with saved global
+        # header information.
+        self._apply_pax_info(tarfile.pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+
+        # Remove redundant slashes from directories. This is to be consistent
+        # with frombuf().
+        if self.isdir():
+            self.name = self.name.rstrip("/")
+
+        return self
+
+    def _proc_gnulong(self, tarfile):
+        """Process the blocks that hold a GNU longname
+           or longlink member.
+        """
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size))
+
+        # Fetch the next header and process it.
+        try:
+            next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile)
+        except HeaderError as e:
+            raise SubsequentHeaderError(str(e)) from None
+
+        # Patch the TarInfo object from the next header with
+        # the longname information.
+        next.offset = self.offset
+        if self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGNAME:
+            next.name = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+        elif self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGLINK:
+            next.linkname = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+
+        # Remove redundant slashes from directories. This is to be consistent
+        # with frombuf().
+        if next.isdir():
+            next.name = next.name.removesuffix("/")
+
+        return next
+
+    def _proc_sparse(self, tarfile):
+        """Process a GNU sparse header plus extra headers.
+        """
+        # We already collected some sparse structures in frombuf().
+        structs, isextended, origsize = self._sparse_structs
+        del self._sparse_structs
+
+        # Collect sparse structures from extended header blocks.
+        while isextended:
+            buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+            pos = 0
+            for i in range(21):
+                try:
+                    offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12])
+                    numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24])
+                except ValueError:
+                    break
+                if offset and numbytes:
+                    structs.append((offset, numbytes))
+                pos += 24
+            isextended = bool(buf[504])
+        self.sparse = structs
+
+        self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        tarfile.offset = self.offset_data + self._block(self.size)
+        self.size = origsize
+        return self
+
+    def _proc_pax(self, tarfile):
+        """Process an extended or global header as described in
+           POSIX.1-2008.
+        """
+        # Read the header information.
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size))
+
+        # A pax header stores supplemental information for either
+        # the following file (extended) or all following files
+        # (global).
+        if self.type == XGLTYPE:
+            pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers
+        else:
+            pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers.copy()
+
+        # Check if the pax header contains a hdrcharset field. This tells us
+        # the encoding of the path, linkpath, uname and gname fields. Normally,
+        # these fields are UTF-8 encoded but since POSIX.1-2008 tar
+        # implementations are allowed to store them as raw binary strings if
+        # the translation to UTF-8 fails.
+        match = re.search(br"\d+ hdrcharset=([^\n]+)\n", buf)
+        if match is not None:
+            pax_headers["hdrcharset"] = match.group(1).decode("utf-8")
+
+        # For the time being, we don't care about anything other than "BINARY".
+        # The only other value that is currently allowed by the standard is
+        # "ISO-IR 10646 2000 UTF-8" in other words UTF-8.
+        hdrcharset = pax_headers.get("hdrcharset")
+        if hdrcharset == "BINARY":
+            encoding = tarfile.encoding
+        else:
+            encoding = "utf-8"
+
+        # Parse pax header information. A record looks like that:
+        # "%d %s=%s\n" % (length, keyword, value). length is the size
+        # of the complete record including the length field itself and
+        # the newline. keyword and value are both UTF-8 encoded strings.
+        regex = re.compile(br"(\d+) ([^=]+)=")
+        pos = 0
+        while match := regex.match(buf, pos):
+            length, keyword = match.groups()
+            length = int(length)
+            if length == 0:
+                raise InvalidHeaderError("invalid header")
+            value = buf[match.end(2) + 1:match.start(1) + length - 1]
+
+            # Normally, we could just use "utf-8" as the encoding and "strict"
+            # as the error handler, but we better not take the risk. For
+            # example, GNU tar <= 1.23 is known to store filenames it cannot
+            # translate to UTF-8 as raw strings (unfortunately without a
+            # hdrcharset=BINARY header).
+            # We first try the strict standard encoding, and if that fails we
+            # fall back on the user's encoding and error handler.
+            keyword = self._decode_pax_field(keyword, "utf-8", "utf-8",
+                    tarfile.errors)
+            if keyword in PAX_NAME_FIELDS:
+                value = self._decode_pax_field(value, encoding, tarfile.encoding,
+                        tarfile.errors)
+            else:
+                value = self._decode_pax_field(value, "utf-8", "utf-8",
+                        tarfile.errors)
+
+            pax_headers[keyword] = value
+            pos += length
+
+        # Fetch the next header.
+        try:
+            next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile)
+        except HeaderError as e:
+            raise SubsequentHeaderError(str(e)) from None
+
+        # Process GNU sparse information.
+        if "GNU.sparse.map" in pax_headers:
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 0.1.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_01(next, pax_headers)
+
+        elif "GNU.sparse.size" in pax_headers:
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 0.0.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_00(next, pax_headers, buf)
+
+        elif pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.major") == "1" and pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.minor") == "0":
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 1.0.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_10(next, pax_headers, tarfile)
+
+        if self.type in (XHDTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE):
+            # Patch the TarInfo object with the extended header info.
+            next._apply_pax_info(pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+            next.offset = self.offset
+
+            if "size" in pax_headers:
+                # If the extended header replaces the size field,
+                # we need to recalculate the offset where the next
+                # header starts.
+                offset = next.offset_data
+                if next.isreg() or next.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+                    offset += next._block(next.size)
+                tarfile.offset = offset
+
+        return next
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_00(self, next, pax_headers, buf):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.0.
+        """
+        offsets = []
+        for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.offset=(\d+)\n", buf):
+            offsets.append(int(match.group(1)))
+        numbytes = []
+        for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.numbytes=(\d+)\n", buf):
+            numbytes.append(int(match.group(1)))
+        next.sparse = list(zip(offsets, numbytes))
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_01(self, next, pax_headers):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.1.
+        """
+        sparse = [int(x) for x in pax_headers["GNU.sparse.map"].split(",")]
+        next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2]))
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_10(self, next, pax_headers, tarfile):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 1.0.
+        """
+        fields = None
+        sparse = []
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+        fields, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1)
+        fields = int(fields)
+        while len(sparse) < fields * 2:
+            if b"\n" not in buf:
+                buf += tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+            number, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1)
+            sparse.append(int(number))
+        next.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2]))
+
+    def _apply_pax_info(self, pax_headers, encoding, errors):
+        """Replace fields with supplemental information from a previous
+           pax extended or global header.
+        """
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            if keyword == "GNU.sparse.name":
+                setattr(self, "path", value)
+            elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.size":
+                setattr(self, "size", int(value))
+            elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.realsize":
+                setattr(self, "size", int(value))
+            elif keyword in PAX_FIELDS:
+                if keyword in PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS:
+                    try:
+                        value = PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS[keyword](value)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        value = 0
+                if keyword == "path":
+                    value = value.rstrip("/")
+                setattr(self, keyword, value)
+
+        self.pax_headers = pax_headers.copy()
+
+    def _decode_pax_field(self, value, encoding, fallback_encoding, fallback_errors):
+        """Decode a single field from a pax record.
+        """
+        try:
+            return value.decode(encoding, "strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return value.decode(fallback_encoding, fallback_errors)
+
+    def _block(self, count):
+        """Round up a byte count by BLOCKSIZE and return it,
+           e.g. _block(834) => 1024.
+        """
+        blocks, remainder = divmod(count, BLOCKSIZE)
+        if remainder:
+            blocks += 1
+        return blocks * BLOCKSIZE
+
+    def isreg(self):
+        'Return True if the Tarinfo object is a regular file.'
+        return self.type in REGULAR_TYPES
+
+    def isfile(self):
+        'Return True if the Tarinfo object is a regular file.'
+        return self.isreg()
+
+    def isdir(self):
+        'Return True if it is a directory.'
+        return self.type == DIRTYPE
+
+    def issym(self):
+        'Return True if it is a symbolic link.'
+        return self.type == SYMTYPE
+
+    def islnk(self):
+        'Return True if it is a hard link.'
+        return self.type == LNKTYPE
+
+    def ischr(self):
+        'Return True if it is a character device.'
+        return self.type == CHRTYPE
+
+    def isblk(self):
+        'Return True if it is a block device.'
+        return self.type == BLKTYPE
+
+    def isfifo(self):
+        'Return True if it is a FIFO.'
+        return self.type == FIFOTYPE
+
+    def issparse(self):
+        return self.sparse is not None
+
+    def isdev(self):
+        'Return True if it is one of character device, block device or FIFO.'
+        return self.type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, FIFOTYPE)
+# class TarInfo
+
+class TarFile(object):
+    """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
+    """
+
+    debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)
+
+    dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the
+                                # tar file, else the link.
+
+    ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
+                                # continues processing.
+
+    errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
+                                # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
+                                # are passed to the caller as exceptions.
+
+    format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.
+
+    encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.
+
+    errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.
+
+    tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.
+
+    fileobject = ExFileObject   # The file-object for extractfile().
+
+    extraction_filter = None    # The default filter for extraction.
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
+            tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
+            errors="surrogateescape", pax_headers=None, debug=None,
+            errorlevel=None, copybufsize=None):
+        """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
+           read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
+           file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
+           defaults to 'r'.
+           If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
+           can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
+           `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
+        """
+        modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb", "x": "xb"}
+        if mode not in modes:
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a', 'w' or 'x'")
+        self.mode = mode
+        self._mode = modes[mode]
+
+        if not fileobj:
+            if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
+                # Create nonexistent files in append mode.
+                self.mode = "w"
+                self._mode = "wb"
+            fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
+            self._extfileobj = False
+        else:
+            if (name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name") and
+                isinstance(fileobj.name, (str, bytes))):
+                name = fileobj.name
+            if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
+                self._mode = fileobj.mode
+            self._extfileobj = True
+        self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+
+        # Init attributes.
+        if format is not None:
+            self.format = format
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        if dereference is not None:
+            self.dereference = dereference
+        if ignore_zeros is not None:
+            self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
+        if encoding is not None:
+            self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+
+        if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
+            self.pax_headers = pax_headers
+        else:
+            self.pax_headers = {}
+
+        if debug is not None:
+            self.debug = debug
+        if errorlevel is not None:
+            self.errorlevel = errorlevel
+
+        # Init datastructures.
+        self.copybufsize = copybufsize
+        self.closed = False
+        self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects
+        self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read
+        self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
+                                # current position in the archive file
+        self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of
+                                # archive members already added
+
+        try:
+            if self.mode == "r":
+                self.firstmember = None
+                self.firstmember = self.next()
+
+            if self.mode == "a":
+                # Move to the end of the archive,
+                # before the first empty block.
+                while True:
+                    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+                    try:
+                        tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
+                        self.members.append(tarinfo)
+                    except EOFHeaderError:
+                        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+                        break
+                    except HeaderError as e:
+                        raise ReadError(str(e)) from None
+
+            if self.mode in ("a", "w", "x"):
+                self._loaded = True
+
+                if self.pax_headers:
+                    buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
+                    self.fileobj.write(buf)
+                    self.offset += len(buf)
+        except:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+            raise
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
+    # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
+    # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
+    # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
+    # from OPEN_METH.
+    #
+    # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
+    # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
+    # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
+        r"""Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
+           an appropriate TarFile class.
+
+           mode:
+           'r' or 'r:\*' open for reading with transparent compression
+           'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
+           'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
+           'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
+           'r:xz'       open for reading with lzma compression
+           'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
+           'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
+           'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
+           'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
+           'w:xz'       open for writing with lzma compression
+
+           'x' or 'x:'  create a tarfile exclusively without compression, raise
+                        an exception if the file is already created
+           'x:gz'       create a gzip compressed tarfile, raise an exception
+                        if the file is already created
+           'x:bz2'      create a bzip2 compressed tarfile, raise an exception
+                        if the file is already created
+           'x:xz'       create an lzma compressed tarfile, raise an exception
+                        if the file is already created
+
+           'r|\*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
+           'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
+           'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'r|xz'       open an lzma compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
+           'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
+           'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
+           'w|xz'       open an lzma compressed stream for writing
+        """
+
+        if not name and not fileobj:
+            raise ValueError("nothing to open")
+
+        if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
+            # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
+            def not_compressed(comptype):
+                return cls.OPEN_METH[comptype] == 'taropen'
+            error_msgs = []
+            for comptype in sorted(cls.OPEN_METH, key=not_compressed):
+                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
+                if fileobj is not None:
+                    saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
+                try:
+                    return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
+                except (ReadError, CompressionError) as e:
+                    error_msgs.append(f'- method {comptype}: {e!r}')
+                    if fileobj is not None:
+                        fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
+                    continue
+            error_msgs_summary = '\n'.join(error_msgs)
+            raise ReadError(f"file could not be opened successfully:\n{error_msgs_summary}")
+
+        elif ":" in mode:
+            filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
+            filemode = filemode or "r"
+            comptype = comptype or "tar"
+
+            # Select the *open() function according to
+            # given compression.
+            if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
+                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
+            else:
+                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
+            return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+        elif "|" in mode:
+            filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
+            filemode = filemode or "r"
+            comptype = comptype or "tar"
+
+            if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
+                raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
+
+            compresslevel = kwargs.pop("compresslevel", 9)
+            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize,
+                             compresslevel)
+            try:
+                t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
+            except:
+                stream.close()
+                raise
+            t._extfileobj = False
+            return t
+
+        elif mode in ("a", "w", "x"):
+            return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+        raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
+        """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+        """
+        if mode not in ("r", "a", "w", "x"):
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a', 'w' or 'x'")
+        return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
+        """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if mode not in ("r", "w", "x"):
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'w' or 'x'")
+
+        try:
+            from gzip import GzipFile
+        except ImportError:
+            raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available") from None
+
+        try:
+            fileobj = GzipFile(name, mode + "b", compresslevel, fileobj)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':
+                raise ReadError("not a gzip file") from e
+            raise
+
+        try:
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except OSError as e:
+            fileobj.close()
+            if mode == 'r':
+                raise ReadError("not a gzip file") from e
+            raise
+        except:
+            fileobj.close()
+            raise
+        t._extfileobj = False
+        return t
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
+        """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if mode not in ("r", "w", "x"):
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'w' or 'x'")
+
+        try:
+            from bz2 import BZ2File
+        except ImportError:
+            raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") from None
+
+        fileobj = BZ2File(fileobj or name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)
+
+        try:
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except (OSError, EOFError) as e:
+            fileobj.close()
+            if mode == 'r':
+                raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file") from e
+            raise
+        except:
+            fileobj.close()
+            raise
+        t._extfileobj = False
+        return t
+
+    @classmethod
+    def xzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, preset=None, **kwargs):
+        """Open lzma compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if mode not in ("r", "w", "x"):
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'w' or 'x'")
+
+        try:
+            from lzma import LZMAFile, LZMAError
+        except ImportError:
+            raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
+
+        fileobj = LZMAFile(fileobj or name, mode, preset=preset)
+
+        try:
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except (LZMAError, EOFError) as e:
+            fileobj.close()
+            if mode == 'r':
+                raise ReadError("not an lzma file") from e
+            raise
+        except:
+            fileobj.close()
+            raise
+        t._extfileobj = False
+        return t
+
+    # All *open() methods are registered here.
+    OPEN_METH = {
+        "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar
+        "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar
+        "bz2": "bz2open",   # bzip2 compressed tar
+        "xz":  "xzopen"     # lzma compressed tar
+    }
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # The public methods which TarFile provides:
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
+           appended to the archive.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+
+        self.closed = True
+        try:
+            if self.mode in ("a", "w", "x"):
+                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
+                self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
+                # fill up the end with zero-blocks
+                # (like option -b20 for tar does)
+                blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
+                if remainder > 0:
+                    self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))
+        finally:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+
+    def getmember(self, name):
+        """Return a TarInfo object for member ``name``. If ``name`` can not be
+           found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
+           than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
+           most up-to-date version.
+        """
+        tarinfo = self._getmember(name.rstrip('/'))
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def getmembers(self):
+        """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
+           list has the same order as the members in the archive.
+        """
+        self._check()
+        if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of
+            self._load()        # all members, we first have to
+                                # scan the whole archive.
+        return self.members
+
+    def getnames(self):
+        """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
+           the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
+        """
+        return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]
+
+    def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
+        """Create a TarInfo object from the result of os.stat or equivalent
+           on an existing file. The file is either named by ``name``, or
+           specified as a file object ``fileobj`` with a file descriptor. If
+           given, ``arcname`` specifies an alternative name for the file in the
+           archive, otherwise, the name is taken from the 'name' attribute of
+           'fileobj', or the 'name' argument. The name should be a text
+           string.
+        """
+        self._check("awx")
+
+        # When fileobj is given, replace name by
+        # fileobj's real name.
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            name = fileobj.name
+
+        # Building the name of the member in the archive.
+        # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
+        # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
+        if arcname is None:
+            arcname = name
+        drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
+        arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
+        arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")
+
+        # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
+        # information specific for the file.
+        tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
+        tarinfo.tarfile = self  # Not needed
+
+        # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on if symlinks shall be resolved.
+        if fileobj is None:
+            if not self.dereference:
+                statres = os.lstat(name)
+            else:
+                statres = os.stat(name)
+        else:
+            statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
+        linkname = ""
+
+        stmd = statres.st_mode
+        if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
+            inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
+            if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
+                    inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
+                # Is it a hardlink to an already
+                # archived file?
+                type = LNKTYPE
+                linkname = self.inodes[inode]
+            else:
+                # The inode is added only if its valid.
+                # For win32 it is always 0.
+                type = REGTYPE
+                if inode[0]:
+                    self.inodes[inode] = arcname
+        elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
+            type = DIRTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
+            type = FIFOTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
+            type = SYMTYPE
+            linkname = os.readlink(name)
+        elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
+            type = CHRTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
+            type = BLKTYPE
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        # Fill the TarInfo object with all
+        # information we can get.
+        tarinfo.name = arcname
+        tarinfo.mode = stmd
+        tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
+        tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
+        if type == REGTYPE:
+            tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
+        else:
+            tarinfo.size = 0
+        tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
+        tarinfo.type = type
+        tarinfo.linkname = linkname
+        if pwd:
+            try:
+                tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        if grp:
+            try:
+                tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+        if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
+            if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
+                tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
+                tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def list(self, verbose=True, *, members=None):
+        """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If ``verbose`` is False, only
+           the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
+           output is produced. ``members`` is optional and must be a subset of the
+           list returned by getmembers().
+        """
+        self._check()
+
+        if members is None:
+            members = self
+        for tarinfo in members:
+            if verbose:
+                if tarinfo.mode is None:
+                    _safe_print("??????????")
+                else:
+                    _safe_print(stat.filemode(tarinfo.mode))
+                _safe_print("%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
+                                       tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid))
+                if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
+                    _safe_print("%10s" %
+                            ("%d,%d" % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)))
+                else:
+                    _safe_print("%10d" % tarinfo.size)
+                if tarinfo.mtime is None:
+                    _safe_print("????-??-?? ??:??:??")
+                else:
+                    _safe_print("%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
+                                % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6])
+
+            _safe_print(tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""))
+
+            if verbose:
+                if tarinfo.issym():
+                    _safe_print("-> " + tarinfo.linkname)
+                if tarinfo.islnk():
+                    _safe_print("link to " + tarinfo.linkname)
+            print()
+
+    def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, *, filter=None):
+        """Add the file ``name`` to the archive. ``name`` may be any type of file
+           (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, ``arcname``
+           specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
+           Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
+           setting ``recursive`` to False. ``filter`` is a function
+           that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
+           TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
+           excluded from the archive.
+        """
+        self._check("awx")
+
+        if arcname is None:
+            arcname = name
+
+        # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
+        if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
+            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
+            return
+
+        self._dbg(1, name)
+
+        # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
+        tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)
+
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
+            return
+
+        # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
+        if filter is not None:
+            tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
+                return
+
+        # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:
+                self.addfile(tarinfo, f)
+
+        elif tarinfo.isdir():
+            self.addfile(tarinfo)
+            if recursive:
+                for f in sorted(os.listdir(name)):
+                    self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
+                            recursive, filter=filter)
+
+        else:
+            self.addfile(tarinfo)
+
+    def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
+        """Add the TarInfo object ``tarinfo`` to the archive. If ``fileobj`` is
+           given, it should be a binary file, and tarinfo.size bytes are read
+           from it and added to the archive. You can create TarInfo objects
+           directly, or by using gettarinfo().
+        """
+        self._check("awx")
+
+        tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+
+        buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
+        self.fileobj.write(buf)
+        self.offset += len(buf)
+        bufsize=self.copybufsize
+        # If there's data to follow, append it.
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size, bufsize=bufsize)
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
+            if remainder > 0:
+                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
+                blocks += 1
+            self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE
+
+        self.members.append(tarinfo)
+
+    def _get_filter_function(self, filter):
+        if filter is None:
+            filter = self.extraction_filter
+            if filter is None:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Python 3.14 will, by default, filter extracted tar '
+                    + 'archives and reject files or modify their metadata. '
+                    + 'Use the filter argument to control this behavior.',
+                    DeprecationWarning)
+                return fully_trusted_filter
+            if isinstance(filter, str):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'String names are not supported for '
+                    + 'TarFile.extraction_filter. Use a function such as '
+                    + 'tarfile.data_filter directly.')
+            return filter
+        if callable(filter):
+            return filter
+        try:
+            return _NAMED_FILTERS[filter]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError(f"filter {filter!r} not found") from None
+
+    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None, *, numeric_owner=False,
+                   filter=None):
+        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
+           directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
+           directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
+           to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
+           list returned by getmembers(). If `numeric_owner` is True, only
+           the numbers for user/group names are used and not the names.
+
+           The `filter` function will be called on each member just
+           before extraction.
+           It can return a changed TarInfo or None to skip the member.
+           String names of common filters are accepted.
+        """
+        directories = []
+
+        filter_function = self._get_filter_function(filter)
+        if members is None:
+            members = self
+
+        for member in members:
+            tarinfo = self._get_extract_tarinfo(member, filter_function, path)
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                continue
+            if tarinfo.isdir():
+                # For directories, delay setting attributes until later,
+                # since permissions can interfere with extraction and
+                # extracting contents can reset mtime.
+                directories.append(tarinfo)
+            self._extract_one(tarinfo, path, set_attrs=not tarinfo.isdir(),
+                              numeric_owner=numeric_owner)
+
+        # Reverse sort directories.
+        directories.sort(key=lambda a: a.name, reverse=True)
+
+        # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
+        for tarinfo in directories:
+            dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
+            try:
+                self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath, numeric_owner=numeric_owner)
+                self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
+                self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            except ExtractError as e:
+                self._handle_nonfatal_error(e)
+
+    def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True, *, numeric_owner=False,
+                filter=None):
+        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
+           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
+           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
+           specify a different directory using `path'. File attributes (owner,
+           mtime, mode) are set unless `set_attrs' is False. If `numeric_owner`
+           is True, only the numbers for user/group names are used and not
+           the names.
+
+           The `filter` function will be called before extraction.
+           It can return a changed TarInfo or None to skip the member.
+           String names of common filters are accepted.
+        """
+        filter_function = self._get_filter_function(filter)
+        tarinfo = self._get_extract_tarinfo(member, filter_function, path)
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self._extract_one(tarinfo, path, set_attrs, numeric_owner)
+
+    def _get_extract_tarinfo(self, member, filter_function, path):
+        """Get filtered TarInfo (or None) from member, which might be a str"""
+        if isinstance(member, str):
+            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
+        else:
+            tarinfo = member
+
+        unfiltered = tarinfo
+        try:
+            tarinfo = filter_function(tarinfo, path)
+        except (OSError, FilterError) as e:
+            self._handle_fatal_error(e)
+        except ExtractError as e:
+            self._handle_nonfatal_error(e)
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % unfiltered.name)
+            return None
+        # Prepare the link target for makelink().
+        if tarinfo.islnk():
+            tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+            tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def _extract_one(self, tarinfo, path, set_attrs, numeric_owner):
+        """Extract from filtered tarinfo to disk"""
+        self._check("r")
+
+        try:
+            self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name),
+                                 set_attrs=set_attrs,
+                                 numeric_owner=numeric_owner)
+        except OSError as e:
+            self._handle_fatal_error(e)
+        except ExtractError as e:
+            self._handle_nonfatal_error(e)
+
+    def _handle_nonfatal_error(self, e):
+        """Handle non-fatal error (ExtractError) according to errorlevel"""
+        if self.errorlevel > 1:
+            raise
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+    def _handle_fatal_error(self, e):
+        """Handle "fatal" error according to self.errorlevel"""
+        if self.errorlevel > 0:
+            raise
+        elif isinstance(e, OSError):
+            if e.filename is None:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
+            else:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))
+
+    def extractfile(self, member):
+        """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. ``member`` may be
+           a filename or a TarInfo object. If ``member`` is a regular file or
+           a link, an io.BufferedReader object is returned. For all other
+           existing members, None is returned. If ``member`` does not appear
+           in the archive, KeyError is raised.
+        """
+        self._check("r")
+
+        if isinstance(member, str):
+            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
+        else:
+            tarinfo = member
+
+        if tarinfo.isreg() or tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            # Members with unknown types are treated as regular files.
+            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
+
+        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
+                # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
+                # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
+                # stream of tar blocks.
+                raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
+            else:
+                # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
+                return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
+        else:
+            # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
+            # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath, set_attrs=True,
+                        numeric_owner=False):
+        """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
+           file called targetpath.
+        """
+        # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
+        # and build the destination pathname, replacing
+        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
+        targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
+        targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)
+
+        # Create all upper directories.
+        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
+        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
+            # Create directories that are not part of the archive with
+            # default permissions.
+            os.makedirs(upperdirs)
+
+        if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)
+
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.isdir():
+            self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.isfifo():
+            self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
+            self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        else:
+            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+
+        if set_attrs:
+            self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath, numeric_owner)
+            if not tarinfo.issym():
+                self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
+                self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Below are the different file methods. They are called via
+    # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
+    # subclass to implement other functionality.
+
+    def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a directory called targetpath.
+        """
+        try:
+            if tarinfo.mode is None:
+                # Use the system's default mode
+                os.mkdir(targetpath)
+            else:
+                # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
+                # later in _extract_member().
+                os.mkdir(targetpath, 0o700)
+        except FileExistsError:
+            if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
+                raise
+
+    def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a file called targetpath.
+        """
+        source = self.fileobj
+        source.seek(tarinfo.offset_data)
+        bufsize = self.copybufsize
+        with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:
+            if tarinfo.sparse is not None:
+                for offset, size in tarinfo.sparse:
+                    target.seek(offset)
+                    copyfileobj(source, target, size, ReadError, bufsize)
+                target.seek(tarinfo.size)
+                target.truncate()
+            else:
+                copyfileobj(source, target, tarinfo.size, ReadError, bufsize)
+
+    def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
+           at targetpath.
+        """
+        self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
+                     "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)
+
+    def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a fifo called targetpath.
+        """
+        if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
+            os.mkfifo(targetpath)
+        else:
+            raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")
+
+    def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a character or block device called targetpath.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
+            raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")
+
+        mode = tarinfo.mode
+        if mode is None:
+            # Use mknod's default
+            mode = 0o600
+        if tarinfo.isblk():
+            mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
+        else:
+            mode |= stat.S_IFCHR
+
+        os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
+                 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))
+
+    def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
+          (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
+          instead of a link.
+        """
+        try:
+            # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
+            if tarinfo.issym():
+                if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
+                    # Avoid FileExistsError on following os.symlink.
+                    os.unlink(targetpath)
+                os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
+            else:
+                if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
+                    os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
+                else:
+                    self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo),
+                                         targetpath)
+        except symlink_exception:
+            try:
+                self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo),
+                                     targetpath)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive") from None
+
+    def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath, numeric_owner):
+        """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo. If numeric_owner
+           is True, use .gid/.uid instead of .gname/.uname. If numeric_owner
+           is False, fall back to .gid/.uid when the search based on name
+           fails.
+        """
+        if hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
+            # We have to be root to do so.
+            g = tarinfo.gid
+            u = tarinfo.uid
+            if not numeric_owner:
+                try:
+                    if grp and tarinfo.gname:
+                        g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    if pwd and tarinfo.uname:
+                        u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+            if g is None:
+                g = -1
+            if u is None:
+                u = -1
+            try:
+                if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
+                    os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
+                else:
+                    os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
+            except OSError as e:
+                raise ExtractError("could not change owner") from e
+
+    def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if tarinfo.mode is None:
+            return
+        try:
+            os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise ExtractError("could not change mode") from e
+
+    def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        mtime = tarinfo.mtime
+        if mtime is None:
+            return
+        if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
+            return
+        try:
+            os.utime(targetpath, (mtime, mtime))
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise ExtractError("could not change modification time") from e
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    def next(self):
+        """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
+           TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
+           available.
+        """
+        self._check("ra")
+        if self.firstmember is not None:
+            m = self.firstmember
+            self.firstmember = None
+            return m
+
+        # Advance the file pointer.
+        if self.offset != self.fileobj.tell():
+            if self.offset == 0:
+                return None
+            self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
+            if not self.fileobj.read(1):
+                raise ReadError("unexpected end of data")
+
+        # Read the next block.
+        tarinfo = None
+        while True:
+            try:
+                tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
+            except EOFHeaderError as e:
+                if self.ignore_zeros:
+                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
+                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
+                    continue
+            except InvalidHeaderError as e:
+                if self.ignore_zeros:
+                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
+                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
+                    continue
+                elif self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError(str(e)) from None
+            except EmptyHeaderError:
+                if self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError("empty file") from None
+            except TruncatedHeaderError as e:
+                if self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError(str(e)) from None
+            except SubsequentHeaderError as e:
+                raise ReadError(str(e)) from None
+            except Exception as e:
+                try:
+                    import zlib
+                    if isinstance(e, zlib.error):
+                        raise ReadError(f'zlib error: {e}') from None
+                    else:
+                        raise e
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise e
+            break
+
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self.members.append(tarinfo)
+        else:
+            self._loaded = True
+
+        return tarinfo
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Little helper methods:
+
+    def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
+        """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
+           If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
+        """
+        # Ensure that all members have been loaded.
+        members = self.getmembers()
+
+        # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
+        skipping = False
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            try:
+                index = members.index(tarinfo)
+            except ValueError:
+                # The given starting point might be a (modified) copy.
+                # We'll later skip members until we find an equivalent.
+                skipping = True
+            else:
+                # Happy fast path
+                members = members[:index]
+
+        if normalize:
+            name = os.path.normpath(name)
+
+        for member in reversed(members):
+            if skipping:
+                if tarinfo.offset == member.offset:
+                    skipping = False
+                continue
+            if normalize:
+                member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
+            else:
+                member_name = member.name
+
+            if name == member_name:
+                return member
+
+        if skipping:
+            # Starting point was not found
+            raise ValueError(tarinfo)
+
+    def _load(self):
+        """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
+           members.
+        """
+        while self.next() is not None:
+            pass
+        self._loaded = True
+
+    def _check(self, mode=None):
+        """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
+           corresponds to TarFile's mode.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise OSError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
+        if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
+            raise OSError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)
+
+    def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
+        """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
+           archive.
+        """
+        if tarinfo.issym():
+            # Always search the entire archive.
+            linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))
+            limit = None
+        else:
+            # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
+            # just a reference to an already archived file.
+            linkname = tarinfo.linkname
+            limit = tarinfo
+
+        member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
+        if member is None:
+            raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
+        return member
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Provide an iterator object.
+        """
+        if self._loaded:
+            yield from self.members
+            return
+
+        # Yield items using TarFile's next() method.
+        # When all members have been read, set TarFile as _loaded.
+        index = 0
+        # Fix for SF #1100429: Under rare circumstances it can
+        # happen that getmembers() is called during iteration,
+        # which will have already exhausted the next() method.
+        if self.firstmember is not None:
+            tarinfo = self.next()
+            index += 1
+            yield tarinfo
+
+        while True:
+            if index < len(self.members):
+                tarinfo = self.members[index]
+            elif not self._loaded:
+                tarinfo = self.next()
+                if not tarinfo:
+                    self._loaded = True
+                    return
+            else:
+                return
+            index += 1
+            yield tarinfo
+
+    def _dbg(self, level, msg):
+        """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
+        """
+        if level <= self.debug:
+            print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._check()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
+            # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+
+#--------------------
+# exported functions
+#--------------------
+
+def is_tarfile(name):
+    """Return True if name points to a tar archive that we
+       are able to handle, else return False.
+
+       'name' should be a string, file, or file-like object.
+    """
+    try:
+        if hasattr(name, "read"):
+            pos = name.tell()
+            t = open(fileobj=name)
+            name.seek(pos)
+        else:
+            t = open(name)
+        t.close()
+        return True
+    except TarError:
+        return False
+
+open = TarFile.open
+
+
+def main():
+    import argparse
+
+    description = 'A simple command-line interface for tarfile module.'
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
+    parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true', default=False,
+                        help='Verbose output')
+    parser.add_argument('--filter', metavar='<filtername>',
+                        choices=_NAMED_FILTERS,
+                        help='Filter for extraction')
+
+    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+    group.add_argument('-l', '--list', metavar='<tarfile>',
+                       help='Show listing of a tarfile')
+    group.add_argument('-e', '--extract', nargs='+',
+                       metavar=('<tarfile>', '<output_dir>'),
+                       help='Extract tarfile into target dir')
+    group.add_argument('-c', '--create', nargs='+',
+                       metavar=('<name>', '<file>'),
+                       help='Create tarfile from sources')
+    group.add_argument('-t', '--test', metavar='<tarfile>',
+                       help='Test if a tarfile is valid')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.filter and args.extract is None:
+        parser.exit(1, '--filter is only valid for extraction\n')
+
+    if args.test is not None:
+        src = args.test
+        if is_tarfile(src):
+            with open(src, 'r') as tar:
+                tar.getmembers()
+                print(tar.getmembers(), file=sys.stderr)
+            if args.verbose:
+                print('{!r} is a tar archive.'.format(src))
+        else:
+            parser.exit(1, '{!r} is not a tar archive.\n'.format(src))
+
+    elif args.list is not None:
+        src = args.list
+        if is_tarfile(src):
+            with TarFile.open(src, 'r:*') as tf:
+                tf.list(verbose=args.verbose)
+        else:
+            parser.exit(1, '{!r} is not a tar archive.\n'.format(src))
+
+    elif args.extract is not None:
+        if len(args.extract) == 1:
+            src = args.extract[0]
+            curdir = os.curdir
+        elif len(args.extract) == 2:
+            src, curdir = args.extract
+        else:
+            parser.exit(1, parser.format_help())
+
+        if is_tarfile(src):
+            with TarFile.open(src, 'r:*') as tf:
+                tf.extractall(path=curdir, filter=args.filter)
+            if args.verbose:
+                if curdir == '.':
+                    msg = '{!r} file is extracted.'.format(src)
+                else:
+                    msg = ('{!r} file is extracted '
+                           'into {!r} directory.').format(src, curdir)
+                print(msg)
+        else:
+            parser.exit(1, '{!r} is not a tar archive.\n'.format(src))
+
+    elif args.create is not None:
+        tar_name = args.create.pop(0)
+        _, ext = os.path.splitext(tar_name)
+        compressions = {
+            # gz
+            '.gz': 'gz',
+            '.tgz': 'gz',
+            # xz
+            '.xz': 'xz',
+            '.txz': 'xz',
+            # bz2
+            '.bz2': 'bz2',
+            '.tbz': 'bz2',
+            '.tbz2': 'bz2',
+            '.tb2': 'bz2',
+        }
+        tar_mode = 'w:' + compressions[ext] if ext in compressions else 'w'
+        tar_files = args.create
+
+        with TarFile.open(tar_name, tar_mode) as tf:
+            for file_name in tar_files:
+                tf.add(file_name)
+
+        if args.verbose:
+            print('{!r} file created.'.format(tar_name))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..886421437557e5d898f5e608ea7e9f23662f01bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,904 @@
+import os
+import re
+import abc
+import csv
+import sys
+from .. import zipp
+import email
+import pathlib
+import operator
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+import functools
+import itertools
+import posixpath
+import collections
+
+from . import _adapters, _meta, _py39compat
+from ._collections import FreezableDefaultDict, Pair
+from ._compat import (
+    NullFinder,
+    install,
+    pypy_partial,
+)
+from ._functools import method_cache, pass_none
+from ._itertools import always_iterable, unique_everseen
+from ._meta import PackageMetadata, SimplePath
+
+from contextlib import suppress
+from importlib import import_module
+from importlib.abc import MetaPathFinder
+from itertools import starmap
+from typing import List, Mapping, Optional
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Distribution',
+    'DistributionFinder',
+    'PackageMetadata',
+    'PackageNotFoundError',
+    'distribution',
+    'distributions',
+    'entry_points',
+    'files',
+    'metadata',
+    'packages_distributions',
+    'requires',
+    'version',
+]
+
+
+class PackageNotFoundError(ModuleNotFoundError):
+    """The package was not found."""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"No package metadata was found for {self.name}"
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        (name,) = self.args
+        return name
+
+
+class Sectioned:
+    """
+    A simple entry point config parser for performance
+
+    >>> for item in Sectioned.read(Sectioned._sample):
+    ...     print(item)
+    Pair(name='sec1', value='# comments ignored')
+    Pair(name='sec1', value='a = 1')
+    Pair(name='sec1', value='b = 2')
+    Pair(name='sec2', value='a = 2')
+
+    >>> res = Sectioned.section_pairs(Sectioned._sample)
+    >>> item = next(res)
+    >>> item.name
+    'sec1'
+    >>> item.value
+    Pair(name='a', value='1')
+    >>> item = next(res)
+    >>> item.value
+    Pair(name='b', value='2')
+    >>> item = next(res)
+    >>> item.name
+    'sec2'
+    >>> item.value
+    Pair(name='a', value='2')
+    >>> list(res)
+    []
+    """
+
+    _sample = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        [sec1]
+        # comments ignored
+        a = 1
+        b = 2
+
+        [sec2]
+        a = 2
+        """
+    ).lstrip()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def section_pairs(cls, text):
+        return (
+            section._replace(value=Pair.parse(section.value))
+            for section in cls.read(text, filter_=cls.valid)
+            if section.name is not None
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def read(text, filter_=None):
+        lines = filter(filter_, map(str.strip, text.splitlines()))
+        name = None
+        for value in lines:
+            section_match = value.startswith('[') and value.endswith(']')
+            if section_match:
+                name = value.strip('[]')
+                continue
+            yield Pair(name, value)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def valid(line):
+        return line and not line.startswith('#')
+
+
+class DeprecatedTuple:
+    """
+    Provide subscript item access for backward compatibility.
+
+    >>> recwarn = getfixture('recwarn')
+    >>> ep = EntryPoint(name='name', value='value', group='group')
+    >>> ep[:]
+    ('name', 'value', 'group')
+    >>> ep[0]
+    'name'
+    >>> len(recwarn)
+    1
+    """
+
+    # Do not remove prior to 2023-05-01 or Python 3.13
+    _warn = functools.partial(
+        warnings.warn,
+        "EntryPoint tuple interface is deprecated. Access members by name.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=pypy_partial(2),
+    )
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        self._warn()
+        return self._key()[item]
+
+
+class EntryPoint(DeprecatedTuple):
+    """An entry point as defined by Python packaging conventions.
+
+    See `the packaging docs on entry points
+    <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_
+    for more information.
+
+    >>> ep = EntryPoint(
+    ...     name=None, group=None, value='package.module:attr [extra1, extra2]')
+    >>> ep.module
+    'package.module'
+    >>> ep.attr
+    'attr'
+    >>> ep.extras
+    ['extra1', 'extra2']
+    """
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'(?P<module>[\w.]+)\s*'
+        r'(:\s*(?P<attr>[\w.]+)\s*)?'
+        r'((?P<extras>\[.*\])\s*)?$'
+    )
+    """
+    A regular expression describing the syntax for an entry point,
+    which might look like:
+
+        - module
+        - package.module
+        - package.module:attribute
+        - package.module:object.attribute
+        - package.module:attr [extra1, extra2]
+
+    Other combinations are possible as well.
+
+    The expression is lenient about whitespace around the ':',
+    following the attr, and following any extras.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    value: str
+    group: str
+
+    dist: Optional['Distribution'] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value, group):
+        vars(self).update(name=name, value=value, group=group)
+
+    def load(self):
+        """Load the entry point from its definition. If only a module
+        is indicated by the value, return that module. Otherwise,
+        return the named object.
+        """
+        match = self.pattern.match(self.value)
+        module = import_module(match.group('module'))
+        attrs = filter(None, (match.group('attr') or '').split('.'))
+        return functools.reduce(getattr, attrs, module)
+
+    @property
+    def module(self):
+        match = self.pattern.match(self.value)
+        return match.group('module')
+
+    @property
+    def attr(self):
+        match = self.pattern.match(self.value)
+        return match.group('attr')
+
+    @property
+    def extras(self):
+        match = self.pattern.match(self.value)
+        return re.findall(r'\w+', match.group('extras') or '')
+
+    def _for(self, dist):
+        vars(self).update(dist=dist)
+        return self
+
+    def matches(self, **params):
+        """
+        EntryPoint matches the given parameters.
+
+        >>> ep = EntryPoint(group='foo', name='bar', value='bing:bong [extra1, extra2]')
+        >>> ep.matches(group='foo')
+        True
+        >>> ep.matches(name='bar', value='bing:bong [extra1, extra2]')
+        True
+        >>> ep.matches(group='foo', name='other')
+        False
+        >>> ep.matches()
+        True
+        >>> ep.matches(extras=['extra1', 'extra2'])
+        True
+        >>> ep.matches(module='bing')
+        True
+        >>> ep.matches(attr='bong')
+        True
+        """
+        attrs = (getattr(self, param) for param in params)
+        return all(map(operator.eq, params.values(), attrs))
+
+    def _key(self):
+        return self.name, self.value, self.group
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._key() < other._key()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._key() == other._key()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        raise AttributeError("EntryPoint objects are immutable.")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f'EntryPoint(name={self.name!r}, value={self.value!r}, '
+            f'group={self.group!r})'
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key())
+
+
+class EntryPoints(tuple):
+    """
+    An immutable collection of selectable EntryPoint objects.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):  # -> EntryPoint:
+        """
+        Get the EntryPoint in self matching name.
+        """
+        try:
+            return next(iter(self.select(name=name)))
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def select(self, **params):
+        """
+        Select entry points from self that match the
+        given parameters (typically group and/or name).
+        """
+        return EntryPoints(ep for ep in self if _py39compat.ep_matches(ep, **params))
+
+    @property
+    def names(self):
+        """
+        Return the set of all names of all entry points.
+        """
+        return {ep.name for ep in self}
+
+    @property
+    def groups(self):
+        """
+        Return the set of all groups of all entry points.
+        """
+        return {ep.group for ep in self}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_text_for(cls, text, dist):
+        return cls(ep._for(dist) for ep in cls._from_text(text))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _from_text(text):
+        return (
+            EntryPoint(name=item.value.name, value=item.value.value, group=item.name)
+            for item in Sectioned.section_pairs(text or '')
+        )
+
+
+class PackagePath(pathlib.PurePosixPath):
+    """A reference to a path in a package"""
+
+    def read_text(self, encoding='utf-8'):
+        with self.locate().open(encoding=encoding) as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+    def read_binary(self):
+        with self.locate().open('rb') as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+    def locate(self):
+        """Return a path-like object for this path"""
+        return self.dist.locate_file(self)
+
+
+class FileHash:
+    def __init__(self, spec):
+        self.mode, _, self.value = spec.partition('=')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<FileHash mode: {self.mode} value: {self.value}>'
+
+
+class Distribution(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    """A Python distribution package."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def read_text(self, filename):
+        """Attempt to load metadata file given by the name.
+
+        :param filename: The name of the file in the distribution info.
+        :return: The text if found, otherwise None.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def locate_file(self, path):
+        """
+        Given a path to a file in this distribution, return a path
+        to it.
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_name(cls, name: str):
+        """Return the Distribution for the given package name.
+
+        :param name: The name of the distribution package to search for.
+        :return: The Distribution instance (or subclass thereof) for the named
+            package, if found.
+        :raises PackageNotFoundError: When the named package's distribution
+            metadata cannot be found.
+        :raises ValueError: When an invalid value is supplied for name.
+        """
+        if not name:
+            raise ValueError("A distribution name is required.")
+        try:
+            return next(cls.discover(name=name))
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise PackageNotFoundError(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def discover(cls, **kwargs):
+        """Return an iterable of Distribution objects for all packages.
+
+        Pass a ``context`` or pass keyword arguments for constructing
+        a context.
+
+        :context: A ``DistributionFinder.Context`` object.
+        :return: Iterable of Distribution objects for all packages.
+        """
+        context = kwargs.pop('context', None)
+        if context and kwargs:
+            raise ValueError("cannot accept context and kwargs")
+        context = context or DistributionFinder.Context(**kwargs)
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            resolver(context) for resolver in cls._discover_resolvers()
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def at(path):
+        """Return a Distribution for the indicated metadata path
+
+        :param path: a string or path-like object
+        :return: a concrete Distribution instance for the path
+        """
+        return PathDistribution(pathlib.Path(path))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _discover_resolvers():
+        """Search the meta_path for resolvers."""
+        declared = (
+            getattr(finder, 'find_distributions', None) for finder in sys.meta_path
+        )
+        return filter(None, declared)
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> _meta.PackageMetadata:
+        """Return the parsed metadata for this Distribution.
+
+        The returned object will have keys that name the various bits of
+        metadata.  See PEP 566 for details.
+        """
+        text = (
+            self.read_text('METADATA')
+            or self.read_text('PKG-INFO')
+            # This last clause is here to support old egg-info files.  Its
+            # effect is to just end up using the PathDistribution's self._path
+            # (which points to the egg-info file) attribute unchanged.
+            or self.read_text('')
+        )
+        return _adapters.Message(email.message_from_string(text))
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """Return the 'Name' metadata for the distribution package."""
+        return self.metadata['Name']
+
+    @property
+    def _normalized_name(self):
+        """Return a normalized version of the name."""
+        return Prepared.normalize(self.name)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        """Return the 'Version' metadata for the distribution package."""
+        return self.metadata['Version']
+
+    @property
+    def entry_points(self):
+        return EntryPoints._from_text_for(self.read_text('entry_points.txt'), self)
+
+    @property
+    def files(self):
+        """Files in this distribution.
+
+        :return: List of PackagePath for this distribution or None
+
+        Result is `None` if the metadata file that enumerates files
+        (i.e. RECORD for dist-info or SOURCES.txt for egg-info) is
+        missing.
+        Result may be empty if the metadata exists but is empty.
+        """
+
+        def make_file(name, hash=None, size_str=None):
+            result = PackagePath(name)
+            result.hash = FileHash(hash) if hash else None
+            result.size = int(size_str) if size_str else None
+            result.dist = self
+            return result
+
+        @pass_none
+        def make_files(lines):
+            return list(starmap(make_file, csv.reader(lines)))
+
+        return make_files(self._read_files_distinfo() or self._read_files_egginfo())
+
+    def _read_files_distinfo(self):
+        """
+        Read the lines of RECORD
+        """
+        text = self.read_text('RECORD')
+        return text and text.splitlines()
+
+    def _read_files_egginfo(self):
+        """
+        SOURCES.txt might contain literal commas, so wrap each line
+        in quotes.
+        """
+        text = self.read_text('SOURCES.txt')
+        return text and map('"{}"'.format, text.splitlines())
+
+    @property
+    def requires(self):
+        """Generated requirements specified for this Distribution"""
+        reqs = self._read_dist_info_reqs() or self._read_egg_info_reqs()
+        return reqs and list(reqs)
+
+    def _read_dist_info_reqs(self):
+        return self.metadata.get_all('Requires-Dist')
+
+    def _read_egg_info_reqs(self):
+        source = self.read_text('requires.txt')
+        return pass_none(self._deps_from_requires_text)(source)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _deps_from_requires_text(cls, source):
+        return cls._convert_egg_info_reqs_to_simple_reqs(Sectioned.read(source))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _convert_egg_info_reqs_to_simple_reqs(sections):
+        """
+        Historically, setuptools would solicit and store 'extra'
+        requirements, including those with environment markers,
+        in separate sections. More modern tools expect each
+        dependency to be defined separately, with any relevant
+        extras and environment markers attached directly to that
+        requirement. This method converts the former to the
+        latter. See _test_deps_from_requires_text for an example.
+        """
+
+        def make_condition(name):
+            return name and f'extra == "{name}"'
+
+        def quoted_marker(section):
+            section = section or ''
+            extra, sep, markers = section.partition(':')
+            if extra and markers:
+                markers = f'({markers})'
+            conditions = list(filter(None, [markers, make_condition(extra)]))
+            return '; ' + ' and '.join(conditions) if conditions else ''
+
+        def url_req_space(req):
+            """
+            PEP 508 requires a space between the url_spec and the quoted_marker.
+            Ref python/importlib_metadata#357.
+            """
+            # '@' is uniquely indicative of a url_req.
+            return ' ' * ('@' in req)
+
+        for section in sections:
+            space = url_req_space(section.value)
+            yield section.value + space + quoted_marker(section.name)
+
+
+class DistributionFinder(MetaPathFinder):
+    """
+    A MetaPathFinder capable of discovering installed distributions.
+    """
+
+    class Context:
+        """
+        Keyword arguments presented by the caller to
+        ``distributions()`` or ``Distribution.discover()``
+        to narrow the scope of a search for distributions
+        in all DistributionFinders.
+
+        Each DistributionFinder may expect any parameters
+        and should attempt to honor the canonical
+        parameters defined below when appropriate.
+        """
+
+        name = None
+        """
+        Specific name for which a distribution finder should match.
+        A name of ``None`` matches all distributions.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            vars(self).update(kwargs)
+
+        @property
+        def path(self):
+            """
+            The sequence of directory path that a distribution finder
+            should search.
+
+            Typically refers to Python installed package paths such as
+            "site-packages" directories and defaults to ``sys.path``.
+            """
+            return vars(self).get('path', sys.path)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def find_distributions(self, context=Context()):
+        """
+        Find distributions.
+
+        Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of
+        loading the metadata for packages matching the ``context``,
+        a DistributionFinder.Context instance.
+        """
+
+
+class FastPath:
+    """
+    Micro-optimized class for searching a path for
+    children.
+
+    >>> FastPath('').children()
+    ['...']
+    """
+
+    @functools.lru_cache()  # type: ignore
+    def __new__(cls, root):
+        return super().__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, root):
+        self.root = root
+
+    def joinpath(self, child):
+        return pathlib.Path(self.root, child)
+
+    def children(self):
+        with suppress(Exception):
+            return os.listdir(self.root or '.')
+        with suppress(Exception):
+            return self.zip_children()
+        return []
+
+    def zip_children(self):
+        zip_path = zipp.Path(self.root)
+        names = zip_path.root.namelist()
+        self.joinpath = zip_path.joinpath
+
+        return dict.fromkeys(child.split(posixpath.sep, 1)[0] for child in names)
+
+    def search(self, name):
+        return self.lookup(self.mtime).search(name)
+
+    @property
+    def mtime(self):
+        with suppress(OSError):
+            return os.stat(self.root).st_mtime
+        self.lookup.cache_clear()
+
+    @method_cache
+    def lookup(self, mtime):
+        return Lookup(self)
+
+
+class Lookup:
+    def __init__(self, path: FastPath):
+        base = os.path.basename(path.root).lower()
+        base_is_egg = base.endswith(".egg")
+        self.infos = FreezableDefaultDict(list)
+        self.eggs = FreezableDefaultDict(list)
+
+        for child in path.children():
+            low = child.lower()
+            if low.endswith((".dist-info", ".egg-info")):
+                # rpartition is faster than splitext and suitable for this purpose.
+                name = low.rpartition(".")[0].partition("-")[0]
+                normalized = Prepared.normalize(name)
+                self.infos[normalized].append(path.joinpath(child))
+            elif base_is_egg and low == "egg-info":
+                name = base.rpartition(".")[0].partition("-")[0]
+                legacy_normalized = Prepared.legacy_normalize(name)
+                self.eggs[legacy_normalized].append(path.joinpath(child))
+
+        self.infos.freeze()
+        self.eggs.freeze()
+
+    def search(self, prepared):
+        infos = (
+            self.infos[prepared.normalized]
+            if prepared
+            else itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.infos.values())
+        )
+        eggs = (
+            self.eggs[prepared.legacy_normalized]
+            if prepared
+            else itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.eggs.values())
+        )
+        return itertools.chain(infos, eggs)
+
+
+class Prepared:
+    """
+    A prepared search for metadata on a possibly-named package.
+    """
+
+    normalized = None
+    legacy_normalized = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        if name is None:
+            return
+        self.normalized = self.normalize(name)
+        self.legacy_normalized = self.legacy_normalize(name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize(name):
+        """
+        PEP 503 normalization plus dashes as underscores.
+        """
+        return re.sub(r"[-_.]+", "-", name).lower().replace('-', '_')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def legacy_normalize(name):
+        """
+        Normalize the package name as found in the convention in
+        older packaging tools versions and specs.
+        """
+        return name.lower().replace('-', '_')
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.name)
+
+
+@install
+class MetadataPathFinder(NullFinder, DistributionFinder):
+    """A degenerate finder for distribution packages on the file system.
+
+    This finder supplies only a find_distributions() method for versions
+    of Python that do not have a PathFinder find_distributions().
+    """
+
+    def find_distributions(self, context=DistributionFinder.Context()):
+        """
+        Find distributions.
+
+        Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of
+        loading the metadata for packages matching ``context.name``
+        (or all names if ``None`` indicated) along the paths in the list
+        of directories ``context.path``.
+        """
+        found = self._search_paths(context.name, context.path)
+        return map(PathDistribution, found)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _search_paths(cls, name, paths):
+        """Find metadata directories in paths heuristically."""
+        prepared = Prepared(name)
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            path.search(prepared) for path in map(FastPath, paths)
+        )
+
+    def invalidate_caches(cls):
+        FastPath.__new__.cache_clear()
+
+
+class PathDistribution(Distribution):
+    def __init__(self, path: SimplePath):
+        """Construct a distribution.
+
+        :param path: SimplePath indicating the metadata directory.
+        """
+        self._path = path
+
+    def read_text(self, filename):
+        with suppress(
+            FileNotFoundError,
+            IsADirectoryError,
+            KeyError,
+            NotADirectoryError,
+            PermissionError,
+        ):
+            return self._path.joinpath(filename).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+
+    read_text.__doc__ = Distribution.read_text.__doc__
+
+    def locate_file(self, path):
+        return self._path.parent / path
+
+    @property
+    def _normalized_name(self):
+        """
+        Performance optimization: where possible, resolve the
+        normalized name from the file system path.
+        """
+        stem = os.path.basename(str(self._path))
+        return (
+            pass_none(Prepared.normalize)(self._name_from_stem(stem))
+            or super()._normalized_name
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _name_from_stem(stem):
+        """
+        >>> PathDistribution._name_from_stem('foo-3.0.egg-info')
+        'foo'
+        >>> PathDistribution._name_from_stem('CherryPy-3.0.dist-info')
+        'CherryPy'
+        >>> PathDistribution._name_from_stem('face.egg-info')
+        'face'
+        >>> PathDistribution._name_from_stem('foo.bar')
+        """
+        filename, ext = os.path.splitext(stem)
+        if ext not in ('.dist-info', '.egg-info'):
+            return
+        name, sep, rest = filename.partition('-')
+        return name
+
+
+def distribution(distribution_name):
+    """Get the ``Distribution`` instance for the named package.
+
+    :param distribution_name: The name of the distribution package as a string.
+    :return: A ``Distribution`` instance (or subclass thereof).
+    """
+    return Distribution.from_name(distribution_name)
+
+
+def distributions(**kwargs):
+    """Get all ``Distribution`` instances in the current environment.
+
+    :return: An iterable of ``Distribution`` instances.
+    """
+    return Distribution.discover(**kwargs)
+
+
+def metadata(distribution_name) -> _meta.PackageMetadata:
+    """Get the metadata for the named package.
+
+    :param distribution_name: The name of the distribution package to query.
+    :return: A PackageMetadata containing the parsed metadata.
+    """
+    return Distribution.from_name(distribution_name).metadata
+
+
+def version(distribution_name):
+    """Get the version string for the named package.
+
+    :param distribution_name: The name of the distribution package to query.
+    :return: The version string for the package as defined in the package's
+        "Version" metadata key.
+    """
+    return distribution(distribution_name).version
+
+
+_unique = functools.partial(
+    unique_everseen,
+    key=_py39compat.normalized_name,
+)
+"""
+Wrapper for ``distributions`` to return unique distributions by name.
+"""
+
+
+def entry_points(**params) -> EntryPoints:
+    """Return EntryPoint objects for all installed packages.
+
+    Pass selection parameters (group or name) to filter the
+    result to entry points matching those properties (see
+    EntryPoints.select()).
+
+    :return: EntryPoints for all installed packages.
+    """
+    eps = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        dist.entry_points for dist in _unique(distributions())
+    )
+    return EntryPoints(eps).select(**params)
+
+
+def files(distribution_name):
+    """Return a list of files for the named package.
+
+    :param distribution_name: The name of the distribution package to query.
+    :return: List of files composing the distribution.
+    """
+    return distribution(distribution_name).files
+
+
+def requires(distribution_name):
+    """
+    Return a list of requirements for the named package.
+
+    :return: An iterator of requirements, suitable for
+        packaging.requirement.Requirement.
+    """
+    return distribution(distribution_name).requires
+
+
+def packages_distributions() -> Mapping[str, List[str]]:
+    """
+    Return a mapping of top-level packages to their
+    distributions.
+
+    >>> import collections.abc
+    >>> pkgs = packages_distributions()
+    >>> all(isinstance(dist, collections.abc.Sequence) for dist in pkgs.values())
+    True
+    """
+    pkg_to_dist = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    for dist in distributions():
+        for pkg in _top_level_declared(dist) or _top_level_inferred(dist):
+            pkg_to_dist[pkg].append(dist.metadata['Name'])
+    return dict(pkg_to_dist)
+
+
+def _top_level_declared(dist):
+    return (dist.read_text('top_level.txt') or '').split()
+
+
+def _top_level_inferred(dist):
+    return {
+        f.parts[0] if len(f.parts) > 1 else f.with_suffix('').name
+        for f in always_iterable(dist.files)
+        if f.suffix == ".py"
+    }
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_adapters.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e33cba5e44d4f7c62a479db7ea215f7a06ad6efa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_adapters.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import functools
+import warnings
+import re
+import textwrap
+import email.message
+
+from ._text import FoldedCase
+from ._compat import pypy_partial
+
+
+# Do not remove prior to 2024-01-01 or Python 3.14
+_warn = functools.partial(
+    warnings.warn,
+    "Implicit None on return values is deprecated and will raise KeyErrors.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+    stacklevel=pypy_partial(2),
+)
+
+
+class Message(email.message.Message):
+    multiple_use_keys = set(
+        map(
+            FoldedCase,
+            [
+                'Classifier',
+                'Obsoletes-Dist',
+                'Platform',
+                'Project-URL',
+                'Provides-Dist',
+                'Provides-Extra',
+                'Requires-Dist',
+                'Requires-External',
+                'Supported-Platform',
+                'Dynamic',
+            ],
+        )
+    )
+    """
+    Keys that may be indicated multiple times per PEP 566.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, orig: email.message.Message):
+        res = super().__new__(cls)
+        vars(res).update(vars(orig))
+        return res
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._headers = self._repair_headers()
+
+    # suppress spurious error from mypy
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return super().__iter__()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        """
+        Warn users that a ``KeyError`` can be expected when a
+        mising key is supplied. Ref python/importlib_metadata#371.
+        """
+        res = super().__getitem__(item)
+        if res is None:
+            _warn()
+        return res
+
+    def _repair_headers(self):
+        def redent(value):
+            "Correct for RFC822 indentation"
+            if not value or '\n' not in value:
+                return value
+            return textwrap.dedent(' ' * 8 + value)
+
+        headers = [(key, redent(value)) for key, value in vars(self)['_headers']]
+        if self._payload:
+            headers.append(('Description', self.get_payload()))
+        return headers
+
+    @property
+    def json(self):
+        """
+        Convert PackageMetadata to a JSON-compatible format
+        per PEP 0566.
+        """
+
+        def transform(key):
+            value = self.get_all(key) if key in self.multiple_use_keys else self[key]
+            if key == 'Keywords':
+                value = re.split(r'\s+', value)
+            tk = key.lower().replace('-', '_')
+            return tk, value
+
+        return dict(map(transform, map(FoldedCase, self)))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_collections.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf0954e1a30546d781bf25781ec716ef92a77e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_collections.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import collections
+
+
+# from jaraco.collections 3.3
+class FreezableDefaultDict(collections.defaultdict):
+    """
+    Often it is desirable to prevent the mutation of
+    a default dict after its initial construction, such
+    as to prevent mutation during iteration.
+
+    >>> dd = FreezableDefaultDict(list)
+    >>> dd[0].append('1')
+    >>> dd.freeze()
+    >>> dd[1]
+    []
+    >>> len(dd)
+    1
+    """
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self, '_frozen', super().__missing__)(key)
+
+    def freeze(self):
+        self._frozen = lambda key: self.default_factory()
+
+
+class Pair(collections.namedtuple('Pair', 'name value')):
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, text):
+        return cls(*map(str.strip, text.split("=", 1)))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84f9eea4f3c4e588f5358c586275f2ce8a647630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import sys
+import platform
+
+
+__all__ = ['install', 'NullFinder', 'Protocol']
+
+
+try:
+    from typing import Protocol
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Python 3.7 compatibility
+    from ..typing_extensions import Protocol  # type: ignore
+
+
+def install(cls):
+    """
+    Class decorator for installation on sys.meta_path.
+
+    Adds the backport DistributionFinder to sys.meta_path and
+    attempts to disable the finder functionality of the stdlib
+    DistributionFinder.
+    """
+    sys.meta_path.append(cls())
+    disable_stdlib_finder()
+    return cls
+
+
+def disable_stdlib_finder():
+    """
+    Give the backport primacy for discovering path-based distributions
+    by monkey-patching the stdlib O_O.
+
+    See #91 for more background for rationale on this sketchy
+    behavior.
+    """
+
+    def matches(finder):
+        return getattr(
+            finder, '__module__', None
+        ) == '_frozen_importlib_external' and hasattr(finder, 'find_distributions')
+
+    for finder in filter(matches, sys.meta_path):  # pragma: nocover
+        del finder.find_distributions
+
+
+class NullFinder:
+    """
+    A "Finder" (aka "MetaClassFinder") that never finds any modules,
+    but may find distributions.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def find_spec(*args, **kwargs):
+        return None
+
+    # In Python 2, the import system requires finders
+    # to have a find_module() method, but this usage
+    # is deprecated in Python 3 in favor of find_spec().
+    # For the purposes of this finder (i.e. being present
+    # on sys.meta_path but having no other import
+    # system functionality), the two methods are identical.
+    find_module = find_spec
+
+
+def pypy_partial(val):
+    """
+    Adjust for variable stacklevel on partial under PyPy.
+
+    Workaround for #327.
+    """
+    is_pypy = platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy'
+    return val + is_pypy
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_functools.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_functools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71f66bd03cb713a2190853bdf7170c4ea80d2425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_functools.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import types
+import functools
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 3.3
+def method_cache(method, cache_wrapper=None):
+    """
+    Wrap lru_cache to support storing the cache data in the object instances.
+
+    Abstracts the common paradigm where the method explicitly saves an
+    underscore-prefixed protected property on first call and returns that
+    subsequently.
+
+    >>> class MyClass:
+    ...     calls = 0
+    ...
+    ...     @method_cache
+    ...     def method(self, value):
+    ...         self.calls += 1
+    ...         return value
+
+    >>> a = MyClass()
+    >>> a.method(3)
+    3
+    >>> for x in range(75):
+    ...     res = a.method(x)
+    >>> a.calls
+    75
+
+    Note that the apparent behavior will be exactly like that of lru_cache
+    except that the cache is stored on each instance, so values in one
+    instance will not flush values from another, and when an instance is
+    deleted, so are the cached values for that instance.
+
+    >>> b = MyClass()
+    >>> for x in range(35):
+    ...     res = b.method(x)
+    >>> b.calls
+    35
+    >>> a.method(0)
+    0
+    >>> a.calls
+    75
+
+    Note that if method had been decorated with ``functools.lru_cache()``,
+    a.calls would have been 76 (due to the cached value of 0 having been
+    flushed by the 'b' instance).
+
+    Clear the cache with ``.cache_clear()``
+
+    >>> a.method.cache_clear()
+
+    Same for a method that hasn't yet been called.
+
+    >>> c = MyClass()
+    >>> c.method.cache_clear()
+
+    Another cache wrapper may be supplied:
+
+    >>> cache = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
+    >>> MyClass.method2 = method_cache(lambda self: 3, cache_wrapper=cache)
+    >>> a = MyClass()
+    >>> a.method2()
+    3
+
+    Caution - do not subsequently wrap the method with another decorator, such
+    as ``@property``, which changes the semantics of the function.
+
+    See also
+    http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods/
+    for another implementation and additional justification.
+    """
+    cache_wrapper = cache_wrapper or functools.lru_cache()
+
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # it's the first call, replace the method with a cached, bound method
+        bound_method = types.MethodType(method, self)
+        cached_method = cache_wrapper(bound_method)
+        setattr(self, method.__name__, cached_method)
+        return cached_method(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # Support cache clear even before cache has been created.
+    wrapper.cache_clear = lambda: None
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+# From jaraco.functools 3.3
+def pass_none(func):
+    """
+    Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None
+
+    >>> print_text = pass_none(print)
+    >>> print_text('text')
+    text
+    >>> print_text(None)
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(param, *args, **kwargs):
+        if param is not None:
+            return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_itertools.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_itertools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4ca9b9140e3f085b36609bb8dfdaea79c78e144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_itertools.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from itertools import filterfalse
+
+
+def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
+    "List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
+    # unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
+    # unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
+    seen = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if key is None:
+        for element in filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen_add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen_add(k)
+                yield element
+
+
+# copied from more_itertools 8.8
+def always_iterable(obj, base_type=(str, bytes)):
+    """If *obj* is iterable, return an iterator over its items::
+
+        >>> obj = (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        [1, 2, 3]
+
+    If *obj* is not iterable, return a one-item iterable containing *obj*::
+
+        >>> obj = 1
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        [1]
+
+    If *obj* is ``None``, return an empty iterable:
+
+        >>> obj = None
+        >>> list(always_iterable(None))
+        []
+
+    By default, binary and text strings are not considered iterable::
+
+        >>> obj = 'foo'
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        ['foo']
+
+    If *base_type* is set, objects for which ``isinstance(obj, base_type)``
+    returns ``True`` won't be considered iterable.
+
+        >>> obj = {'a': 1}
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))  # Iterate over the dict's keys
+        ['a']
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=dict))  # Treat dicts as a unit
+        [{'a': 1}]
+
+    Set *base_type* to ``None`` to avoid any special handling and treat objects
+    Python considers iterable as iterable:
+
+        >>> obj = 'foo'
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=None))
+        ['f', 'o', 'o']
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return iter(())
+
+    if (base_type is not None) and isinstance(obj, base_type):
+        return iter((obj,))
+
+    try:
+        return iter(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        return iter((obj,))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_meta.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_meta.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..259b15ba194db7c02fbcbf170d522230b4418933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_meta.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from ._compat import Protocol
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List, TypeVar, Union
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class PackageMetadata(Protocol):
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: str) -> bool:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def get_all(self, name: str, failobj: _T = ...) -> Union[List[Any], _T]:
+        """
+        Return all values associated with a possibly multi-valued key.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    def json(self) -> Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]:
+        """
+        A JSON-compatible form of the metadata.
+        """
+
+
+class SimplePath(Protocol[_T]):
+    """
+    A minimal subset of pathlib.Path required by PathDistribution.
+    """
+
+    def joinpath(self) -> _T:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other: Union[str, _T]) -> _T:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self) -> _T:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def read_text(self) -> str:
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_py39compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_py39compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cde4558fbbeb938de8a5aa8ee165465c23180ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_py39compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""
+Compatibility layer with Python 3.8/3.9
+"""
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Prevent circular imports on runtime.
+    from . import Distribution, EntryPoint
+else:
+    Distribution = EntryPoint = Any
+
+
+def normalized_name(dist: Distribution) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Honor name normalization for distributions that don't provide ``_normalized_name``.
+    """
+    try:
+        return dist._normalized_name
+    except AttributeError:
+        from . import Prepared  # -> delay to prevent circular imports.
+
+        return Prepared.normalize(getattr(dist, "name", None) or dist.metadata['Name'])
+
+
+def ep_matches(ep: EntryPoint, **params) -> bool:
+    """
+    Workaround for ``EntryPoint`` objects without the ``matches`` method.
+    """
+    try:
+        return ep.matches(**params)
+    except AttributeError:
+        from . import EntryPoint  # -> delay to prevent circular imports.
+
+        # Reconstruct the EntryPoint object to make sure it is compatible.
+        return EntryPoint(ep.name, ep.value, ep.group).matches(**params)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_text.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c88cfbb2349c6401336bc5ba6623f51afd1eb59d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/_text.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import re
+
+from ._functools import method_cache
+
+
+# from jaraco.text 3.5
+class FoldedCase(str):
+    """
+    A case insensitive string class; behaves just like str
+    except compares equal when the only variation is case.
+
+    >>> s = FoldedCase('hello world')
+
+    >>> s == 'Hello World'
+    True
+
+    >>> 'Hello World' == s
+    True
+
+    >>> s != 'Hello World'
+    False
+
+    >>> s.index('O')
+    4
+
+    >>> s.split('O')
+    ['hell', ' w', 'rld']
+
+    >>> sorted(map(FoldedCase, ['GAMMA', 'alpha', 'Beta']))
+    ['alpha', 'Beta', 'GAMMA']
+
+    Sequence membership is straightforward.
+
+    >>> "Hello World" in [s]
+    True
+    >>> s in ["Hello World"]
+    True
+
+    You may test for set inclusion, but candidate and elements
+    must both be folded.
+
+    >>> FoldedCase("Hello World") in {s}
+    True
+    >>> s in {FoldedCase("Hello World")}
+    True
+
+    String inclusion works as long as the FoldedCase object
+    is on the right.
+
+    >>> "hello" in FoldedCase("Hello World")
+    True
+
+    But not if the FoldedCase object is on the left:
+
+    >>> FoldedCase('hello') in 'Hello World'
+    False
+
+    In that case, use in_:
+
+    >>> FoldedCase('hello').in_('Hello World')
+    True
+
+    >>> FoldedCase('hello') > FoldedCase('Hello')
+    False
+    """
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() < other.lower()
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() > other.lower()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() == other.lower()
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() != other.lower()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.lower())
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        return super().lower().__contains__(other.lower())
+
+    def in_(self, other):
+        "Does self appear in other?"
+        return self in FoldedCase(other)
+
+    # cache lower since it's likely to be called frequently.
+    @method_cache
+    def lower(self):
+        return super().lower()
+
+    def index(self, sub):
+        return self.lower().index(sub.lower())
+
+    def split(self, splitter=' ', maxsplit=0):
+        pattern = re.compile(re.escape(splitter), re.I)
+        return pattern.split(self, maxsplit)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/py.typed b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_metadata/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34e3a9950cc557879af8d797f9382b18a870fb56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""Read resources contained within a package."""
+
+from ._common import (
+    as_file,
+    files,
+    Package,
+)
+
+from ._legacy import (
+    contents,
+    open_binary,
+    read_binary,
+    open_text,
+    read_text,
+    is_resource,
+    path,
+    Resource,
+)
+
+from .abc import ResourceReader
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Package',
+    'Resource',
+    'ResourceReader',
+    'as_file',
+    'contents',
+    'files',
+    'is_resource',
+    'open_binary',
+    'open_text',
+    'path',
+    'read_binary',
+    'read_text',
+]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_adapters.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea363d86a564b5450666aa00aecd46353326a75a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_adapters.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+from contextlib import suppress
+from io import TextIOWrapper
+
+from . import abc
+
+
+class SpecLoaderAdapter:
+    """
+    Adapt a package spec to adapt the underlying loader.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, spec, adapter=lambda spec: spec.loader):
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.loader = adapter(spec)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.spec, name)
+
+
+class TraversableResourcesLoader:
+    """
+    Adapt a loader to provide TraversableResources.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, spec):
+        self.spec = spec
+
+    def get_resource_reader(self, name):
+        return CompatibilityFiles(self.spec)._native()
+
+
+def _io_wrapper(file, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+    if mode == 'r':
+        return TextIOWrapper(file, *args, **kwargs)
+    elif mode == 'rb':
+        return file
+    raise ValueError(
+        "Invalid mode value '{}', only 'r' and 'rb' are supported".format(mode)
+    )
+
+
+class CompatibilityFiles:
+    """
+    Adapter for an existing or non-existent resource reader
+    to provide a compatibility .files().
+    """
+
+    class SpecPath(abc.Traversable):
+        """
+        Path tied to a module spec.
+        Can be read and exposes the resource reader children.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, spec, reader):
+            self._spec = spec
+            self._reader = reader
+
+        def iterdir(self):
+            if not self._reader:
+                return iter(())
+            return iter(
+                CompatibilityFiles.ChildPath(self._reader, path)
+                for path in self._reader.contents()
+            )
+
+        def is_file(self):
+            return False
+
+        is_dir = is_file
+
+        def joinpath(self, other):
+            if not self._reader:
+                return CompatibilityFiles.OrphanPath(other)
+            return CompatibilityFiles.ChildPath(self._reader, other)
+
+        @property
+        def name(self):
+            return self._spec.name
+
+        def open(self, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+            return _io_wrapper(self._reader.open_resource(None), mode, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    class ChildPath(abc.Traversable):
+        """
+        Path tied to a resource reader child.
+        Can be read but doesn't expose any meaningful children.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, reader, name):
+            self._reader = reader
+            self._name = name
+
+        def iterdir(self):
+            return iter(())
+
+        def is_file(self):
+            return self._reader.is_resource(self.name)
+
+        def is_dir(self):
+            return not self.is_file()
+
+        def joinpath(self, other):
+            return CompatibilityFiles.OrphanPath(self.name, other)
+
+        @property
+        def name(self):
+            return self._name
+
+        def open(self, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+            return _io_wrapper(
+                self._reader.open_resource(self.name), mode, *args, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    class OrphanPath(abc.Traversable):
+        """
+        Orphan path, not tied to a module spec or resource reader.
+        Can't be read and doesn't expose any meaningful children.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, *path_parts):
+            if len(path_parts) < 1:
+                raise ValueError('Need at least one path part to construct a path')
+            self._path = path_parts
+
+        def iterdir(self):
+            return iter(())
+
+        def is_file(self):
+            return False
+
+        is_dir = is_file
+
+        def joinpath(self, other):
+            return CompatibilityFiles.OrphanPath(*self._path, other)
+
+        @property
+        def name(self):
+            return self._path[-1]
+
+        def open(self, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+            raise FileNotFoundError("Can't open orphan path")
+
+    def __init__(self, spec):
+        self.spec = spec
+
+    @property
+    def _reader(self):
+        with suppress(AttributeError):
+            return self.spec.loader.get_resource_reader(self.spec.name)
+
+    def _native(self):
+        """
+        Return the native reader if it supports files().
+        """
+        reader = self._reader
+        return reader if hasattr(reader, 'files') else self
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self._reader, attr)
+
+    def files(self):
+        return CompatibilityFiles.SpecPath(self.spec, self._reader)
+
+
+def wrap_spec(package):
+    """
+    Construct a package spec with traversable compatibility
+    on the spec/loader/reader.
+    """
+    return SpecLoaderAdapter(package.__spec__, TraversableResourcesLoader)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_common.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c6de1cfb2e7b8f4ae95100589c4eaa84fb99926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_common.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+import os
+import pathlib
+import tempfile
+import functools
+import contextlib
+import types
+import importlib
+import inspect
+import warnings
+import itertools
+
+from typing import Union, Optional, cast
+from .abc import ResourceReader, Traversable
+
+from ._compat import wrap_spec
+
+Package = Union[types.ModuleType, str]
+Anchor = Package
+
+
+def package_to_anchor(func):
+    """
+    Replace 'package' parameter as 'anchor' and warn about the change.
+
+    Other errors should fall through.
+
+    >>> files('a', 'b')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    TypeError: files() takes from 0 to 1 positional arguments but 2 were given
+    """
+    undefined = object()
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(anchor=undefined, package=undefined):
+        if package is not undefined:
+            if anchor is not undefined:
+                return func(anchor, package)
+            warnings.warn(
+                "First parameter to files is renamed to 'anchor'",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            return func(package)
+        elif anchor is undefined:
+            return func()
+        return func(anchor)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+@package_to_anchor
+def files(anchor: Optional[Anchor] = None) -> Traversable:
+    """
+    Get a Traversable resource for an anchor.
+    """
+    return from_package(resolve(anchor))
+
+
+def get_resource_reader(package: types.ModuleType) -> Optional[ResourceReader]:
+    """
+    Return the package's loader if it's a ResourceReader.
+    """
+    # We can't use
+    # a issubclass() check here because apparently abc.'s __subclasscheck__()
+    # hook wants to create a weak reference to the object, but
+    # zipimport.zipimporter does not support weak references, resulting in a
+    # TypeError.  That seems terrible.
+    spec = package.__spec__
+    reader = getattr(spec.loader, 'get_resource_reader', None)  # type: ignore
+    if reader is None:
+        return None
+    return reader(spec.name)  # type: ignore
+
+
+@functools.singledispatch
+def resolve(cand: Optional[Anchor]) -> types.ModuleType:
+    return cast(types.ModuleType, cand)
+
+
+@resolve.register
+def _(cand: str) -> types.ModuleType:
+    return importlib.import_module(cand)
+
+
+@resolve.register
+def _(cand: None) -> types.ModuleType:
+    return resolve(_infer_caller().f_globals['__name__'])
+
+
+def _infer_caller():
+    """
+    Walk the stack and find the frame of the first caller not in this module.
+    """
+
+    def is_this_file(frame_info):
+        return frame_info.filename == __file__
+
+    def is_wrapper(frame_info):
+        return frame_info.function == 'wrapper'
+
+    not_this_file = itertools.filterfalse(is_this_file, inspect.stack())
+    # also exclude 'wrapper' due to singledispatch in the call stack
+    callers = itertools.filterfalse(is_wrapper, not_this_file)
+    return next(callers).frame
+
+
+def from_package(package: types.ModuleType):
+    """
+    Return a Traversable object for the given package.
+
+    """
+    spec = wrap_spec(package)
+    reader = spec.loader.get_resource_reader(spec.name)
+    return reader.files()
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _tempfile(
+    reader,
+    suffix='',
+    # gh-93353: Keep a reference to call os.remove() in late Python
+    # finalization.
+    *,
+    _os_remove=os.remove,
+):
+    # Not using tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile as it leads to deeper 'try'
+    # blocks due to the need to close the temporary file to work on Windows
+    # properly.
+    fd, raw_path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=suffix)
+    try:
+        try:
+            os.write(fd, reader())
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+        del reader
+        yield pathlib.Path(raw_path)
+    finally:
+        try:
+            _os_remove(raw_path)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            pass
+
+
+def _temp_file(path):
+    return _tempfile(path.read_bytes, suffix=path.name)
+
+
+def _is_present_dir(path: Traversable) -> bool:
+    """
+    Some Traversables implement ``is_dir()`` to raise an
+    exception (i.e. ``FileNotFoundError``) when the
+    directory doesn't exist. This function wraps that call
+    to always return a boolean and only return True
+    if there's a dir and it exists.
+    """
+    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
+        return path.is_dir()
+    return False
+
+
+@functools.singledispatch
+def as_file(path):
+    """
+    Given a Traversable object, return that object as a
+    path on the local file system in a context manager.
+    """
+    return _temp_dir(path) if _is_present_dir(path) else _temp_file(path)
+
+
+@as_file.register(pathlib.Path)
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _(path):
+    """
+    Degenerate behavior for pathlib.Path objects.
+    """
+    yield path
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _temp_path(dir: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory):
+    """
+    Wrap tempfile.TemporyDirectory to return a pathlib object.
+    """
+    with dir as result:
+        yield pathlib.Path(result)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _temp_dir(path):
+    """
+    Given a traversable dir, recursively replicate the whole tree
+    to the file system in a context manager.
+    """
+    assert path.is_dir()
+    with _temp_path(tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()) as temp_dir:
+        yield _write_contents(temp_dir, path)
+
+
+def _write_contents(target, source):
+    child = target.joinpath(source.name)
+    if source.is_dir():
+        child.mkdir()
+        for item in source.iterdir():
+            _write_contents(child, item)
+    else:
+        child.write_bytes(source.read_bytes())
+    return child
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b5b1d280f3c7b45cee54338f60d5271a7510c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+
+import abc
+import os
+import sys
+import pathlib
+from contextlib import suppress
+from typing import Union
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from zipfile import Path as ZipPath  # type: ignore
+else:
+    from ..zipp import Path as ZipPath  # type: ignore
+
+
+try:
+    from typing import runtime_checkable  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+
+    def runtime_checkable(cls):  # type: ignore
+        return cls
+
+
+try:
+    from typing import Protocol  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    Protocol = abc.ABC  # type: ignore
+
+
+class TraversableResourcesLoader:
+    """
+    Adapt loaders to provide TraversableResources and other
+    compatibility.
+
+    Used primarily for Python 3.9 and earlier where the native
+    loaders do not yet implement TraversableResources.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, spec):
+        self.spec = spec
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return self.spec.origin
+
+    def get_resource_reader(self, name):
+        from . import readers, _adapters
+
+        def _zip_reader(spec):
+            with suppress(AttributeError):
+                return readers.ZipReader(spec.loader, spec.name)
+
+        def _namespace_reader(spec):
+            with suppress(AttributeError, ValueError):
+                return readers.NamespaceReader(spec.submodule_search_locations)
+
+        def _available_reader(spec):
+            with suppress(AttributeError):
+                return spec.loader.get_resource_reader(spec.name)
+
+        def _native_reader(spec):
+            reader = _available_reader(spec)
+            return reader if hasattr(reader, 'files') else None
+
+        def _file_reader(spec):
+            try:
+                path = pathlib.Path(self.path)
+            except TypeError:
+                return None
+            if path.exists():
+                return readers.FileReader(self)
+
+        return (
+            # native reader if it supplies 'files'
+            _native_reader(self.spec)
+            or
+            # local ZipReader if a zip module
+            _zip_reader(self.spec)
+            or
+            # local NamespaceReader if a namespace module
+            _namespace_reader(self.spec)
+            or
+            # local FileReader
+            _file_reader(self.spec)
+            # fallback - adapt the spec ResourceReader to TraversableReader
+            or _adapters.CompatibilityFiles(self.spec)
+        )
+
+
+def wrap_spec(package):
+    """
+    Construct a package spec with traversable compatibility
+    on the spec/loader/reader.
+
+    Supersedes _adapters.wrap_spec to use TraversableResourcesLoader
+    from above for older Python compatibility (<3.10).
+    """
+    from . import _adapters
+
+    return _adapters.SpecLoaderAdapter(package.__spec__, TraversableResourcesLoader)
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    StrPath = Union[str, os.PathLike[str]]
+else:
+    # PathLike is only subscriptable at runtime in 3.9+
+    StrPath = Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_itertools.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_itertools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cce05582ffc6fe6d72027194f4ccc44ee42f1fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_itertools.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from itertools import filterfalse
+
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+# Type and type variable definitions
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+_U = TypeVar('_U')
+
+
+def unique_everseen(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], key: Optional[Callable[[_T], _U]] = None
+) -> Iterator[_T]:
+    "List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
+    # unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
+    # unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
+    seen: Set[Union[_T, _U]] = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if key is None:
+        for element in filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen_add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen_add(k)
+                yield element
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_legacy.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1ea8105dad6e27eefd5a34f64dfee974a5c4f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/_legacy.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import functools
+import os
+import pathlib
+import types
+import warnings
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, ContextManager, BinaryIO, TextIO, Any
+
+from . import _common
+
+Package = Union[types.ModuleType, str]
+Resource = str
+
+
+def deprecated(func):
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"{func.__name__} is deprecated. Use files() instead. "
+            "Refer to https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io"
+            "/en/latest/using.html#migrating-from-legacy for migration advice.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def normalize_path(path: Any) -> str:
+    """Normalize a path by ensuring it is a string.
+
+    If the resulting string contains path separators, an exception is raised.
+    """
+    str_path = str(path)
+    parent, file_name = os.path.split(str_path)
+    if parent:
+        raise ValueError(f'{path!r} must be only a file name')
+    return file_name
+
+
+@deprecated
+def open_binary(package: Package, resource: Resource) -> BinaryIO:
+    """Return a file-like object opened for binary reading of the resource."""
+    return (_common.files(package) / normalize_path(resource)).open('rb')
+
+
+@deprecated
+def read_binary(package: Package, resource: Resource) -> bytes:
+    """Return the binary contents of the resource."""
+    return (_common.files(package) / normalize_path(resource)).read_bytes()
+
+
+@deprecated
+def open_text(
+    package: Package,
+    resource: Resource,
+    encoding: str = 'utf-8',
+    errors: str = 'strict',
+) -> TextIO:
+    """Return a file-like object opened for text reading of the resource."""
+    return (_common.files(package) / normalize_path(resource)).open(
+        'r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated
+def read_text(
+    package: Package,
+    resource: Resource,
+    encoding: str = 'utf-8',
+    errors: str = 'strict',
+) -> str:
+    """Return the decoded string of the resource.
+
+    The decoding-related arguments have the same semantics as those of
+    bytes.decode().
+    """
+    with open_text(package, resource, encoding, errors) as fp:
+        return fp.read()
+
+
+@deprecated
+def contents(package: Package) -> Iterable[str]:
+    """Return an iterable of entries in `package`.
+
+    Note that not all entries are resources.  Specifically, directories are
+    not considered resources.  Use `is_resource()` on each entry returned here
+    to check if it is a resource or not.
+    """
+    return [path.name for path in _common.files(package).iterdir()]
+
+
+@deprecated
+def is_resource(package: Package, name: str) -> bool:
+    """True if `name` is a resource inside `package`.
+
+    Directories are *not* resources.
+    """
+    resource = normalize_path(name)
+    return any(
+        traversable.name == resource and traversable.is_file()
+        for traversable in _common.files(package).iterdir()
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated
+def path(
+    package: Package,
+    resource: Resource,
+) -> ContextManager[pathlib.Path]:
+    """A context manager providing a file path object to the resource.
+
+    If the resource does not already exist on its own on the file system,
+    a temporary file will be created. If the file was created, the file
+    will be deleted upon exiting the context manager (no exception is
+    raised if the file was deleted prior to the context manager
+    exiting).
+    """
+    return _common.as_file(_common.files(package) / normalize_path(resource))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/abc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/abc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23b6aeafe4f43d097734e186907232513ad27a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/abc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import abc
+import io
+import itertools
+import pathlib
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Iterable, Iterator, NoReturn, Text, Optional
+
+from ._compat import runtime_checkable, Protocol, StrPath
+
+
+__all__ = ["ResourceReader", "Traversable", "TraversableResources"]
+
+
+class ResourceReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    """Abstract base class for loaders to provide resource reading support."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def open_resource(self, resource: Text) -> BinaryIO:
+        """Return an opened, file-like object for binary reading.
+
+        The 'resource' argument is expected to represent only a file name.
+        If the resource cannot be found, FileNotFoundError is raised.
+        """
+        # This deliberately raises FileNotFoundError instead of
+        # NotImplementedError so that if this method is accidentally called,
+        # it'll still do the right thing.
+        raise FileNotFoundError
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def resource_path(self, resource: Text) -> Text:
+        """Return the file system path to the specified resource.
+
+        The 'resource' argument is expected to represent only a file name.
+        If the resource does not exist on the file system, raise
+        FileNotFoundError.
+        """
+        # This deliberately raises FileNotFoundError instead of
+        # NotImplementedError so that if this method is accidentally called,
+        # it'll still do the right thing.
+        raise FileNotFoundError
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def is_resource(self, path: Text) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the named 'path' is a resource.
+
+        Files are resources, directories are not.
+        """
+        raise FileNotFoundError
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contents(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """Return an iterable of entries in `package`."""
+        raise FileNotFoundError
+
+
+class TraversalError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class Traversable(Protocol):
+    """
+    An object with a subset of pathlib.Path methods suitable for
+    traversing directories and opening files.
+
+    Any exceptions that occur when accessing the backing resource
+    may propagate unaltered.
+    """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def iterdir(self) -> Iterator["Traversable"]:
+        """
+        Yield Traversable objects in self
+        """
+
+    def read_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read contents of self as bytes
+        """
+        with self.open('rb') as strm:
+            return strm.read()
+
+    def read_text(self, encoding: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        """
+        Read contents of self as text
+        """
+        with self.open(encoding=encoding) as strm:
+            return strm.read()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def is_dir(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if self is a directory
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def is_file(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if self is a file
+        """
+
+    def joinpath(self, *descendants: StrPath) -> "Traversable":
+        """
+        Return Traversable resolved with any descendants applied.
+
+        Each descendant should be a path segment relative to self
+        and each may contain multiple levels separated by
+        ``posixpath.sep`` (``/``).
+        """
+        if not descendants:
+            return self
+        names = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            path.parts for path in map(pathlib.PurePosixPath, descendants)
+        )
+        target = next(names)
+        matches = (
+            traversable for traversable in self.iterdir() if traversable.name == target
+        )
+        try:
+            match = next(matches)
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise TraversalError(
+                "Target not found during traversal.", target, list(names)
+            )
+        return match.joinpath(*names)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, child: StrPath) -> "Traversable":
+        """
+        Return Traversable child in self
+        """
+        return self.joinpath(child)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def open(self, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        mode may be 'r' or 'rb' to open as text or binary. Return a handle
+        suitable for reading (same as pathlib.Path.open).
+
+        When opening as text, accepts encoding parameters such as those
+        accepted by io.TextIOWrapper.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The base name of this object without any parent references.
+        """
+
+
+class TraversableResources(ResourceReader):
+    """
+    The required interface for providing traversable
+    resources.
+    """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def files(self) -> "Traversable":
+        """Return a Traversable object for the loaded package."""
+
+    def open_resource(self, resource: StrPath) -> io.BufferedReader:
+        return self.files().joinpath(resource).open('rb')
+
+    def resource_path(self, resource: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(resource)
+
+    def is_resource(self, path: StrPath) -> bool:
+        return self.files().joinpath(path).is_file()
+
+    def contents(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return (item.name for item in self.files().iterdir())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/py.typed b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/readers.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/readers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab34db74091c8a04ee9004ce9a786de3146ec917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/readers.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import collections
+import pathlib
+import operator
+
+from . import abc
+
+from ._itertools import unique_everseen
+from ._compat import ZipPath
+
+
+def remove_duplicates(items):
+    return iter(collections.OrderedDict.fromkeys(items))
+
+
+class FileReader(abc.TraversableResources):
+    def __init__(self, loader):
+        self.path = pathlib.Path(loader.path).parent
+
+    def resource_path(self, resource):
+        """
+        Return the file system path to prevent
+        `resources.path()` from creating a temporary
+        copy.
+        """
+        return str(self.path.joinpath(resource))
+
+    def files(self):
+        return self.path
+
+
+class ZipReader(abc.TraversableResources):
+    def __init__(self, loader, module):
+        _, _, name = module.rpartition('.')
+        self.prefix = loader.prefix.replace('\\', '/') + name + '/'
+        self.archive = loader.archive
+
+    def open_resource(self, resource):
+        try:
+            return super().open_resource(resource)
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            raise FileNotFoundError(exc.args[0])
+
+    def is_resource(self, path):
+        # workaround for `zipfile.Path.is_file` returning true
+        # for non-existent paths.
+        target = self.files().joinpath(path)
+        return target.is_file() and target.exists()
+
+    def files(self):
+        return ZipPath(self.archive, self.prefix)
+
+
+class MultiplexedPath(abc.Traversable):
+    """
+    Given a series of Traversable objects, implement a merged
+    version of the interface across all objects. Useful for
+    namespace packages which may be multihomed at a single
+    name.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *paths):
+        self._paths = list(map(pathlib.Path, remove_duplicates(paths)))
+        if not self._paths:
+            message = 'MultiplexedPath must contain at least one path'
+            raise FileNotFoundError(message)
+        if not all(path.is_dir() for path in self._paths):
+            raise NotADirectoryError('MultiplexedPath only supports directories')
+
+    def iterdir(self):
+        files = (file for path in self._paths for file in path.iterdir())
+        return unique_everseen(files, key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
+
+    def read_bytes(self):
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'{self} is not a file')
+
+    def read_text(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'{self} is not a file')
+
+    def is_dir(self):
+        return True
+
+    def is_file(self):
+        return False
+
+    def joinpath(self, *descendants):
+        try:
+            return super().joinpath(*descendants)
+        except abc.TraversalError:
+            # One of the paths did not resolve (a directory does not exist).
+            # Just return something that will not exist.
+            return self._paths[0].joinpath(*descendants)
+
+    def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'{self} is not a file')
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._paths[0].name
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        paths = ', '.join(f"'{path}'" for path in self._paths)
+        return f'MultiplexedPath({paths})'
+
+
+class NamespaceReader(abc.TraversableResources):
+    def __init__(self, namespace_path):
+        if 'NamespacePath' not in str(namespace_path):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid path')
+        self.path = MultiplexedPath(*list(namespace_path))
+
+    def resource_path(self, resource):
+        """
+        Return the file system path to prevent
+        `resources.path()` from creating a temporary
+        copy.
+        """
+        return str(self.path.joinpath(resource))
+
+    def files(self):
+        return self.path
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/simple.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/simple.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7770c922c84fabe0031333a4de305dd6d6852911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/importlib_resources/simple.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+"""
+Interface adapters for low-level readers.
+"""
+
+import abc
+import io
+import itertools
+from typing import BinaryIO, List
+
+from .abc import Traversable, TraversableResources
+
+
+class SimpleReader(abc.ABC):
+    """
+    The minimum, low-level interface required from a resource
+    provider.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def package(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The name of the package for which this reader loads resources.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def children(self) -> List['SimpleReader']:
+        """
+        Obtain an iterable of SimpleReader for available
+        child containers (e.g. directories).
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def resources(self) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Obtain available named resources for this virtual package.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def open_binary(self, resource: str) -> BinaryIO:
+        """
+        Obtain a File-like for a named resource.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.package.split('.')[-1]
+
+
+class ResourceContainer(Traversable):
+    """
+    Traversable container for a package's resources via its reader.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, reader: SimpleReader):
+        self.reader = reader
+
+    def is_dir(self):
+        return True
+
+    def is_file(self):
+        return False
+
+    def iterdir(self):
+        files = (ResourceHandle(self, name) for name in self.reader.resources)
+        dirs = map(ResourceContainer, self.reader.children())
+        return itertools.chain(files, dirs)
+
+    def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise IsADirectoryError()
+
+
+class ResourceHandle(Traversable):
+    """
+    Handle to a named resource in a ResourceReader.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: ResourceContainer, name: str):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name  # type: ignore
+
+    def is_file(self):
+        return True
+
+    def is_dir(self):
+        return False
+
+    def open(self, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
+        stream = self.parent.reader.open_binary(self.name)
+        if 'b' not in mode:
+            stream = io.TextIOWrapper(*args, **kwargs)
+        return stream
+
+    def joinpath(self, name):
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot traverse into a resource")
+
+
+class TraversableReader(TraversableResources, SimpleReader):
+    """
+    A TraversableResources based on SimpleReader. Resource providers
+    may derive from this class to provide the TraversableResources
+    interface by supplying the SimpleReader interface.
+    """
+
+    def files(self):
+        return ResourceContainer(self)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/context.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0322c45d4ab552cb09a48214bf117b5d2eaea895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/context.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import operator
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import urllib.request
+import warnings
+from typing import Iterator
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 12):
+    from setuptools.extern.backports import tarfile
+else:
+    import tarfile
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def pushd(dir: str | os.PathLike) -> Iterator[str | os.PathLike]:
+    """
+    >>> tmp_path = getfixture('tmp_path')
+    >>> with pushd(tmp_path):
+    ...     assert os.getcwd() == os.fspath(tmp_path)
+    >>> assert os.getcwd() != os.fspath(tmp_path)
+    """
+
+    orig = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(dir)
+    try:
+        yield dir
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(orig)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def tarball(
+    url, target_dir: str | os.PathLike | None = None
+) -> Iterator[str | os.PathLike]:
+    """
+    Get a tarball, extract it, yield, then clean up.
+
+    >>> import urllib.request
+    >>> url = getfixture('tarfile_served')
+    >>> target = getfixture('tmp_path') / 'out'
+    >>> tb = tarball(url, target_dir=target)
+    >>> import pathlib
+    >>> with tb as extracted:
+    ...     contents = pathlib.Path(extracted, 'contents.txt').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    >>> assert not os.path.exists(extracted)
+    """
+    if target_dir is None:
+        target_dir = os.path.basename(url).replace('.tar.gz', '').replace('.tgz', '')
+    # In the tar command, use --strip-components=1 to strip the first path and
+    #  then
+    #  use -C to cause the files to be extracted to {target_dir}. This ensures
+    #  that we always know where the files were extracted.
+    os.mkdir(target_dir)
+    try:
+        req = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+        with tarfile.open(fileobj=req, mode='r|*') as tf:
+            tf.extractall(path=target_dir, filter=strip_first_component)
+        yield target_dir
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(target_dir)
+
+
+def strip_first_component(
+    member: tarfile.TarInfo,
+    path,
+) -> tarfile.TarInfo:
+    _, member.name = member.name.split('/', 1)
+    return member
+
+
+def _compose(*cmgrs):
+    """
+    Compose any number of dependent context managers into a single one.
+
+    The last, innermost context manager may take arbitrary arguments, but
+    each successive context manager should accept the result from the
+    previous as a single parameter.
+
+    Like :func:`jaraco.functools.compose`, behavior works from right to
+    left, so the context manager should be indicated from outermost to
+    innermost.
+
+    Example, to create a context manager to change to a temporary
+    directory:
+
+    >>> temp_dir_as_cwd = _compose(pushd, temp_dir)
+    >>> with temp_dir_as_cwd() as dir:
+    ...     assert os.path.samefile(os.getcwd(), dir)
+    """
+
+    def compose_two(inner, outer):
+        def composed(*args, **kwargs):
+            with inner(*args, **kwargs) as saved, outer(saved) as res:
+                yield res
+
+        return contextlib.contextmanager(composed)
+
+    return functools.reduce(compose_two, reversed(cmgrs))
+
+
+tarball_cwd = _compose(pushd, tarball)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def tarball_context(*args, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        "tarball_context is deprecated. Use tarball or tarball_cwd instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    pushd_ctx = kwargs.pop('pushd', pushd)
+    with tarball(*args, **kwargs) as tball, pushd_ctx(tball) as dir:
+        yield dir
+
+
+def infer_compression(url):
+    """
+    Given a URL or filename, infer the compression code for tar.
+
+    >>> infer_compression('http://foo/bar.tar.gz')
+    'z'
+    >>> infer_compression('http://foo/bar.tgz')
+    'z'
+    >>> infer_compression('file.bz')
+    'j'
+    >>> infer_compression('file.xz')
+    'J'
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "infer_compression is deprecated with no replacement",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    # cheat and just assume it's the last two characters
+    compression_indicator = url[-2:]
+    mapping = dict(gz='z', bz='j', xz='J')
+    # Assume 'z' (gzip) if no match
+    return mapping.get(compression_indicator, 'z')
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def temp_dir(remover=shutil.rmtree):
+    """
+    Create a temporary directory context. Pass a custom remover
+    to override the removal behavior.
+
+    >>> import pathlib
+    >>> with temp_dir() as the_dir:
+    ...     assert os.path.isdir(the_dir)
+    ...     _ = pathlib.Path(the_dir).joinpath('somefile').write_text('contents', encoding='utf-8')
+    >>> assert not os.path.exists(the_dir)
+    """
+    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        yield temp_dir
+    finally:
+        remover(temp_dir)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def repo_context(url, branch=None, quiet=True, dest_ctx=temp_dir):
+    """
+    Check out the repo indicated by url.
+
+    If dest_ctx is supplied, it should be a context manager
+    to yield the target directory for the check out.
+    """
+    exe = 'git' if 'git' in url else 'hg'
+    with dest_ctx() as repo_dir:
+        cmd = [exe, 'clone', url, repo_dir]
+        if branch:
+            cmd.extend(['--branch', branch])
+        devnull = open(os.path.devnull, 'w')
+        stdout = devnull if quiet else None
+        subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=stdout)
+        yield repo_dir
+
+
+def null():
+    """
+    A null context suitable to stand in for a meaningful context.
+
+    >>> with null() as value:
+    ...     assert value is None
+
+    This context is most useful when dealing with two or more code
+    branches but only some need a context. Wrap the others in a null
+    context to provide symmetry across all options.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "null is deprecated. Use contextlib.nullcontext",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return contextlib.nullcontext()
+
+
+class ExceptionTrap:
+    """
+    A context manager that will catch certain exceptions and provide an
+    indication they occurred.
+
+    >>> with ExceptionTrap() as trap:
+    ...     raise Exception()
+    >>> bool(trap)
+    True
+
+    >>> with ExceptionTrap() as trap:
+    ...     pass
+    >>> bool(trap)
+    False
+
+    >>> with ExceptionTrap(ValueError) as trap:
+    ...     raise ValueError("1 + 1 is not 3")
+    >>> bool(trap)
+    True
+    >>> trap.value
+    ValueError('1 + 1 is not 3')
+    >>> trap.tb
+    <traceback object at ...>
+
+    >>> with ExceptionTrap(ValueError) as trap:
+    ...     raise Exception()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    Exception
+
+    >>> bool(trap)
+    False
+    """
+
+    exc_info = None, None, None
+
+    def __init__(self, exceptions=(Exception,)):
+        self.exceptions = exceptions
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.exc_info[0]
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return self.exc_info[1]
+
+    @property
+    def tb(self):
+        return self.exc_info[2]
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        type = exc_info[0]
+        matches = type and issubclass(type, self.exceptions)
+        if matches:
+            self.exc_info = exc_info
+        return matches
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.type)
+
+    def raises(self, func, *, _test=bool):
+        """
+        Wrap func and replace the result with the truth
+        value of the trap (True if an exception occurred).
+
+        First, give the decorator an alias to support Python 3.8
+        Syntax.
+
+        >>> raises = ExceptionTrap(ValueError).raises
+
+        Now decorate a function that always fails.
+
+        >>> @raises
+        ... def fail():
+        ...     raise ValueError('failed')
+        >>> fail()
+        True
+        """
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            with ExceptionTrap(self.exceptions) as trap:
+                func(*args, **kwargs)
+            return _test(trap)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def passes(self, func):
+        """
+        Wrap func and replace the result with the truth
+        value of the trap (True if no exception).
+
+        First, give the decorator an alias to support Python 3.8
+        Syntax.
+
+        >>> passes = ExceptionTrap(ValueError).passes
+
+        Now decorate a function that always fails.
+
+        >>> @passes
+        ... def fail():
+        ...     raise ValueError('failed')
+
+        >>> fail()
+        False
+        """
+        return self.raises(func, _test=operator.not_)
+
+
+class suppress(contextlib.suppress, contextlib.ContextDecorator):
+    """
+    A version of contextlib.suppress with decorator support.
+
+    >>> @suppress(KeyError)
+    ... def key_error():
+    ...     {}['']
+    >>> key_error()
+    """
+
+
+class on_interrupt(contextlib.ContextDecorator):
+    """
+    Replace a KeyboardInterrupt with SystemExit(1)
+
+    >>> def do_interrupt():
+    ...     raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+    >>> on_interrupt('error')(do_interrupt)()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    SystemExit: 1
+    >>> on_interrupt('error', code=255)(do_interrupt)()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    SystemExit: 255
+    >>> on_interrupt('suppress')(do_interrupt)()
+    >>> with __import__('pytest').raises(KeyboardInterrupt):
+    ...     on_interrupt('ignore')(do_interrupt)()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, action='error', /, code=1):
+        self.action = action
+        self.code = code
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exctype, excinst, exctb):
+        if exctype is not KeyboardInterrupt or self.action == 'ignore':
+            return
+        elif self.action == 'error':
+            raise SystemExit(self.code) from excinst
+        return self.action == 'suppress'
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..130b87a48591cd4b120f1c54966b7f78c5d88167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+import collections.abc
+import functools
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import time
+import types
+import warnings
+
+import setuptools.extern.more_itertools
+
+
+def compose(*funcs):
+    """
+    Compose any number of unary functions into a single unary function.
+
+    >>> import textwrap
+    >>> expected = str.strip(textwrap.dedent(compose.__doc__))
+    >>> strip_and_dedent = compose(str.strip, textwrap.dedent)
+    >>> strip_and_dedent(compose.__doc__) == expected
+    True
+
+    Compose also allows the innermost function to take arbitrary arguments.
+
+    >>> round_three = lambda x: round(x, ndigits=3)
+    >>> f = compose(round_three, int.__truediv__)
+    >>> [f(3*x, x+1) for x in range(1,10)]
+    [1.5, 2.0, 2.25, 2.4, 2.5, 2.571, 2.625, 2.667, 2.7]
+    """
+
+    def compose_two(f1, f2):
+        return lambda *args, **kwargs: f1(f2(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return functools.reduce(compose_two, funcs)
+
+
+def once(func):
+    """
+    Decorate func so it's only ever called the first time.
+
+    This decorator can ensure that an expensive or non-idempotent function
+    will not be expensive on subsequent calls and is idempotent.
+
+    >>> add_three = once(lambda a: a+3)
+    >>> add_three(3)
+    6
+    >>> add_three(9)
+    6
+    >>> add_three('12')
+    6
+
+    To reset the stored value, simply clear the property ``saved_result``.
+
+    >>> del add_three.saved_result
+    >>> add_three(9)
+    12
+    >>> add_three(8)
+    12
+
+    Or invoke 'reset()' on it.
+
+    >>> add_three.reset()
+    >>> add_three(-3)
+    0
+    >>> add_three(0)
+    0
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        if not hasattr(wrapper, 'saved_result'):
+            wrapper.saved_result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        return wrapper.saved_result
+
+    wrapper.reset = lambda: vars(wrapper).__delitem__('saved_result')
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def method_cache(method, cache_wrapper=functools.lru_cache()):
+    """
+    Wrap lru_cache to support storing the cache data in the object instances.
+
+    Abstracts the common paradigm where the method explicitly saves an
+    underscore-prefixed protected property on first call and returns that
+    subsequently.
+
+    >>> class MyClass:
+    ...     calls = 0
+    ...
+    ...     @method_cache
+    ...     def method(self, value):
+    ...         self.calls += 1
+    ...         return value
+
+    >>> a = MyClass()
+    >>> a.method(3)
+    3
+    >>> for x in range(75):
+    ...     res = a.method(x)
+    >>> a.calls
+    75
+
+    Note that the apparent behavior will be exactly like that of lru_cache
+    except that the cache is stored on each instance, so values in one
+    instance will not flush values from another, and when an instance is
+    deleted, so are the cached values for that instance.
+
+    >>> b = MyClass()
+    >>> for x in range(35):
+    ...     res = b.method(x)
+    >>> b.calls
+    35
+    >>> a.method(0)
+    0
+    >>> a.calls
+    75
+
+    Note that if method had been decorated with ``functools.lru_cache()``,
+    a.calls would have been 76 (due to the cached value of 0 having been
+    flushed by the 'b' instance).
+
+    Clear the cache with ``.cache_clear()``
+
+    >>> a.method.cache_clear()
+
+    Same for a method that hasn't yet been called.
+
+    >>> c = MyClass()
+    >>> c.method.cache_clear()
+
+    Another cache wrapper may be supplied:
+
+    >>> cache = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
+    >>> MyClass.method2 = method_cache(lambda self: 3, cache_wrapper=cache)
+    >>> a = MyClass()
+    >>> a.method2()
+    3
+
+    Caution - do not subsequently wrap the method with another decorator, such
+    as ``@property``, which changes the semantics of the function.
+
+    See also
+    http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods/
+    for another implementation and additional justification.
+    """
+
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # it's the first call, replace the method with a cached, bound method
+        bound_method = types.MethodType(method, self)
+        cached_method = cache_wrapper(bound_method)
+        setattr(self, method.__name__, cached_method)
+        return cached_method(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # Support cache clear even before cache has been created.
+    wrapper.cache_clear = lambda: None
+
+    return _special_method_cache(method, cache_wrapper) or wrapper
+
+
+def _special_method_cache(method, cache_wrapper):
+    """
+    Because Python treats special methods differently, it's not
+    possible to use instance attributes to implement the cached
+    methods.
+
+    Instead, install the wrapper method under a different name
+    and return a simple proxy to that wrapper.
+
+    https://github.com/jaraco/jaraco.functools/issues/5
+    """
+    name = method.__name__
+    special_names = '__getattr__', '__getitem__'
+
+    if name not in special_names:
+        return None
+
+    wrapper_name = '__cached' + name
+
+    def proxy(self, /, *args, **kwargs):
+        if wrapper_name not in vars(self):
+            bound = types.MethodType(method, self)
+            cache = cache_wrapper(bound)
+            setattr(self, wrapper_name, cache)
+        else:
+            cache = getattr(self, wrapper_name)
+        return cache(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return proxy
+
+
+def apply(transform):
+    """
+    Decorate a function with a transform function that is
+    invoked on results returned from the decorated function.
+
+    >>> @apply(reversed)
+    ... def get_numbers(start):
+    ...     "doc for get_numbers"
+    ...     return range(start, start+3)
+    >>> list(get_numbers(4))
+    [6, 5, 4]
+    >>> get_numbers.__doc__
+    'doc for get_numbers'
+    """
+
+    def wrap(func):
+        return functools.wraps(func)(compose(transform, func))
+
+    return wrap
+
+
+def result_invoke(action):
+    r"""
+    Decorate a function with an action function that is
+    invoked on the results returned from the decorated
+    function (for its side effect), then return the original
+    result.
+
+    >>> @result_invoke(print)
+    ... def add_two(a, b):
+    ...     return a + b
+    >>> x = add_two(2, 3)
+    5
+    >>> x
+    5
+    """
+
+    def wrap(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+            action(result)
+            return result
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return wrap
+
+
+def invoke(f, /, *args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Call a function for its side effect after initialization.
+
+    The benefit of using the decorator instead of simply invoking a function
+    after defining it is that it makes explicit the author's intent for the
+    function to be called immediately. Whereas if one simply calls the
+    function immediately, it's less obvious if that was intentional or
+    incidental. It also avoids repeating the name - the two actions, defining
+    the function and calling it immediately are modeled separately, but linked
+    by the decorator construct.
+
+    The benefit of having a function construct (opposed to just invoking some
+    behavior inline) is to serve as a scope in which the behavior occurs. It
+    avoids polluting the global namespace with local variables, provides an
+    anchor on which to attach documentation (docstring), keeps the behavior
+    logically separated (instead of conceptually separated or not separated at
+    all), and provides potential to re-use the behavior for testing or other
+    purposes.
+
+    This function is named as a pithy way to communicate, "call this function
+    primarily for its side effect", or "while defining this function, also
+    take it aside and call it". It exists because there's no Python construct
+    for "define and call" (nor should there be, as decorators serve this need
+    just fine). The behavior happens immediately and synchronously.
+
+    >>> @invoke
+    ... def func(): print("called")
+    called
+    >>> func()
+    called
+
+    Use functools.partial to pass parameters to the initial call
+
+    >>> @functools.partial(invoke, name='bingo')
+    ... def func(name): print('called with', name)
+    called with bingo
+    """
+    f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return f
+
+
+class Throttler:
+    """Rate-limit a function (or other callable)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, func, max_rate=float('Inf')):
+        if isinstance(func, Throttler):
+            func = func.func
+        self.func = func
+        self.max_rate = max_rate
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.last_called = 0
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._wait()
+        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _wait(self):
+        """Ensure at least 1/max_rate seconds from last call."""
+        elapsed = time.time() - self.last_called
+        must_wait = 1 / self.max_rate - elapsed
+        time.sleep(max(0, must_wait))
+        self.last_called = time.time()
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, owner=None):
+        return first_invoke(self._wait, functools.partial(self.func, obj))
+
+
+def first_invoke(func1, func2):
+    """
+    Return a function that when invoked will invoke func1 without
+    any parameters (for its side effect) and then invoke func2
+    with whatever parameters were passed, returning its result.
+    """
+
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        func1()
+        return func2(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+method_caller = first_invoke(
+    lambda: warnings.warn(
+        '`jaraco.functools.method_caller` is deprecated, '
+        'use `operator.methodcaller` instead',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=3,
+    ),
+    operator.methodcaller,
+)
+
+
+def retry_call(func, cleanup=lambda: None, retries=0, trap=()):
+    """
+    Given a callable func, trap the indicated exceptions
+    for up to 'retries' times, invoking cleanup on the
+    exception. On the final attempt, allow any exceptions
+    to propagate.
+    """
+    attempts = itertools.count() if retries == float('inf') else range(retries)
+    for _ in attempts:
+        try:
+            return func()
+        except trap:
+            cleanup()
+
+    return func()
+
+
+def retry(*r_args, **r_kwargs):
+    """
+    Decorator wrapper for retry_call. Accepts arguments to retry_call
+    except func and then returns a decorator for the decorated function.
+
+    Ex:
+
+    >>> @retry(retries=3)
+    ... def my_func(a, b):
+    ...     "this is my funk"
+    ...     print(a, b)
+    >>> my_func.__doc__
+    'this is my funk'
+    """
+
+    def decorate(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*f_args, **f_kwargs):
+            bound = functools.partial(func, *f_args, **f_kwargs)
+            return retry_call(bound, *r_args, **r_kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def print_yielded(func):
+    """
+    Convert a generator into a function that prints all yielded elements.
+
+    >>> @print_yielded
+    ... def x():
+    ...     yield 3; yield None
+    >>> x()
+    3
+    None
+    """
+    print_all = functools.partial(map, print)
+    print_results = compose(more_itertools.consume, print_all, func)
+    return functools.wraps(func)(print_results)
+
+
+def pass_none(func):
+    """
+    Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None.
+
+    >>> print_text = pass_none(print)
+    >>> print_text('text')
+    text
+    >>> print_text(None)
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(param, /, *args, **kwargs):
+        if param is not None:
+            return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
+        return None
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def assign_params(func, namespace):
+    """
+    Assign parameters from namespace where func solicits.
+
+    >>> def func(x, y=3):
+    ...     print(x, y)
+    >>> assigned = assign_params(func, dict(x=2, z=4))
+    >>> assigned()
+    2 3
+
+    The usual errors are raised if a function doesn't receive
+    its required parameters:
+
+    >>> assigned = assign_params(func, dict(y=3, z=4))
+    >>> assigned()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    TypeError: func() ...argument...
+
+    It even works on methods:
+
+    >>> class Handler:
+    ...     def meth(self, arg):
+    ...         print(arg)
+    >>> assign_params(Handler().meth, dict(arg='crystal', foo='clear'))()
+    crystal
+    """
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+    params = sig.parameters.keys()
+    call_ns = {k: namespace[k] for k in params if k in namespace}
+    return functools.partial(func, **call_ns)
+
+
+def save_method_args(method):
+    """
+    Wrap a method such that when it is called, the args and kwargs are
+    saved on the method.
+
+    >>> class MyClass:
+    ...     @save_method_args
+    ...     def method(self, a, b):
+    ...         print(a, b)
+    >>> my_ob = MyClass()
+    >>> my_ob.method(1, 2)
+    1 2
+    >>> my_ob._saved_method.args
+    (1, 2)
+    >>> my_ob._saved_method.kwargs
+    {}
+    >>> my_ob.method(a=3, b='foo')
+    3 foo
+    >>> my_ob._saved_method.args
+    ()
+    >>> my_ob._saved_method.kwargs == dict(a=3, b='foo')
+    True
+
+    The arguments are stored on the instance, allowing for
+    different instance to save different args.
+
+    >>> your_ob = MyClass()
+    >>> your_ob.method({str('x'): 3}, b=[4])
+    {'x': 3} [4]
+    >>> your_ob._saved_method.args
+    ({'x': 3},)
+    >>> my_ob._saved_method.args
+    ()
+    """
+    args_and_kwargs = collections.namedtuple('args_and_kwargs', 'args kwargs')
+
+    @functools.wraps(method)
+    def wrapper(self, /, *args, **kwargs):
+        attr_name = '_saved_' + method.__name__
+        attr = args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs)
+        setattr(self, attr_name, attr)
+        return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def except_(*exceptions, replace=None, use=None):
+    """
+    Replace the indicated exceptions, if raised, with the indicated
+    literal replacement or evaluated expression (if present).
+
+    >>> safe_int = except_(ValueError)(int)
+    >>> safe_int('five')
+    >>> safe_int('5')
+    5
+
+    Specify a literal replacement with ``replace``.
+
+    >>> safe_int_r = except_(ValueError, replace=0)(int)
+    >>> safe_int_r('five')
+    0
+
+    Provide an expression to ``use`` to pass through particular parameters.
+
+    >>> safe_int_pt = except_(ValueError, use='args[0]')(int)
+    >>> safe_int_pt('five')
+    'five'
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            except exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return eval(use)
+                except TypeError:
+                    return replace
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def identity(x):
+    """
+    Return the argument.
+
+    >>> o = object()
+    >>> identity(o) is o
+    True
+    """
+    return x
+
+
+def bypass_when(check, *, _op=identity):
+    """
+    Decorate a function to return its parameter when ``check``.
+
+    >>> bypassed = []  # False
+
+    >>> @bypass_when(bypassed)
+    ... def double(x):
+    ...     return x * 2
+    >>> double(2)
+    4
+    >>> bypassed[:] = [object()]  # True
+    >>> double(2)
+    2
+    """
+
+    def decorate(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(param, /):
+            return param if _op(check) else func(param)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def bypass_unless(check):
+    """
+    Decorate a function to return its parameter unless ``check``.
+
+    >>> enabled = [object()]  # True
+
+    >>> @bypass_unless(enabled)
+    ... def double(x):
+    ...     return x * 2
+    >>> double(2)
+    4
+    >>> del enabled[:]  # False
+    >>> double(2)
+    2
+    """
+    return bypass_when(check, _op=operator.not_)
+
+
+@functools.singledispatch
+def _splat_inner(args, func):
+    """Splat args to func."""
+    return func(*args)
+
+
+@_splat_inner.register
+def _(args: collections.abc.Mapping, func):
+    """Splat kargs to func as kwargs."""
+    return func(**args)
+
+
+def splat(func):
+    """
+    Wrap func to expect its parameters to be passed positionally in a tuple.
+
+    Has a similar effect to that of ``itertools.starmap`` over
+    simple ``map``.
+
+    >>> pairs = [(-1, 1), (0, 2)]
+    >>> setuptools.extern.more_itertools.consume(itertools.starmap(print, pairs))
+    -1 1
+    0 2
+    >>> setuptools.extern.more_itertools.consume(map(splat(print), pairs))
+    -1 1
+    0 2
+
+    The approach generalizes to other iterators that don't have a "star"
+    equivalent, such as a "starfilter".
+
+    >>> list(filter(splat(operator.add), pairs))
+    [(0, 2)]
+
+    Splat also accepts a mapping argument.
+
+    >>> def is_nice(msg, code):
+    ...     return "smile" in msg or code == 0
+    >>> msgs = [
+    ...     dict(msg='smile!', code=20),
+    ...     dict(msg='error :(', code=1),
+    ...     dict(msg='unknown', code=0),
+    ... ]
+    >>> for msg in filter(splat(is_nice), msgs):
+    ...     print(msg)
+    {'msg': 'smile!', 'code': 20}
+    {'msg': 'unknown', 'code': 0}
+    """
+    return functools.wraps(func)(functools.partial(_splat_inner, func=func))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/__init__.pyi b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/__init__.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2b9ab1757ec31dc7ccf13a9eaf8148ba0f31cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/__init__.pyi	
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Iterator
+from functools import partial
+from operator import methodcaller
+import sys
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    Protocol,
+    TypeVar,
+    overload,
+)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import Concatenate, ParamSpec
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import Concatenate, ParamSpec
+
+_P = ParamSpec('_P')
+_R = TypeVar('_R')
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+_R1 = TypeVar('_R1')
+_R2 = TypeVar('_R2')
+_V = TypeVar('_V')
+_S = TypeVar('_S')
+_R_co = TypeVar('_R_co', covariant=True)
+
+class _OnceCallable(Protocol[_P, _R]):
+    saved_result: _R
+    reset: Callable[[], None]
+    def __call__(self, *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> _R: ...
+
+class _ProxyMethodCacheWrapper(Protocol[_R_co]):
+    cache_clear: Callable[[], None]
+    def __call__(self, *args: Hashable, **kwargs: Hashable) -> _R_co: ...
+
+class _MethodCacheWrapper(Protocol[_R_co]):
+    def cache_clear(self) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, *args: Hashable, **kwargs: Hashable) -> _R_co: ...
+
+# `compose()` overloads below will cover most use cases.
+
+@overload
+def compose(
+    __func1: Callable[[_R], _T],
+    __func2: Callable[_P, _R],
+    /,
+) -> Callable[_P, _T]: ...
+@overload
+def compose(
+    __func1: Callable[[_R], _T],
+    __func2: Callable[[_R1], _R],
+    __func3: Callable[_P, _R1],
+    /,
+) -> Callable[_P, _T]: ...
+@overload
+def compose(
+    __func1: Callable[[_R], _T],
+    __func2: Callable[[_R2], _R],
+    __func3: Callable[[_R1], _R2],
+    __func4: Callable[_P, _R1],
+    /,
+) -> Callable[_P, _T]: ...
+def once(func: Callable[_P, _R]) -> _OnceCallable[_P, _R]: ...
+def method_cache(
+    method: Callable[..., _R],
+    cache_wrapper: Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], _MethodCacheWrapper[_R]] = ...,
+) -> _MethodCacheWrapper[_R] | _ProxyMethodCacheWrapper[_R]: ...
+def apply(
+    transform: Callable[[_R], _T]
+) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _T]]: ...
+def result_invoke(
+    action: Callable[[_R], Any]
+) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _R]]: ...
+def invoke(
+    f: Callable[_P, _R], /, *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs
+) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+def call_aside(
+    f: Callable[_P, _R], *args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs
+) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+
+class Throttler(Generic[_R]):
+    last_called: float
+    func: Callable[..., _R]
+    max_rate: float
+    def __init__(
+        self, func: Callable[..., _R] | Throttler[_R], max_rate: float = ...
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def reset(self) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _R: ...
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, owner: type[Any] | None = ...) -> Callable[..., _R]: ...
+
+def first_invoke(
+    func1: Callable[..., Any], func2: Callable[_P, _R]
+) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+
+method_caller: Callable[..., methodcaller]
+
+def retry_call(
+    func: Callable[..., _R],
+    cleanup: Callable[..., None] = ...,
+    retries: int | float = ...,
+    trap: type[BaseException] | tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = ...,
+) -> _R: ...
+def retry(
+    cleanup: Callable[..., None] = ...,
+    retries: int | float = ...,
+    trap: type[BaseException] | tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = ...,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], Callable[..., _R]]: ...
+def print_yielded(func: Callable[_P, Iterator[Any]]) -> Callable[_P, None]: ...
+def pass_none(
+    func: Callable[Concatenate[_T, _P], _R]
+) -> Callable[Concatenate[_T, _P], _R]: ...
+def assign_params(
+    func: Callable[..., _R], namespace: dict[str, Any]
+) -> partial[_R]: ...
+def save_method_args(
+    method: Callable[Concatenate[_S, _P], _R]
+) -> Callable[Concatenate[_S, _P], _R]: ...
+def except_(
+    *exceptions: type[BaseException], replace: Any = ..., use: Any = ...
+) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, Any]], Callable[_P, Any]]: ...
+def identity(x: _T) -> _T: ...
+def bypass_when(
+    check: _V, *, _op: Callable[[_V], Any] = ...
+) -> Callable[[Callable[[_T], _R]], Callable[[_T], _T | _R]]: ...
+def bypass_unless(
+    check: Any,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[[_T], _R]], Callable[[_T], _T | _R]]: ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/py.typed b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/functools/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/text/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/text/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0306d5ff5cc4a2eb76458c127c462efe59a566d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/jaraco/text/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+import re
+import itertools
+import textwrap
+import functools
+
+try:
+    from importlib.resources import files  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    from setuptools.extern.importlib_resources import files  # type: ignore
+
+from setuptools.extern.jaraco.functools import compose, method_cache
+from setuptools.extern.jaraco.context import ExceptionTrap
+
+
+def substitution(old, new):
+    """
+    Return a function that will perform a substitution on a string
+    """
+    return lambda s: s.replace(old, new)
+
+
+def multi_substitution(*substitutions):
+    """
+    Take a sequence of pairs specifying substitutions, and create
+    a function that performs those substitutions.
+
+    >>> multi_substitution(('foo', 'bar'), ('bar', 'baz'))('foo')
+    'baz'
+    """
+    substitutions = itertools.starmap(substitution, substitutions)
+    # compose function applies last function first, so reverse the
+    #  substitutions to get the expected order.
+    substitutions = reversed(tuple(substitutions))
+    return compose(*substitutions)
+
+
+class FoldedCase(str):
+    """
+    A case insensitive string class; behaves just like str
+    except compares equal when the only variation is case.
+
+    >>> s = FoldedCase('hello world')
+
+    >>> s == 'Hello World'
+    True
+
+    >>> 'Hello World' == s
+    True
+
+    >>> s != 'Hello World'
+    False
+
+    >>> s.index('O')
+    4
+
+    >>> s.split('O')
+    ['hell', ' w', 'rld']
+
+    >>> sorted(map(FoldedCase, ['GAMMA', 'alpha', 'Beta']))
+    ['alpha', 'Beta', 'GAMMA']
+
+    Sequence membership is straightforward.
+
+    >>> "Hello World" in [s]
+    True
+    >>> s in ["Hello World"]
+    True
+
+    You may test for set inclusion, but candidate and elements
+    must both be folded.
+
+    >>> FoldedCase("Hello World") in {s}
+    True
+    >>> s in {FoldedCase("Hello World")}
+    True
+
+    String inclusion works as long as the FoldedCase object
+    is on the right.
+
+    >>> "hello" in FoldedCase("Hello World")
+    True
+
+    But not if the FoldedCase object is on the left:
+
+    >>> FoldedCase('hello') in 'Hello World'
+    False
+
+    In that case, use ``in_``:
+
+    >>> FoldedCase('hello').in_('Hello World')
+    True
+
+    >>> FoldedCase('hello') > FoldedCase('Hello')
+    False
+    """
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() < other.lower()
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() > other.lower()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() == other.lower()
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() != other.lower()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.lower())
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        return super().lower().__contains__(other.lower())
+
+    def in_(self, other):
+        "Does self appear in other?"
+        return self in FoldedCase(other)
+
+    # cache lower since it's likely to be called frequently.
+    @method_cache
+    def lower(self):
+        return super().lower()
+
+    def index(self, sub):
+        return self.lower().index(sub.lower())
+
+    def split(self, splitter=' ', maxsplit=0):
+        pattern = re.compile(re.escape(splitter), re.I)
+        return pattern.split(self, maxsplit)
+
+
+# Python 3.8 compatibility
+_unicode_trap = ExceptionTrap(UnicodeDecodeError)
+
+
+@_unicode_trap.passes
+def is_decodable(value):
+    r"""
+    Return True if the supplied value is decodable (using the default
+    encoding).
+
+    >>> is_decodable(b'\xff')
+    False
+    >>> is_decodable(b'\x32')
+    True
+    """
+    value.decode()
+
+
+def is_binary(value):
+    r"""
+    Return True if the value appears to be binary (that is, it's a byte
+    string and isn't decodable).
+
+    >>> is_binary(b'\xff')
+    True
+    >>> is_binary('\xff')
+    False
+    """
+    return isinstance(value, bytes) and not is_decodable(value)
+
+
+def trim(s):
+    r"""
+    Trim something like a docstring to remove the whitespace that
+    is common due to indentation and formatting.
+
+    >>> trim("\n\tfoo = bar\n\t\tbar = baz\n")
+    'foo = bar\n\tbar = baz'
+    """
+    return textwrap.dedent(s).strip()
+
+
+def wrap(s):
+    """
+    Wrap lines of text, retaining existing newlines as
+    paragraph markers.
+
+    >>> print(wrap(lorem_ipsum))
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do
+    eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad
+    minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut
+    aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in
+    reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla
+    pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in
+    culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
+    <BLANKLINE>
+    Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam
+    varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus
+    magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod
+    gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis
+    risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue,
+    eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas
+    fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla
+    a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis,
+    neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing
+    sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque
+    nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus
+    quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis,
+    molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
+    """
+    paragraphs = s.splitlines()
+    wrapped = ('\n'.join(textwrap.wrap(para)) for para in paragraphs)
+    return '\n\n'.join(wrapped)
+
+
+def unwrap(s):
+    r"""
+    Given a multi-line string, return an unwrapped version.
+
+    >>> wrapped = wrap(lorem_ipsum)
+    >>> wrapped.count('\n')
+    20
+    >>> unwrapped = unwrap(wrapped)
+    >>> unwrapped.count('\n')
+    1
+    >>> print(unwrapped)
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing ...
+    Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci ...
+
+    """
+    paragraphs = re.split(r'\n\n+', s)
+    cleaned = (para.replace('\n', ' ') for para in paragraphs)
+    return '\n'.join(cleaned)
+
+
+
+
+class Splitter(object):
+    """object that will split a string with the given arguments for each call
+
+    >>> s = Splitter(',')
+    >>> s('hello, world, this is your, master calling')
+    ['hello', ' world', ' this is your', ' master calling']
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        self.args = args
+
+    def __call__(self, s):
+        return s.split(*self.args)
+
+
+def indent(string, prefix=' ' * 4):
+    """
+    >>> indent('foo')
+    '    foo'
+    """
+    return prefix + string
+
+
+class WordSet(tuple):
+    """
+    Given an identifier, return the words that identifier represents,
+    whether in camel case, underscore-separated, etc.
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("camelCase")
+    ('camel', 'Case')
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("under_sep")
+    ('under', 'sep')
+
+    Acronyms should be retained
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("firstSNL")
+    ('first', 'SNL')
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("you_and_I")
+    ('you', 'and', 'I')
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("A simple test")
+    ('A', 'simple', 'test')
+
+    Multiple caps should not interfere with the first cap of another word.
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("myABCClass")
+    ('my', 'ABC', 'Class')
+
+    The result is a WordSet, so you can get the form you need.
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse("myABCClass").underscore_separated()
+    'my_ABC_Class'
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse('a-command').camel_case()
+    'ACommand'
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse('someIdentifier').lowered().space_separated()
+    'some identifier'
+
+    Slices of the result should return another WordSet.
+
+    >>> WordSet.parse('taken-out-of-context')[1:].underscore_separated()
+    'out_of_context'
+
+    >>> WordSet.from_class_name(WordSet()).lowered().space_separated()
+    'word set'
+
+    >>> example = WordSet.parse('figured it out')
+    >>> example.headless_camel_case()
+    'figuredItOut'
+    >>> example.dash_separated()
+    'figured-it-out'
+
+    """
+
+    _pattern = re.compile('([A-Z]?[a-z]+)|([A-Z]+(?![a-z]))')
+
+    def capitalized(self):
+        return WordSet(word.capitalize() for word in self)
+
+    def lowered(self):
+        return WordSet(word.lower() for word in self)
+
+    def camel_case(self):
+        return ''.join(self.capitalized())
+
+    def headless_camel_case(self):
+        words = iter(self)
+        first = next(words).lower()
+        new_words = itertools.chain((first,), WordSet(words).camel_case())
+        return ''.join(new_words)
+
+    def underscore_separated(self):
+        return '_'.join(self)
+
+    def dash_separated(self):
+        return '-'.join(self)
+
+    def space_separated(self):
+        return ' '.join(self)
+
+    def trim_right(self, item):
+        """
+        Remove the item from the end of the set.
+
+        >>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_right('foo')
+        ('foo', 'bar')
+        >>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_right('bar')
+        ('foo',)
+        >>> WordSet.parse('').trim_right('bar')
+        ()
+        """
+        return self[:-1] if self and self[-1] == item else self
+
+    def trim_left(self, item):
+        """
+        Remove the item from the beginning of the set.
+
+        >>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_left('foo')
+        ('bar',)
+        >>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim_left('bar')
+        ('foo', 'bar')
+        >>> WordSet.parse('').trim_left('bar')
+        ()
+        """
+        return self[1:] if self and self[0] == item else self
+
+    def trim(self, item):
+        """
+        >>> WordSet.parse('foo bar').trim('foo')
+        ('bar',)
+        """
+        return self.trim_left(item).trim_right(item)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        result = super(WordSet, self).__getitem__(item)
+        if isinstance(item, slice):
+            result = WordSet(result)
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, identifier):
+        matches = cls._pattern.finditer(identifier)
+        return WordSet(match.group(0) for match in matches)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_class_name(cls, subject):
+        return cls.parse(subject.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+# for backward compatibility
+words = WordSet.parse
+
+
+def simple_html_strip(s):
+    r"""
+    Remove HTML from the string `s`.
+
+    >>> str(simple_html_strip(''))
+    ''
+
+    >>> print(simple_html_strip('A <bold>stormy</bold> day in paradise'))
+    A stormy day in paradise
+
+    >>> print(simple_html_strip('Somebody <!-- do not --> tell the truth.'))
+    Somebody  tell the truth.
+
+    >>> print(simple_html_strip('What about<br/>\nmultiple lines?'))
+    What about
+    multiple lines?
+    """
+    html_stripper = re.compile('(<!--.*?-->)|(<[^>]*>)|([^<]+)', re.DOTALL)
+    texts = (match.group(3) or '' for match in html_stripper.finditer(s))
+    return ''.join(texts)
+
+
+class SeparatedValues(str):
+    """
+    A string separated by a separator. Overrides __iter__ for getting
+    the values.
+
+    >>> list(SeparatedValues('a,b,c'))
+    ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+    Whitespace is stripped and empty values are discarded.
+
+    >>> list(SeparatedValues(' a,   b   , c,  '))
+    ['a', 'b', 'c']
+    """
+
+    separator = ','
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        parts = self.split(self.separator)
+        return filter(None, (part.strip() for part in parts))
+
+
+class Stripper:
+    r"""
+    Given a series of lines, find the common prefix and strip it from them.
+
+    >>> lines = [
+    ...     'abcdefg\n',
+    ...     'abc\n',
+    ...     'abcde\n',
+    ... ]
+    >>> res = Stripper.strip_prefix(lines)
+    >>> res.prefix
+    'abc'
+    >>> list(res.lines)
+    ['defg\n', '\n', 'de\n']
+
+    If no prefix is common, nothing should be stripped.
+
+    >>> lines = [
+    ...     'abcd\n',
+    ...     '1234\n',
+    ... ]
+    >>> res = Stripper.strip_prefix(lines)
+    >>> res.prefix = ''
+    >>> list(res.lines)
+    ['abcd\n', '1234\n']
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix, lines):
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.lines = map(self, lines)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strip_prefix(cls, lines):
+        prefix_lines, lines = itertools.tee(lines)
+        prefix = functools.reduce(cls.common_prefix, prefix_lines)
+        return cls(prefix, lines)
+
+    def __call__(self, line):
+        if not self.prefix:
+            return line
+        null, prefix, rest = line.partition(self.prefix)
+        return rest
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def common_prefix(s1, s2):
+        """
+        Return the common prefix of two lines.
+        """
+        index = min(len(s1), len(s2))
+        while s1[:index] != s2[:index]:
+            index -= 1
+        return s1[:index]
+
+
+def remove_prefix(text, prefix):
+    """
+    Remove the prefix from the text if it exists.
+
+    >>> remove_prefix('underwhelming performance', 'underwhelming ')
+    'performance'
+
+    >>> remove_prefix('something special', 'sample')
+    'something special'
+    """
+    null, prefix, rest = text.rpartition(prefix)
+    return rest
+
+
+def remove_suffix(text, suffix):
+    """
+    Remove the suffix from the text if it exists.
+
+    >>> remove_suffix('name.git', '.git')
+    'name'
+
+    >>> remove_suffix('something special', 'sample')
+    'something special'
+    """
+    rest, suffix, null = text.partition(suffix)
+    return rest
+
+
+def normalize_newlines(text):
+    r"""
+    Replace alternate newlines with the canonical newline.
+
+    >>> normalize_newlines('Lorem Ipsum\u2029')
+    'Lorem Ipsum\n'
+    >>> normalize_newlines('Lorem Ipsum\r\n')
+    'Lorem Ipsum\n'
+    >>> normalize_newlines('Lorem Ipsum\x85')
+    'Lorem Ipsum\n'
+    """
+    newlines = ['\r\n', '\r', '\n', '\u0085', '\u2028', '\u2029']
+    pattern = '|'.join(newlines)
+    return re.sub(pattern, '\n', text)
+
+
+def _nonblank(str):
+    return str and not str.startswith('#')
+
+
+@functools.singledispatch
+def yield_lines(iterable):
+    r"""
+    Yield valid lines of a string or iterable.
+
+    >>> list(yield_lines(''))
+    []
+    >>> list(yield_lines(['foo', 'bar']))
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> list(yield_lines('foo\nbar'))
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> list(yield_lines('\nfoo\n#bar\nbaz #comment'))
+    ['foo', 'baz #comment']
+    >>> list(yield_lines(['foo\nbar', 'baz', 'bing\n\n\n']))
+    ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'bing']
+    """
+    return itertools.chain.from_iterable(map(yield_lines, iterable))
+
+
+@yield_lines.register(str)
+def _(text):
+    return filter(_nonblank, map(str.strip, text.splitlines()))
+
+
+def drop_comment(line):
+    """
+    Drop comments.
+
+    >>> drop_comment('foo # bar')
+    'foo'
+
+    A hash without a space may be in a URL.
+
+    >>> drop_comment('http://example.com/foo#bar')
+    'http://example.com/foo#bar'
+    """
+    return line.partition(' #')[0]
+
+
+def join_continuation(lines):
+    r"""
+    Join lines continued by a trailing backslash.
+
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar', 'baz']))
+    ['foobar', 'baz']
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar', 'baz']))
+    ['foobar', 'baz']
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar \\', 'baz']))
+    ['foobarbaz']
+
+    Not sure why, but...
+    The character preceeding the backslash is also elided.
+
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['goo\\', 'dly']))
+    ['godly']
+
+    A terrible idea, but...
+    If no line is available to continue, suppress the lines.
+
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo', 'bar\\', 'baz\\']))
+    ['foo']
+    """
+    lines = iter(lines)
+    for item in lines:
+        while item.endswith('\\'):
+            try:
+                item = item[:-2].strip() + next(lines)
+            except StopIteration:
+                return
+        yield item
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19a169fc30183db91f931ad6ad04fbc0e16559b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .more import *  # noqa
+from .recipes import *  # noqa
+
+__version__ = '8.8.0'
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/__init__.pyi b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/__init__.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96f6e36c7f4ac9ea0aebdcd9e11b8d1ff092d2ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/__init__.pyi	
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from .more import *
+from .recipes import *
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6fca4d47f661ff16fdc8c2bb7ae5b86c7f347b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3824 @@
+import warnings
+
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, abc
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from functools import partial, reduce, wraps
+from heapq import merge, heapify, heapreplace, heappop
+from itertools import (
+    chain,
+    compress,
+    count,
+    cycle,
+    dropwhile,
+    groupby,
+    islice,
+    repeat,
+    starmap,
+    takewhile,
+    tee,
+    zip_longest,
+)
+from math import exp, factorial, floor, log
+from queue import Empty, Queue
+from random import random, randrange, uniform
+from operator import itemgetter, mul, sub, gt, lt
+from sys import hexversion, maxsize
+from time import monotonic
+
+from .recipes import (
+    consume,
+    flatten,
+    pairwise,
+    powerset,
+    take,
+    unique_everseen,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    'AbortThread',
+    'adjacent',
+    'always_iterable',
+    'always_reversible',
+    'bucket',
+    'callback_iter',
+    'chunked',
+    'circular_shifts',
+    'collapse',
+    'collate',
+    'consecutive_groups',
+    'consumer',
+    'countable',
+    'count_cycle',
+    'mark_ends',
+    'difference',
+    'distinct_combinations',
+    'distinct_permutations',
+    'distribute',
+    'divide',
+    'exactly_n',
+    'filter_except',
+    'first',
+    'groupby_transform',
+    'ilen',
+    'interleave_longest',
+    'interleave',
+    'intersperse',
+    'islice_extended',
+    'iterate',
+    'ichunked',
+    'is_sorted',
+    'last',
+    'locate',
+    'lstrip',
+    'make_decorator',
+    'map_except',
+    'map_reduce',
+    'nth_or_last',
+    'nth_permutation',
+    'nth_product',
+    'numeric_range',
+    'one',
+    'only',
+    'padded',
+    'partitions',
+    'set_partitions',
+    'peekable',
+    'repeat_last',
+    'replace',
+    'rlocate',
+    'rstrip',
+    'run_length',
+    'sample',
+    'seekable',
+    'SequenceView',
+    'side_effect',
+    'sliced',
+    'sort_together',
+    'split_at',
+    'split_after',
+    'split_before',
+    'split_when',
+    'split_into',
+    'spy',
+    'stagger',
+    'strip',
+    'substrings',
+    'substrings_indexes',
+    'time_limited',
+    'unique_to_each',
+    'unzip',
+    'windowed',
+    'with_iter',
+    'UnequalIterablesError',
+    'zip_equal',
+    'zip_offset',
+    'windowed_complete',
+    'all_unique',
+    'value_chain',
+    'product_index',
+    'combination_index',
+    'permutation_index',
+]
+
+_marker = object()
+
+
+def chunked(iterable, n, strict=False):
+    """Break *iterable* into lists of length *n*:
+
+        >>> list(chunked([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3))
+        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+
+    By the default, the last yielded list will have fewer than *n* elements
+    if the length of *iterable* is not divisible by *n*:
+
+        >>> list(chunked([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], 3))
+        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8]]
+
+    To use a fill-in value instead, see the :func:`grouper` recipe.
+
+    If the length of *iterable* is not divisible by *n* and *strict* is
+    ``True``, then ``ValueError`` will be raised before the last
+    list is yielded.
+
+    """
+    iterator = iter(partial(take, n, iter(iterable)), [])
+    if strict:
+
+        def ret():
+            for chunk in iterator:
+                if len(chunk) != n:
+                    raise ValueError('iterable is not divisible by n.')
+                yield chunk
+
+        return iter(ret())
+    else:
+        return iterator
+
+
+def first(iterable, default=_marker):
+    """Return the first item of *iterable*, or *default* if *iterable* is
+    empty.
+
+        >>> first([0, 1, 2, 3])
+        0
+        >>> first([], 'some default')
+        'some default'
+
+    If *default* is not provided and there are no items in the iterable,
+    raise ``ValueError``.
+
+    :func:`first` is useful when you have a generator of expensive-to-retrieve
+    values and want any arbitrary one. It is marginally shorter than
+    ``next(iter(iterable), default)``.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return next(iter(iterable))
+    except StopIteration as e:
+        if default is _marker:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'first() was called on an empty iterable, and no '
+                'default value was provided.'
+            ) from e
+        return default
+
+
+def last(iterable, default=_marker):
+    """Return the last item of *iterable*, or *default* if *iterable* is
+    empty.
+
+        >>> last([0, 1, 2, 3])
+        3
+        >>> last([], 'some default')
+        'some default'
+
+    If *default* is not provided and there are no items in the iterable,
+    raise ``ValueError``.
+    """
+    try:
+        if isinstance(iterable, Sequence):
+            return iterable[-1]
+        # Work around https://bugs.python.org/issue38525
+        elif hasattr(iterable, '__reversed__') and (hexversion != 0x030800F0):
+            return next(reversed(iterable))
+        else:
+            return deque(iterable, maxlen=1)[-1]
+    except (IndexError, TypeError, StopIteration):
+        if default is _marker:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'last() was called on an empty iterable, and no default was '
+                'provided.'
+            )
+        return default
+
+
+def nth_or_last(iterable, n, default=_marker):
+    """Return the nth or the last item of *iterable*,
+    or *default* if *iterable* is empty.
+
+        >>> nth_or_last([0, 1, 2, 3], 2)
+        2
+        >>> nth_or_last([0, 1], 2)
+        1
+        >>> nth_or_last([], 0, 'some default')
+        'some default'
+
+    If *default* is not provided and there are no items in the iterable,
+    raise ``ValueError``.
+    """
+    return last(islice(iterable, n + 1), default=default)
+
+
+class peekable:
+    """Wrap an iterator to allow lookahead and prepending elements.
+
+    Call :meth:`peek` on the result to get the value that will be returned
+    by :func:`next`. This won't advance the iterator:
+
+        >>> p = peekable(['a', 'b'])
+        >>> p.peek()
+        'a'
+        >>> next(p)
+        'a'
+
+    Pass :meth:`peek` a default value to return that instead of raising
+    ``StopIteration`` when the iterator is exhausted.
+
+        >>> p = peekable([])
+        >>> p.peek('hi')
+        'hi'
+
+    peekables also offer a :meth:`prepend` method, which "inserts" items
+    at the head of the iterable:
+
+        >>> p = peekable([1, 2, 3])
+        >>> p.prepend(10, 11, 12)
+        >>> next(p)
+        10
+        >>> p.peek()
+        11
+        >>> list(p)
+        [11, 12, 1, 2, 3]
+
+    peekables can be indexed. Index 0 is the item that will be returned by
+    :func:`next`, index 1 is the item after that, and so on:
+    The values up to the given index will be cached.
+
+        >>> p = peekable(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        >>> p[0]
+        'a'
+        >>> p[1]
+        'b'
+        >>> next(p)
+        'a'
+
+    Negative indexes are supported, but be aware that they will cache the
+    remaining items in the source iterator, which may require significant
+    storage.
+
+    To check whether a peekable is exhausted, check its truth value:
+
+        >>> p = peekable(['a', 'b'])
+        >>> if p:  # peekable has items
+        ...     list(p)
+        ['a', 'b']
+        >>> if not p:  # peekable is exhausted
+        ...     list(p)
+        []
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable):
+        self._it = iter(iterable)
+        self._cache = deque()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        try:
+            self.peek()
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def peek(self, default=_marker):
+        """Return the item that will be next returned from ``next()``.
+
+        Return ``default`` if there are no items left. If ``default`` is not
+        provided, raise ``StopIteration``.
+
+        """
+        if not self._cache:
+            try:
+                self._cache.append(next(self._it))
+            except StopIteration:
+                if default is _marker:
+                    raise
+                return default
+        return self._cache[0]
+
+    def prepend(self, *items):
+        """Stack up items to be the next ones returned from ``next()`` or
+        ``self.peek()``. The items will be returned in
+        first in, first out order::
+
+            >>> p = peekable([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> p.prepend(10, 11, 12)
+            >>> next(p)
+            10
+            >>> list(p)
+            [11, 12, 1, 2, 3]
+
+        It is possible, by prepending items, to "resurrect" a peekable that
+        previously raised ``StopIteration``.
+
+            >>> p = peekable([])
+            >>> next(p)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            StopIteration
+            >>> p.prepend(1)
+            >>> next(p)
+            1
+            >>> next(p)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            StopIteration
+
+        """
+        self._cache.extendleft(reversed(items))
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self._cache:
+            return self._cache.popleft()
+
+        return next(self._it)
+
+    def _get_slice(self, index):
+        # Normalize the slice's arguments
+        step = 1 if (index.step is None) else index.step
+        if step > 0:
+            start = 0 if (index.start is None) else index.start
+            stop = maxsize if (index.stop is None) else index.stop
+        elif step < 0:
+            start = -1 if (index.start is None) else index.start
+            stop = (-maxsize - 1) if (index.stop is None) else index.stop
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('slice step cannot be zero')
+
+        # If either the start or stop index is negative, we'll need to cache
+        # the rest of the iterable in order to slice from the right side.
+        if (start < 0) or (stop < 0):
+            self._cache.extend(self._it)
+        # Otherwise we'll need to find the rightmost index and cache to that
+        # point.
+        else:
+            n = min(max(start, stop) + 1, maxsize)
+            cache_len = len(self._cache)
+            if n >= cache_len:
+                self._cache.extend(islice(self._it, n - cache_len))
+
+        return list(self._cache)[index]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._get_slice(index)
+
+        cache_len = len(self._cache)
+        if index < 0:
+            self._cache.extend(self._it)
+        elif index >= cache_len:
+            self._cache.extend(islice(self._it, index + 1 - cache_len))
+
+        return self._cache[index]
+
+
+def collate(*iterables, **kwargs):
+    """Return a sorted merge of the items from each of several already-sorted
+    *iterables*.
+
+        >>> list(collate('ACDZ', 'AZ', 'JKL'))
+        ['A', 'A', 'C', 'D', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'Z', 'Z']
+
+    Works lazily, keeping only the next value from each iterable in memory. Use
+    :func:`collate` to, for example, perform a n-way mergesort of items that
+    don't fit in memory.
+
+    If a *key* function is specified, the iterables will be sorted according
+    to its result:
+
+        >>> key = lambda s: int(s)  # Sort by numeric value, not by string
+        >>> list(collate(['1', '10'], ['2', '11'], key=key))
+        ['1', '2', '10', '11']
+
+
+    If the *iterables* are sorted in descending order, set *reverse* to
+    ``True``:
+
+        >>> list(collate([5, 3, 1], [4, 2, 0], reverse=True))
+        [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
+
+    If the elements of the passed-in iterables are out of order, you might get
+    unexpected results.
+
+    On Python 3.5+, this function is an alias for :func:`heapq.merge`.
+
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "collate is no longer part of more_itertools, use heapq.merge",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return merge(*iterables, **kwargs)
+
+
+def consumer(func):
+    """Decorator that automatically advances a PEP-342-style "reverse iterator"
+    to its first yield point so you don't have to call ``next()`` on it
+    manually.
+
+        >>> @consumer
+        ... def tally():
+        ...     i = 0
+        ...     while True:
+        ...         print('Thing number %s is %s.' % (i, (yield)))
+        ...         i += 1
+        ...
+        >>> t = tally()
+        >>> t.send('red')
+        Thing number 0 is red.
+        >>> t.send('fish')
+        Thing number 1 is fish.
+
+    Without the decorator, you would have to call ``next(t)`` before
+    ``t.send()`` could be used.
+
+    """
+
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        gen = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        next(gen)
+        return gen
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def ilen(iterable):
+    """Return the number of items in *iterable*.
+
+        >>> ilen(x for x in range(1000000) if x % 3 == 0)
+        333334
+
+    This consumes the iterable, so handle with care.
+
+    """
+    # This approach was selected because benchmarks showed it's likely the
+    # fastest of the known implementations at the time of writing.
+    # See GitHub tracker: #236, #230.
+    counter = count()
+    deque(zip(iterable, counter), maxlen=0)
+    return next(counter)
+
+
+def iterate(func, start):
+    """Return ``start``, ``func(start)``, ``func(func(start))``, ...
+
+    >>> from itertools import islice
+    >>> list(islice(iterate(lambda x: 2*x, 1), 10))
+    [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]
+
+    """
+    while True:
+        yield start
+        start = func(start)
+
+
+def with_iter(context_manager):
+    """Wrap an iterable in a ``with`` statement, so it closes once exhausted.
+
+    For example, this will close the file when the iterator is exhausted::
+
+        upper_lines = (line.upper() for line in with_iter(open('foo')))
+
+    Any context manager which returns an iterable is a candidate for
+    ``with_iter``.
+
+    """
+    with context_manager as iterable:
+        yield from iterable
+
+
+def one(iterable, too_short=None, too_long=None):
+    """Return the first item from *iterable*, which is expected to contain only
+    that item. Raise an exception if *iterable* is empty or has more than one
+    item.
+
+    :func:`one` is useful for ensuring that an iterable contains only one item.
+    For example, it can be used to retrieve the result of a database query
+    that is expected to return a single row.
+
+    If *iterable* is empty, ``ValueError`` will be raised. You may specify a
+    different exception with the *too_short* keyword:
+
+        >>> it = []
+        >>> one(it)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: too many items in iterable (expected 1)'
+        >>> too_short = IndexError('too few items')
+        >>> one(it, too_short=too_short)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        IndexError: too few items
+
+    Similarly, if *iterable* contains more than one item, ``ValueError`` will
+    be raised. You may specify a different exception with the *too_long*
+    keyword:
+
+        >>> it = ['too', 'many']
+        >>> one(it)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got 'too',
+        'many', and perhaps more.
+        >>> too_long = RuntimeError
+        >>> one(it, too_long=too_long)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        RuntimeError
+
+    Note that :func:`one` attempts to advance *iterable* twice to ensure there
+    is only one item. See :func:`spy` or :func:`peekable` to check iterable
+    contents less destructively.
+
+    """
+    it = iter(iterable)
+
+    try:
+        first_value = next(it)
+    except StopIteration as e:
+        raise (
+            too_short or ValueError('too few items in iterable (expected 1)')
+        ) from e
+
+    try:
+        second_value = next(it)
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got {!r}, {!r}, '
+            'and perhaps more.'.format(first_value, second_value)
+        )
+        raise too_long or ValueError(msg)
+
+    return first_value
+
+
+def distinct_permutations(iterable, r=None):
+    """Yield successive distinct permutations of the elements in *iterable*.
+
+        >>> sorted(distinct_permutations([1, 0, 1]))
+        [(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)]
+
+    Equivalent to ``set(permutations(iterable))``, except duplicates are not
+    generated and thrown away. For larger input sequences this is much more
+    efficient.
+
+    Duplicate permutations arise when there are duplicated elements in the
+    input iterable. The number of items returned is
+    `n! / (x_1! * x_2! * ... * x_n!)`, where `n` is the total number of
+    items input, and each `x_i` is the count of a distinct item in the input
+    sequence.
+
+    If *r* is given, only the *r*-length permutations are yielded.
+
+        >>> sorted(distinct_permutations([1, 0, 1], r=2))
+        [(0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
+        >>> sorted(distinct_permutations(range(3), r=2))
+        [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1)]
+
+    """
+    # Algorithm: https://w.wiki/Qai
+    def _full(A):
+        while True:
+            # Yield the permutation we have
+            yield tuple(A)
+
+            # Find the largest index i such that A[i] < A[i + 1]
+            for i in range(size - 2, -1, -1):
+                if A[i] < A[i + 1]:
+                    break
+            #  If no such index exists, this permutation is the last one
+            else:
+                return
+
+            # Find the largest index j greater than j such that A[i] < A[j]
+            for j in range(size - 1, i, -1):
+                if A[i] < A[j]:
+                    break
+
+            # Swap the value of A[i] with that of A[j], then reverse the
+            # sequence from A[i + 1] to form the new permutation
+            A[i], A[j] = A[j], A[i]
+            A[i + 1 :] = A[: i - size : -1]  # A[i + 1:][::-1]
+
+    # Algorithm: modified from the above
+    def _partial(A, r):
+        # Split A into the first r items and the last r items
+        head, tail = A[:r], A[r:]
+        right_head_indexes = range(r - 1, -1, -1)
+        left_tail_indexes = range(len(tail))
+
+        while True:
+            # Yield the permutation we have
+            yield tuple(head)
+
+            # Starting from the right, find the first index of the head with
+            # value smaller than the maximum value of the tail - call it i.
+            pivot = tail[-1]
+            for i in right_head_indexes:
+                if head[i] < pivot:
+                    break
+                pivot = head[i]
+            else:
+                return
+
+            # Starting from the left, find the first value of the tail
+            # with a value greater than head[i] and swap.
+            for j in left_tail_indexes:
+                if tail[j] > head[i]:
+                    head[i], tail[j] = tail[j], head[i]
+                    break
+            # If we didn't find one, start from the right and find the first
+            # index of the head with a value greater than head[i] and swap.
+            else:
+                for j in right_head_indexes:
+                    if head[j] > head[i]:
+                        head[i], head[j] = head[j], head[i]
+                        break
+
+            # Reverse head[i + 1:] and swap it with tail[:r - (i + 1)]
+            tail += head[: i - r : -1]  # head[i + 1:][::-1]
+            i += 1
+            head[i:], tail[:] = tail[: r - i], tail[r - i :]
+
+    items = sorted(iterable)
+
+    size = len(items)
+    if r is None:
+        r = size
+
+    if 0 < r <= size:
+        return _full(items) if (r == size) else _partial(items, r)
+
+    return iter(() if r else ((),))
+
+
+def intersperse(e, iterable, n=1):
+    """Intersperse filler element *e* among the items in *iterable*, leaving
+    *n* items between each filler element.
+
+        >>> list(intersperse('!', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
+        [1, '!', 2, '!', 3, '!', 4, '!', 5]
+
+        >>> list(intersperse(None, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], n=2))
+        [1, 2, None, 3, 4, None, 5]
+
+    """
+    if n == 0:
+        raise ValueError('n must be > 0')
+    elif n == 1:
+        # interleave(repeat(e), iterable) -> e, x_0, e, e, x_1, e, x_2...
+        # islice(..., 1, None) -> x_0, e, e, x_1, e, x_2...
+        return islice(interleave(repeat(e), iterable), 1, None)
+    else:
+        # interleave(filler, chunks) -> [e], [x_0, x_1], [e], [x_2, x_3]...
+        # islice(..., 1, None) -> [x_0, x_1], [e], [x_2, x_3]...
+        # flatten(...) -> x_0, x_1, e, x_2, x_3...
+        filler = repeat([e])
+        chunks = chunked(iterable, n)
+        return flatten(islice(interleave(filler, chunks), 1, None))
+
+
+def unique_to_each(*iterables):
+    """Return the elements from each of the input iterables that aren't in the
+    other input iterables.
+
+    For example, suppose you have a set of packages, each with a set of
+    dependencies::
+
+        {'pkg_1': {'A', 'B'}, 'pkg_2': {'B', 'C'}, 'pkg_3': {'B', 'D'}}
+
+    If you remove one package, which dependencies can also be removed?
+
+    If ``pkg_1`` is removed, then ``A`` is no longer necessary - it is not
+    associated with ``pkg_2`` or ``pkg_3``. Similarly, ``C`` is only needed for
+    ``pkg_2``, and ``D`` is only needed for ``pkg_3``::
+
+        >>> unique_to_each({'A', 'B'}, {'B', 'C'}, {'B', 'D'})
+        [['A'], ['C'], ['D']]
+
+    If there are duplicates in one input iterable that aren't in the others
+    they will be duplicated in the output. Input order is preserved::
+
+        >>> unique_to_each("mississippi", "missouri")
+        [['p', 'p'], ['o', 'u', 'r']]
+
+    It is assumed that the elements of each iterable are hashable.
+
+    """
+    pool = [list(it) for it in iterables]
+    counts = Counter(chain.from_iterable(map(set, pool)))
+    uniques = {element for element in counts if counts[element] == 1}
+    return [list(filter(uniques.__contains__, it)) for it in pool]
+
+
+def windowed(seq, n, fillvalue=None, step=1):
+    """Return a sliding window of width *n* over the given iterable.
+
+        >>> all_windows = windowed([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3)
+        >>> list(all_windows)
+        [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5)]
+
+    When the window is larger than the iterable, *fillvalue* is used in place
+    of missing values:
+
+        >>> list(windowed([1, 2, 3], 4))
+        [(1, 2, 3, None)]
+
+    Each window will advance in increments of *step*:
+
+        >>> list(windowed([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3, fillvalue='!', step=2))
+        [(1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, '!')]
+
+    To slide into the iterable's items, use :func:`chain` to add filler items
+    to the left:
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> n = 3
+        >>> padding = [None] * (n - 1)
+        >>> list(windowed(chain(padding, iterable), 3))
+        [(None, None, 1), (None, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4)]
+    """
+    if n < 0:
+        raise ValueError('n must be >= 0')
+    if n == 0:
+        yield tuple()
+        return
+    if step < 1:
+        raise ValueError('step must be >= 1')
+
+    window = deque(maxlen=n)
+    i = n
+    for _ in map(window.append, seq):
+        i -= 1
+        if not i:
+            i = step
+            yield tuple(window)
+
+    size = len(window)
+    if size < n:
+        yield tuple(chain(window, repeat(fillvalue, n - size)))
+    elif 0 < i < min(step, n):
+        window += (fillvalue,) * i
+        yield tuple(window)
+
+
+def substrings(iterable):
+    """Yield all of the substrings of *iterable*.
+
+        >>> [''.join(s) for s in substrings('more')]
+        ['m', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'mo', 'or', 're', 'mor', 'ore', 'more']
+
+    Note that non-string iterables can also be subdivided.
+
+        >>> list(substrings([0, 1, 2]))
+        [(0,), (1,), (2,), (0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 1, 2)]
+
+    """
+    # The length-1 substrings
+    seq = []
+    for item in iter(iterable):
+        seq.append(item)
+        yield (item,)
+    seq = tuple(seq)
+    item_count = len(seq)
+
+    # And the rest
+    for n in range(2, item_count + 1):
+        for i in range(item_count - n + 1):
+            yield seq[i : i + n]
+
+
+def substrings_indexes(seq, reverse=False):
+    """Yield all substrings and their positions in *seq*
+
+    The items yielded will be a tuple of the form ``(substr, i, j)``, where
+    ``substr == seq[i:j]``.
+
+    This function only works for iterables that support slicing, such as
+    ``str`` objects.
+
+    >>> for item in substrings_indexes('more'):
+    ...    print(item)
+    ('m', 0, 1)
+    ('o', 1, 2)
+    ('r', 2, 3)
+    ('e', 3, 4)
+    ('mo', 0, 2)
+    ('or', 1, 3)
+    ('re', 2, 4)
+    ('mor', 0, 3)
+    ('ore', 1, 4)
+    ('more', 0, 4)
+
+    Set *reverse* to ``True`` to yield the same items in the opposite order.
+
+
+    """
+    r = range(1, len(seq) + 1)
+    if reverse:
+        r = reversed(r)
+    return (
+        (seq[i : i + L], i, i + L) for L in r for i in range(len(seq) - L + 1)
+    )
+
+
+class bucket:
+    """Wrap *iterable* and return an object that buckets it iterable into
+    child iterables based on a *key* function.
+
+        >>> iterable = ['a1', 'b1', 'c1', 'a2', 'b2', 'c2', 'b3']
+        >>> s = bucket(iterable, key=lambda x: x[0])  # Bucket by 1st character
+        >>> sorted(list(s))  # Get the keys
+        ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        >>> a_iterable = s['a']
+        >>> next(a_iterable)
+        'a1'
+        >>> next(a_iterable)
+        'a2'
+        >>> list(s['b'])
+        ['b1', 'b2', 'b3']
+
+    The original iterable will be advanced and its items will be cached until
+    they are used by the child iterables. This may require significant storage.
+
+    By default, attempting to select a bucket to which no items belong  will
+    exhaust the iterable and cache all values.
+    If you specify a *validator* function, selected buckets will instead be
+    checked against it.
+
+        >>> from itertools import count
+        >>> it = count(1, 2)  # Infinite sequence of odd numbers
+        >>> key = lambda x: x % 10  # Bucket by last digit
+        >>> validator = lambda x: x in {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}  # Odd digits only
+        >>> s = bucket(it, key=key, validator=validator)
+        >>> 2 in s
+        False
+        >>> list(s[2])
+        []
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable, key, validator=None):
+        self._it = iter(iterable)
+        self._key = key
+        self._cache = defaultdict(deque)
+        self._validator = validator or (lambda x: True)
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        if not self._validator(value):
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            item = next(self[value])
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+        else:
+            self._cache[value].appendleft(item)
+
+        return True
+
+    def _get_values(self, value):
+        """
+        Helper to yield items from the parent iterator that match *value*.
+        Items that don't match are stored in the local cache as they
+        are encountered.
+        """
+        while True:
+            # If we've cached some items that match the target value, emit
+            # the first one and evict it from the cache.
+            if self._cache[value]:
+                yield self._cache[value].popleft()
+            # Otherwise we need to advance the parent iterator to search for
+            # a matching item, caching the rest.
+            else:
+                while True:
+                    try:
+                        item = next(self._it)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        return
+                    item_value = self._key(item)
+                    if item_value == value:
+                        yield item
+                        break
+                    elif self._validator(item_value):
+                        self._cache[item_value].append(item)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for item in self._it:
+            item_value = self._key(item)
+            if self._validator(item_value):
+                self._cache[item_value].append(item)
+
+        yield from self._cache.keys()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, value):
+        if not self._validator(value):
+            return iter(())
+
+        return self._get_values(value)
+
+
+def spy(iterable, n=1):
+    """Return a 2-tuple with a list containing the first *n* elements of
+    *iterable*, and an iterator with the same items as *iterable*.
+    This allows you to "look ahead" at the items in the iterable without
+    advancing it.
+
+    There is one item in the list by default:
+
+        >>> iterable = 'abcdefg'
+        >>> head, iterable = spy(iterable)
+        >>> head
+        ['a']
+        >>> list(iterable)
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
+
+    You may use unpacking to retrieve items instead of lists:
+
+        >>> (head,), iterable = spy('abcdefg')
+        >>> head
+        'a'
+        >>> (first, second), iterable = spy('abcdefg', 2)
+        >>> first
+        'a'
+        >>> second
+        'b'
+
+    The number of items requested can be larger than the number of items in
+    the iterable:
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        >>> head, iterable = spy(iterable, 10)
+        >>> head
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        >>> list(iterable)
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    """
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    head = take(n, it)
+
+    return head.copy(), chain(head, it)
+
+
+def interleave(*iterables):
+    """Return a new iterable yielding from each iterable in turn,
+    until the shortest is exhausted.
+
+        >>> list(interleave([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]))
+        [1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 7]
+
+    For a version that doesn't terminate after the shortest iterable is
+    exhausted, see :func:`interleave_longest`.
+
+    """
+    return chain.from_iterable(zip(*iterables))
+
+
+def interleave_longest(*iterables):
+    """Return a new iterable yielding from each iterable in turn,
+    skipping any that are exhausted.
+
+        >>> list(interleave_longest([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]))
+        [1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 7, 3, 8]
+
+    This function produces the same output as :func:`roundrobin`, but may
+    perform better for some inputs (in particular when the number of iterables
+    is large).
+
+    """
+    i = chain.from_iterable(zip_longest(*iterables, fillvalue=_marker))
+    return (x for x in i if x is not _marker)
+
+
+def collapse(iterable, base_type=None, levels=None):
+    """Flatten an iterable with multiple levels of nesting (e.g., a list of
+    lists of tuples) into non-iterable types.
+
+        >>> iterable = [(1, 2), ([3, 4], [[5], [6]])]
+        >>> list(collapse(iterable))
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+    Binary and text strings are not considered iterable and
+    will not be collapsed.
+
+    To avoid collapsing other types, specify *base_type*:
+
+        >>> iterable = ['ab', ('cd', 'ef'), ['gh', 'ij']]
+        >>> list(collapse(iterable, base_type=tuple))
+        ['ab', ('cd', 'ef'), 'gh', 'ij']
+
+    Specify *levels* to stop flattening after a certain level:
+
+    >>> iterable = [('a', ['b']), ('c', ['d'])]
+    >>> list(collapse(iterable))  # Fully flattened
+    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+    >>> list(collapse(iterable, levels=1))  # Only one level flattened
+    ['a', ['b'], 'c', ['d']]
+
+    """
+
+    def walk(node, level):
+        if (
+            ((levels is not None) and (level > levels))
+            or isinstance(node, (str, bytes))
+            or ((base_type is not None) and isinstance(node, base_type))
+        ):
+            yield node
+            return
+
+        try:
+            tree = iter(node)
+        except TypeError:
+            yield node
+            return
+        else:
+            for child in tree:
+                yield from walk(child, level + 1)
+
+    yield from walk(iterable, 0)
+
+
+def side_effect(func, iterable, chunk_size=None, before=None, after=None):
+    """Invoke *func* on each item in *iterable* (or on each *chunk_size* group
+    of items) before yielding the item.
+
+    `func` must be a function that takes a single argument. Its return value
+    will be discarded.
+
+    *before* and *after* are optional functions that take no arguments. They
+    will be executed before iteration starts and after it ends, respectively.
+
+    `side_effect` can be used for logging, updating progress bars, or anything
+    that is not functionally "pure."
+
+    Emitting a status message:
+
+        >>> from more_itertools import consume
+        >>> func = lambda item: print('Received {}'.format(item))
+        >>> consume(side_effect(func, range(2)))
+        Received 0
+        Received 1
+
+    Operating on chunks of items:
+
+        >>> pair_sums = []
+        >>> func = lambda chunk: pair_sums.append(sum(chunk))
+        >>> list(side_effect(func, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2))
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        >>> list(pair_sums)
+        [1, 5, 9]
+
+    Writing to a file-like object:
+
+        >>> from io import StringIO
+        >>> from more_itertools import consume
+        >>> f = StringIO()
+        >>> func = lambda x: print(x, file=f)
+        >>> before = lambda: print(u'HEADER', file=f)
+        >>> after = f.close
+        >>> it = [u'a', u'b', u'c']
+        >>> consume(side_effect(func, it, before=before, after=after))
+        >>> f.closed
+        True
+
+    """
+    try:
+        if before is not None:
+            before()
+
+        if chunk_size is None:
+            for item in iterable:
+                func(item)
+                yield item
+        else:
+            for chunk in chunked(iterable, chunk_size):
+                func(chunk)
+                yield from chunk
+    finally:
+        if after is not None:
+            after()
+
+
+def sliced(seq, n, strict=False):
+    """Yield slices of length *n* from the sequence *seq*.
+
+    >>> list(sliced((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 3))
+    [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
+
+    By the default, the last yielded slice will have fewer than *n* elements
+    if the length of *seq* is not divisible by *n*:
+
+    >>> list(sliced((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), 3))
+    [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8)]
+
+    If the length of *seq* is not divisible by *n* and *strict* is
+    ``True``, then ``ValueError`` will be raised before the last
+    slice is yielded.
+
+    This function will only work for iterables that support slicing.
+    For non-sliceable iterables, see :func:`chunked`.
+
+    """
+    iterator = takewhile(len, (seq[i : i + n] for i in count(0, n)))
+    if strict:
+
+        def ret():
+            for _slice in iterator:
+                if len(_slice) != n:
+                    raise ValueError("seq is not divisible by n.")
+                yield _slice
+
+        return iter(ret())
+    else:
+        return iterator
+
+
+def split_at(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1, keep_separator=False):
+    """Yield lists of items from *iterable*, where each list is delimited by
+    an item where callable *pred* returns ``True``.
+
+        >>> list(split_at('abcdcba', lambda x: x == 'b'))
+        [['a'], ['c', 'd', 'c'], ['a']]
+
+        >>> list(split_at(range(10), lambda n: n % 2 == 1))
+        [[0], [2], [4], [6], [8], []]
+
+    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
+    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
+
+        >>> list(split_at(range(10), lambda n: n % 2 == 1, maxsplit=2))
+        [[0], [2], [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
+
+    By default, the delimiting items are not included in the output.
+    The include them, set *keep_separator* to ``True``.
+
+        >>> list(split_at('abcdcba', lambda x: x == 'b', keep_separator=True))
+        [['a'], ['b'], ['c', 'd', 'c'], ['b'], ['a']]
+
+    """
+    if maxsplit == 0:
+        yield list(iterable)
+        return
+
+    buf = []
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    for item in it:
+        if pred(item):
+            yield buf
+            if keep_separator:
+                yield [item]
+            if maxsplit == 1:
+                yield list(it)
+                return
+            buf = []
+            maxsplit -= 1
+        else:
+            buf.append(item)
+    yield buf
+
+
+def split_before(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1):
+    """Yield lists of items from *iterable*, where each list ends just before
+    an item for which callable *pred* returns ``True``:
+
+        >>> list(split_before('OneTwo', lambda s: s.isupper()))
+        [['O', 'n', 'e'], ['T', 'w', 'o']]
+
+        >>> list(split_before(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0))
+        [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9]]
+
+    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
+    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
+
+        >>> list(split_before(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0, maxsplit=2))
+        [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]]
+    """
+    if maxsplit == 0:
+        yield list(iterable)
+        return
+
+    buf = []
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    for item in it:
+        if pred(item) and buf:
+            yield buf
+            if maxsplit == 1:
+                yield [item] + list(it)
+                return
+            buf = []
+            maxsplit -= 1
+        buf.append(item)
+    if buf:
+        yield buf
+
+
+def split_after(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1):
+    """Yield lists of items from *iterable*, where each list ends with an
+    item where callable *pred* returns ``True``:
+
+        >>> list(split_after('one1two2', lambda s: s.isdigit()))
+        [['o', 'n', 'e', '1'], ['t', 'w', 'o', '2']]
+
+        >>> list(split_after(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0))
+        [[0], [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
+
+    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
+    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
+
+        >>> list(split_after(range(10), lambda n: n % 3 == 0, maxsplit=2))
+        [[0], [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
+
+    """
+    if maxsplit == 0:
+        yield list(iterable)
+        return
+
+    buf = []
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    for item in it:
+        buf.append(item)
+        if pred(item) and buf:
+            yield buf
+            if maxsplit == 1:
+                yield list(it)
+                return
+            buf = []
+            maxsplit -= 1
+    if buf:
+        yield buf
+
+
+def split_when(iterable, pred, maxsplit=-1):
+    """Split *iterable* into pieces based on the output of *pred*.
+    *pred* should be a function that takes successive pairs of items and
+    returns ``True`` if the iterable should be split in between them.
+
+    For example, to find runs of increasing numbers, split the iterable when
+    element ``i`` is larger than element ``i + 1``:
+
+        >>> list(split_when([1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2], lambda x, y: x > y))
+        [[1, 2, 3, 3], [2, 5], [2, 4], [2]]
+
+    At most *maxsplit* splits are done. If *maxsplit* is not specified or -1,
+    then there is no limit on the number of splits:
+
+        >>> list(split_when([1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2],
+        ...                 lambda x, y: x > y, maxsplit=2))
+        [[1, 2, 3, 3], [2, 5], [2, 4, 2]]
+
+    """
+    if maxsplit == 0:
+        yield list(iterable)
+        return
+
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    try:
+        cur_item = next(it)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+
+    buf = [cur_item]
+    for next_item in it:
+        if pred(cur_item, next_item):
+            yield buf
+            if maxsplit == 1:
+                yield [next_item] + list(it)
+                return
+            buf = []
+            maxsplit -= 1
+
+        buf.append(next_item)
+        cur_item = next_item
+
+    yield buf
+
+
+def split_into(iterable, sizes):
+    """Yield a list of sequential items from *iterable* of length 'n' for each
+    integer 'n' in *sizes*.
+
+        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4,5,6], [1,2,3]))
+        [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+
+    If the sum of *sizes* is smaller than the length of *iterable*, then the
+    remaining items of *iterable* will not be returned.
+
+        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4,5,6], [2,3]))
+        [[1, 2], [3, 4, 5]]
+
+    If the sum of *sizes* is larger than the length of *iterable*, fewer items
+    will be returned in the iteration that overruns *iterable* and further
+    lists will be empty:
+
+        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4]))
+        [[1], [2, 3], [4], []]
+
+    When a ``None`` object is encountered in *sizes*, the returned list will
+    contain items up to the end of *iterable* the same way that itertools.slice
+    does:
+
+        >>> list(split_into([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0], [2,3,None]))
+        [[1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 0]]
+
+    :func:`split_into` can be useful for grouping a series of items where the
+    sizes of the groups are not uniform. An example would be where in a row
+    from a table, multiple columns represent elements of the same feature
+    (e.g. a point represented by x,y,z) but, the format is not the same for
+    all columns.
+    """
+    # convert the iterable argument into an iterator so its contents can
+    # be consumed by islice in case it is a generator
+    it = iter(iterable)
+
+    for size in sizes:
+        if size is None:
+            yield list(it)
+            return
+        else:
+            yield list(islice(it, size))
+
+
+def padded(iterable, fillvalue=None, n=None, next_multiple=False):
+    """Yield the elements from *iterable*, followed by *fillvalue*, such that
+    at least *n* items are emitted.
+
+        >>> list(padded([1, 2, 3], '?', 5))
+        [1, 2, 3, '?', '?']
+
+    If *next_multiple* is ``True``, *fillvalue* will be emitted until the
+    number of items emitted is a multiple of *n*::
+
+        >>> list(padded([1, 2, 3, 4], n=3, next_multiple=True))
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, None, None]
+
+    If *n* is ``None``, *fillvalue* will be emitted indefinitely.
+
+    """
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    if n is None:
+        yield from chain(it, repeat(fillvalue))
+    elif n < 1:
+        raise ValueError('n must be at least 1')
+    else:
+        item_count = 0
+        for item in it:
+            yield item
+            item_count += 1
+
+        remaining = (n - item_count) % n if next_multiple else n - item_count
+        for _ in range(remaining):
+            yield fillvalue
+
+
+def repeat_last(iterable, default=None):
+    """After the *iterable* is exhausted, keep yielding its last element.
+
+        >>> list(islice(repeat_last(range(3)), 5))
+        [0, 1, 2, 2, 2]
+
+    If the iterable is empty, yield *default* forever::
+
+        >>> list(islice(repeat_last(range(0), 42), 5))
+        [42, 42, 42, 42, 42]
+
+    """
+    item = _marker
+    for item in iterable:
+        yield item
+    final = default if item is _marker else item
+    yield from repeat(final)
+
+
+def distribute(n, iterable):
+    """Distribute the items from *iterable* among *n* smaller iterables.
+
+        >>> group_1, group_2 = distribute(2, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+        >>> list(group_1)
+        [1, 3, 5]
+        >>> list(group_2)
+        [2, 4, 6]
+
+    If the length of *iterable* is not evenly divisible by *n*, then the
+    length of the returned iterables will not be identical:
+
+        >>> children = distribute(3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
+        [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5], [3, 6]]
+
+    If the length of *iterable* is smaller than *n*, then the last returned
+    iterables will be empty:
+
+        >>> children = distribute(5, [1, 2, 3])
+        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
+        [[1], [2], [3], [], []]
+
+    This function uses :func:`itertools.tee` and may require significant
+    storage. If you need the order items in the smaller iterables to match the
+    original iterable, see :func:`divide`.
+
+    """
+    if n < 1:
+        raise ValueError('n must be at least 1')
+
+    children = tee(iterable, n)
+    return [islice(it, index, None, n) for index, it in enumerate(children)]
+
+
+def stagger(iterable, offsets=(-1, 0, 1), longest=False, fillvalue=None):
+    """Yield tuples whose elements are offset from *iterable*.
+    The amount by which the `i`-th item in each tuple is offset is given by
+    the `i`-th item in *offsets*.
+
+        >>> list(stagger([0, 1, 2, 3]))
+        [(None, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]
+        >>> list(stagger(range(8), offsets=(0, 2, 4)))
+        [(0, 2, 4), (1, 3, 5), (2, 4, 6), (3, 5, 7)]
+
+    By default, the sequence will end when the final element of a tuple is the
+    last item in the iterable. To continue until the first element of a tuple
+    is the last item in the iterable, set *longest* to ``True``::
+
+        >>> list(stagger([0, 1, 2, 3], longest=True))
+        [(None, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, None), (3, None, None)]
+
+    By default, ``None`` will be used to replace offsets beyond the end of the
+    sequence. Specify *fillvalue* to use some other value.
+
+    """
+    children = tee(iterable, len(offsets))
+
+    return zip_offset(
+        *children, offsets=offsets, longest=longest, fillvalue=fillvalue
+    )
+
+
+class UnequalIterablesError(ValueError):
+    def __init__(self, details=None):
+        msg = 'Iterables have different lengths'
+        if details is not None:
+            msg += (': index 0 has length {}; index {} has length {}').format(
+                *details
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(msg)
+
+
+def _zip_equal_generator(iterables):
+    for combo in zip_longest(*iterables, fillvalue=_marker):
+        for val in combo:
+            if val is _marker:
+                raise UnequalIterablesError()
+        yield combo
+
+
+def zip_equal(*iterables):
+    """``zip`` the input *iterables* together, but raise
+    ``UnequalIterablesError`` if they aren't all the same length.
+
+        >>> it_1 = range(3)
+        >>> it_2 = iter('abc')
+        >>> list(zip_equal(it_1, it_2))
+        [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]
+
+        >>> it_1 = range(3)
+        >>> it_2 = iter('abcd')
+        >>> list(zip_equal(it_1, it_2)) # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        more_itertools.more.UnequalIterablesError: Iterables have different
+        lengths
+
+    """
+    if hexversion >= 0x30A00A6:
+        warnings.warn(
+            (
+                'zip_equal will be removed in a future version of '
+                'more-itertools. Use the builtin zip function with '
+                'strict=True instead.'
+            ),
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+    # Check whether the iterables are all the same size.
+    try:
+        first_size = len(iterables[0])
+        for i, it in enumerate(iterables[1:], 1):
+            size = len(it)
+            if size != first_size:
+                break
+        else:
+            # If we didn't break out, we can use the built-in zip.
+            return zip(*iterables)
+
+        # If we did break out, there was a mismatch.
+        raise UnequalIterablesError(details=(first_size, i, size))
+    # If any one of the iterables didn't have a length, start reading
+    # them until one runs out.
+    except TypeError:
+        return _zip_equal_generator(iterables)
+
+
+def zip_offset(*iterables, offsets, longest=False, fillvalue=None):
+    """``zip`` the input *iterables* together, but offset the `i`-th iterable
+    by the `i`-th item in *offsets*.
+
+        >>> list(zip_offset('0123', 'abcdef', offsets=(0, 1)))
+        [('0', 'b'), ('1', 'c'), ('2', 'd'), ('3', 'e')]
+
+    This can be used as a lightweight alternative to SciPy or pandas to analyze
+    data sets in which some series have a lead or lag relationship.
+
+    By default, the sequence will end when the shortest iterable is exhausted.
+    To continue until the longest iterable is exhausted, set *longest* to
+    ``True``.
+
+        >>> list(zip_offset('0123', 'abcdef', offsets=(0, 1), longest=True))
+        [('0', 'b'), ('1', 'c'), ('2', 'd'), ('3', 'e'), (None, 'f')]
+
+    By default, ``None`` will be used to replace offsets beyond the end of the
+    sequence. Specify *fillvalue* to use some other value.
+
+    """
+    if len(iterables) != len(offsets):
+        raise ValueError("Number of iterables and offsets didn't match")
+
+    staggered = []
+    for it, n in zip(iterables, offsets):
+        if n < 0:
+            staggered.append(chain(repeat(fillvalue, -n), it))
+        elif n > 0:
+            staggered.append(islice(it, n, None))
+        else:
+            staggered.append(it)
+
+    if longest:
+        return zip_longest(*staggered, fillvalue=fillvalue)
+
+    return zip(*staggered)
+
+
+def sort_together(iterables, key_list=(0,), key=None, reverse=False):
+    """Return the input iterables sorted together, with *key_list* as the
+    priority for sorting. All iterables are trimmed to the length of the
+    shortest one.
+
+    This can be used like the sorting function in a spreadsheet. If each
+    iterable represents a column of data, the key list determines which
+    columns are used for sorting.
+
+    By default, all iterables are sorted using the ``0``-th iterable::
+
+        >>> iterables = [(4, 3, 2, 1), ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')]
+        >>> sort_together(iterables)
+        [(1, 2, 3, 4), ('d', 'c', 'b', 'a')]
+
+    Set a different key list to sort according to another iterable.
+    Specifying multiple keys dictates how ties are broken::
+
+        >>> iterables = [(3, 1, 2), (0, 1, 0), ('c', 'b', 'a')]
+        >>> sort_together(iterables, key_list=(1, 2))
+        [(2, 3, 1), (0, 0, 1), ('a', 'c', 'b')]
+
+    To sort by a function of the elements of the iterable, pass a *key*
+    function. Its arguments are the elements of the iterables corresponding to
+    the key list::
+
+        >>> names = ('a', 'b', 'c')
+        >>> lengths = (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> widths = (5, 2, 1)
+        >>> def area(length, width):
+        ...     return length * width
+        >>> sort_together([names, lengths, widths], key_list=(1, 2), key=area)
+        [('c', 'b', 'a'), (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 5)]
+
+    Set *reverse* to ``True`` to sort in descending order.
+
+        >>> sort_together([(1, 2, 3), ('c', 'b', 'a')], reverse=True)
+        [(3, 2, 1), ('a', 'b', 'c')]
+
+    """
+    if key is None:
+        # if there is no key function, the key argument to sorted is an
+        # itemgetter
+        key_argument = itemgetter(*key_list)
+    else:
+        # if there is a key function, call it with the items at the offsets
+        # specified by the key function as arguments
+        key_list = list(key_list)
+        if len(key_list) == 1:
+            # if key_list contains a single item, pass the item at that offset
+            # as the only argument to the key function
+            key_offset = key_list[0]
+            key_argument = lambda zipped_items: key(zipped_items[key_offset])
+        else:
+            # if key_list contains multiple items, use itemgetter to return a
+            # tuple of items, which we pass as *args to the key function
+            get_key_items = itemgetter(*key_list)
+            key_argument = lambda zipped_items: key(
+                *get_key_items(zipped_items)
+            )
+
+    return list(
+        zip(*sorted(zip(*iterables), key=key_argument, reverse=reverse))
+    )
+
+
+def unzip(iterable):
+    """The inverse of :func:`zip`, this function disaggregates the elements
+    of the zipped *iterable*.
+
+    The ``i``-th iterable contains the ``i``-th element from each element
+    of the zipped iterable. The first element is used to to determine the
+    length of the remaining elements.
+
+        >>> iterable = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
+        >>> letters, numbers = unzip(iterable)
+        >>> list(letters)
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+        >>> list(numbers)
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    This is similar to using ``zip(*iterable)``, but it avoids reading
+    *iterable* into memory. Note, however, that this function uses
+    :func:`itertools.tee` and thus may require significant storage.
+
+    """
+    head, iterable = spy(iter(iterable))
+    if not head:
+        # empty iterable, e.g. zip([], [], [])
+        return ()
+    # spy returns a one-length iterable as head
+    head = head[0]
+    iterables = tee(iterable, len(head))
+
+    def itemgetter(i):
+        def getter(obj):
+            try:
+                return obj[i]
+            except IndexError:
+                # basically if we have an iterable like
+                # iter([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5), (6,)])
+                # the second unzipped iterable would fail at the third tuple
+                # since it would try to access tup[1]
+                # same with the third unzipped iterable and the second tuple
+                # to support these "improperly zipped" iterables,
+                # we create a custom itemgetter
+                # which just stops the unzipped iterables
+                # at first length mismatch
+                raise StopIteration
+
+        return getter
+
+    return tuple(map(itemgetter(i), it) for i, it in enumerate(iterables))
+
+
+def divide(n, iterable):
+    """Divide the elements from *iterable* into *n* parts, maintaining
+    order.
+
+        >>> group_1, group_2 = divide(2, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+        >>> list(group_1)
+        [1, 2, 3]
+        >>> list(group_2)
+        [4, 5, 6]
+
+    If the length of *iterable* is not evenly divisible by *n*, then the
+    length of the returned iterables will not be identical:
+
+        >>> children = divide(3, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
+        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]]
+
+    If the length of the iterable is smaller than n, then the last returned
+    iterables will be empty:
+
+        >>> children = divide(5, [1, 2, 3])
+        >>> [list(c) for c in children]
+        [[1], [2], [3], [], []]
+
+    This function will exhaust the iterable before returning and may require
+    significant storage. If order is not important, see :func:`distribute`,
+    which does not first pull the iterable into memory.
+
+    """
+    if n < 1:
+        raise ValueError('n must be at least 1')
+
+    try:
+        iterable[:0]
+    except TypeError:
+        seq = tuple(iterable)
+    else:
+        seq = iterable
+
+    q, r = divmod(len(seq), n)
+
+    ret = []
+    stop = 0
+    for i in range(1, n + 1):
+        start = stop
+        stop += q + 1 if i <= r else q
+        ret.append(iter(seq[start:stop]))
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def always_iterable(obj, base_type=(str, bytes)):
+    """If *obj* is iterable, return an iterator over its items::
+
+        >>> obj = (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        [1, 2, 3]
+
+    If *obj* is not iterable, return a one-item iterable containing *obj*::
+
+        >>> obj = 1
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        [1]
+
+    If *obj* is ``None``, return an empty iterable:
+
+        >>> obj = None
+        >>> list(always_iterable(None))
+        []
+
+    By default, binary and text strings are not considered iterable::
+
+        >>> obj = 'foo'
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))
+        ['foo']
+
+    If *base_type* is set, objects for which ``isinstance(obj, base_type)``
+    returns ``True`` won't be considered iterable.
+
+        >>> obj = {'a': 1}
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj))  # Iterate over the dict's keys
+        ['a']
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=dict))  # Treat dicts as a unit
+        [{'a': 1}]
+
+    Set *base_type* to ``None`` to avoid any special handling and treat objects
+    Python considers iterable as iterable:
+
+        >>> obj = 'foo'
+        >>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=None))
+        ['f', 'o', 'o']
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return iter(())
+
+    if (base_type is not None) and isinstance(obj, base_type):
+        return iter((obj,))
+
+    try:
+        return iter(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        return iter((obj,))
+
+
+def adjacent(predicate, iterable, distance=1):
+    """Return an iterable over `(bool, item)` tuples where the `item` is
+    drawn from *iterable* and the `bool` indicates whether
+    that item satisfies the *predicate* or is adjacent to an item that does.
+
+    For example, to find whether items are adjacent to a ``3``::
+
+        >>> list(adjacent(lambda x: x == 3, range(6)))
+        [(False, 0), (False, 1), (True, 2), (True, 3), (True, 4), (False, 5)]
+
+    Set *distance* to change what counts as adjacent. For example, to find
+    whether items are two places away from a ``3``:
+
+        >>> list(adjacent(lambda x: x == 3, range(6), distance=2))
+        [(False, 0), (True, 1), (True, 2), (True, 3), (True, 4), (True, 5)]
+
+    This is useful for contextualizing the results of a search function.
+    For example, a code comparison tool might want to identify lines that
+    have changed, but also surrounding lines to give the viewer of the diff
+    context.
+
+    The predicate function will only be called once for each item in the
+    iterable.
+
+    See also :func:`groupby_transform`, which can be used with this function
+    to group ranges of items with the same `bool` value.
+
+    """
+    # Allow distance=0 mainly for testing that it reproduces results with map()
+    if distance < 0:
+        raise ValueError('distance must be at least 0')
+
+    i1, i2 = tee(iterable)
+    padding = [False] * distance
+    selected = chain(padding, map(predicate, i1), padding)
+    adjacent_to_selected = map(any, windowed(selected, 2 * distance + 1))
+    return zip(adjacent_to_selected, i2)
+
+
+def groupby_transform(iterable, keyfunc=None, valuefunc=None, reducefunc=None):
+    """An extension of :func:`itertools.groupby` that can apply transformations
+    to the grouped data.
+
+    * *keyfunc* is a function computing a key value for each item in *iterable*
+    * *valuefunc* is a function that transforms the individual items from
+      *iterable* after grouping
+    * *reducefunc* is a function that transforms each group of items
+
+    >>> iterable = 'aAAbBBcCC'
+    >>> keyfunc = lambda k: k.upper()
+    >>> valuefunc = lambda v: v.lower()
+    >>> reducefunc = lambda g: ''.join(g)
+    >>> list(groupby_transform(iterable, keyfunc, valuefunc, reducefunc))
+    [('A', 'aaa'), ('B', 'bbb'), ('C', 'ccc')]
+
+    Each optional argument defaults to an identity function if not specified.
+
+    :func:`groupby_transform` is useful when grouping elements of an iterable
+    using a separate iterable as the key. To do this, :func:`zip` the iterables
+    and pass a *keyfunc* that extracts the first element and a *valuefunc*
+    that extracts the second element::
+
+        >>> from operator import itemgetter
+        >>> keys = [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]
+        >>> values = 'abcdefghi'
+        >>> iterable = zip(keys, values)
+        >>> grouper = groupby_transform(iterable, itemgetter(0), itemgetter(1))
+        >>> [(k, ''.join(g)) for k, g in grouper]
+        [(0, 'ab'), (1, 'cde'), (2, 'fgh'), (3, 'i')]
+
+    Note that the order of items in the iterable is significant.
+    Only adjacent items are grouped together, so if you don't want any
+    duplicate groups, you should sort the iterable by the key function.
+
+    """
+    ret = groupby(iterable, keyfunc)
+    if valuefunc:
+        ret = ((k, map(valuefunc, g)) for k, g in ret)
+    if reducefunc:
+        ret = ((k, reducefunc(g)) for k, g in ret)
+
+    return ret
+
+
+class numeric_range(abc.Sequence, abc.Hashable):
+    """An extension of the built-in ``range()`` function whose arguments can
+    be any orderable numeric type.
+
+    With only *stop* specified, *start* defaults to ``0`` and *step*
+    defaults to ``1``. The output items will match the type of *stop*:
+
+        >>> list(numeric_range(3.5))
+        [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
+
+    With only *start* and *stop* specified, *step* defaults to ``1``. The
+    output items will match the type of *start*:
+
+        >>> from decimal import Decimal
+        >>> start = Decimal('2.1')
+        >>> stop = Decimal('5.1')
+        >>> list(numeric_range(start, stop))
+        [Decimal('2.1'), Decimal('3.1'), Decimal('4.1')]
+
+    With *start*, *stop*, and *step*  specified the output items will match
+    the type of ``start + step``:
+
+        >>> from fractions import Fraction
+        >>> start = Fraction(1, 2)  # Start at 1/2
+        >>> stop = Fraction(5, 2)  # End at 5/2
+        >>> step = Fraction(1, 2)  # Count by 1/2
+        >>> list(numeric_range(start, stop, step))
+        [Fraction(1, 2), Fraction(1, 1), Fraction(3, 2), Fraction(2, 1)]
+
+    If *step* is zero, ``ValueError`` is raised. Negative steps are supported:
+
+        >>> list(numeric_range(3, -1, -1.0))
+        [3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.0]
+
+    Be aware of the limitations of floating point numbers; the representation
+    of the yielded numbers may be surprising.
+
+    ``datetime.datetime`` objects can be used for *start* and *stop*, if *step*
+    is a ``datetime.timedelta`` object:
+
+        >>> import datetime
+        >>> start = datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 1)
+        >>> stop = datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 3)
+        >>> step = datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+        >>> items = iter(numeric_range(start, stop, step))
+        >>> next(items)
+        datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0)
+        >>> next(items)
+        datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+
+    """
+
+    _EMPTY_HASH = hash(range(0, 0))
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        argc = len(args)
+        if argc == 1:
+            (self._stop,) = args
+            self._start = type(self._stop)(0)
+            self._step = type(self._stop - self._start)(1)
+        elif argc == 2:
+            self._start, self._stop = args
+            self._step = type(self._stop - self._start)(1)
+        elif argc == 3:
+            self._start, self._stop, self._step = args
+        elif argc == 0:
+            raise TypeError(
+                'numeric_range expected at least '
+                '1 argument, got {}'.format(argc)
+            )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                'numeric_range expected at most '
+                '3 arguments, got {}'.format(argc)
+            )
+
+        self._zero = type(self._step)(0)
+        if self._step == self._zero:
+            raise ValueError('numeric_range() arg 3 must not be zero')
+        self._growing = self._step > self._zero
+        self._init_len()
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        if self._growing:
+            return self._start < self._stop
+        else:
+            return self._start > self._stop
+
+    def __contains__(self, elem):
+        if self._growing:
+            if self._start <= elem < self._stop:
+                return (elem - self._start) % self._step == self._zero
+        else:
+            if self._start >= elem > self._stop:
+                return (self._start - elem) % (-self._step) == self._zero
+
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, numeric_range):
+            empty_self = not bool(self)
+            empty_other = not bool(other)
+            if empty_self or empty_other:
+                return empty_self and empty_other  # True if both empty
+            else:
+                return (
+                    self._start == other._start
+                    and self._step == other._step
+                    and self._get_by_index(-1) == other._get_by_index(-1)
+                )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, int):
+            return self._get_by_index(key)
+        elif isinstance(key, slice):
+            step = self._step if key.step is None else key.step * self._step
+
+            if key.start is None or key.start <= -self._len:
+                start = self._start
+            elif key.start >= self._len:
+                start = self._stop
+            else:  # -self._len < key.start < self._len
+                start = self._get_by_index(key.start)
+
+            if key.stop is None or key.stop >= self._len:
+                stop = self._stop
+            elif key.stop <= -self._len:
+                stop = self._start
+            else:  # -self._len < key.stop < self._len
+                stop = self._get_by_index(key.stop)
+
+            return numeric_range(start, stop, step)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                'numeric range indices must be '
+                'integers or slices, not {}'.format(type(key).__name__)
+            )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self:
+            return hash((self._start, self._get_by_index(-1), self._step))
+        else:
+            return self._EMPTY_HASH
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        values = (self._start + (n * self._step) for n in count())
+        if self._growing:
+            return takewhile(partial(gt, self._stop), values)
+        else:
+            return takewhile(partial(lt, self._stop), values)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self._len
+
+    def _init_len(self):
+        if self._growing:
+            start = self._start
+            stop = self._stop
+            step = self._step
+        else:
+            start = self._stop
+            stop = self._start
+            step = -self._step
+        distance = stop - start
+        if distance <= self._zero:
+            self._len = 0
+        else:  # distance > 0 and step > 0: regular euclidean division
+            q, r = divmod(distance, step)
+            self._len = int(q) + int(r != self._zero)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return numeric_range, (self._start, self._stop, self._step)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._step == 1:
+            return "numeric_range({}, {})".format(
+                repr(self._start), repr(self._stop)
+            )
+        else:
+            return "numeric_range({}, {}, {})".format(
+                repr(self._start), repr(self._stop), repr(self._step)
+            )
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        return iter(
+            numeric_range(
+                self._get_by_index(-1), self._start - self._step, -self._step
+            )
+        )
+
+    def count(self, value):
+        return int(value in self)
+
+    def index(self, value):
+        if self._growing:
+            if self._start <= value < self._stop:
+                q, r = divmod(value - self._start, self._step)
+                if r == self._zero:
+                    return int(q)
+        else:
+            if self._start >= value > self._stop:
+                q, r = divmod(self._start - value, -self._step)
+                if r == self._zero:
+                    return int(q)
+
+        raise ValueError("{} is not in numeric range".format(value))
+
+    def _get_by_index(self, i):
+        if i < 0:
+            i += self._len
+        if i < 0 or i >= self._len:
+            raise IndexError("numeric range object index out of range")
+        return self._start + i * self._step
+
+
+def count_cycle(iterable, n=None):
+    """Cycle through the items from *iterable* up to *n* times, yielding
+    the number of completed cycles along with each item. If *n* is omitted the
+    process repeats indefinitely.
+
+    >>> list(count_cycle('AB', 3))
+    [(0, 'A'), (0, 'B'), (1, 'A'), (1, 'B'), (2, 'A'), (2, 'B')]
+
+    """
+    iterable = tuple(iterable)
+    if not iterable:
+        return iter(())
+    counter = count() if n is None else range(n)
+    return ((i, item) for i in counter for item in iterable)
+
+
+def mark_ends(iterable):
+    """Yield 3-tuples of the form ``(is_first, is_last, item)``.
+
+    >>> list(mark_ends('ABC'))
+    [(True, False, 'A'), (False, False, 'B'), (False, True, 'C')]
+
+    Use this when looping over an iterable to take special action on its first
+    and/or last items:
+
+    >>> iterable = ['Header', 100, 200, 'Footer']
+    >>> total = 0
+    >>> for is_first, is_last, item in mark_ends(iterable):
+    ...     if is_first:
+    ...         continue  # Skip the header
+    ...     if is_last:
+    ...         continue  # Skip the footer
+    ...     total += item
+    >>> print(total)
+    300
+    """
+    it = iter(iterable)
+
+    try:
+        b = next(it)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        for i in count():
+            a = b
+            b = next(it)
+            yield i == 0, False, a
+
+    except StopIteration:
+        yield i == 0, True, a
+
+
+def locate(iterable, pred=bool, window_size=None):
+    """Yield the index of each item in *iterable* for which *pred* returns
+    ``True``.
+
+    *pred* defaults to :func:`bool`, which will select truthy items:
+
+        >>> list(locate([0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0]))
+        [1, 2, 4]
+
+    Set *pred* to a custom function to, e.g., find the indexes for a particular
+    item.
+
+        >>> list(locate(['a', 'b', 'c', 'b'], lambda x: x == 'b'))
+        [1, 3]
+
+    If *window_size* is given, then the *pred* function will be called with
+    that many items. This enables searching for sub-sequences:
+
+        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]
+        >>> pred = lambda *args: args == (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> list(locate(iterable, pred=pred, window_size=3))
+        [1, 5, 9]
+
+    Use with :func:`seekable` to find indexes and then retrieve the associated
+    items:
+
+        >>> from itertools import count
+        >>> from more_itertools import seekable
+        >>> source = (3 * n + 1 if (n % 2) else n // 2 for n in count())
+        >>> it = seekable(source)
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x > 100
+        >>> indexes = locate(it, pred=pred)
+        >>> i = next(indexes)
+        >>> it.seek(i)
+        >>> next(it)
+        106
+
+    """
+    if window_size is None:
+        return compress(count(), map(pred, iterable))
+
+    if window_size < 1:
+        raise ValueError('window size must be at least 1')
+
+    it = windowed(iterable, window_size, fillvalue=_marker)
+    return compress(count(), starmap(pred, it))
+
+
+def lstrip(iterable, pred):
+    """Yield the items from *iterable*, but strip any from the beginning
+    for which *pred* returns ``True``.
+
+    For example, to remove a set of items from the start of an iterable:
+
+        >>> iterable = (None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3, False, None)
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x in {None, False, ''}
+        >>> list(lstrip(iterable, pred))
+        [1, 2, None, 3, False, None]
+
+    This function is analogous to to :func:`str.lstrip`, and is essentially
+    an wrapper for :func:`itertools.dropwhile`.
+
+    """
+    return dropwhile(pred, iterable)
+
+
+def rstrip(iterable, pred):
+    """Yield the items from *iterable*, but strip any from the end
+    for which *pred* returns ``True``.
+
+    For example, to remove a set of items from the end of an iterable:
+
+        >>> iterable = (None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3, False, None)
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x in {None, False, ''}
+        >>> list(rstrip(iterable, pred))
+        [None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3]
+
+    This function is analogous to :func:`str.rstrip`.
+
+    """
+    cache = []
+    cache_append = cache.append
+    cache_clear = cache.clear
+    for x in iterable:
+        if pred(x):
+            cache_append(x)
+        else:
+            yield from cache
+            cache_clear()
+            yield x
+
+
+def strip(iterable, pred):
+    """Yield the items from *iterable*, but strip any from the
+    beginning and end for which *pred* returns ``True``.
+
+    For example, to remove a set of items from both ends of an iterable:
+
+        >>> iterable = (None, False, None, 1, 2, None, 3, False, None)
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x in {None, False, ''}
+        >>> list(strip(iterable, pred))
+        [1, 2, None, 3]
+
+    This function is analogous to :func:`str.strip`.
+
+    """
+    return rstrip(lstrip(iterable, pred), pred)
+
+
+class islice_extended:
+    """An extension of :func:`itertools.islice` that supports negative values
+    for *stop*, *start*, and *step*.
+
+        >>> iterable = iter('abcdefgh')
+        >>> list(islice_extended(iterable, -4, -1))
+        ['e', 'f', 'g']
+
+    Slices with negative values require some caching of *iterable*, but this
+    function takes care to minimize the amount of memory required.
+
+    For example, you can use a negative step with an infinite iterator:
+
+        >>> from itertools import count
+        >>> list(islice_extended(count(), 110, 99, -2))
+        [110, 108, 106, 104, 102, 100]
+
+    You can also use slice notation directly:
+
+        >>> iterable = map(str, count())
+        >>> it = islice_extended(iterable)[10:20:2]
+        >>> list(it)
+        ['10', '12', '14', '16', '18']
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable, *args):
+        it = iter(iterable)
+        if args:
+            self._iterable = _islice_helper(it, slice(*args))
+        else:
+            self._iterable = it
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        return next(self._iterable)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            return islice_extended(_islice_helper(self._iterable, key))
+
+        raise TypeError('islice_extended.__getitem__ argument must be a slice')
+
+
+def _islice_helper(it, s):
+    start = s.start
+    stop = s.stop
+    if s.step == 0:
+        raise ValueError('step argument must be a non-zero integer or None.')
+    step = s.step or 1
+
+    if step > 0:
+        start = 0 if (start is None) else start
+
+        if start < 0:
+            # Consume all but the last -start items
+            cache = deque(enumerate(it, 1), maxlen=-start)
+            len_iter = cache[-1][0] if cache else 0
+
+            # Adjust start to be positive
+            i = max(len_iter + start, 0)
+
+            # Adjust stop to be positive
+            if stop is None:
+                j = len_iter
+            elif stop >= 0:
+                j = min(stop, len_iter)
+            else:
+                j = max(len_iter + stop, 0)
+
+            # Slice the cache
+            n = j - i
+            if n <= 0:
+                return
+
+            for index, item in islice(cache, 0, n, step):
+                yield item
+        elif (stop is not None) and (stop < 0):
+            # Advance to the start position
+            next(islice(it, start, start), None)
+
+            # When stop is negative, we have to carry -stop items while
+            # iterating
+            cache = deque(islice(it, -stop), maxlen=-stop)
+
+            for index, item in enumerate(it):
+                cached_item = cache.popleft()
+                if index % step == 0:
+                    yield cached_item
+                cache.append(item)
+        else:
+            # When both start and stop are positive we have the normal case
+            yield from islice(it, start, stop, step)
+    else:
+        start = -1 if (start is None) else start
+
+        if (stop is not None) and (stop < 0):
+            # Consume all but the last items
+            n = -stop - 1
+            cache = deque(enumerate(it, 1), maxlen=n)
+            len_iter = cache[-1][0] if cache else 0
+
+            # If start and stop are both negative they are comparable and
+            # we can just slice. Otherwise we can adjust start to be negative
+            # and then slice.
+            if start < 0:
+                i, j = start, stop
+            else:
+                i, j = min(start - len_iter, -1), None
+
+            for index, item in list(cache)[i:j:step]:
+                yield item
+        else:
+            # Advance to the stop position
+            if stop is not None:
+                m = stop + 1
+                next(islice(it, m, m), None)
+
+            # stop is positive, so if start is negative they are not comparable
+            # and we need the rest of the items.
+            if start < 0:
+                i = start
+                n = None
+            # stop is None and start is positive, so we just need items up to
+            # the start index.
+            elif stop is None:
+                i = None
+                n = start + 1
+            # Both stop and start are positive, so they are comparable.
+            else:
+                i = None
+                n = start - stop
+                if n <= 0:
+                    return
+
+            cache = list(islice(it, n))
+
+            yield from cache[i::step]
+
+
+def always_reversible(iterable):
+    """An extension of :func:`reversed` that supports all iterables, not
+    just those which implement the ``Reversible`` or ``Sequence`` protocols.
+
+        >>> print(*always_reversible(x for x in range(3)))
+        2 1 0
+
+    If the iterable is already reversible, this function returns the
+    result of :func:`reversed()`. If the iterable is not reversible,
+    this function will cache the remaining items in the iterable and
+    yield them in reverse order, which may require significant storage.
+    """
+    try:
+        return reversed(iterable)
+    except TypeError:
+        return reversed(list(iterable))
+
+
+def consecutive_groups(iterable, ordering=lambda x: x):
+    """Yield groups of consecutive items using :func:`itertools.groupby`.
+    The *ordering* function determines whether two items are adjacent by
+    returning their position.
+
+    By default, the ordering function is the identity function. This is
+    suitable for finding runs of numbers:
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 10, 11, 12, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40]
+        >>> for group in consecutive_groups(iterable):
+        ...     print(list(group))
+        [1]
+        [10, 11, 12]
+        [20]
+        [30, 31, 32, 33]
+        [40]
+
+    For finding runs of adjacent letters, try using the :meth:`index` method
+    of a string of letters:
+
+        >>> from string import ascii_lowercase
+        >>> iterable = 'abcdfgilmnop'
+        >>> ordering = ascii_lowercase.index
+        >>> for group in consecutive_groups(iterable, ordering):
+        ...     print(list(group))
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+        ['f', 'g']
+        ['i']
+        ['l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p']
+
+    Each group of consecutive items is an iterator that shares it source with
+    *iterable*. When an an output group is advanced, the previous group is
+    no longer available unless its elements are copied (e.g., into a ``list``).
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 11, 12, 21, 22]
+        >>> saved_groups = []
+        >>> for group in consecutive_groups(iterable):
+        ...     saved_groups.append(list(group))  # Copy group elements
+        >>> saved_groups
+        [[1, 2], [11, 12], [21, 22]]
+
+    """
+    for k, g in groupby(
+        enumerate(iterable), key=lambda x: x[0] - ordering(x[1])
+    ):
+        yield map(itemgetter(1), g)
+
+
+def difference(iterable, func=sub, *, initial=None):
+    """This function is the inverse of :func:`itertools.accumulate`. By default
+    it will compute the first difference of *iterable* using
+    :func:`operator.sub`:
+
+        >>> from itertools import accumulate
+        >>> iterable = accumulate([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])  # produces 0, 1, 3, 6, 10
+        >>> list(difference(iterable))
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    *func* defaults to :func:`operator.sub`, but other functions can be
+    specified. They will be applied as follows::
+
+        A, B, C, D, ... --> A, func(B, A), func(C, B), func(D, C), ...
+
+    For example, to do progressive division:
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
+        >>> func = lambda x, y: x // y
+        >>> list(difference(iterable, func))
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    If the *initial* keyword is set, the first element will be skipped when
+    computing successive differences.
+
+        >>> it = [10, 11, 13, 16]  # from accumulate([1, 2, 3], initial=10)
+        >>> list(difference(it, initial=10))
+        [1, 2, 3]
+
+    """
+    a, b = tee(iterable)
+    try:
+        first = [next(b)]
+    except StopIteration:
+        return iter([])
+
+    if initial is not None:
+        first = []
+
+    return chain(first, starmap(func, zip(b, a)))
+
+
+class SequenceView(Sequence):
+    """Return a read-only view of the sequence object *target*.
+
+    :class:`SequenceView` objects are analogous to Python's built-in
+    "dictionary view" types. They provide a dynamic view of a sequence's items,
+    meaning that when the sequence updates, so does the view.
+
+        >>> seq = ['0', '1', '2']
+        >>> view = SequenceView(seq)
+        >>> view
+        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2'])
+        >>> seq.append('3')
+        >>> view
+        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2', '3'])
+
+    Sequence views support indexing, slicing, and length queries. They act
+    like the underlying sequence, except they don't allow assignment:
+
+        >>> view[1]
+        '1'
+        >>> view[1:-1]
+        ['1', '2']
+        >>> len(view)
+        4
+
+    Sequence views are useful as an alternative to copying, as they don't
+    require (much) extra storage.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        if not isinstance(target, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError
+        self._target = target
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        return self._target[index]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._target)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, repr(self._target))
+
+
+class seekable:
+    """Wrap an iterator to allow for seeking backward and forward. This
+    progressively caches the items in the source iterable so they can be
+    re-visited.
+
+    Call :meth:`seek` with an index to seek to that position in the source
+    iterable.
+
+    To "reset" an iterator, seek to ``0``:
+
+        >>> from itertools import count
+        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in count()))
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('0', '1', '2')
+        >>> it.seek(0)
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('0', '1', '2')
+        >>> next(it)
+        '3'
+
+    You can also seek forward:
+
+        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in range(20)))
+        >>> it.seek(10)
+        >>> next(it)
+        '10'
+        >>> it.seek(20)  # Seeking past the end of the source isn't a problem
+        >>> list(it)
+        []
+        >>> it.seek(0)  # Resetting works even after hitting the end
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('0', '1', '2')
+
+    Call :meth:`peek` to look ahead one item without advancing the iterator:
+
+        >>> it = seekable('1234')
+        >>> it.peek()
+        '1'
+        >>> list(it)
+        ['1', '2', '3', '4']
+        >>> it.peek(default='empty')
+        'empty'
+
+    Before the iterator is at its end, calling :func:`bool` on it will return
+    ``True``. After it will return ``False``:
+
+        >>> it = seekable('5678')
+        >>> bool(it)
+        True
+        >>> list(it)
+        ['5', '6', '7', '8']
+        >>> bool(it)
+        False
+
+    You may view the contents of the cache with the :meth:`elements` method.
+    That returns a :class:`SequenceView`, a view that updates automatically:
+
+        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in range(10)))
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('0', '1', '2')
+        >>> elements = it.elements()
+        >>> elements
+        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2'])
+        >>> next(it)
+        '3'
+        >>> elements
+        SequenceView(['0', '1', '2', '3'])
+
+    By default, the cache grows as the source iterable progresses, so beware of
+    wrapping very large or infinite iterables. Supply *maxlen* to limit the
+    size of the cache (this of course limits how far back you can seek).
+
+        >>> from itertools import count
+        >>> it = seekable((str(n) for n in count()), maxlen=2)
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('0', '1', '2', '3')
+        >>> list(it.elements())
+        ['2', '3']
+        >>> it.seek(0)
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('2', '3', '4', '5')
+        >>> next(it)
+        '6'
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable, maxlen=None):
+        self._source = iter(iterable)
+        if maxlen is None:
+            self._cache = []
+        else:
+            self._cache = deque([], maxlen)
+        self._index = None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self._index is not None:
+            try:
+                item = self._cache[self._index]
+            except IndexError:
+                self._index = None
+            else:
+                self._index += 1
+                return item
+
+        item = next(self._source)
+        self._cache.append(item)
+        return item
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        try:
+            self.peek()
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def peek(self, default=_marker):
+        try:
+            peeked = next(self)
+        except StopIteration:
+            if default is _marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        if self._index is None:
+            self._index = len(self._cache)
+        self._index -= 1
+        return peeked
+
+    def elements(self):
+        return SequenceView(self._cache)
+
+    def seek(self, index):
+        self._index = index
+        remainder = index - len(self._cache)
+        if remainder > 0:
+            consume(self, remainder)
+
+
+class run_length:
+    """
+    :func:`run_length.encode` compresses an iterable with run-length encoding.
+    It yields groups of repeated items with the count of how many times they
+    were repeated:
+
+        >>> uncompressed = 'abbcccdddd'
+        >>> list(run_length.encode(uncompressed))
+        [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
+
+    :func:`run_length.decode` decompresses an iterable that was previously
+    compressed with run-length encoding. It yields the items of the
+    decompressed iterable:
+
+        >>> compressed = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
+        >>> list(run_length.decode(compressed))
+        ['a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'd', 'd']
+
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def encode(iterable):
+        return ((k, ilen(g)) for k, g in groupby(iterable))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def decode(iterable):
+        return chain.from_iterable(repeat(k, n) for k, n in iterable)
+
+
+def exactly_n(iterable, n, predicate=bool):
+    """Return ``True`` if exactly ``n`` items in the iterable are ``True``
+    according to the *predicate* function.
+
+        >>> exactly_n([True, True, False], 2)
+        True
+        >>> exactly_n([True, True, False], 1)
+        False
+        >>> exactly_n([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3, lambda x: x < 3)
+        True
+
+    The iterable will be advanced until ``n + 1`` truthy items are encountered,
+    so avoid calling it on infinite iterables.
+
+    """
+    return len(take(n + 1, filter(predicate, iterable))) == n
+
+
+def circular_shifts(iterable):
+    """Return a list of circular shifts of *iterable*.
+
+    >>> circular_shifts(range(4))
+    [(0, 1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3, 0), (2, 3, 0, 1), (3, 0, 1, 2)]
+    """
+    lst = list(iterable)
+    return take(len(lst), windowed(cycle(lst), len(lst)))
+
+
+def make_decorator(wrapping_func, result_index=0):
+    """Return a decorator version of *wrapping_func*, which is a function that
+    modifies an iterable. *result_index* is the position in that function's
+    signature where the iterable goes.
+
+    This lets you use itertools on the "production end," i.e. at function
+    definition. This can augment what the function returns without changing the
+    function's code.
+
+    For example, to produce a decorator version of :func:`chunked`:
+
+        >>> from more_itertools import chunked
+        >>> chunker = make_decorator(chunked, result_index=0)
+        >>> @chunker(3)
+        ... def iter_range(n):
+        ...     return iter(range(n))
+        ...
+        >>> list(iter_range(9))
+        [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]
+
+    To only allow truthy items to be returned:
+
+        >>> truth_serum = make_decorator(filter, result_index=1)
+        >>> @truth_serum(bool)
+        ... def boolean_test():
+        ...     return [0, 1, '', ' ', False, True]
+        ...
+        >>> list(boolean_test())
+        [1, ' ', True]
+
+    The :func:`peekable` and :func:`seekable` wrappers make for practical
+    decorators:
+
+        >>> from more_itertools import peekable
+        >>> peekable_function = make_decorator(peekable)
+        >>> @peekable_function()
+        ... def str_range(*args):
+        ...     return (str(x) for x in range(*args))
+        ...
+        >>> it = str_range(1, 20, 2)
+        >>> next(it), next(it), next(it)
+        ('1', '3', '5')
+        >>> it.peek()
+        '7'
+        >>> next(it)
+        '7'
+
+    """
+    # See https://sites.google.com/site/bbayles/index/decorator_factory for
+    # notes on how this works.
+    def decorator(*wrapping_args, **wrapping_kwargs):
+        def outer_wrapper(f):
+            def inner_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                result = f(*args, **kwargs)
+                wrapping_args_ = list(wrapping_args)
+                wrapping_args_.insert(result_index, result)
+                return wrapping_func(*wrapping_args_, **wrapping_kwargs)
+
+            return inner_wrapper
+
+        return outer_wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def map_reduce(iterable, keyfunc, valuefunc=None, reducefunc=None):
+    """Return a dictionary that maps the items in *iterable* to categories
+    defined by *keyfunc*, transforms them with *valuefunc*, and
+    then summarizes them by category with *reducefunc*.
+
+    *valuefunc* defaults to the identity function if it is unspecified.
+    If *reducefunc* is unspecified, no summarization takes place:
+
+        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x.upper()
+        >>> result = map_reduce('abbccc', keyfunc)
+        >>> sorted(result.items())
+        [('A', ['a']), ('B', ['b', 'b']), ('C', ['c', 'c', 'c'])]
+
+    Specifying *valuefunc* transforms the categorized items:
+
+        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x.upper()
+        >>> valuefunc = lambda x: 1
+        >>> result = map_reduce('abbccc', keyfunc, valuefunc)
+        >>> sorted(result.items())
+        [('A', [1]), ('B', [1, 1]), ('C', [1, 1, 1])]
+
+    Specifying *reducefunc* summarizes the categorized items:
+
+        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x.upper()
+        >>> valuefunc = lambda x: 1
+        >>> reducefunc = sum
+        >>> result = map_reduce('abbccc', keyfunc, valuefunc, reducefunc)
+        >>> sorted(result.items())
+        [('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 3)]
+
+    You may want to filter the input iterable before applying the map/reduce
+    procedure:
+
+        >>> all_items = range(30)
+        >>> items = [x for x in all_items if 10 <= x <= 20]  # Filter
+        >>> keyfunc = lambda x: x % 2  # Evens map to 0; odds to 1
+        >>> categories = map_reduce(items, keyfunc=keyfunc)
+        >>> sorted(categories.items())
+        [(0, [10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]), (1, [11, 13, 15, 17, 19])]
+        >>> summaries = map_reduce(items, keyfunc=keyfunc, reducefunc=sum)
+        >>> sorted(summaries.items())
+        [(0, 90), (1, 75)]
+
+    Note that all items in the iterable are gathered into a list before the
+    summarization step, which may require significant storage.
+
+    The returned object is a :obj:`collections.defaultdict` with the
+    ``default_factory`` set to ``None``, such that it behaves like a normal
+    dictionary.
+
+    """
+    valuefunc = (lambda x: x) if (valuefunc is None) else valuefunc
+
+    ret = defaultdict(list)
+    for item in iterable:
+        key = keyfunc(item)
+        value = valuefunc(item)
+        ret[key].append(value)
+
+    if reducefunc is not None:
+        for key, value_list in ret.items():
+            ret[key] = reducefunc(value_list)
+
+    ret.default_factory = None
+    return ret
+
+
+def rlocate(iterable, pred=bool, window_size=None):
+    """Yield the index of each item in *iterable* for which *pred* returns
+    ``True``, starting from the right and moving left.
+
+    *pred* defaults to :func:`bool`, which will select truthy items:
+
+        >>> list(rlocate([0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0]))  # Truthy at 1, 2, and 4
+        [4, 2, 1]
+
+    Set *pred* to a custom function to, e.g., find the indexes for a particular
+    item:
+
+        >>> iterable = iter('abcb')
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x == 'b'
+        >>> list(rlocate(iterable, pred))
+        [3, 1]
+
+    If *window_size* is given, then the *pred* function will be called with
+    that many items. This enables searching for sub-sequences:
+
+        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]
+        >>> pred = lambda *args: args == (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> list(rlocate(iterable, pred=pred, window_size=3))
+        [9, 5, 1]
+
+    Beware, this function won't return anything for infinite iterables.
+    If *iterable* is reversible, ``rlocate`` will reverse it and search from
+    the right. Otherwise, it will search from the left and return the results
+    in reverse order.
+
+    See :func:`locate` to for other example applications.
+
+    """
+    if window_size is None:
+        try:
+            len_iter = len(iterable)
+            return (len_iter - i - 1 for i in locate(reversed(iterable), pred))
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+    return reversed(list(locate(iterable, pred, window_size)))
+
+
+def replace(iterable, pred, substitutes, count=None, window_size=1):
+    """Yield the items from *iterable*, replacing the items for which *pred*
+    returns ``True`` with the items from the iterable *substitutes*.
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x == 0
+        >>> substitutes = (2, 3)
+        >>> list(replace(iterable, pred, substitutes))
+        [1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1]
+
+    If *count* is given, the number of replacements will be limited:
+
+        >>> iterable = [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0]
+        >>> pred = lambda x: x == 0
+        >>> substitutes = [None]
+        >>> list(replace(iterable, pred, substitutes, count=2))
+        [1, 1, None, 1, 1, None, 1, 1, 0]
+
+    Use *window_size* to control the number of items passed as arguments to
+    *pred*. This allows for locating and replacing subsequences.
+
+        >>> iterable = [0, 1, 2, 5, 0, 1, 2, 5]
+        >>> window_size = 3
+        >>> pred = lambda *args: args == (0, 1, 2)  # 3 items passed to pred
+        >>> substitutes = [3, 4] # Splice in these items
+        >>> list(replace(iterable, pred, substitutes, window_size=window_size))
+        [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    """
+    if window_size < 1:
+        raise ValueError('window_size must be at least 1')
+
+    # Save the substitutes iterable, since it's used more than once
+    substitutes = tuple(substitutes)
+
+    # Add padding such that the number of windows matches the length of the
+    # iterable
+    it = chain(iterable, [_marker] * (window_size - 1))
+    windows = windowed(it, window_size)
+
+    n = 0
+    for w in windows:
+        # If the current window matches our predicate (and we haven't hit
+        # our maximum number of replacements), splice in the substitutes
+        # and then consume the following windows that overlap with this one.
+        # For example, if the iterable is (0, 1, 2, 3, 4...)
+        # and the window size is 2, we have (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)...
+        # If the predicate matches on (0, 1), we need to zap (0, 1) and (1, 2)
+        if pred(*w):
+            if (count is None) or (n < count):
+                n += 1
+                yield from substitutes
+                consume(windows, window_size - 1)
+                continue
+
+        # If there was no match (or we've reached the replacement limit),
+        # yield the first item from the window.
+        if w and (w[0] is not _marker):
+            yield w[0]
+
+
+def partitions(iterable):
+    """Yield all possible order-preserving partitions of *iterable*.
+
+    >>> iterable = 'abc'
+    >>> for part in partitions(iterable):
+    ...     print([''.join(p) for p in part])
+    ['abc']
+    ['a', 'bc']
+    ['ab', 'c']
+    ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+    This is unrelated to :func:`partition`.
+
+    """
+    sequence = list(iterable)
+    n = len(sequence)
+    for i in powerset(range(1, n)):
+        yield [sequence[i:j] for i, j in zip((0,) + i, i + (n,))]
+
+
+def set_partitions(iterable, k=None):
+    """
+    Yield the set partitions of *iterable* into *k* parts. Set partitions are
+    not order-preserving.
+
+    >>> iterable = 'abc'
+    >>> for part in set_partitions(iterable, 2):
+    ...     print([''.join(p) for p in part])
+    ['a', 'bc']
+    ['ab', 'c']
+    ['b', 'ac']
+
+
+    If *k* is not given, every set partition is generated.
+
+    >>> iterable = 'abc'
+    >>> for part in set_partitions(iterable):
+    ...     print([''.join(p) for p in part])
+    ['abc']
+    ['a', 'bc']
+    ['ab', 'c']
+    ['b', 'ac']
+    ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+    """
+    L = list(iterable)
+    n = len(L)
+    if k is not None:
+        if k < 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't partition in a negative or zero number of groups"
+            )
+        elif k > n:
+            return
+
+    def set_partitions_helper(L, k):
+        n = len(L)
+        if k == 1:
+            yield [L]
+        elif n == k:
+            yield [[s] for s in L]
+        else:
+            e, *M = L
+            for p in set_partitions_helper(M, k - 1):
+                yield [[e], *p]
+            for p in set_partitions_helper(M, k):
+                for i in range(len(p)):
+                    yield p[:i] + [[e] + p[i]] + p[i + 1 :]
+
+    if k is None:
+        for k in range(1, n + 1):
+            yield from set_partitions_helper(L, k)
+    else:
+        yield from set_partitions_helper(L, k)
+
+
+class time_limited:
+    """
+    Yield items from *iterable* until *limit_seconds* have passed.
+    If the time limit expires before all items have been yielded, the
+    ``timed_out`` parameter will be set to ``True``.
+
+    >>> from time import sleep
+    >>> def generator():
+    ...     yield 1
+    ...     yield 2
+    ...     sleep(0.2)
+    ...     yield 3
+    >>> iterable = time_limited(0.1, generator())
+    >>> list(iterable)
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> iterable.timed_out
+    True
+
+    Note that the time is checked before each item is yielded, and iteration
+    stops if  the time elapsed is greater than *limit_seconds*. If your time
+    limit is 1 second, but it takes 2 seconds to generate the first item from
+    the iterable, the function will run for 2 seconds and not yield anything.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, limit_seconds, iterable):
+        if limit_seconds < 0:
+            raise ValueError('limit_seconds must be positive')
+        self.limit_seconds = limit_seconds
+        self._iterable = iter(iterable)
+        self._start_time = monotonic()
+        self.timed_out = False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        item = next(self._iterable)
+        if monotonic() - self._start_time > self.limit_seconds:
+            self.timed_out = True
+            raise StopIteration
+
+        return item
+
+
+def only(iterable, default=None, too_long=None):
+    """If *iterable* has only one item, return it.
+    If it has zero items, return *default*.
+    If it has more than one item, raise the exception given by *too_long*,
+    which is ``ValueError`` by default.
+
+    >>> only([], default='missing')
+    'missing'
+    >>> only([1])
+    1
+    >>> only([1, 2])  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError: Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got 1, 2,
+     and perhaps more.'
+    >>> only([1, 2], too_long=TypeError)  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    TypeError
+
+    Note that :func:`only` attempts to advance *iterable* twice to ensure there
+    is only one item.  See :func:`spy` or :func:`peekable` to check
+    iterable contents less destructively.
+    """
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    first_value = next(it, default)
+
+    try:
+        second_value = next(it)
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            'Expected exactly one item in iterable, but got {!r}, {!r}, '
+            'and perhaps more.'.format(first_value, second_value)
+        )
+        raise too_long or ValueError(msg)
+
+    return first_value
+
+
+def ichunked(iterable, n):
+    """Break *iterable* into sub-iterables with *n* elements each.
+    :func:`ichunked` is like :func:`chunked`, but it yields iterables
+    instead of lists.
+
+    If the sub-iterables are read in order, the elements of *iterable*
+    won't be stored in memory.
+    If they are read out of order, :func:`itertools.tee` is used to cache
+    elements as necessary.
+
+    >>> from itertools import count
+    >>> all_chunks = ichunked(count(), 4)
+    >>> c_1, c_2, c_3 = next(all_chunks), next(all_chunks), next(all_chunks)
+    >>> list(c_2)  # c_1's elements have been cached; c_3's haven't been
+    [4, 5, 6, 7]
+    >>> list(c_1)
+    [0, 1, 2, 3]
+    >>> list(c_3)
+    [8, 9, 10, 11]
+
+    """
+    source = iter(iterable)
+
+    while True:
+        # Check to see whether we're at the end of the source iterable
+        item = next(source, _marker)
+        if item is _marker:
+            return
+
+        # Clone the source and yield an n-length slice
+        source, it = tee(chain([item], source))
+        yield islice(it, n)
+
+        # Advance the source iterable
+        consume(source, n)
+
+
+def distinct_combinations(iterable, r):
+    """Yield the distinct combinations of *r* items taken from *iterable*.
+
+        >>> list(distinct_combinations([0, 0, 1], 2))
+        [(0, 0), (0, 1)]
+
+    Equivalent to ``set(combinations(iterable))``, except duplicates are not
+    generated and thrown away. For larger input sequences this is much more
+    efficient.
+
+    """
+    if r < 0:
+        raise ValueError('r must be non-negative')
+    elif r == 0:
+        yield ()
+        return
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    generators = [unique_everseen(enumerate(pool), key=itemgetter(1))]
+    current_combo = [None] * r
+    level = 0
+    while generators:
+        try:
+            cur_idx, p = next(generators[-1])
+        except StopIteration:
+            generators.pop()
+            level -= 1
+            continue
+        current_combo[level] = p
+        if level + 1 == r:
+            yield tuple(current_combo)
+        else:
+            generators.append(
+                unique_everseen(
+                    enumerate(pool[cur_idx + 1 :], cur_idx + 1),
+                    key=itemgetter(1),
+                )
+            )
+            level += 1
+
+
+def filter_except(validator, iterable, *exceptions):
+    """Yield the items from *iterable* for which the *validator* function does
+    not raise one of the specified *exceptions*.
+
+    *validator* is called for each item in *iterable*.
+    It should be a function that accepts one argument and raises an exception
+    if that item is not valid.
+
+    >>> iterable = ['1', '2', 'three', '4', None]
+    >>> list(filter_except(int, iterable, ValueError, TypeError))
+    ['1', '2', '4']
+
+    If an exception other than one given by *exceptions* is raised by
+    *validator*, it is raised like normal.
+    """
+    for item in iterable:
+        try:
+            validator(item)
+        except exceptions:
+            pass
+        else:
+            yield item
+
+
+def map_except(function, iterable, *exceptions):
+    """Transform each item from *iterable* with *function* and yield the
+    result, unless *function* raises one of the specified *exceptions*.
+
+    *function* is called to transform each item in *iterable*.
+    It should be a accept one argument.
+
+    >>> iterable = ['1', '2', 'three', '4', None]
+    >>> list(map_except(int, iterable, ValueError, TypeError))
+    [1, 2, 4]
+
+    If an exception other than one given by *exceptions* is raised by
+    *function*, it is raised like normal.
+    """
+    for item in iterable:
+        try:
+            yield function(item)
+        except exceptions:
+            pass
+
+
+def _sample_unweighted(iterable, k):
+    # Implementation of "Algorithm L" from the 1994 paper by Kim-Hung Li:
+    # "Reservoir-Sampling Algorithms of Time Complexity O(n(1+log(N/n)))".
+
+    # Fill up the reservoir (collection of samples) with the first `k` samples
+    reservoir = take(k, iterable)
+
+    # Generate random number that's the largest in a sample of k U(0,1) numbers
+    # Largest order statistic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_statistic
+    W = exp(log(random()) / k)
+
+    # The number of elements to skip before changing the reservoir is a random
+    # number with a geometric distribution. Sample it using random() and logs.
+    next_index = k + floor(log(random()) / log(1 - W))
+
+    for index, element in enumerate(iterable, k):
+
+        if index == next_index:
+            reservoir[randrange(k)] = element
+            # The new W is the largest in a sample of k U(0, `old_W`) numbers
+            W *= exp(log(random()) / k)
+            next_index += floor(log(random()) / log(1 - W)) + 1
+
+    return reservoir
+
+
+def _sample_weighted(iterable, k, weights):
+    # Implementation of "A-ExpJ" from the 2006 paper by Efraimidis et al. :
+    # "Weighted random sampling with a reservoir".
+
+    # Log-transform for numerical stability for weights that are small/large
+    weight_keys = (log(random()) / weight for weight in weights)
+
+    # Fill up the reservoir (collection of samples) with the first `k`
+    # weight-keys and elements, then heapify the list.
+    reservoir = take(k, zip(weight_keys, iterable))
+    heapify(reservoir)
+
+    # The number of jumps before changing the reservoir is a random variable
+    # with an exponential distribution. Sample it using random() and logs.
+    smallest_weight_key, _ = reservoir[0]
+    weights_to_skip = log(random()) / smallest_weight_key
+
+    for weight, element in zip(weights, iterable):
+        if weight >= weights_to_skip:
+            # The notation here is consistent with the paper, but we store
+            # the weight-keys in log-space for better numerical stability.
+            smallest_weight_key, _ = reservoir[0]
+            t_w = exp(weight * smallest_weight_key)
+            r_2 = uniform(t_w, 1)  # generate U(t_w, 1)
+            weight_key = log(r_2) / weight
+            heapreplace(reservoir, (weight_key, element))
+            smallest_weight_key, _ = reservoir[0]
+            weights_to_skip = log(random()) / smallest_weight_key
+        else:
+            weights_to_skip -= weight
+
+    # Equivalent to [element for weight_key, element in sorted(reservoir)]
+    return [heappop(reservoir)[1] for _ in range(k)]
+
+
+def sample(iterable, k, weights=None):
+    """Return a *k*-length list of elements chosen (without replacement)
+    from the *iterable*. Like :func:`random.sample`, but works on iterables
+    of unknown length.
+
+    >>> iterable = range(100)
+    >>> sample(iterable, 5)  # doctest: +SKIP
+    [81, 60, 96, 16, 4]
+
+    An iterable with *weights* may also be given:
+
+    >>> iterable = range(100)
+    >>> weights = (i * i + 1 for i in range(100))
+    >>> sampled = sample(iterable, 5, weights=weights)  # doctest: +SKIP
+    [79, 67, 74, 66, 78]
+
+    The algorithm can also be used to generate weighted random permutations.
+    The relative weight of each item determines the probability that it
+    appears late in the permutation.
+
+    >>> data = "abcdefgh"
+    >>> weights = range(1, len(data) + 1)
+    >>> sample(data, k=len(data), weights=weights)  # doctest: +SKIP
+    ['c', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'g', 'd', 'h', 'f']
+    """
+    if k == 0:
+        return []
+
+    iterable = iter(iterable)
+    if weights is None:
+        return _sample_unweighted(iterable, k)
+    else:
+        weights = iter(weights)
+        return _sample_weighted(iterable, k, weights)
+
+
+def is_sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False):
+    """Returns ``True`` if the items of iterable are in sorted order, and
+    ``False`` otherwise. *key* and *reverse* have the same meaning that they do
+    in the built-in :func:`sorted` function.
+
+    >>> is_sorted(['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'], key=int)
+    True
+    >>> is_sorted([5, 4, 3, 1, 2], reverse=True)
+    False
+
+    The function returns ``False`` after encountering the first out-of-order
+    item. If there are no out-of-order items, the iterable is exhausted.
+    """
+
+    compare = lt if reverse else gt
+    it = iterable if (key is None) else map(key, iterable)
+    return not any(starmap(compare, pairwise(it)))
+
+
+class AbortThread(BaseException):
+    pass
+
+
+class callback_iter:
+    """Convert a function that uses callbacks to an iterator.
+
+    Let *func* be a function that takes a `callback` keyword argument.
+    For example:
+
+    >>> def func(callback=None):
+    ...     for i, c in [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]:
+    ...         if callback:
+    ...             callback(i, c)
+    ...     return 4
+
+
+    Use ``with callback_iter(func)`` to get an iterator over the parameters
+    that are delivered to the callback.
+
+    >>> with callback_iter(func) as it:
+    ...     for args, kwargs in it:
+    ...         print(args)
+    (1, 'a')
+    (2, 'b')
+    (3, 'c')
+
+    The function will be called in a background thread. The ``done`` property
+    indicates whether it has completed execution.
+
+    >>> it.done
+    True
+
+    If it completes successfully, its return value will be available
+    in the ``result`` property.
+
+    >>> it.result
+    4
+
+    Notes:
+
+    * If the function uses some keyword argument besides ``callback``, supply
+      *callback_kwd*.
+    * If it finished executing, but raised an exception, accessing the
+      ``result`` property will raise the same exception.
+    * If it hasn't finished executing, accessing the ``result``
+      property from within the ``with`` block will raise ``RuntimeError``.
+    * If it hasn't finished executing, accessing the ``result`` property from
+      outside the ``with`` block will raise a
+      ``more_itertools.AbortThread`` exception.
+    * Provide *wait_seconds* to adjust how frequently the it is polled for
+      output.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, func, callback_kwd='callback', wait_seconds=0.1):
+        self._func = func
+        self._callback_kwd = callback_kwd
+        self._aborted = False
+        self._future = None
+        self._wait_seconds = wait_seconds
+        self._executor = __import__("concurrent.futures").futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
+        self._iterator = self._reader()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self._aborted = True
+        self._executor.shutdown()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        return next(self._iterator)
+
+    @property
+    def done(self):
+        if self._future is None:
+            return False
+        return self._future.done()
+
+    @property
+    def result(self):
+        if not self.done:
+            raise RuntimeError('Function has not yet completed')
+
+        return self._future.result()
+
+    def _reader(self):
+        q = Queue()
+
+        def callback(*args, **kwargs):
+            if self._aborted:
+                raise AbortThread('canceled by user')
+
+            q.put((args, kwargs))
+
+        self._future = self._executor.submit(
+            self._func, **{self._callback_kwd: callback}
+        )
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                item = q.get(timeout=self._wait_seconds)
+            except Empty:
+                pass
+            else:
+                q.task_done()
+                yield item
+
+            if self._future.done():
+                break
+
+        remaining = []
+        while True:
+            try:
+                item = q.get_nowait()
+            except Empty:
+                break
+            else:
+                q.task_done()
+                remaining.append(item)
+        q.join()
+        yield from remaining
+
+
+def windowed_complete(iterable, n):
+    """
+    Yield ``(beginning, middle, end)`` tuples, where:
+
+    * Each ``middle`` has *n* items from *iterable*
+    * Each ``beginning`` has the items before the ones in ``middle``
+    * Each ``end`` has the items after the ones in ``middle``
+
+    >>> iterable = range(7)
+    >>> n = 3
+    >>> for beginning, middle, end in windowed_complete(iterable, n):
+    ...     print(beginning, middle, end)
+    () (0, 1, 2) (3, 4, 5, 6)
+    (0,) (1, 2, 3) (4, 5, 6)
+    (0, 1) (2, 3, 4) (5, 6)
+    (0, 1, 2) (3, 4, 5) (6,)
+    (0, 1, 2, 3) (4, 5, 6) ()
+
+    Note that *n* must be at least 0 and most equal to the length of
+    *iterable*.
+
+    This function will exhaust the iterable and may require significant
+    storage.
+    """
+    if n < 0:
+        raise ValueError('n must be >= 0')
+
+    seq = tuple(iterable)
+    size = len(seq)
+
+    if n > size:
+        raise ValueError('n must be <= len(seq)')
+
+    for i in range(size - n + 1):
+        beginning = seq[:i]
+        middle = seq[i : i + n]
+        end = seq[i + n :]
+        yield beginning, middle, end
+
+
+def all_unique(iterable, key=None):
+    """
+    Returns ``True`` if all the elements of *iterable* are unique (no two
+    elements are equal).
+
+        >>> all_unique('ABCB')
+        False
+
+    If a *key* function is specified, it will be used to make comparisons.
+
+        >>> all_unique('ABCb')
+        True
+        >>> all_unique('ABCb', str.lower)
+        False
+
+    The function returns as soon as the first non-unique element is
+    encountered. Iterables with a mix of hashable and unhashable items can
+    be used, but the function will be slower for unhashable items.
+    """
+    seenset = set()
+    seenset_add = seenset.add
+    seenlist = []
+    seenlist_add = seenlist.append
+    for element in map(key, iterable) if key else iterable:
+        try:
+            if element in seenset:
+                return False
+            seenset_add(element)
+        except TypeError:
+            if element in seenlist:
+                return False
+            seenlist_add(element)
+    return True
+
+
+def nth_product(index, *args):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(product(*args))[index]``.
+
+    The products of *args* can be ordered lexicographically.
+    :func:`nth_product` computes the product at sort position *index* without
+    computing the previous products.
+
+        >>> nth_product(8, range(2), range(2), range(2), range(2))
+        (1, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
+    """
+    pools = list(map(tuple, reversed(args)))
+    ns = list(map(len, pools))
+
+    c = reduce(mul, ns)
+
+    if index < 0:
+        index += c
+
+    if not 0 <= index < c:
+        raise IndexError
+
+    result = []
+    for pool, n in zip(pools, ns):
+        result.append(pool[index % n])
+        index //= n
+
+    return tuple(reversed(result))
+
+
+def nth_permutation(iterable, r, index):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(permutations(iterable, r))[index]```
+
+    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* where order is
+    important can be ordered lexicographically. :func:`nth_permutation`
+    computes the subsequence at sort position *index* directly, without
+    computing the previous subsequences.
+
+        >>> nth_permutation('ghijk', 2, 5)
+        ('h', 'i')
+
+    ``ValueError`` will be raised If *r* is negative or greater than the length
+    of *iterable*.
+    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
+    """
+    pool = list(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+
+    if r is None or r == n:
+        r, c = n, factorial(n)
+    elif not 0 <= r < n:
+        raise ValueError
+    else:
+        c = factorial(n) // factorial(n - r)
+
+    if index < 0:
+        index += c
+
+    if not 0 <= index < c:
+        raise IndexError
+
+    if c == 0:
+        return tuple()
+
+    result = [0] * r
+    q = index * factorial(n) // c if r < n else index
+    for d in range(1, n + 1):
+        q, i = divmod(q, d)
+        if 0 <= n - d < r:
+            result[n - d] = i
+        if q == 0:
+            break
+
+    return tuple(map(pool.pop, result))
+
+
+def value_chain(*args):
+    """Yield all arguments passed to the function in the same order in which
+    they were passed. If an argument itself is iterable then iterate over its
+    values.
+
+        >>> list(value_chain(1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]))
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+    Binary and text strings are not considered iterable and are emitted
+    as-is:
+
+        >>> list(value_chain('12', '34', ['56', '78']))
+        ['12', '34', '56', '78']
+
+
+    Multiple levels of nesting are not flattened.
+
+    """
+    for value in args:
+        if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
+            yield value
+            continue
+        try:
+            yield from value
+        except TypeError:
+            yield value
+
+
+def product_index(element, *args):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(product(*args)).index(element)``
+
+    The products of *args* can be ordered lexicographically.
+    :func:`product_index` computes the first index of *element* without
+    computing the previous products.
+
+        >>> product_index([8, 2], range(10), range(5))
+        42
+
+    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't in the product
+    of *args*.
+    """
+    index = 0
+
+    for x, pool in zip_longest(element, args, fillvalue=_marker):
+        if x is _marker or pool is _marker:
+            raise ValueError('element is not a product of args')
+
+        pool = tuple(pool)
+        index = index * len(pool) + pool.index(x)
+
+    return index
+
+
+def combination_index(element, iterable):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(combinations(iterable, r)).index(element)``
+
+    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* can be ordered
+    lexicographically. :func:`combination_index` computes the index of the
+    first *element*, without computing the previous combinations.
+
+        >>> combination_index('adf', 'abcdefg')
+        10
+
+    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't one of the
+    combinations of *iterable*.
+    """
+    element = enumerate(element)
+    k, y = next(element, (None, None))
+    if k is None:
+        return 0
+
+    indexes = []
+    pool = enumerate(iterable)
+    for n, x in pool:
+        if x == y:
+            indexes.append(n)
+            tmp, y = next(element, (None, None))
+            if tmp is None:
+                break
+            else:
+                k = tmp
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('element is not a combination of iterable')
+
+    n, _ = last(pool, default=(n, None))
+
+    # Python versiosn below 3.8 don't have math.comb
+    index = 1
+    for i, j in enumerate(reversed(indexes), start=1):
+        j = n - j
+        if i <= j:
+            index += factorial(j) // (factorial(i) * factorial(j - i))
+
+    return factorial(n + 1) // (factorial(k + 1) * factorial(n - k)) - index
+
+
+def permutation_index(element, iterable):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(permutations(iterable, r)).index(element)```
+
+    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* where order is
+    important can be ordered lexicographically. :func:`permutation_index`
+    computes the index of the first *element* directly, without computing
+    the previous permutations.
+
+        >>> permutation_index([1, 3, 2], range(5))
+        19
+
+    ``ValueError`` will be raised if the given *element* isn't one of the
+    permutations of *iterable*.
+    """
+    index = 0
+    pool = list(iterable)
+    for i, x in zip(range(len(pool), -1, -1), element):
+        r = pool.index(x)
+        index = index * i + r
+        del pool[r]
+
+    return index
+
+
+class countable:
+    """Wrap *iterable* and keep a count of how many items have been consumed.
+
+    The ``items_seen`` attribute starts at ``0`` and increments as the iterable
+    is consumed:
+
+        >>> iterable = map(str, range(10))
+        >>> it = countable(iterable)
+        >>> it.items_seen
+        0
+        >>> next(it), next(it)
+        ('0', '1')
+        >>> list(it)
+        ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
+        >>> it.items_seen
+        10
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable):
+        self._it = iter(iterable)
+        self.items_seen = 0
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        item = next(self._it)
+        self.items_seen += 1
+
+        return item
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.pyi b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fba9cb300b24ec67d6fbfeedc20ca74025b11a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/more.pyi	
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+"""Stubs for more_itertools.more"""
+
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Container,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    Hashable,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Reversible,
+    Sequence,
+    Sized,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    TypeVar,
+    type_check_only,
+)
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing_extensions import ContextManager, Protocol, Type, overload
+
+# Type and type variable definitions
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+_U = TypeVar('_U')
+_V = TypeVar('_V')
+_W = TypeVar('_W')
+_T_co = TypeVar('_T_co', covariant=True)
+_GenFn = TypeVar('_GenFn', bound=Callable[..., Iterator[object]])
+_Raisable = Union[BaseException, 'Type[BaseException]']
+
+@type_check_only
+class _SizedIterable(Protocol[_T_co], Sized, Iterable[_T_co]): ...
+
+@type_check_only
+class _SizedReversible(Protocol[_T_co], Sized, Reversible[_T_co]): ...
+
+def chunked(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int, strict: bool = ...
+) -> Iterator[List[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def first(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> _T: ...
+@overload
+def first(iterable: Iterable[_T], default: _U) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+@overload
+def last(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> _T: ...
+@overload
+def last(iterable: Iterable[_T], default: _U) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+@overload
+def nth_or_last(iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int) -> _T: ...
+@overload
+def nth_or_last(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int, default: _U
+) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+
+class peekable(Generic[_T], Iterator[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> None: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> peekable[_T]: ...
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
+    @overload
+    def peek(self) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def peek(self, default: _U) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+    def prepend(self, *items: _T) -> None: ...
+    def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> List[_T]: ...
+
+def collate(*iterables: Iterable[_T], **kwargs: Any) -> Iterable[_T]: ...
+def consumer(func: _GenFn) -> _GenFn: ...
+def ilen(iterable: Iterable[object]) -> int: ...
+def iterate(func: Callable[[_T], _T], start: _T) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def with_iter(
+    context_manager: ContextManager[Iterable[_T]],
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def one(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    too_short: Optional[_Raisable] = ...,
+    too_long: Optional[_Raisable] = ...,
+) -> _T: ...
+def distinct_permutations(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], r: Optional[int] = ...
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def intersperse(
+    e: _U, iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int = ...
+) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+def unique_to_each(*iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> List[List[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def windowed(
+    seq: Iterable[_T], n: int, *, step: int = ...
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Optional[_T], ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def windowed(
+    seq: Iterable[_T], n: int, fillvalue: _U, step: int = ...
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Union[_T, _U], ...]]: ...
+def substrings(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def substrings_indexes(
+    seq: Sequence[_T], reverse: bool = ...
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Sequence[_T], int, int]]: ...
+
+class bucket(Generic[_T, _U], Container[_U]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        iterable: Iterable[_T],
+        key: Callable[[_T], _U],
+        validator: Optional[Callable[[object], object]] = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def __contains__(self, value: object) -> bool: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_U]: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, value: object) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+
+def spy(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int = ...
+) -> Tuple[List[_T], Iterator[_T]]: ...
+def interleave(*iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def interleave_longest(*iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def collapse(
+    iterable: Iterable[Any],
+    base_type: Optional[type] = ...,
+    levels: Optional[int] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def side_effect(
+    func: Callable[[_T], object],
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    chunk_size: None = ...,
+    before: Optional[Callable[[], object]] = ...,
+    after: Optional[Callable[[], object]] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def side_effect(
+    func: Callable[[List[_T]], object],
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    chunk_size: int,
+    before: Optional[Callable[[], object]] = ...,
+    after: Optional[Callable[[], object]] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def sliced(
+    seq: Sequence[_T], n: int, strict: bool = ...
+) -> Iterator[Sequence[_T]]: ...
+def split_at(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    pred: Callable[[_T], object],
+    maxsplit: int = ...,
+    keep_separator: bool = ...,
+) -> Iterator[List[_T]]: ...
+def split_before(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], pred: Callable[[_T], object], maxsplit: int = ...
+) -> Iterator[List[_T]]: ...
+def split_after(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], pred: Callable[[_T], object], maxsplit: int = ...
+) -> Iterator[List[_T]]: ...
+def split_when(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    pred: Callable[[_T, _T], object],
+    maxsplit: int = ...,
+) -> Iterator[List[_T]]: ...
+def split_into(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], sizes: Iterable[Optional[int]]
+) -> Iterator[List[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def padded(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    *,
+    n: Optional[int] = ...,
+    next_multiple: bool = ...
+) -> Iterator[Optional[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def padded(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    fillvalue: _U,
+    n: Optional[int] = ...,
+    next_multiple: bool = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+@overload
+def repeat_last(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def repeat_last(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], default: _U
+) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+def distribute(n: int, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> List[Iterator[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def stagger(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    offsets: _SizedIterable[int] = ...,
+    longest: bool = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Optional[_T], ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def stagger(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    offsets: _SizedIterable[int] = ...,
+    longest: bool = ...,
+    fillvalue: _U = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Union[_T, _U], ...]]: ...
+
+class UnequalIterablesError(ValueError):
+    def __init__(
+        self, details: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = ...
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+def zip_equal(*iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def zip_offset(
+    *iterables: Iterable[_T], offsets: _SizedIterable[int], longest: bool = ...
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Optional[_T], ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def zip_offset(
+    *iterables: Iterable[_T],
+    offsets: _SizedIterable[int],
+    longest: bool = ...,
+    fillvalue: _U
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Union[_T, _U], ...]]: ...
+def sort_together(
+    iterables: Iterable[Iterable[_T]],
+    key_list: Iterable[int] = ...,
+    key: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = ...,
+    reverse: bool = ...,
+) -> List[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def unzip(iterable: Iterable[Sequence[_T]]) -> Tuple[Iterator[_T], ...]: ...
+def divide(n: int, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> List[Iterator[_T]]: ...
+def always_iterable(
+    obj: object,
+    base_type: Union[
+        type, Tuple[Union[type, Tuple[Any, ...]], ...], None
+    ] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Any]: ...
+def adjacent(
+    predicate: Callable[[_T], bool],
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    distance: int = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[bool, _T]]: ...
+def groupby_transform(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    keyfunc: Optional[Callable[[_T], _U]] = ...,
+    valuefunc: Optional[Callable[[_T], _V]] = ...,
+    reducefunc: Optional[Callable[..., _W]] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, _W]]: ...
+
+class numeric_range(Generic[_T, _U], Sequence[_T], Hashable, Reversible[_T]):
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, __stop: _T) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, __start: _T, __stop: _T) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, __start: _T, __stop: _T, __step: _U) -> None: ...
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
+    def __contains__(self, elem: object) -> bool: ...
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> numeric_range[_T, _U]: ...
+    def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[Type[numeric_range[_T, _U]], Tuple[_T, _T, _U]]: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+    def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+    def count(self, value: _T) -> int: ...
+    def index(self, value: _T) -> int: ...  # type: ignore
+
+def count_cycle(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: Optional[int] = ...
+) -> Iterable[Tuple[int, _T]]: ...
+def mark_ends(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, bool, _T]]: ...
+def locate(
+    iterable: Iterable[object],
+    pred: Callable[..., Any] = ...,
+    window_size: Optional[int] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[int]: ...
+def lstrip(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], pred: Callable[[_T], object]
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def rstrip(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], pred: Callable[[_T], object]
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def strip(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], pred: Callable[[_T], object]
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+
+class islice_extended(Generic[_T], Iterator[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[_T], *args: Optional[int]
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> islice_extended[_T]: ...
+    def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> islice_extended[_T]: ...
+
+def always_reversible(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def consecutive_groups(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], ordering: Callable[[_T], int] = ...
+) -> Iterator[Iterator[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def difference(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    func: Callable[[_T, _T], _U] = ...,
+    *,
+    initial: None = ...
+) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+@overload
+def difference(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], func: Callable[[_T, _T], _U] = ..., *, initial: _U
+) -> Iterator[_U]: ...
+
+class SequenceView(Generic[_T], Sequence[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, target: Sequence[_T]) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[_T]: ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+
+class seekable(Generic[_T], Iterator[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[_T], maxlen: Optional[int] = ...
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> seekable[_T]: ...
+    def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
+    @overload
+    def peek(self) -> _T: ...
+    @overload
+    def peek(self, default: _U) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+    def elements(self) -> SequenceView[_T]: ...
+    def seek(self, index: int) -> None: ...
+
+class run_length:
+    @staticmethod
+    def encode(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, int]]: ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def decode(iterable: Iterable[Tuple[_T, int]]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+
+def exactly_n(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int, predicate: Callable[[_T], object] = ...
+) -> bool: ...
+def circular_shifts(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> List[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def make_decorator(
+    wrapping_func: Callable[..., _U], result_index: int = ...
+) -> Callable[..., Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., _U]]]: ...
+@overload
+def map_reduce(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    keyfunc: Callable[[_T], _U],
+    valuefunc: None = ...,
+    reducefunc: None = ...,
+) -> Dict[_U, List[_T]]: ...
+@overload
+def map_reduce(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    keyfunc: Callable[[_T], _U],
+    valuefunc: Callable[[_T], _V],
+    reducefunc: None = ...,
+) -> Dict[_U, List[_V]]: ...
+@overload
+def map_reduce(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    keyfunc: Callable[[_T], _U],
+    valuefunc: None = ...,
+    reducefunc: Callable[[List[_T]], _W] = ...,
+) -> Dict[_U, _W]: ...
+@overload
+def map_reduce(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    keyfunc: Callable[[_T], _U],
+    valuefunc: Callable[[_T], _V],
+    reducefunc: Callable[[List[_V]], _W],
+) -> Dict[_U, _W]: ...
+def rlocate(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    pred: Callable[..., object] = ...,
+    window_size: Optional[int] = ...,
+) -> Iterator[int]: ...
+def replace(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    pred: Callable[..., object],
+    substitutes: Iterable[_U],
+    count: Optional[int] = ...,
+    window_size: int = ...,
+) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+def partitions(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[List[List[_T]]]: ...
+def set_partitions(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], k: Optional[int] = ...
+) -> Iterator[List[List[_T]]]: ...
+
+class time_limited(Generic[_T], Iterator[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self, limit_seconds: float, iterable: Iterable[_T]
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> islice_extended[_T]: ...
+    def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
+
+@overload
+def only(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], *, too_long: Optional[_Raisable] = ...
+) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def only(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], default: _U, too_long: Optional[_Raisable] = ...
+) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+def ichunked(iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int) -> Iterator[Iterator[_T]]: ...
+def distinct_combinations(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], r: int
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def filter_except(
+    validator: Callable[[Any], object],
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    *exceptions: Type[BaseException]
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def map_except(
+    function: Callable[[Any], _U],
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    *exceptions: Type[BaseException]
+) -> Iterator[_U]: ...
+def sample(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    k: int,
+    weights: Optional[Iterable[float]] = ...,
+) -> List[_T]: ...
+def is_sorted(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    key: Optional[Callable[[_T], _U]] = ...,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+) -> bool: ...
+
+class AbortThread(BaseException):
+    pass
+
+class callback_iter(Generic[_T], Iterator[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., Any],
+        callback_kwd: str = ...,
+        wait_seconds: float = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def __enter__(self) -> callback_iter[_T]: ...
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_value: Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> Optional[bool]: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> callback_iter[_T]: ...
+    def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
+    def _reader(self) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+    @property
+    def done(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def result(self) -> Any: ...
+
+def windowed_complete(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def all_unique(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], key: Optional[Callable[[_T], _U]] = ...
+) -> bool: ...
+def nth_product(index: int, *args: Iterable[_T]) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def nth_permutation(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], r: int, index: int
+) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def value_chain(*args: Union[_T, Iterable[_T]]) -> Iterable[_T]: ...
+def product_index(element: Iterable[_T], *args: Iterable[_T]) -> int: ...
+def combination_index(
+    element: Iterable[_T], iterable: Iterable[_T]
+) -> int: ...
+def permutation_index(
+    element: Iterable[_T], iterable: Iterable[_T]
+) -> int: ...
+
+class countable(Generic[_T], Iterator[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> None: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> countable[_T]: ...
+    def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/py.typed b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/recipes.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/recipes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..521abd7c2ca633f90a5ba13a8060c5c3d0c32205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/recipes.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+"""Imported from the recipes section of the itertools documentation.
+
+All functions taken from the recipes section of the itertools library docs
+[1]_.
+Some backward-compatible usability improvements have been made.
+
+.. [1] http://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html#recipes
+
+"""
+import warnings
+from collections import deque
+from itertools import (
+    chain,
+    combinations,
+    count,
+    cycle,
+    groupby,
+    islice,
+    repeat,
+    starmap,
+    tee,
+    zip_longest,
+)
+import operator
+from random import randrange, sample, choice
+
+__all__ = [
+    'all_equal',
+    'consume',
+    'convolve',
+    'dotproduct',
+    'first_true',
+    'flatten',
+    'grouper',
+    'iter_except',
+    'ncycles',
+    'nth',
+    'nth_combination',
+    'padnone',
+    'pad_none',
+    'pairwise',
+    'partition',
+    'powerset',
+    'prepend',
+    'quantify',
+    'random_combination_with_replacement',
+    'random_combination',
+    'random_permutation',
+    'random_product',
+    'repeatfunc',
+    'roundrobin',
+    'tabulate',
+    'tail',
+    'take',
+    'unique_everseen',
+    'unique_justseen',
+]
+
+
+def take(n, iterable):
+    """Return first *n* items of the iterable as a list.
+
+        >>> take(3, range(10))
+        [0, 1, 2]
+
+    If there are fewer than *n* items in the iterable, all of them are
+    returned.
+
+        >>> take(10, range(3))
+        [0, 1, 2]
+
+    """
+    return list(islice(iterable, n))
+
+
+def tabulate(function, start=0):
+    """Return an iterator over the results of ``func(start)``,
+    ``func(start + 1)``, ``func(start + 2)``...
+
+    *func* should be a function that accepts one integer argument.
+
+    If *start* is not specified it defaults to 0. It will be incremented each
+    time the iterator is advanced.
+
+        >>> square = lambda x: x ** 2
+        >>> iterator = tabulate(square, -3)
+        >>> take(4, iterator)
+        [9, 4, 1, 0]
+
+    """
+    return map(function, count(start))
+
+
+def tail(n, iterable):
+    """Return an iterator over the last *n* items of *iterable*.
+
+    >>> t = tail(3, 'ABCDEFG')
+    >>> list(t)
+    ['E', 'F', 'G']
+
+    """
+    return iter(deque(iterable, maxlen=n))
+
+
+def consume(iterator, n=None):
+    """Advance *iterable* by *n* steps. If *n* is ``None``, consume it
+    entirely.
+
+    Efficiently exhausts an iterator without returning values. Defaults to
+    consuming the whole iterator, but an optional second argument may be
+    provided to limit consumption.
+
+        >>> i = (x for x in range(10))
+        >>> next(i)
+        0
+        >>> consume(i, 3)
+        >>> next(i)
+        4
+        >>> consume(i)
+        >>> next(i)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+        StopIteration
+
+    If the iterator has fewer items remaining than the provided limit, the
+    whole iterator will be consumed.
+
+        >>> i = (x for x in range(3))
+        >>> consume(i, 5)
+        >>> next(i)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+        StopIteration
+
+    """
+    # Use functions that consume iterators at C speed.
+    if n is None:
+        # feed the entire iterator into a zero-length deque
+        deque(iterator, maxlen=0)
+    else:
+        # advance to the empty slice starting at position n
+        next(islice(iterator, n, n), None)
+
+
+def nth(iterable, n, default=None):
+    """Returns the nth item or a default value.
+
+    >>> l = range(10)
+    >>> nth(l, 3)
+    3
+    >>> nth(l, 20, "zebra")
+    'zebra'
+
+    """
+    return next(islice(iterable, n, None), default)
+
+
+def all_equal(iterable):
+    """
+    Returns ``True`` if all the elements are equal to each other.
+
+        >>> all_equal('aaaa')
+        True
+        >>> all_equal('aaab')
+        False
+
+    """
+    g = groupby(iterable)
+    return next(g, True) and not next(g, False)
+
+
+def quantify(iterable, pred=bool):
+    """Return the how many times the predicate is true.
+
+    >>> quantify([True, False, True])
+    2
+
+    """
+    return sum(map(pred, iterable))
+
+
+def pad_none(iterable):
+    """Returns the sequence of elements and then returns ``None`` indefinitely.
+
+        >>> take(5, pad_none(range(3)))
+        [0, 1, 2, None, None]
+
+    Useful for emulating the behavior of the built-in :func:`map` function.
+
+    See also :func:`padded`.
+
+    """
+    return chain(iterable, repeat(None))
+
+
+padnone = pad_none
+
+
+def ncycles(iterable, n):
+    """Returns the sequence elements *n* times
+
+    >>> list(ncycles(["a", "b"], 3))
+    ['a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b']
+
+    """
+    return chain.from_iterable(repeat(tuple(iterable), n))
+
+
+def dotproduct(vec1, vec2):
+    """Returns the dot product of the two iterables.
+
+    >>> dotproduct([10, 10], [20, 20])
+    400
+
+    """
+    return sum(map(operator.mul, vec1, vec2))
+
+
+def flatten(listOfLists):
+    """Return an iterator flattening one level of nesting in a list of lists.
+
+        >>> list(flatten([[0, 1], [2, 3]]))
+        [0, 1, 2, 3]
+
+    See also :func:`collapse`, which can flatten multiple levels of nesting.
+
+    """
+    return chain.from_iterable(listOfLists)
+
+
+def repeatfunc(func, times=None, *args):
+    """Call *func* with *args* repeatedly, returning an iterable over the
+    results.
+
+    If *times* is specified, the iterable will terminate after that many
+    repetitions:
+
+        >>> from operator import add
+        >>> times = 4
+        >>> args = 3, 5
+        >>> list(repeatfunc(add, times, *args))
+        [8, 8, 8, 8]
+
+    If *times* is ``None`` the iterable will not terminate:
+
+        >>> from random import randrange
+        >>> times = None
+        >>> args = 1, 11
+        >>> take(6, repeatfunc(randrange, times, *args))  # doctest:+SKIP
+        [2, 4, 8, 1, 8, 4]
+
+    """
+    if times is None:
+        return starmap(func, repeat(args))
+    return starmap(func, repeat(args, times))
+
+
+def _pairwise(iterable):
+    """Returns an iterator of paired items, overlapping, from the original
+
+    >>> take(4, pairwise(count()))
+    [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
+
+    On Python 3.10 and above, this is an alias for :func:`itertools.pairwise`.
+
+    """
+    a, b = tee(iterable)
+    next(b, None)
+    yield from zip(a, b)
+
+
+try:
+    from itertools import pairwise as itertools_pairwise
+except ImportError:
+    pairwise = _pairwise
+else:
+
+    def pairwise(iterable):
+        yield from itertools_pairwise(iterable)
+
+    pairwise.__doc__ = _pairwise.__doc__
+
+
+def grouper(iterable, n, fillvalue=None):
+    """Collect data into fixed-length chunks or blocks.
+
+    >>> list(grouper('ABCDEFG', 3, 'x'))
+    [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F'), ('G', 'x', 'x')]
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(iterable, int):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "grouper expects iterable as first parameter", DeprecationWarning
+        )
+        n, iterable = iterable, n
+    args = [iter(iterable)] * n
+    return zip_longest(fillvalue=fillvalue, *args)
+
+
+def roundrobin(*iterables):
+    """Yields an item from each iterable, alternating between them.
+
+        >>> list(roundrobin('ABC', 'D', 'EF'))
+        ['A', 'D', 'E', 'B', 'F', 'C']
+
+    This function produces the same output as :func:`interleave_longest`, but
+    may perform better for some inputs (in particular when the number of
+    iterables is small).
+
+    """
+    # Recipe credited to George Sakkis
+    pending = len(iterables)
+    nexts = cycle(iter(it).__next__ for it in iterables)
+    while pending:
+        try:
+            for next in nexts:
+                yield next()
+        except StopIteration:
+            pending -= 1
+            nexts = cycle(islice(nexts, pending))
+
+
+def partition(pred, iterable):
+    """
+    Returns a 2-tuple of iterables derived from the input iterable.
+    The first yields the items that have ``pred(item) == False``.
+    The second yields the items that have ``pred(item) == True``.
+
+        >>> is_odd = lambda x: x % 2 != 0
+        >>> iterable = range(10)
+        >>> even_items, odd_items = partition(is_odd, iterable)
+        >>> list(even_items), list(odd_items)
+        ([0, 2, 4, 6, 8], [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
+
+    If *pred* is None, :func:`bool` is used.
+
+        >>> iterable = [0, 1, False, True, '', ' ']
+        >>> false_items, true_items = partition(None, iterable)
+        >>> list(false_items), list(true_items)
+        ([0, False, ''], [1, True, ' '])
+
+    """
+    if pred is None:
+        pred = bool
+
+    evaluations = ((pred(x), x) for x in iterable)
+    t1, t2 = tee(evaluations)
+    return (
+        (x for (cond, x) in t1 if not cond),
+        (x for (cond, x) in t2 if cond),
+    )
+
+
+def powerset(iterable):
+    """Yields all possible subsets of the iterable.
+
+        >>> list(powerset([1, 2, 3]))
+        [(), (1,), (2,), (3,), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (1, 2, 3)]
+
+    :func:`powerset` will operate on iterables that aren't :class:`set`
+    instances, so repeated elements in the input will produce repeated elements
+    in the output. Use :func:`unique_everseen` on the input to avoid generating
+    duplicates:
+
+        >>> seq = [1, 1, 0]
+        >>> list(powerset(seq))
+        [(), (1,), (1,), (0,), (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1, 0)]
+        >>> from more_itertools import unique_everseen
+        >>> list(powerset(unique_everseen(seq)))
+        [(), (1,), (0,), (1, 0)]
+
+    """
+    s = list(iterable)
+    return chain.from_iterable(combinations(s, r) for r in range(len(s) + 1))
+
+
+def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
+    """
+    Yield unique elements, preserving order.
+
+        >>> list(unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB'))
+        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
+        >>> list(unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower))
+        ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
+
+    Sequences with a mix of hashable and unhashable items can be used.
+    The function will be slower (i.e., `O(n^2)`) for unhashable items.
+
+    Remember that ``list`` objects are unhashable - you can use the *key*
+    parameter to transform the list to a tuple (which is hashable) to
+    avoid a slowdown.
+
+        >>> iterable = ([1, 2], [2, 3], [1, 2])
+        >>> list(unique_everseen(iterable))  # Slow
+        [[1, 2], [2, 3]]
+        >>> list(unique_everseen(iterable, key=tuple))  # Faster
+        [[1, 2], [2, 3]]
+
+    Similary, you may want to convert unhashable ``set`` objects with
+    ``key=frozenset``. For ``dict`` objects,
+    ``key=lambda x: frozenset(x.items())`` can be used.
+
+    """
+    seenset = set()
+    seenset_add = seenset.add
+    seenlist = []
+    seenlist_add = seenlist.append
+    use_key = key is not None
+
+    for element in iterable:
+        k = key(element) if use_key else element
+        try:
+            if k not in seenset:
+                seenset_add(k)
+                yield element
+        except TypeError:
+            if k not in seenlist:
+                seenlist_add(k)
+                yield element
+
+
+def unique_justseen(iterable, key=None):
+    """Yields elements in order, ignoring serial duplicates
+
+    >>> list(unique_justseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB'))
+    ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'B']
+    >>> list(unique_justseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower))
+    ['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'D']
+
+    """
+    return map(next, map(operator.itemgetter(1), groupby(iterable, key)))
+
+
+def iter_except(func, exception, first=None):
+    """Yields results from a function repeatedly until an exception is raised.
+
+    Converts a call-until-exception interface to an iterator interface.
+    Like ``iter(func, sentinel)``, but uses an exception instead of a sentinel
+    to end the loop.
+
+        >>> l = [0, 1, 2]
+        >>> list(iter_except(l.pop, IndexError))
+        [2, 1, 0]
+
+    """
+    try:
+        if first is not None:
+            yield first()
+        while 1:
+            yield func()
+    except exception:
+        pass
+
+
+def first_true(iterable, default=None, pred=None):
+    """
+    Returns the first true value in the iterable.
+
+    If no true value is found, returns *default*
+
+    If *pred* is not None, returns the first item for which
+    ``pred(item) == True`` .
+
+        >>> first_true(range(10))
+        1
+        >>> first_true(range(10), pred=lambda x: x > 5)
+        6
+        >>> first_true(range(10), default='missing', pred=lambda x: x > 9)
+        'missing'
+
+    """
+    return next(filter(pred, iterable), default)
+
+
+def random_product(*args, repeat=1):
+    """Draw an item at random from each of the input iterables.
+
+        >>> random_product('abc', range(4), 'XYZ')  # doctest:+SKIP
+        ('c', 3, 'Z')
+
+    If *repeat* is provided as a keyword argument, that many items will be
+    drawn from each iterable.
+
+        >>> random_product('abcd', range(4), repeat=2)  # doctest:+SKIP
+        ('a', 2, 'd', 3)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.product(*args, **kwarg)``.
+
+    """
+    pools = [tuple(pool) for pool in args] * repeat
+    return tuple(choice(pool) for pool in pools)
+
+
+def random_permutation(iterable, r=None):
+    """Return a random *r* length permutation of the elements in *iterable*.
+
+    If *r* is not specified or is ``None``, then *r* defaults to the length of
+    *iterable*.
+
+        >>> random_permutation(range(5))  # doctest:+SKIP
+        (3, 4, 0, 1, 2)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.permutations(iterable, r)``.
+
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    r = len(pool) if r is None else r
+    return tuple(sample(pool, r))
+
+
+def random_combination(iterable, r):
+    """Return a random *r* length subsequence of the elements in *iterable*.
+
+        >>> random_combination(range(5), 3)  # doctest:+SKIP
+        (2, 3, 4)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.combinations(iterable, r)``.
+
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+    indices = sorted(sample(range(n), r))
+    return tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
+
+
+def random_combination_with_replacement(iterable, r):
+    """Return a random *r* length subsequence of elements in *iterable*,
+    allowing individual elements to be repeated.
+
+        >>> random_combination_with_replacement(range(3), 5) # doctest:+SKIP
+        (0, 0, 1, 2, 2)
+
+    This equivalent to taking a random selection from
+    ``itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)``.
+
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+    indices = sorted(randrange(n) for i in range(r))
+    return tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
+
+
+def nth_combination(iterable, r, index):
+    """Equivalent to ``list(combinations(iterable, r))[index]``.
+
+    The subsequences of *iterable* that are of length *r* can be ordered
+    lexicographically. :func:`nth_combination` computes the subsequence at
+    sort position *index* directly, without computing the previous
+    subsequences.
+
+        >>> nth_combination(range(5), 3, 5)
+        (0, 3, 4)
+
+    ``ValueError`` will be raised If *r* is negative or greater than the length
+    of *iterable*.
+    ``IndexError`` will be raised if the given *index* is invalid.
+    """
+    pool = tuple(iterable)
+    n = len(pool)
+    if (r < 0) or (r > n):
+        raise ValueError
+
+    c = 1
+    k = min(r, n - r)
+    for i in range(1, k + 1):
+        c = c * (n - k + i) // i
+
+    if index < 0:
+        index += c
+
+    if (index < 0) or (index >= c):
+        raise IndexError
+
+    result = []
+    while r:
+        c, n, r = c * r // n, n - 1, r - 1
+        while index >= c:
+            index -= c
+            c, n = c * (n - r) // n, n - 1
+        result.append(pool[-1 - n])
+
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+def prepend(value, iterator):
+    """Yield *value*, followed by the elements in *iterator*.
+
+        >>> value = '0'
+        >>> iterator = ['1', '2', '3']
+        >>> list(prepend(value, iterator))
+        ['0', '1', '2', '3']
+
+    To prepend multiple values, see :func:`itertools.chain`
+    or :func:`value_chain`.
+
+    """
+    return chain([value], iterator)
+
+
+def convolve(signal, kernel):
+    """Convolve the iterable *signal* with the iterable *kernel*.
+
+        >>> signal = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+        >>> kernel = [3, 2, 1]
+        >>> list(convolve(signal, kernel))
+        [3, 8, 14, 20, 26, 14, 5]
+
+    Note: the input arguments are not interchangeable, as the *kernel*
+    is immediately consumed and stored.
+
+    """
+    kernel = tuple(kernel)[::-1]
+    n = len(kernel)
+    window = deque([0], maxlen=n) * n
+    for x in chain(signal, repeat(0, n - 1)):
+        window.append(x)
+        yield sum(map(operator.mul, kernel, window))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/recipes.pyi b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/recipes.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e39d963907545f63363898c814e7b7169bcf30e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/more_itertools/recipes.pyi	
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+"""Stubs for more_itertools.recipes"""
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+from typing_extensions import overload, Type
+
+# Type and type variable definitions
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+_U = TypeVar('_U')
+
+def take(n: int, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> List[_T]: ...
+def tabulate(
+    function: Callable[[int], _T], start: int = ...
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def tail(n: int, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def consume(iterator: Iterable[object], n: Optional[int] = ...) -> None: ...
+@overload
+def nth(iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def nth(iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int, default: _U) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+def all_equal(iterable: Iterable[object]) -> bool: ...
+def quantify(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], pred: Callable[[_T], bool] = ...
+) -> int: ...
+def pad_none(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Optional[_T]]: ...
+def padnone(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Optional[_T]]: ...
+def ncycles(iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def dotproduct(vec1: Iterable[object], vec2: Iterable[object]) -> object: ...
+def flatten(listOfLists: Iterable[Iterable[_T]]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def repeatfunc(
+    func: Callable[..., _U], times: Optional[int] = ..., *args: Any
+) -> Iterator[_U]: ...
+def pairwise(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, _T]]: ...
+@overload
+def grouper(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Optional[_T], ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def grouper(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], n: int, fillvalue: _U
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Union[_T, _U], ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def grouper(  # Deprecated interface
+    iterable: int, n: Iterable[_T]
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Optional[_T], ...]]: ...
+@overload
+def grouper(  # Deprecated interface
+    iterable: int, n: Iterable[_T], fillvalue: _U
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[Union[_T, _U], ...]]: ...
+def roundrobin(*iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def partition(
+    pred: Optional[Callable[[_T], object]], iterable: Iterable[_T]
+) -> Tuple[Iterator[_T], Iterator[_T]]: ...
+def powerset(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[Tuple[_T, ...]]: ...
+def unique_everseen(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], key: Optional[Callable[[_T], _U]] = ...
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+def unique_justseen(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], key: Optional[Callable[[_T], object]] = ...
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def iter_except(
+    func: Callable[[], _T], exception: Type[BaseException], first: None = ...
+) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def iter_except(
+    func: Callable[[], _T],
+    exception: Type[BaseException],
+    first: Callable[[], _U],
+) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+@overload
+def first_true(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], *, pred: Optional[Callable[[_T], object]] = ...
+) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+@overload
+def first_true(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T],
+    default: _U,
+    pred: Optional[Callable[[_T], object]] = ...,
+) -> Union[_T, _U]: ...
+def random_product(
+    *args: Iterable[_T], repeat: int = ...
+) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def random_permutation(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], r: Optional[int] = ...
+) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def random_combination(iterable: Iterable[_T], r: int) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def random_combination_with_replacement(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], r: int
+) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def nth_combination(
+    iterable: Iterable[_T], r: int, index: int
+) -> Tuple[_T, ...]: ...
+def prepend(value: _T, iterator: Iterable[_U]) -> Iterator[Union[_T, _U]]: ...
+def convolve(signal: Iterable[_T], kernel: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/ordered_set.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/ordered_set.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14876000de895a609d5b9f3de39c3c8fc44ef1fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/ordered_set.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+"""
+An OrderedSet is a custom MutableSet that remembers its order, so that every
+entry has an index that can be looked up.
+
+Based on a recipe originally posted to ActiveState Recipes by Raymond Hettiger,
+and released under the MIT license.
+"""
+import itertools as it
+from collections import deque
+
+try:
+    # Python 3
+    from collections.abc import MutableSet, Sequence
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 2.7
+    from collections import MutableSet, Sequence
+
+SLICE_ALL = slice(None)
+__version__ = "3.1"
+
+
+def is_iterable(obj):
+    """
+    Are we being asked to look up a list of things, instead of a single thing?
+    We check for the `__iter__` attribute so that this can cover types that
+    don't have to be known by this module, such as NumPy arrays.
+
+    Strings, however, should be considered as atomic values to look up, not
+    iterables. The same goes for tuples, since they are immutable and therefore
+    valid entries.
+
+    We don't need to check for the Python 2 `unicode` type, because it doesn't
+    have an `__iter__` attribute anyway.
+    """
+    return (
+        hasattr(obj, "__iter__")
+        and not isinstance(obj, str)
+        and not isinstance(obj, tuple)
+    )
+
+
+class OrderedSet(MutableSet, Sequence):
+    """
+    An OrderedSet is a custom MutableSet that remembers its order, so that
+    every entry has an index that can be looked up.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> OrderedSet([1, 1, 2, 3, 2])
+        OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        self.items = []
+        self.map = {}
+        if iterable is not None:
+            self |= iterable
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        Returns the number of unique elements in the ordered set
+
+        Example:
+            >>> len(OrderedSet([]))
+            0
+            >>> len(OrderedSet([1, 2]))
+            2
+        """
+        return len(self.items)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        """
+        Get the item at a given index.
+
+        If `index` is a slice, you will get back that slice of items, as a
+        new OrderedSet.
+
+        If `index` is a list or a similar iterable, you'll get a list of
+        items corresponding to those indices. This is similar to NumPy's
+        "fancy indexing". The result is not an OrderedSet because you may ask
+        for duplicate indices, and the number of elements returned should be
+        the number of elements asked for.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> oset[1]
+            2
+        """
+        if isinstance(index, slice) and index == SLICE_ALL:
+            return self.copy()
+        elif is_iterable(index):
+            return [self.items[i] for i in index]
+        elif hasattr(index, "__index__") or isinstance(index, slice):
+            result = self.items[index]
+            if isinstance(result, list):
+                return self.__class__(result)
+            else:
+                return result
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Don't know how to index an OrderedSet by %r" % index)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """
+        Return a shallow copy of this object.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> this = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> other = this.copy()
+            >>> this == other
+            True
+            >>> this is other
+            False
+        """
+        return self.__class__(self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        if len(self) == 0:
+            # The state can't be an empty list.
+            # We need to return a truthy value, or else __setstate__ won't be run.
+            #
+            # This could have been done more gracefully by always putting the state
+            # in a tuple, but this way is backwards- and forwards- compatible with
+            # previous versions of OrderedSet.
+            return (None,)
+        else:
+            return list(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        if state == (None,):
+            self.__init__([])
+        else:
+            self.__init__(state)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        """
+        Test if the item is in this ordered set
+
+        Example:
+            >>> 1 in OrderedSet([1, 3, 2])
+            True
+            >>> 5 in OrderedSet([1, 3, 2])
+            False
+        """
+        return key in self.map
+
+    def add(self, key):
+        """
+        Add `key` as an item to this OrderedSet, then return its index.
+
+        If `key` is already in the OrderedSet, return the index it already
+        had.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet()
+            >>> oset.append(3)
+            0
+            >>> print(oset)
+            OrderedSet([3])
+        """
+        if key not in self.map:
+            self.map[key] = len(self.items)
+            self.items.append(key)
+        return self.map[key]
+
+    append = add
+
+    def update(self, sequence):
+        """
+        Update the set with the given iterable sequence, then return the index
+        of the last element inserted.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> oset.update([3, 1, 5, 1, 4])
+            4
+            >>> print(oset)
+            OrderedSet([1, 2, 3, 5, 4])
+        """
+        item_index = None
+        try:
+            for item in sequence:
+                item_index = self.add(item)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Argument needs to be an iterable, got %s" % type(sequence)
+            )
+        return item_index
+
+    def index(self, key):
+        """
+        Get the index of a given entry, raising an IndexError if it's not
+        present.
+
+        `key` can be an iterable of entries that is not a string, in which case
+        this returns a list of indices.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> oset.index(2)
+            1
+        """
+        if is_iterable(key):
+            return [self.index(subkey) for subkey in key]
+        return self.map[key]
+
+    # Provide some compatibility with pd.Index
+    get_loc = index
+    get_indexer = index
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """
+        Remove and return the last element from the set.
+
+        Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> oset.pop()
+            3
+        """
+        if not self.items:
+            raise KeyError("Set is empty")
+
+        elem = self.items[-1]
+        del self.items[-1]
+        del self.map[elem]
+        return elem
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        """
+        Remove an element.  Do not raise an exception if absent.
+
+        The MutableSet mixin uses this to implement the .remove() method, which
+        *does* raise an error when asked to remove a non-existent item.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> oset.discard(2)
+            >>> print(oset)
+            OrderedSet([1, 3])
+            >>> oset.discard(2)
+            >>> print(oset)
+            OrderedSet([1, 3])
+        """
+        if key in self:
+            i = self.map[key]
+            del self.items[i]
+            del self.map[key]
+            for k, v in self.map.items():
+                if v >= i:
+                    self.map[k] = v - 1
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Remove all items from this OrderedSet.
+        """
+        del self.items[:]
+        self.map.clear()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Example:
+            >>> list(iter(OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])))
+            [1, 2, 3]
+        """
+        return iter(self.items)
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        """
+        Example:
+            >>> list(reversed(OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])))
+            [3, 2, 1]
+        """
+        return reversed(self.items)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if not self:
+            return "%s()" % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, list(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns true if the containers have the same items. If `other` is a
+        Sequence, then order is checked, otherwise it is ignored.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet([1, 3, 2])
+            >>> oset == [1, 3, 2]
+            True
+            >>> oset == [1, 2, 3]
+            False
+            >>> oset == [2, 3]
+            False
+            >>> oset == OrderedSet([3, 2, 1])
+            False
+        """
+        # In Python 2 deque is not a Sequence, so treat it as one for
+        # consistent behavior with Python 3.
+        if isinstance(other, (Sequence, deque)):
+            # Check that this OrderedSet contains the same elements, in the
+            # same order, as the other object.
+            return list(self) == list(other)
+        try:
+            other_as_set = set(other)
+        except TypeError:
+            # If `other` can't be converted into a set, it's not equal.
+            return False
+        else:
+            return set(self) == other_as_set
+
+    def union(self, *sets):
+        """
+        Combines all unique items.
+        Each items order is defined by its first appearance.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet.union(OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 1, 5]), [1, 3], [2, 0])
+            >>> print(oset)
+            OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 0])
+            >>> oset.union([8, 9])
+            OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 0, 8, 9])
+            >>> oset | {10}
+            OrderedSet([3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 0, 10])
+        """
+        cls = self.__class__ if isinstance(self, OrderedSet) else OrderedSet
+        containers = map(list, it.chain([self], sets))
+        items = it.chain.from_iterable(containers)
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        # the parent implementation of this is backwards
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, *sets):
+        """
+        Returns elements in common between all sets. Order is defined only
+        by the first set.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> oset = OrderedSet.intersection(OrderedSet([0, 1, 2, 3]), [1, 2, 3])
+            >>> print(oset)
+            OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> oset.intersection([2, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+            OrderedSet([2])
+            >>> oset.intersection()
+            OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+        """
+        cls = self.__class__ if isinstance(self, OrderedSet) else OrderedSet
+        if sets:
+            common = set.intersection(*map(set, sets))
+            items = (item for item in self if item in common)
+        else:
+            items = self
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def difference(self, *sets):
+        """
+        Returns all elements that are in this set but not the others.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).difference(OrderedSet([2]))
+            OrderedSet([1, 3])
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).difference(OrderedSet([2]), OrderedSet([3]))
+            OrderedSet([1])
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]) - OrderedSet([2])
+            OrderedSet([1, 3])
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).difference()
+            OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+        """
+        cls = self.__class__
+        if sets:
+            other = set.union(*map(set, sets))
+            items = (item for item in self if item not in other)
+        else:
+            items = self
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def issubset(self, other):
+        """
+        Report whether another set contains this set.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).issubset({1, 2})
+            False
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).issubset({1, 2, 3, 4})
+            True
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3]).issubset({1, 4, 3, 5})
+            False
+        """
+        if len(self) > len(other):  # Fast check for obvious cases
+            return False
+        return all(item in other for item in self)
+
+    def issuperset(self, other):
+        """
+        Report whether this set contains another set.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2]).issuperset([1, 2, 3])
+            False
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 2, 3, 4]).issuperset({1, 2, 3})
+            True
+            >>> OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5]).issuperset({1, 2, 3})
+            False
+        """
+        if len(self) < len(other):  # Fast check for obvious cases
+            return False
+        return all(item in self for item in other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the symmetric difference of two OrderedSets as a new set.
+        That is, the new set will contain all elements that are in exactly
+        one of the sets.
+
+        Their order will be preserved, with elements from `self` preceding
+        elements from `other`.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> this = OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5, 7])
+            >>> other = OrderedSet([9, 7, 1, 3, 2])
+            >>> this.symmetric_difference(other)
+            OrderedSet([4, 5, 9, 2])
+        """
+        cls = self.__class__ if isinstance(self, OrderedSet) else OrderedSet
+        diff1 = cls(self).difference(other)
+        diff2 = cls(other).difference(self)
+        return diff1.union(diff2)
+
+    def _update_items(self, items):
+        """
+        Replace the 'items' list of this OrderedSet with a new one, updating
+        self.map accordingly.
+        """
+        self.items = items
+        self.map = {item: idx for (idx, item) in enumerate(items)}
+
+    def difference_update(self, *sets):
+        """
+        Update this OrderedSet to remove items from one or more other sets.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> this = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
+            >>> this.difference_update(OrderedSet([2, 4]))
+            >>> print(this)
+            OrderedSet([1, 3])
+
+            >>> this = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+            >>> this.difference_update(OrderedSet([2, 4]), OrderedSet([1, 4, 6]))
+            >>> print(this)
+            OrderedSet([3, 5])
+        """
+        items_to_remove = set()
+        for other in sets:
+            items_to_remove |= set(other)
+        self._update_items([item for item in self.items if item not in items_to_remove])
+
+    def intersection_update(self, other):
+        """
+        Update this OrderedSet to keep only items in another set, preserving
+        their order in this set.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> this = OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5, 7])
+            >>> other = OrderedSet([9, 7, 1, 3, 2])
+            >>> this.intersection_update(other)
+            >>> print(this)
+            OrderedSet([1, 3, 7])
+        """
+        other = set(other)
+        self._update_items([item for item in self.items if item in other])
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        """
+        Update this OrderedSet to remove items from another set, then
+        add items from the other set that were not present in this set.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> this = OrderedSet([1, 4, 3, 5, 7])
+            >>> other = OrderedSet([9, 7, 1, 3, 2])
+            >>> this.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+            >>> print(this)
+            OrderedSet([4, 5, 9, 2])
+        """
+        items_to_add = [item for item in other if item not in self]
+        items_to_remove = set(other)
+        self._update_items(
+            [item for item in self.items if item not in items_to_remove] + items_to_add
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7c0aa12ca950f230c8092436a985b2305702642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "24.0"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft and individual contributors"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "BSD-2-Clause or Apache-2.0"
+__copyright__ = "2014 %s" % __author__
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_elffile.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_elffile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fb19b30bb53c18f38a9ef02dd7c4478670fb962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_elffile.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""
+ELF file parser.
+
+This provides a class ``ELFFile`` that parses an ELF executable in a similar
+interface to ``ZipFile``. Only the read interface is implemented.
+
+Based on: https://gist.github.com/lyssdod/f51579ae8d93c8657a5564aefc2ffbca
+ELF header: https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/gabi4+/ch4.eheader.html
+"""
+
+import enum
+import os
+import struct
+from typing import IO, Optional, Tuple
+
+
+class ELFInvalid(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class EIClass(enum.IntEnum):
+    C32 = 1
+    C64 = 2
+
+
+class EIData(enum.IntEnum):
+    Lsb = 1
+    Msb = 2
+
+
+class EMachine(enum.IntEnum):
+    I386 = 3
+    S390 = 22
+    Arm = 40
+    X8664 = 62
+    AArc64 = 183
+
+
+class ELFFile:
+    """
+    Representation of an ELF executable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f: IO[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._f = f
+
+        try:
+            ident = self._read("16B")
+        except struct.error:
+            raise ELFInvalid("unable to parse identification")
+        magic = bytes(ident[:4])
+        if magic != b"\x7fELF":
+            raise ELFInvalid(f"invalid magic: {magic!r}")
+
+        self.capacity = ident[4]  # Format for program header (bitness).
+        self.encoding = ident[5]  # Data structure encoding (endianness).
+
+        try:
+            # e_fmt: Format for program header.
+            # p_fmt: Format for section header.
+            # p_idx: Indexes to find p_type, p_offset, and p_filesz.
+            e_fmt, self._p_fmt, self._p_idx = {
+                (1, 1): ("<HHIIIIIHHH", "<IIIIIIII", (0, 1, 4)),  # 32-bit LSB.
+                (1, 2): (">HHIIIIIHHH", ">IIIIIIII", (0, 1, 4)),  # 32-bit MSB.
+                (2, 1): ("<HHIQQQIHHH", "<IIQQQQQQ", (0, 2, 5)),  # 64-bit LSB.
+                (2, 2): (">HHIQQQIHHH", ">IIQQQQQQ", (0, 2, 5)),  # 64-bit MSB.
+            }[(self.capacity, self.encoding)]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ELFInvalid(
+                f"unrecognized capacity ({self.capacity}) or "
+                f"encoding ({self.encoding})"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            (
+                _,
+                self.machine,  # Architecture type.
+                _,
+                _,
+                self._e_phoff,  # Offset of program header.
+                _,
+                self.flags,  # Processor-specific flags.
+                _,
+                self._e_phentsize,  # Size of section.
+                self._e_phnum,  # Number of sections.
+            ) = self._read(e_fmt)
+        except struct.error as e:
+            raise ELFInvalid("unable to parse machine and section information") from e
+
+    def _read(self, fmt: str) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        return struct.unpack(fmt, self._f.read(struct.calcsize(fmt)))
+
+    @property
+    def interpreter(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        The path recorded in the ``PT_INTERP`` section header.
+        """
+        for index in range(self._e_phnum):
+            self._f.seek(self._e_phoff + self._e_phentsize * index)
+            try:
+                data = self._read(self._p_fmt)
+            except struct.error:
+                continue
+            if data[self._p_idx[0]] != 3:  # Not PT_INTERP.
+                continue
+            self._f.seek(data[self._p_idx[1]])
+            return os.fsdecode(self._f.read(data[self._p_idx[2]])).strip("\0")
+        return None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_manylinux.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_manylinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad62505f3ff66c3d4da07ce1f2a50d9f10bc1bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_manylinux.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import Dict, Generator, Iterator, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+
+from ._elffile import EIClass, EIData, ELFFile, EMachine
+
+EF_ARM_ABIMASK = 0xFF000000
+EF_ARM_ABI_VER5 = 0x05000000
+EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD = 0x00000400
+
+
+# `os.PathLike` not a generic type until Python 3.9, so sticking with `str`
+# as the type for `path` until then.
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _parse_elf(path: str) -> Generator[Optional[ELFFile], None, None]:
+    try:
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            yield ELFFile(f)
+    except (OSError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        yield None
+
+
+def _is_linux_armhf(executable: str) -> bool:
+    # hard-float ABI can be detected from the ELF header of the running
+    # process
+    # https://static.docs.arm.com/ihi0044/g/aaelf32.pdf
+    with _parse_elf(executable) as f:
+        return (
+            f is not None
+            and f.capacity == EIClass.C32
+            and f.encoding == EIData.Lsb
+            and f.machine == EMachine.Arm
+            and f.flags & EF_ARM_ABIMASK == EF_ARM_ABI_VER5
+            and f.flags & EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD == EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD
+        )
+
+
+def _is_linux_i686(executable: str) -> bool:
+    with _parse_elf(executable) as f:
+        return (
+            f is not None
+            and f.capacity == EIClass.C32
+            and f.encoding == EIData.Lsb
+            and f.machine == EMachine.I386
+        )
+
+
+def _have_compatible_abi(executable: str, archs: Sequence[str]) -> bool:
+    if "armv7l" in archs:
+        return _is_linux_armhf(executable)
+    if "i686" in archs:
+        return _is_linux_i686(executable)
+    allowed_archs = {
+        "x86_64",
+        "aarch64",
+        "ppc64",
+        "ppc64le",
+        "s390x",
+        "loongarch64",
+        "riscv64",
+    }
+    return any(arch in allowed_archs for arch in archs)
+
+
+# If glibc ever changes its major version, we need to know what the last
+# minor version was, so we can build the complete list of all versions.
+# For now, guess what the highest minor version might be, assume it will
+# be 50 for testing. Once this actually happens, update the dictionary
+# with the actual value.
+_LAST_GLIBC_MINOR: Dict[int, int] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 50)
+
+
+class _GLibCVersion(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string_confstr() -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Primary implementation of glibc_version_string using os.confstr.
+    """
+    # os.confstr is quite a bit faster than ctypes.DLL. It's also less likely
+    # to be broken or missing. This strategy is used in the standard library
+    # platform module.
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/fcf1d003bf4f0100c/Lib/platform.py#L175-L183
+    try:
+        # Should be a string like "glibc 2.17".
+        version_string: Optional[str] = os.confstr("CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION")
+        assert version_string is not None
+        _, version = version_string.rsplit()
+    except (AssertionError, AttributeError, OSError, ValueError):
+        # os.confstr() or CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION not available (or a bad value)...
+        return None
+    return version
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string_ctypes() -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Fallback implementation of glibc_version_string using ctypes.
+    """
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    # ctypes.CDLL(None) internally calls dlopen(NULL), and as the dlopen
+    # manpage says, "If filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the
+    # main program". This way we can let the linker do the work to figure out
+    # which libc our process is actually using.
+    #
+    # We must also handle the special case where the executable is not a
+    # dynamically linked executable. This can occur when using musl libc,
+    # for example. In this situation, dlopen() will error, leading to an
+    # OSError. Interestingly, at least in the case of musl, there is no
+    # errno set on the OSError. The single string argument used to construct
+    # OSError comes from libc itself and is therefore not portable to
+    # hard code here. In any case, failure to call dlopen() means we
+    # can proceed, so we bail on our attempt.
+    try:
+        process_namespace = ctypes.CDLL(None)
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        gnu_get_libc_version = process_namespace.gnu_get_libc_version
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Symbol doesn't exist -> therefore, we are not linked to
+        # glibc.
+        return None
+
+    # Call gnu_get_libc_version, which returns a string like "2.5"
+    gnu_get_libc_version.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    version_str: str = gnu_get_libc_version()
+    # py2 / py3 compatibility:
+    if not isinstance(version_str, str):
+        version_str = version_str.decode("ascii")
+
+    return version_str
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string() -> Optional[str]:
+    """Returns glibc version string, or None if not using glibc."""
+    return _glibc_version_string_confstr() or _glibc_version_string_ctypes()
+
+
+def _parse_glibc_version(version_str: str) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    """Parse glibc version.
+
+    We use a regexp instead of str.split because we want to discard any
+    random junk that might come after the minor version -- this might happen
+    in patched/forked versions of glibc (e.g. Linaro's version of glibc
+    uses version strings like "2.20-2014.11"). See gh-3588.
+    """
+    m = re.match(r"(?P<major>[0-9]+)\.(?P<minor>[0-9]+)", version_str)
+    if not m:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Expected glibc version with 2 components major.minor,"
+            f" got: {version_str}",
+            RuntimeWarning,
+        )
+        return -1, -1
+    return int(m.group("major")), int(m.group("minor"))
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _get_glibc_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    version_str = _glibc_version_string()
+    if version_str is None:
+        return (-1, -1)
+    return _parse_glibc_version(version_str)
+
+
+# From PEP 513, PEP 600
+def _is_compatible(arch: str, version: _GLibCVersion) -> bool:
+    sys_glibc = _get_glibc_version()
+    if sys_glibc < version:
+        return False
+    # Check for presence of _manylinux module.
+    try:
+        import _manylinux
+    except ImportError:
+        return True
+    if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux_compatible"):
+        result = _manylinux.manylinux_compatible(version[0], version[1], arch)
+        if result is not None:
+            return bool(result)
+        return True
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 5):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux1_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux1_compatible)
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 12):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux2010_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux2010_compatible)
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 17):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux2014_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux2014_compatible)
+    return True
+
+
+_LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP = {
+    # CentOS 7 w/ glibc 2.17 (PEP 599)
+    (2, 17): "manylinux2014",
+    # CentOS 6 w/ glibc 2.12 (PEP 571)
+    (2, 12): "manylinux2010",
+    # CentOS 5 w/ glibc 2.5 (PEP 513)
+    (2, 5): "manylinux1",
+}
+
+
+def platform_tags(archs: Sequence[str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Generate manylinux tags compatible to the current platform.
+
+    :param archs: Sequence of compatible architectures.
+        The first one shall be the closest to the actual architecture and be the part of
+        platform tag after the ``linux_`` prefix, e.g. ``x86_64``.
+        The ``linux_`` prefix is assumed as a prerequisite for the current platform to
+        be manylinux-compatible.
+
+    :returns: An iterator of compatible manylinux tags.
+    """
+    if not _have_compatible_abi(sys.executable, archs):
+        return
+    # Oldest glibc to be supported regardless of architecture is (2, 17).
+    too_old_glibc2 = _GLibCVersion(2, 16)
+    if set(archs) & {"x86_64", "i686"}:
+        # On x86/i686 also oldest glibc to be supported is (2, 5).
+        too_old_glibc2 = _GLibCVersion(2, 4)
+    current_glibc = _GLibCVersion(*_get_glibc_version())
+    glibc_max_list = [current_glibc]
+    # We can assume compatibility across glibc major versions.
+    # https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=24636
+    #
+    # Build a list of maximum glibc versions so that we can
+    # output the canonical list of all glibc from current_glibc
+    # down to too_old_glibc2, including all intermediary versions.
+    for glibc_major in range(current_glibc.major - 1, 1, -1):
+        glibc_minor = _LAST_GLIBC_MINOR[glibc_major]
+        glibc_max_list.append(_GLibCVersion(glibc_major, glibc_minor))
+    for arch in archs:
+        for glibc_max in glibc_max_list:
+            if glibc_max.major == too_old_glibc2.major:
+                min_minor = too_old_glibc2.minor
+            else:
+                # For other glibc major versions oldest supported is (x, 0).
+                min_minor = -1
+            for glibc_minor in range(glibc_max.minor, min_minor, -1):
+                glibc_version = _GLibCVersion(glibc_max.major, glibc_minor)
+                tag = "manylinux_{}_{}".format(*glibc_version)
+                if _is_compatible(arch, glibc_version):
+                    yield f"{tag}_{arch}"
+                # Handle the legacy manylinux1, manylinux2010, manylinux2014 tags.
+                if glibc_version in _LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP:
+                    legacy_tag = _LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP[glibc_version]
+                    if _is_compatible(arch, glibc_version):
+                        yield f"{legacy_tag}_{arch}"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_musllinux.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_musllinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86419df9d7087f3f8b6d0096f32a52c24b05e7c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_musllinux.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+"""PEP 656 support.
+
+This module implements logic to detect if the currently running Python is
+linked against musl, and what musl version is used.
+"""
+
+import functools
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import Iterator, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+
+from ._elffile import ELFFile
+
+
+class _MuslVersion(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+
+
+def _parse_musl_version(output: str) -> Optional[_MuslVersion]:
+    lines = [n for n in (n.strip() for n in output.splitlines()) if n]
+    if len(lines) < 2 or lines[0][:4] != "musl":
+        return None
+    m = re.match(r"Version (\d+)\.(\d+)", lines[1])
+    if not m:
+        return None
+    return _MuslVersion(major=int(m.group(1)), minor=int(m.group(2)))
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _get_musl_version(executable: str) -> Optional[_MuslVersion]:
+    """Detect currently-running musl runtime version.
+
+    This is done by checking the specified executable's dynamic linking
+    information, and invoking the loader to parse its output for a version
+    string. If the loader is musl, the output would be something like::
+
+        musl libc (x86_64)
+        Version 1.2.2
+        Dynamic Program Loader
+    """
+    try:
+        with open(executable, "rb") as f:
+            ld = ELFFile(f).interpreter
+    except (OSError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+    if ld is None or "musl" not in ld:
+        return None
+    proc = subprocess.run([ld], stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
+    return _parse_musl_version(proc.stderr)
+
+
+def platform_tags(archs: Sequence[str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Generate musllinux tags compatible to the current platform.
+
+    :param archs: Sequence of compatible architectures.
+        The first one shall be the closest to the actual architecture and be the part of
+        platform tag after the ``linux_`` prefix, e.g. ``x86_64``.
+        The ``linux_`` prefix is assumed as a prerequisite for the current platform to
+        be musllinux-compatible.
+
+    :returns: An iterator of compatible musllinux tags.
+    """
+    sys_musl = _get_musl_version(sys.executable)
+    if sys_musl is None:  # Python not dynamically linked against musl.
+        return
+    for arch in archs:
+        for minor in range(sys_musl.minor, -1, -1):
+            yield f"musllinux_{sys_musl.major}_{minor}_{arch}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import sysconfig
+
+    plat = sysconfig.get_platform()
+    assert plat.startswith("linux-"), "not linux"
+
+    print("plat:", plat)
+    print("musl:", _get_musl_version(sys.executable))
+    print("tags:", end=" ")
+    for t in platform_tags(re.sub(r"[.-]", "_", plat.split("-", 1)[-1])):
+        print(t, end="\n      ")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_parser.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..684df75457cb82d3683dc99ff52c5bf911f3341b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_parser.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+"""Handwritten parser of dependency specifiers.
+
+The docstring for each __parse_* function contains ENBF-inspired grammar representing
+the implementation.
+"""
+
+import ast
+from typing import Any, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._tokenizer import DEFAULT_RULES, Tokenizer
+
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}('{self}')>"
+
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class Variable(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+class Value(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return f'"{self}"'
+
+
+class Op(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+MarkerVar = Union[Variable, Value]
+MarkerItem = Tuple[MarkerVar, Op, MarkerVar]
+# MarkerAtom = Union[MarkerItem, List["MarkerAtom"]]
+# MarkerList = List[Union["MarkerList", MarkerAtom, str]]
+# mypy does not support recursive type definition
+# https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/731
+MarkerAtom = Any
+MarkerList = List[Any]
+
+
+class ParsedRequirement(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    url: str
+    extras: List[str]
+    specifier: str
+    marker: Optional[MarkerList]
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Recursive descent parser for dependency specifier
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def parse_requirement(source: str) -> ParsedRequirement:
+    return _parse_requirement(Tokenizer(source, rules=DEFAULT_RULES))
+
+
+def _parse_requirement(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> ParsedRequirement:
+    """
+    requirement = WS? IDENTIFIER WS? extras WS? requirement_details
+    """
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    name_token = tokenizer.expect(
+        "IDENTIFIER", expected="package name at the start of dependency specifier"
+    )
+    name = name_token.text
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    extras = _parse_extras(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    url, specifier, marker = _parse_requirement_details(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.expect("END", expected="end of dependency specifier")
+
+    return ParsedRequirement(name, url, extras, specifier, marker)
+
+
+def _parse_requirement_details(
+    tokenizer: Tokenizer,
+) -> Tuple[str, str, Optional[MarkerList]]:
+    """
+    requirement_details = AT URL (WS requirement_marker?)?
+                        | specifier WS? (requirement_marker)?
+    """
+
+    specifier = ""
+    url = ""
+    marker = None
+
+    if tokenizer.check("AT"):
+        tokenizer.read()
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+        url_start = tokenizer.position
+        url = tokenizer.expect("URL", expected="URL after @").text
+        if tokenizer.check("END", peek=True):
+            return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+        tokenizer.expect("WS", expected="whitespace after URL")
+
+        # The input might end after whitespace.
+        if tokenizer.check("END", peek=True):
+            return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+        marker = _parse_requirement_marker(
+            tokenizer, span_start=url_start, after="URL and whitespace"
+        )
+    else:
+        specifier_start = tokenizer.position
+        specifier = _parse_specifier(tokenizer)
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+        if tokenizer.check("END", peek=True):
+            return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+        marker = _parse_requirement_marker(
+            tokenizer,
+            span_start=specifier_start,
+            after=(
+                "version specifier"
+                if specifier
+                else "name and no valid version specifier"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+
+def _parse_requirement_marker(
+    tokenizer: Tokenizer, *, span_start: int, after: str
+) -> MarkerList:
+    """
+    requirement_marker = SEMICOLON marker WS?
+    """
+
+    if not tokenizer.check("SEMICOLON"):
+        tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+            f"Expected end or semicolon (after {after})",
+            span_start=span_start,
+        )
+    tokenizer.read()
+
+    marker = _parse_marker(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return marker
+
+
+def _parse_extras(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    extras = (LEFT_BRACKET wsp* extras_list? wsp* RIGHT_BRACKET)?
+    """
+    if not tokenizer.check("LEFT_BRACKET", peek=True):
+        return []
+
+    with tokenizer.enclosing_tokens(
+        "LEFT_BRACKET",
+        "RIGHT_BRACKET",
+        around="extras",
+    ):
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        extras = _parse_extras_list(tokenizer)
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return extras
+
+
+def _parse_extras_list(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    extras_list = identifier (wsp* ',' wsp* identifier)*
+    """
+    extras: List[str] = []
+
+    if not tokenizer.check("IDENTIFIER"):
+        return extras
+
+    extras.append(tokenizer.read().text)
+
+    while True:
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        if tokenizer.check("IDENTIFIER", peek=True):
+            tokenizer.raise_syntax_error("Expected comma between extra names")
+        elif not tokenizer.check("COMMA"):
+            break
+
+        tokenizer.read()
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+        extra_token = tokenizer.expect("IDENTIFIER", expected="extra name after comma")
+        extras.append(extra_token.text)
+
+    return extras
+
+
+def _parse_specifier(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> str:
+    """
+    specifier = LEFT_PARENTHESIS WS? version_many WS? RIGHT_PARENTHESIS
+              | WS? version_many WS?
+    """
+    with tokenizer.enclosing_tokens(
+        "LEFT_PARENTHESIS",
+        "RIGHT_PARENTHESIS",
+        around="version specifier",
+    ):
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        parsed_specifiers = _parse_version_many(tokenizer)
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return parsed_specifiers
+
+
+def _parse_version_many(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> str:
+    """
+    version_many = (SPECIFIER (WS? COMMA WS? SPECIFIER)*)?
+    """
+    parsed_specifiers = ""
+    while tokenizer.check("SPECIFIER"):
+        span_start = tokenizer.position
+        parsed_specifiers += tokenizer.read().text
+        if tokenizer.check("VERSION_PREFIX_TRAIL", peek=True):
+            tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+                ".* suffix can only be used with `==` or `!=` operators",
+                span_start=span_start,
+                span_end=tokenizer.position + 1,
+            )
+        if tokenizer.check("VERSION_LOCAL_LABEL_TRAIL", peek=True):
+            tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+                "Local version label can only be used with `==` or `!=` operators",
+                span_start=span_start,
+                span_end=tokenizer.position,
+            )
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        if not tokenizer.check("COMMA"):
+            break
+        parsed_specifiers += tokenizer.read().text
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return parsed_specifiers
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Recursive descent parser for marker expression
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def parse_marker(source: str) -> MarkerList:
+    return _parse_full_marker(Tokenizer(source, rules=DEFAULT_RULES))
+
+
+def _parse_full_marker(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerList:
+    retval = _parse_marker(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.expect("END", expected="end of marker expression")
+    return retval
+
+
+def _parse_marker(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerList:
+    """
+    marker = marker_atom (BOOLOP marker_atom)+
+    """
+    expression = [_parse_marker_atom(tokenizer)]
+    while tokenizer.check("BOOLOP"):
+        token = tokenizer.read()
+        expr_right = _parse_marker_atom(tokenizer)
+        expression.extend((token.text, expr_right))
+    return expression
+
+
+def _parse_marker_atom(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerAtom:
+    """
+    marker_atom = WS? LEFT_PARENTHESIS WS? marker WS? RIGHT_PARENTHESIS WS?
+                | WS? marker_item WS?
+    """
+
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    if tokenizer.check("LEFT_PARENTHESIS", peek=True):
+        with tokenizer.enclosing_tokens(
+            "LEFT_PARENTHESIS",
+            "RIGHT_PARENTHESIS",
+            around="marker expression",
+        ):
+            tokenizer.consume("WS")
+            marker: MarkerAtom = _parse_marker(tokenizer)
+            tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    else:
+        marker = _parse_marker_item(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    return marker
+
+
+def _parse_marker_item(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerItem:
+    """
+    marker_item = WS? marker_var WS? marker_op WS? marker_var WS?
+    """
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    marker_var_left = _parse_marker_var(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    marker_op = _parse_marker_op(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    marker_var_right = _parse_marker_var(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    return (marker_var_left, marker_op, marker_var_right)
+
+
+def _parse_marker_var(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerVar:
+    """
+    marker_var = VARIABLE | QUOTED_STRING
+    """
+    if tokenizer.check("VARIABLE"):
+        return process_env_var(tokenizer.read().text.replace(".", "_"))
+    elif tokenizer.check("QUOTED_STRING"):
+        return process_python_str(tokenizer.read().text)
+    else:
+        tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+            message="Expected a marker variable or quoted string"
+        )
+
+
+def process_env_var(env_var: str) -> Variable:
+    if env_var in ("platform_python_implementation", "python_implementation"):
+        return Variable("platform_python_implementation")
+    else:
+        return Variable(env_var)
+
+
+def process_python_str(python_str: str) -> Value:
+    value = ast.literal_eval(python_str)
+    return Value(str(value))
+
+
+def _parse_marker_op(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> Op:
+    """
+    marker_op = IN | NOT IN | OP
+    """
+    if tokenizer.check("IN"):
+        tokenizer.read()
+        return Op("in")
+    elif tokenizer.check("NOT"):
+        tokenizer.read()
+        tokenizer.expect("WS", expected="whitespace after 'not'")
+        tokenizer.expect("IN", expected="'in' after 'not'")
+        return Op("not in")
+    elif tokenizer.check("OP"):
+        return Op(tokenizer.read().text)
+    else:
+        return tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+            "Expected marker operator, one of "
+            "<=, <, !=, ==, >=, >, ~=, ===, in, not in"
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90a6465f9682c886363eea5327dac64bf623a6ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+
+class InfinityType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self: object) -> "NegativeInfinityType":
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+
+Infinity = InfinityType()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinityType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self: object) -> InfinityType:
+        return Infinity
+
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinityType()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_tokenizer.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_tokenizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd0d648d49a7c1a62d25ce5c9107aa448a8a22d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/_tokenizer.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+import contextlib
+import re
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Dict, Iterator, NoReturn, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from .specifiers import Specifier
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Token:
+    name: str
+    text: str
+    position: int
+
+
+class ParserSyntaxError(Exception):
+    """The provided source text could not be parsed correctly."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        *,
+        source: str,
+        span: Tuple[int, int],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.span = span
+        self.message = message
+        self.source = source
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        marker = " " * self.span[0] + "~" * (self.span[1] - self.span[0]) + "^"
+        return "\n    ".join([self.message, self.source, marker])
+
+
+DEFAULT_RULES: "Dict[str, Union[str, re.Pattern[str]]]" = {
+    "LEFT_PARENTHESIS": r"\(",
+    "RIGHT_PARENTHESIS": r"\)",
+    "LEFT_BRACKET": r"\[",
+    "RIGHT_BRACKET": r"\]",
+    "SEMICOLON": r";",
+    "COMMA": r",",
+    "QUOTED_STRING": re.compile(
+        r"""
+            (
+                ('[^']*')
+                |
+                ("[^"]*")
+            )
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE,
+    ),
+    "OP": r"(===|==|~=|!=|<=|>=|<|>)",
+    "BOOLOP": r"\b(or|and)\b",
+    "IN": r"\bin\b",
+    "NOT": r"\bnot\b",
+    "VARIABLE": re.compile(
+        r"""
+            \b(
+                python_version
+                |python_full_version
+                |os[._]name
+                |sys[._]platform
+                |platform_(release|system)
+                |platform[._](version|machine|python_implementation)
+                |python_implementation
+                |implementation_(name|version)
+                |extra
+            )\b
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE,
+    ),
+    "SPECIFIER": re.compile(
+        Specifier._operator_regex_str + Specifier._version_regex_str,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    ),
+    "AT": r"\@",
+    "URL": r"[^ \t]+",
+    "IDENTIFIER": r"\b[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9._-]*\b",
+    "VERSION_PREFIX_TRAIL": r"\.\*",
+    "VERSION_LOCAL_LABEL_TRAIL": r"\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*",
+    "WS": r"[ \t]+",
+    "END": r"$",
+}
+
+
+class Tokenizer:
+    """Context-sensitive token parsing.
+
+    Provides methods to examine the input stream to check whether the next token
+    matches.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        source: str,
+        *,
+        rules: "Dict[str, Union[str, re.Pattern[str]]]",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.source = source
+        self.rules: Dict[str, re.Pattern[str]] = {
+            name: re.compile(pattern) for name, pattern in rules.items()
+        }
+        self.next_token: Optional[Token] = None
+        self.position = 0
+
+    def consume(self, name: str) -> None:
+        """Move beyond provided token name, if at current position."""
+        if self.check(name):
+            self.read()
+
+    def check(self, name: str, *, peek: bool = False) -> bool:
+        """Check whether the next token has the provided name.
+
+        By default, if the check succeeds, the token *must* be read before
+        another check. If `peek` is set to `True`, the token is not loaded and
+        would need to be checked again.
+        """
+        assert (
+            self.next_token is None
+        ), f"Cannot check for {name!r}, already have {self.next_token!r}"
+        assert name in self.rules, f"Unknown token name: {name!r}"
+
+        expression = self.rules[name]
+
+        match = expression.match(self.source, self.position)
+        if match is None:
+            return False
+        if not peek:
+            self.next_token = Token(name, match[0], self.position)
+        return True
+
+    def expect(self, name: str, *, expected: str) -> Token:
+        """Expect a certain token name next, failing with a syntax error otherwise.
+
+        The token is *not* read.
+        """
+        if not self.check(name):
+            raise self.raise_syntax_error(f"Expected {expected}")
+        return self.read()
+
+    def read(self) -> Token:
+        """Consume the next token and return it."""
+        token = self.next_token
+        assert token is not None
+
+        self.position += len(token.text)
+        self.next_token = None
+
+        return token
+
+    def raise_syntax_error(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        *,
+        span_start: Optional[int] = None,
+        span_end: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        """Raise ParserSyntaxError at the given position."""
+        span = (
+            self.position if span_start is None else span_start,
+            self.position if span_end is None else span_end,
+        )
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            message,
+            source=self.source,
+            span=span,
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def enclosing_tokens(
+        self, open_token: str, close_token: str, *, around: str
+    ) -> Iterator[None]:
+        if self.check(open_token):
+            open_position = self.position
+            self.read()
+        else:
+            open_position = None
+
+        yield
+
+        if open_position is None:
+            return
+
+        if not self.check(close_token):
+            self.raise_syntax_error(
+                f"Expected matching {close_token} for {open_token}, after {around}",
+                span_start=open_position,
+            )
+
+        self.read()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/markers.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b98fca7233be6dd9324cd2b6d71b6a8ac91a6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/markers.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import operator
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._parser import (
+    MarkerAtom,
+    MarkerList,
+    Op,
+    Value,
+    Variable,
+    parse_marker as _parse_marker,
+)
+from ._tokenizer import ParserSyntaxError
+from .specifiers import InvalidSpecifier, Specifier
+from .utils import canonicalize_name
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidMarker",
+    "UndefinedComparison",
+    "UndefinedEnvironmentName",
+    "Marker",
+    "default_environment",
+]
+
+Operator = Callable[[str, str], bool]
+
+
+class InvalidMarker(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid marker was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedComparison(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid operation was attempted on a value that doesn't support it.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedEnvironmentName(ValueError):
+    """
+    A name was attempted to be used that does not exist inside of the
+    environment.
+    """
+
+
+def _normalize_extra_values(results: Any) -> Any:
+    """
+    Normalize extra values.
+    """
+    if isinstance(results[0], tuple):
+        lhs, op, rhs = results[0]
+        if isinstance(lhs, Variable) and lhs.value == "extra":
+            normalized_extra = canonicalize_name(rhs.value)
+            rhs = Value(normalized_extra)
+        elif isinstance(rhs, Variable) and rhs.value == "extra":
+            normalized_extra = canonicalize_name(lhs.value)
+            lhs = Value(normalized_extra)
+        results[0] = lhs, op, rhs
+    return results
+
+
+def _format_marker(
+    marker: Union[List[str], MarkerAtom, str], first: Optional[bool] = True
+) -> str:
+
+    assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, str))
+
+    # Sometimes we have a structure like [[...]] which is a single item list
+    # where the single item is itself it's own list. In that case we want skip
+    # the rest of this function so that we don't get extraneous () on the
+    # outside.
+    if (
+        isinstance(marker, list)
+        and len(marker) == 1
+        and isinstance(marker[0], (list, tuple))
+    ):
+        return _format_marker(marker[0])
+
+    if isinstance(marker, list):
+        inner = (_format_marker(m, first=False) for m in marker)
+        if first:
+            return " ".join(inner)
+        else:
+            return "(" + " ".join(inner) + ")"
+    elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+        return " ".join([m.serialize() for m in marker])
+    else:
+        return marker
+
+
+_operators: Dict[str, Operator] = {
+    "in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs in rhs,
+    "not in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs not in rhs,
+    "<": operator.lt,
+    "<=": operator.le,
+    "==": operator.eq,
+    "!=": operator.ne,
+    ">=": operator.ge,
+    ">": operator.gt,
+}
+
+
+def _eval_op(lhs: str, op: Op, rhs: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        spec = Specifier("".join([op.serialize(), rhs]))
+    except InvalidSpecifier:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return spec.contains(lhs, prereleases=True)
+
+    oper: Optional[Operator] = _operators.get(op.serialize())
+    if oper is None:
+        raise UndefinedComparison(f"Undefined {op!r} on {lhs!r} and {rhs!r}.")
+
+    return oper(lhs, rhs)
+
+
+def _normalize(*values: str, key: str) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+    # PEP 685 – Comparison of extra names for optional distribution dependencies
+    # https://peps.python.org/pep-0685/
+    # > When comparing extra names, tools MUST normalize the names being
+    # > compared using the semantics outlined in PEP 503 for names
+    if key == "extra":
+        return tuple(canonicalize_name(v) for v in values)
+
+    # other environment markers don't have such standards
+    return values
+
+
+def _evaluate_markers(markers: MarkerList, environment: Dict[str, str]) -> bool:
+    groups: List[List[bool]] = [[]]
+
+    for marker in markers:
+        assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, str))
+
+        if isinstance(marker, list):
+            groups[-1].append(_evaluate_markers(marker, environment))
+        elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+            lhs, op, rhs = marker
+
+            if isinstance(lhs, Variable):
+                environment_key = lhs.value
+                lhs_value = environment[environment_key]
+                rhs_value = rhs.value
+            else:
+                lhs_value = lhs.value
+                environment_key = rhs.value
+                rhs_value = environment[environment_key]
+
+            lhs_value, rhs_value = _normalize(lhs_value, rhs_value, key=environment_key)
+            groups[-1].append(_eval_op(lhs_value, op, rhs_value))
+        else:
+            assert marker in ["and", "or"]
+            if marker == "or":
+                groups.append([])
+
+    return any(all(item) for item in groups)
+
+
+def format_full_version(info: "sys._version_info") -> str:
+    version = "{0.major}.{0.minor}.{0.micro}".format(info)
+    kind = info.releaselevel
+    if kind != "final":
+        version += kind[0] + str(info.serial)
+    return version
+
+
+def default_environment() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    iver = format_full_version(sys.implementation.version)
+    implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    return {
+        "implementation_name": implementation_name,
+        "implementation_version": iver,
+        "os_name": os.name,
+        "platform_machine": platform.machine(),
+        "platform_release": platform.release(),
+        "platform_system": platform.system(),
+        "platform_version": platform.version(),
+        "python_full_version": platform.python_version(),
+        "platform_python_implementation": platform.python_implementation(),
+        "python_version": ".".join(platform.python_version_tuple()[:2]),
+        "sys_platform": sys.platform,
+    }
+
+
+class Marker:
+    def __init__(self, marker: str) -> None:
+        # Note: We create a Marker object without calling this constructor in
+        #       packaging.requirements.Requirement. If any additional logic is
+        #       added here, make sure to mirror/adapt Requirement.
+        try:
+            self._markers = _normalize_extra_values(_parse_marker(marker))
+            # The attribute `_markers` can be described in terms of a recursive type:
+            # MarkerList = List[Union[Tuple[Node, ...], str, MarkerList]]
+            #
+            # For example, the following expression:
+            # python_version > "3.6" or (python_version == "3.6" and os_name == "unix")
+            #
+            # is parsed into:
+            # [
+            #     (<Variable('python_version')>, <Op('>')>, <Value('3.6')>),
+            #     'and',
+            #     [
+            #         (<Variable('python_version')>, <Op('==')>, <Value('3.6')>),
+            #         'or',
+            #         (<Variable('os_name')>, <Op('==')>, <Value('unix')>)
+            #     ]
+            # ]
+        except ParserSyntaxError as e:
+            raise InvalidMarker(str(e)) from e
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return _format_marker(self._markers)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Marker('{self}')>"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.__class__.__name__, str(self)))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Marker):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return str(self) == str(other)
+
+    def evaluate(self, environment: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> bool:
+        """Evaluate a marker.
+
+        Return the boolean from evaluating the given marker against the
+        environment. environment is an optional argument to override all or
+        part of the determined environment.
+
+        The environment is determined from the current Python process.
+        """
+        current_environment = default_environment()
+        current_environment["extra"] = ""
+        if environment is not None:
+            current_environment.update(environment)
+            # The API used to allow setting extra to None. We need to handle this
+            # case for backwards compatibility.
+            if current_environment["extra"] is None:
+                current_environment["extra"] = ""
+
+        return _evaluate_markers(self._markers, current_environment)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/metadata.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb274930799da0f8ee17566b5b587b4047282c7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/metadata.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+import email.feedparser
+import email.header
+import email.message
+import email.parser
+import email.policy
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from . import requirements, specifiers, utils, version as version_module
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 8):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import Literal, TypedDict
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+    else:
+        try:
+            from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+        except ImportError:
+
+            class Literal:
+                def __init_subclass__(*_args, **_kwargs):
+                    pass
+
+            class TypedDict:
+                def __init_subclass__(*_args, **_kwargs):
+                    pass
+
+
+try:
+    ExceptionGroup
+except NameError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class ExceptionGroup(Exception):  # noqa: N818
+        """A minimal implementation of :external:exc:`ExceptionGroup` from Python 3.11.
+
+        If :external:exc:`ExceptionGroup` is already defined by Python itself,
+        that version is used instead.
+        """
+
+        message: str
+        exceptions: List[Exception]
+
+        def __init__(self, message: str, exceptions: List[Exception]) -> None:
+            self.message = message
+            self.exceptions = exceptions
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.message!r}, {self.exceptions!r})"
+
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    ExceptionGroup = ExceptionGroup
+
+
+class InvalidMetadata(ValueError):
+    """A metadata field contains invalid data."""
+
+    field: str
+    """The name of the field that contains invalid data."""
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, message: str) -> None:
+        self.field = field
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+# The RawMetadata class attempts to make as few assumptions about the underlying
+# serialization formats as possible. The idea is that as long as a serialization
+# formats offer some very basic primitives in *some* way then we can support
+# serializing to and from that format.
+class RawMetadata(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """A dictionary of raw core metadata.
+
+    Each field in core metadata maps to a key of this dictionary (when data is
+    provided). The key is lower-case and underscores are used instead of dashes
+    compared to the equivalent core metadata field. Any core metadata field that
+    can be specified multiple times or can hold multiple values in a single
+    field have a key with a plural name. See :class:`Metadata` whose attributes
+    match the keys of this dictionary.
+
+    Core metadata fields that can be specified multiple times are stored as a
+    list or dict depending on which is appropriate for the field. Any fields
+    which hold multiple values in a single field are stored as a list.
+
+    """
+
+    # Metadata 1.0 - PEP 241
+    metadata_version: str
+    name: str
+    version: str
+    platforms: List[str]
+    summary: str
+    description: str
+    keywords: List[str]
+    home_page: str
+    author: str
+    author_email: str
+    license: str
+
+    # Metadata 1.1 - PEP 314
+    supported_platforms: List[str]
+    download_url: str
+    classifiers: List[str]
+    requires: List[str]
+    provides: List[str]
+    obsoletes: List[str]
+
+    # Metadata 1.2 - PEP 345
+    maintainer: str
+    maintainer_email: str
+    requires_dist: List[str]
+    provides_dist: List[str]
+    obsoletes_dist: List[str]
+    requires_python: str
+    requires_external: List[str]
+    project_urls: Dict[str, str]
+
+    # Metadata 2.0
+    # PEP 426 attempted to completely revamp the metadata format
+    # but got stuck without ever being able to build consensus on
+    # it and ultimately ended up withdrawn.
+    #
+    # However, a number of tools had started emitting METADATA with
+    # `2.0` Metadata-Version, so for historical reasons, this version
+    # was skipped.
+
+    # Metadata 2.1 - PEP 566
+    description_content_type: str
+    provides_extra: List[str]
+
+    # Metadata 2.2 - PEP 643
+    dynamic: List[str]
+
+    # Metadata 2.3 - PEP 685
+    # No new fields were added in PEP 685, just some edge case were
+    # tightened up to provide better interoptability.
+
+
+_STRING_FIELDS = {
+    "author",
+    "author_email",
+    "description",
+    "description_content_type",
+    "download_url",
+    "home_page",
+    "license",
+    "maintainer",
+    "maintainer_email",
+    "metadata_version",
+    "name",
+    "requires_python",
+    "summary",
+    "version",
+}
+
+_LIST_FIELDS = {
+    "classifiers",
+    "dynamic",
+    "obsoletes",
+    "obsoletes_dist",
+    "platforms",
+    "provides",
+    "provides_dist",
+    "provides_extra",
+    "requires",
+    "requires_dist",
+    "requires_external",
+    "supported_platforms",
+}
+
+_DICT_FIELDS = {
+    "project_urls",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_keywords(data: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Split a string of comma-separate keyboards into a list of keywords."""
+    return [k.strip() for k in data.split(",")]
+
+
+def _parse_project_urls(data: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """Parse a list of label/URL string pairings separated by a comma."""
+    urls = {}
+    for pair in data:
+        # Our logic is slightly tricky here as we want to try and do
+        # *something* reasonable with malformed data.
+        #
+        # The main thing that we have to worry about, is data that does
+        # not have a ',' at all to split the label from the Value. There
+        # isn't a singular right answer here, and we will fail validation
+        # later on (if the caller is validating) so it doesn't *really*
+        # matter, but since the missing value has to be an empty str
+        # and our return value is dict[str, str], if we let the key
+        # be the missing value, then they'd have multiple '' values that
+        # overwrite each other in a accumulating dict.
+        #
+        # The other potentional issue is that it's possible to have the
+        # same label multiple times in the metadata, with no solid "right"
+        # answer with what to do in that case. As such, we'll do the only
+        # thing we can, which is treat the field as unparseable and add it
+        # to our list of unparsed fields.
+        parts = [p.strip() for p in pair.split(",", 1)]
+        parts.extend([""] * (max(0, 2 - len(parts))))  # Ensure 2 items
+
+        # TODO: The spec doesn't say anything about if the keys should be
+        #       considered case sensitive or not... logically they should
+        #       be case-preserving and case-insensitive, but doing that
+        #       would open up more cases where we might have duplicate
+        #       entries.
+        label, url = parts
+        if label in urls:
+            # The label already exists in our set of urls, so this field
+            # is unparseable, and we can just add the whole thing to our
+            # unparseable data and stop processing it.
+            raise KeyError("duplicate labels in project urls")
+        urls[label] = url
+
+    return urls
+
+
+def _get_payload(msg: email.message.Message, source: Union[bytes, str]) -> str:
+    """Get the body of the message."""
+    # If our source is a str, then our caller has managed encodings for us,
+    # and we don't need to deal with it.
+    if isinstance(source, str):
+        payload: str = msg.get_payload()
+        return payload
+    # If our source is a bytes, then we're managing the encoding and we need
+    # to deal with it.
+    else:
+        bpayload: bytes = msg.get_payload(decode=True)
+        try:
+            return bpayload.decode("utf8", "strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise ValueError("payload in an invalid encoding")
+
+
+# The various parse_FORMAT functions here are intended to be as lenient as
+# possible in their parsing, while still returning a correctly typed
+# RawMetadata.
+#
+# To aid in this, we also generally want to do as little touching of the
+# data as possible, except where there are possibly some historic holdovers
+# that make valid data awkward to work with.
+#
+# While this is a lower level, intermediate format than our ``Metadata``
+# class, some light touch ups can make a massive difference in usability.
+
+# Map METADATA fields to RawMetadata.
+_EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING = {
+    "author": "author",
+    "author-email": "author_email",
+    "classifier": "classifiers",
+    "description": "description",
+    "description-content-type": "description_content_type",
+    "download-url": "download_url",
+    "dynamic": "dynamic",
+    "home-page": "home_page",
+    "keywords": "keywords",
+    "license": "license",
+    "maintainer": "maintainer",
+    "maintainer-email": "maintainer_email",
+    "metadata-version": "metadata_version",
+    "name": "name",
+    "obsoletes": "obsoletes",
+    "obsoletes-dist": "obsoletes_dist",
+    "platform": "platforms",
+    "project-url": "project_urls",
+    "provides": "provides",
+    "provides-dist": "provides_dist",
+    "provides-extra": "provides_extra",
+    "requires": "requires",
+    "requires-dist": "requires_dist",
+    "requires-external": "requires_external",
+    "requires-python": "requires_python",
+    "summary": "summary",
+    "supported-platform": "supported_platforms",
+    "version": "version",
+}
+_RAW_TO_EMAIL_MAPPING = {raw: email for email, raw in _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING.items()}
+
+
+def parse_email(data: Union[bytes, str]) -> Tuple[RawMetadata, Dict[str, List[str]]]:
+    """Parse a distribution's metadata stored as email headers (e.g. from ``METADATA``).
+
+    This function returns a two-item tuple of dicts. The first dict is of
+    recognized fields from the core metadata specification. Fields that can be
+    parsed and translated into Python's built-in types are converted
+    appropriately. All other fields are left as-is. Fields that are allowed to
+    appear multiple times are stored as lists.
+
+    The second dict contains all other fields from the metadata. This includes
+    any unrecognized fields. It also includes any fields which are expected to
+    be parsed into a built-in type but were not formatted appropriately. Finally,
+    any fields that are expected to appear only once but are repeated are
+    included in this dict.
+
+    """
+    raw: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str], Dict[str, str]]] = {}
+    unparsed: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}
+
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        parsed = email.parser.Parser(policy=email.policy.compat32).parsestr(data)
+    else:
+        parsed = email.parser.BytesParser(policy=email.policy.compat32).parsebytes(data)
+
+    # We have to wrap parsed.keys() in a set, because in the case of multiple
+    # values for a key (a list), the key will appear multiple times in the
+    # list of keys, but we're avoiding that by using get_all().
+    for name in frozenset(parsed.keys()):
+        # Header names in RFC are case insensitive, so we'll normalize to all
+        # lower case to make comparisons easier.
+        name = name.lower()
+
+        # We use get_all() here, even for fields that aren't multiple use,
+        # because otherwise someone could have e.g. two Name fields, and we
+        # would just silently ignore it rather than doing something about it.
+        headers = parsed.get_all(name) or []
+
+        # The way the email module works when parsing bytes is that it
+        # unconditionally decodes the bytes as ascii using the surrogateescape
+        # handler. When you pull that data back out (such as with get_all() ),
+        # it looks to see if the str has any surrogate escapes, and if it does
+        # it wraps it in a Header object instead of returning the string.
+        #
+        # As such, we'll look for those Header objects, and fix up the encoding.
+        value = []
+        # Flag if we have run into any issues processing the headers, thus
+        # signalling that the data belongs in 'unparsed'.
+        valid_encoding = True
+        for h in headers:
+            # It's unclear if this can return more types than just a Header or
+            # a str, so we'll just assert here to make sure.
+            assert isinstance(h, (email.header.Header, str))
+
+            # If it's a header object, we need to do our little dance to get
+            # the real data out of it. In cases where there is invalid data
+            # we're going to end up with mojibake, but there's no obvious, good
+            # way around that without reimplementing parts of the Header object
+            # ourselves.
+            #
+            # That should be fine since, if mojibacked happens, this key is
+            # going into the unparsed dict anyways.
+            if isinstance(h, email.header.Header):
+                # The Header object stores it's data as chunks, and each chunk
+                # can be independently encoded, so we'll need to check each
+                # of them.
+                chunks: List[Tuple[bytes, Optional[str]]] = []
+                for bin, encoding in email.header.decode_header(h):
+                    try:
+                        bin.decode("utf8", "strict")
+                    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                        # Enable mojibake.
+                        encoding = "latin1"
+                        valid_encoding = False
+                    else:
+                        encoding = "utf8"
+                    chunks.append((bin, encoding))
+
+                # Turn our chunks back into a Header object, then let that
+                # Header object do the right thing to turn them into a
+                # string for us.
+                value.append(str(email.header.make_header(chunks)))
+            # This is already a string, so just add it.
+            else:
+                value.append(h)
+
+        # We've processed all of our values to get them into a list of str,
+        # but we may have mojibake data, in which case this is an unparsed
+        # field.
+        if not valid_encoding:
+            unparsed[name] = value
+            continue
+
+        raw_name = _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING.get(name)
+        if raw_name is None:
+            # This is a bit of a weird situation, we've encountered a key that
+            # we don't know what it means, so we don't know whether it's meant
+            # to be a list or not.
+            #
+            # Since we can't really tell one way or another, we'll just leave it
+            # as a list, even though it may be a single item list, because that's
+            # what makes the most sense for email headers.
+            unparsed[name] = value
+            continue
+
+        # If this is one of our string fields, then we'll check to see if our
+        # value is a list of a single item. If it is then we'll assume that
+        # it was emitted as a single string, and unwrap the str from inside
+        # the list.
+        #
+        # If it's any other kind of data, then we haven't the faintest clue
+        # what we should parse it as, and we have to just add it to our list
+        # of unparsed stuff.
+        if raw_name in _STRING_FIELDS and len(value) == 1:
+            raw[raw_name] = value[0]
+        # If this is one of our list of string fields, then we can just assign
+        # the value, since email *only* has strings, and our get_all() call
+        # above ensures that this is a list.
+        elif raw_name in _LIST_FIELDS:
+            raw[raw_name] = value
+        # Special Case: Keywords
+        # The keywords field is implemented in the metadata spec as a str,
+        # but it conceptually is a list of strings, and is serialized using
+        # ", ".join(keywords), so we'll do some light data massaging to turn
+        # this into what it logically is.
+        elif raw_name == "keywords" and len(value) == 1:
+            raw[raw_name] = _parse_keywords(value[0])
+        # Special Case: Project-URL
+        # The project urls is implemented in the metadata spec as a list of
+        # specially-formatted strings that represent a key and a value, which
+        # is fundamentally a mapping, however the email format doesn't support
+        # mappings in a sane way, so it was crammed into a list of strings
+        # instead.
+        #
+        # We will do a little light data massaging to turn this into a map as
+        # it logically should be.
+        elif raw_name == "project_urls":
+            try:
+                raw[raw_name] = _parse_project_urls(value)
+            except KeyError:
+                unparsed[name] = value
+        # Nothing that we've done has managed to parse this, so it'll just
+        # throw it in our unparseable data and move on.
+        else:
+            unparsed[name] = value
+
+    # We need to support getting the Description from the message payload in
+    # addition to getting it from the the headers. This does mean, though, there
+    # is the possibility of it being set both ways, in which case we put both
+    # in 'unparsed' since we don't know which is right.
+    try:
+        payload = _get_payload(parsed, data)
+    except ValueError:
+        unparsed.setdefault("description", []).append(
+            parsed.get_payload(decode=isinstance(data, bytes))
+        )
+    else:
+        if payload:
+            # Check to see if we've already got a description, if so then both
+            # it, and this body move to unparseable.
+            if "description" in raw:
+                description_header = cast(str, raw.pop("description"))
+                unparsed.setdefault("description", []).extend(
+                    [description_header, payload]
+                )
+            elif "description" in unparsed:
+                unparsed["description"].append(payload)
+            else:
+                raw["description"] = payload
+
+    # We need to cast our `raw` to a metadata, because a TypedDict only support
+    # literal key names, but we're computing our key names on purpose, but the
+    # way this function is implemented, our `TypedDict` can only have valid key
+    # names.
+    return cast(RawMetadata, raw), unparsed
+
+
+_NOT_FOUND = object()
+
+
+# Keep the two values in sync.
+_VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS = ["1.0", "1.1", "1.2", "2.1", "2.2", "2.3"]
+_MetadataVersion = Literal["1.0", "1.1", "1.2", "2.1", "2.2", "2.3"]
+
+_REQUIRED_ATTRS = frozenset(["metadata_version", "name", "version"])
+
+
+class _Validator(Generic[T]):
+    """Validate a metadata field.
+
+    All _process_*() methods correspond to a core metadata field. The method is
+    called with the field's raw value. If the raw value is valid it is returned
+    in its "enriched" form (e.g. ``version.Version`` for the ``Version`` field).
+    If the raw value is invalid, :exc:`InvalidMetadata` is raised (with a cause
+    as appropriate).
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    raw_name: str
+    added: _MetadataVersion
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        added: _MetadataVersion = "1.0",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.added = added
+
+    def __set_name__(self, _owner: "Metadata", name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.raw_name = _RAW_TO_EMAIL_MAPPING[name]
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: "Metadata", _owner: Type["Metadata"]) -> T:
+        # With Python 3.8, the caching can be replaced with functools.cached_property().
+        # No need to check the cache as attribute lookup will resolve into the
+        # instance's __dict__ before __get__ is called.
+        cache = instance.__dict__
+        value = instance._raw.get(self.name)
+
+        # To make the _process_* methods easier, we'll check if the value is None
+        # and if this field is NOT a required attribute, and if both of those
+        # things are true, we'll skip the the converter. This will mean that the
+        # converters never have to deal with the None union.
+        if self.name in _REQUIRED_ATTRS or value is not None:
+            try:
+                converter: Callable[[Any], T] = getattr(self, f"_process_{self.name}")
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                value = converter(value)
+
+        cache[self.name] = value
+        try:
+            del instance._raw[self.name]  # type: ignore[misc]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        return cast(T, value)
+
+    def _invalid_metadata(
+        self, msg: str, cause: Optional[Exception] = None
+    ) -> InvalidMetadata:
+        exc = InvalidMetadata(
+            self.raw_name, msg.format_map({"field": repr(self.raw_name)})
+        )
+        exc.__cause__ = cause
+        return exc
+
+    def _process_metadata_version(self, value: str) -> _MetadataVersion:
+        # Implicitly makes Metadata-Version required.
+        if value not in _VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(f"{value!r} is not a valid metadata version")
+        return cast(_MetadataVersion, value)
+
+    def _process_name(self, value: str) -> str:
+        if not value:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata("{field} is a required field")
+        # Validate the name as a side-effect.
+        try:
+            utils.canonicalize_name(value, validate=True)
+        except utils.InvalidName as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            )
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def _process_version(self, value: str) -> version_module.Version:
+        if not value:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata("{field} is a required field")
+        try:
+            return version_module.parse(value)
+        except version_module.InvalidVersion as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            )
+
+    def _process_summary(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Check the field contains no newlines."""
+        if "\n" in value:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata("{field} must be a single line")
+        return value
+
+    def _process_description_content_type(self, value: str) -> str:
+        content_types = {"text/plain", "text/x-rst", "text/markdown"}
+        message = email.message.EmailMessage()
+        message["content-type"] = value
+
+        content_type, parameters = (
+            # Defaults to `text/plain` if parsing failed.
+            message.get_content_type().lower(),
+            message["content-type"].params,
+        )
+        # Check if content-type is valid or defaulted to `text/plain` and thus was
+        # not parseable.
+        if content_type not in content_types or content_type not in value.lower():
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{{field}} must be one of {list(content_types)}, not {value!r}"
+            )
+
+        charset = parameters.get("charset", "UTF-8")
+        if charset != "UTF-8":
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{{field}} can only specify the UTF-8 charset, not {list(charset)}"
+            )
+
+        markdown_variants = {"GFM", "CommonMark"}
+        variant = parameters.get("variant", "GFM")  # Use an acceptable default.
+        if content_type == "text/markdown" and variant not in markdown_variants:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"valid Markdown variants for {{field}} are {list(markdown_variants)}, "
+                f"not {variant!r}",
+            )
+        return value
+
+    def _process_dynamic(self, value: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+        for dynamic_field in map(str.lower, value):
+            if dynamic_field in {"name", "version", "metadata-version"}:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{value!r} is not allowed as a dynamic field"
+                )
+            elif dynamic_field not in _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(f"{value!r} is not a valid dynamic field")
+        return list(map(str.lower, value))
+
+    def _process_provides_extra(
+        self,
+        value: List[str],
+    ) -> List[utils.NormalizedName]:
+        normalized_names = []
+        try:
+            for name in value:
+                normalized_names.append(utils.canonicalize_name(name, validate=True))
+        except utils.InvalidName as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{name!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            )
+        else:
+            return normalized_names
+
+    def _process_requires_python(self, value: str) -> specifiers.SpecifierSet:
+        try:
+            return specifiers.SpecifierSet(value)
+        except specifiers.InvalidSpecifier as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            )
+
+    def _process_requires_dist(
+        self,
+        value: List[str],
+    ) -> List[requirements.Requirement]:
+        reqs = []
+        try:
+            for req in value:
+                reqs.append(requirements.Requirement(req))
+        except requirements.InvalidRequirement as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(f"{req!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc)
+        else:
+            return reqs
+
+
+class Metadata:
+    """Representation of distribution metadata.
+
+    Compared to :class:`RawMetadata`, this class provides objects representing
+    metadata fields instead of only using built-in types. Any invalid metadata
+    will cause :exc:`InvalidMetadata` to be raised (with a
+    :py:attr:`~BaseException.__cause__` attribute as appropriate).
+    """
+
+    _raw: RawMetadata
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_raw(cls, data: RawMetadata, *, validate: bool = True) -> "Metadata":
+        """Create an instance from :class:`RawMetadata`.
+
+        If *validate* is true, all metadata will be validated. All exceptions
+        related to validation will be gathered and raised as an :class:`ExceptionGroup`.
+        """
+        ins = cls()
+        ins._raw = data.copy()  # Mutations occur due to caching enriched values.
+
+        if validate:
+            exceptions: List[Exception] = []
+            try:
+                metadata_version = ins.metadata_version
+                metadata_age = _VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS.index(metadata_version)
+            except InvalidMetadata as metadata_version_exc:
+                exceptions.append(metadata_version_exc)
+                metadata_version = None
+
+            # Make sure to check for the fields that are present, the required
+            # fields (so their absence can be reported).
+            fields_to_check = frozenset(ins._raw) | _REQUIRED_ATTRS
+            # Remove fields that have already been checked.
+            fields_to_check -= {"metadata_version"}
+
+            for key in fields_to_check:
+                try:
+                    if metadata_version:
+                        # Can't use getattr() as that triggers descriptor protocol which
+                        # will fail due to no value for the instance argument.
+                        try:
+                            field_metadata_version = cls.__dict__[key].added
+                        except KeyError:
+                            exc = InvalidMetadata(key, f"unrecognized field: {key!r}")
+                            exceptions.append(exc)
+                            continue
+                        field_age = _VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS.index(
+                            field_metadata_version
+                        )
+                        if field_age > metadata_age:
+                            field = _RAW_TO_EMAIL_MAPPING[key]
+                            exc = InvalidMetadata(
+                                field,
+                                "{field} introduced in metadata version "
+                                "{field_metadata_version}, not {metadata_version}",
+                            )
+                            exceptions.append(exc)
+                            continue
+                    getattr(ins, key)
+                except InvalidMetadata as exc:
+                    exceptions.append(exc)
+
+            if exceptions:
+                raise ExceptionGroup("invalid metadata", exceptions)
+
+        return ins
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_email(
+        cls, data: Union[bytes, str], *, validate: bool = True
+    ) -> "Metadata":
+        """Parse metadata from email headers.
+
+        If *validate* is true, the metadata will be validated. All exceptions
+        related to validation will be gathered and raised as an :class:`ExceptionGroup`.
+        """
+        raw, unparsed = parse_email(data)
+
+        if validate:
+            exceptions: list[Exception] = []
+            for unparsed_key in unparsed:
+                if unparsed_key in _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING:
+                    message = f"{unparsed_key!r} has invalid data"
+                else:
+                    message = f"unrecognized field: {unparsed_key!r}"
+                exceptions.append(InvalidMetadata(unparsed_key, message))
+
+            if exceptions:
+                raise ExceptionGroup("unparsed", exceptions)
+
+        try:
+            return cls.from_raw(raw, validate=validate)
+        except ExceptionGroup as exc_group:
+            raise ExceptionGroup(
+                "invalid or unparsed metadata", exc_group.exceptions
+            ) from None
+
+    metadata_version: _Validator[_MetadataVersion] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-metadata-version`
+    (required; validated to be a valid metadata version)"""
+    name: _Validator[str] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-name`
+    (required; validated using :func:`~packaging.utils.canonicalize_name` and its
+    *validate* parameter)"""
+    version: _Validator[version_module.Version] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-version` (required)"""
+    dynamic: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(
+        added="2.2",
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-dynamic`
+    (validated against core metadata field names and lowercased)"""
+    platforms: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-platform`"""
+    supported_platforms: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-supported-platform`"""
+    summary: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-summary` (validated to contain no newlines)"""
+    description: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator()  # TODO 2.1: can be in body
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-description`"""
+    description_content_type: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator(added="2.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-description-content-type` (validated)"""
+    keywords: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-keywords`"""
+    home_page: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-home-page`"""
+    download_url: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-download-url`"""
+    author: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-author`"""
+    author_email: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-author-email`"""
+    maintainer: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-maintainer`"""
+    maintainer_email: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-maintainer-email`"""
+    license: _Validator[Optional[str]] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-license`"""
+    classifiers: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-classifier`"""
+    requires_dist: _Validator[Optional[List[requirements.Requirement]]] = _Validator(
+        added="1.2"
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-requires-dist`"""
+    requires_python: _Validator[Optional[specifiers.SpecifierSet]] = _Validator(
+        added="1.2"
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-requires-python`"""
+    # Because `Requires-External` allows for non-PEP 440 version specifiers, we
+    # don't do any processing on the values.
+    requires_external: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-requires-external`"""
+    project_urls: _Validator[Optional[Dict[str, str]]] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-project-url`"""
+    # PEP 685 lets us raise an error if an extra doesn't pass `Name` validation
+    # regardless of metadata version.
+    provides_extra: _Validator[Optional[List[utils.NormalizedName]]] = _Validator(
+        added="2.1",
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-provides-extra`"""
+    provides_dist: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-provides-dist`"""
+    obsoletes_dist: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-obsoletes-dist`"""
+    requires: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """``Requires`` (deprecated)"""
+    provides: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """``Provides`` (deprecated)"""
+    obsoletes: _Validator[Optional[List[str]]] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """``Obsoletes`` (deprecated)"""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/py.typed b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/requirements.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdc43a7e98d87dba0c2069bfb4554f71d228cad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/requirements.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+from typing import Any, Iterator, Optional, Set
+
+from ._parser import parse_requirement as _parse_requirement
+from ._tokenizer import ParserSyntaxError
+from .markers import Marker, _normalize_extra_values
+from .specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from .utils import canonicalize_name
+
+
+class InvalidRequirement(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid requirement was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    """Parse a requirement.
+
+    Parse a given requirement string into its parts, such as name, specifier,
+    URL, and extras. Raises InvalidRequirement on a badly-formed requirement
+    string.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: Can we test whether something is contained within a requirement?
+    #       If so how do we do that? Do we need to test against the _name_ of
+    #       the thing as well as the version? What about the markers?
+    # TODO: Can we normalize the name and extra name?
+
+    def __init__(self, requirement_string: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            parsed = _parse_requirement(requirement_string)
+        except ParserSyntaxError as e:
+            raise InvalidRequirement(str(e)) from e
+
+        self.name: str = parsed.name
+        self.url: Optional[str] = parsed.url or None
+        self.extras: Set[str] = set(parsed.extras or [])
+        self.specifier: SpecifierSet = SpecifierSet(parsed.specifier)
+        self.marker: Optional[Marker] = None
+        if parsed.marker is not None:
+            self.marker = Marker.__new__(Marker)
+            self.marker._markers = _normalize_extra_values(parsed.marker)
+
+    def _iter_parts(self, name: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+        yield name
+
+        if self.extras:
+            formatted_extras = ",".join(sorted(self.extras))
+            yield f"[{formatted_extras}]"
+
+        if self.specifier:
+            yield str(self.specifier)
+
+        if self.url:
+            yield f"@ {self.url}"
+            if self.marker:
+                yield " "
+
+        if self.marker:
+            yield f"; {self.marker}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "".join(self._iter_parts(self.name))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Requirement('{self}')>"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(
+            (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                *self._iter_parts(canonicalize_name(self.name)),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Requirement):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (
+            canonicalize_name(self.name) == canonicalize_name(other.name)
+            and self.extras == other.extras
+            and self.specifier == other.specifier
+            and self.url == other.url
+            and self.marker == other.marker
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d015bab5958fd9767cf5c9e449f2fa33292c962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1017 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+"""
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from packaging.specifiers import Specifier, SpecifierSet, InvalidSpecifier
+    from packaging.version import Version
+"""
+
+import abc
+import itertools
+import re
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, Union
+
+from .utils import canonicalize_version
+from .version import Version
+
+UnparsedVersion = Union[Version, str]
+UnparsedVersionVar = TypeVar("UnparsedVersionVar", bound=UnparsedVersion)
+CallableOperator = Callable[[Version, str], bool]
+
+
+def _coerce_version(version: UnparsedVersion) -> Version:
+    if not isinstance(version, Version):
+        version = Version(version)
+    return version
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    Raised when attempting to create a :class:`Specifier` with a specifier
+    string that is invalid.
+
+    >>> Specifier("lolwat")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    packaging.specifiers.InvalidSpecifier: Invalid specifier: 'lolwat'
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier-like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier-like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier-like
+        objects are equal.
+
+        :param other: The other object to check against.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+        """Whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed.
+
+        This can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` to explicitly enable or disable
+        prereleases or it can be set to ``None`` (the default) to use default semantics.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        """Setter for :attr:`prereleases`.
+
+        :param value: The value to set.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item: str, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class Specifier(BaseSpecifier):
+    """This class abstracts handling of version specifiers.
+
+    .. tip::
+
+        It is generally not required to instantiate this manually. You should instead
+        prefer to work with :class:`SpecifierSet` instead, which can parse
+        comma-separated version specifiers (which is what package metadata contains).
+    """
+
+    _operator_regex_str = r"""
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        """
+    _version_regex_str = r"""
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s;)]*  # The arbitrary version can be just about anything,
+                          # we match everything except for whitespace, a
+                          # semi-colon for marker support, and a closing paren
+                          # since versions can be enclosed in them.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a pre-release, post-release, a dev or
+                # local version together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                    |
+                    (?:                                  # pre release
+                        [-_\.]?
+                        (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
+                        [-_\.]?
+                        [0-9]*
+                    )?
+                    (?:                                  # post release
+                        (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                    )?
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        """
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + _operator_regex_str + _version_regex_str + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, spec: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Specifier instance.
+
+        :param spec:
+            The string representation of a specifier which will be parsed and
+            normalized before use.
+        :param prereleases:
+            This tells the specifier if it should accept prerelease versions if
+            applicable or not. The default of ``None`` will autodetect it from the
+            given specifiers.
+        :raises InvalidSpecifier:
+            If the given specifier is invalid (i.e. bad syntax).
+        """
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier(f"Invalid specifier: '{spec}'")
+
+        self._spec: Tuple[str, str] = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/13475#pullrequestreview-1079784515
+    @property  # type: ignore[override]
+    def prereleases(self) -> bool:
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if Version(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self) -> str:
+        """The operator of this specifier.
+
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3").operator
+        '=='
+        """
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> str:
+        """The version of this specifier.
+
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3").version
+        '1.2.3'
+        """
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A representation of the Specifier that shows all internal state.
+
+        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0')
+        <Specifier('>=1.0.0')>
+        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)
+        <Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)>
+        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)
+        <Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)>
+        """
+        pre = (
+            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self)!r}{pre})>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of the Specifier that can be round-tripped.
+
+        >>> str(Specifier('>=1.0.0'))
+        '>=1.0.0'
+        >>> str(Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False))
+        '>=1.0.0'
+        """
+        return "{}{}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    @property
+    def _canonical_spec(self) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+        canonical_version = canonicalize_version(
+            self._spec[1],
+            strip_trailing_zero=(self._spec[0] != "~="),
+        )
+        return self._spec[0], canonical_version
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._canonical_spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """Whether or not the two Specifier-like objects are equal.
+
+        :param other: The other object to check against.
+
+        The value of :attr:`prereleases` is ignored.
+
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("== 1.2.3.0")
+        True
+        >>> (Specifier("==1.2.3", prereleases=False) ==
+        ...  Specifier("==1.2.3", prereleases=True))
+        True
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == "==1.2.3"
+        True
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("==1.2.4")
+        False
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("~=1.2.3")
+        False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(str(other))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._canonical_spec == other._canonical_spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op: str) -> CallableOperator:
+        operator_callable: CallableOperator = getattr(
+            self, f"_compare_{self._operators[op]}"
+        )
+        return operator_callable
+
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore suffix segments.
+        prefix = _version_join(
+            list(itertools.takewhile(_is_not_suffix, _version_split(spec)))[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) and self._get_operator("==")(
+            prospective, prefix
+        )
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # In the case of prefix matching we want to ignore local segment.
+            normalized_prospective = canonicalize_version(
+                prospective.public, strip_trailing_zero=False
+            )
+            # Get the normalized version string ignoring the trailing .*
+            normalized_spec = canonicalize_version(spec[:-2], strip_trailing_zero=False)
+            # Split the spec out by bangs and dots, and pretend that there is
+            # an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            split_spec = _version_split(normalized_spec)
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by bangs and dots, and pretend
+            # that there is an implicit dot in between a release segment and
+            # a pre-release segment.
+            split_prospective = _version_split(normalized_prospective)
+
+            # 0-pad the prospective version before shortening it to get the correct
+            # shortened version.
+            padded_prospective, _ = _pad_version(split_prospective, split_spec)
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            shortened_prospective = padded_prospective[: len(split_spec)]
+
+            return shortened_prospective == split_spec
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec_version = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec_version.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+            return prospective == spec_version
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
+        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
+        # the prospective version.
+        return Version(prospective.public) <= Version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
+        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
+        # the prospective version.
+        return Version(prospective.public) >= Version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective: Version, spec_str: str) -> bool:
+
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec_str)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective: Version, spec_str: str) -> bool:
+
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec_str)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is technically greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Union[str, Version]) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.
+
+        :param item: The item to check for.
+
+        This is used for the ``in`` operator and behaves the same as
+        :meth:`contains` with no ``prereleases`` argument passed.
+
+        >>> "1.2.3" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3") in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> "1.0.0" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(
+        self, item: UnparsedVersion, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.
+
+        :param item:
+            The item to check for, which can be a version string or a
+            :class:`Version` instance.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to match prereleases with this Specifier. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it uses :attr:`prereleases` to determine
+            whether or not prereleases are allowed.
+
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains(Version("1.2.3"))
+        True
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.0.0")
+        False
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.3.0a1")
+        False
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).contains("1.3.0a1")
+        True
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.3.0a1", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version, this allows us to have a shortcut for
+        # "2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        normalized_item = _coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if normalized_item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        operator_callable: CallableOperator = self._get_operator(self.operator)
+        return operator_callable(normalized_item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
+        """Filter items in the given iterable, that match the specifier.
+
+        :param iterable:
+            An iterable that can contain version strings and :class:`Version` instances.
+            The items in the iterable will be filtered according to the specifier.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to allow prereleases in the returned iterator. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it will be intelligently decide whether to allow
+            prereleases or not (based on the :attr:`prereleases` attribute, and
+            whether the only versions matching are prereleases).
+
+        This method is smarter than just ``filter(Specifier().contains, [...])``
+        because it implements the rule from :pep:`440` that a prerelease item
+        SHOULD be accepted if no other versions match the given specifier.
+
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3']
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.2.3", "1.3", Version("1.4")]))
+        ['1.2.3', '1.3', <Version('1.4')>]
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.5a1']
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        """
+
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = _coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later in case nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not (
+                    prereleases or self.prereleases
+                ):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the beginning.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Split version into components.
+
+    The split components are intended for version comparison. The logic does
+    not attempt to retain the original version string, so joining the
+    components back with :func:`_version_join` may not produce the original
+    version string.
+    """
+    result: List[str] = []
+
+    epoch, _, rest = version.rpartition("!")
+    result.append(epoch or "0")
+
+    for item in rest.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _version_join(components: List[str]) -> str:
+    """Join split version components into a version string.
+
+    This function assumes the input came from :func:`_version_split`, where the
+    first component must be the epoch (either empty or numeric), and all other
+    components numeric.
+    """
+    epoch, *rest = components
+    return f"{epoch}!{'.'.join(rest)}"
+
+
+def _is_not_suffix(segment: str) -> bool:
+    return not any(
+        segment.startswith(prefix) for prefix in ("dev", "a", "b", "rc", "post")
+    )
+
+
+def _pad_version(left: List[str], right: List[str]) -> Tuple[List[str], List[str]]:
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split[0]) :])
+    right_split.append(right[len(right_split[0]) :])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])))
+    right_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])))
+
+    return (
+        list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(left_split)),
+        list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(right_split)),
+    )
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+    """This class abstracts handling of a set of version specifiers.
+
+    It can be passed a single specifier (``>=3.0``), a comma-separated list of
+    specifiers (``>=3.0,!=3.1``), or no specifier at all.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, specifiers: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a SpecifierSet instance.
+
+        :param specifiers:
+            The string representation of a specifier or a comma-separated list of
+            specifiers which will be parsed and normalized before use.
+        :param prereleases:
+            This tells the SpecifierSet if it should accept prerelease versions if
+            applicable or not. The default of ``None`` will autodetect it from the
+            given specifiers.
+
+        :raises InvalidSpecifier:
+            If the given ``specifiers`` are not parseable than this exception will be
+            raised.
+        """
+
+        # Split on `,` to break each individual specifier into it's own item, and
+        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+        split_specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+        # Make each individual specifier a Specifier and save in a frozen set for later.
+        self._specs = frozenset(map(Specifier, split_specifiers))
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A representation of the specifier set that shows all internal state.
+
+        Note that the ordering of the individual specifiers within the set may not
+        match the input string.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0')
+        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
+        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0', prereleases=False)
+        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)>
+        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0', prereleases=True)
+        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)>
+        """
+        pre = (
+            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return f"<SpecifierSet({str(self)!r}{pre})>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of the specifier set that can be round-tripped.
+
+        Note that the ordering of the individual specifiers within the set may not
+        match the input string.
+
+        >>> str(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"))
+        '!=1.0.1,>=1.0.0'
+        >>> str(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=False))
+        '!=1.0.1,>=1.0.0'
+        """
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: Union["SpecifierSet", str]) -> "SpecifierSet":
+        """Return a SpecifierSet which is a combination of the two sets.
+
+        :param other: The other object to combine with.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") & '<=2.0.0,!=2.0.1'
+        <SpecifierSet('!=1.0.1,!=2.0.1,<=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") & SpecifierSet('<=2.0.0,!=2.0.1')
+        <SpecifierSet('!=1.0.1,!=2.0.1,<=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """Whether or not the two SpecifierSet-like objects are equal.
+
+        :param other: The other object to check against.
+
+        The value of :attr:`prereleases` is ignored.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        True
+        >>> (SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=False) ==
+        ...  SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True))
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == ">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0")
+        False
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.2")
+        False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, (str, Specifier)):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Returns the number of specifiers in this specifier set."""
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Specifier]:
+        """
+        Returns an iterator over all the underlying :class:`Specifier` instances
+        in this specifier set.
+
+        >>> sorted(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"), key=str)
+        [<Specifier('!=1.0.1')>, <Specifier('>=1.0.0')>]
+        """
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: UnparsedVersion) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.
+
+        :param item: The item to check for.
+
+        This is used for the ``in`` operator and behaves the same as
+        :meth:`contains` with no ``prereleases`` argument passed.
+
+        >>> "1.2.3" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3") in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        True
+        >>> "1.0.1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(
+        self,
+        item: UnparsedVersion,
+        prereleases: Optional[bool] = None,
+        installed: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this SpecifierSet.
+
+        :param item:
+            The item to check for, which can be a version string or a
+            :class:`Version` instance.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to match prereleases with this SpecifierSet. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it uses :attr:`prereleases` to determine
+            whether or not prereleases are allowed.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains(Version("1.2.3"))
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.0.1")
+        False
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.3.0a1")
+        False
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True).contains("1.3.0a1")
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.3.0a1", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, Version):
+            item = Version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        if installed and item.is_prerelease:
+            item = Version(item.base_version)
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases) for s in self._specs)
+
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
+        """Filter items in the given iterable, that match the specifiers in this set.
+
+        :param iterable:
+            An iterable that can contain version strings and :class:`Version` instances.
+            The items in the iterable will be filtered according to the specifier.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to allow prereleases in the returned iterator. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it will be intelligently decide whether to allow
+            prereleases or not (based on the :attr:`prereleases` attribute, and
+            whether the only versions matching are prereleases).
+
+        This method is smarter than just ``filter(SpecifierSet(...).contains, [...])``
+        because it implements the rule from :pep:`440` that a prerelease item
+        SHOULD be accepted if no other versions match the given specifier.
+
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", Version("1.4")]))
+        ['1.3', <Version('1.4')>]
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.5a1"]))
+        []
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+
+        An "empty" SpecifierSet will filter items based on the presence of prerelease
+        versions in the set.
+
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.5a1']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        """
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iter(iterable)
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases.
+        else:
+            filtered: List[UnparsedVersionVar] = []
+            found_prereleases: List[UnparsedVersionVar] = []
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                parsed_version = _coerce_version(item)
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return iter(found_prereleases)
+
+            return iter(filtered)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/tags.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89f1926137dd2d2a6bd63616bf5b9f722fc8d584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/tags.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import logging
+import platform
+import re
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from importlib.machinery import EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    FrozenSet,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from . import _manylinux, _musllinux
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+PythonVersion = Sequence[int]
+MacVersion = Tuple[int, int]
+
+INTERPRETER_SHORT_NAMES: Dict[str, str] = {
+    "python": "py",  # Generic.
+    "cpython": "cp",
+    "pypy": "pp",
+    "ironpython": "ip",
+    "jython": "jy",
+}
+
+
+_32_BIT_INTERPRETER = struct.calcsize("P") == 4
+
+
+class Tag:
+    """
+    A representation of the tag triple for a wheel.
+
+    Instances are considered immutable and thus are hashable. Equality checking
+    is also supported.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["_interpreter", "_abi", "_platform", "_hash"]
+
+    def __init__(self, interpreter: str, abi: str, platform: str) -> None:
+        self._interpreter = interpreter.lower()
+        self._abi = abi.lower()
+        self._platform = platform.lower()
+        # The __hash__ of every single element in a Set[Tag] will be evaluated each time
+        # that a set calls its `.disjoint()` method, which may be called hundreds of
+        # times when scanning a page of links for packages with tags matching that
+        # Set[Tag]. Pre-computing the value here produces significant speedups for
+        # downstream consumers.
+        self._hash = hash((self._interpreter, self._abi, self._platform))
+
+    @property
+    def interpreter(self) -> str:
+        return self._interpreter
+
+    @property
+    def abi(self) -> str:
+        return self._abi
+
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        return self._platform
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Tag):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (
+            (self._hash == other._hash)  # Short-circuit ASAP for perf reasons.
+            and (self._platform == other._platform)
+            and (self._abi == other._abi)
+            and (self._interpreter == other._interpreter)
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self._interpreter}-{self._abi}-{self._platform}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self} @ {id(self)}>"
+
+
+def parse_tag(tag: str) -> FrozenSet[Tag]:
+    """
+    Parses the provided tag (e.g. `py3-none-any`) into a frozenset of Tag instances.
+
+    Returning a set is required due to the possibility that the tag is a
+    compressed tag set.
+    """
+    tags = set()
+    interpreters, abis, platforms = tag.split("-")
+    for interpreter in interpreters.split("."):
+        for abi in abis.split("."):
+            for platform_ in platforms.split("."):
+                tags.add(Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_))
+    return frozenset(tags)
+
+
+def _get_config_var(name: str, warn: bool = False) -> Union[int, str, None]:
+    value: Union[int, str, None] = sysconfig.get_config_var(name)
+    if value is None and warn:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Config variable '%s' is unset, Python ABI tag may be incorrect", name
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _normalize_string(string: str) -> str:
+    return string.replace(".", "_").replace("-", "_").replace(" ", "_")
+
+
+def _is_threaded_cpython(abis: List[str]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if the ABI corresponds to a threaded (`--disable-gil`) build.
+
+    The threaded builds are indicated by a "t" in the abiflags.
+    """
+    if len(abis) == 0:
+        return False
+    # expect e.g., cp313
+    m = re.match(r"cp\d+(.*)", abis[0])
+    if not m:
+        return False
+    abiflags = m.group(1)
+    return "t" in abiflags
+
+
+def _abi3_applies(python_version: PythonVersion, threading: bool) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if the Python version supports abi3.
+
+    PEP 384 was first implemented in Python 3.2. The threaded (`--disable-gil`)
+    builds do not support abi3.
+    """
+    return len(python_version) > 1 and tuple(python_version) >= (3, 2) and not threading
+
+
+def _cpython_abis(py_version: PythonVersion, warn: bool = False) -> List[str]:
+    py_version = tuple(py_version)  # To allow for version comparison.
+    abis = []
+    version = _version_nodot(py_version[:2])
+    threading = debug = pymalloc = ucs4 = ""
+    with_debug = _get_config_var("Py_DEBUG", warn)
+    has_refcount = hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount")
+    # Windows doesn't set Py_DEBUG, so checking for support of debug-compiled
+    # extension modules is the best option.
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3383#issuecomment-173267692
+    has_ext = "_d.pyd" in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+    if with_debug or (with_debug is None and (has_refcount or has_ext)):
+        debug = "d"
+    if py_version >= (3, 13) and _get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED", warn):
+        threading = "t"
+    if py_version < (3, 8):
+        with_pymalloc = _get_config_var("WITH_PYMALLOC", warn)
+        if with_pymalloc or with_pymalloc is None:
+            pymalloc = "m"
+        if py_version < (3, 3):
+            unicode_size = _get_config_var("Py_UNICODE_SIZE", warn)
+            if unicode_size == 4 or (
+                unicode_size is None and sys.maxunicode == 0x10FFFF
+            ):
+                ucs4 = "u"
+    elif debug:
+        # Debug builds can also load "normal" extension modules.
+        # We can also assume no UCS-4 or pymalloc requirement.
+        abis.append(f"cp{version}{threading}")
+    abis.insert(0, f"cp{version}{threading}{debug}{pymalloc}{ucs4}")
+    return abis
+
+
+def cpython_tags(
+    python_version: Optional[PythonVersion] = None,
+    abis: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    *,
+    warn: bool = False,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the tags for a CPython interpreter.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - cp<python_version>-<abi>-<platform>
+    - cp<python_version>-abi3-<platform>
+    - cp<python_version>-none-<platform>
+    - cp<less than python_version>-abi3-<platform>  # Older Python versions down to 3.2.
+
+    If python_version only specifies a major version then user-provided ABIs and
+    the 'none' ABItag will be used.
+
+    If 'abi3' or 'none' are specified in 'abis' then they will be yielded at
+    their normal position and not at the beginning.
+    """
+    if not python_version:
+        python_version = sys.version_info[:2]
+
+    interpreter = f"cp{_version_nodot(python_version[:2])}"
+
+    if abis is None:
+        if len(python_version) > 1:
+            abis = _cpython_abis(python_version, warn)
+        else:
+            abis = []
+    abis = list(abis)
+    # 'abi3' and 'none' are explicitly handled later.
+    for explicit_abi in ("abi3", "none"):
+        try:
+            abis.remove(explicit_abi)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    for abi in abis:
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_)
+
+    threading = _is_threaded_cpython(abis)
+    use_abi3 = _abi3_applies(python_version, threading)
+    if use_abi3:
+        yield from (Tag(interpreter, "abi3", platform_) for platform_ in platforms)
+    yield from (Tag(interpreter, "none", platform_) for platform_ in platforms)
+
+    if use_abi3:
+        for minor_version in range(python_version[1] - 1, 1, -1):
+            for platform_ in platforms:
+                interpreter = "cp{version}".format(
+                    version=_version_nodot((python_version[0], minor_version))
+                )
+                yield Tag(interpreter, "abi3", platform_)
+
+
+def _generic_abi() -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Return the ABI tag based on EXT_SUFFIX.
+    """
+    # The following are examples of `EXT_SUFFIX`.
+    # We want to keep the parts which are related to the ABI and remove the
+    # parts which are related to the platform:
+    # - linux:   '.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-gnu.so' => cp310
+    # - mac:     '.cpython-310-darwin.so'           => cp310
+    # - win:     '.cp310-win_amd64.pyd'             => cp310
+    # - win:     '.pyd'                             => cp37 (uses _cpython_abis())
+    # - pypy:    '.pypy38-pp73-x86_64-linux-gnu.so' => pypy38_pp73
+    # - graalpy: '.graalpy-38-native-x86_64-darwin.dylib'
+    #                                               => graalpy_38_native
+
+    ext_suffix = _get_config_var("EXT_SUFFIX", warn=True)
+    if not isinstance(ext_suffix, str) or ext_suffix[0] != ".":
+        raise SystemError("invalid sysconfig.get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')")
+    parts = ext_suffix.split(".")
+    if len(parts) < 3:
+        # CPython3.7 and earlier uses ".pyd" on Windows.
+        return _cpython_abis(sys.version_info[:2])
+    soabi = parts[1]
+    if soabi.startswith("cpython"):
+        # non-windows
+        abi = "cp" + soabi.split("-")[1]
+    elif soabi.startswith("cp"):
+        # windows
+        abi = soabi.split("-")[0]
+    elif soabi.startswith("pypy"):
+        abi = "-".join(soabi.split("-")[:2])
+    elif soabi.startswith("graalpy"):
+        abi = "-".join(soabi.split("-")[:3])
+    elif soabi:
+        # pyston, ironpython, others?
+        abi = soabi
+    else:
+        return []
+    return [_normalize_string(abi)]
+
+
+def generic_tags(
+    interpreter: Optional[str] = None,
+    abis: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    *,
+    warn: bool = False,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the tags for a generic interpreter.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - <interpreter>-<abi>-<platform>
+
+    The "none" ABI will be added if it was not explicitly provided.
+    """
+    if not interpreter:
+        interp_name = interpreter_name()
+        interp_version = interpreter_version(warn=warn)
+        interpreter = "".join([interp_name, interp_version])
+    if abis is None:
+        abis = _generic_abi()
+    else:
+        abis = list(abis)
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    if "none" not in abis:
+        abis.append("none")
+    for abi in abis:
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_)
+
+
+def _py_interpreter_range(py_version: PythonVersion) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields Python versions in descending order.
+
+    After the latest version, the major-only version will be yielded, and then
+    all previous versions of that major version.
+    """
+    if len(py_version) > 1:
+        yield f"py{_version_nodot(py_version[:2])}"
+    yield f"py{py_version[0]}"
+    if len(py_version) > 1:
+        for minor in range(py_version[1] - 1, -1, -1):
+            yield f"py{_version_nodot((py_version[0], minor))}"
+
+
+def compatible_tags(
+    python_version: Optional[PythonVersion] = None,
+    interpreter: Optional[str] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the sequence of tags that are compatible with a specific version of Python.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - py*-none-<platform>
+    - <interpreter>-none-any  # ... if `interpreter` is provided.
+    - py*-none-any
+    """
+    if not python_version:
+        python_version = sys.version_info[:2]
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    for version in _py_interpreter_range(python_version):
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(version, "none", platform_)
+    if interpreter:
+        yield Tag(interpreter, "none", "any")
+    for version in _py_interpreter_range(python_version):
+        yield Tag(version, "none", "any")
+
+
+def _mac_arch(arch: str, is_32bit: bool = _32_BIT_INTERPRETER) -> str:
+    if not is_32bit:
+        return arch
+
+    if arch.startswith("ppc"):
+        return "ppc"
+
+    return "i386"
+
+
+def _mac_binary_formats(version: MacVersion, cpu_arch: str) -> List[str]:
+    formats = [cpu_arch]
+    if cpu_arch == "x86_64":
+        if version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["intel", "fat64", "fat32"])
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "i386":
+        if version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["intel", "fat32", "fat"])
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "ppc64":
+        # TODO: Need to care about 32-bit PPC for ppc64 through 10.2?
+        if version > (10, 5) or version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.append("fat64")
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "ppc":
+        if version > (10, 6):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["fat32", "fat"])
+
+    if cpu_arch in {"arm64", "x86_64"}:
+        formats.append("universal2")
+
+    if cpu_arch in {"x86_64", "i386", "ppc64", "ppc", "intel"}:
+        formats.append("universal")
+
+    return formats
+
+
+def mac_platforms(
+    version: Optional[MacVersion] = None, arch: Optional[str] = None
+) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields the platform tags for a macOS system.
+
+    The `version` parameter is a two-item tuple specifying the macOS version to
+    generate platform tags for. The `arch` parameter is the CPU architecture to
+    generate platform tags for. Both parameters default to the appropriate value
+    for the current system.
+    """
+    version_str, _, cpu_arch = platform.mac_ver()
+    if version is None:
+        version = cast("MacVersion", tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2])))
+        if version == (10, 16):
+            # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+            # instead of the real version.
+            version_str = subprocess.run(
+                [
+                    sys.executable,
+                    "-sS",
+                    "-c",
+                    "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+                ],
+                check=True,
+                env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                text=True,
+            ).stdout
+            version = cast("MacVersion", tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2])))
+    else:
+        version = version
+    if arch is None:
+        arch = _mac_arch(cpu_arch)
+    else:
+        arch = arch
+
+    if (10, 0) <= version and version < (11, 0):
+        # Prior to Mac OS 11, each yearly release of Mac OS bumped the
+        # "minor" version number.  The major version was always 10.
+        for minor_version in range(version[1], -1, -1):
+            compat_version = 10, minor_version
+            binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+            for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                    major=10, minor=minor_version, binary_format=binary_format
+                )
+
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        # Starting with Mac OS 11, each yearly release bumps the major version
+        # number.   The minor versions are now the midyear updates.
+        for major_version in range(version[0], 10, -1):
+            compat_version = major_version, 0
+            binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+            for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                    major=major_version, minor=0, binary_format=binary_format
+                )
+
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        # Mac OS 11 on x86_64 is compatible with binaries from previous releases.
+        # Arm64 support was introduced in 11.0, so no Arm binaries from previous
+        # releases exist.
+        #
+        # However, the "universal2" binary format can have a
+        # macOS version earlier than 11.0 when the x86_64 part of the binary supports
+        # that version of macOS.
+        if arch == "x86_64":
+            for minor_version in range(16, 3, -1):
+                compat_version = 10, minor_version
+                binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+                for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                    yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                        major=compat_version[0],
+                        minor=compat_version[1],
+                        binary_format=binary_format,
+                    )
+        else:
+            for minor_version in range(16, 3, -1):
+                compat_version = 10, minor_version
+                binary_format = "universal2"
+                yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                    major=compat_version[0],
+                    minor=compat_version[1],
+                    binary_format=binary_format,
+                )
+
+
+def _linux_platforms(is_32bit: bool = _32_BIT_INTERPRETER) -> Iterator[str]:
+    linux = _normalize_string(sysconfig.get_platform())
+    if not linux.startswith("linux_"):
+        # we should never be here, just yield the sysconfig one and return
+        yield linux
+        return
+    if is_32bit:
+        if linux == "linux_x86_64":
+            linux = "linux_i686"
+        elif linux == "linux_aarch64":
+            linux = "linux_armv8l"
+    _, arch = linux.split("_", 1)
+    archs = {"armv8l": ["armv8l", "armv7l"]}.get(arch, [arch])
+    yield from _manylinux.platform_tags(archs)
+    yield from _musllinux.platform_tags(archs)
+    for arch in archs:
+        yield f"linux_{arch}"
+
+
+def _generic_platforms() -> Iterator[str]:
+    yield _normalize_string(sysconfig.get_platform())
+
+
+def platform_tags() -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Provides the platform tags for this installation.
+    """
+    if platform.system() == "Darwin":
+        return mac_platforms()
+    elif platform.system() == "Linux":
+        return _linux_platforms()
+    else:
+        return _generic_platforms()
+
+
+def interpreter_name() -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the name of the running interpreter.
+
+    Some implementations have a reserved, two-letter abbreviation which will
+    be returned when appropriate.
+    """
+    name = sys.implementation.name
+    return INTERPRETER_SHORT_NAMES.get(name) or name
+
+
+def interpreter_version(*, warn: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the version of the running interpreter.
+    """
+    version = _get_config_var("py_version_nodot", warn=warn)
+    if version:
+        version = str(version)
+    else:
+        version = _version_nodot(sys.version_info[:2])
+    return version
+
+
+def _version_nodot(version: PythonVersion) -> str:
+    return "".join(map(str, version))
+
+
+def sys_tags(*, warn: bool = False) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Returns the sequence of tag triples for the running interpreter.
+
+    The order of the sequence corresponds to priority order for the
+    interpreter, from most to least important.
+    """
+
+    interp_name = interpreter_name()
+    if interp_name == "cp":
+        yield from cpython_tags(warn=warn)
+    else:
+        yield from generic_tags()
+
+    if interp_name == "pp":
+        interp = "pp3"
+    elif interp_name == "cp":
+        interp = "cp" + interpreter_version(warn=warn)
+    else:
+        interp = None
+    yield from compatible_tags(interpreter=interp)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/utils.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2c2f75aa806282d322c76c2117c0f0fdfb09d25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/utils.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import re
+from typing import FrozenSet, NewType, Tuple, Union, cast
+
+from .tags import Tag, parse_tag
+from .version import InvalidVersion, Version
+
+BuildTag = Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[int, str]]
+NormalizedName = NewType("NormalizedName", str)
+
+
+class InvalidName(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid distribution name; users should refer to the packaging user guide.
+    """
+
+
+class InvalidWheelFilename(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid wheel filename was found, users should refer to PEP 427.
+    """
+
+
+class InvalidSdistFilename(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid sdist filename was found, users should refer to the packaging user guide.
+    """
+
+
+# Core metadata spec for `Name`
+_validate_regex = re.compile(
+    r"^([A-Z0-9]|[A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9._-]*[A-Z0-9])$", re.IGNORECASE
+)
+_canonicalize_regex = re.compile(r"[-_.]+")
+_normalized_regex = re.compile(r"^([a-z0-9]|[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9-](?!--))*[a-z0-9])$")
+# PEP 427: The build number must start with a digit.
+_build_tag_regex = re.compile(r"(\d+)(.*)")
+
+
+def canonicalize_name(name: str, *, validate: bool = False) -> NormalizedName:
+    if validate and not _validate_regex.match(name):
+        raise InvalidName(f"name is invalid: {name!r}")
+    # This is taken from PEP 503.
+    value = _canonicalize_regex.sub("-", name).lower()
+    return cast(NormalizedName, value)
+
+
+def is_normalized_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    return _normalized_regex.match(name) is not None
+
+
+def canonicalize_version(
+    version: Union[Version, str], *, strip_trailing_zero: bool = True
+) -> str:
+    """
+    This is very similar to Version.__str__, but has one subtle difference
+    with the way it handles the release segment.
+    """
+    if isinstance(version, str):
+        try:
+            parsed = Version(version)
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            # Legacy versions cannot be normalized
+            return version
+    else:
+        parsed = version
+
+    parts = []
+
+    # Epoch
+    if parsed.epoch != 0:
+        parts.append(f"{parsed.epoch}!")
+
+    # Release segment
+    release_segment = ".".join(str(x) for x in parsed.release)
+    if strip_trailing_zero:
+        # NB: This strips trailing '.0's to normalize
+        release_segment = re.sub(r"(\.0)+$", "", release_segment)
+    parts.append(release_segment)
+
+    # Pre-release
+    if parsed.pre is not None:
+        parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in parsed.pre))
+
+    # Post-release
+    if parsed.post is not None:
+        parts.append(f".post{parsed.post}")
+
+    # Development release
+    if parsed.dev is not None:
+        parts.append(f".dev{parsed.dev}")
+
+    # Local version segment
+    if parsed.local is not None:
+        parts.append(f"+{parsed.local}")
+
+    return "".join(parts)
+
+
+def parse_wheel_filename(
+    filename: str,
+) -> Tuple[NormalizedName, Version, BuildTag, FrozenSet[Tag]]:
+    if not filename.endswith(".whl"):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (extension must be '.whl'): {filename}"
+        )
+
+    filename = filename[:-4]
+    dashes = filename.count("-")
+    if dashes not in (4, 5):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (wrong number of parts): {filename}"
+        )
+
+    parts = filename.split("-", dashes - 2)
+    name_part = parts[0]
+    # See PEP 427 for the rules on escaping the project name.
+    if "__" in name_part or re.match(r"^[\w\d._]*$", name_part, re.UNICODE) is None:
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(f"Invalid project name: {filename}")
+    name = canonicalize_name(name_part)
+
+    try:
+        version = Version(parts[1])
+    except InvalidVersion as e:
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (invalid version): {filename}"
+        ) from e
+
+    if dashes == 5:
+        build_part = parts[2]
+        build_match = _build_tag_regex.match(build_part)
+        if build_match is None:
+            raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+                f"Invalid build number: {build_part} in '{filename}'"
+            )
+        build = cast(BuildTag, (int(build_match.group(1)), build_match.group(2)))
+    else:
+        build = ()
+    tags = parse_tag(parts[-1])
+    return (name, version, build, tags)
+
+
+def parse_sdist_filename(filename: str) -> Tuple[NormalizedName, Version]:
+    if filename.endswith(".tar.gz"):
+        file_stem = filename[: -len(".tar.gz")]
+    elif filename.endswith(".zip"):
+        file_stem = filename[: -len(".zip")]
+    else:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(
+            f"Invalid sdist filename (extension must be '.tar.gz' or '.zip'):"
+            f" {filename}"
+        )
+
+    # We are requiring a PEP 440 version, which cannot contain dashes,
+    # so we split on the last dash.
+    name_part, sep, version_part = file_stem.rpartition("-")
+    if not sep:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(f"Invalid sdist filename: {filename}")
+
+    name = canonicalize_name(name_part)
+
+    try:
+        version = Version(version_part)
+    except InvalidVersion as e:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(
+            f"Invalid sdist filename (invalid version): {filename}"
+        ) from e
+
+    return (name, version)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5faab9bd0dcf28847960162b2b4f13a8a556ef20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/packaging/version.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+"""
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from packaging.version import parse, Version
+"""
+
+import itertools
+import re
+from typing import Any, Callable, NamedTuple, Optional, SupportsInt, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._structures import Infinity, InfinityType, NegativeInfinity, NegativeInfinityType
+
+__all__ = ["VERSION_PATTERN", "parse", "Version", "InvalidVersion"]
+
+LocalType = Tuple[Union[int, str], ...]
+
+CmpPrePostDevType = Union[InfinityType, NegativeInfinityType, Tuple[str, int]]
+CmpLocalType = Union[
+    NegativeInfinityType,
+    Tuple[Union[Tuple[int, str], Tuple[NegativeInfinityType, Union[int, str]]], ...],
+]
+CmpKey = Tuple[
+    int,
+    Tuple[int, ...],
+    CmpPrePostDevType,
+    CmpPrePostDevType,
+    CmpPrePostDevType,
+    CmpLocalType,
+]
+VersionComparisonMethod = Callable[[CmpKey, CmpKey], bool]
+
+
+class _Version(NamedTuple):
+    epoch: int
+    release: Tuple[int, ...]
+    dev: Optional[Tuple[str, int]]
+    pre: Optional[Tuple[str, int]]
+    post: Optional[Tuple[str, int]]
+    local: Optional[LocalType]
+
+
+def parse(version: str) -> "Version":
+    """Parse the given version string.
+
+    >>> parse('1.0.dev1')
+    <Version('1.0.dev1')>
+
+    :param version: The version string to parse.
+    :raises InvalidVersion: When the version string is not a valid version.
+    """
+    return Version(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """Raised when a version string is not a valid version.
+
+    >>> Version("invalid")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    packaging.version.InvalidVersion: Invalid version: 'invalid'
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion:
+    _key: Tuple[Any, ...]
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    # Please keep the duplicated `isinstance` check
+    # in the six comparisons hereunder
+    # unless you find a way to avoid adding overhead function calls.
+    def __lt__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key < other._key
+
+    def __le__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key <= other._key
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key == other._key
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key >= other._key
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key > other._key
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key != other._key
+
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+_VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>alpha|a|beta|b|preview|pre|c|rc)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+VERSION_PATTERN = _VERSION_PATTERN
+"""
+A string containing the regular expression used to match a valid version.
+
+The pattern is not anchored at either end, and is intended for embedding in larger
+expressions (for example, matching a version number as part of a file name). The
+regular expression should be compiled with the ``re.VERBOSE`` and ``re.IGNORECASE``
+flags set.
+
+:meta hide-value:
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+    """This class abstracts handling of a project's versions.
+
+    A :class:`Version` instance is comparison aware and can be compared and
+    sorted using the standard Python interfaces.
+
+    >>> v1 = Version("1.0a5")
+    >>> v2 = Version("1.0")
+    >>> v1
+    <Version('1.0a5')>
+    >>> v2
+    <Version('1.0')>
+    >>> v1 < v2
+    True
+    >>> v1 == v2
+    False
+    >>> v1 > v2
+    False
+    >>> v1 >= v2
+    False
+    >>> v1 <= v2
+    True
+    """
+
+    _regex = re.compile(r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+    _key: CmpKey
+
+    def __init__(self, version: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Version object.
+
+        :param version:
+            The string representation of a version which will be parsed and normalized
+            before use.
+        :raises InvalidVersion:
+            If the ``version`` does not conform to PEP 440 in any way then this
+            exception will be raised.
+        """
+
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion(f"Invalid version: '{version}'")
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(match.group("pre_l"), match.group("pre_n")),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"), match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2")
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(match.group("dev_l"), match.group("dev_n")),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A representation of the Version that shows all internal state.
+
+        >>> Version('1.0.0')
+        <Version('1.0.0')>
+        """
+        return f"<Version('{self}')>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of the version that can be rounded-tripped.
+
+        >>> str(Version("1.0a5"))
+        '1.0a5'
+        """
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append(f"{self.epoch}!")
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self.post is not None:
+            parts.append(f".post{self.post}")
+
+        # Development release
+        if self.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(f".dev{self.dev}")
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self.local is not None:
+            parts.append(f"+{self.local}")
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def epoch(self) -> int:
+        """The epoch of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("2.0.0").epoch
+        0
+        >>> Version("1!2.0.0").epoch
+        1
+        """
+        return self._version.epoch
+
+    @property
+    def release(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        """The components of the "release" segment of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").release
+        (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> Version("2.0.0").release
+        (2, 0, 0)
+        >>> Version("1!2.0.0.post0").release
+        (2, 0, 0)
+
+        Includes trailing zeroes but not the epoch or any pre-release / development /
+        post-release suffixes.
+        """
+        return self._version.release
+
+    @property
+    def pre(self) -> Optional[Tuple[str, int]]:
+        """The pre-release segment of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").pre)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3a1").pre
+        ('a', 1)
+        >>> Version("1.2.3b1").pre
+        ('b', 1)
+        >>> Version("1.2.3rc1").pre
+        ('rc', 1)
+        """
+        return self._version.pre
+
+    @property
+    def post(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """The post-release number of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").post)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.post1").post
+        1
+        """
+        return self._version.post[1] if self._version.post else None
+
+    @property
+    def dev(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """The development number of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").dev)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.dev1").dev
+        1
+        """
+        return self._version.dev[1] if self._version.dev else None
+
+    @property
+    def local(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The local version segment of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").local)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc").local
+        'abc'
+        """
+        if self._version.local:
+            return ".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def public(self) -> str:
+        """The public portion of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").public
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc").public
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc.dev1").public
+        '1.2.3'
+        """
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self) -> str:
+        """The "base version" of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").base_version
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc").base_version
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1!1.2.3+abc.dev1").base_version
+        '1!1.2.3'
+
+        The "base version" is the public version of the project without any pre or post
+        release markers.
+        """
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append(f"{self.epoch}!")
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this version is a pre-release.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").is_prerelease
+        False
+        >>> Version("1.2.3a1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3b1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3rc1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3dev1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        """
+        return self.dev is not None or self.pre is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this version is a post-release.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").is_postrelease
+        False
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.post1").is_postrelease
+        True
+        """
+        return self.post is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_devrelease(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this version is a development release.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").is_devrelease
+        False
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.dev1").is_devrelease
+        True
+        """
+        return self.dev is not None
+
+    @property
+    def major(self) -> int:
+        """The first item of :attr:`release` or ``0`` if unavailable.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").major
+        1
+        """
+        return self.release[0] if len(self.release) >= 1 else 0
+
+    @property
+    def minor(self) -> int:
+        """The second item of :attr:`release` or ``0`` if unavailable.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").minor
+        2
+        >>> Version("1").minor
+        0
+        """
+        return self.release[1] if len(self.release) >= 2 else 0
+
+    @property
+    def micro(self) -> int:
+        """The third item of :attr:`release` or ``0`` if unavailable.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").micro
+        3
+        >>> Version("1").micro
+        0
+        """
+        return self.release[2] if len(self.release) >= 3 else 0
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(
+    letter: Optional[str], number: Union[str, bytes, SupportsInt, None]
+) -> Optional[Tuple[str, int]]:
+
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+    return None
+
+
+_local_version_separators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local: Optional[str]) -> Optional[LocalType]:
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_separators.split(local)
+        )
+    return None
+
+
+def _cmpkey(
+    epoch: int,
+    release: Tuple[int, ...],
+    pre: Optional[Tuple[str, int]],
+    post: Optional[Tuple[str, int]],
+    dev: Optional[Tuple[str, int]],
+    local: Optional[LocalType],
+) -> CmpKey:
+
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    _release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(itertools.dropwhile(lambda x: x == 0, reversed(release))))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        _pre: CmpPrePostDevType = NegativeInfinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        _pre = Infinity
+    else:
+        _pre = pre
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        _post: CmpPrePostDevType = NegativeInfinity
+
+    else:
+        _post = post
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        _dev: CmpPrePostDevType = Infinity
+
+    else:
+        _dev = dev
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        _local: CmpLocalType = NegativeInfinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        _local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (NegativeInfinity, i) for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, _release, _pre, _post, _dev, _local
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c6ec97ec6961bcf184b6e0b2437b9924db0b9de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+__all__ = ("loads", "load", "TOMLDecodeError")
+__version__ = "2.0.1"  # DO NOT EDIT THIS LINE MANUALLY. LET bump2version UTILITY DO IT
+
+from ._parser import TOMLDecodeError, load, loads
+
+# Pretend this exception was created here.
+TOMLDecodeError.__module__ = __name__
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_parser.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1bb0aa19a556725aa2ae2b8cea95489c99a9078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_parser.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+import string
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, NamedTuple
+
+from ._re import (
+    RE_DATETIME,
+    RE_LOCALTIME,
+    RE_NUMBER,
+    match_to_datetime,
+    match_to_localtime,
+    match_to_number,
+)
+from ._types import Key, ParseFloat, Pos
+
+ASCII_CTRL = frozenset(chr(i) for i in range(32)) | frozenset(chr(127))
+
+# Neither of these sets include quotation mark or backslash. They are
+# currently handled as separate cases in the parser functions.
+ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS = ASCII_CTRL - frozenset("\t")
+ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_BASIC_STR_CHARS = ASCII_CTRL - frozenset("\t\n")
+
+ILLEGAL_LITERAL_STR_CHARS = ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_LITERAL_STR_CHARS = ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+
+ILLEGAL_COMMENT_CHARS = ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+
+TOML_WS = frozenset(" \t")
+TOML_WS_AND_NEWLINE = TOML_WS | frozenset("\n")
+BARE_KEY_CHARS = frozenset(string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "-_")
+KEY_INITIAL_CHARS = BARE_KEY_CHARS | frozenset("\"'")
+HEXDIGIT_CHARS = frozenset(string.hexdigits)
+
+BASIC_STR_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = MappingProxyType(
+    {
+        "\\b": "\u0008",  # backspace
+        "\\t": "\u0009",  # tab
+        "\\n": "\u000A",  # linefeed
+        "\\f": "\u000C",  # form feed
+        "\\r": "\u000D",  # carriage return
+        '\\"': "\u0022",  # quote
+        "\\\\": "\u005C",  # backslash
+    }
+)
+
+
+class TOMLDecodeError(ValueError):
+    """An error raised if a document is not valid TOML."""
+
+
+def load(__fp: BinaryIO, *, parse_float: ParseFloat = float) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parse TOML from a binary file object."""
+    b = __fp.read()
+    try:
+        s = b.decode()
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "File must be opened in binary mode, e.g. use `open('foo.toml', 'rb')`"
+        ) from None
+    return loads(s, parse_float=parse_float)
+
+
+def loads(__s: str, *, parse_float: ParseFloat = float) -> dict[str, Any]:  # noqa: C901
+    """Parse TOML from a string."""
+
+    # The spec allows converting "\r\n" to "\n", even in string
+    # literals. Let's do so to simplify parsing.
+    src = __s.replace("\r\n", "\n")
+    pos = 0
+    out = Output(NestedDict(), Flags())
+    header: Key = ()
+    parse_float = make_safe_parse_float(parse_float)
+
+    # Parse one statement at a time
+    # (typically means one line in TOML source)
+    while True:
+        # 1. Skip line leading whitespace
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+
+        # 2. Parse rules. Expect one of the following:
+        #    - end of file
+        #    - end of line
+        #    - comment
+        #    - key/value pair
+        #    - append dict to list (and move to its namespace)
+        #    - create dict (and move to its namespace)
+        # Skip trailing whitespace when applicable.
+        try:
+            char = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            break
+        if char == "\n":
+            pos += 1
+            continue
+        if char in KEY_INITIAL_CHARS:
+            pos = key_value_rule(src, pos, out, header, parse_float)
+            pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        elif char == "[":
+            try:
+                second_char: str | None = src[pos + 1]
+            except IndexError:
+                second_char = None
+            out.flags.finalize_pending()
+            if second_char == "[":
+                pos, header = create_list_rule(src, pos, out)
+            else:
+                pos, header = create_dict_rule(src, pos, out)
+            pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        elif char != "#":
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid statement")
+
+        # 3. Skip comment
+        pos = skip_comment(src, pos)
+
+        # 4. Expect end of line or end of file
+        try:
+            char = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            break
+        if char != "\n":
+            raise suffixed_err(
+                src, pos, "Expected newline or end of document after a statement"
+            )
+        pos += 1
+
+    return out.data.dict
+
+
+class Flags:
+    """Flags that map to parsed keys/namespaces."""
+
+    # Marks an immutable namespace (inline array or inline table).
+    FROZEN = 0
+    # Marks a nest that has been explicitly created and can no longer
+    # be opened using the "[table]" syntax.
+    EXPLICIT_NEST = 1
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._flags: dict[str, dict] = {}
+        self._pending_flags: set[tuple[Key, int]] = set()
+
+    def add_pending(self, key: Key, flag: int) -> None:
+        self._pending_flags.add((key, flag))
+
+    def finalize_pending(self) -> None:
+        for key, flag in self._pending_flags:
+            self.set(key, flag, recursive=False)
+        self._pending_flags.clear()
+
+    def unset_all(self, key: Key) -> None:
+        cont = self._flags
+        for k in key[:-1]:
+            if k not in cont:
+                return
+            cont = cont[k]["nested"]
+        cont.pop(key[-1], None)
+
+    def set(self, key: Key, flag: int, *, recursive: bool) -> None:  # noqa: A003
+        cont = self._flags
+        key_parent, key_stem = key[:-1], key[-1]
+        for k in key_parent:
+            if k not in cont:
+                cont[k] = {"flags": set(), "recursive_flags": set(), "nested": {}}
+            cont = cont[k]["nested"]
+        if key_stem not in cont:
+            cont[key_stem] = {"flags": set(), "recursive_flags": set(), "nested": {}}
+        cont[key_stem]["recursive_flags" if recursive else "flags"].add(flag)
+
+    def is_(self, key: Key, flag: int) -> bool:
+        if not key:
+            return False  # document root has no flags
+        cont = self._flags
+        for k in key[:-1]:
+            if k not in cont:
+                return False
+            inner_cont = cont[k]
+            if flag in inner_cont["recursive_flags"]:
+                return True
+            cont = inner_cont["nested"]
+        key_stem = key[-1]
+        if key_stem in cont:
+            cont = cont[key_stem]
+            return flag in cont["flags"] or flag in cont["recursive_flags"]
+        return False
+
+
+class NestedDict:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # The parsed content of the TOML document
+        self.dict: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    def get_or_create_nest(
+        self,
+        key: Key,
+        *,
+        access_lists: bool = True,
+    ) -> dict:
+        cont: Any = self.dict
+        for k in key:
+            if k not in cont:
+                cont[k] = {}
+            cont = cont[k]
+            if access_lists and isinstance(cont, list):
+                cont = cont[-1]
+            if not isinstance(cont, dict):
+                raise KeyError("There is no nest behind this key")
+        return cont
+
+    def append_nest_to_list(self, key: Key) -> None:
+        cont = self.get_or_create_nest(key[:-1])
+        last_key = key[-1]
+        if last_key in cont:
+            list_ = cont[last_key]
+            if not isinstance(list_, list):
+                raise KeyError("An object other than list found behind this key")
+            list_.append({})
+        else:
+            cont[last_key] = [{}]
+
+
+class Output(NamedTuple):
+    data: NestedDict
+    flags: Flags
+
+
+def skip_chars(src: str, pos: Pos, chars: Iterable[str]) -> Pos:
+    try:
+        while src[pos] in chars:
+            pos += 1
+    except IndexError:
+        pass
+    return pos
+
+
+def skip_until(
+    src: str,
+    pos: Pos,
+    expect: str,
+    *,
+    error_on: frozenset[str],
+    error_on_eof: bool,
+) -> Pos:
+    try:
+        new_pos = src.index(expect, pos)
+    except ValueError:
+        new_pos = len(src)
+        if error_on_eof:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, new_pos, f"Expected {expect!r}") from None
+
+    if not error_on.isdisjoint(src[pos:new_pos]):
+        while src[pos] not in error_on:
+            pos += 1
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Found invalid character {src[pos]!r}")
+    return new_pos
+
+
+def skip_comment(src: str, pos: Pos) -> Pos:
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+    if char == "#":
+        return skip_until(
+            src, pos + 1, "\n", error_on=ILLEGAL_COMMENT_CHARS, error_on_eof=False
+        )
+    return pos
+
+
+def skip_comments_and_array_ws(src: str, pos: Pos) -> Pos:
+    while True:
+        pos_before_skip = pos
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS_AND_NEWLINE)
+        pos = skip_comment(src, pos)
+        if pos == pos_before_skip:
+            return pos
+
+
+def create_dict_rule(src: str, pos: Pos, out: Output) -> tuple[Pos, Key]:
+    pos += 1  # Skip "["
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    pos, key = parse_key(src, pos)
+
+    if out.flags.is_(key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST) or out.flags.is_(key, Flags.FROZEN):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot declare {key} twice")
+    out.flags.set(key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST, recursive=False)
+    try:
+        out.data.get_or_create_nest(key)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+
+    if not src.startswith("]", pos):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Expected ']' at the end of a table declaration")
+    return pos + 1, key
+
+
+def create_list_rule(src: str, pos: Pos, out: Output) -> tuple[Pos, Key]:
+    pos += 2  # Skip "[["
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    pos, key = parse_key(src, pos)
+
+    if out.flags.is_(key, Flags.FROZEN):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot mutate immutable namespace {key}")
+    # Free the namespace now that it points to another empty list item...
+    out.flags.unset_all(key)
+    # ...but this key precisely is still prohibited from table declaration
+    out.flags.set(key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST, recursive=False)
+    try:
+        out.data.append_nest_to_list(key)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+
+    if not src.startswith("]]", pos):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Expected ']]' at the end of an array declaration")
+    return pos + 2, key
+
+
+def key_value_rule(
+    src: str, pos: Pos, out: Output, header: Key, parse_float: ParseFloat
+) -> Pos:
+    pos, key, value = parse_key_value_pair(src, pos, parse_float)
+    key_parent, key_stem = key[:-1], key[-1]
+    abs_key_parent = header + key_parent
+
+    relative_path_cont_keys = (header + key[:i] for i in range(1, len(key)))
+    for cont_key in relative_path_cont_keys:
+        # Check that dotted key syntax does not redefine an existing table
+        if out.flags.is_(cont_key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST):
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot redefine namespace {cont_key}")
+        # Containers in the relative path can't be opened with the table syntax or
+        # dotted key/value syntax in following table sections.
+        out.flags.add_pending(cont_key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST)
+
+    if out.flags.is_(abs_key_parent, Flags.FROZEN):
+        raise suffixed_err(
+            src, pos, f"Cannot mutate immutable namespace {abs_key_parent}"
+        )
+
+    try:
+        nest = out.data.get_or_create_nest(abs_key_parent)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+    if key_stem in nest:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value")
+    # Mark inline table and array namespaces recursively immutable
+    if isinstance(value, (dict, list)):
+        out.flags.set(header + key, Flags.FROZEN, recursive=True)
+    nest[key_stem] = value
+    return pos
+
+
+def parse_key_value_pair(
+    src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat
+) -> tuple[Pos, Key, Any]:
+    pos, key = parse_key(src, pos)
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+    if char != "=":
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Expected '=' after a key in a key/value pair")
+    pos += 1
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    pos, value = parse_value(src, pos, parse_float)
+    return pos, key, value
+
+
+def parse_key(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, Key]:
+    pos, key_part = parse_key_part(src, pos)
+    key: Key = (key_part,)
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    while True:
+        try:
+            char: str | None = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            char = None
+        if char != ".":
+            return pos, key
+        pos += 1
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        pos, key_part = parse_key_part(src, pos)
+        key += (key_part,)
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+
+
+def parse_key_part(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+    if char in BARE_KEY_CHARS:
+        start_pos = pos
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, BARE_KEY_CHARS)
+        return pos, src[start_pos:pos]
+    if char == "'":
+        return parse_literal_str(src, pos)
+    if char == '"':
+        return parse_one_line_basic_str(src, pos)
+    raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid initial character for a key part")
+
+
+def parse_one_line_basic_str(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    pos += 1
+    return parse_basic_str(src, pos, multiline=False)
+
+
+def parse_array(src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat) -> tuple[Pos, list]:
+    pos += 1
+    array: list = []
+
+    pos = skip_comments_and_array_ws(src, pos)
+    if src.startswith("]", pos):
+        return pos + 1, array
+    while True:
+        pos, val = parse_value(src, pos, parse_float)
+        array.append(val)
+        pos = skip_comments_and_array_ws(src, pos)
+
+        c = src[pos : pos + 1]
+        if c == "]":
+            return pos + 1, array
+        if c != ",":
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unclosed array")
+        pos += 1
+
+        pos = skip_comments_and_array_ws(src, pos)
+        if src.startswith("]", pos):
+            return pos + 1, array
+
+
+def parse_inline_table(src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat) -> tuple[Pos, dict]:
+    pos += 1
+    nested_dict = NestedDict()
+    flags = Flags()
+
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    if src.startswith("}", pos):
+        return pos + 1, nested_dict.dict
+    while True:
+        pos, key, value = parse_key_value_pair(src, pos, parse_float)
+        key_parent, key_stem = key[:-1], key[-1]
+        if flags.is_(key, Flags.FROZEN):
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot mutate immutable namespace {key}")
+        try:
+            nest = nested_dict.get_or_create_nest(key_parent, access_lists=False)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+        if key_stem in nest:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Duplicate inline table key {key_stem!r}")
+        nest[key_stem] = value
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        c = src[pos : pos + 1]
+        if c == "}":
+            return pos + 1, nested_dict.dict
+        if c != ",":
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unclosed inline table")
+        if isinstance(value, (dict, list)):
+            flags.set(key, Flags.FROZEN, recursive=True)
+        pos += 1
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+
+
+def parse_basic_str_escape(
+    src: str, pos: Pos, *, multiline: bool = False
+) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    escape_id = src[pos : pos + 2]
+    pos += 2
+    if multiline and escape_id in {"\\ ", "\\\t", "\\\n"}:
+        # Skip whitespace until next non-whitespace character or end of
+        # the doc. Error if non-whitespace is found before newline.
+        if escape_id != "\\\n":
+            pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+            try:
+                char = src[pos]
+            except IndexError:
+                return pos, ""
+            if char != "\n":
+                raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unescaped '\\' in a string")
+            pos += 1
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS_AND_NEWLINE)
+        return pos, ""
+    if escape_id == "\\u":
+        return parse_hex_char(src, pos, 4)
+    if escape_id == "\\U":
+        return parse_hex_char(src, pos, 8)
+    try:
+        return pos, BASIC_STR_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[escape_id]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unescaped '\\' in a string") from None
+
+
+def parse_basic_str_escape_multiline(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    return parse_basic_str_escape(src, pos, multiline=True)
+
+
+def parse_hex_char(src: str, pos: Pos, hex_len: int) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    hex_str = src[pos : pos + hex_len]
+    if len(hex_str) != hex_len or not HEXDIGIT_CHARS.issuperset(hex_str):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid hex value")
+    pos += hex_len
+    hex_int = int(hex_str, 16)
+    if not is_unicode_scalar_value(hex_int):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Escaped character is not a Unicode scalar value")
+    return pos, chr(hex_int)
+
+
+def parse_literal_str(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    pos += 1  # Skip starting apostrophe
+    start_pos = pos
+    pos = skip_until(
+        src, pos, "'", error_on=ILLEGAL_LITERAL_STR_CHARS, error_on_eof=True
+    )
+    return pos + 1, src[start_pos:pos]  # Skip ending apostrophe
+
+
+def parse_multiline_str(src: str, pos: Pos, *, literal: bool) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    pos += 3
+    if src.startswith("\n", pos):
+        pos += 1
+
+    if literal:
+        delim = "'"
+        end_pos = skip_until(
+            src,
+            pos,
+            "'''",
+            error_on=ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_LITERAL_STR_CHARS,
+            error_on_eof=True,
+        )
+        result = src[pos:end_pos]
+        pos = end_pos + 3
+    else:
+        delim = '"'
+        pos, result = parse_basic_str(src, pos, multiline=True)
+
+    # Add at maximum two extra apostrophes/quotes if the end sequence
+    # is 4 or 5 chars long instead of just 3.
+    if not src.startswith(delim, pos):
+        return pos, result
+    pos += 1
+    if not src.startswith(delim, pos):
+        return pos, result + delim
+    pos += 1
+    return pos, result + (delim * 2)
+
+
+def parse_basic_str(src: str, pos: Pos, *, multiline: bool) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    if multiline:
+        error_on = ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+        parse_escapes = parse_basic_str_escape_multiline
+    else:
+        error_on = ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+        parse_escapes = parse_basic_str_escape
+    result = ""
+    start_pos = pos
+    while True:
+        try:
+            char = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unterminated string") from None
+        if char == '"':
+            if not multiline:
+                return pos + 1, result + src[start_pos:pos]
+            if src.startswith('"""', pos):
+                return pos + 3, result + src[start_pos:pos]
+            pos += 1
+            continue
+        if char == "\\":
+            result += src[start_pos:pos]
+            pos, parsed_escape = parse_escapes(src, pos)
+            result += parsed_escape
+            start_pos = pos
+            continue
+        if char in error_on:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Illegal character {char!r}")
+        pos += 1
+
+
+def parse_value(  # noqa: C901
+    src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat
+) -> tuple[Pos, Any]:
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+
+    # IMPORTANT: order conditions based on speed of checking and likelihood
+
+    # Basic strings
+    if char == '"':
+        if src.startswith('"""', pos):
+            return parse_multiline_str(src, pos, literal=False)
+        return parse_one_line_basic_str(src, pos)
+
+    # Literal strings
+    if char == "'":
+        if src.startswith("'''", pos):
+            return parse_multiline_str(src, pos, literal=True)
+        return parse_literal_str(src, pos)
+
+    # Booleans
+    if char == "t":
+        if src.startswith("true", pos):
+            return pos + 4, True
+    if char == "f":
+        if src.startswith("false", pos):
+            return pos + 5, False
+
+    # Arrays
+    if char == "[":
+        return parse_array(src, pos, parse_float)
+
+    # Inline tables
+    if char == "{":
+        return parse_inline_table(src, pos, parse_float)
+
+    # Dates and times
+    datetime_match = RE_DATETIME.match(src, pos)
+    if datetime_match:
+        try:
+            datetime_obj = match_to_datetime(datetime_match)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid date or datetime") from e
+        return datetime_match.end(), datetime_obj
+    localtime_match = RE_LOCALTIME.match(src, pos)
+    if localtime_match:
+        return localtime_match.end(), match_to_localtime(localtime_match)
+
+    # Integers and "normal" floats.
+    # The regex will greedily match any type starting with a decimal
+    # char, so needs to be located after handling of dates and times.
+    number_match = RE_NUMBER.match(src, pos)
+    if number_match:
+        return number_match.end(), match_to_number(number_match, parse_float)
+
+    # Special floats
+    first_three = src[pos : pos + 3]
+    if first_three in {"inf", "nan"}:
+        return pos + 3, parse_float(first_three)
+    first_four = src[pos : pos + 4]
+    if first_four in {"-inf", "+inf", "-nan", "+nan"}:
+        return pos + 4, parse_float(first_four)
+
+    raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid value")
+
+
+def suffixed_err(src: str, pos: Pos, msg: str) -> TOMLDecodeError:
+    """Return a `TOMLDecodeError` where error message is suffixed with
+    coordinates in source."""
+
+    def coord_repr(src: str, pos: Pos) -> str:
+        if pos >= len(src):
+            return "end of document"
+        line = src.count("\n", 0, pos) + 1
+        if line == 1:
+            column = pos + 1
+        else:
+            column = pos - src.rindex("\n", 0, pos)
+        return f"line {line}, column {column}"
+
+    return TOMLDecodeError(f"{msg} (at {coord_repr(src, pos)})")
+
+
+def is_unicode_scalar_value(codepoint: int) -> bool:
+    return (0 <= codepoint <= 55295) or (57344 <= codepoint <= 1114111)
+
+
+def make_safe_parse_float(parse_float: ParseFloat) -> ParseFloat:
+    """A decorator to make `parse_float` safe.
+
+    `parse_float` must not return dicts or lists, because these types
+    would be mixed with parsed TOML tables and arrays, thus confusing
+    the parser. The returned decorated callable raises `ValueError`
+    instead of returning illegal types.
+    """
+    # The default `float` callable never returns illegal types. Optimize it.
+    if parse_float is float:  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+        return float
+
+    def safe_parse_float(float_str: str) -> Any:
+        float_value = parse_float(float_str)
+        if isinstance(float_value, (dict, list)):
+            raise ValueError("parse_float must not return dicts or lists")
+        return float_value
+
+    return safe_parse_float
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_re.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_re.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..994bb7493fd92865e6ab87c277ba5741b44c31a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_re.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta, timezone, tzinfo
+from functools import lru_cache
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+from ._types import ParseFloat
+
+# E.g.
+# - 00:32:00.999999
+# - 00:32:00
+_TIME_RE_STR = r"([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):([0-5][0-9]):([0-5][0-9])(?:\.([0-9]{1,6})[0-9]*)?"
+
+RE_NUMBER = re.compile(
+    r"""
+0
+(?:
+    x[0-9A-Fa-f](?:_?[0-9A-Fa-f])*   # hex
+    |
+    b[01](?:_?[01])*                 # bin
+    |
+    o[0-7](?:_?[0-7])*               # oct
+)
+|
+[+-]?(?:0|[1-9](?:_?[0-9])*)         # dec, integer part
+(?P<floatpart>
+    (?:\.[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*)?         # optional fractional part
+    (?:[eE][+-]?[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*)?  # optional exponent part
+)
+""",
+    flags=re.VERBOSE,
+)
+RE_LOCALTIME = re.compile(_TIME_RE_STR)
+RE_DATETIME = re.compile(
+    rf"""
+([0-9]{{4}})-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])  # date, e.g. 1988-10-27
+(?:
+    [Tt ]
+    {_TIME_RE_STR}
+    (?:([Zz])|([+-])([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):([0-5][0-9]))?  # optional time offset
+)?
+""",
+    flags=re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+def match_to_datetime(match: re.Match) -> datetime | date:
+    """Convert a `RE_DATETIME` match to `datetime.datetime` or `datetime.date`.
+
+    Raises ValueError if the match does not correspond to a valid date
+    or datetime.
+    """
+    (
+        year_str,
+        month_str,
+        day_str,
+        hour_str,
+        minute_str,
+        sec_str,
+        micros_str,
+        zulu_time,
+        offset_sign_str,
+        offset_hour_str,
+        offset_minute_str,
+    ) = match.groups()
+    year, month, day = int(year_str), int(month_str), int(day_str)
+    if hour_str is None:
+        return date(year, month, day)
+    hour, minute, sec = int(hour_str), int(minute_str), int(sec_str)
+    micros = int(micros_str.ljust(6, "0")) if micros_str else 0
+    if offset_sign_str:
+        tz: tzinfo | None = cached_tz(
+            offset_hour_str, offset_minute_str, offset_sign_str
+        )
+    elif zulu_time:
+        tz = timezone.utc
+    else:  # local date-time
+        tz = None
+    return datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, sec, micros, tzinfo=tz)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def cached_tz(hour_str: str, minute_str: str, sign_str: str) -> timezone:
+    sign = 1 if sign_str == "+" else -1
+    return timezone(
+        timedelta(
+            hours=sign * int(hour_str),
+            minutes=sign * int(minute_str),
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def match_to_localtime(match: re.Match) -> time:
+    hour_str, minute_str, sec_str, micros_str = match.groups()
+    micros = int(micros_str.ljust(6, "0")) if micros_str else 0
+    return time(int(hour_str), int(minute_str), int(sec_str), micros)
+
+
+def match_to_number(match: re.Match, parse_float: ParseFloat) -> Any:
+    if match.group("floatpart"):
+        return parse_float(match.group())
+    return int(match.group(), 0)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d949412e03b29d70592c7721fe747e5085c2e280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/_types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Tuple
+
+# Type annotations
+ParseFloat = Callable[[str], Any]
+Key = Tuple[str, ...]
+Pos = int
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/py.typed b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7632ecf77545c5e5501cb3fc5719df0761104ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/tomli/py.typed	
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Marker file for PEP 561
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/typing_extensions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/typing_extensions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f1c7aa31e20a7d0ef2e6877ea325c068d50e406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/typing_extensions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2296 @@
+import abc
+import collections
+import collections.abc
+import operator
+import sys
+import typing
+
+# After PEP 560, internal typing API was substantially reworked.
+# This is especially important for Protocol class which uses internal APIs
+# quite extensively.
+PEP_560 = sys.version_info[:3] >= (3, 7, 0)
+
+if PEP_560:
+    GenericMeta = type
+else:
+    # 3.6
+    from typing import GenericMeta, _type_vars  # noqa
+
+# The two functions below are copies of typing internal helpers.
+# They are needed by _ProtocolMeta
+
+
+def _no_slots_copy(dct):
+    dict_copy = dict(dct)
+    if '__slots__' in dict_copy:
+        for slot in dict_copy['__slots__']:
+            dict_copy.pop(slot, None)
+    return dict_copy
+
+
+def _check_generic(cls, parameters):
+    if not cls.__parameters__:
+        raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+    alen = len(parameters)
+    elen = len(cls.__parameters__)
+    if alen != elen:
+        raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments for {cls};"
+                        f" actual {alen}, expected {elen}")
+
+
+# Please keep __all__ alphabetized within each category.
+__all__ = [
+    # Super-special typing primitives.
+    'ClassVar',
+    'Concatenate',
+    'Final',
+    'ParamSpec',
+    'Self',
+    'Type',
+
+    # ABCs (from collections.abc).
+    'Awaitable',
+    'AsyncIterator',
+    'AsyncIterable',
+    'Coroutine',
+    'AsyncGenerator',
+    'AsyncContextManager',
+    'ChainMap',
+
+    # Concrete collection types.
+    'ContextManager',
+    'Counter',
+    'Deque',
+    'DefaultDict',
+    'OrderedDict',
+    'TypedDict',
+
+    # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
+    'SupportsIndex',
+
+    # One-off things.
+    'Annotated',
+    'final',
+    'IntVar',
+    'Literal',
+    'NewType',
+    'overload',
+    'Protocol',
+    'runtime',
+    'runtime_checkable',
+    'Text',
+    'TypeAlias',
+    'TypeGuard',
+    'TYPE_CHECKING',
+]
+
+if PEP_560:
+    __all__.extend(["get_args", "get_origin", "get_type_hints"])
+
+# 3.6.2+
+if hasattr(typing, 'NoReturn'):
+    NoReturn = typing.NoReturn
+# 3.6.0-3.6.1
+else:
+    class _NoReturn(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
+        """Special type indicating functions that never return.
+        Example::
+
+          from typing import NoReturn
+
+          def stop() -> NoReturn:
+              raise Exception('no way')
+
+        This type is invalid in other positions, e.g., ``List[NoReturn]``
+        will fail in static type checkers.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            raise TypeError("NoReturn cannot be used with isinstance().")
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            raise TypeError("NoReturn cannot be used with issubclass().")
+
+    NoReturn = _NoReturn(_root=True)
+
+# Some unconstrained type variables.  These are used by the container types.
+# (These are not for export.)
+T = typing.TypeVar('T')  # Any type.
+KT = typing.TypeVar('KT')  # Key type.
+VT = typing.TypeVar('VT')  # Value type.
+T_co = typing.TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)  # Any type covariant containers.
+T_contra = typing.TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)  # Ditto contravariant.
+
+ClassVar = typing.ClassVar
+
+# On older versions of typing there is an internal class named "Final".
+# 3.8+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Final') and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    Final = typing.Final
+# 3.7
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    class _FinalForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only single type')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Final = _FinalForm('Final',
+                       doc="""A special typing construct to indicate that a name
+                       cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
+                       For example:
+
+                           MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
+                           MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+                           class Connection:
+                               TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
+                           class FastConnector(Connection):
+                               TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+                       There is no runtime checking of these properties.""")
+# 3.6
+else:
+    class _Final(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
+        """A special typing construct to indicate that a name
+        cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
+        For example:
+
+            MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
+            MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+            class Connection:
+                TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
+            class FastConnector(Connection):
+                TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+        There is no runtime checking of these properties.
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ('__type__',)
+
+        def __init__(self, tp=None, **kwds):
+            self.__type__ = tp
+
+        def __getitem__(self, item):
+            cls = type(self)
+            if self.__type__ is None:
+                return cls(typing._type_check(item,
+                           f'{cls.__name__[1:]} accepts only single type.'),
+                           _root=True)
+            raise TypeError(f'{cls.__name__[1:]} cannot be further subscripted')
+
+        def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
+            new_tp = typing._eval_type(self.__type__, globalns, localns)
+            if new_tp == self.__type__:
+                return self
+            return type(self)(new_tp, _root=True)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            r = super().__repr__()
+            if self.__type__ is not None:
+                r += f'[{typing._type_repr(self.__type__)}]'
+            return r
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__type__))
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _Final):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__type__ is not None:
+                return self.__type__ == other.__type__
+            return self is other
+
+    Final = _Final(_root=True)
+
+
+# 3.8+
+if hasattr(typing, 'final'):
+    final = typing.final
+# 3.6-3.7
+else:
+    def final(f):
+        """This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that
+        the decorated method cannot be overridden, and decorated class
+        cannot be subclassed. For example:
+
+            class Base:
+                @final
+                def done(self) -> None:
+                    ...
+            class Sub(Base):
+                def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
+                    ...
+            @final
+            class Leaf:
+                ...
+            class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
+                ...
+
+        There is no runtime checking of these properties.
+        """
+        return f
+
+
+def IntVar(name):
+    return typing.TypeVar(name)
+
+
+# 3.8+:
+if hasattr(typing, 'Literal'):
+    Literal = typing.Literal
+# 3.7:
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    class _LiteralForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+    Literal = _LiteralForm('Literal',
+                           doc="""A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
+                           that the corresponding value has a value literally equivalent
+                           to the provided parameter. For example:
+
+                               var: Literal[4] = 4
+
+                           The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to
+                           the value 4 and no other value.
+
+                           Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime
+                           checking verifying that the parameter is actually a value
+                           instead of a type.""")
+# 3.6:
+else:
+    class _Literal(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
+        """A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers that the
+        corresponding value has a value literally equivalent to the
+        provided parameter. For example:
+
+            var: Literal[4] = 4
+
+        The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to the
+        value 4 and no other value.
+
+        Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime checking
+        verifying that the parameter is actually a value instead of a type.
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ('__values__',)
+
+        def __init__(self, values=None, **kwds):
+            self.__values__ = values
+
+        def __getitem__(self, values):
+            cls = type(self)
+            if self.__values__ is None:
+                if not isinstance(values, tuple):
+                    values = (values,)
+                return cls(values, _root=True)
+            raise TypeError(f'{cls.__name__[1:]} cannot be further subscripted')
+
+        def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
+            return self
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            r = super().__repr__()
+            if self.__values__ is not None:
+                r += f'[{", ".join(map(typing._type_repr, self.__values__))}]'
+            return r
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__values__))
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _Literal):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__values__ is not None:
+                return self.__values__ == other.__values__
+            return self is other
+
+    Literal = _Literal(_root=True)
+
+
+_overload_dummy = typing._overload_dummy  # noqa
+overload = typing.overload
+
+
+# This is not a real generic class.  Don't use outside annotations.
+Type = typing.Type
+
+# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
+# A few are simply re-exported for completeness.
+
+
+class _ExtensionsGenericMeta(GenericMeta):
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, subclass):
+        """This mimics a more modern GenericMeta.__subclasscheck__() logic
+        (that does not have problems with recursion) to work around interactions
+        between collections, typing, and typing_extensions on older
+        versions of Python, see https://github.com/python/typing/issues/501.
+        """
+        if self.__origin__ is not None:
+            if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] not in ['abc', 'functools']:
+                raise TypeError("Parameterized generics cannot be used with class "
+                                "or instance checks")
+            return False
+        if not self.__extra__:
+            return super().__subclasscheck__(subclass)
+        res = self.__extra__.__subclasshook__(subclass)
+        if res is not NotImplemented:
+            return res
+        if self.__extra__ in subclass.__mro__:
+            return True
+        for scls in self.__extra__.__subclasses__():
+            if isinstance(scls, GenericMeta):
+                continue
+            if issubclass(subclass, scls):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+Awaitable = typing.Awaitable
+Coroutine = typing.Coroutine
+AsyncIterable = typing.AsyncIterable
+AsyncIterator = typing.AsyncIterator
+
+# 3.6.1+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Deque'):
+    Deque = typing.Deque
+# 3.6.0
+else:
+    class Deque(collections.deque, typing.MutableSequence[T],
+                metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
+                extra=collections.deque):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+            if cls._gorg is Deque:
+                return collections.deque(*args, **kwds)
+            return typing._generic_new(collections.deque, cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+ContextManager = typing.ContextManager
+# 3.6.2+
+if hasattr(typing, 'AsyncContextManager'):
+    AsyncContextManager = typing.AsyncContextManager
+# 3.6.0-3.6.1
+else:
+    from _collections_abc import _check_methods as _check_methods_in_mro  # noqa
+
+    class AsyncContextManager(typing.Generic[T_co]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        async def __aenter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+            return None
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
+            if cls is AsyncContextManager:
+                return _check_methods_in_mro(C, "__aenter__", "__aexit__")
+            return NotImplemented
+
+DefaultDict = typing.DefaultDict
+
+# 3.7.2+
+if hasattr(typing, 'OrderedDict'):
+    OrderedDict = typing.OrderedDict
+# 3.7.0-3.7.2
+elif (3, 7, 0) <= sys.version_info[:3] < (3, 7, 2):
+    OrderedDict = typing._alias(collections.OrderedDict, (KT, VT))
+# 3.6
+else:
+    class OrderedDict(collections.OrderedDict, typing.MutableMapping[KT, VT],
+                      metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
+                      extra=collections.OrderedDict):
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+            if cls._gorg is OrderedDict:
+                return collections.OrderedDict(*args, **kwds)
+            return typing._generic_new(collections.OrderedDict, cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+# 3.6.2+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Counter'):
+    Counter = typing.Counter
+# 3.6.0-3.6.1
+else:
+    class Counter(collections.Counter,
+                  typing.Dict[T, int],
+                  metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta, extra=collections.Counter):
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+            if cls._gorg is Counter:
+                return collections.Counter(*args, **kwds)
+            return typing._generic_new(collections.Counter, cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+# 3.6.1+
+if hasattr(typing, 'ChainMap'):
+    ChainMap = typing.ChainMap
+elif hasattr(collections, 'ChainMap'):
+    class ChainMap(collections.ChainMap, typing.MutableMapping[KT, VT],
+                   metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
+                   extra=collections.ChainMap):
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+            if cls._gorg is ChainMap:
+                return collections.ChainMap(*args, **kwds)
+            return typing._generic_new(collections.ChainMap, cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+# 3.6.1+
+if hasattr(typing, 'AsyncGenerator'):
+    AsyncGenerator = typing.AsyncGenerator
+# 3.6.0
+else:
+    class AsyncGenerator(AsyncIterator[T_co], typing.Generic[T_co, T_contra],
+                         metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
+                         extra=collections.abc.AsyncGenerator):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+NewType = typing.NewType
+Text = typing.Text
+TYPE_CHECKING = typing.TYPE_CHECKING
+
+
+def _gorg(cls):
+    """This function exists for compatibility with old typing versions."""
+    assert isinstance(cls, GenericMeta)
+    if hasattr(cls, '_gorg'):
+        return cls._gorg
+    while cls.__origin__ is not None:
+        cls = cls.__origin__
+    return cls
+
+
+_PROTO_WHITELIST = ['Callable', 'Awaitable',
+                    'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable', 'AsyncIterator',
+                    'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible',
+                    'ContextManager', 'AsyncContextManager']
+
+
+def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
+    attrs = set()
+    for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
+        if base.__name__ in ('Protocol', 'Generic'):
+            continue
+        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+        for attr in list(base.__dict__.keys()) + list(annotations.keys()):
+            if (not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in (
+                    '__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__weakref__',
+                    '_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol', '__dict__',
+                    '__args__', '__slots__',
+                    '__next_in_mro__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+                    '__orig_bases__', '__extra__', '__tree_hash__',
+                    '__doc__', '__subclasshook__', '__init__', '__new__',
+                    '__module__', '_MutableMapping__marker', '_gorg')):
+                attrs.add(attr)
+    return attrs
+
+
+def _is_callable_members_only(cls):
+    return all(callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls))
+
+
+# 3.8+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Protocol'):
+    Protocol = typing.Protocol
+# 3.7
+elif PEP_560:
+    from typing import _collect_type_vars  # noqa
+
+    def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if type(self)._is_protocol:
+            raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
+
+    class _ProtocolMeta(abc.ABCMeta):
+        # This metaclass is a bit unfortunate and exists only because of the lack
+        # of __instancehook__.
+        def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
+            # We need this method for situations where attributes are
+            # assigned in __init__.
+            if ((not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) or
+                 _is_callable_members_only(cls)) and
+                    issubclass(instance.__class__, cls)):
+                return True
+            if cls._is_protocol:
+                if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
+                       (not callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) or
+                        getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
+                       for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls)):
+                    return True
+            return super().__instancecheck__(instance)
+
+    class Protocol(metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
+        # There is quite a lot of overlapping code with typing.Generic.
+        # Unfortunately it is hard to avoid this while these live in two different
+        # modules. The duplicated code will be removed when Protocol is moved to typing.
+        """Base class for protocol classes. Protocol classes are defined as::
+
+            class Proto(Protocol):
+                def meth(self) -> int:
+                    ...
+
+        Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
+        structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
+
+            class C:
+                def meth(self) -> int:
+                    return 0
+
+            def func(x: Proto) -> int:
+                return x.meth()
+
+            func(C())  # Passes static type check
+
+        See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
+        @typing_extensions.runtime act as simple-minded runtime protocol that checks
+        only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
+
+        Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
+
+            class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
+                def meth(self) -> T:
+                    ...
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+        _is_protocol = True
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+            if cls is Protocol:
+                raise TypeError("Type Protocol cannot be instantiated; "
+                                "it can only be used as a base class")
+            return super().__new__(cls)
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+                params = (params,)
+            if not params and cls is not typing.Tuple:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
+            msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+            params = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in params)  # noqa
+            if cls is Protocol:
+                # Generic can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
+                if not all(isinstance(p, typing.TypeVar) for p in params):
+                    i = 0
+                    while isinstance(params[i], typing.TypeVar):
+                        i += 1
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Parameters to Protocol[...] must all be type variables."
+                        f" Parameter {i + 1} is {params[i]}")
+                if len(set(params)) != len(params):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Parameters to Protocol[...] must all be unique")
+            else:
+                # Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
+                _check_generic(cls, params)
+            return typing._GenericAlias(cls, params)
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            tvars = []
+            if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+                error = typing.Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
+            else:
+                error = typing.Generic in cls.__bases__
+            if error:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
+            if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+                tvars = _collect_type_vars(cls.__orig_bases__)
+                # Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn] or Protocol[T1, ..., Tn].
+                # If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
+                # If not found, tvars is it.
+                # Also check for and reject plain Generic,
+                # and reject multiple Generic[...] and/or Protocol[...].
+                gvars = None
+                for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
+                    if (isinstance(base, typing._GenericAlias) and
+                            base.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol)):
+                        # for error messages
+                        the_base = base.__origin__.__name__
+                        if gvars is not None:
+                            raise TypeError(
+                                "Cannot inherit from Generic[...]"
+                                " and/or Protocol[...] multiple types.")
+                        gvars = base.__parameters__
+                if gvars is None:
+                    gvars = tvars
+                else:
+                    tvarset = set(tvars)
+                    gvarset = set(gvars)
+                    if not tvarset <= gvarset:
+                        s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
+                        s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
+                        raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
+                                        f" not listed in {the_base}[{s_args}]")
+                    tvars = gvars
+            cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
+
+            # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
+            if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
+                cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
+
+            # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
+            def _proto_hook(other):
+                if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
+                    return NotImplemented
+                if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
+                    if sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
+                                    " @runtime protocols")
+                if not _is_callable_members_only(cls):
+                    if sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
+                                    " don't support issubclass()")
+                if not isinstance(other, type):
+                    # Same error as for issubclass(1, int)
+                    raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
+                for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
+                    for base in other.__mro__:
+                        if attr in base.__dict__:
+                            if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
+                                return NotImplemented
+                            break
+                        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+                        if (isinstance(annotations, typing.Mapping) and
+                                attr in annotations and
+                                isinstance(other, _ProtocolMeta) and
+                                other._is_protocol):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                return True
+            if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
+                cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
+
+            # We have nothing more to do for non-protocols.
+            if not cls._is_protocol:
+                return
+
+            # Check consistency of bases.
+            for base in cls.__bases__:
+                if not (base in (object, typing.Generic) or
+                        base.__module__ == 'collections.abc' and
+                        base.__name__ in _PROTO_WHITELIST or
+                        isinstance(base, _ProtocolMeta) and base._is_protocol):
+                    raise TypeError('Protocols can only inherit from other'
+                                    f' protocols, got {repr(base)}')
+            cls.__init__ = _no_init
+# 3.6
+else:
+    from typing import _next_in_mro, _type_check  # noqa
+
+    def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if type(self)._is_protocol:
+            raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
+
+    class _ProtocolMeta(GenericMeta):
+        """Internal metaclass for Protocol.
+
+        This exists so Protocol classes can be generic without deriving
+        from Generic.
+        """
+        def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace,
+                    tvars=None, args=None, origin=None, extra=None, orig_bases=None):
+            # This is just a version copied from GenericMeta.__new__ that
+            # includes "Protocol" special treatment. (Comments removed for brevity.)
+            assert extra is None  # Protocols should not have extra
+            if tvars is not None:
+                assert origin is not None
+                assert all(isinstance(t, typing.TypeVar) for t in tvars), tvars
+            else:
+                tvars = _type_vars(bases)
+                gvars = None
+                for base in bases:
+                    if base is typing.Generic:
+                        raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
+                    if (isinstance(base, GenericMeta) and
+                            base.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol)):
+                        if gvars is not None:
+                            raise TypeError(
+                                "Cannot inherit from Generic[...] or"
+                                " Protocol[...] multiple times.")
+                        gvars = base.__parameters__
+                if gvars is None:
+                    gvars = tvars
+                else:
+                    tvarset = set(tvars)
+                    gvarset = set(gvars)
+                    if not tvarset <= gvarset:
+                        s_vars = ", ".join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
+                        s_args = ", ".join(str(g) for g in gvars)
+                        cls_name = "Generic" if any(b.__origin__ is typing.Generic
+                                                    for b in bases) else "Protocol"
+                        raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
+                                        f" not listed in {cls_name}[{s_args}]")
+                    tvars = gvars
+
+            initial_bases = bases
+            if (extra is not None and type(extra) is abc.ABCMeta and
+                    extra not in bases):
+                bases = (extra,) + bases
+            bases = tuple(_gorg(b) if isinstance(b, GenericMeta) else b
+                          for b in bases)
+            if any(isinstance(b, GenericMeta) and b is not typing.Generic for b in bases):
+                bases = tuple(b for b in bases if b is not typing.Generic)
+            namespace.update({'__origin__': origin, '__extra__': extra})
+            self = super(GenericMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace,
+                                                   _root=True)
+            super(GenericMeta, self).__setattr__('_gorg',
+                                                 self if not origin else
+                                                 _gorg(origin))
+            self.__parameters__ = tvars
+            self.__args__ = tuple(... if a is typing._TypingEllipsis else
+                                  () if a is typing._TypingEmpty else
+                                  a for a in args) if args else None
+            self.__next_in_mro__ = _next_in_mro(self)
+            if orig_bases is None:
+                self.__orig_bases__ = initial_bases
+            elif origin is not None:
+                self._abc_registry = origin._abc_registry
+                self._abc_cache = origin._abc_cache
+            if hasattr(self, '_subs_tree'):
+                self.__tree_hash__ = (hash(self._subs_tree()) if origin else
+                                      super(GenericMeta, self).__hash__())
+            return self
+
+        def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+            if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
+                cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol or
+                                       isinstance(b, _ProtocolMeta) and
+                                       b.__origin__ is Protocol
+                                       for b in cls.__bases__)
+            if cls._is_protocol:
+                for base in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+                    if not (base in (object, typing.Generic) or
+                            base.__module__ == 'collections.abc' and
+                            base.__name__ in _PROTO_WHITELIST or
+                            isinstance(base, typing.TypingMeta) and base._is_protocol or
+                            isinstance(base, GenericMeta) and
+                            base.__origin__ is typing.Generic):
+                        raise TypeError(f'Protocols can only inherit from other'
+                                        f' protocols, got {repr(base)}')
+
+                cls.__init__ = _no_init
+
+            def _proto_hook(other):
+                if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
+                    return NotImplemented
+                if not isinstance(other, type):
+                    # Same error as for issubclass(1, int)
+                    raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
+                for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
+                    for base in other.__mro__:
+                        if attr in base.__dict__:
+                            if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
+                                return NotImplemented
+                            break
+                        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+                        if (isinstance(annotations, typing.Mapping) and
+                                attr in annotations and
+                                isinstance(other, _ProtocolMeta) and
+                                other._is_protocol):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                return True
+            if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
+                cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, instance):
+            # We need this method for situations where attributes are
+            # assigned in __init__.
+            if ((not getattr(self, '_is_protocol', False) or
+                    _is_callable_members_only(self)) and
+                    issubclass(instance.__class__, self)):
+                return True
+            if self._is_protocol:
+                if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
+                        (not callable(getattr(self, attr, None)) or
+                         getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
+                        for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(self)):
+                    return True
+            return super(GenericMeta, self).__instancecheck__(instance)
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            if self.__origin__ is not None:
+                if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] not in ['abc', 'functools']:
+                    raise TypeError("Parameterized generics cannot be used with class "
+                                    "or instance checks")
+                return False
+            if (self.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None) and
+                    not self.__dict__.get('_is_runtime_protocol', None)):
+                if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc',
+                                                              'functools',
+                                                              'typing']:
+                    return False
+                raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
+                                " @runtime protocols")
+            if (self.__dict__.get('_is_runtime_protocol', None) and
+                    not _is_callable_members_only(self)):
+                if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc',
+                                                              'functools',
+                                                              'typing']:
+                    return super(GenericMeta, self).__subclasscheck__(cls)
+                raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
+                                " don't support issubclass()")
+            return super(GenericMeta, self).__subclasscheck__(cls)
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __getitem__(self, params):
+            # We also need to copy this from GenericMeta.__getitem__ to get
+            # special treatment of "Protocol". (Comments removed for brevity.)
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+                params = (params,)
+            if not params and _gorg(self) is not typing.Tuple:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Parameter list to {self.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
+            msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+            params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
+            if self in (typing.Generic, Protocol):
+                if not all(isinstance(p, typing.TypeVar) for p in params):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Parameters to {repr(self)}[...] must all be type variables")
+                if len(set(params)) != len(params):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Parameters to {repr(self)}[...] must all be unique")
+                tvars = params
+                args = params
+            elif self in (typing.Tuple, typing.Callable):
+                tvars = _type_vars(params)
+                args = params
+            elif self.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol):
+                raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {repr(self)}")
+            else:
+                _check_generic(self, params)
+                tvars = _type_vars(params)
+                args = params
+
+            prepend = (self,) if self.__origin__ is None else ()
+            return self.__class__(self.__name__,
+                                  prepend + self.__bases__,
+                                  _no_slots_copy(self.__dict__),
+                                  tvars=tvars,
+                                  args=args,
+                                  origin=self,
+                                  extra=self.__extra__,
+                                  orig_bases=self.__orig_bases__)
+
+    class Protocol(metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
+        """Base class for protocol classes. Protocol classes are defined as::
+
+          class Proto(Protocol):
+              def meth(self) -> int:
+                  ...
+
+        Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
+        structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
+
+          class C:
+              def meth(self) -> int:
+                  return 0
+
+          def func(x: Proto) -> int:
+              return x.meth()
+
+          func(C())  # Passes static type check
+
+        See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
+        @typing_extensions.runtime act as simple-minded runtime protocol that checks
+        only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
+
+        Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
+
+          class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
+              def meth(self) -> T:
+                  ...
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+        _is_protocol = True
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+            if _gorg(cls) is Protocol:
+                raise TypeError("Type Protocol cannot be instantiated; "
+                                "it can be used only as a base class")
+            return typing._generic_new(cls.__next_in_mro__, cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+
+# 3.8+
+if hasattr(typing, 'runtime_checkable'):
+    runtime_checkable = typing.runtime_checkable
+# 3.6-3.7
+else:
+    def runtime_checkable(cls):
+        """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol, so that it
+        can be used with isinstance() and issubclass(). Raise TypeError
+        if applied to a non-protocol class.
+
+        This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to the
+        one-offs in collections.abc such as Hashable.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(cls, _ProtocolMeta) or not cls._is_protocol:
+            raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
+                            f' got {cls!r}')
+        cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
+        return cls
+
+
+# Exists for backwards compatibility.
+runtime = runtime_checkable
+
+
+# 3.8+
+if hasattr(typing, 'SupportsIndex'):
+    SupportsIndex = typing.SupportsIndex
+# 3.6-3.7
+else:
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __index__(self) -> int:
+            pass
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9, 2):
+    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.8 does not store runtime information
+    # about which (if any) keys are optional.  See https://bugs.python.org/issue38834
+    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.9.0/1 does not honour the "total"
+    # keyword with old-style TypedDict().  See https://bugs.python.org/issue42059
+    TypedDict = typing.TypedDict
+else:
+    def _check_fails(cls, other):
+        try:
+            if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] not in ['abc',
+                                                              'functools',
+                                                              'typing']:
+                # Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
+                raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')
+        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+        return False
+
+    def _dict_new(*args, **kwargs):
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError('TypedDict.__new__(): not enough arguments')
+        _, args = args[0], args[1:]  # allow the "cls" keyword be passed
+        return dict(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    _dict_new.__text_signature__ = '($cls, _typename, _fields=None, /, **kwargs)'
+
+    def _typeddict_new(*args, total=True, **kwargs):
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError('TypedDict.__new__(): not enough arguments')
+        _, args = args[0], args[1:]  # allow the "cls" keyword be passed
+        if args:
+            typename, args = args[0], args[1:]  # allow the "_typename" keyword be passed
+        elif '_typename' in kwargs:
+            typename = kwargs.pop('_typename')
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn("Passing '_typename' as keyword argument is deprecated",
+                          DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("TypedDict.__new__() missing 1 required positional "
+                            "argument: '_typename'")
+        if args:
+            try:
+                fields, = args  # allow the "_fields" keyword be passed
+            except ValueError:
+                raise TypeError('TypedDict.__new__() takes from 2 to 3 '
+                                f'positional arguments but {len(args) + 2} '
+                                'were given')
+        elif '_fields' in kwargs and len(kwargs) == 1:
+            fields = kwargs.pop('_fields')
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn("Passing '_fields' as keyword argument is deprecated",
+                          DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            fields = None
+
+        if fields is None:
+            fields = kwargs
+        elif kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
+                            " but not both")
+
+        ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
+        try:
+            # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
+            ns['__module__'] = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
+        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        return _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total)
+
+    _typeddict_new.__text_signature__ = ('($cls, _typename, _fields=None,'
+                                         ' /, *, total=True, **kwargs)')
+
+    class _TypedDictMeta(type):
+        def __init__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
+            super().__init__(name, bases, ns)
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
+            # Create new typed dict class object.
+            # This method is called directly when TypedDict is subclassed,
+            # or via _typeddict_new when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
+            # TypedDict supports all three syntaxes described in its docstring.
+            # Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries
+            # via _dict_new.
+            ns['__new__'] = _typeddict_new if name == 'TypedDict' else _dict_new
+            tp_dict = super().__new__(cls, name, (dict,), ns)
+
+            annotations = {}
+            own_annotations = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
+            own_annotation_keys = set(own_annotations.keys())
+            msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
+            own_annotations = {
+                n: typing._type_check(tp, msg) for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
+            }
+            required_keys = set()
+            optional_keys = set()
+
+            for base in bases:
+                annotations.update(base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {}))
+                required_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', ()))
+                optional_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', ()))
+
+            annotations.update(own_annotations)
+            if total:
+                required_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
+            else:
+                optional_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
+
+            tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
+            tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
+            tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
+            if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__total__'):
+                tp_dict.__total__ = total
+            return tp_dict
+
+        __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__ = _check_fails
+
+    TypedDict = _TypedDictMeta('TypedDict', (dict,), {})
+    TypedDict.__module__ = __name__
+    TypedDict.__doc__ = \
+        """A simple typed name space. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
+
+        TypedDict creates a dictionary type that expects all of its
+        instances to have a certain set of keys, with each key
+        associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
+        is not checked at runtime but is only enforced by type checkers.
+        Usage::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict):
+                x: int
+                y: int
+                label: str
+
+            a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
+            b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check
+
+            assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
+
+        The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
+        the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
+        TypedDict supports two additional equivalent forms::
+
+            Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
+            Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
+
+        The class syntax is only supported in Python 3.6+, while two other
+        syntax forms work for Python 2.7 and 3.2+
+        """
+
+
+# Python 3.9+ has PEP 593 (Annotated and modified get_type_hints)
+if hasattr(typing, 'Annotated'):
+    Annotated = typing.Annotated
+    get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints
+    # Not exported and not a public API, but needed for get_origin() and get_args()
+    # to work.
+    _AnnotatedAlias = typing._AnnotatedAlias
+# 3.7-3.8
+elif PEP_560:
+    class _AnnotatedAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        """Runtime representation of an annotated type.
+
+        At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
+        with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
+        instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
+        it to types is also the same.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
+            if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
+                metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
+                origin = origin.__origin__
+            super().__init__(origin, origin)
+            self.__metadata__ = metadata
+
+        def copy_with(self, params):
+            assert len(params) == 1
+            new_type = params[0]
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return (f"typing_extensions.Annotated[{typing._type_repr(self.__origin__)}, "
+                    f"{', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)}]")
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return operator.getitem, (
+                Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
+            )
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__origin__ != other.__origin__:
+                return False
+            return self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))
+
+    class Annotated:
+        """Add context specific metadata to a type.
+
+        Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
+        hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
+        Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
+        this type as int.
+
+        The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
+        the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
+        the __extra__ field.
+
+        Details:
+
+        - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
+        - Nested Annotated are flattened::
+
+            Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
+
+        - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
+        underlying type::
+
+            Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
+
+        - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
+
+            Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
+            Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
+
+            OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
+            OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
+                raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
+                                "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
+                                "annotation).")
+            msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+            origin = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
+            metadata = tuple(params[1:])
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Cannot subclass {cls.__module__}.Annotated"
+            )
+
+    def _strip_annotations(t):
+        """Strips the annotations from a given type.
+        """
+        if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return _strip_annotations(t.__origin__)
+        if isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            res = t.copy_with(stripped_args)
+            res._special = t._special
+            return res
+        return t
+
+    def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
+        """Return type hints for an object.
+
+        This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
+        forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
+        default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
+        'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').
+
+        The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
+        are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
+        inherited members.
+
+        TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
+        annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
+        present.
+
+        BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
+        (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
+        search order is locals first, then globals.
+
+        - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
+          globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
+          and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
+          to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
+
+        - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
+          locals.
+
+        - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
+          locals, respectively.
+        """
+        hint = typing.get_type_hints(obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+        if include_extras:
+            return hint
+        return {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hint.items()}
+# 3.6
+else:
+
+    def _is_dunder(name):
+        """Returns True if name is a __dunder_variable_name__."""
+        return len(name) > 4 and name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__')
+
+    # Prior to Python 3.7 types did not have `copy_with`. A lot of the equality
+    # checks, argument expansion etc. are done on the _subs_tre. As a result we
+    # can't provide a get_type_hints function that strips out annotations.
+
+    class AnnotatedMeta(typing.GenericMeta):
+        """Metaclass for Annotated"""
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
+            if any(b is not object for b in bases):
+                raise TypeError("Cannot subclass " + str(Annotated))
+            return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
+        @property
+        def __metadata__(self):
+            return self._subs_tree()[2]
+
+        def _tree_repr(self, tree):
+            cls, origin, metadata = tree
+            if not isinstance(origin, tuple):
+                tp_repr = typing._type_repr(origin)
+            else:
+                tp_repr = origin[0]._tree_repr(origin)
+            metadata_reprs = ", ".join(repr(arg) for arg in metadata)
+            return f'{cls}[{tp_repr}, {metadata_reprs}]'
+
+        def _subs_tree(self, tvars=None, args=None):  # noqa
+            if self is Annotated:
+                return Annotated
+            res = super()._subs_tree(tvars=tvars, args=args)
+            # Flatten nested Annotated
+            if isinstance(res[1], tuple) and res[1][0] is Annotated:
+                sub_tp = res[1][1]
+                sub_annot = res[1][2]
+                return (Annotated, sub_tp, sub_annot + res[2])
+            return res
+
+        def _get_cons(self):
+            """Return the class used to create instance of this type."""
+            if self.__origin__ is None:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot get the underlying type of a "
+                                "non-specialized Annotated type.")
+            tree = self._subs_tree()
+            while isinstance(tree, tuple) and tree[0] is Annotated:
+                tree = tree[1]
+            if isinstance(tree, tuple):
+                return tree[0]
+            else:
+                return tree
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __getitem__(self, params):
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+                params = (params,)
+            if self.__origin__ is not None:  # specializing an instantiated type
+                return super().__getitem__(params)
+            elif not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
+                raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be instantiated "
+                                "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
+                                "annotation).")
+            else:
+                msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+                tp = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
+                metadata = tuple(params[1:])
+            return self.__class__(
+                self.__name__,
+                self.__bases__,
+                _no_slots_copy(self.__dict__),
+                tvars=_type_vars((tp,)),
+                # Metadata is a tuple so it won't be touched by _replace_args et al.
+                args=(tp, metadata),
+                origin=self,
+            )
+
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            cons = self._get_cons()
+            result = cons(*args, **kwargs)
+            try:
+                result.__orig_class__ = self
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            return result
+
+        def __getattr__(self, attr):
+            # For simplicity we just don't relay all dunder names
+            if self.__origin__ is not None and not _is_dunder(attr):
+                return getattr(self._get_cons(), attr)
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+
+        def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
+            if _is_dunder(attr) or attr.startswith('_abc_'):
+                super().__setattr__(attr, value)
+            elif self.__origin__ is None:
+                raise AttributeError(attr)
+            else:
+                setattr(self._get_cons(), attr, value)
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            raise TypeError("Annotated cannot be used with isinstance().")
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            raise TypeError("Annotated cannot be used with issubclass().")
+
+    class Annotated(metaclass=AnnotatedMeta):
+        """Add context specific metadata to a type.
+
+        Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
+        hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
+        Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
+        this type as int.
+
+        The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type, the remaining
+        arguments are kept as a tuple in the __metadata__ field.
+
+        Details:
+
+        - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
+        - Nested Annotated are flattened::
+
+            Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
+
+        - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
+        underlying type::
+
+            Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
+
+        - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
+
+            Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
+            Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
+
+            OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
+            OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
+        """
+
+# Python 3.8 has get_origin() and get_args() but those implementations aren't
+# Annotated-aware, so we can't use those. Python 3.9's versions don't support
+# ParamSpecArgs and ParamSpecKwargs, so only Python 3.10's versions will do.
+if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
+    get_origin = typing.get_origin
+    get_args = typing.get_args
+# 3.7-3.9
+elif PEP_560:
+    try:
+        # 3.9+
+        from typing import _BaseGenericAlias
+    except ImportError:
+        _BaseGenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
+    try:
+        # 3.9+
+        from typing import GenericAlias
+    except ImportError:
+        GenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
+
+    def get_origin(tp):
+        """Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
+
+        This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
+        and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
+
+            get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
+            get_origin(int) is None
+            get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
+            get_origin(Generic) is Generic
+            get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
+            get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
+            get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
+            get_origin(P.args) is P
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return Annotated
+        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, GenericAlias, _BaseGenericAlias,
+                           ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
+            return tp.__origin__
+        if tp is typing.Generic:
+            return typing.Generic
+        return None
+
+    def get_args(tp):
+        """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
+
+        For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
+        Examples::
+            get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
+            get_args(int) == ()
+            get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
+            get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
+            get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
+        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
+            if getattr(tp, "_special", False):
+                return ()
+            res = tp.__args__
+            if get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
+                res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
+            return res
+        return ()
+
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeAlias'):
+    TypeAlias = typing.TypeAlias
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    class _TypeAliasForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+    @_TypeAliasForm
+    def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
+        """Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+        checkers.
+
+        For example::
+
+            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
+        """
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+# 3.7-3.8
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    class _TypeAliasForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+    TypeAlias = _TypeAliasForm('TypeAlias',
+                               doc="""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+                               be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+                               checkers.
+
+                               For example::
+
+                                   Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+                               It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
+                               above.""")
+# 3.6
+else:
+    class _TypeAliasMeta(typing.TypingMeta):
+        """Metaclass for TypeAlias"""
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.TypeAlias'
+
+    class _TypeAliasBase(typing._FinalTypingBase, metaclass=_TypeAliasMeta, _root=True):
+        """Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+        checkers.
+
+        For example::
+
+            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            raise TypeError("TypeAlias cannot be used with isinstance().")
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            raise TypeError("TypeAlias cannot be used with issubclass().")
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.TypeAlias'
+
+    TypeAlias = _TypeAliasBase(_root=True)
+
+
+# Python 3.10+ has PEP 612
+if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpecArgs'):
+    ParamSpecArgs = typing.ParamSpecArgs
+    ParamSpecKwargs = typing.ParamSpecKwargs
+# 3.6-3.9
+else:
+    class _Immutable:
+        """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __copy__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+            return self
+
+    class ParamSpecArgs(_Immutable):
+        """The args for a ParamSpec object.
+
+        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
+
+        ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+
+        P.args.__origin__ is P
+
+        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
+        static type checkers.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin):
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
+
+    class ParamSpecKwargs(_Immutable):
+        """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
+
+        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
+
+        ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+
+        P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
+
+        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
+        static type checkers.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin):
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpec'):
+    ParamSpec = typing.ParamSpec
+# 3.6-3.9
+else:
+
+    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
+    class ParamSpec(list):
+        """Parameter specification variable.
+
+        Usage::
+
+           P = ParamSpec('P')
+
+        Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
+        type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
+        callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
+        functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
+        or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
+        they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
+        See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
+        example for annotating a decorator::
+
+           T = TypeVar('T')
+           P = ParamSpec('P')
+
+           def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
+               '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
+               def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
+                   logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
+                   return f(*args, **kwargs)
+               return inner
+
+           @add_logging
+           def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
+               '''Add two numbers together.'''
+               return x + y
+
+        Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
+        contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
+        generic types.  These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
+        are yet to be decided.  See PEP 612 for details.
+
+        Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
+
+           P.__name__ == 'T'
+           P.__bound__ == None
+           P.__covariant__ == False
+           P.__contravariant__ == False
+
+        Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
+        be pickled.
+        """
+
+        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        @property
+        def args(self):
+            return ParamSpecArgs(self)
+
+        @property
+        def kwargs(self):
+            return ParamSpecKwargs(self)
+
+        def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False):
+            super().__init__([self])
+            self.__name__ = name
+            self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
+            self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
+            if bound:
+                self.__bound__ = typing._type_check(bound, 'Bound must be a type.')
+            else:
+                self.__bound__ = None
+
+            # for pickling:
+            try:
+                def_mod = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
+            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                def_mod = None
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            if self.__covariant__:
+                prefix = '+'
+            elif self.__contravariant__:
+                prefix = '-'
+            else:
+                prefix = '~'
+            return prefix + self.__name__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return object.__hash__(self)
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self is other
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass.
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        if not PEP_560:
+            # Only needed in 3.6.
+            def _get_type_vars(self, tvars):
+                if self not in tvars:
+                    tvars.append(self)
+
+
+# 3.6-3.9
+if not hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
+    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
+    class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(list):
+
+        # Trick Generic into looking into this for __parameters__.
+        if PEP_560:
+            __class__ = typing._GenericAlias
+        else:
+            __class__ = typing._TypingBase
+
+        # Flag in 3.8.
+        _special = False
+        # Attribute in 3.6 and earlier.
+        _gorg = typing.Generic
+
+        def __init__(self, origin, args):
+            super().__init__(args)
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+            self.__args__ = args
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            _type_repr = typing._type_repr
+            return (f'{_type_repr(self.__origin__)}'
+                    f'[{", ".join(_type_repr(arg) for arg in self.__args__)}]')
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))
+
+        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass in Generic.
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        @property
+        def __parameters__(self):
+            return tuple(
+                tp for tp in self.__args__ if isinstance(tp, (typing.TypeVar, ParamSpec))
+            )
+
+        if not PEP_560:
+            # Only required in 3.6.
+            def _get_type_vars(self, tvars):
+                if self.__origin__ and self.__parameters__:
+                    typing._get_type_vars(self.__parameters__, tvars)
+
+
+# 3.6-3.9
+@typing._tp_cache
+def _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters):
+    if parameters == ():
+        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
+    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+        parameters = (parameters,)
+    if not isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec):
+        raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                        "ParamSpec variable.")
+    msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
+    parameters = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
+    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
+    Concatenate = typing.Concatenate
+    _ConcatenateGenericAlias = typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias # noqa
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_TypeAliasForm
+    def Concatenate(self, parameters):
+        """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """
+        return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+# 3.7-8
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    class _ConcatenateForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+
+    Concatenate = _ConcatenateForm(
+        'Concatenate',
+        doc="""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """)
+# 3.6
+else:
+    class _ConcatenateAliasMeta(typing.TypingMeta):
+        """Metaclass for Concatenate."""
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.Concatenate'
+
+    class _ConcatenateAliasBase(typing._FinalTypingBase,
+                                metaclass=_ConcatenateAliasMeta,
+                                _root=True):
+        """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            raise TypeError("Concatenate cannot be used with isinstance().")
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            raise TypeError("Concatenate cannot be used with issubclass().")
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.Concatenate'
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+
+    Concatenate = _ConcatenateAliasBase(_root=True)
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeGuard'):
+    TypeGuard = typing.TypeGuard
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    class _TypeGuardForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+    @_TypeGuardForm
+    def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
+        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+# 3.7-3.8
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    class _TypeGuardForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    TypeGuard = _TypeGuardForm(
+        'TypeGuard',
+        doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """)
+# 3.6
+else:
+    class _TypeGuard(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
+        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ('__type__',)
+
+        def __init__(self, tp=None, **kwds):
+            self.__type__ = tp
+
+        def __getitem__(self, item):
+            cls = type(self)
+            if self.__type__ is None:
+                return cls(typing._type_check(item,
+                           f'{cls.__name__[1:]} accepts only a single type.'),
+                           _root=True)
+            raise TypeError(f'{cls.__name__[1:]} cannot be further subscripted')
+
+        def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
+            new_tp = typing._eval_type(self.__type__, globalns, localns)
+            if new_tp == self.__type__:
+                return self
+            return type(self)(new_tp, _root=True)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            r = super().__repr__()
+            if self.__type__ is not None:
+                r += f'[{typing._type_repr(self.__type__)}]'
+            return r
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__type__))
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _TypeGuard):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__type__ is not None:
+                return self.__type__ == other.__type__
+            return self is other
+
+    TypeGuard = _TypeGuard(_root=True)
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Self"):
+    Self = typing.Self
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    # Vendored from cpython typing._SpecialFrom
+    class _SpecialForm(typing._Final, _root=True):
+        __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
+
+        def __init__(self, getitem):
+            self._getitem = getitem
+            self._name = getitem.__name__
+            self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__
+
+        def __getattr__(self, item):
+            if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
+                return self._name
+
+            raise AttributeError(item)
+
+        def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f'typing_extensions.{self._name}'
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self._name
+
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")
+
+        def __or__(self, other):
+            return typing.Union[self, other]
+
+        def __ror__(self, other):
+            return typing.Union[other, self]
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            return self._getitem(self, parameters)
+
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def Self(self, params):
+        """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
+
+        Example::
+
+          from typing import Self
+
+          class ReturnsSelf:
+              def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
+                  ...
+                  return self
+
+        """
+
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+else:
+    class _Self(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
+        """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
+
+        Example::
+
+          from typing import Self
+
+          class ReturnsSelf:
+              def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
+                  ...
+                  return self
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance().")
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+            raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass().")
+
+    Self = _Self(_root=True)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Required'):
+    Required = typing.Required
+    NotRequired = typing.NotRequired
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    class _ExtensionsSpecialForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def Required(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only single type')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def NotRequired(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only single type')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    class _RequiredForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      '{} accepts only single type'.format(self._name))
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Required = _RequiredForm(
+        'Required',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """)
+    NotRequired = _RequiredForm(
+        'NotRequired',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """)
+else:
+    # NOTE: Modeled after _Final's implementation when _FinalTypingBase available
+    class _MaybeRequired(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
+        __slots__ = ('__type__',)
+
+        def __init__(self, tp=None, **kwds):
+            self.__type__ = tp
+
+        def __getitem__(self, item):
+            cls = type(self)
+            if self.__type__ is None:
+                return cls(typing._type_check(item,
+                           '{} accepts only single type.'.format(cls.__name__[1:])),
+                           _root=True)
+            raise TypeError('{} cannot be further subscripted'
+                            .format(cls.__name__[1:]))
+
+        def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
+            new_tp = typing._eval_type(self.__type__, globalns, localns)
+            if new_tp == self.__type__:
+                return self
+            return type(self)(new_tp, _root=True)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            r = super().__repr__()
+            if self.__type__ is not None:
+                r += '[{}]'.format(typing._type_repr(self.__type__))
+            return r
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__type__))
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__type__ is not None:
+                return self.__type__ == other.__type__
+            return self is other
+
+    class _Required(_MaybeRequired, _root=True):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """
+
+    class _NotRequired(_MaybeRequired, _root=True):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """
+
+    Required = _Required(_root=True)
+    NotRequired = _NotRequired(_root=True)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/zipp.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/zipp.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26b723c1fd3e25740e0268b8c9b50905c58c3d4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/_vendor/zipp.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+import io
+import posixpath
+import zipfile
+import itertools
+import contextlib
+import sys
+import pathlib
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+else:
+    OrderedDict = dict
+
+
+__all__ = ['Path']
+
+
+def _parents(path):
+    """
+    Given a path with elements separated by
+    posixpath.sep, generate all parents of that path.
+
+    >>> list(_parents('b/d'))
+    ['b']
+    >>> list(_parents('/b/d/'))
+    ['/b']
+    >>> list(_parents('b/d/f/'))
+    ['b/d', 'b']
+    >>> list(_parents('b'))
+    []
+    >>> list(_parents(''))
+    []
+    """
+    return itertools.islice(_ancestry(path), 1, None)
+
+
+def _ancestry(path):
+    """
+    Given a path with elements separated by
+    posixpath.sep, generate all elements of that path
+
+    >>> list(_ancestry('b/d'))
+    ['b/d', 'b']
+    >>> list(_ancestry('/b/d/'))
+    ['/b/d', '/b']
+    >>> list(_ancestry('b/d/f/'))
+    ['b/d/f', 'b/d', 'b']
+    >>> list(_ancestry('b'))
+    ['b']
+    >>> list(_ancestry(''))
+    []
+    """
+    path = path.rstrip(posixpath.sep)
+    while path and path != posixpath.sep:
+        yield path
+        path, tail = posixpath.split(path)
+
+
+_dedupe = OrderedDict.fromkeys
+"""Deduplicate an iterable in original order"""
+
+
+def _difference(minuend, subtrahend):
+    """
+    Return items in minuend not in subtrahend, retaining order
+    with O(1) lookup.
+    """
+    return itertools.filterfalse(set(subtrahend).__contains__, minuend)
+
+
+class CompleteDirs(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """
+    A ZipFile subclass that ensures that implied directories
+    are always included in the namelist.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _implied_dirs(names):
+        parents = itertools.chain.from_iterable(map(_parents, names))
+        as_dirs = (p + posixpath.sep for p in parents)
+        return _dedupe(_difference(as_dirs, names))
+
+    def namelist(self):
+        names = super(CompleteDirs, self).namelist()
+        return names + list(self._implied_dirs(names))
+
+    def _name_set(self):
+        return set(self.namelist())
+
+    def resolve_dir(self, name):
+        """
+        If the name represents a directory, return that name
+        as a directory (with the trailing slash).
+        """
+        names = self._name_set()
+        dirname = name + '/'
+        dir_match = name not in names and dirname in names
+        return dirname if dir_match else name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make(cls, source):
+        """
+        Given a source (filename or zipfile), return an
+        appropriate CompleteDirs subclass.
+        """
+        if isinstance(source, CompleteDirs):
+            return source
+
+        if not isinstance(source, zipfile.ZipFile):
+            return cls(_pathlib_compat(source))
+
+        # Only allow for FastLookup when supplied zipfile is read-only
+        if 'r' not in source.mode:
+            cls = CompleteDirs
+
+        source.__class__ = cls
+        return source
+
+
+class FastLookup(CompleteDirs):
+    """
+    ZipFile subclass to ensure implicit
+    dirs exist and are resolved rapidly.
+    """
+
+    def namelist(self):
+        with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+            return self.__names
+        self.__names = super(FastLookup, self).namelist()
+        return self.__names
+
+    def _name_set(self):
+        with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+            return self.__lookup
+        self.__lookup = super(FastLookup, self)._name_set()
+        return self.__lookup
+
+
+def _pathlib_compat(path):
+    """
+    For path-like objects, convert to a filename for compatibility
+    on Python 3.6.1 and earlier.
+    """
+    try:
+        return path.__fspath__()
+    except AttributeError:
+        return str(path)
+
+
+class Path:
+    """
+    A pathlib-compatible interface for zip files.
+
+    Consider a zip file with this structure::
+
+        .
+        ├── a.txt
+        └── b
+            ├── c.txt
+            └── d
+                └── e.txt
+
+    >>> data = io.BytesIO()
+    >>> zf = zipfile.ZipFile(data, 'w')
+    >>> zf.writestr('a.txt', 'content of a')
+    >>> zf.writestr('b/c.txt', 'content of c')
+    >>> zf.writestr('b/d/e.txt', 'content of e')
+    >>> zf.filename = 'mem/abcde.zip'
+
+    Path accepts the zipfile object itself or a filename
+
+    >>> root = Path(zf)
+
+    From there, several path operations are available.
+
+    Directory iteration (including the zip file itself):
+
+    >>> a, b = root.iterdir()
+    >>> a
+    Path('mem/abcde.zip', 'a.txt')
+    >>> b
+    Path('mem/abcde.zip', 'b/')
+
+    name property:
+
+    >>> b.name
+    'b'
+
+    join with divide operator:
+
+    >>> c = b / 'c.txt'
+    >>> c
+    Path('mem/abcde.zip', 'b/c.txt')
+    >>> c.name
+    'c.txt'
+
+    Read text:
+
+    >>> c.read_text()
+    'content of c'
+
+    existence:
+
+    >>> c.exists()
+    True
+    >>> (b / 'missing.txt').exists()
+    False
+
+    Coercion to string:
+
+    >>> import os
+    >>> str(c).replace(os.sep, posixpath.sep)
+    'mem/abcde.zip/b/c.txt'
+
+    At the root, ``name``, ``filename``, and ``parent``
+    resolve to the zipfile. Note these attributes are not
+    valid and will raise a ``ValueError`` if the zipfile
+    has no filename.
+
+    >>> root.name
+    'abcde.zip'
+    >>> str(root.filename).replace(os.sep, posixpath.sep)
+    'mem/abcde.zip'
+    >>> str(root.parent)
+    'mem'
+    """
+
+    __repr = "{self.__class__.__name__}({self.root.filename!r}, {self.at!r})"
+
+    def __init__(self, root, at=""):
+        """
+        Construct a Path from a ZipFile or filename.
+
+        Note: When the source is an existing ZipFile object,
+        its type (__class__) will be mutated to a
+        specialized type. If the caller wishes to retain the
+        original type, the caller should either create a
+        separate ZipFile object or pass a filename.
+        """
+        self.root = FastLookup.make(root)
+        self.at = at
+
+    def open(self, mode='r', *args, pwd=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Open this entry as text or binary following the semantics
+        of ``pathlib.Path.open()`` by passing arguments through
+        to io.TextIOWrapper().
+        """
+        if self.is_dir():
+            raise IsADirectoryError(self)
+        zip_mode = mode[0]
+        if not self.exists() and zip_mode == 'r':
+            raise FileNotFoundError(self)
+        stream = self.root.open(self.at, zip_mode, pwd=pwd)
+        if 'b' in mode:
+            if args or kwargs:
+                raise ValueError("encoding args invalid for binary operation")
+            return stream
+        return io.TextIOWrapper(stream, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return pathlib.Path(self.at).name or self.filename.name
+
+    @property
+    def suffix(self):
+        return pathlib.Path(self.at).suffix or self.filename.suffix
+
+    @property
+    def suffixes(self):
+        return pathlib.Path(self.at).suffixes or self.filename.suffixes
+
+    @property
+    def stem(self):
+        return pathlib.Path(self.at).stem or self.filename.stem
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        return pathlib.Path(self.root.filename).joinpath(self.at)
+
+    def read_text(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        with self.open('r', *args, **kwargs) as strm:
+            return strm.read()
+
+    def read_bytes(self):
+        with self.open('rb') as strm:
+            return strm.read()
+
+    def _is_child(self, path):
+        return posixpath.dirname(path.at.rstrip("/")) == self.at.rstrip("/")
+
+    def _next(self, at):
+        return self.__class__(self.root, at)
+
+    def is_dir(self):
+        return not self.at or self.at.endswith("/")
+
+    def is_file(self):
+        return self.exists() and not self.is_dir()
+
+    def exists(self):
+        return self.at in self.root._name_set()
+
+    def iterdir(self):
+        if not self.is_dir():
+            raise ValueError("Can't listdir a file")
+        subs = map(self._next, self.root.namelist())
+        return filter(self._is_child, subs)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return posixpath.join(self.root.filename, self.at)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__repr.format(self=self)
+
+    def joinpath(self, *other):
+        next = posixpath.join(self.at, *map(_pathlib_compat, other))
+        return self._next(self.root.resolve_dir(next))
+
+    __truediv__ = joinpath
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self):
+        if not self.at:
+            return self.filename.parent
+        parent_at = posixpath.dirname(self.at.rstrip('/'))
+        if parent_at:
+            parent_at += '/'
+        return self._next(parent_at)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5acd7687d642f06de84b38f5842c41ae14d5f24a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from distutils.command.bdist import bdist
+import sys
+
+if 'egg' not in bdist.format_commands:
+    try:
+        bdist.format_commands['egg'] = ('bdist_egg', "Python .egg file")
+    except TypeError:
+        # For backward compatibility with older distutils (stdlib)
+        bdist.format_command['egg'] = ('bdist_egg', "Python .egg file")
+        bdist.format_commands.append('egg')
+
+del bdist, sys
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/_requirestxt.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/_requirestxt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0c2d7059ad6464ce3166a5c39c44007ad57cfa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/_requirestxt.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""Helper code used to generate ``requires.txt`` files in the egg-info directory.
+
+The ``requires.txt`` file has an specific format:
+    - Environment markers need to be part of the section headers and
+      should not be part of the requirement spec itself.
+
+See https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/deprecated/python_eggs.html#requires-txt
+"""
+
+import io
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import filterfalse
+from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Mapping, TypeVar
+
+from .. import _reqs
+from ..extern.jaraco.text import yield_lines
+from ..extern.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+
+
+# dict can work as an ordered set
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_Ordered = Dict[_T, None]
+_ordered = dict
+_StrOrIter = _reqs._StrOrIter
+
+
+def _prepare(
+    install_requires: _StrOrIter, extras_require: Mapping[str, _StrOrIter]
+) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, List[str]]]:
+    """Given values for ``install_requires`` and ``extras_require``
+    create modified versions in a way that can be written in ``requires.txt``
+    """
+    extras = _convert_extras_requirements(extras_require)
+    return _move_install_requirements_markers(install_requires, extras)
+
+
+def _convert_extras_requirements(
+    extras_require: Mapping[str, _StrOrIter],
+) -> Mapping[str, _Ordered[Requirement]]:
+    """
+    Convert requirements in `extras_require` of the form
+    `"extra": ["barbazquux; {marker}"]` to
+    `"extra:{marker}": ["barbazquux"]`.
+    """
+    output: Mapping[str, _Ordered[Requirement]] = defaultdict(dict)
+    for section, v in extras_require.items():
+        # Do not strip empty sections.
+        output[section]
+        for r in _reqs.parse(v):
+            output[section + _suffix_for(r)].setdefault(r)
+
+    return output
+
+
+def _move_install_requirements_markers(
+    install_requires: _StrOrIter, extras_require: Mapping[str, _Ordered[Requirement]]
+) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, List[str]]]:
+    """
+    The ``requires.txt`` file has an specific format:
+        - Environment markers need to be part of the section headers and
+          should not be part of the requirement spec itself.
+
+    Move requirements in ``install_requires`` that are using environment
+    markers ``extras_require``.
+    """
+
+    # divide the install_requires into two sets, simple ones still
+    # handled by install_requires and more complex ones handled by extras_require.
+
+    inst_reqs = list(_reqs.parse(install_requires))
+    simple_reqs = filter(_no_marker, inst_reqs)
+    complex_reqs = filterfalse(_no_marker, inst_reqs)
+    simple_install_requires = list(map(str, simple_reqs))
+
+    for r in complex_reqs:
+        extras_require[':' + str(r.marker)].setdefault(r)
+
+    expanded_extras = dict(
+        # list(dict.fromkeys(...))  ensures a list of unique strings
+        (k, list(dict.fromkeys(str(r) for r in map(_clean_req, v))))
+        for k, v in extras_require.items()
+    )
+
+    return simple_install_requires, expanded_extras
+
+
+def _suffix_for(req):
+    """Return the 'extras_require' suffix for a given requirement."""
+    return ':' + str(req.marker) if req.marker else ''
+
+
+def _clean_req(req):
+    """Given a Requirement, remove environment markers and return it"""
+    r = Requirement(str(req))  # create a copy before modifying
+    r.marker = None
+    return r
+
+
+def _no_marker(req):
+    return not req.marker
+
+
+def _write_requirements(stream, reqs):
+    lines = yield_lines(reqs or ())
+
+    def append_cr(line):
+        return line + '\n'
+
+    lines = map(append_cr, lines)
+    stream.writelines(lines)
+
+
+def write_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    dist = cmd.distribution
+    data = io.StringIO()
+    install_requires, extras_require = _prepare(
+        dist.install_requires or (), dist.extras_require or {}
+    )
+    _write_requirements(data, install_requires)
+    for extra in sorted(extras_require):
+        data.write('\n[{extra}]\n'.format(**vars()))
+        _write_requirements(data, extras_require[extra])
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_setup_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    data = io.StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, cmd.distribution.setup_requires)
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("setup-requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7b4d5456a7fa18d31d8ab4e9ef120b42e61ef13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base, config_file
+
+
+def shquote(arg):
+    """Quote an argument for later parsing by shlex.split()"""
+    for c in '"', "'", "\\", "#":
+        if c in arg:
+            return repr(arg)
+    if arg.split() != [arg]:
+        return repr(arg)
+    return arg
+
+
+class alias(option_base):
+    """Define a shortcut that invokes one or more commands"""
+
+    description = "define a shortcut to invoke one or more commands"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the alias'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.args = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.remove and len(self.args) != 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify exactly one argument (the alias name) when "
+                "using --remove"
+            )
+
+    def run(self):
+        aliases = self.distribution.get_option_dict('aliases')
+
+        if not self.args:
+            print("Command Aliases")
+            print("---------------")
+            for alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+            return
+
+        elif len(self.args) == 1:
+            (alias,) = self.args
+            if self.remove:
+                command = None
+            elif alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+                return
+            else:
+                print("No alias definition found for %r" % alias)
+                return
+        else:
+            alias = self.args[0]
+            command = ' '.join(map(shquote, self.args[1:]))
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, {'aliases': {alias: command}}, self.dry_run)
+
+
+def format_alias(name, aliases):
+    source, command = aliases[name]
+    if source == config_file('global'):
+        source = '--global-config '
+    elif source == config_file('user'):
+        source = '--user-config '
+    elif source == config_file('local'):
+        source = ''
+    else:
+        source = '--filename=%r' % source
+    return source + name + ' ' + command
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3687efdf9c6258e41ba5d5b8110b9cc308e1d144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+"""setuptools.command.bdist_egg
+
+Build .egg distributions"""
+
+from distutils.dir_util import remove_tree, mkpath
+from distutils import log
+from types import CodeType
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import textwrap
+import marshal
+
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+from setuptools import Command
+from .._path import ensure_directory
+
+from sysconfig import get_path, get_python_version
+
+
+def _get_purelib():
+    return get_path("purelib")
+
+
+def strip_module(filename):
+    if '.' in filename:
+        filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
+    if filename.endswith('module'):
+        filename = filename[:-6]
+    return filename
+
+
+def sorted_walk(dir):
+    """Do os.walk in a reproducible way,
+    independent of indeterministic filesystem readdir order
+    """
+    for base, dirs, files in os.walk(dir):
+        dirs.sort()
+        files.sort()
+        yield base, dirs, files
+
+
+def write_stub(resource, pyfile):
+    _stub_template = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        def __bootstrap__():
+            global __bootstrap__, __loader__, __file__
+            import sys, pkg_resources, importlib.util
+            __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename(__name__, %r)
+            __loader__ = None; del __bootstrap__, __loader__
+            spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(__name__,__file__)
+            mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+            spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
+        __bootstrap__()
+        """
+    ).lstrip()
+    with open(pyfile, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(_stub_template % resource)
+
+
+class bdist_egg(Command):
+    description = "create an \"egg\" distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-dir=', 'b', "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+        (
+            'plat-name=',
+            'p',
+            "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+            "(by default uses `pkg_resources.get_build_platform()`)",
+        ),
+        ('exclude-source-files', None, "remove all .py files from the generated egg"),
+        (
+            'keep-temp',
+            'k',
+            "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after "
+            + "creating the distribution archive",
+        ),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd', "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+        ('skip-build', None, "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'exclude-source-files']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = 0
+        self.egg_output = None
+        self.exclude_source_files = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei_cmd = self.ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        self.egg_info = ei_cmd.egg_info
+
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'egg')
+
+        if self.plat_name is None:
+            from pkg_resources import get_build_platform
+
+            self.plat_name = get_build_platform()
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+        if self.egg_output is None:
+            # Compute filename of the output egg
+            basename = ei_cmd._get_egg_basename(
+                py_version=get_python_version(),
+                platform=self.distribution.has_ext_modules() and self.plat_name,
+            )
+
+            self.egg_output = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, basename + '.egg')
+
+    def do_install_data(self):
+        # Hack for packages that install data to install's --install-lib
+        self.get_finalized_command('install').install_lib = self.bdist_dir
+
+        site_packages = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(_get_purelib()))
+        old, self.distribution.data_files = self.distribution.data_files, []
+
+        for item in old:
+            if isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 2:
+                if os.path.isabs(item[0]):
+                    realpath = os.path.realpath(item[0])
+                    normalized = os.path.normcase(realpath)
+                    if normalized == site_packages or normalized.startswith(
+                        site_packages + os.sep
+                    ):
+                        item = realpath[len(site_packages) + 1 :], item[1]
+                        # XXX else: raise ???
+            self.distribution.data_files.append(item)
+
+        try:
+            log.info("installing package data to %s", self.bdist_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_data', force=0, root=None)
+        finally:
+            self.distribution.data_files = old
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return [self.egg_output]
+
+    def call_command(self, cmdname, **kw):
+        """Invoke reinitialized command `cmdname` with keyword args"""
+        for dirname in INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS:
+            kw.setdefault(dirname, self.bdist_dir)
+        kw.setdefault('skip_build', self.skip_build)
+        kw.setdefault('dry_run', self.dry_run)
+        cmd = self.reinitialize_command(cmdname, **kw)
+        self.run_command(cmdname)
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):  # noqa: C901  # is too complex (14)  # FIXME
+        # Generate metadata first
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        # We run install_lib before install_data, because some data hacks
+        # pull their data path from the install_lib command.
+        log.info("installing library code to %s", self.bdist_dir)
+        instcmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        old_root = instcmd.root
+        instcmd.root = None
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries() and not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build_clib')
+        cmd = self.call_command('install_lib', warn_dir=0)
+        instcmd.root = old_root
+
+        all_outputs, ext_outputs = self.get_ext_outputs()
+        self.stubs = []
+        to_compile = []
+        for p, ext_name in enumerate(ext_outputs):
+            filename, ext = os.path.splitext(ext_name)
+            pyfile = os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, strip_module(filename) + '.py')
+            self.stubs.append(pyfile)
+            log.info("creating stub loader for %s", ext_name)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                write_stub(os.path.basename(ext_name), pyfile)
+            to_compile.append(pyfile)
+            ext_outputs[p] = ext_name.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+        if to_compile:
+            cmd.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if self.distribution.data_files:
+            self.do_install_data()
+
+        # Make the EGG-INFO directory
+        archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        egg_info = os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO')
+        self.mkpath(egg_info)
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            script_dir = os.path.join(egg_info, 'scripts')
+            log.info("installing scripts to %s", script_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_scripts', install_dir=script_dir, no_ep=1)
+
+        self.copy_metadata_to(egg_info)
+        native_libs = os.path.join(egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if all_outputs:
+            log.info("writing %s", native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(native_libs)
+                libs_file = open(native_libs, 'wt')
+                libs_file.write('\n'.join(all_outputs))
+                libs_file.write('\n')
+                libs_file.close()
+        elif os.path.isfile(native_libs):
+            log.info("removing %s", native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(native_libs)
+
+        write_safety_flag(os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO'), self.zip_safe())
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.egg_info, 'depends.txt')):
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: 'depends.txt' will not be used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+                "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+            )
+
+        if self.exclude_source_files:
+            self.zap_pyfiles()
+
+        # Make the archive
+        make_zipfile(
+            self.egg_output,
+            archive_root,
+            verbose=self.verbose,
+            dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            mode=self.gen_header(),
+        )
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            remove_tree(self.bdist_dir, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+        # Add to 'Distribution.dist_files' so that the "upload" command works
+        getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', []).append((
+            'bdist_egg',
+            get_python_version(),
+            self.egg_output,
+        ))
+
+    def zap_pyfiles(self):
+        log.info("Removing .py files from temporary directory")
+        for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(self.bdist_dir):
+            for name in files:
+                path = os.path.join(base, name)
+
+                if name.endswith('.py'):
+                    log.debug("Deleting %s", path)
+                    os.unlink(path)
+
+                if base.endswith('__pycache__'):
+                    path_old = path
+
+                    pattern = r'(?P<name>.+)\.(?P<magic>[^.]+)\.pyc'
+                    m = re.match(pattern, name)
+                    path_new = os.path.join(base, os.pardir, m.group('name') + '.pyc')
+                    log.info("Renaming file from [%s] to [%s]" % (path_old, path_new))
+                    try:
+                        os.remove(path_new)
+                    except OSError:
+                        pass
+                    os.rename(path_old, path_new)
+
+    def zip_safe(self):
+        safe = getattr(self.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+        if safe is not None:
+            return safe
+        log.warn("zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...")
+        return analyze_egg(self.bdist_dir, self.stubs)
+
+    def gen_header(self):
+        return 'w'
+
+    def copy_metadata_to(self, target_dir):
+        "Copy metadata (egg info) to the target_dir"
+        # normalize the path (so that a forward-slash in egg_info will
+        # match using startswith below)
+        norm_egg_info = os.path.normpath(self.egg_info)
+        prefix = os.path.join(norm_egg_info, '')
+        for path in self.ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            if path.startswith(prefix):
+                target = os.path.join(target_dir, path[len(prefix) :])
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                self.copy_file(path, target)
+
+    def get_ext_outputs(self):
+        """Get a list of relative paths to C extensions in the output distro"""
+
+        all_outputs = []
+        ext_outputs = []
+
+        paths = {self.bdist_dir: ''}
+        for base, dirs, files in sorted_walk(self.bdist_dir):
+            for filename in files:
+                if os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower() in NATIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+                    all_outputs.append(paths[base] + filename)
+            for filename in dirs:
+                paths[os.path.join(base, filename)] = paths[base] + filename + '/'
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            for ext in build_cmd.extensions:
+                if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                    continue
+                fullname = build_cmd.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+                filename = build_cmd.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+                if not os.path.basename(filename).startswith('dl-'):
+                    if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, filename)):
+                        ext_outputs.append(filename)
+
+        return all_outputs, ext_outputs
+
+
+NATIVE_EXTENSIONS = dict.fromkeys('.dll .so .dylib .pyd'.split())
+
+
+def walk_egg(egg_dir):
+    """Walk an unpacked egg's contents, skipping the metadata directory"""
+    walker = sorted_walk(egg_dir)
+    base, dirs, files = next(walker)
+    if 'EGG-INFO' in dirs:
+        dirs.remove('EGG-INFO')
+    yield base, dirs, files
+    yield from walker
+
+
+def analyze_egg(egg_dir, stubs):
+    # check for existing flag in EGG-INFO
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(egg_dir, 'EGG-INFO', fn)):
+            return flag
+    if not can_scan():
+        return False
+    safe = True
+    for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(egg_dir):
+        for name in files:
+            if name.endswith('.py') or name.endswith('.pyw'):
+                continue
+            elif name.endswith('.pyc') or name.endswith('.pyo'):
+                # always scan, even if we already know we're not safe
+                safe = scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs) and safe
+    return safe
+
+
+def write_safety_flag(egg_dir, safe):
+    # Write or remove zip safety flag file(s)
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        fn = os.path.join(egg_dir, fn)
+        if os.path.exists(fn):
+            if safe is None or bool(safe) != flag:
+                os.unlink(fn)
+        elif safe is not None and bool(safe) == flag:
+            f = open(fn, 'wt')
+            f.write('\n')
+            f.close()
+
+
+safety_flags = {
+    True: 'zip-safe',
+    False: 'not-zip-safe',
+}
+
+
+def scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs):
+    """Check whether module possibly uses unsafe-for-zipfile stuff"""
+
+    filename = os.path.join(base, name)
+    if filename[:-1] in stubs:
+        return True  # Extension module
+    pkg = base[len(egg_dir) + 1 :].replace(os.sep, '.')
+    module = pkg + (pkg and '.' or '') + os.path.splitext(name)[0]
+    skip = 16  # skip magic & reserved? & date & file size
+    f = open(filename, 'rb')
+    f.read(skip)
+    code = marshal.load(f)
+    f.close()
+    safe = True
+    symbols = dict.fromkeys(iter_symbols(code))
+    for bad in ['__file__', '__path__']:
+        if bad in symbols:
+            log.warn("%s: module references %s", module, bad)
+            safe = False
+    if 'inspect' in symbols:
+        for bad in [
+            'getsource',
+            'getabsfile',
+            'getsourcefile',
+            'getfile' 'getsourcelines',
+            'findsource',
+            'getcomments',
+            'getframeinfo',
+            'getinnerframes',
+            'getouterframes',
+            'stack',
+            'trace',
+        ]:
+            if bad in symbols:
+                log.warn("%s: module MAY be using inspect.%s", module, bad)
+                safe = False
+    return safe
+
+
+def iter_symbols(code):
+    """Yield names and strings used by `code` and its nested code objects"""
+    yield from code.co_names
+    for const in code.co_consts:
+        if isinstance(const, str):
+            yield const
+        elif isinstance(const, CodeType):
+            yield from iter_symbols(const)
+
+
+def can_scan():
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        # CPython, PyPy, etc.
+        return True
+    log.warn("Unable to analyze compiled code on this platform.")
+    log.warn(
+        "Please ask the author to include a 'zip_safe'"
+        " setting (either True or False) in the package's setup.py"
+    )
+    return False
+
+
+# Attribute names of options for commands that might need to be convinced to
+# install to the egg build directory
+
+INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS = ['install_lib', 'install_dir', 'install_data', 'install_base']
+
+
+def make_zipfile(zip_filename, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, compress=True, mode='w'):
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.  The output
+    zip file will be named 'base_dir' + ".zip".  Uses either the "zipfile"
+    Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility (if installed
+    and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is available,
+    raises DistutilsExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip file.
+    """
+    import zipfile
+
+    mkpath(os.path.dirname(zip_filename), dry_run=dry_run)
+    log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+    def visit(z, dirname, names):
+        for name in names:
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                p = path[len(base_dir) + 1 :]
+                if not dry_run:
+                    z.write(path, p)
+                log.debug("adding '%s'", p)
+
+    compression = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED if compress else zipfile.ZIP_STORED
+    if not dry_run:
+        z = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, mode, compression=compression)
+        for dirname, dirs, files in sorted_walk(base_dir):
+            visit(z, dirname, files)
+        z.close()
+    else:
+        for dirname, dirs, files in sorted_walk(base_dir):
+            visit(None, dirname, files)
+    return zip_filename
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70ed6b6097fbe5de359539e9c5ba62801076e093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_rpm as orig
+
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+
+
+class bdist_rpm(orig.bdist_rpm):
+    """
+    Override the default bdist_rpm behavior to do the following:
+
+    1. Run egg_info to ensure the name and version are properly calculated.
+    2. Always run 'install' using --single-version-externally-managed to
+       disable eggs in RPM distributions.
+    """
+
+    def run(self):
+        SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+            "Deprecated command",
+            """
+            bdist_rpm is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
+            Use bdist_wheel (wheel packages) instead.
+            """,
+            see_url="https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/1988",
+            due_date=(2023, 10, 30),  # Deprecation introduced in 22 Oct 2021.
+        )
+
+        # ensure distro name is up-to-date
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+        orig.bdist_rpm.run(self)
+
+    def _make_spec_file(self):
+        spec = orig.bdist_rpm._make_spec_file(self)
+        return [
+            line.replace(
+                "setup.py install ",
+                "setup.py install --single-version-externally-managed ",
+            ).replace("%setup", "%setup -n %{name}-%{unmangled_version}")
+            for line in spec
+        ]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afda7e3be928088575996d2829274e92f4a6b1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+from typing import Dict, List, Protocol
+from distutils.command.build import build as _build
+
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+
+_ORIGINAL_SUBCOMMANDS = {"build_py", "build_clib", "build_ext", "build_scripts"}
+
+
+class build(_build):
+    # copy to avoid sharing the object with parent class
+    sub_commands = _build.sub_commands[:]
+
+    def get_sub_commands(self):
+        subcommands = {cmd[0] for cmd in _build.sub_commands}
+        if subcommands - _ORIGINAL_SUBCOMMANDS:
+            SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+                "Direct usage of `distutils` commands",
+                """
+                It seems that you are using `distutils.command.build` to add
+                new subcommands. Using `distutils` directly is considered deprecated,
+                please use `setuptools.command.build`.
+                """,
+                due_date=(2023, 12, 13),  # Warning introduced in 13 Jun 2022.
+                see_url="https://peps.python.org/pep-0632/",
+            )
+            self.sub_commands = _build.sub_commands
+        return super().get_sub_commands()
+
+
+class SubCommand(Protocol):
+    """In order to support editable installations (see :pep:`660`) all
+    build subcommands **SHOULD** implement this protocol. They also **MUST** inherit
+    from ``setuptools.Command``.
+
+    When creating an :pep:`editable wheel <660>`, ``setuptools`` will try to evaluate
+    custom ``build`` subcommands using the following procedure:
+
+    1. ``setuptools`` will set the ``editable_mode`` attribute to ``True``
+    2. ``setuptools`` will execute the ``run()`` command.
+
+       .. important::
+          Subcommands **SHOULD** take advantage of ``editable_mode=True`` to adequate
+          its behaviour or perform optimisations.
+
+          For example, if a subcommand doesn't need to generate an extra file and
+          all it does is to copy a source file into the build directory,
+          ``run()`` **SHOULD** simply "early return".
+
+          Similarly, if the subcommand creates files that would be placed alongside
+          Python files in the final distribution, during an editable install
+          the command **SHOULD** generate these files "in place" (i.e. write them to
+          the original source directory, instead of using the build directory).
+          Note that ``get_output_mapping()`` should reflect that and include mappings
+          for "in place" builds accordingly.
+
+    3. ``setuptools`` use any knowledge it can derive from the return values of
+       ``get_outputs()`` and ``get_output_mapping()`` to create an editable wheel.
+       When relevant ``setuptools`` **MAY** attempt to use file links based on the value
+       of ``get_output_mapping()``. Alternatively, ``setuptools`` **MAY** attempt to use
+       :doc:`import hooks <python:reference/import>` to redirect any attempt to import
+       to the directory with the original source code and other files built in place.
+
+    Please note that custom sub-commands **SHOULD NOT** rely on ``run()`` being
+    executed (or not) to provide correct return values for ``get_outputs()``,
+    ``get_output_mapping()`` or ``get_source_files()``. The ``get_*`` methods should
+    work independently of ``run()``.
+    """
+
+    editable_mode: bool = False
+    """Boolean flag that will be set to ``True`` when setuptools is used for an
+    editable installation (see :pep:`660`).
+    Implementations **SHOULD** explicitly set the default value of this attribute to
+    ``False``.
+    When subcommands run, they can use this flag to perform optimizations or change
+    their behaviour accordingly.
+    """
+
+    build_lib: str
+    """String representing the directory where the build artifacts should be stored,
+    e.g. ``build/lib``.
+    For example, if a distribution wants to provide a Python module named ``pkg.mod``,
+    then a corresponding file should be written to ``{build_lib}/package/module.py``.
+    A way of thinking about this is that the files saved under ``build_lib``
+    would be eventually copied to one of the directories in :obj:`site.PREFIXES`
+    upon installation.
+
+    A command that produces platform-independent files (e.g. compiling text templates
+    into Python functions), **CAN** initialize ``build_lib`` by copying its value from
+    the ``build_py`` command. On the other hand, a command that produces
+    platform-specific files **CAN** initialize ``build_lib`` by copying its value from
+    the ``build_ext`` command. In general this is done inside the ``finalize_options``
+    method with the help of the ``set_undefined_options`` command::
+
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            self.set_undefined_options("build_py", ("build_lib", "build_lib"))
+            ...
+    """
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        """(Required by the original :class:`setuptools.Command` interface)"""
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        """(Required by the original :class:`setuptools.Command` interface)"""
+
+    def run(self):
+        """(Required by the original :class:`setuptools.Command` interface)"""
+
+    def get_source_files(self) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Return a list of all files that are used by the command to create the expected
+        outputs.
+        For example, if your build command transpiles Java files into Python, you should
+        list here all the Java files.
+        The primary purpose of this function is to help populating the ``sdist``
+        with all the files necessary to build the distribution.
+        All files should be strings relative to the project root directory.
+        """
+
+    def get_outputs(self) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Return a list of files intended for distribution as they would have been
+        produced by the build.
+        These files should be strings in the form of
+        ``"{build_lib}/destination/file/path"``.
+
+        .. note::
+           The return value of ``get_output()`` should include all files used as keys
+           in ``get_output_mapping()`` plus files that are generated during the build
+           and don't correspond to any source file already present in the project.
+        """
+
+    def get_output_mapping(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a mapping between destination files as they would be produced by the
+        build (dict keys) into the respective existing (source) files (dict values).
+        Existing (source) files should be represented as strings relative to the project
+        root directory.
+        Destination files should be strings in the form of
+        ``"{build_lib}/destination/file/path"``.
+        """
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_clib.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_clib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acd4d1d3bae0973b845c988f1387aff5d3b5057d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_clib.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import distutils.command.build_clib as orig
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+from distutils import log
+
+try:
+    from distutils._modified import newer_pairwise_group
+except ImportError:
+    # fallback for SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS=stdlib
+    from .._distutils._modified import newer_pairwise_group
+
+
+class build_clib(orig.build_clib):
+    """
+    Override the default build_clib behaviour to do the following:
+
+    1. Implement a rudimentary timestamp-based dependency system
+       so 'compile()' doesn't run every time.
+    2. Add more keys to the 'build_info' dictionary:
+        * obj_deps - specify dependencies for each object compiled.
+                     this should be a dictionary mapping a key
+                     with the source filename to a list of
+                     dependencies. Use an empty string for global
+                     dependencies.
+        * cflags   - specify a list of additional flags to pass to
+                     the compiler.
+    """
+
+    def build_libraries(self, libraries):
+        for lib_name, build_info in libraries:
+            sources = build_info.get('sources')
+            if sources is None or not isinstance(sources, (list, tuple)):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "in 'libraries' option (library '%s'), "
+                    "'sources' must be present and must be "
+                    "a list of source filenames" % lib_name
+                )
+            sources = sorted(list(sources))
+
+            log.info("building '%s' library", lib_name)
+
+            # Make sure everything is the correct type.
+            # obj_deps should be a dictionary of keys as sources
+            # and a list/tuple of files that are its dependencies.
+            obj_deps = build_info.get('obj_deps', dict())
+            if not isinstance(obj_deps, dict):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "in 'libraries' option (library '%s'), "
+                    "'obj_deps' must be a dictionary of "
+                    "type 'source: list'" % lib_name
+                )
+            dependencies = []
+
+            # Get the global dependencies that are specified by the '' key.
+            # These will go into every source's dependency list.
+            global_deps = obj_deps.get('', list())
+            if not isinstance(global_deps, (list, tuple)):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "in 'libraries' option (library '%s'), "
+                    "'obj_deps' must be a dictionary of "
+                    "type 'source: list'" % lib_name
+                )
+
+            # Build the list to be used by newer_pairwise_group
+            # each source will be auto-added to its dependencies.
+            for source in sources:
+                src_deps = [source]
+                src_deps.extend(global_deps)
+                extra_deps = obj_deps.get(source, list())
+                if not isinstance(extra_deps, (list, tuple)):
+                    raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                        "in 'libraries' option (library '%s'), "
+                        "'obj_deps' must be a dictionary of "
+                        "type 'source: list'" % lib_name
+                    )
+                src_deps.extend(extra_deps)
+                dependencies.append(src_deps)
+
+            expected_objects = self.compiler.object_filenames(
+                sources,
+                output_dir=self.build_temp,
+            )
+
+            if newer_pairwise_group(dependencies, expected_objects) != ([], []):
+                # First, compile the source code to object files in the library
+                # directory.  (This should probably change to putting object
+                # files in a temporary build directory.)
+                macros = build_info.get('macros')
+                include_dirs = build_info.get('include_dirs')
+                cflags = build_info.get('cflags')
+                self.compiler.compile(
+                    sources,
+                    output_dir=self.build_temp,
+                    macros=macros,
+                    include_dirs=include_dirs,
+                    extra_postargs=cflags,
+                    debug=self.debug,
+                )
+
+            # Now "link" the object files together into a static library.
+            # (On Unix at least, this isn't really linking -- it just
+            # builds an archive.  Whatever.)
+            self.compiler.create_static_lib(
+                expected_objects, lib_name, output_dir=self.build_clib, debug=self.debug
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5c98c86dcd246ef2c76fe398dec7bd55a966c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import itertools
+from importlib.machinery import EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+from importlib.util import cache_from_source as _compiled_file_name
+from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, Tuple
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _du_build_ext
+from distutils.ccompiler import new_compiler
+from distutils.sysconfig import customize_compiler, get_config_var
+from distutils import log
+
+from setuptools.errors import BaseError
+from setuptools.extension import Extension, Library
+
+try:
+    # Attempt to use Cython for building extensions, if available
+    from Cython.Distutils.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # Cython not installed on CI tests
+
+    # Additionally, assert that the compiler module will load
+    # also. Ref #1229.
+    __import__('Cython.Compiler.Main')
+except ImportError:
+    _build_ext = _du_build_ext
+
+# make sure _config_vars is initialized
+get_config_var("LDSHARED")
+# Not publicly exposed in typeshed distutils stubs, but this is done on purpose
+# See https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/pull/4228#issuecomment-1959856400
+from distutils.sysconfig import _config_vars as _CONFIG_VARS  # type: ignore # noqa
+
+
+def _customize_compiler_for_shlib(compiler):
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        # building .dylib requires additional compiler flags on OSX; here we
+        # temporarily substitute the pyconfig.h variables so that distutils'
+        # 'customize_compiler' uses them before we build the shared libraries.
+        tmp = _CONFIG_VARS.copy()
+        try:
+            # XXX Help!  I don't have any idea whether these are right...
+            _CONFIG_VARS['LDSHARED'] = (
+                "gcc -Wl,-x -dynamiclib -undefined dynamic_lookup"
+            )
+            _CONFIG_VARS['CCSHARED'] = " -dynamiclib"
+            _CONFIG_VARS['SO'] = ".dylib"
+            customize_compiler(compiler)
+        finally:
+            _CONFIG_VARS.clear()
+            _CONFIG_VARS.update(tmp)
+    else:
+        customize_compiler(compiler)
+
+
+have_rtld = False
+use_stubs = False
+libtype = 'shared'
+
+if sys.platform == "darwin":
+    use_stubs = True
+elif os.name != 'nt':
+    try:
+        import dl  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/13002
+
+        use_stubs = have_rtld = hasattr(dl, 'RTLD_NOW')
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+def if_dl(s):
+    return s if have_rtld else ''
+
+
+def get_abi3_suffix():
+    """Return the file extension for an abi3-compliant Extension()"""
+    for suffix in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES:
+        if '.abi3' in suffix:  # Unix
+            return suffix
+        elif suffix == '.pyd':  # Windows
+            return suffix
+    return None
+
+
+class build_ext(_build_ext):
+    editable_mode: bool = False
+    inplace: bool = False
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Build extensions in build directory, then copy if --inplace"""
+        old_inplace, self.inplace = self.inplace, 0
+        _build_ext.run(self)
+        self.inplace = old_inplace
+        if old_inplace:
+            self.copy_extensions_to_source()
+
+    def _get_inplace_equivalent(self, build_py, ext: Extension) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+        fullname = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+        filename = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+        modpath = fullname.split('.')
+        package = '.'.join(modpath[:-1])
+        package_dir = build_py.get_package_dir(package)
+        inplace_file = os.path.join(package_dir, os.path.basename(filename))
+        regular_file = os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename)
+        return (inplace_file, regular_file)
+
+    def copy_extensions_to_source(self):
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            inplace_file, regular_file = self._get_inplace_equivalent(build_py, ext)
+
+            # Always copy, even if source is older than destination, to ensure
+            # that the right extensions for the current Python/platform are
+            # used.
+            if os.path.exists(regular_file) or not ext.optional:
+                self.copy_file(regular_file, inplace_file, level=self.verbose)
+
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                inplace_stub = self._get_equivalent_stub(ext, inplace_file)
+                self._write_stub_file(inplace_stub, ext, compile=True)
+                # Always compile stub and remove the original (leave the cache behind)
+                # (this behaviour was observed in previous iterations of the code)
+
+    def _get_equivalent_stub(self, ext: Extension, output_file: str) -> str:
+        dir_ = os.path.dirname(output_file)
+        _, _, name = ext.name.rpartition(".")
+        return f"{os.path.join(dir_, name)}.py"
+
+    def _get_output_mapping(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        if not self.inplace:
+            return
+
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+        opt = self.get_finalized_command('install_lib').optimize or ""
+
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            inplace_file, regular_file = self._get_inplace_equivalent(build_py, ext)
+            yield (regular_file, inplace_file)
+
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                # This version of `build_ext` always builds artifacts in another dir,
+                # when "inplace=True" is given it just copies them back.
+                # This is done in the `copy_extensions_to_source` function, which
+                # always compile stub files via `_compile_and_remove_stub`.
+                # At the end of the process, a `.pyc` stub file is created without the
+                # corresponding `.py`.
+
+                inplace_stub = self._get_equivalent_stub(ext, inplace_file)
+                regular_stub = self._get_equivalent_stub(ext, regular_file)
+                inplace_cache = _compiled_file_name(inplace_stub, optimization=opt)
+                output_cache = _compiled_file_name(regular_stub, optimization=opt)
+                yield (output_cache, inplace_cache)
+
+    def get_ext_filename(self, fullname):
+        so_ext = os.getenv('SETUPTOOLS_EXT_SUFFIX')
+        if so_ext:
+            filename = os.path.join(*fullname.split('.')) + so_ext
+        else:
+            filename = _build_ext.get_ext_filename(self, fullname)
+            so_ext = get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')
+
+        if fullname in self.ext_map:
+            ext = self.ext_map[fullname]
+            use_abi3 = ext.py_limited_api and get_abi3_suffix()
+            if use_abi3:
+                filename = filename[: -len(so_ext)]
+                so_ext = get_abi3_suffix()
+                filename = filename + so_ext
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                fn, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                return self.shlib_compiler.library_filename(fn, libtype)
+            elif use_stubs and ext._links_to_dynamic:
+                d, fn = os.path.split(filename)
+                return os.path.join(d, 'dl-' + fn)
+        return filename
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.initialize_options(self)
+        self.shlib_compiler = None
+        self.shlibs = []
+        self.ext_map = {}
+        self.editable_mode = False
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+        self.extensions = self.extensions or []
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        self.shlibs = [ext for ext in self.extensions if isinstance(ext, Library)]
+        if self.shlibs:
+            self.setup_shlib_compiler()
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            ext._full_name = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = ext._full_name
+            self.ext_map[fullname] = ext
+
+            # distutils 3.1 will also ask for module names
+            # XXX what to do with conflicts?
+            self.ext_map[fullname.split('.')[-1]] = ext
+
+            ltd = self.shlibs and self.links_to_dynamic(ext) or False
+            ns = ltd and use_stubs and not isinstance(ext, Library)
+            ext._links_to_dynamic = ltd
+            ext._needs_stub = ns
+            filename = ext._file_name = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            libdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename))
+            if ltd and libdir not in ext.library_dirs:
+                ext.library_dirs.append(libdir)
+            if ltd and use_stubs and os.curdir not in ext.runtime_library_dirs:
+                ext.runtime_library_dirs.append(os.curdir)
+
+        if self.editable_mode:
+            self.inplace = True
+
+    def setup_shlib_compiler(self):
+        compiler = self.shlib_compiler = new_compiler(
+            compiler=self.compiler, dry_run=self.dry_run, force=self.force
+        )
+        _customize_compiler_for_shlib(compiler)
+
+        if self.include_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+        if self.define is not None:
+            # 'define' option is a list of (name,value) tuples
+            for name, value in self.define:
+                compiler.define_macro(name, value)
+        if self.undef is not None:
+            for macro in self.undef:
+                compiler.undefine_macro(macro)
+        if self.libraries is not None:
+            compiler.set_libraries(self.libraries)
+        if self.library_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_library_dirs(self.library_dirs)
+        if self.rpath is not None:
+            compiler.set_runtime_library_dirs(self.rpath)
+        if self.link_objects is not None:
+            compiler.set_link_objects(self.link_objects)
+
+        # hack so distutils' build_extension() builds a library instead
+        compiler.link_shared_object = link_shared_object.__get__(compiler)
+
+    def get_export_symbols(self, ext):
+        if isinstance(ext, Library):
+            return ext.export_symbols
+        return _build_ext.get_export_symbols(self, ext)
+
+    def build_extension(self, ext):
+        ext._convert_pyx_sources_to_lang()
+        _compiler = self.compiler
+        try:
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                self.compiler = self.shlib_compiler
+            _build_ext.build_extension(self, ext)
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                build_lib = self.get_finalized_command('build_py').build_lib
+                self.write_stub(build_lib, ext)
+        finally:
+            self.compiler = _compiler
+
+    def links_to_dynamic(self, ext):
+        """Return true if 'ext' links to a dynamic lib in the same package"""
+        # XXX this should check to ensure the lib is actually being built
+        # XXX as dynamic, and not just using a locally-found version or a
+        # XXX static-compiled version
+        libnames = dict.fromkeys([lib._full_name for lib in self.shlibs])
+        pkg = '.'.join(ext._full_name.split('.')[:-1] + [''])
+        return any(pkg + libname in libnames for libname in ext.libraries)
+
+    def get_source_files(self) -> List[str]:
+        return [*_build_ext.get_source_files(self), *self._get_internal_depends()]
+
+    def _get_internal_depends(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Yield ``ext.depends`` that are contained by the project directory"""
+        project_root = Path(self.distribution.src_root or os.curdir).resolve()
+        depends = (dep for ext in self.extensions for dep in ext.depends)
+
+        def skip(orig_path: str, reason: str) -> None:
+            log.info(
+                "dependency %s won't be automatically "
+                "included in the manifest: the path %s",
+                orig_path,
+                reason,
+            )
+
+        for dep in depends:
+            path = Path(dep)
+
+            if path.is_absolute():
+                skip(dep, "must be relative")
+                continue
+
+            if ".." in path.parts:
+                skip(dep, "can't have `..` segments")
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                resolved = (project_root / path).resolve(strict=True)
+            except OSError:
+                skip(dep, "doesn't exist")
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                resolved.relative_to(project_root)
+            except ValueError:
+                skip(dep, "must be inside the project root")
+                continue
+
+            yield path.as_posix()
+
+    def get_outputs(self) -> List[str]:
+        if self.inplace:
+            return list(self.get_output_mapping().keys())
+        return sorted(_build_ext.get_outputs(self) + self.__get_stubs_outputs())
+
+    def get_output_mapping(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """See :class:`setuptools.commands.build.SubCommand`"""
+        mapping = self._get_output_mapping()
+        return dict(sorted(mapping, key=lambda x: x[0]))
+
+    def __get_stubs_outputs(self):
+        # assemble the base name for each extension that needs a stub
+        ns_ext_bases = (
+            os.path.join(self.build_lib, *ext._full_name.split('.'))
+            for ext in self.extensions
+            if ext._needs_stub
+        )
+        # pair each base with the extension
+        pairs = itertools.product(ns_ext_bases, self.__get_output_extensions())
+        return list(base + fnext for base, fnext in pairs)
+
+    def __get_output_extensions(self):
+        yield '.py'
+        yield '.pyc'
+        if self.get_finalized_command('build_py').optimize:
+            yield '.pyo'
+
+    def write_stub(self, output_dir, ext, compile=False):
+        stub_file = os.path.join(output_dir, *ext._full_name.split('.')) + '.py'
+        self._write_stub_file(stub_file, ext, compile)
+
+    def _write_stub_file(self, stub_file: str, ext: Extension, compile=False):
+        log.info("writing stub loader for %s to %s", ext._full_name, stub_file)
+        if compile and os.path.exists(stub_file):
+            raise BaseError(stub_file + " already exists! Please delete.")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(stub_file, 'w')
+            f.write(
+                '\n'.join([
+                    "def __bootstrap__():",
+                    "   global __bootstrap__, __file__, __loader__",
+                    "   import sys, os, pkg_resources, importlib.util" + if_dl(", dl"),
+                    "   __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename"
+                    "(__name__,%r)" % os.path.basename(ext._file_name),
+                    "   del __bootstrap__",
+                    "   if '__loader__' in globals():",
+                    "       del __loader__",
+                    if_dl("   old_flags = sys.getdlopenflags()"),
+                    "   old_dir = os.getcwd()",
+                    "   try:",
+                    "     os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW)"),
+                    "     spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(",
+                    "                __name__, __file__)",
+                    "     mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)",
+                    "     spec.loader.exec_module(mod)",
+                    "   finally:",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(old_flags)"),
+                    "     os.chdir(old_dir)",
+                    "__bootstrap__()",
+                    "",  # terminal \n
+                ])
+            )
+            f.close()
+        if compile:
+            self._compile_and_remove_stub(stub_file)
+
+    def _compile_and_remove_stub(self, stub_file: str):
+        from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+        byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=0, force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        optimize = self.get_finalized_command('install_lib').optimize
+        if optimize > 0:
+            byte_compile(
+                [stub_file],
+                optimize=optimize,
+                force=True,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run,
+            )
+        if os.path.exists(stub_file) and not self.dry_run:
+            os.unlink(stub_file)
+
+
+if use_stubs or os.name == 'nt':
+    # Build shared libraries
+    #
+    def link_shared_object(
+        self,
+        objects,
+        output_libname,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        self.link(
+            self.SHARED_LIBRARY,
+            objects,
+            output_libname,
+            output_dir,
+            libraries,
+            library_dirs,
+            runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols,
+            debug,
+            extra_preargs,
+            extra_postargs,
+            build_temp,
+            target_lang,
+        )
+
+else:
+    # Build static libraries everywhere else
+    libtype = 'static'
+
+    def link_shared_object(
+        self,
+        objects,
+        output_libname,
+        output_dir=None,
+        libraries=None,
+        library_dirs=None,
+        runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        export_symbols=None,
+        debug=0,
+        extra_preargs=None,
+        extra_postargs=None,
+        build_temp=None,
+        target_lang=None,
+    ):
+        # XXX we need to either disallow these attrs on Library instances,
+        # or warn/abort here if set, or something...
+        # libraries=None, library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        # export_symbols=None, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None,
+        # build_temp=None
+
+        assert output_dir is None  # distutils build_ext doesn't pass this
+        output_dir, filename = os.path.split(output_libname)
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+        if self.library_filename("x").startswith('lib'):
+            # strip 'lib' prefix; this is kludgy if some platform uses
+            # a different prefix
+            basename = basename[3:]
+
+        self.create_static_lib(objects, basename, output_dir, debug, target_lang)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f40b060b3a1ee3ff4ff03b298eb1b2abeed992e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+from functools import partial
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+import distutils.command.build_py as orig
+import os
+import fnmatch
+import textwrap
+import distutils.errors
+import itertools
+import stat
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from ..extern.more_itertools import unique_everseen
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+
+
+_IMPLICIT_DATA_FILES = ('*.pyi', 'py.typed')
+
+
+def make_writable(target):
+    os.chmod(target, os.stat(target).st_mode | stat.S_IWRITE)
+
+
+class build_py(orig.build_py):
+    """Enhanced 'build_py' command that includes data files with packages
+
+    The data files are specified via a 'package_data' argument to 'setup()'.
+    See 'setuptools.dist.Distribution' for more details.
+
+    Also, this version of the 'build_py' command allows you to specify both
+    'py_modules' and 'packages' in the same setup operation.
+    """
+
+    editable_mode: bool = False
+    existing_egg_info_dir: Optional[str] = None  #: Private API, internal use only.
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.build_py.finalize_options(self)
+        self.package_data = self.distribution.package_data
+        self.exclude_package_data = self.distribution.exclude_package_data or {}
+        if 'data_files' in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__['data_files']
+        self.__updated_files = []
+
+    def copy_file(
+        self, infile, outfile, preserve_mode=1, preserve_times=1, link=None, level=1
+    ):
+        # Overwrite base class to allow using links
+        if link:
+            infile = str(Path(infile).resolve())
+            outfile = str(Path(outfile).resolve())
+        return super().copy_file(
+            infile, outfile, preserve_mode, preserve_times, link, level
+        )
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Build modules, packages, and copy data files to build directory"""
+        if not (self.py_modules or self.packages) or self.editable_mode:
+            return
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.build_modules()
+
+        if self.packages:
+            self.build_packages()
+            self.build_package_data()
+
+        # Only compile actual .py files, using our base class' idea of what our
+        # output files are.
+        self.byte_compile(orig.build_py.get_outputs(self, include_bytecode=0))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        "lazily compute data files"
+        if attr == 'data_files':
+            self.data_files = self._get_data_files()
+            return self.data_files
+        return orig.build_py.__getattr__(self, attr)
+
+    def build_module(self, module, module_file, package):
+        outfile, copied = orig.build_py.build_module(self, module, module_file, package)
+        if copied:
+            self.__updated_files.append(outfile)
+        return outfile, copied
+
+    def _get_data_files(self):
+        """Generate list of '(package,src_dir,build_dir,filenames)' tuples"""
+        self.analyze_manifest()
+        return list(map(self._get_pkg_data_files, self.packages or ()))
+
+    def get_data_files_without_manifest(self):
+        """
+        Generate list of ``(package,src_dir,build_dir,filenames)`` tuples,
+        but without triggering any attempt to analyze or build the manifest.
+        """
+        # Prevent eventual errors from unset `manifest_files`
+        # (that would otherwise be set by `analyze_manifest`)
+        self.__dict__.setdefault('manifest_files', {})
+        return list(map(self._get_pkg_data_files, self.packages or ()))
+
+    def _get_pkg_data_files(self, package):
+        # Locate package source directory
+        src_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+
+        # Compute package build directory
+        build_dir = os.path.join(*([self.build_lib] + package.split('.')))
+
+        # Strip directory from globbed filenames
+        filenames = [
+            os.path.relpath(file, src_dir)
+            for file in self.find_data_files(package, src_dir)
+        ]
+        return package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames
+
+    def find_data_files(self, package, src_dir):
+        """Return filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        patterns = self._get_platform_patterns(
+            self.package_data,
+            package,
+            src_dir,
+            extra_patterns=_IMPLICIT_DATA_FILES,
+        )
+        globs_expanded = map(partial(glob, recursive=True), patterns)
+        # flatten the expanded globs into an iterable of matches
+        globs_matches = itertools.chain.from_iterable(globs_expanded)
+        glob_files = filter(os.path.isfile, globs_matches)
+        files = itertools.chain(
+            self.manifest_files.get(package, []),
+            glob_files,
+        )
+        return self.exclude_data_files(package, src_dir, files)
+
+    def get_outputs(self, include_bytecode=1) -> List[str]:
+        """See :class:`setuptools.commands.build.SubCommand`"""
+        if self.editable_mode:
+            return list(self.get_output_mapping().keys())
+        return super().get_outputs(include_bytecode)
+
+    def get_output_mapping(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """See :class:`setuptools.commands.build.SubCommand`"""
+        mapping = itertools.chain(
+            self._get_package_data_output_mapping(),
+            self._get_module_mapping(),
+        )
+        return dict(sorted(mapping, key=lambda x: x[0]))
+
+    def _get_module_mapping(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Iterate over all modules producing (dest, src) pairs."""
+        for package, module, module_file in self.find_all_modules():
+            package = package.split('.')
+            filename = self.get_module_outfile(self.build_lib, package, module)
+            yield (filename, module_file)
+
+    def _get_package_data_output_mapping(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Iterate over package data producing (dest, src) pairs."""
+        for package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames in self.data_files:
+            for filename in filenames:
+                target = os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
+                srcfile = os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                yield (target, srcfile)
+
+    def build_package_data(self):
+        """Copy data files into build directory"""
+        for target, srcfile in self._get_package_data_output_mapping():
+            self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(target))
+            _outf, _copied = self.copy_file(srcfile, target)
+            make_writable(target)
+
+    def analyze_manifest(self):
+        self.manifest_files = mf = {}
+        if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+            return
+        src_dirs = {}
+        for package in self.packages or ():
+            # Locate package source directory
+            src_dirs[assert_relative(self.get_package_dir(package))] = package
+
+        if (
+            getattr(self, 'existing_egg_info_dir', None)
+            and Path(self.existing_egg_info_dir, "SOURCES.txt").exists()
+        ):
+            egg_info_dir = self.existing_egg_info_dir
+            manifest = Path(egg_info_dir, "SOURCES.txt")
+            files = manifest.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines()
+        else:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+            ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+            egg_info_dir = ei_cmd.egg_info
+            files = ei_cmd.filelist.files
+
+        check = _IncludePackageDataAbuse()
+        for path in self._filter_build_files(files, egg_info_dir):
+            d, f = os.path.split(assert_relative(path))
+            prev = None
+            oldf = f
+            while d and d != prev and d not in src_dirs:
+                prev = d
+                d, df = os.path.split(d)
+                f = os.path.join(df, f)
+            if d in src_dirs:
+                if f == oldf:
+                    if check.is_module(f):
+                        continue  # it's a module, not data
+                else:
+                    importable = check.importable_subpackage(src_dirs[d], f)
+                    if importable:
+                        check.warn(importable)
+                mf.setdefault(src_dirs[d], []).append(path)
+
+    def _filter_build_files(self, files: Iterable[str], egg_info: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """
+        ``build_meta`` may try to create egg_info outside of the project directory,
+        and this can be problematic for certain plugins (reported in issue #3500).
+
+        Extensions might also include between their sources files created on the
+        ``build_lib`` and ``build_temp`` directories.
+
+        This function should filter this case of invalid files out.
+        """
+        build = self.get_finalized_command("build")
+        build_dirs = (egg_info, self.build_lib, build.build_temp, build.build_base)
+        norm_dirs = [os.path.normpath(p) for p in build_dirs if p]
+
+        for file in files:
+            norm_path = os.path.normpath(file)
+            if not os.path.isabs(file) or all(d not in norm_path for d in norm_dirs):
+                yield file
+
+    def get_data_files(self):
+        pass  # Lazily compute data files in _get_data_files() function.
+
+    def check_package(self, package, package_dir):
+        """Check namespace packages' __init__ for declare_namespace"""
+        try:
+            return self.packages_checked[package]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        init_py = orig.build_py.check_package(self, package, package_dir)
+        self.packages_checked[package] = init_py
+
+        if not init_py or not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return init_py
+
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            if pkg == package or pkg.startswith(package + '.'):
+                break
+        else:
+            return init_py
+
+        with open(init_py, 'rb') as f:
+            contents = f.read()
+        if b'declare_namespace' not in contents:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsError(
+                "Namespace package problem: %s is a namespace package, but "
+                "its\n__init__.py does not call declare_namespace()! Please "
+                'fix it.\n(See the setuptools manual under '
+                '"Namespace Packages" for details.)\n"' % (package,)
+            )
+        return init_py
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.packages_checked = {}
+        orig.build_py.initialize_options(self)
+        self.editable_mode = False
+        self.existing_egg_info_dir = None
+
+    def get_package_dir(self, package):
+        res = orig.build_py.get_package_dir(self, package)
+        if self.distribution.src_root is not None:
+            return os.path.join(self.distribution.src_root, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exclude_data_files(self, package, src_dir, files):
+        """Filter filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        files = list(files)
+        patterns = self._get_platform_patterns(
+            self.exclude_package_data,
+            package,
+            src_dir,
+        )
+        match_groups = (fnmatch.filter(files, pattern) for pattern in patterns)
+        # flatten the groups of matches into an iterable of matches
+        matches = itertools.chain.from_iterable(match_groups)
+        bad = set(matches)
+        keepers = (fn for fn in files if fn not in bad)
+        # ditch dupes
+        return list(unique_everseen(keepers))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_platform_patterns(spec, package, src_dir, extra_patterns=()):
+        """
+        yield platform-specific path patterns (suitable for glob
+        or fn_match) from a glob-based spec (such as
+        self.package_data or self.exclude_package_data)
+        matching package in src_dir.
+        """
+        raw_patterns = itertools.chain(
+            extra_patterns,
+            spec.get('', []),
+            spec.get(package, []),
+        )
+        return (
+            # Each pattern has to be converted to a platform-specific path
+            os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern))
+            for pattern in raw_patterns
+        )
+
+
+def assert_relative(path):
+    if not os.path.isabs(path):
+        return path
+    from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+
+    msg = (
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+        Error: setup script specifies an absolute path:
+
+            %s
+
+        setup() arguments must *always* be /-separated paths relative to the
+        setup.py directory, *never* absolute paths.
+        """
+        ).lstrip()
+        % path
+    )
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(msg)
+
+
+class _IncludePackageDataAbuse:
+    """Inform users that package or module is included as 'data file'"""
+
+    class _Warning(SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning):
+        _SUMMARY = """
+        Package {importable!r} is absent from the `packages` configuration.
+        """
+
+        _DETAILS = """
+        ############################
+        # Package would be ignored #
+        ############################
+        Python recognizes {importable!r} as an importable package[^1],
+        but it is absent from setuptools' `packages` configuration.
+
+        This leads to an ambiguous overall configuration. If you want to distribute this
+        package, please make sure that {importable!r} is explicitly added
+        to the `packages` configuration field.
+
+        Alternatively, you can also rely on setuptools' discovery methods
+        (for example by using `find_namespace_packages(...)`/`find_namespace:`
+        instead of `find_packages(...)`/`find:`).
+
+        You can read more about "package discovery" on setuptools documentation page:
+
+        - https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html
+
+        If you don't want {importable!r} to be distributed and are
+        already explicitly excluding {importable!r} via
+        `find_namespace_packages(...)/find_namespace` or `find_packages(...)/find`,
+        you can try to use `exclude_package_data`, or `include-package-data=False` in
+        combination with a more fine grained `package-data` configuration.
+
+        You can read more about "package data files" on setuptools documentation page:
+
+        - https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html
+
+
+        [^1]: For Python, any directory (with suitable naming) can be imported,
+              even if it does not contain any `.py` files.
+              On the other hand, currently there is no concept of package data
+              directory, all directories are treated like packages.
+        """
+        # _DUE_DATE: still not defined as this is particularly controversial.
+        # Warning initially introduced in May 2022. See issue #3340 for discussion.
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._already_warned = set()
+
+    def is_module(self, file):
+        return file.endswith(".py") and file[: -len(".py")].isidentifier()
+
+    def importable_subpackage(self, parent, file):
+        pkg = Path(file).parent
+        parts = list(itertools.takewhile(str.isidentifier, pkg.parts))
+        if parts:
+            return ".".join([parent, *parts])
+        return None
+
+    def warn(self, importable):
+        if importable not in self._already_warned:
+            self._Warning.emit(importable=importable)
+            self._already_warned.add(importable)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8c1b49b3dc6dde1da4b59f959901f5084a931cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+import glob
+
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+from setuptools import _normalization
+from setuptools import _path
+from setuptools import namespaces
+import setuptools
+
+
+class develop(namespaces.DevelopInstaller, easy_install):
+    """Set up package for development"""
+
+    description = "install package in 'development mode'"
+
+    user_options = easy_install.user_options + [
+        ("uninstall", "u", "Uninstall this source package"),
+        ("egg-path=", None, "Set the path to be used in the .egg-link file"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = easy_install.boolean_options + ['uninstall']
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False  # override base
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.uninstall:
+            self.multi_version = True
+            self.uninstall_link()
+            self.uninstall_namespaces()
+        else:
+            self.install_for_development()
+        self.warn_deprecated_options()
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.uninstall = None
+        self.egg_path = None
+        easy_install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.setup_path = None
+        self.always_copy_from = '.'  # always copy eggs installed in curdir
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        import pkg_resources
+
+        ei = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        self.args = [ei.egg_name]
+
+        easy_install.finalize_options(self)
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        self.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        egg_link_fn = (
+            _normalization.filename_component_broken(ei.egg_name) + '.egg-link'
+        )
+        self.egg_link = os.path.join(self.install_dir, egg_link_fn)
+        self.egg_base = ei.egg_base
+        if self.egg_path is None:
+            self.egg_path = os.path.abspath(ei.egg_base)
+
+        target = _path.normpath(self.egg_base)
+        egg_path = _path.normpath(os.path.join(self.install_dir, self.egg_path))
+        if egg_path != target:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "--egg-path must be a relative path from the install"
+                " directory to " + target
+            )
+
+        # Make a distribution for the package's source
+        self.dist = pkg_resources.Distribution(
+            target,
+            pkg_resources.PathMetadata(target, os.path.abspath(ei.egg_info)),
+            project_name=ei.egg_name,
+        )
+
+        self.setup_path = self._resolve_setup_path(
+            self.egg_base,
+            self.install_dir,
+            self.egg_path,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resolve_setup_path(egg_base, install_dir, egg_path):
+        """
+        Generate a path from egg_base back to '.' where the
+        setup script resides and ensure that path points to the
+        setup path from $install_dir/$egg_path.
+        """
+        path_to_setup = egg_base.replace(os.sep, '/').rstrip('/')
+        if path_to_setup != os.curdir:
+            path_to_setup = '../' * (path_to_setup.count('/') + 1)
+        resolved = _path.normpath(os.path.join(install_dir, egg_path, path_to_setup))
+        curdir = _path.normpath(os.curdir)
+        if resolved != curdir:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Can't get a consistent path to setup script from"
+                " installation directory",
+                resolved,
+                curdir,
+            )
+        return path_to_setup
+
+    def install_for_development(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+        # Build extensions in-place
+        self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+        self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            self.easy_install(setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+            setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+        self.install_namespaces()
+
+        # create an .egg-link in the installation dir, pointing to our egg
+        log.info("Creating %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(self.egg_link, "w") as f:
+                f.write(self.egg_path + "\n" + self.setup_path)
+        # postprocess the installed distro, fixing up .pth, installing scripts,
+        # and handling requirements
+        self.process_distribution(None, self.dist, not self.no_deps)
+
+    def uninstall_link(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.egg_link):
+            log.info("Removing %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+            egg_link_file = open(self.egg_link)
+            contents = [line.rstrip() for line in egg_link_file]
+            egg_link_file.close()
+            if contents not in ([self.egg_path], [self.egg_path, self.setup_path]):
+                log.warn("Link points to %s: uninstall aborted", contents)
+                return
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(self.egg_link)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            self.update_pth(self.dist)  # remove any .pth link to us
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            # XXX should also check for entry point scripts!
+            log.warn("Note: you must uninstall or replace scripts manually!")
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        if dist is not self.dist:
+            # Installing a dependency, so fall back to normal behavior
+            return easy_install.install_egg_scripts(self, dist)
+
+        # create wrapper scripts in the script dir, pointing to dist.scripts
+
+        # new-style...
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+        # ...and old-style
+        for script_name in self.distribution.scripts or []:
+            script_path = os.path.abspath(convert_path(script_name))
+            script_name = os.path.basename(script_path)
+            with open(script_path) as strm:
+                script_text = strm.read()
+            self.install_script(dist, script_name, script_text, script_path)
+
+        return None
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        dist = VersionlessRequirement(dist)
+        return easy_install.install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist)
+
+
+class VersionlessRequirement:
+    """
+    Adapt a pkg_resources.Distribution to simply return the project
+    name as the 'requirement' so that scripts will work across
+    multiple versions.
+
+    >>> from pkg_resources import Distribution
+    >>> dist = Distribution(project_name='foo', version='1.0')
+    >>> str(dist.as_requirement())
+    'foo==1.0'
+    >>> adapted_dist = VersionlessRequirement(dist)
+    >>> str(adapted_dist.as_requirement())
+    'foo'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dist):
+        self.__dist = dist
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__dist, name)
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        return self.project_name
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/dist_info.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/dist_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52c0721903dc17cf9729273e79bdf7b8de99db61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/dist_info.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+"""
+Create a dist_info directory
+As defined in the wheel specification
+"""
+
+import os
+import shutil
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.core import Command
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import cast
+
+from .. import _normalization
+from .egg_info import egg_info as egg_info_cls
+
+
+class dist_info(Command):
+    """
+    This command is private and reserved for internal use of setuptools,
+    users should rely on ``setuptools.build_meta`` APIs.
+    """
+
+    description = "DO NOT CALL DIRECTLY, INTERNAL ONLY: create .dist-info directory"
+
+    user_options = [
+        (
+            'output-dir=',
+            'o',
+            "directory inside of which the .dist-info will be"
+            "created (default: top of the source tree)",
+        ),
+        ('tag-date', 'd', "Add date stamp (e.g. 20050528) to version number"),
+        ('tag-build=', 'b', "Specify explicit tag to add to version number"),
+        ('no-date', 'D', "Don't include date stamp [default]"),
+        ('keep-egg-info', None, "*TRANSITIONAL* will be removed in the future"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['tag-date', 'keep-egg-info']
+    negative_opt = {'no-date': 'tag-date'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.output_dir = None
+        self.name = None
+        self.dist_info_dir = None
+        self.tag_date = None
+        self.tag_build = None
+        self.keep_egg_info = False
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        dist = self.distribution
+        project_dir = dist.src_root or os.curdir
+        self.output_dir = Path(self.output_dir or project_dir)
+
+        egg_info = cast(egg_info_cls, self.reinitialize_command("egg_info"))
+        egg_info.egg_base = str(self.output_dir)
+
+        if self.tag_date:
+            egg_info.tag_date = self.tag_date
+        else:
+            self.tag_date = egg_info.tag_date
+
+        if self.tag_build:
+            egg_info.tag_build = self.tag_build
+        else:
+            self.tag_build = egg_info.tag_build
+
+        egg_info.finalize_options()
+        self.egg_info = egg_info
+
+        name = _normalization.safer_name(dist.get_name())
+        version = _normalization.safer_best_effort_version(dist.get_version())
+        self.name = f"{name}-{version}"
+        self.dist_info_dir = os.path.join(self.output_dir, f"{self.name}.dist-info")
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _maybe_bkp_dir(self, dir_path: str, requires_bkp: bool):
+        if requires_bkp:
+            bkp_name = f"{dir_path}.__bkp__"
+            _rm(bkp_name, ignore_errors=True)
+            shutil.copytree(dir_path, bkp_name, dirs_exist_ok=True, symlinks=True)
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                _rm(dir_path, ignore_errors=True)
+                shutil.move(bkp_name, dir_path)
+        else:
+            yield
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        self.egg_info.run()
+        egg_info_dir = self.egg_info.egg_info
+        assert os.path.isdir(egg_info_dir), ".egg-info dir should have been created"
+
+        log.info("creating '{}'".format(os.path.abspath(self.dist_info_dir)))
+        bdist_wheel = self.get_finalized_command('bdist_wheel')
+
+        # TODO: if bdist_wheel if merged into setuptools, just add "keep_egg_info" there
+        with self._maybe_bkp_dir(egg_info_dir, self.keep_egg_info):
+            bdist_wheel.egg2dist(egg_info_dir, self.dist_info_dir)
+
+
+def _rm(dir_name, **opts):
+    if os.path.isdir(dir_name):
+        shutil.rmtree(dir_name, **opts)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87a68c292a1f5ae9f5f9359135cd29a8665f2d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2361 @@
+"""
+Easy Install
+------------
+
+A tool for doing automatic download/extract/build of distutils-based Python
+packages.  For detailed documentation, see the accompanying EasyInstall.txt
+file, or visit the `EasyInstall home page`__.
+
+__ https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/deprecated/easy_install.html
+
+"""
+
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import get_platform
+from distutils.util import convert_path, subst_vars
+from distutils.errors import (
+    DistutilsArgError,
+    DistutilsOptionError,
+    DistutilsError,
+    DistutilsPlatformError,
+)
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+from distutils.command.build_scripts import first_line_re
+from distutils.spawn import find_executable
+from distutils.command import install
+import sys
+import os
+from typing import Dict, List
+import zipimport
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import re
+import stat
+import random
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+import site
+import struct
+import contextlib
+import subprocess
+import shlex
+import io
+import configparser
+import sysconfig
+
+from sysconfig import get_path
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.sandbox import run_setup
+from setuptools.command import setopt
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+from setuptools.package_index import (
+    PackageIndex,
+    parse_requirement_arg,
+    URL_SCHEME,
+)
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg, egg_info
+from setuptools.warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning, SetuptoolsWarning
+from setuptools.wheel import Wheel
+from pkg_resources import (
+    normalize_path,
+    resource_string,
+    get_distribution,
+    find_distributions,
+    Environment,
+    Requirement,
+    Distribution,
+    PathMetadata,
+    EggMetadata,
+    WorkingSet,
+    DistributionNotFound,
+    VersionConflict,
+    DEVELOP_DIST,
+)
+import pkg_resources
+from ..compat import py39, py311
+from .._path import ensure_directory
+from ..extern.jaraco.text import yield_lines
+
+
+# Turn on PEP440Warnings
+warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=pkg_resources.PEP440Warning)
+
+__all__ = [
+    'easy_install',
+    'PthDistributions',
+    'extract_wininst_cfg',
+    'get_exe_prefixes',
+]
+
+
+def is_64bit():
+    return struct.calcsize("P") == 8
+
+
+def _to_bytes(s):
+    return s.encode('utf8')
+
+
+def isascii(s):
+    try:
+        s.encode('ascii')
+        return True
+    except UnicodeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _one_liner(text):
+    return textwrap.dedent(text).strip().replace('\n', '; ')
+
+
+class easy_install(Command):
+    """Manage a download/build/install process"""
+
+    description = "Find/get/install Python packages"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('prefix=', None, "installation prefix"),
+        ("zip-ok", "z", "install package as a zipfile"),
+        ("multi-version", "m", "make apps have to require() a version"),
+        ("upgrade", "U", "force upgrade (searches PyPI for latest versions)"),
+        ("install-dir=", "d", "install package to DIR"),
+        ("script-dir=", "s", "install scripts to DIR"),
+        ("exclude-scripts", "x", "Don't install scripts"),
+        ("always-copy", "a", "Copy all needed packages to install dir"),
+        ("index-url=", "i", "base URL of Python Package Index"),
+        ("find-links=", "f", "additional URL(s) to search for packages"),
+        ("build-directory=", "b", "download/extract/build in DIR; keep the results"),
+        (
+            'optimize=',
+            'O',
+            "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+            "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]",
+        ),
+        ('record=', None, "filename in which to record list of installed files"),
+        ('always-unzip', 'Z', "don't install as a zipfile, no matter what"),
+        ('site-dirs=', 'S', "list of directories where .pth files work"),
+        ('editable', 'e', "Install specified packages in editable form"),
+        ('no-deps', 'N', "don't install dependencies"),
+        ('allow-hosts=', 'H', "pattern(s) that hostnames must match"),
+        ('local-snapshots-ok', 'l', "allow building eggs from local checkouts"),
+        ('version', None, "print version information and exit"),
+        (
+            'no-find-links',
+            None,
+            "Don't load find-links defined in packages being installed",
+        ),
+        ('user', None, "install in user site-package '%s'" % site.USER_SITE),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = [
+        'zip-ok',
+        'multi-version',
+        'exclude-scripts',
+        'upgrade',
+        'always-copy',
+        'editable',
+        'no-deps',
+        'local-snapshots-ok',
+        'version',
+        'user',
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {'always-unzip': 'zip-ok'}
+    create_index = PackageIndex
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        EasyInstallDeprecationWarning.emit()
+
+        # the --user option seems to be an opt-in one,
+        # so the default should be False.
+        self.user = 0
+        self.zip_ok = self.local_snapshots_ok = None
+        self.install_dir = self.script_dir = self.exclude_scripts = None
+        self.index_url = None
+        self.find_links = None
+        self.build_directory = None
+        self.args = None
+        self.optimize = self.record = None
+        self.upgrade = self.always_copy = self.multi_version = None
+        self.editable = self.no_deps = self.allow_hosts = None
+        self.root = self.prefix = self.no_report = None
+        self.version = None
+        self.install_purelib = None  # for pure module distributions
+        self.install_platlib = None  # non-pure (dists w/ extensions)
+        self.install_headers = None  # for C/C++ headers
+        self.install_lib = None  # set to either purelib or platlib
+        self.install_scripts = None
+        self.install_data = None
+        self.install_base = None
+        self.install_platbase = None
+        self.install_userbase = site.USER_BASE
+        self.install_usersite = site.USER_SITE
+        self.no_find_links = None
+
+        # Options not specifiable via command line
+        self.package_index = None
+        self.pth_file = self.always_copy_from = None
+        self.site_dirs = None
+        self.installed_projects = {}
+        # Always read easy_install options, even if we are subclassed, or have
+        # an independent instance created.  This ensures that defaults will
+        # always come from the standard configuration file(s)' "easy_install"
+        # section, even if this is a "develop" or "install" command, or some
+        # other embedding.
+        self._dry_run = None
+        self.verbose = self.distribution.verbose
+        self.distribution._set_command_options(
+            self, self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+        )
+
+    def delete_blockers(self, blockers):
+        extant_blockers = (
+            filename
+            for filename in blockers
+            if os.path.exists(filename) or os.path.islink(filename)
+        )
+        list(map(self._delete_path, extant_blockers))
+
+    def _delete_path(self, path):
+        log.info("Deleting %s", path)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            return
+
+        is_tree = os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path)
+        remover = _rmtree if is_tree else os.unlink
+        remover(path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render_version():
+        """
+        Render the Setuptools version and installation details, then exit.
+        """
+        ver = '{}.{}'.format(*sys.version_info)
+        dist = get_distribution('setuptools')
+        tmpl = 'setuptools {dist.version} from {dist.location} (Python {ver})'
+        print(tmpl.format(**locals()))
+        raise SystemExit()
+
+    def finalize_options(self):  # noqa: C901  # is too complex (25)  # FIXME
+        self.version and self._render_version()
+
+        py_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+
+        self.config_vars = dict(sysconfig.get_config_vars())
+
+        self.config_vars.update({
+            'dist_name': self.distribution.get_name(),
+            'dist_version': self.distribution.get_version(),
+            'dist_fullname': self.distribution.get_fullname(),
+            'py_version': py_version,
+            'py_version_short': f'{sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}',
+            'py_version_nodot': f'{sys.version_info.major}{sys.version_info.minor}',
+            'sys_prefix': self.config_vars['prefix'],
+            'sys_exec_prefix': self.config_vars['exec_prefix'],
+            # Only POSIX systems have abiflags
+            'abiflags': getattr(sys, 'abiflags', ''),
+            # Only python 3.9+ has platlibdir
+            'platlibdir': getattr(sys, 'platlibdir', 'lib'),
+        })
+        with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+            # only for distutils outside stdlib
+            self.config_vars.update({
+                'implementation_lower': install._get_implementation().lower(),
+                'implementation': install._get_implementation(),
+            })
+
+        # pypa/distutils#113 Python 3.9 compat
+        self.config_vars.setdefault(
+            'py_version_nodot_plat',
+            getattr(sys, 'windir', '').replace('.', ''),
+        )
+
+        self.config_vars['userbase'] = self.install_userbase
+        self.config_vars['usersite'] = self.install_usersite
+        if self.user and not site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            log.warn("WARNING: The user site-packages directory is disabled.")
+
+        self._fix_install_dir_for_user_site()
+
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+
+        self._expand(
+            'install_dir',
+            'script_dir',
+            'build_directory',
+            'site_dirs',
+        )
+        # If a non-default installation directory was specified, default the
+        # script directory to match it.
+        if self.script_dir is None:
+            self.script_dir = self.install_dir
+
+        if self.no_find_links is None:
+            self.no_find_links = False
+
+        # Let install_dir get set by install_lib command, which in turn
+        # gets its info from the install command, and takes into account
+        # --prefix and --home and all that other crud.
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('install_dir', 'install_dir'))
+        # Likewise, set default script_dir from 'install_scripts.install_dir'
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_scripts', ('install_dir', 'script_dir'))
+
+        if self.user and self.install_purelib:
+            self.install_dir = self.install_purelib
+            self.script_dir = self.install_scripts
+        # default --record from the install command
+        self.set_undefined_options('install', ('record', 'record'))
+        self.all_site_dirs = get_site_dirs()
+        self.all_site_dirs.extend(self._process_site_dirs(self.site_dirs))
+
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.check_site_dir()
+        default_index = os.getenv("__EASYINSTALL_INDEX", "https://pypi.org/simple/")
+        # ^ Private API for testing purposes only
+        self.index_url = self.index_url or default_index
+        self.shadow_path = self.all_site_dirs[:]
+        for path_item in self.install_dir, normalize_path(self.script_dir):
+            if path_item not in self.shadow_path:
+                self.shadow_path.insert(0, path_item)
+
+        if self.allow_hosts is not None:
+            hosts = [s.strip() for s in self.allow_hosts.split(',')]
+        else:
+            hosts = ['*']
+        if self.package_index is None:
+            self.package_index = self.create_index(
+                self.index_url,
+                search_path=self.shadow_path,
+                hosts=hosts,
+            )
+        self.local_index = Environment(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+
+        if self.find_links is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.find_links, str):
+                self.find_links = self.find_links.split()
+        else:
+            self.find_links = []
+        if self.local_snapshots_ok:
+            self.package_index.scan_egg_links(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+        if not self.no_find_links:
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(self.find_links)
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('optimize', 'optimize'))
+        self.optimize = self._validate_optimize(self.optimize)
+
+        if self.editable and not self.build_directory:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Must specify a build directory (-b) when using --editable"
+            )
+        if not self.args:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "No urls, filenames, or requirements specified (see --help)"
+            )
+
+        self.outputs = []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _process_site_dirs(site_dirs):
+        if site_dirs is None:
+            return
+
+        normpath = map(normalize_path, sys.path)
+        site_dirs = [os.path.expanduser(s.strip()) for s in site_dirs.split(',')]
+        for d in site_dirs:
+            if not os.path.isdir(d):
+                log.warn("%s (in --site-dirs) does not exist", d)
+            elif normalize_path(d) not in normpath:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError(d + " (in --site-dirs) is not on sys.path")
+            else:
+                yield normalize_path(d)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_optimize(value):
+        try:
+            value = int(value)
+            if value not in range(3):
+                raise ValueError
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("--optimize must be 0, 1, or 2") from e
+
+        return value
+
+    def _fix_install_dir_for_user_site(self):
+        """
+        Fix the install_dir if "--user" was used.
+        """
+        if not self.user:
+            return
+
+        self.create_home_path()
+        if self.install_userbase is None:
+            msg = "User base directory is not specified"
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(msg)
+        self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.install_userbase
+        scheme_name = f'{os.name}_user'
+        self.select_scheme(scheme_name)
+
+    def _expand_attrs(self, attrs):
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                if os.name == 'posix' or os.name == 'nt':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                val = subst_vars(val, self.config_vars)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+    def expand_basedirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install_base, install_platbase and
+        root."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_base', 'install_platbase', 'root'])
+
+    def expand_dirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install dirs."""
+        dirs = [
+            'install_purelib',
+            'install_platlib',
+            'install_lib',
+            'install_headers',
+            'install_scripts',
+            'install_data',
+        ]
+        self._expand_attrs(dirs)
+
+    def run(self, show_deprecation=True):
+        if show_deprecation:
+            self.announce(
+                "WARNING: The easy_install command is deprecated "
+                "and will be removed in a future version.",
+                log.WARN,
+            )
+        if self.verbose != self.distribution.verbose:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)
+        try:
+            for spec in self.args:
+                self.easy_install(spec, not self.no_deps)
+            if self.record:
+                outputs = self.outputs
+                if self.root:  # strip any package prefix
+                    root_len = len(self.root)
+                    for counter in range(len(outputs)):
+                        outputs[counter] = outputs[counter][root_len:]
+                from distutils import file_util
+
+                self.execute(
+                    file_util.write_file,
+                    (self.record, outputs),
+                    "writing list of installed files to '%s'" % self.record,
+                )
+            self.warn_deprecated_options()
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.distribution.verbose)
+
+    def pseudo_tempname(self):
+        """Return a pseudo-tempname base in the install directory.
+        This code is intentionally naive; if a malicious party can write to
+        the target directory you're already in deep doodoo.
+        """
+        try:
+            pid = os.getpid()
+        except Exception:
+            pid = random.randint(0, sys.maxsize)
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, "test-easy-install-%s" % pid)
+
+    def warn_deprecated_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def check_site_dir(self):  # noqa: C901  # is too complex (12)  # FIXME
+        """Verify that self.install_dir is .pth-capable dir, if needed"""
+
+        instdir = normalize_path(self.install_dir)
+        pth_file = os.path.join(instdir, 'easy-install.pth')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(instdir):
+            try:
+                os.makedirs(instdir)
+            except OSError:
+                self.cant_write_to_target()
+
+        # Is it a configured, PYTHONPATH, implicit, or explicit site dir?
+        is_site_dir = instdir in self.all_site_dirs
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # No?  Then directly test whether it does .pth file processing
+            is_site_dir = self.check_pth_processing()
+        else:
+            # make sure we can write to target dir
+            testfile = self.pseudo_tempname() + '.write-test'
+            test_exists = os.path.exists(testfile)
+            try:
+                if test_exists:
+                    os.unlink(testfile)
+                open(testfile, 'wb').close()
+                os.unlink(testfile)
+            except OSError:
+                self.cant_write_to_target()
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # Can't install non-multi to non-site dir with easy_install
+            pythonpath = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '')
+            log.warn(self.__no_default_msg, self.install_dir, pythonpath)
+
+        if is_site_dir:
+            if self.pth_file is None:
+                self.pth_file = PthDistributions(pth_file, self.all_site_dirs)
+        else:
+            self.pth_file = None
+
+        if self.multi_version and not os.path.exists(pth_file):
+            self.pth_file = None  # don't create a .pth file
+        self.install_dir = instdir
+
+    __cant_write_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        can't create or remove files in install directory
+
+        The following error occurred while trying to add or remove files in the
+        installation directory:
+
+            %s
+
+        The installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+        """
+    ).lstrip()  # noqa
+
+    __not_exists_id = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        This directory does not currently exist.  Please create it and try again, or
+        choose a different installation directory (using the -d or --install-dir
+        option).
+        """
+    ).lstrip()  # noqa
+
+    __access_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  If the
+        installation directory is a system-owned directory, you may need to sign in
+        as the administrator or "root" account.  If you do not have administrative
+        access to this machine, you may wish to choose a different installation
+        directory, preferably one that is listed in your PYTHONPATH environment
+        variable.
+
+        For information on other options, you may wish to consult the
+        documentation at:
+
+          https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/deprecated/easy_install.html
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.
+        """
+    ).lstrip()  # noqa
+
+    def cant_write_to_target(self):
+        msg = self.__cant_write_msg % (
+            sys.exc_info()[1],
+            self.install_dir,
+        )
+
+        if not os.path.exists(self.install_dir):
+            msg += '\n' + self.__not_exists_id
+        else:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__access_msg
+        raise DistutilsError(msg)
+
+    def check_pth_processing(self):  # noqa: C901
+        """Empirically verify whether .pth files are supported in inst. dir"""
+        instdir = self.install_dir
+        log.info("Checking .pth file support in %s", instdir)
+        pth_file = self.pseudo_tempname() + ".pth"
+        ok_file = pth_file + '.ok'
+        ok_exists = os.path.exists(ok_file)
+        tmpl = (
+            _one_liner(
+                """
+            import os
+            f = open({ok_file!r}, 'w', encoding="utf-8")
+            f.write('OK')
+            f.close()
+            """
+            )
+            + '\n'
+        )
+        try:
+            if ok_exists:
+                os.unlink(ok_file)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(ok_file)
+            os.makedirs(dirname, exist_ok=True)
+            f = open(pth_file, 'w', encoding=py39.LOCALE_ENCODING)
+            # ^-- Requires encoding="locale" instead of "utf-8" (python/cpython#77102).
+        except OSError:
+            self.cant_write_to_target()
+        else:
+            try:
+                f.write(tmpl.format(**locals()))
+                f.close()
+                f = None
+                executable = sys.executable
+                if os.name == 'nt':
+                    dirname, basename = os.path.split(executable)
+                    alt = os.path.join(dirname, 'pythonw.exe')
+                    use_alt = basename.lower() == 'python.exe' and os.path.exists(alt)
+                    if use_alt:
+                        # use pythonw.exe to avoid opening a console window
+                        executable = alt
+
+                from distutils.spawn import spawn
+
+                spawn([executable, '-E', '-c', 'pass'], 0)
+
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    log.info("TEST PASSED: %s appears to support .pth files", instdir)
+                    return True
+            finally:
+                if f:
+                    f.close()
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    os.unlink(ok_file)
+                if os.path.exists(pth_file):
+                    os.unlink(pth_file)
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            log.warn("TEST FAILED: %s does NOT support .pth files", instdir)
+        return False
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        """Write all the scripts for `dist`, unless scripts are excluded"""
+        if not self.exclude_scripts and dist.metadata_isdir('scripts'):
+            for script_name in dist.metadata_listdir('scripts'):
+                if dist.metadata_isdir('scripts/' + script_name):
+                    # The "script" is a directory, likely a Python 3
+                    # __pycache__ directory, so skip it.
+                    continue
+                self.install_script(
+                    dist, script_name, dist.get_metadata('scripts/' + script_name)
+                )
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+    def add_output(self, path):
+        if os.path.isdir(path):
+            for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                for filename in files:
+                    self.outputs.append(os.path.join(base, filename))
+        else:
+            self.outputs.append(path)
+
+    def not_editable(self, spec):
+        if self.editable:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Invalid argument %r: you can't use filenames or URLs "
+                "with --editable (except via the --find-links option)." % (spec,)
+            )
+
+    def check_editable(self, spec):
+        if not self.editable:
+            return
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)):
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "%r already exists in %s; can't do a checkout there"
+                % (spec.key, self.build_directory)
+            )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _tmpdir(self):
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="easy_install-")
+        try:
+            # cast to str as workaround for #709 and #710 and #712
+            yield str(tmpdir)
+        finally:
+            os.path.exists(tmpdir) and _rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+    def easy_install(self, spec, deps=False):
+        with self._tmpdir() as tmpdir:
+            if not isinstance(spec, Requirement):
+                if URL_SCHEME(spec):
+                    # It's a url, download it to tmpdir and process
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    dl = self.package_index.download(spec, tmpdir)
+                    return self.install_item(None, dl, tmpdir, deps, True)
+
+                elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                    # Existing file or directory, just process it directly
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    return self.install_item(None, spec, tmpdir, deps, True)
+                else:
+                    spec = parse_requirement_arg(spec)
+
+            self.check_editable(spec)
+            dist = self.package_index.fetch_distribution(
+                spec,
+                tmpdir,
+                self.upgrade,
+                self.editable,
+                not self.always_copy,
+                self.local_index,
+            )
+            if dist is None:
+                msg = "Could not find suitable distribution for %r" % spec
+                if self.always_copy:
+                    msg += " (--always-copy skips system and development eggs)"
+                raise DistutilsError(msg)
+            elif dist.precedence == DEVELOP_DIST:
+                # .egg-info dists don't need installing, just process deps
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps, "Using")
+                return dist
+            else:
+                return self.install_item(spec, dist.location, tmpdir, deps)
+
+    def install_item(self, spec, download, tmpdir, deps, install_needed=False):
+        # Installation is also needed if file in tmpdir or is not an egg
+        install_needed = install_needed or self.always_copy
+        install_needed = install_needed or os.path.dirname(download) == tmpdir
+        install_needed = install_needed or not download.endswith('.egg')
+        install_needed = install_needed or (
+            self.always_copy_from is not None
+            and os.path.dirname(normalize_path(download))
+            == normalize_path(self.always_copy_from)
+        )
+
+        if spec and not install_needed:
+            # at this point, we know it's a local .egg, we just don't know if
+            # it's already installed.
+            for dist in self.local_index[spec.project_name]:
+                if dist.location == download:
+                    break
+            else:
+                install_needed = True  # it's not in the local index
+
+        log.info("Processing %s", os.path.basename(download))
+
+        if install_needed:
+            dists = self.install_eggs(spec, download, tmpdir)
+            for dist in dists:
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps)
+        else:
+            dists = [self.egg_distribution(download)]
+            self.process_distribution(spec, dists[0], deps, "Using")
+
+        if spec is not None:
+            for dist in dists:
+                if dist in spec:
+                    return dist
+        return None
+
+    def select_scheme(self, name):
+        try:
+            install._select_scheme(self, name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # stdlib distutils
+            install.install.select_scheme(self, name.replace('posix', 'unix'))
+
+    # FIXME: 'easy_install.process_distribution' is too complex (12)
+    def process_distribution(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        requirement,
+        dist,
+        deps=True,
+        *info,
+    ):
+        self.update_pth(dist)
+        self.package_index.add(dist)
+        if dist in self.local_index[dist.key]:
+            self.local_index.remove(dist)
+        self.local_index.add(dist)
+        self.install_egg_scripts(dist)
+        self.installed_projects[dist.key] = dist
+        log.info(self.installation_report(requirement, dist, *info))
+        if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt') and not self.no_find_links:
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+        if not deps and not self.always_copy:
+            return
+        elif requirement is not None and dist.key != requirement.key:
+            log.warn("Skipping dependencies for %s", dist)
+            return  # XXX this is not the distribution we were looking for
+        elif requirement is None or dist not in requirement:
+            # if we wound up with a different version, resolve what we've got
+            distreq = dist.as_requirement()
+            requirement = Requirement(str(distreq))
+        log.info("Processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+        try:
+            distros = WorkingSet([]).resolve(
+                [requirement], self.local_index, self.easy_install
+            )
+        except DistributionNotFound as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(str(e)) from e
+        except VersionConflict as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(e.report()) from e
+        if self.always_copy or self.always_copy_from:
+            # Force all the relevant distros to be copied or activated
+            for dist in distros:
+                if dist.key not in self.installed_projects:
+                    self.easy_install(dist.as_requirement())
+        log.info("Finished processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+
+    def should_unzip(self, dist):
+        if self.zip_ok is not None:
+            return not self.zip_ok
+        if dist.has_metadata('not-zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        if not dist.has_metadata('zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_move(self, spec, dist_filename, setup_base):
+        dst = os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)
+        if os.path.exists(dst):
+            msg = "%r already exists in %s; build directory %s will not be kept"
+            log.warn(msg, spec.key, self.build_directory, setup_base)
+            return setup_base
+        if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = dist_filename
+        else:
+            if os.path.dirname(dist_filename) == setup_base:
+                os.unlink(dist_filename)  # get it out of the tmp dir
+            contents = os.listdir(setup_base)
+            if len(contents) == 1:
+                dist_filename = os.path.join(setup_base, contents[0])
+                if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+                    # if the only thing there is a directory, move it instead
+                    setup_base = dist_filename
+        ensure_directory(dst)
+        shutil.move(setup_base, dst)
+        return dst
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        if self.exclude_scripts:
+            return
+        for args in ScriptWriter.best().get_args(dist):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def install_script(self, dist, script_name, script_text, dev_path=None):
+        """Generate a legacy script wrapper and install it"""
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        is_script = is_python_script(script_text, script_name)
+
+        if is_script:
+            body = self._load_template(dev_path) % locals()
+            script_text = ScriptWriter.get_header(script_text) + body
+        self.write_script(script_name, _to_bytes(script_text), 'b')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _load_template(dev_path):
+        """
+        There are a couple of template scripts in the package. This
+        function loads one of them and prepares it for use.
+        """
+        # See https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/134 for info
+        # on script file naming and downstream issues with SVR4
+        name = 'script.tmpl'
+        if dev_path:
+            name = name.replace('.tmpl', ' (dev).tmpl')
+
+        raw_bytes = resource_string('setuptools', name)
+        return raw_bytes.decode('utf-8')
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", blockers=()):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        self.delete_blockers(  # clean up old .py/.pyw w/o a script
+            [os.path.join(self.script_dir, x) for x in blockers]
+        )
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.script_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.script_dir, script_name)
+        self.add_output(target)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            return
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        ensure_directory(target)
+        if os.path.exists(target):
+            os.unlink(target)
+        with open(target, "w" + mode) as f:  # TODO: is it safe to use utf-8?
+            f.write(contents)
+        chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
+
+    def install_eggs(self, spec, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # .egg dirs or files are already built, so just return them
+        installer_map = {
+            '.egg': self.install_egg,
+            '.exe': self.install_exe,
+            '.whl': self.install_wheel,
+        }
+        try:
+            install_dist = installer_map[dist_filename.lower()[-4:]]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return [install_dist(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+
+        # Anything else, try to extract and build
+        setup_base = tmpdir
+        if os.path.isfile(dist_filename) and not dist_filename.endswith('.py'):
+            unpack_archive(dist_filename, tmpdir, self.unpack_progress)
+        elif os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+
+        if (
+            setup_base.startswith(tmpdir)  # something we downloaded
+            and self.build_directory
+            and spec is not None
+        ):
+            setup_base = self.maybe_move(spec, dist_filename, setup_base)
+
+        # Find the setup.py file
+        setup_script = os.path.join(setup_base, 'setup.py')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(setup_script):
+            setups = glob(os.path.join(setup_base, '*', 'setup.py'))
+            if not setups:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Couldn't find a setup script in %s"
+                    % os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            if len(setups) > 1:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Multiple setup scripts in %s" % os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            setup_script = setups[0]
+
+        # Now run it, and return the result
+        if self.editable:
+            log.info(self.report_editable(spec, setup_script))
+            return []
+        else:
+            return self.build_and_install(setup_script, setup_base)
+
+    def egg_distribution(self, egg_path):
+        if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+            metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path, 'EGG-INFO'))
+        else:
+            metadata = EggMetadata(zipimport.zipimporter(egg_path))
+        return Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+
+    # FIXME: 'easy_install.install_egg' is too complex (11)
+    def install_egg(self, egg_path, tmpdir):  # noqa: C901
+        destination = os.path.join(
+            self.install_dir,
+            os.path.basename(egg_path),
+        )
+        destination = os.path.abspath(destination)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(destination)
+
+        dist = self.egg_distribution(egg_path)
+        if not (
+            os.path.exists(destination) and os.path.samefile(egg_path, destination)
+        ):
+            if os.path.isdir(destination) and not os.path.islink(destination):
+                dir_util.remove_tree(destination, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            elif os.path.exists(destination):
+                self.execute(
+                    os.unlink,
+                    (destination,),
+                    "Removing " + destination,
+                )
+            try:
+                new_dist_is_zipped = False
+                if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copytree, "Copying"
+                elif self.should_unzip(dist):
+                    self.mkpath(destination)
+                    f, m = self.unpack_and_compile, "Extracting"
+                else:
+                    new_dist_is_zipped = True
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copy2, "Copying"
+                self.execute(
+                    f,
+                    (egg_path, destination),
+                    (m + " %s to %s")
+                    % (os.path.basename(egg_path), os.path.dirname(destination)),
+                )
+                update_dist_caches(
+                    destination,
+                    fix_zipimporter_caches=new_dist_is_zipped,
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                update_dist_caches(destination, fix_zipimporter_caches=False)
+                raise
+
+        self.add_output(destination)
+        return self.egg_distribution(destination)
+
+    def install_exe(self, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # See if it's valid, get data
+        cfg = extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename)
+        if cfg is None:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s is not a valid distutils Windows .exe" % dist_filename
+            )
+        # Create a dummy distribution object until we build the real distro
+        dist = Distribution(
+            None,
+            project_name=cfg.get('metadata', 'name'),
+            version=cfg.get('metadata', 'version'),
+            platform=get_platform(),
+        )
+
+        # Convert the .exe to an unpacked egg
+        egg_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, dist.egg_name() + '.egg')
+        dist.location = egg_path
+        egg_tmp = egg_path + '.tmp'
+        _egg_info = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO')
+        pkg_inf = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'PKG-INFO')
+        ensure_directory(pkg_inf)  # make sure EGG-INFO dir exists
+        dist._provider = PathMetadata(egg_tmp, _egg_info)  # XXX
+        self.exe_to_egg(dist_filename, egg_tmp)
+
+        # Write EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO
+        if not os.path.exists(pkg_inf):
+            f = open(pkg_inf, 'w')  # TODO: probably it is safe to use utf-8
+            f.write('Metadata-Version: 1.0\n')
+            for k, v in cfg.items('metadata'):
+                if k != 'target_version':
+                    f.write('%s: %s\n' % (k.replace('_', '-').title(), v))
+            f.close()
+        script_dir = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'scripts')
+        # delete entry-point scripts to avoid duping
+        self.delete_blockers([
+            os.path.join(script_dir, args[0]) for args in ScriptWriter.get_args(dist)
+        ])
+        # Build .egg file from tmpdir
+        bdist_egg.make_zipfile(
+            egg_path,
+            egg_tmp,
+            verbose=self.verbose,
+            dry_run=self.dry_run,
+        )
+        # install the .egg
+        return self.install_egg(egg_path, tmpdir)
+
+    # FIXME: 'easy_install.exe_to_egg' is too complex (12)
+    def exe_to_egg(self, dist_filename, egg_tmp):  # noqa: C901
+        """Extract a bdist_wininst to the directories an egg would use"""
+        # Check for .pth file and set up prefix translations
+        prefixes = get_exe_prefixes(dist_filename)
+        to_compile = []
+        native_libs = []
+        top_level = {}
+
+        def process(src, dst):
+            s = src.lower()
+            for old, new in prefixes:
+                if s.startswith(old):
+                    src = new + src[len(old) :]
+                    parts = src.split('/')
+                    dst = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                    dl = dst.lower()
+                    if dl.endswith('.pyd') or dl.endswith('.dll'):
+                        parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1])
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        native_libs.append(src)
+                    elif dl.endswith('.py') and old != 'SCRIPTS/':
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        to_compile.append(dst)
+                    return dst
+            if not src.endswith('.pth'):
+                log.warn("WARNING: can't process %s", src)
+            return None
+
+        # extract, tracking .pyd/.dll->native_libs and .py -> to_compile
+        unpack_archive(dist_filename, egg_tmp, process)
+        stubs = []
+        for res in native_libs:
+            if res.lower().endswith('.pyd'):  # create stubs for .pyd's
+                parts = res.split('/')
+                resource = parts[-1]
+                parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1]) + '.py'
+                pyfile = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                to_compile.append(pyfile)
+                stubs.append(pyfile)
+                bdist_egg.write_stub(resource, pyfile)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)  # compile .py's
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO'), bdist_egg.analyze_egg(egg_tmp, stubs)
+        )  # write zip-safety flag
+
+        for name in 'top_level', 'native_libs':
+            if locals()[name]:
+                txt = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO', name + '.txt')
+                if not os.path.exists(txt):
+                    f = open(txt, 'w')  # TODO: probably it is safe to use utf-8
+                    f.write('\n'.join(locals()[name]) + '\n')
+                    f.close()
+
+    def install_wheel(self, wheel_path, tmpdir):
+        wheel = Wheel(wheel_path)
+        assert wheel.is_compatible()
+        destination = os.path.join(self.install_dir, wheel.egg_name())
+        destination = os.path.abspath(destination)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(destination)
+        if os.path.isdir(destination) and not os.path.islink(destination):
+            dir_util.remove_tree(destination, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        elif os.path.exists(destination):
+            self.execute(
+                os.unlink,
+                (destination,),
+                "Removing " + destination,
+            )
+        try:
+            self.execute(
+                wheel.install_as_egg,
+                (destination,),
+                ("Installing %s to %s")
+                % (os.path.basename(wheel_path), os.path.dirname(destination)),
+            )
+        finally:
+            update_dist_caches(destination, fix_zipimporter_caches=False)
+        self.add_output(destination)
+        return self.egg_distribution(destination)
+
+    __mv_warning = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        Because this distribution was installed --multi-version, before you can
+        import modules from this package in an application, you will need to
+        'import pkg_resources' and then use a 'require()' call similar to one of
+        these examples, in order to select the desired version:
+
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s")  # latest installed version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s==%(version)s")  # this exact version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s>=%(version)s")  # this version or higher
+        """
+    ).lstrip()  # noqa
+
+    __id_warning = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        Note also that the installation directory must be on sys.path at runtime for
+        this to work.  (e.g. by being the application's script directory, by being on
+        PYTHONPATH, or by being added to sys.path by your code.)
+        """
+    )  # noqa
+
+    def installation_report(self, req, dist, what="Installed"):
+        """Helpful installation message for display to package users"""
+        msg = "\n%(what)s %(eggloc)s%(extras)s"
+        if self.multi_version and not self.no_report:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__mv_warning
+            if self.install_dir not in map(normalize_path, sys.path):
+                msg += '\n' + self.__id_warning
+
+        eggloc = dist.location
+        name = dist.project_name
+        version = dist.version
+        extras = ''  # TODO: self.report_extras(req, dist)
+        return msg % locals()
+
+    __editable_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        Extracted editable version of %(spec)s to %(dirname)s
+
+        If it uses setuptools in its setup script, you can activate it in
+        "development" mode by going to that directory and running::
+
+            %(python)s setup.py develop
+
+        See the setuptools documentation for the "develop" command for more info.
+        """
+    ).lstrip()  # noqa
+
+    def report_editable(self, spec, setup_script):
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        python = sys.executable
+        return '\n' + self.__editable_msg % locals()
+
+    def run_setup(self, setup_script, setup_base, args):
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.bdist_egg', bdist_egg)
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.egg_info', egg_info)
+
+        args = list(args)
+        if self.verbose > 2:
+            v = 'v' * (self.verbose - 1)
+            args.insert(0, '-' + v)
+        elif self.verbose < 2:
+            args.insert(0, '-q')
+        if self.dry_run:
+            args.insert(0, '-n')
+        log.info("Running %s %s", setup_script[len(setup_base) + 1 :], ' '.join(args))
+        try:
+            run_setup(setup_script, args)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            raise DistutilsError("Setup script exited with %s" % (v.args[0],)) from v
+
+    def build_and_install(self, setup_script, setup_base):
+        args = ['bdist_egg', '--dist-dir']
+
+        dist_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(
+            prefix='egg-dist-tmp-', dir=os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        )
+        try:
+            self._set_fetcher_options(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+            args.append(dist_dir)
+
+            self.run_setup(setup_script, setup_base, args)
+            all_eggs = Environment([dist_dir])
+            eggs = []
+            for key in all_eggs:
+                for dist in all_eggs[key]:
+                    eggs.append(self.install_egg(dist.location, setup_base))
+            if not eggs and not self.dry_run:
+                log.warn("No eggs found in %s (setup script problem?)", dist_dir)
+            return eggs
+        finally:
+            _rmtree(dist_dir)
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore our log verbosity
+
+    def _set_fetcher_options(self, base):
+        """
+        When easy_install is about to run bdist_egg on a source dist, that
+        source dist might have 'setup_requires' directives, requiring
+        additional fetching. Ensure the fetcher options given to easy_install
+        are available to that command as well.
+        """
+        # find the fetch options from easy_install and write them out
+        # to the setup.cfg file.
+        ei_opts = self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install').copy()
+        fetch_directives = (
+            'find_links',
+            'site_dirs',
+            'index_url',
+            'optimize',
+            'allow_hosts',
+        )
+        fetch_options = {}
+        for key, val in ei_opts.items():
+            if key not in fetch_directives:
+                continue
+            fetch_options[key] = val[1]
+        # create a settings dictionary suitable for `edit_config`
+        settings = dict(easy_install=fetch_options)
+        cfg_filename = os.path.join(base, 'setup.cfg')
+        setopt.edit_config(cfg_filename, settings)
+
+    def update_pth(self, dist):  # noqa: C901  # is too complex (11)  # FIXME
+        if self.pth_file is None:
+            return
+
+        for d in self.pth_file[dist.key]:  # drop old entries
+            if not self.multi_version and d.location == dist.location:
+                continue
+
+            log.info("Removing %s from easy-install.pth file", d)
+            self.pth_file.remove(d)
+            if d.location in self.shadow_path:
+                self.shadow_path.remove(d.location)
+
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            if dist.location in self.pth_file.paths:
+                log.info(
+                    "%s is already the active version in easy-install.pth",
+                    dist,
+                )
+            else:
+                log.info("Adding %s to easy-install.pth file", dist)
+                self.pth_file.add(dist)  # add new entry
+                if dist.location not in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.append(dist.location)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            return
+
+        self.pth_file.save()
+
+        if dist.key != 'setuptools':
+            return
+
+        # Ensure that setuptools itself never becomes unavailable!
+        # XXX should this check for latest version?
+        filename = os.path.join(self.install_dir, 'setuptools.pth')
+        if os.path.islink(filename):
+            os.unlink(filename)
+
+        with open(filename, 'wt', encoding=py39.LOCALE_ENCODING) as f:
+            # Requires encoding="locale" instead of "utf-8" (python/cpython#77102).
+            f.write(self.pth_file.make_relative(dist.location) + '\n')
+
+    def unpack_progress(self, src, dst):
+        # Progress filter for unpacking
+        log.debug("Unpacking %s to %s", src, dst)
+        return dst  # only unpack-and-compile skips files for dry run
+
+    def unpack_and_compile(self, egg_path, destination):
+        to_compile = []
+        to_chmod = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst.endswith('.py') and not src.startswith('EGG-INFO/'):
+                to_compile.append(dst)
+            elif dst.endswith('.dll') or dst.endswith('.so'):
+                to_chmod.append(dst)
+            self.unpack_progress(src, dst)
+            return not self.dry_run and dst or None
+
+        unpack_archive(egg_path, destination, pf)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in to_chmod:
+                mode = ((os.stat(f)[stat.ST_MODE]) | 0o555) & 0o7755
+                chmod(f, mode)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, to_compile):
+        if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+            return
+
+        from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+        try:
+            # try to make the byte compile messages quieter
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose - 1)
+
+            byte_compile(to_compile, optimize=0, force=1, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if self.optimize:
+                byte_compile(
+                    to_compile,
+                    optimize=self.optimize,
+                    force=1,
+                    dry_run=self.dry_run,
+                )
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore original verbosity
+
+    __no_default_msg = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
+        bad install directory or PYTHONPATH
+
+        You are attempting to install a package to a directory that is not
+        on PYTHONPATH and which Python does not read ".pth" files from.  The
+        installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+
+        and your PYTHONPATH environment variable currently contains:
+
+            %r
+
+        Here are some of your options for correcting the problem:
+
+        * You can choose a different installation directory, i.e., one that is
+          on PYTHONPATH or supports .pth files
+
+        * You can add the installation directory to the PYTHONPATH environment
+          variable.  (It must then also be on PYTHONPATH whenever you run
+          Python and want to use the package(s) you are installing.)
+
+        * You can set up the installation directory to support ".pth" files by
+          using one of the approaches described here:
+
+          https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/deprecated/easy_install.html#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.
+        """
+    ).strip()
+
+    def create_home_path(self):
+        """Create directories under ~."""
+        if not self.user:
+            return
+        home = convert_path(os.path.expanduser("~"))
+        for path in only_strs(self.config_vars.values()):
+            if path.startswith(home) and not os.path.isdir(path):
+                self.debug_print("os.makedirs('%s', 0o700)" % path)
+                os.makedirs(path, 0o700)
+
+    INSTALL_SCHEMES = dict(
+        posix=dict(
+            install_dir='$base/lib/python$py_version_short/site-packages',
+            script_dir='$base/bin',
+        ),
+    )
+
+    DEFAULT_SCHEME = dict(
+        install_dir='$base/Lib/site-packages',
+        script_dir='$base/Scripts',
+    )
+
+    def _expand(self, *attrs):
+        config_vars = self.get_finalized_command('install').config_vars
+
+        if self.prefix:
+            # Set default install_dir/scripts from --prefix
+            config_vars = dict(config_vars)
+            config_vars['base'] = self.prefix
+            scheme = self.INSTALL_SCHEMES.get(os.name, self.DEFAULT_SCHEME)
+            for attr, val in scheme.items():
+                if getattr(self, attr, None) is None:
+                    setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+        from distutils.util import subst_vars
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                val = subst_vars(val, config_vars)
+                if os.name == 'posix':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+
+def _pythonpath():
+    items = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+    return filter(None, items)
+
+
+def get_site_dirs():
+    """
+    Return a list of 'site' dirs
+    """
+
+    sitedirs = []
+
+    # start with PYTHONPATH
+    sitedirs.extend(_pythonpath())
+
+    prefixes = [sys.prefix]
+    if sys.exec_prefix != sys.prefix:
+        prefixes.append(sys.exec_prefix)
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if not prefix:
+            continue
+
+        if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages"))
+        elif os.sep == '/':
+            sitedirs.extend([
+                os.path.join(
+                    prefix,
+                    "lib",
+                    "python{}.{}".format(*sys.version_info),
+                    "site-packages",
+                ),
+                os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
+            ])
+        else:
+            sitedirs.extend([
+                prefix,
+                os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages"),
+            ])
+        if sys.platform != 'darwin':
+            continue
+
+        # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+        # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+        # /Network/Library could be added too
+        if 'Python.framework' not in prefix:
+            continue
+
+        home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+        if not home:
+            continue
+
+        home_sp = os.path.join(
+            home,
+            'Library',
+            'Python',
+            '{}.{}'.format(*sys.version_info),
+            'site-packages',
+        )
+        sitedirs.append(home_sp)
+    lib_paths = get_path('purelib'), get_path('platlib')
+
+    sitedirs.extend(s for s in lib_paths if s not in sitedirs)
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        sitedirs.append(site.USER_SITE)
+
+    with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+        sitedirs.extend(site.getsitepackages())
+
+    return list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+
+
+def expand_paths(inputs):  # noqa: C901  # is too complex (11)  # FIXME
+    """Yield sys.path directories that might contain "old-style" packages"""
+
+    seen = {}
+
+    for dirname in inputs:
+        dirname = normalize_path(dirname)
+        if dirname in seen:
+            continue
+
+        seen[dirname] = 1
+        if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            continue
+
+        files = os.listdir(dirname)
+        yield dirname, files
+
+        for name in files:
+            if not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                # We only care about the .pth files
+                continue
+            if name in ('easy-install.pth', 'setuptools.pth'):
+                # Ignore .pth files that we control
+                continue
+
+            # Read the .pth file
+            with open(os.path.join(dirname, name), encoding=py39.LOCALE_ENCODING) as f:
+                # Requires encoding="locale" instead of "utf-8" (python/cpython#77102).
+                lines = list(yield_lines(f))
+
+            # Yield existing non-dupe, non-import directory lines from it
+            for line in lines:
+                if line.startswith("import"):
+                    continue
+
+                line = normalize_path(line.rstrip())
+                if line in seen:
+                    continue
+
+                seen[line] = 1
+                if not os.path.isdir(line):
+                    continue
+
+                yield line, os.listdir(line)
+
+
+def extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename):
+    """Extract configuration data from a bdist_wininst .exe
+
+    Returns a configparser.RawConfigParser, or None
+    """
+    f = open(dist_filename, 'rb')
+    try:
+        endrec = zipfile._EndRecData(f)
+        if endrec is None:
+            return None
+
+        prepended = (endrec[9] - endrec[5]) - endrec[6]
+        if prepended < 12:  # no wininst data here
+            return None
+        f.seek(prepended - 12)
+
+        tag, cfglen, bmlen = struct.unpack("<iii", f.read(12))
+        if tag not in (0x1234567A, 0x1234567B):
+            return None  # not a valid tag
+
+        f.seek(prepended - (12 + cfglen))
+        init = {'version': '', 'target_version': ''}
+        cfg = configparser.RawConfigParser(init)
+        try:
+            part = f.read(cfglen)
+            # Read up to the first null byte.
+            config = part.split(b'\0', 1)[0]
+            # Now the config is in bytes, but for RawConfigParser, it should
+            #  be text, so decode it.
+            config = config.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            cfg.read_file(io.StringIO(config))
+        except configparser.Error:
+            return None
+        if not cfg.has_section('metadata') or not cfg.has_section('Setup'):
+            return None
+        return cfg
+
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+
+def get_exe_prefixes(exe_filename):
+    """Get exe->egg path translations for a given .exe file"""
+
+    prefixes = [
+        ('PURELIB/', ''),
+        ('PLATLIB/pywin32_system32', ''),
+        ('PLATLIB/', ''),
+        ('SCRIPTS/', 'EGG-INFO/scripts/'),
+        ('DATA/lib/site-packages', ''),
+    ]
+    z = zipfile.ZipFile(exe_filename)
+    try:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            parts = name.split('/')
+            if len(parts) == 3 and parts[2] == 'PKG-INFO':
+                if parts[1].endswith('.egg-info'):
+                    prefixes.insert(0, ('/'.join(parts[:2]), 'EGG-INFO/'))
+                    break
+            if len(parts) != 2 or not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('-nspkg.pth'):
+                continue
+            if parts[0].upper() in ('PURELIB', 'PLATLIB'):
+                contents = z.read(name).decode()
+                for pth in yield_lines(contents):
+                    pth = pth.strip().replace('\\', '/')
+                    if not pth.startswith('import'):
+                        prefixes.append((('%s/%s/' % (parts[0], pth)), ''))
+    finally:
+        z.close()
+    prefixes = [(x.lower(), y) for x, y in prefixes]
+    prefixes.sort()
+    prefixes.reverse()
+    return prefixes
+
+
+class PthDistributions(Environment):
+    """A .pth file with Distribution paths in it"""
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, sitedirs=()):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+        self.basedir = normalize_path(os.path.dirname(self.filename))
+        self.paths, self.dirty = self._load()
+        # keep a copy if someone manually updates the paths attribute on the instance
+        self._init_paths = self.paths[:]
+        super().__init__([], None, None)
+        for path in yield_lines(self.paths):
+            list(map(self.add, find_distributions(path, True)))
+
+    def _load_raw(self):
+        paths = []
+        dirty = saw_import = False
+        seen = dict.fromkeys(self.sitedirs)
+        f = open(self.filename, 'rt', encoding=py39.LOCALE_ENCODING)
+        # ^-- Requires encoding="locale" instead of "utf-8" (python/cpython#77102).
+        for line in f:
+            path = line.rstrip()
+            # still keep imports and empty/commented lines for formatting
+            paths.append(path)
+            if line.startswith(('import ', 'from ')):
+                saw_import = True
+                continue
+            stripped_path = path.strip()
+            if not stripped_path or stripped_path.startswith('#'):
+                continue
+            # skip non-existent paths, in case somebody deleted a package
+            # manually, and duplicate paths as well
+            normalized_path = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.basedir, path))
+            if normalized_path in seen or not os.path.exists(normalized_path):
+                log.debug("cleaned up dirty or duplicated %r", path)
+                dirty = True
+                paths.pop()
+                continue
+            seen[normalized_path] = 1
+        f.close()
+        # remove any trailing empty/blank line
+        while paths and not paths[-1].strip():
+            paths.pop()
+            dirty = True
+        return paths, dirty or (paths and saw_import)
+
+    def _load(self):
+        if os.path.isfile(self.filename):
+            return self._load_raw()
+        return [], False
+
+    def save(self):
+        """Write changed .pth file back to disk"""
+        # first reload the file
+        last_paths, last_dirty = self._load()
+        # and check that there are no difference with what we have.
+        # there can be difference if someone else has written to the file
+        # since we first loaded it.
+        # we don't want to lose the eventual new paths added since then.
+        for path in last_paths[:]:
+            if path not in self.paths:
+                self.paths.append(path)
+                log.info("detected new path %r", path)
+                last_dirty = True
+            else:
+                last_paths.remove(path)
+        # also, re-check that all paths are still valid before saving them
+        for path in self.paths[:]:
+            if path not in last_paths and not path.startswith((
+                'import ',
+                'from ',
+                '#',
+            )):
+                absolute_path = os.path.join(self.basedir, path)
+                if not os.path.exists(absolute_path):
+                    self.paths.remove(path)
+                    log.info("removing now non-existent path %r", path)
+                    last_dirty = True
+
+        self.dirty |= last_dirty or self.paths != self._init_paths
+        if not self.dirty:
+            return
+
+        rel_paths = list(map(self.make_relative, self.paths))
+        if rel_paths:
+            log.debug("Saving %s", self.filename)
+            lines = self._wrap_lines(rel_paths)
+            data = '\n'.join(lines) + '\n'
+            if os.path.islink(self.filename):
+                os.unlink(self.filename)
+            with open(self.filename, 'wt', encoding=py39.LOCALE_ENCODING) as f:
+                # Requires encoding="locale" instead of "utf-8" (python/cpython#77102).
+                f.write(data)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.filename):
+            log.debug("Deleting empty %s", self.filename)
+            os.unlink(self.filename)
+
+        self.dirty = False
+        self._init_paths[:] = self.paths[:]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(lines):
+        return lines
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` to the distribution map"""
+        new_path = dist.location not in self.paths and (
+            dist.location not in self.sitedirs
+            or
+            # account for '.' being in PYTHONPATH
+            dist.location == os.getcwd()
+        )
+        if new_path:
+            self.paths.append(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        super().add(dist)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the distribution map"""
+        while dist.location in self.paths:
+            self.paths.remove(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        super().remove(dist)
+
+    def make_relative(self, path):
+        npath, last = os.path.split(normalize_path(path))
+        baselen = len(self.basedir)
+        parts = [last]
+        sep = os.altsep == '/' and '/' or os.sep
+        while len(npath) >= baselen:
+            if npath == self.basedir:
+                parts.append(os.curdir)
+                parts.reverse()
+                return sep.join(parts)
+            npath, last = os.path.split(npath)
+            parts.append(last)
+        else:
+            return path
+
+
+class RewritePthDistributions(PthDistributions):
+    @classmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(cls, lines):
+        yield cls.prelude
+        yield from lines
+        yield cls.postlude
+
+    prelude = _one_liner(
+        """
+        import sys
+        sys.__plen = len(sys.path)
+        """
+    )
+    postlude = _one_liner(
+        """
+        import sys
+        new = sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        del sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        p = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+        sys.path[p:p] = new
+        sys.__egginsert = p + len(new)
+        """
+    )
+
+
+if os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_SYS_PATH_TECHNIQUE', 'raw') == 'rewrite':
+    PthDistributions = RewritePthDistributions  # type: ignore[misc]  # Overwriting type
+
+
+def _first_line_re():
+    """
+    Return a regular expression based on first_line_re suitable for matching
+    strings.
+    """
+    if isinstance(first_line_re.pattern, str):
+        return first_line_re
+
+    # first_line_re in Python >=3.1.4 and >=3.2.1 is a bytes pattern.
+    return re.compile(first_line_re.pattern.decode())
+
+
+def auto_chmod(func, arg, exc):
+    if func in [os.unlink, os.remove] and os.name == 'nt':
+        chmod(arg, stat.S_IWRITE)
+        return func(arg)
+    et, ev, _ = sys.exc_info()
+    # TODO: This code doesn't make sense. What is it trying to do?
+    raise (ev[0], ev[1] + (" %s %s" % (func, arg)))
+
+
+def update_dist_caches(dist_path, fix_zipimporter_caches):
+    """
+    Fix any globally cached `dist_path` related data
+
+    `dist_path` should be a path of a newly installed egg distribution (zipped
+    or unzipped).
+
+    sys.path_importer_cache contains finder objects that have been cached when
+    importing data from the original distribution. Any such finders need to be
+    cleared since the replacement distribution might be packaged differently,
+    e.g. a zipped egg distribution might get replaced with an unzipped egg
+    folder or vice versa. Having the old finders cached may then cause Python
+    to attempt loading modules from the replacement distribution using an
+    incorrect loader.
+
+    zipimport.zipimporter objects are Python loaders charged with importing
+    data packaged inside zip archives. If stale loaders referencing the
+    original distribution, are left behind, they can fail to load modules from
+    the replacement distribution. E.g. if an old zipimport.zipimporter instance
+    is used to load data from a new zipped egg archive, it may cause the
+    operation to attempt to locate the requested data in the wrong location -
+    one indicated by the original distribution's zip archive directory
+    information. Such an operation may then fail outright, e.g. report having
+    read a 'bad local file header', or even worse, it may fail silently &
+    return invalid data.
+
+    zipimport._zip_directory_cache contains cached zip archive directory
+    information for all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances and all such
+    instances connected to the same archive share the same cached directory
+    information.
+
+    If asked, and the underlying Python implementation allows it, we can fix
+    all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances instead of having to track
+    them down and remove them one by one, by updating their shared cached zip
+    archive directory information. This, of course, assumes that the
+    replacement distribution is packaged as a zipped egg.
+
+    If not asked to fix existing zipimport.zipimporter instances, we still do
+    our best to clear any remaining zipimport.zipimporter related cached data
+    that might somehow later get used when attempting to load data from the new
+    distribution and thus cause such load operations to fail. Note that when
+    tracking down such remaining stale data, we can not catch every conceivable
+    usage from here, and we clear only those that we know of and have found to
+    cause problems if left alive. Any remaining caches should be updated by
+    whomever is in charge of maintaining them, i.e. they should be ready to
+    handle us replacing their zip archives with new distributions at runtime.
+
+    """
+    # There are several other known sources of stale zipimport.zipimporter
+    # instances that we do not clear here, but might if ever given a reason to
+    # do so:
+    # * Global setuptools pkg_resources.working_set (a.k.a. 'master working
+    # set') may contain distributions which may in turn contain their
+    #   zipimport.zipimporter loaders.
+    # * Several zipimport.zipimporter loaders held by local variables further
+    #   up the function call stack when running the setuptools installation.
+    # * Already loaded modules may have their __loader__ attribute set to the
+    #   exact loader instance used when importing them. Python 3.4 docs state
+    #   that this information is intended mostly for introspection and so is
+    #   not expected to cause us problems.
+    normalized_path = normalize_path(dist_path)
+    _uncache(normalized_path, sys.path_importer_cache)
+    if fix_zipimporter_caches:
+        _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+    else:
+        # Here, even though we do not want to fix existing and now stale
+        # zipimporter cache information, we still want to remove it. Related to
+        # Python's zip archive directory information cache, we clear each of
+        # its stale entries in two phases:
+        #   1. Clear the entry so attempting to access zip archive information
+        #      via any existing stale zipimport.zipimporter instances fails.
+        #   2. Remove the entry from the cache so any newly constructed
+        #      zipimport.zipimporter instances do not end up using old stale
+        #      zip archive directory information.
+        # This whole stale data removal step does not seem strictly necessary,
+        # but has been left in because it was done before we started replacing
+        # the zip archive directory information cache content if possible, and
+        # there are no relevant unit tests that we can depend on to tell us if
+        # this is really needed.
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+
+
+def _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+    """
+    Return zipimporter cache entry keys related to a given normalized path.
+
+    Alternative path spellings (e.g. those using different character case or
+    those using alternative path separators) related to the same path are
+    included. Any sub-path entries are included as well, i.e. those
+    corresponding to zip archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    """
+    result = []
+    prefix_len = len(normalized_path)
+    for p in cache:
+        np = normalize_path(p)
+        if np.startswith(normalized_path) and np[prefix_len : prefix_len + 1] in (
+            os.sep,
+            '',
+        ):
+            result.append(p)
+    return result
+
+
+def _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache, updater=None):
+    """
+    Update zipimporter cache data for a given normalized path.
+
+    Any sub-path entries are processed as well, i.e. those corresponding to zip
+    archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    Given updater is a callable taking a cache entry key and the original entry
+    (after already removing the entry from the cache), and expected to update
+    the entry and possibly return a new one to be inserted in its place.
+    Returning None indicates that the entry should not be replaced with a new
+    one. If no updater is given, the cache entries are simply removed without
+    any additional processing, the same as if the updater simply returned None.
+
+    """
+    for p in _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+        # N.B. pypy's custom zipimport._zip_directory_cache implementation does
+        # not support the complete dict interface:
+        # * Does not support item assignment, thus not allowing this function
+        #    to be used only for removing existing cache entries.
+        #  * Does not support the dict.pop() method, forcing us to use the
+        #    get/del patterns instead. For more detailed information see the
+        #    following links:
+        #      https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/202#issuecomment-202913420
+        #      https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/blob/144c4e65cb6accb8e592f3a7584ea38265d1873c/pypy/module/zipimport/interp_zipimport.py
+        old_entry = cache[p]
+        del cache[p]
+        new_entry = updater and updater(p, old_entry)
+        if new_entry is not None:
+            cache[p] = new_entry
+
+
+def _uncache(normalized_path, cache):
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache)
+
+
+def _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+    def clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+        old_entry.clear()
+
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(
+        normalized_path,
+        zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+        updater=clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data,
+    )
+
+
+# PyPy Python implementation does not allow directly writing to the
+# zipimport._zip_directory_cache and so prevents us from attempting to correct
+# its content. The best we can do there is clear the problematic cache content
+# and have PyPy repopulate it as needed. The downside is that if there are any
+# stale zipimport.zipimporter instances laying around, attempting to use them
+# will fail due to not having its zip archive directory information available
+# instead of being automatically corrected to use the new correct zip archive
+# directory information.
+if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
+    _replace_zip_directory_cache_data = _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data
+else:
+
+    def _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+        def replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+            # N.B. In theory, we could load the zip directory information just
+            # once for all updated path spellings, and then copy it locally and
+            # update its contained path strings to contain the correct
+            # spelling, but that seems like a way too invasive move (this cache
+            # structure is not officially documented anywhere and could in
+            # theory change with new Python releases) for no significant
+            # benefit.
+            old_entry.clear()
+            zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+            old_entry.update(zipimport._zip_directory_cache[path])
+            return old_entry
+
+        _update_zipimporter_cache(
+            normalized_path,
+            zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+            updater=replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data,
+        )
+
+
+def is_python(text, filename='<string>'):
+    "Is this string a valid Python script?"
+    try:
+        compile(text, filename, 'exec')
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def is_sh(executable):
+    """Determine if the specified executable is a .sh (contains a #! line)"""
+    try:
+        with open(executable, encoding='latin-1') as fp:
+            magic = fp.read(2)
+    except OSError:
+        return executable
+    return magic == '#!'
+
+
+def nt_quote_arg(arg):
+    """Quote a command line argument according to Windows parsing rules"""
+    return subprocess.list2cmdline([arg])
+
+
+def is_python_script(script_text, filename):
+    """Is this text, as a whole, a Python script? (as opposed to shell/bat/etc."""
+    if filename.endswith('.py') or filename.endswith('.pyw'):
+        return True  # extension says it's Python
+    if is_python(script_text, filename):
+        return True  # it's syntactically valid Python
+    if script_text.startswith('#!'):
+        # It begins with a '#!' line, so check if 'python' is in it somewhere
+        return 'python' in script_text.splitlines()[0].lower()
+
+    return False  # Not any Python I can recognize
+
+
+try:
+    from os import chmod as _chmod
+except ImportError:
+    # Jython compatibility
+    def _chmod(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:  # type: ignore[misc] # Mypy re-uses the imported definition anyway
+        pass
+
+
+def chmod(path, mode):
+    log.debug("changing mode of %s to %o", path, mode)
+    try:
+        _chmod(path, mode)
+    except OSError as e:
+        log.debug("chmod failed: %s", e)
+
+
+class CommandSpec(list):
+    """
+    A command spec for a #! header, specified as a list of arguments akin to
+    those passed to Popen.
+    """
+
+    options: List[str] = []
+    split_args: Dict[str, bool] = dict()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Choose the best CommandSpec class based on environmental conditions.
+        """
+        return cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sys_executable(cls):
+        _default = os.path.normpath(sys.executable)
+        return os.environ.get('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', _default)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_param(cls, param):
+        """
+        Construct a CommandSpec from a parameter to build_scripts, which may
+        be None.
+        """
+        if isinstance(param, cls):
+            return param
+        if isinstance(param, list):
+            return cls(param)
+        if param is None:
+            return cls.from_environment()
+        # otherwise, assume it's a string.
+        return cls.from_string(param)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environment(cls):
+        return cls([cls._sys_executable()])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, string):
+        """
+        Construct a command spec from a simple string representing a command
+        line parseable by shlex.split.
+        """
+        items = shlex.split(string, **cls.split_args)
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def install_options(self, script_text):
+        self.options = shlex.split(self._extract_options(script_text))
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(self)
+        if not isascii(cmdline):
+            self.options[:0] = ['-x']
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_options(orig_script):
+        """
+        Extract any options from the first line of the script.
+        """
+        first = (orig_script + '\n').splitlines()[0]
+        match = _first_line_re().match(first)
+        options = match.group(1) or '' if match else ''
+        return options.strip()
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        return self._render(self + list(self.options))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _strip_quotes(item):
+        _QUOTES = '"\''
+        for q in _QUOTES:
+            if item.startswith(q) and item.endswith(q):
+                return item[1:-1]
+        return item
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render(items):
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(
+            CommandSpec._strip_quotes(item.strip()) for item in items
+        )
+        return '#!' + cmdline + '\n'
+
+
+# For pbr compat; will be removed in a future version.
+sys_executable = CommandSpec._sys_executable()
+
+
+class WindowsCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    split_args = dict(posix=False)
+
+
+class ScriptWriter:
+    """
+    Encapsulates behavior around writing entry point scripts for console and
+    gui apps.
+    """
+
+    template = textwrap.dedent(
+        r"""
+        # EASY-INSTALL-ENTRY-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(group)r,%(name)r
+        import re
+        import sys
+
+        # for compatibility with easy_install; see #2198
+        __requires__ = %(spec)r
+
+        try:
+            from importlib.metadata import distribution
+        except ImportError:
+            try:
+                from importlib_metadata import distribution
+            except ImportError:
+                from pkg_resources import load_entry_point
+
+
+        def importlib_load_entry_point(spec, group, name):
+            dist_name, _, _ = spec.partition('==')
+            matches = (
+                entry_point
+                for entry_point in distribution(dist_name).entry_points
+                if entry_point.group == group and entry_point.name == name
+            )
+            return next(matches).load()
+
+
+        globals().setdefault('load_entry_point', importlib_load_entry_point)
+
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw?|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+            sys.exit(load_entry_point(%(spec)r, %(group)r, %(name)r)())
+        """
+    ).lstrip()
+
+    command_spec_class = CommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_args(cls, dist, header=None):
+        """
+        Yield write_script() argument tuples for a distribution's
+        console_scripts and gui_scripts entry points.
+        """
+        if header is None:
+            header = cls.get_header()
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        for type_ in 'console', 'gui':
+            group = type_ + '_scripts'
+            for name, ep in dist.get_entry_map(group).items():
+                cls._ensure_safe_name(name)
+                script_text = cls.template % locals()
+                args = cls._get_script_args(type_, name, header, script_text)
+                yield from args
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ensure_safe_name(name):
+        """
+        Prevent paths in *_scripts entry point names.
+        """
+        has_path_sep = re.search(r'[\\/]', name)
+        if has_path_sep:
+            raise ValueError("Path separators not allowed in script names")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter for this environment.
+        """
+        if sys.platform == 'win32' or (os.name == 'java' and os._name == 'nt'):
+            return WindowsScriptWriter.best()
+        else:
+            return cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        # Simply write the stub with no extension.
+        yield (name, header + script_text)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_header(cls, script_text="", executable=None):
+        """Create a #! line, getting options (if any) from script_text"""
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+
+class WindowsScriptWriter(ScriptWriter):
+    command_spec_class = WindowsCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter suitable for Windows
+        """
+        writer_lookup = dict(
+            executable=WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter,
+            natural=cls,
+        )
+        # for compatibility, use the executable launcher by default
+        launcher = os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_LAUNCHER', 'executable')
+        return writer_lookup[launcher]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        "For Windows, add a .py extension"
+        ext = dict(console='.pya', gui='.pyw')[type_]
+        if ext not in os.environ['PATHEXT'].lower().split(';'):
+            msg = (
+                "{ext} not listed in PATHEXT; scripts will not be "
+                "recognized as executables."
+            ).format(**locals())
+            SetuptoolsWarning.emit(msg)
+        old = ['.pya', '.py', '-script.py', '.pyc', '.pyo', '.pyw', '.exe']
+        old.remove(ext)
+        header = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield name + ext, header + script_text, 't', blockers
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adjust_header(cls, type_, orig_header):
+        """
+        Make sure 'pythonw' is used for gui and 'python' is used for
+        console (regardless of what sys.executable is).
+        """
+        pattern = 'pythonw.exe'
+        repl = 'python.exe'
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            pattern, repl = repl, pattern
+        pattern_ob = re.compile(re.escape(pattern), re.IGNORECASE)
+        new_header = pattern_ob.sub(string=orig_header, repl=repl)
+        return new_header if cls._use_header(new_header) else orig_header
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _use_header(new_header):
+        """
+        Should _adjust_header use the replaced header?
+
+        On non-windows systems, always use. On
+        Windows systems, only use the replaced header if it resolves
+        to an executable on the system.
+        """
+        clean_header = new_header[2:-1].strip('"')
+        return sys.platform != 'win32' or find_executable(clean_header)
+
+
+class WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter(WindowsScriptWriter):
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        """
+        For Windows, add a .py extension and an .exe launcher
+        """
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            launcher_type = 'gui'
+            ext = '-script.pyw'
+            old = ['.pyw']
+        else:
+            launcher_type = 'cli'
+            ext = '-script.py'
+            old = ['.py', '.pyc', '.pyo']
+        hdr = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield (name + ext, hdr + script_text, 't', blockers)
+        yield (
+            name + '.exe',
+            get_win_launcher(launcher_type),
+            'b',  # write in binary mode
+        )
+        if not is_64bit():
+            # install a manifest for the launcher to prevent Windows
+            # from detecting it as an installer (which it will for
+            #  launchers like easy_install.exe). Consider only
+            #  adding a manifest for launchers detected as installers.
+            #  See Distribute #143 for details.
+            m_name = name + '.exe.manifest'
+            yield (m_name, load_launcher_manifest(name), 't')
+
+
+def get_win_launcher(type):
+    """
+    Load the Windows launcher (executable) suitable for launching a script.
+
+    `type` should be either 'cli' or 'gui'
+
+    Returns the executable as a byte string.
+    """
+    launcher_fn = '%s.exe' % type
+    if is_64bit():
+        if get_platform() == "win-arm64":
+            launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-arm64.")
+        else:
+            launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-64.")
+    else:
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-32.")
+    return resource_string('setuptools', launcher_fn)
+
+
+def load_launcher_manifest(name):
+    manifest = pkg_resources.resource_string(__name__, 'launcher manifest.xml')
+    return manifest.decode('utf-8') % vars()
+
+
+def _rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onexc=auto_chmod):
+    return py311.shutil_rmtree(path, ignore_errors, onexc)
+
+
+def current_umask():
+    tmp = os.umask(0o022)
+    os.umask(tmp)
+    return tmp
+
+
+def only_strs(values):
+    """
+    Exclude non-str values. Ref #3063.
+    """
+    return filter(lambda val: isinstance(val, str), values)
+
+
+class EasyInstallDeprecationWarning(SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning):
+    _SUMMARY = "easy_install command is deprecated."
+    _DETAILS = """
+    Please avoid running ``setup.py`` and ``easy_install``.
+    Instead, use pypa/build, pypa/installer or other
+    standards-based tools.
+    """
+    _SEE_URL = "https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/917"
+    # _DUE_DATE not defined yet
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/editable_wheel.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/editable_wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d21e2253fa5fb3016b8dbea198aae5e534f5524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/editable_wheel.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,906 @@
+"""
+Create a wheel that, when installed, will make the source package 'editable'
+(add it to the interpreter's path, including metadata) per PEP 660. Replaces
+'setup.py develop'.
+
+.. note::
+   One of the mechanisms briefly mentioned in PEP 660 to implement editable installs is
+   to create a separated directory inside ``build`` and use a .pth file to point to that
+   directory. In the context of this file such directory is referred as
+   *auxiliary build directory* or ``auxiliary_dir``.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import io
+import os
+import shutil
+import traceback
+from contextlib import suppress
+from enum import Enum
+from inspect import cleandoc
+from itertools import chain, starmap
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from .. import (
+    Command,
+    _normalization,
+    _path,
+    errors,
+    namespaces,
+)
+from .._path import StrPath
+from ..compat import py39
+from ..discovery import find_package_path
+from ..dist import Distribution
+from ..warnings import (
+    InformationOnly,
+    SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning,
+    SetuptoolsWarning,
+)
+from .build import build as build_cls
+from .build_py import build_py as build_py_cls
+from .dist_info import dist_info as dist_info_cls
+from .egg_info import egg_info as egg_info_cls
+from .install import install as install_cls
+from .install_scripts import install_scripts as install_scripts_cls
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from wheel.wheelfile import WheelFile  # type:ignore[import-untyped] # noqa
+
+_P = TypeVar("_P", bound=StrPath)
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class _EditableMode(Enum):
+    """
+    Possible editable installation modes:
+    `lenient` (new files automatically added to the package - DEFAULT);
+    `strict` (requires a new installation when files are added/removed); or
+    `compat` (attempts to emulate `python setup.py develop` - DEPRECATED).
+    """
+
+    STRICT = "strict"
+    LENIENT = "lenient"
+    COMPAT = "compat"  # TODO: Remove `compat` after Dec/2022.
+
+    @classmethod
+    def convert(cls, mode: Optional[str]) -> "_EditableMode":
+        if not mode:
+            return _EditableMode.LENIENT  # default
+
+        _mode = mode.upper()
+        if _mode not in _EditableMode.__members__:
+            raise errors.OptionError(f"Invalid editable mode: {mode!r}. Try: 'strict'.")
+
+        if _mode == "COMPAT":
+            SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+                "Compat editable installs",
+                """
+                The 'compat' editable mode is transitional and will be removed
+                in future versions of `setuptools`.
+                Please adapt your code accordingly to use either the 'strict' or the
+                'lenient' modes.
+                """,
+                see_docs="userguide/development_mode.html",
+                # TODO: define due_date
+                # There is a series of shortcomings with the available editable install
+                # methods, and they are very controversial. This is something that still
+                # needs work.
+                # Moreover, `pip` is still hiding this warning, so users are not aware.
+            )
+
+        return _EditableMode[_mode]
+
+
+_STRICT_WARNING = """
+New or renamed files may not be automatically picked up without a new installation.
+"""
+
+_LENIENT_WARNING = """
+Options like `package-data`, `include/exclude-package-data` or
+`packages.find.exclude/include` may have no effect.
+"""
+
+
+class editable_wheel(Command):
+    """Build 'editable' wheel for development.
+    This command is private and reserved for internal use of setuptools,
+    users should rely on ``setuptools.build_meta`` APIs.
+    """
+
+    description = "DO NOT CALL DIRECTLY, INTERNAL ONLY: create PEP 660 editable wheel"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ("dist-dir=", "d", "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+        ("dist-info-dir=", "I", "path to a pre-build .dist-info directory"),
+        ("mode=", None, cleandoc(_EditableMode.__doc__ or "")),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.dist_info_dir = None
+        self.project_dir = None
+        self.mode = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        dist = self.distribution
+        self.project_dir = dist.src_root or os.curdir
+        self.package_dir = dist.package_dir or {}
+        self.dist_dir = Path(self.dist_dir or os.path.join(self.project_dir, "dist"))
+
+    def run(self):
+        try:
+            self.dist_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+            self._ensure_dist_info()
+
+            # Add missing dist_info files
+            self.reinitialize_command("bdist_wheel")
+            bdist_wheel = self.get_finalized_command("bdist_wheel")
+            bdist_wheel.write_wheelfile(self.dist_info_dir)
+
+            self._create_wheel_file(bdist_wheel)
+        except Exception:
+            traceback.print_exc()
+            project = self.distribution.name or self.distribution.get_name()
+            _DebuggingTips.emit(project=project)
+            raise
+
+    def _ensure_dist_info(self):
+        if self.dist_info_dir is None:
+            dist_info = cast(dist_info_cls, self.reinitialize_command("dist_info"))
+            dist_info.output_dir = self.dist_dir
+            dist_info.ensure_finalized()
+            dist_info.run()
+            self.dist_info_dir = dist_info.dist_info_dir
+        else:
+            assert str(self.dist_info_dir).endswith(".dist-info")
+            assert Path(self.dist_info_dir, "METADATA").exists()
+
+    def _install_namespaces(self, installation_dir, pth_prefix):
+        # XXX: Only required to support the deprecated namespace practice
+        dist = self.distribution
+        if not dist.namespace_packages:
+            return
+
+        src_root = Path(self.project_dir, self.package_dir.get("", ".")).resolve()
+        installer = _NamespaceInstaller(dist, installation_dir, pth_prefix, src_root)
+        installer.install_namespaces()
+
+    def _find_egg_info_dir(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        parent_dir = Path(self.dist_info_dir).parent if self.dist_info_dir else Path()
+        candidates = map(str, parent_dir.glob("*.egg-info"))
+        return next(candidates, None)
+
+    def _configure_build(
+        self, name: str, unpacked_wheel: StrPath, build_lib: StrPath, tmp_dir: StrPath
+    ):
+        """Configure commands to behave in the following ways:
+
+        - Build commands can write to ``build_lib`` if they really want to...
+          (but this folder is expected to be ignored and modules are expected to live
+          in the project directory...)
+        - Binary extensions should be built in-place (editable_mode = True)
+        - Data/header/script files are not part of the "editable" specification
+          so they are written directly to the unpacked_wheel directory.
+        """
+        # Non-editable files (data, headers, scripts) are written directly to the
+        # unpacked_wheel
+
+        dist = self.distribution
+        wheel = str(unpacked_wheel)
+        build_lib = str(build_lib)
+        data = str(Path(unpacked_wheel, f"{name}.data", "data"))
+        headers = str(Path(unpacked_wheel, f"{name}.data", "headers"))
+        scripts = str(Path(unpacked_wheel, f"{name}.data", "scripts"))
+
+        # egg-info may be generated again to create a manifest (used for package data)
+        egg_info = cast(
+            egg_info_cls, dist.reinitialize_command("egg_info", reinit_subcommands=True)
+        )
+        egg_info.egg_base = str(tmp_dir)
+        egg_info.ignore_egg_info_in_manifest = True
+
+        build = cast(
+            build_cls, dist.reinitialize_command("build", reinit_subcommands=True)
+        )
+        install = cast(
+            install_cls, dist.reinitialize_command("install", reinit_subcommands=True)
+        )
+
+        build.build_platlib = build.build_purelib = build.build_lib = build_lib
+        install.install_purelib = install.install_platlib = install.install_lib = wheel
+        install.install_scripts = build.build_scripts = scripts
+        install.install_headers = headers
+        install.install_data = data
+
+        install_scripts = cast(
+            install_scripts_cls, dist.get_command_obj("install_scripts")
+        )
+        install_scripts.no_ep = True
+
+        build.build_temp = str(tmp_dir)
+
+        build_py = cast(build_py_cls, dist.get_command_obj("build_py"))
+        build_py.compile = False
+        build_py.existing_egg_info_dir = self._find_egg_info_dir()
+
+        self._set_editable_mode()
+
+        build.ensure_finalized()
+        install.ensure_finalized()
+
+    def _set_editable_mode(self):
+        """Set the ``editable_mode`` flag in the build sub-commands"""
+        dist = self.distribution
+        build = dist.get_command_obj("build")
+        # TODO: Update typeshed distutils stubs to overload non-None return type by default
+        for cmd_name in build.get_sub_commands():
+            cmd = dist.get_command_obj(cmd_name)
+            if hasattr(cmd, "editable_mode"):
+                cmd.editable_mode = True
+            elif hasattr(cmd, "inplace"):
+                cmd.inplace = True  # backward compatibility with distutils
+
+    def _collect_build_outputs(self) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, str]]:
+        files: List[str] = []
+        mapping: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        build = self.get_finalized_command("build")
+
+        for cmd_name in build.get_sub_commands():
+            cmd = self.get_finalized_command(cmd_name)
+            if hasattr(cmd, "get_outputs"):
+                files.extend(cmd.get_outputs() or [])
+            if hasattr(cmd, "get_output_mapping"):
+                mapping.update(cmd.get_output_mapping() or {})
+
+        return files, mapping
+
+    def _run_build_commands(
+        self,
+        dist_name: str,
+        unpacked_wheel: StrPath,
+        build_lib: StrPath,
+        tmp_dir: StrPath,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, str]]:
+        self._configure_build(dist_name, unpacked_wheel, build_lib, tmp_dir)
+        self._run_build_subcommands()
+        files, mapping = self._collect_build_outputs()
+        self._run_install("headers")
+        self._run_install("scripts")
+        self._run_install("data")
+        return files, mapping
+
+    def _run_build_subcommands(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Issue #3501 indicates that some plugins/customizations might rely on:
+
+        1. ``build_py`` not running
+        2. ``build_py`` always copying files to ``build_lib``
+
+        However both these assumptions may be false in editable_wheel.
+        This method implements a temporary workaround to support the ecosystem
+        while the implementations catch up.
+        """
+        # TODO: Once plugins/customisations had the chance to catch up, replace
+        #       `self._run_build_subcommands()` with `self.run_command("build")`.
+        #       Also remove _safely_run, TestCustomBuildPy. Suggested date: Aug/2023.
+        build = self.get_finalized_command("build")
+        for name in build.get_sub_commands():
+            cmd = self.get_finalized_command(name)
+            if name == "build_py" and type(cmd) != build_py_cls:
+                self._safely_run(name)
+            else:
+                self.run_command(name)
+
+    def _safely_run(self, cmd_name: str):
+        try:
+            return self.run_command(cmd_name)
+        except Exception:
+            SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+                "Customization incompatible with editable install",
+                f"""
+                {traceback.format_exc()}
+
+                If you are seeing this warning it is very likely that a setuptools
+                plugin or customization overrides the `{cmd_name}` command, without
+                taking into consideration how editable installs run build steps
+                starting from setuptools v64.0.0.
+
+                Plugin authors and developers relying on custom build steps are
+                encouraged to update their `{cmd_name}` implementation considering the
+                information about editable installs in
+                https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/extension.html.
+
+                For the time being `setuptools` will silence this error and ignore
+                the faulty command, but this behaviour will change in future versions.
+                """,
+                # TODO: define due_date
+                # There is a series of shortcomings with the available editable install
+                # methods, and they are very controversial. This is something that still
+                # needs work.
+            )
+
+    def _create_wheel_file(self, bdist_wheel):
+        from wheel.wheelfile import WheelFile
+
+        dist_info = self.get_finalized_command("dist_info")
+        dist_name = dist_info.name
+        tag = "-".join(bdist_wheel.get_tag())
+        build_tag = "0.editable"  # According to PEP 427 needs to start with digit
+        archive_name = f"{dist_name}-{build_tag}-{tag}.whl"
+        wheel_path = Path(self.dist_dir, archive_name)
+        if wheel_path.exists():
+            wheel_path.unlink()
+
+        unpacked_wheel = TemporaryDirectory(suffix=archive_name)
+        build_lib = TemporaryDirectory(suffix=".build-lib")
+        build_tmp = TemporaryDirectory(suffix=".build-temp")
+
+        with unpacked_wheel as unpacked, build_lib as lib, build_tmp as tmp:
+            unpacked_dist_info = Path(unpacked, Path(self.dist_info_dir).name)
+            shutil.copytree(self.dist_info_dir, unpacked_dist_info)
+            self._install_namespaces(unpacked, dist_name)
+            files, mapping = self._run_build_commands(dist_name, unpacked, lib, tmp)
+            strategy = self._select_strategy(dist_name, tag, lib)
+            with strategy, WheelFile(wheel_path, "w") as wheel_obj:
+                strategy(wheel_obj, files, mapping)
+                wheel_obj.write_files(unpacked)
+
+        return wheel_path
+
+    def _run_install(self, category: str):
+        has_category = getattr(self.distribution, f"has_{category}", None)
+        if has_category and has_category():
+            _logger.info(f"Installing {category} as non editable")
+            self.run_command(f"install_{category}")
+
+    def _select_strategy(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        tag: str,
+        build_lib: StrPath,
+    ) -> "EditableStrategy":
+        """Decides which strategy to use to implement an editable installation."""
+        build_name = f"__editable__.{name}-{tag}"
+        project_dir = Path(self.project_dir)
+        mode = _EditableMode.convert(self.mode)
+
+        if mode is _EditableMode.STRICT:
+            auxiliary_dir = _empty_dir(Path(self.project_dir, "build", build_name))
+            return _LinkTree(self.distribution, name, auxiliary_dir, build_lib)
+
+        packages = _find_packages(self.distribution)
+        has_simple_layout = _simple_layout(packages, self.package_dir, project_dir)
+        is_compat_mode = mode is _EditableMode.COMPAT
+        if set(self.package_dir) == {""} and has_simple_layout or is_compat_mode:
+            # src-layout(ish) is relatively safe for a simple pth file
+            src_dir = self.package_dir.get("", ".")
+            return _StaticPth(self.distribution, name, [Path(project_dir, src_dir)])
+
+        # Use a MetaPathFinder to avoid adding accidental top-level packages/modules
+        return _TopLevelFinder(self.distribution, name)
+
+
+class EditableStrategy(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, wheel: "WheelFile", files: List[str], mapping: Dict[str, str]
+    ): ...
+
+    def __enter__(self): ...
+
+    def __exit__(self, _exc_type, _exc_value, _traceback): ...
+
+
+class _StaticPth:
+    def __init__(self, dist: Distribution, name: str, path_entries: List[Path]):
+        self.dist = dist
+        self.name = name
+        self.path_entries = path_entries
+
+    def __call__(self, wheel: "WheelFile", files: List[str], mapping: Dict[str, str]):
+        entries = "\n".join(str(p.resolve()) for p in self.path_entries)
+        contents = _encode_pth(f"{entries}\n")
+        wheel.writestr(f"__editable__.{self.name}.pth", contents)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        msg = f"""
+        Editable install will be performed using .pth file to extend `sys.path` with:
+        {list(map(os.fspath, self.path_entries))!r}
+        """
+        _logger.warning(msg + _LENIENT_WARNING)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, _exc_type, _exc_value, _traceback): ...
+
+
+class _LinkTree(_StaticPth):
+    """
+    Creates a ``.pth`` file that points to a link tree in the ``auxiliary_dir``.
+
+    This strategy will only link files (not dirs), so it can be implemented in
+    any OS, even if that means using hardlinks instead of symlinks.
+
+    By collocating ``auxiliary_dir`` and the original source code, limitations
+    with hardlinks should be avoided.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dist: Distribution,
+        name: str,
+        auxiliary_dir: StrPath,
+        build_lib: StrPath,
+    ):
+        self.auxiliary_dir = Path(auxiliary_dir)
+        self.build_lib = Path(build_lib).resolve()
+        # TODO: Update typeshed distutils stubs to overload non-None return type by default
+        self._file = dist.get_command_obj("build_py").copy_file  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        super().__init__(dist, name, [self.auxiliary_dir])
+
+    def __call__(self, wheel: "WheelFile", files: List[str], mapping: Dict[str, str]):
+        self._create_links(files, mapping)
+        super().__call__(wheel, files, mapping)
+
+    def _normalize_output(self, file: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        # Files relative to build_lib will be normalized to None
+        with suppress(ValueError):
+            path = Path(file).resolve().relative_to(self.build_lib)
+            return str(path).replace(os.sep, '/')
+        return None
+
+    def _create_file(self, relative_output: str, src_file: str, link=None):
+        dest = self.auxiliary_dir / relative_output
+        if not dest.parent.is_dir():
+            dest.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+        # TODO: Update typeshed distutils stubs so distutils.cmd.Command.copy_file, accepts PathLike
+        # same with methods used by copy_file
+        self._file(src_file, dest, link=link)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    def _create_links(self, outputs, output_mapping):
+        self.auxiliary_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        link_type = "sym" if _can_symlink_files(self.auxiliary_dir) else "hard"
+        mappings = {self._normalize_output(k): v for k, v in output_mapping.items()}
+        mappings.pop(None, None)  # remove files that are not relative to build_lib
+
+        for output in outputs:
+            relative = self._normalize_output(output)
+            if relative and relative not in mappings:
+                self._create_file(relative, output)
+
+        for relative, src in mappings.items():
+            self._create_file(relative, src, link=link_type)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        msg = "Strict editable install will be performed using a link tree.\n"
+        _logger.warning(msg + _STRICT_WARNING)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, _exc_type, _exc_value, _traceback):
+        msg = f"""\n
+        Strict editable installation performed using the auxiliary directory:
+            {self.auxiliary_dir}
+
+        Please be careful to not remove this directory, otherwise you might not be able
+        to import/use your package.
+        """
+        InformationOnly.emit("Editable installation.", msg)
+
+
+class _TopLevelFinder:
+    def __init__(self, dist: Distribution, name: str):
+        self.dist = dist
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __call__(self, wheel: "WheelFile", files: List[str], mapping: Dict[str, str]):
+        src_root = self.dist.src_root or os.curdir
+        top_level = chain(_find_packages(self.dist), _find_top_level_modules(self.dist))
+        package_dir = self.dist.package_dir or {}
+        roots = _find_package_roots(top_level, package_dir, src_root)
+
+        namespaces_: Dict[str, List[str]] = dict(
+            chain(
+                _find_namespaces(self.dist.packages or [], roots),
+                ((ns, []) for ns in _find_virtual_namespaces(roots)),
+            )
+        )
+
+        legacy_namespaces = {
+            pkg: find_package_path(pkg, roots, self.dist.src_root or "")
+            for pkg in self.dist.namespace_packages or []
+        }
+
+        mapping = {**roots, **legacy_namespaces}
+        # ^-- We need to explicitly add the legacy_namespaces to the mapping to be
+        #     able to import their modules even if another package sharing the same
+        #     namespace is installed in a conventional (non-editable) way.
+
+        name = f"__editable__.{self.name}.finder"
+        finder = _normalization.safe_identifier(name)
+        content = bytes(_finder_template(name, mapping, namespaces_), "utf-8")
+        wheel.writestr(f"{finder}.py", content)
+
+        content = _encode_pth(f"import {finder}; {finder}.install()")
+        wheel.writestr(f"__editable__.{self.name}.pth", content)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        msg = "Editable install will be performed using a meta path finder.\n"
+        _logger.warning(msg + _LENIENT_WARNING)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, _exc_type, _exc_value, _traceback):
+        msg = """\n
+        Please be careful with folders in your working directory with the same
+        name as your package as they may take precedence during imports.
+        """
+        InformationOnly.emit("Editable installation.", msg)
+
+
+def _encode_pth(content: str) -> bytes:
+    """.pth files are always read with 'locale' encoding, the recommendation
+    from the cpython core developers is to write them as ``open(path, "w")``
+    and ignore warnings (see python/cpython#77102, pypa/setuptools#3937).
+    This function tries to simulate this behaviour without having to create an
+    actual file, in a way that supports a range of active Python versions.
+    (There seems to be some variety in the way different version of Python handle
+    ``encoding=None``, not all of them use ``locale.getpreferredencoding(False)``).
+    """
+    with io.BytesIO() as buffer:
+        wrapper = io.TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding=py39.LOCALE_ENCODING)
+        wrapper.write(content)
+        wrapper.flush()
+        buffer.seek(0)
+        return buffer.read()
+
+
+def _can_symlink_files(base_dir: Path) -> bool:
+    with TemporaryDirectory(dir=str(base_dir.resolve())) as tmp:
+        path1, path2 = Path(tmp, "file1.txt"), Path(tmp, "file2.txt")
+        path1.write_text("file1", encoding="utf-8")
+        with suppress(AttributeError, NotImplementedError, OSError):
+            os.symlink(path1, path2)
+            if path2.is_symlink() and path2.read_text(encoding="utf-8") == "file1":
+                return True
+
+        try:
+            os.link(path1, path2)  # Ensure hard links can be created
+        except Exception as ex:
+            msg = (
+                "File system does not seem to support either symlinks or hard links. "
+                "Strict editable installs require one of them to be supported."
+            )
+            raise LinksNotSupported(msg) from ex
+        return False
+
+
+def _simple_layout(
+    packages: Iterable[str], package_dir: Dict[str, str], project_dir: StrPath
+) -> bool:
+    """Return ``True`` if:
+    - all packages are contained by the same parent directory, **and**
+    - all packages become importable if the parent directory is added to ``sys.path``.
+
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a'], {"": "src"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    True
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.b'], {"": "src"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    True
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.b'], {}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    True
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.a1', 'a.a1.a2', 'b'], {"": "src"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    True
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.a1', 'a.a1.a2', 'b'], {"a": "a", "b": "b"}, ".")
+    True
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.a1', 'a.a1.a2', 'b'], {"a": "_a", "b": "_b"}, ".")
+    False
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.a1', 'a.a1.a2', 'b'], {"a": "_a"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    False
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.a1', 'a.a1.a2', 'b'], {"a.a1.a2": "_a2"}, ".")
+    False
+    >>> _simple_layout(['a', 'a.b'], {"": "src", "a.b": "_ab"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    False
+    >>> # Special cases, no packages yet:
+    >>> _simple_layout([], {"": "src"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    True
+    >>> _simple_layout([], {"a": "_a", "": "src"}, "/tmp/myproj")
+    False
+    """
+    layout = {pkg: find_package_path(pkg, package_dir, project_dir) for pkg in packages}
+    if not layout:
+        return set(package_dir) in ({}, {""})
+    parent = os.path.commonpath(starmap(_parent_path, layout.items()))
+    return all(
+        _path.same_path(Path(parent, *key.split('.')), value)
+        for key, value in layout.items()
+    )
+
+
+def _parent_path(pkg, pkg_path):
+    """Infer the parent path containing a package, that if added to ``sys.path`` would
+    allow importing that package.
+    When ``pkg`` is directly mapped into a directory with a different name, return its
+    own path.
+    >>> _parent_path("a", "src/a")
+    'src'
+    >>> _parent_path("b", "src/c")
+    'src/c'
+    """
+    parent = pkg_path[: -len(pkg)] if pkg_path.endswith(pkg) else pkg_path
+    return parent.rstrip("/" + os.sep)
+
+
+def _find_packages(dist: Distribution) -> Iterator[str]:
+    yield from iter(dist.packages or [])
+
+    py_modules = dist.py_modules or []
+    nested_modules = [mod for mod in py_modules if "." in mod]
+    if dist.ext_package:
+        yield dist.ext_package
+    else:
+        ext_modules = dist.ext_modules or []
+        nested_modules += [x.name for x in ext_modules if "." in x.name]
+
+    for module in nested_modules:
+        package, _, _ = module.rpartition(".")
+        yield package
+
+
+def _find_top_level_modules(dist: Distribution) -> Iterator[str]:
+    py_modules = dist.py_modules or []
+    yield from (mod for mod in py_modules if "." not in mod)
+
+    if not dist.ext_package:
+        ext_modules = dist.ext_modules or []
+        yield from (x.name for x in ext_modules if "." not in x.name)
+
+
+def _find_package_roots(
+    packages: Iterable[str],
+    package_dir: Mapping[str, str],
+    src_root: StrPath,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    pkg_roots: Dict[str, str] = {
+        pkg: _absolute_root(find_package_path(pkg, package_dir, src_root))
+        for pkg in sorted(packages)
+    }
+
+    return _remove_nested(pkg_roots)
+
+
+def _absolute_root(path: StrPath) -> str:
+    """Works for packages and top-level modules"""
+    path_ = Path(path)
+    parent = path_.parent
+
+    if path_.exists():
+        return str(path_.resolve())
+    else:
+        return str(parent.resolve() / path_.name)
+
+
+def _find_virtual_namespaces(pkg_roots: Dict[str, str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """By carefully designing ``package_dir``, it is possible to implement the logical
+    structure of PEP 420 in a package without the corresponding directories.
+
+    Moreover a parent package can be purposefully/accidentally skipped in the discovery
+    phase (e.g. ``find_packages(include=["mypkg.*"])``, when ``mypkg.foo`` is included
+    by ``mypkg`` itself is not).
+    We consider this case to also be a virtual namespace (ignoring the original
+    directory) to emulate a non-editable installation.
+
+    This function will try to find these kinds of namespaces.
+    """
+    for pkg in pkg_roots:
+        if "." not in pkg:
+            continue
+        parts = pkg.split(".")
+        for i in range(len(parts) - 1, 0, -1):
+            partial_name = ".".join(parts[:i])
+            path = Path(find_package_path(partial_name, pkg_roots, ""))
+            if not path.exists() or partial_name not in pkg_roots:
+                # partial_name not in pkg_roots ==> purposefully/accidentally skipped
+                yield partial_name
+
+
+def _find_namespaces(
+    packages: List[str], pkg_roots: Dict[str, str]
+) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, List[str]]]:
+    for pkg in packages:
+        path = find_package_path(pkg, pkg_roots, "")
+        if Path(path).exists() and not Path(path, "__init__.py").exists():
+            yield (pkg, [path])
+
+
+def _remove_nested(pkg_roots: Dict[str, str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    output = dict(pkg_roots.copy())
+
+    for pkg, path in reversed(list(pkg_roots.items())):
+        if any(
+            pkg != other and _is_nested(pkg, path, other, other_path)
+            for other, other_path in pkg_roots.items()
+        ):
+            output.pop(pkg)
+
+    return output
+
+
+def _is_nested(pkg: str, pkg_path: str, parent: str, parent_path: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return ``True`` if ``pkg`` is nested inside ``parent`` both logically and in the
+    file system.
+    >>> _is_nested("a.b", "path/a/b", "a", "path/a")
+    True
+    >>> _is_nested("a.b", "path/a/b", "a", "otherpath/a")
+    False
+    >>> _is_nested("a.b", "path/a/b", "c", "path/c")
+    False
+    >>> _is_nested("a.a", "path/a/a", "a", "path/a")
+    True
+    >>> _is_nested("b.a", "path/b/a", "a", "path/a")
+    False
+    """
+    norm_pkg_path = _path.normpath(pkg_path)
+    rest = pkg.replace(parent, "", 1).strip(".").split(".")
+    return pkg.startswith(parent) and norm_pkg_path == _path.normpath(
+        Path(parent_path, *rest)
+    )
+
+
+def _empty_dir(dir_: _P) -> _P:
+    """Create a directory ensured to be empty. Existing files may be removed."""
+    shutil.rmtree(dir_, ignore_errors=True)
+    os.makedirs(dir_)
+    return dir_
+
+
+class _NamespaceInstaller(namespaces.Installer):
+    def __init__(self, distribution, installation_dir, editable_name, src_root):
+        self.distribution = distribution
+        self.src_root = src_root
+        self.installation_dir = installation_dir
+        self.editable_name = editable_name
+        self.outputs = []
+        self.dry_run = False
+
+    def _get_nspkg_file(self):
+        """Installation target."""
+        return os.path.join(self.installation_dir, self.editable_name + self.nspkg_ext)
+
+    def _get_root(self):
+        """Where the modules/packages should be loaded from."""
+        return repr(str(self.src_root))
+
+
+_FINDER_TEMPLATE = """\
+import sys
+from importlib.machinery import ModuleSpec, PathFinder
+from importlib.machinery import all_suffixes as module_suffixes
+from importlib.util import spec_from_file_location
+from itertools import chain
+from pathlib import Path
+
+MAPPING = {mapping!r}
+NAMESPACES = {namespaces!r}
+PATH_PLACEHOLDER = {name!r} + ".__path_hook__"
+
+
+class _EditableFinder:  # MetaPathFinder
+    @classmethod
+    def find_spec(cls, fullname, path=None, target=None):
+        extra_path = []
+
+        # Top-level packages and modules (we know these exist in the FS)
+        if fullname in MAPPING:
+            pkg_path = MAPPING[fullname]
+            return cls._find_spec(fullname, Path(pkg_path))
+
+        # Handle immediate children modules (required for namespaces to work)
+        # To avoid problems with case sensitivity in the file system we delegate
+        # to the importlib.machinery implementation.
+        parent, _, child = fullname.rpartition(".")
+        if parent and parent in MAPPING:
+            return PathFinder.find_spec(fullname, path=[MAPPING[parent], *extra_path])
+
+        # Other levels of nesting should be handled automatically by importlib
+        # using the parent path.
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _find_spec(cls, fullname, candidate_path):
+        init = candidate_path / "__init__.py"
+        candidates = (candidate_path.with_suffix(x) for x in module_suffixes())
+        for candidate in chain([init], candidates):
+            if candidate.exists():
+                return spec_from_file_location(fullname, candidate)
+
+
+class _EditableNamespaceFinder:  # PathEntryFinder
+    @classmethod
+    def _path_hook(cls, path):
+        if path == PATH_PLACEHOLDER:
+            return cls
+        raise ImportError
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _paths(cls, fullname):
+        # Ensure __path__ is not empty for the spec to be considered a namespace.
+        return NAMESPACES[fullname] or MAPPING.get(fullname) or [PATH_PLACEHOLDER]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_spec(cls, fullname, target=None):
+        if fullname in NAMESPACES:
+            spec = ModuleSpec(fullname, None, is_package=True)
+            spec.submodule_search_locations = cls._paths(fullname)
+            return spec
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_module(cls, fullname):
+        return None
+
+
+def install():
+    if not any(finder == _EditableFinder for finder in sys.meta_path):
+        sys.meta_path.append(_EditableFinder)
+
+    if not NAMESPACES:
+        return
+
+    if not any(hook == _EditableNamespaceFinder._path_hook for hook in sys.path_hooks):
+        # PathEntryFinder is needed to create NamespaceSpec without private APIS
+        sys.path_hooks.append(_EditableNamespaceFinder._path_hook)
+    if PATH_PLACEHOLDER not in sys.path:
+        sys.path.append(PATH_PLACEHOLDER)  # Used just to trigger the path hook
+"""
+
+
+def _finder_template(
+    name: str, mapping: Mapping[str, str], namespaces: Dict[str, List[str]]
+) -> str:
+    """Create a string containing the code for the``MetaPathFinder`` and
+    ``PathEntryFinder``.
+    """
+    mapping = dict(sorted(mapping.items(), key=lambda p: p[0]))
+    return _FINDER_TEMPLATE.format(name=name, mapping=mapping, namespaces=namespaces)
+
+
+class LinksNotSupported(errors.FileError):
+    """File system does not seem to support either symlinks or hard links."""
+
+
+class _DebuggingTips(SetuptoolsWarning):
+    _SUMMARY = "Problem in editable installation."
+    _DETAILS = """
+    An error happened while installing `{project}` in editable mode.
+
+    The following steps are recommended to help debug this problem:
+
+    - Try to install the project normally, without using the editable mode.
+      Does the error still persist?
+      (If it does, try fixing the problem before attempting the editable mode).
+    - If you are using binary extensions, make sure you have all OS-level
+      dependencies installed (e.g. compilers, toolchains, binary libraries, ...).
+    - Try the latest version of setuptools (maybe the error was already fixed).
+    - If you (or your project dependencies) are using any setuptools extension
+      or customization, make sure they support the editable mode.
+
+    After following the steps above, if the problem still persists and
+    you think this is related to how setuptools handles editable installations,
+    please submit a reproducible example
+    (see https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example) to:
+
+        https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues
+    """
+    _SEE_DOCS = "userguide/development_mode.html"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62d2feea9b4ac323a9d6ad75a58df3f50cf0b0fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,737 @@
+"""setuptools.command.egg_info
+
+Create a distribution's .egg-info directory and contents"""
+
+from distutils.filelist import FileList as _FileList
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsInternalError
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.filelist
+import functools
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+import collections
+
+from .._importlib import metadata
+from .. import _entry_points, _normalization
+from . import _requirestxt
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.command.sdist import sdist
+from setuptools.command.sdist import walk_revctrl
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg
+import setuptools.unicode_utils as unicode_utils
+from setuptools.glob import glob
+
+from setuptools.extern import packaging
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+
+
+PY_MAJOR = '{}.{}'.format(*sys.version_info)
+
+
+def translate_pattern(glob):  # noqa: C901  # is too complex (14)  # FIXME
+    """
+    Translate a file path glob like '*.txt' in to a regular expression.
+    This differs from fnmatch.translate which allows wildcards to match
+    directory separators. It also knows about '**/' which matches any number of
+    directories.
+    """
+    pat = ''
+
+    # This will split on '/' within [character classes]. This is deliberate.
+    chunks = glob.split(os.path.sep)
+
+    sep = re.escape(os.sep)
+    valid_char = '[^%s]' % (sep,)
+
+    for c, chunk in enumerate(chunks):
+        last_chunk = c == len(chunks) - 1
+
+        # Chunks that are a literal ** are globstars. They match anything.
+        if chunk == '**':
+            if last_chunk:
+                # Match anything if this is the last component
+                pat += '.*'
+            else:
+                # Match '(name/)*'
+                pat += '(?:%s+%s)*' % (valid_char, sep)
+            continue  # Break here as the whole path component has been handled
+
+        # Find any special characters in the remainder
+        i = 0
+        chunk_len = len(chunk)
+        while i < chunk_len:
+            char = chunk[i]
+            if char == '*':
+                # Match any number of name characters
+                pat += valid_char + '*'
+            elif char == '?':
+                # Match a name character
+                pat += valid_char
+            elif char == '[':
+                # Character class
+                inner_i = i + 1
+                # Skip initial !/] chars
+                if inner_i < chunk_len and chunk[inner_i] == '!':
+                    inner_i = inner_i + 1
+                if inner_i < chunk_len and chunk[inner_i] == ']':
+                    inner_i = inner_i + 1
+
+                # Loop till the closing ] is found
+                while inner_i < chunk_len and chunk[inner_i] != ']':
+                    inner_i = inner_i + 1
+
+                if inner_i >= chunk_len:
+                    # Got to the end of the string without finding a closing ]
+                    # Do not treat this as a matching group, but as a literal [
+                    pat += re.escape(char)
+                else:
+                    # Grab the insides of the [brackets]
+                    inner = chunk[i + 1 : inner_i]
+                    char_class = ''
+
+                    # Class negation
+                    if inner[0] == '!':
+                        char_class = '^'
+                        inner = inner[1:]
+
+                    char_class += re.escape(inner)
+                    pat += '[%s]' % (char_class,)
+
+                    # Skip to the end ]
+                    i = inner_i
+            else:
+                pat += re.escape(char)
+            i += 1
+
+        # Join each chunk with the dir separator
+        if not last_chunk:
+            pat += sep
+
+    pat += r'\Z'
+    return re.compile(pat, flags=re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+
+
+class InfoCommon:
+    tag_build = None
+    tag_date = None
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return _normalization.safe_name(self.distribution.get_name())
+
+    def tagged_version(self):
+        tagged = self._maybe_tag(self.distribution.get_version())
+        return _normalization.safe_version(tagged)
+
+    def _maybe_tag(self, version):
+        """
+        egg_info may be called more than once for a distribution,
+        in which case the version string already contains all tags.
+        """
+        return (
+            version
+            if self.vtags and self._already_tagged(version)
+            else version + self.vtags
+        )
+
+    def _already_tagged(self, version: str) -> bool:
+        # Depending on their format, tags may change with version normalization.
+        # So in addition the regular tags, we have to search for the normalized ones.
+        return version.endswith(self.vtags) or version.endswith(self._safe_tags())
+
+    def _safe_tags(self) -> str:
+        # To implement this we can rely on `safe_version` pretending to be version 0
+        # followed by tags. Then we simply discard the starting 0 (fake version number)
+        try:
+            return _normalization.safe_version(f"0{self.vtags}")[1:]
+        except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+            return _normalization.safe_name(self.vtags.replace(' ', '.'))
+
+    def tags(self) -> str:
+        version = ''
+        if self.tag_build:
+            version += self.tag_build
+        if self.tag_date:
+            version += time.strftime("%Y%m%d")
+        return version
+
+    vtags = property(tags)
+
+
+class egg_info(InfoCommon, Command):
+    description = "create a distribution's .egg-info directory"
+
+    user_options = [
+        (
+            'egg-base=',
+            'e',
+            "directory containing .egg-info directories"
+            " (default: top of the source tree)",
+        ),
+        ('tag-date', 'd', "Add date stamp (e.g. 20050528) to version number"),
+        ('tag-build=', 'b', "Specify explicit tag to add to version number"),
+        ('no-date', 'D', "Don't include date stamp [default]"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['tag-date']
+    negative_opt = {
+        'no-date': 'tag-date',
+    }
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.egg_base = None
+        self.egg_name = None
+        self.egg_info = None
+        self.egg_version = None
+        self.ignore_egg_info_in_manifest = False
+
+    ####################################
+    # allow the 'tag_svn_revision' to be detected and
+    # set, supporting sdists built on older Setuptools.
+    @property
+    def tag_svn_revision(self):
+        pass
+
+    @tag_svn_revision.setter
+    def tag_svn_revision(self, value):
+        pass
+
+    ####################################
+
+    def save_version_info(self, filename):
+        """
+        Materialize the value of date into the
+        build tag. Install build keys in a deterministic order
+        to avoid arbitrary reordering on subsequent builds.
+        """
+        egg_info = collections.OrderedDict()
+        # follow the order these keys would have been added
+        # when PYTHONHASHSEED=0
+        egg_info['tag_build'] = self.tags()
+        egg_info['tag_date'] = 0
+        edit_config(filename, dict(egg_info=egg_info))
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        # Note: we need to capture the current value returned
+        # by `self.tagged_version()`, so we can later update
+        # `self.distribution.metadata.version` without
+        # repercussions.
+        self.egg_name = self.name
+        self.egg_version = self.tagged_version()
+        parsed_version = packaging.version.Version(self.egg_version)
+
+        try:
+            is_version = isinstance(parsed_version, packaging.version.Version)
+            spec = "%s==%s" if is_version else "%s===%s"
+            packaging.requirements.Requirement(spec % (self.egg_name, self.egg_version))
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Invalid distribution name or version syntax: %s-%s"
+                % (self.egg_name, self.egg_version)
+            ) from e
+
+        if self.egg_base is None:
+            dirs = self.distribution.package_dir
+            self.egg_base = (dirs or {}).get('', os.curdir)
+
+        self.ensure_dirname('egg_base')
+        self.egg_info = _normalization.filename_component(self.egg_name) + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            self.egg_info = os.path.join(self.egg_base, self.egg_info)
+
+        # Set package version for the benefit of dumber commands
+        # (e.g. sdist, bdist_wininst, etc.)
+        #
+        self.distribution.metadata.version = self.egg_version
+
+        # If we bootstrapped around the lack of a PKG-INFO, as might be the
+        # case in a fresh checkout, make sure that any special tags get added
+        # to the version info
+        #
+        pd = self.distribution._patched_dist
+        key = getattr(pd, "key", None) or getattr(pd, "name", None)
+        if pd is not None and key == self.egg_name.lower():
+            pd._version = self.egg_version
+            pd._parsed_version = packaging.version.Version(self.egg_version)
+            self.distribution._patched_dist = None
+
+    def _get_egg_basename(self, py_version=PY_MAJOR, platform=None):
+        """Compute filename of the output egg. Private API."""
+        return _egg_basename(self.egg_name, self.egg_version, py_version, platform)
+
+    def write_or_delete_file(self, what, filename, data, force=False):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` or delete if empty
+
+        If `data` is non-empty, this routine is the same as ``write_file()``.
+        If `data` is empty but not ``None``, this is the same as calling
+        ``delete_file(filename)`.  If `data` is ``None``, then this is a no-op
+        unless `filename` exists, in which case a warning is issued about the
+        orphaned file (if `force` is false), or deleted (if `force` is true).
+        """
+        if data:
+            self.write_file(what, filename, data)
+        elif os.path.exists(filename):
+            if data is None and not force:
+                log.warn("%s not set in setup(), but %s exists", what, filename)
+                return
+            else:
+                self.delete_file(filename)
+
+    def write_file(self, what, filename, data):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it
+
+        `what` is used in a log message to identify what is being written
+        to the file.
+        """
+        log.info("writing %s to %s", what, filename)
+        data = data.encode("utf-8")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(filename, 'wb')
+            f.write(data)
+            f.close()
+
+    def delete_file(self, filename):
+        """Delete `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it"""
+        log.info("deleting %s", filename)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            os.unlink(filename)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.mkpath(self.egg_info)
+        try:
+            os.utime(self.egg_info, None)
+        except OSError as e:
+            msg = f"Cannot update time stamp of directory '{self.egg_info}'"
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsFileError(msg) from e
+        for ep in metadata.entry_points(group='egg_info.writers'):
+            writer = ep.load()
+            writer(self, ep.name, os.path.join(self.egg_info, ep.name))
+
+        # Get rid of native_libs.txt if it was put there by older bdist_egg
+        nl = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if os.path.exists(nl):
+            self.delete_file(nl)
+
+        self.find_sources()
+
+    def find_sources(self):
+        """Generate SOURCES.txt manifest file"""
+        manifest_filename = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "SOURCES.txt")
+        mm = manifest_maker(self.distribution)
+        mm.ignore_egg_info_dir = self.ignore_egg_info_in_manifest
+        mm.manifest = manifest_filename
+        mm.run()
+        self.filelist = mm.filelist
+
+
+class FileList(_FileList):
+    # Implementations of the various MANIFEST.in commands
+
+    def __init__(self, warn=None, debug_print=None, ignore_egg_info_dir=False):
+        super().__init__(warn, debug_print)
+        self.ignore_egg_info_dir = ignore_egg_info_dir
+
+    def process_template_line(self, line):
+        # Parse the line: split it up, make sure the right number of words
+        # is there, and return the relevant words.  'action' is always
+        # defined: it's the first word of the line.  Which of the other
+        # three are defined depends on the action; it'll be either
+        # patterns, (dir and patterns), or (dir_pattern).
+        (action, patterns, dir, dir_pattern) = self._parse_template_line(line)
+
+        action_map = {
+            'include': self.include,
+            'exclude': self.exclude,
+            'global-include': self.global_include,
+            'global-exclude': self.global_exclude,
+            'recursive-include': functools.partial(
+                self.recursive_include,
+                dir,
+            ),
+            'recursive-exclude': functools.partial(
+                self.recursive_exclude,
+                dir,
+            ),
+            'graft': self.graft,
+            'prune': self.prune,
+        }
+        log_map = {
+            'include': "warning: no files found matching '%s'",
+            'exclude': ("warning: no previously-included files found " "matching '%s'"),
+            'global-include': (
+                "warning: no files found matching '%s' " "anywhere in distribution"
+            ),
+            'global-exclude': (
+                "warning: no previously-included files matching "
+                "'%s' found anywhere in distribution"
+            ),
+            'recursive-include': (
+                "warning: no files found matching '%s' " "under directory '%s'"
+            ),
+            'recursive-exclude': (
+                "warning: no previously-included files matching "
+                "'%s' found under directory '%s'"
+            ),
+            'graft': "warning: no directories found matching '%s'",
+            'prune': "no previously-included directories found matching '%s'",
+        }
+
+        try:
+            process_action = action_map[action]
+        except KeyError:
+            msg = f"Invalid MANIFEST.in: unknown action {action!r} in {line!r}"
+            raise DistutilsInternalError(msg) from None
+
+        # OK, now we know that the action is valid and we have the
+        # right number of words on the line for that action -- so we
+        # can proceed with minimal error-checking.
+
+        action_is_recursive = action.startswith('recursive-')
+        if action in {'graft', 'prune'}:
+            patterns = [dir_pattern]
+        extra_log_args = (dir,) if action_is_recursive else ()
+        log_tmpl = log_map[action]
+
+        self.debug_print(
+            ' '.join(
+                [action] + ([dir] if action_is_recursive else []) + patterns,
+            )
+        )
+        for pattern in patterns:
+            if not process_action(pattern):
+                log.warn(log_tmpl, pattern, *extra_log_args)
+
+    def _remove_files(self, predicate):
+        """
+        Remove all files from the file list that match the predicate.
+        Return True if any matching files were removed
+        """
+        found = False
+        for i in range(len(self.files) - 1, -1, -1):
+            if predicate(self.files[i]):
+                self.debug_print(" removing " + self.files[i])
+                del self.files[i]
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def include(self, pattern):
+        """Include files that match 'pattern'."""
+        found = [f for f in glob(pattern) if not os.path.isdir(f)]
+        self.extend(found)
+        return bool(found)
+
+    def exclude(self, pattern):
+        """Exclude files that match 'pattern'."""
+        match = translate_pattern(pattern)
+        return self._remove_files(match.match)
+
+    def recursive_include(self, dir, pattern):
+        """
+        Include all files anywhere in 'dir/' that match the pattern.
+        """
+        full_pattern = os.path.join(dir, '**', pattern)
+        found = [f for f in glob(full_pattern, recursive=True) if not os.path.isdir(f)]
+        self.extend(found)
+        return bool(found)
+
+    def recursive_exclude(self, dir, pattern):
+        """
+        Exclude any file anywhere in 'dir/' that match the pattern.
+        """
+        match = translate_pattern(os.path.join(dir, '**', pattern))
+        return self._remove_files(match.match)
+
+    def graft(self, dir):
+        """Include all files from 'dir/'."""
+        found = [
+            item
+            for match_dir in glob(dir)
+            for item in distutils.filelist.findall(match_dir)
+        ]
+        self.extend(found)
+        return bool(found)
+
+    def prune(self, dir):
+        """Filter out files from 'dir/'."""
+        match = translate_pattern(os.path.join(dir, '**'))
+        return self._remove_files(match.match)
+
+    def global_include(self, pattern):
+        """
+        Include all files anywhere in the current directory that match the
+        pattern. This is very inefficient on large file trees.
+        """
+        if self.allfiles is None:
+            self.findall()
+        match = translate_pattern(os.path.join('**', pattern))
+        found = [f for f in self.allfiles if match.match(f)]
+        self.extend(found)
+        return bool(found)
+
+    def global_exclude(self, pattern):
+        """
+        Exclude all files anywhere that match the pattern.
+        """
+        match = translate_pattern(os.path.join('**', pattern))
+        return self._remove_files(match.match)
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        if item.endswith('\r'):  # Fix older sdists built on Windows
+            item = item[:-1]
+        path = convert_path(item)
+
+        if self._safe_path(path):
+            self.files.append(path)
+
+    def extend(self, paths):
+        self.files.extend(filter(self._safe_path, paths))
+
+    def _repair(self):
+        """
+        Replace self.files with only safe paths
+
+        Because some owners of FileList manipulate the underlying
+        ``files`` attribute directly, this method must be called to
+        repair those paths.
+        """
+        self.files = list(filter(self._safe_path, self.files))
+
+    def _safe_path(self, path):
+        enc_warn = "'%s' not %s encodable -- skipping"
+
+        # To avoid accidental trans-codings errors, first to unicode
+        u_path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        if u_path is None:
+            log.warn("'%s' in unexpected encoding -- skipping" % path)
+            return False
+
+        # Must ensure utf-8 encodability
+        utf8_path = unicode_utils.try_encode(u_path, "utf-8")
+        if utf8_path is None:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, 'utf-8')
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            # ignore egg-info paths
+            is_egg_info = ".egg-info" in u_path or b".egg-info" in utf8_path
+            if self.ignore_egg_info_dir and is_egg_info:
+                return False
+            # accept is either way checks out
+            if os.path.exists(u_path) or os.path.exists(utf8_path):
+                return True
+        # this will catch any encode errors decoding u_path
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+
+class manifest_maker(sdist):
+    template = "MANIFEST.in"
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.use_defaults = 1
+        self.prune = 1
+        self.manifest_only = 1
+        self.force_manifest = 1
+        self.ignore_egg_info_dir = False
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.filelist = FileList(ignore_egg_info_dir=self.ignore_egg_info_dir)
+        if not os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.write_manifest()  # it must exist so it'll get in the list
+        self.add_defaults()
+        if os.path.exists(self.template):
+            self.read_template()
+        self.add_license_files()
+        self._add_referenced_files()
+        self.prune_file_list()
+        self.filelist.sort()
+        self.filelist.remove_duplicates()
+        self.write_manifest()
+
+    def _manifest_normalize(self, path):
+        path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        return path.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+    def write_manifest(self):
+        """
+        Write the file list in 'self.filelist' to the manifest file
+        named by 'self.manifest'.
+        """
+        self.filelist._repair()
+
+        # Now _repairs should encodability, but not unicode
+        files = [self._manifest_normalize(f) for f in self.filelist.files]
+        msg = "writing manifest file '%s'" % self.manifest
+        self.execute(write_file, (self.manifest, files), msg)
+
+    def warn(self, msg):
+        if not self._should_suppress_warning(msg):
+            sdist.warn(self, msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _should_suppress_warning(msg):
+        """
+        suppress missing-file warnings from sdist
+        """
+        return re.match(r"standard file .*not found", msg)
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        sdist.add_defaults(self)
+        self.filelist.append(self.template)
+        self.filelist.append(self.manifest)
+        rcfiles = list(walk_revctrl())
+        if rcfiles:
+            self.filelist.extend(rcfiles)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.read_manifest()
+
+        if os.path.exists("setup.py"):
+            # setup.py should be included by default, even if it's not
+            # the script called to create the sdist
+            self.filelist.append("setup.py")
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self.filelist.graft(ei_cmd.egg_info)
+
+    def add_license_files(self):
+        license_files = self.distribution.metadata.license_files or []
+        for lf in license_files:
+            log.info("adding license file '%s'", lf)
+        self.filelist.extend(license_files)
+
+    def _add_referenced_files(self):
+        """Add files referenced by the config (e.g. `file:` directive) to filelist"""
+        referenced = getattr(self.distribution, '_referenced_files', [])
+        # ^-- fallback if dist comes from distutils or is a custom class
+        for rf in referenced:
+            log.debug("adding file referenced by config '%s'", rf)
+        self.filelist.extend(referenced)
+
+    def prune_file_list(self):
+        build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+        base_dir = self.distribution.get_fullname()
+        self.filelist.prune(build.build_base)
+        self.filelist.prune(base_dir)
+        sep = re.escape(os.sep)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(
+            r'(^|' + sep + r')(RCS|CVS|\.svn)' + sep, is_regex=1
+        )
+
+    def _safe_data_files(self, build_py):
+        """
+        The parent class implementation of this method
+        (``sdist``) will try to include data files, which
+        might cause recursion problems when
+        ``include_package_data=True``.
+
+        Therefore, avoid triggering any attempt of
+        analyzing/building the manifest again.
+        """
+        if hasattr(build_py, 'get_data_files_without_manifest'):
+            return build_py.get_data_files_without_manifest()
+
+        SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+            "`build_py` command does not inherit from setuptools' `build_py`.",
+            """
+            Custom 'build_py' does not implement 'get_data_files_without_manifest'.
+            Please extend command classes from setuptools instead of distutils.
+            """,
+            see_url="https://peps.python.org/pep-0632/",
+            # due_date not defined yet, old projects might still do it?
+        )
+        return build_py.get_data_files()
+
+
+def write_file(filename, contents):
+    """Create a file with the specified name and write 'contents' (a
+    sequence of strings without line terminators) to it.
+    """
+    contents = "\n".join(contents)
+
+    # assuming the contents has been vetted for utf-8 encoding
+    contents = contents.encode("utf-8")
+
+    with open(filename, "wb") as f:  # always write POSIX-style manifest
+        f.write(contents)
+
+
+def write_pkg_info(cmd, basename, filename):
+    log.info("writing %s", filename)
+    if not cmd.dry_run:
+        metadata = cmd.distribution.metadata
+        metadata.version, oldver = cmd.egg_version, metadata.version
+        metadata.name, oldname = cmd.egg_name, metadata.name
+
+        try:
+            # write unescaped data to PKG-INFO, so older pkg_resources
+            # can still parse it
+            metadata.write_pkg_info(cmd.egg_info)
+        finally:
+            metadata.name, metadata.version = oldname, oldver
+
+        safe = getattr(cmd.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(cmd.egg_info, safe)
+
+
+def warn_depends_obsolete(cmd, basename, filename):
+    """
+    Unused: left to avoid errors when updating (from source) from <= 67.8.
+    Old installations have a .dist-info directory with the entry-point
+    ``depends.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete``.
+    This may trigger errors when running the first egg_info in build_meta.
+    TODO: Remove this function in a version sufficiently > 68.
+    """
+
+
+# Export API used in entry_points
+write_requirements = _requirestxt.write_requirements
+write_setup_requirements = _requirestxt.write_setup_requirements
+
+
+def write_toplevel_names(cmd, basename, filename):
+    pkgs = dict.fromkeys([
+        k.split('.', 1)[0] for k in cmd.distribution.iter_distribution_names()
+    ])
+    cmd.write_file("top-level names", filename, '\n'.join(sorted(pkgs)) + '\n')
+
+
+def overwrite_arg(cmd, basename, filename):
+    write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, True)
+
+
+def write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, force=False):
+    argname = os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+    value = getattr(cmd.distribution, argname, None)
+    if value is not None:
+        value = '\n'.join(value) + '\n'
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file(argname, filename, value, force)
+
+
+def write_entries(cmd, basename, filename):
+    eps = _entry_points.load(cmd.distribution.entry_points)
+    defn = _entry_points.render(eps)
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file('entry points', filename, defn, True)
+
+
+def _egg_basename(egg_name, egg_version, py_version=None, platform=None):
+    """Compute filename of the output egg. Private API."""
+    name = _normalization.filename_component(egg_name)
+    version = _normalization.filename_component(egg_version)
+    egg = f"{name}-{version}-py{py_version or PY_MAJOR}"
+    if platform:
+        egg += f"-{platform}"
+    return egg
+
+
+class EggInfoDeprecationWarning(SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning):
+    """Deprecated behavior warning for EggInfo, bypassing suppression."""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56c1155b50350af77e8e2cc0b3a804165a60a3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError
+import inspect
+import glob
+import platform
+import distutils.command.install as orig
+from typing import cast
+
+import setuptools
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning, SetuptoolsWarning
+from .bdist_egg import bdist_egg as bdist_egg_cls
+
+# Prior to numpy 1.9, NumPy relies on the '_install' name, so provide it for
+# now. See https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/199/
+_install = orig.install
+
+
+class install(orig.install):
+    """Use easy_install to install the package, w/dependencies"""
+
+    user_options = orig.install.user_options + [
+        ('old-and-unmanageable', None, "Try not to use this!"),
+        (
+            'single-version-externally-managed',
+            None,
+            "used by system package builders to create 'flat' eggs",
+        ),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = orig.install.boolean_options + [
+        'old-and-unmanageable',
+        'single-version-externally-managed',
+    ]
+    new_commands = [
+        ('install_egg_info', lambda self: True),
+        ('install_scripts', lambda self: True),
+    ]
+    _nc = dict(new_commands)
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+            "setup.py install is deprecated.",
+            """
+            Please avoid running ``setup.py`` directly.
+            Instead, use pypa/build, pypa/installer or other
+            standards-based tools.
+            """,
+            see_url="https://blog.ganssle.io/articles/2021/10/setup-py-deprecated.html",
+            # TODO: Document how to bootstrap setuptools without install
+            #       (e.g. by unziping the wheel file)
+            #       and then add a due_date to this warning.
+        )
+
+        orig.install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.old_and_unmanageable = None
+        self.single_version_externally_managed = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.install.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.root:
+            self.single_version_externally_managed = True
+        elif self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            if not self.root and not self.record:
+                raise DistutilsArgError(
+                    "You must specify --record or --root when building system"
+                    " packages"
+                )
+
+    def handle_extra_path(self):
+        if self.root or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            # explicit backward-compatibility mode, allow extra_path to work
+            return orig.install.handle_extra_path(self)
+
+        # Ignore extra_path when installing an egg (or being run by another
+        # command without --root or --single-version-externally-managed
+        self.path_file = None
+        self.extra_dirs = ''
+        return None
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Explicit request for old-style install?  Just do it
+        if self.old_and_unmanageable or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            return orig.install.run(self)
+
+        if not self._called_from_setup(inspect.currentframe()):
+            # Run in backward-compatibility mode to support bdist_* commands.
+            orig.install.run(self)
+        else:
+            self.do_egg_install()
+
+        return None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _called_from_setup(run_frame):
+        """
+        Attempt to detect whether run() was called from setup() or by another
+        command.  If called by setup(), the parent caller will be the
+        'run_command' method in 'distutils.dist', and *its* caller will be
+        the 'run_commands' method.  If called any other way, the
+        immediate caller *might* be 'run_command', but it won't have been
+        called by 'run_commands'. Return True in that case or if a call stack
+        is unavailable. Return False otherwise.
+        """
+        if run_frame is None:
+            msg = "Call stack not available. bdist_* commands may fail."
+            SetuptoolsWarning.emit(msg)
+            if platform.python_implementation() == 'IronPython':
+                msg = "For best results, pass -X:Frames to enable call stack."
+                SetuptoolsWarning.emit(msg)
+            return True
+
+        frames = inspect.getouterframes(run_frame)
+        for frame in frames[2:4]:
+            (caller,) = frame[:1]
+            info = inspect.getframeinfo(caller)
+            caller_module = caller.f_globals.get('__name__', '')
+
+            if caller_module == "setuptools.dist" and info.function == "run_command":
+                # Starting from v61.0.0 setuptools overwrites dist.run_command
+                continue
+
+            return caller_module == 'distutils.dist' and info.function == 'run_commands'
+
+        return False
+
+    def do_egg_install(self):
+        easy_install = self.distribution.get_command_class('easy_install')
+
+        cmd = easy_install(
+            self.distribution,
+            args="x",
+            root=self.root,
+            record=self.record,
+        )
+        cmd.ensure_finalized()  # finalize before bdist_egg munges install cmd
+        cmd.always_copy_from = '.'  # make sure local-dir eggs get installed
+
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        cmd.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        self.run_command('bdist_egg')
+        bdist_egg = cast(bdist_egg_cls, self.distribution.get_command_obj('bdist_egg'))
+        args = [bdist_egg.egg_output]
+
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            # Bootstrap self-installation of setuptools
+            args.insert(0, setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+
+        cmd.args = args
+        cmd.run(show_deprecation=False)
+        setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+
+# XXX Python 3.1 doesn't see _nc if this is inside the class
+install.sub_commands = [
+    cmd for cmd in orig.install.sub_commands if cmd[0] not in install._nc
+] + install.new_commands
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1d2e8184fcc4103c5e0014c64e69c75b25dba60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+import os
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools import namespaces
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+from .._path import ensure_directory
+
+
+class install_egg_info(namespaces.Installer, Command):
+    """Install an .egg-info directory for the package"""
+
+    description = "Install an .egg-info directory for the package"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install to"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('install_dir', 'install_dir'))
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        basename = f"{ei_cmd._get_egg_basename()}.egg-info"
+        self.source = ei_cmd.egg_info
+        self.target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, basename)
+        self.outputs = []
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        if os.path.isdir(self.target) and not os.path.islink(self.target):
+            dir_util.remove_tree(self.target, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.target):
+            self.execute(os.unlink, (self.target,), "Removing " + self.target)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(self.target)
+        self.execute(self.copytree, (), "Copying %s to %s" % (self.source, self.target))
+        self.install_namespaces()
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outputs
+
+    def copytree(self):
+        # Copy the .egg-info tree to site-packages
+        def skimmer(src, dst):
+            # filter out source-control directories; note that 'src' is always
+            # a '/'-separated path, regardless of platform.  'dst' is a
+            # platform-specific path.
+            for skip in '.svn/', 'CVS/':
+                if src.startswith(skip) or '/' + skip in src:
+                    return None
+            self.outputs.append(dst)
+            log.debug("Copying %s to %s", src, dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_archive(self.source, self.target, skimmer)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32ff65e783ba2877abf3a6025f8232888b124507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import os
+import sys
+from itertools import product, starmap
+import distutils.command.install_lib as orig
+
+
+class install_lib(orig.install_lib):
+    """Don't add compiled flags to filenames of non-Python files"""
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.build()
+        outfiles = self.install()
+        if outfiles is not None:
+            # always compile, in case we have any extension stubs to deal with
+            self.byte_compile(outfiles)
+
+    def get_exclusions(self):
+        """
+        Return a collections.Sized collections.Container of paths to be
+        excluded for single_version_externally_managed installations.
+        """
+        all_packages = (
+            pkg
+            for ns_pkg in self._get_SVEM_NSPs()
+            for pkg in self._all_packages(ns_pkg)
+        )
+
+        excl_specs = product(all_packages, self._gen_exclusion_paths())
+        return set(starmap(self._exclude_pkg_path, excl_specs))
+
+    def _exclude_pkg_path(self, pkg, exclusion_path):
+        """
+        Given a package name and exclusion path within that package,
+        compute the full exclusion path.
+        """
+        parts = pkg.split('.') + [exclusion_path]
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, *parts)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _all_packages(pkg_name):
+        """
+        >>> list(install_lib._all_packages('foo.bar.baz'))
+        ['foo.bar.baz', 'foo.bar', 'foo']
+        """
+        while pkg_name:
+            yield pkg_name
+            pkg_name, sep, child = pkg_name.rpartition('.')
+
+    def _get_SVEM_NSPs(self):
+        """
+        Get namespace packages (list) but only for
+        single_version_externally_managed installations and empty otherwise.
+        """
+        # TODO: is it necessary to short-circuit here? i.e. what's the cost
+        # if get_finalized_command is called even when namespace_packages is
+        # False?
+        if not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return []
+
+        install_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        svem = install_cmd.single_version_externally_managed
+
+        return self.distribution.namespace_packages if svem else []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _gen_exclusion_paths():
+        """
+        Generate file paths to be excluded for namespace packages (bytecode
+        cache files).
+        """
+        # always exclude the package module itself
+        yield '__init__.py'
+
+        yield '__init__.pyc'
+        yield '__init__.pyo'
+
+        if not hasattr(sys, 'implementation'):
+            return
+
+        base = os.path.join('__pycache__', '__init__.' + sys.implementation.cache_tag)
+        yield base + '.pyc'
+        yield base + '.pyo'
+        yield base + '.opt-1.pyc'
+        yield base + '.opt-2.pyc'
+
+    def copy_tree(
+        self,
+        infile,
+        outfile,
+        preserve_mode=1,
+        preserve_times=1,
+        preserve_symlinks=0,
+        level=1,
+    ):
+        assert preserve_mode and preserve_times and not preserve_symlinks
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+
+        if not exclude:
+            return orig.install_lib.copy_tree(self, infile, outfile)
+
+        # Exclude namespace package __init__.py* files from the output
+
+        from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_directory
+        from distutils import log
+
+        outfiles = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst in exclude:
+                log.warn("Skipping installation of %s (namespace package)", dst)
+                return False
+
+            log.info("copying %s -> %s", src, os.path.dirname(dst))
+            outfiles.append(dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_directory(infile, outfile, pf)
+        return outfiles
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        outputs = orig.install_lib.get_outputs(self)
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+        if exclude:
+            return [f for f in outputs if f not in exclude]
+        return outputs
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72b2e45cbcfb2ec6eaed30c04198920195239780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.install_scripts as orig
+import os
+import sys
+
+from .._path import ensure_directory
+
+
+class install_scripts(orig.install_scripts):
+    """Do normal script install, plus any egg_info wrapper scripts"""
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install_scripts.initialize_options(self)
+        self.no_ep = False
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            orig.install_scripts.run(self)  # run first to set up self.outfiles
+        else:
+            self.outfiles = []
+        if self.no_ep:
+            # don't install entry point scripts into .egg file!
+            return
+        self._install_ep_scripts()
+
+    def _install_ep_scripts(self):
+        # Delay import side-effects
+        from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata
+        from . import easy_install as ei
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        dist = Distribution(
+            ei_cmd.egg_base,
+            PathMetadata(ei_cmd.egg_base, ei_cmd.egg_info),
+            ei_cmd.egg_name,
+            ei_cmd.egg_version,
+        )
+        bs_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+        exec_param = getattr(bs_cmd, 'executable', None)
+        writer = ei.ScriptWriter
+        if exec_param == sys.executable:
+            # In case the path to the Python executable contains a space, wrap
+            # it so it's not split up.
+            exec_param = [exec_param]
+        # resolve the writer to the environment
+        writer = writer.best()
+        cmd = writer.command_spec_class.best().from_param(exec_param)
+        for args in writer.get_args(dist, cmd.as_header()):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", *ignored):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        from setuptools.command.easy_install import chmod, current_umask
+
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.install_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, script_name)
+        self.outfiles.append(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = open(target, "w" + mode)
+            f.write(contents)
+            f.close()
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5972a96d8ded85cc14147ffc1400ec67c3b5a578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
+<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0">
+    <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
+                      processorArchitecture="X86"
+                      name="%(name)s"
+                      type="win32"/>
+    <!-- Identify the application security requirements. -->
+    <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">
+        <security>
+            <requestedPrivileges>
+                <requestedExecutionLevel level="asInvoker" uiAccess="false"/>
+            </requestedPrivileges>
+        </security>
+    </trustInfo>
+</assembly>
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8266b9a60f8c363ba35f7b73befd7c9c7cb4abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.register as orig
+
+from setuptools.errors import RemovedCommandError
+
+
+class register(orig.register):
+    """Formerly used to register packages on PyPI."""
+
+    def run(self):
+        msg = (
+            "The register command has been removed, use twine to upload "
+            + "instead (https://pypi.org/p/twine)"
+        )
+
+        self.announce("ERROR: " + msg, log.ERROR)
+
+        raise RemovedCommandError(msg)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f73721c700dc4a37bbf92a3937326718df2c403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+import shutil
+from typing import List
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+
+class rotate(Command):
+    """Delete older distributions"""
+
+    description = "delete older distributions, keeping N newest files"
+    user_options = [
+        ('match=', 'm', "patterns to match (required)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd', "directory where the distributions are"),
+        ('keep=', 'k', "number of matching distributions to keep"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options: List[str] = []
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.match = None
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.keep = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.match is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify one or more (comma-separated) match patterns "
+                "(e.g. '.zip' or '.egg')"
+            )
+        if self.keep is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify number of files to keep")
+        try:
+            self.keep = int(self.keep)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("--keep must be an integer") from e
+        if isinstance(self.match, str):
+            self.match = [convert_path(p.strip()) for p in self.match.split(',')]
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        from glob import glob
+
+        for pattern in self.match:
+            pattern = self.distribution.get_name() + '*' + pattern
+            files = glob(os.path.join(self.dist_dir, pattern))
+            files = [(os.path.getmtime(f), f) for f in files]
+            files.sort()
+            files.reverse()
+
+            log.info("%d file(s) matching %s", len(files), pattern)
+            files = files[self.keep :]
+            for t, f in files:
+                log.info("Deleting %s", f)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    if os.path.isdir(f):
+                        shutil.rmtree(f)
+                    else:
+                        os.unlink(f)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f175de1015c2c65a7e67e38af59b0aa9d5b71d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base
+
+
+class saveopts(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "save supplied options to setup.cfg or other config file"
+
+    def run(self):
+        dist = self.distribution
+        settings = {}
+
+        for cmd in dist.command_options:
+            if cmd == 'saveopts':
+                continue  # don't save our own options!
+
+            for opt, (src, val) in dist.get_option_dict(cmd).items():
+                if src == "command line":
+                    settings.setdefault(cmd, {})[opt] = val
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, settings, self.dry_run)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d455f44c5eb9a5a14049c5d8e1f909453585a445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.sdist as orig
+import os
+import contextlib
+from itertools import chain
+
+from .._importlib import metadata
+from .build import _ORIGINAL_SUBCOMMANDS
+
+_default_revctrl = list
+
+
+def walk_revctrl(dirname=''):
+    """Find all files under revision control"""
+    for ep in metadata.entry_points(group='setuptools.file_finders'):
+        yield from ep.load()(dirname)
+
+
+class sdist(orig.sdist):
+    """Smart sdist that finds anything supported by revision control"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('formats=', None, "formats for source distribution (comma-separated list)"),
+        (
+            'keep-temp',
+            'k',
+            "keep the distribution tree around after creating " + "archive file(s)",
+        ),
+        (
+            'dist-dir=',
+            'd',
+            "directory to put the source distribution archive(s) in " "[default: dist]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'owner=',
+            'u',
+            "Owner name used when creating a tar file [default: current user]",
+        ),
+        (
+            'group=',
+            'g',
+            "Group name used when creating a tar file [default: current group]",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {}
+
+    README_EXTENSIONS = ['', '.rst', '.txt', '.md']
+    READMES = tuple('README{0}'.format(ext) for ext in README_EXTENSIONS)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self.filelist = ei_cmd.filelist
+        self.filelist.append(os.path.join(ei_cmd.egg_info, 'SOURCES.txt'))
+        self.check_readme()
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        self.make_distribution()
+
+        dist_files = getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', [])
+        for file in self.archive_files:
+            data = ('sdist', '', file)
+            if data not in dist_files:
+                dist_files.append(data)
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.sdist.initialize_options(self)
+
+    def make_distribution(self):
+        """
+        Workaround for #516
+        """
+        with self._remove_os_link():
+            orig.sdist.make_distribution(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _remove_os_link():
+        """
+        In a context, remove and restore os.link if it exists
+        """
+
+        class NoValue:
+            pass
+
+        orig_val = getattr(os, 'link', NoValue)
+        try:
+            del os.link
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            if orig_val is not NoValue:
+                os.link = orig_val
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        super().add_defaults()
+        self._add_defaults_build_sub_commands()
+
+    def _add_defaults_optional(self):
+        super()._add_defaults_optional()
+        if os.path.isfile('pyproject.toml'):
+            self.filelist.append('pyproject.toml')
+
+    def _add_defaults_python(self):
+        """getting python files"""
+        if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_py.get_source_files())
+            self._add_data_files(self._safe_data_files(build_py))
+
+    def _add_defaults_build_sub_commands(self):
+        build = self.get_finalized_command("build")
+        missing_cmds = set(build.get_sub_commands()) - _ORIGINAL_SUBCOMMANDS
+        # ^-- the original built-in sub-commands are already handled by default.
+        cmds = (self.get_finalized_command(c) for c in missing_cmds)
+        files = (c.get_source_files() for c in cmds if hasattr(c, "get_source_files"))
+        self.filelist.extend(chain.from_iterable(files))
+
+    def _safe_data_files(self, build_py):
+        """
+        Since the ``sdist`` class is also used to compute the MANIFEST
+        (via :obj:`setuptools.command.egg_info.manifest_maker`),
+        there might be recursion problems when trying to obtain the list of
+        data_files and ``include_package_data=True`` (which in turn depends on
+        the files included in the MANIFEST).
+
+        To avoid that, ``manifest_maker`` should be able to overwrite this
+        method and avoid recursive attempts to build/analyze the MANIFEST.
+        """
+        return build_py.data_files
+
+    def _add_data_files(self, data_files):
+        """
+        Add data files as found in build_py.data_files.
+        """
+        self.filelist.extend(
+            os.path.join(src_dir, name)
+            for _, src_dir, _, filenames in data_files
+            for name in filenames
+        )
+
+    def _add_defaults_data_files(self):
+        try:
+            super()._add_defaults_data_files()
+        except TypeError:
+            log.warn("data_files contains unexpected objects")
+
+    def check_readme(self):
+        for f in self.READMES:
+            if os.path.exists(f):
+                return
+        else:
+            self.warn(
+                "standard file not found: should have one of " + ', '.join(self.READMES)
+            )
+
+    def make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files):
+        orig.sdist.make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files)
+
+        # Save any egg_info command line options used to create this sdist
+        dest = os.path.join(base_dir, 'setup.cfg')
+        if hasattr(os, 'link') and os.path.exists(dest):
+            # unlink and re-copy, since it might be hard-linked, and
+            # we don't want to change the source version
+            os.unlink(dest)
+            self.copy_file('setup.cfg', dest)
+
+        self.get_finalized_command('egg_info').save_version_info(dest)
+
+    def _manifest_is_not_generated(self):
+        # check for special comment used in 2.7.1 and higher
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.manifest):
+            return False
+
+        with open(self.manifest, 'rb') as fp:
+            first_line = fp.readline()
+        return first_line != b'# file GENERATED by distutils, do NOT edit\n'
+
+    def read_manifest(self):
+        """Read the manifest file (named by 'self.manifest') and use it to
+        fill in 'self.filelist', the list of files to include in the source
+        distribution.
+        """
+        log.info("reading manifest file '%s'", self.manifest)
+        manifest = open(self.manifest, 'rb')
+        for line in manifest:
+            # The manifest must contain UTF-8. See #303.
+            try:
+                line = line.decode('UTF-8')
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                log.warn("%r not UTF-8 decodable -- skipping" % line)
+                continue
+            # ignore comments and blank lines
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line.startswith('#') or not line:
+                continue
+            self.filelist.append(line)
+        manifest.close()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9a60751285785eecf91921ae9148930ebb427f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import distutils
+import os
+import configparser
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+__all__ = ['config_file', 'edit_config', 'option_base', 'setopt']
+
+
+def config_file(kind="local"):
+    """Get the filename of the distutils, local, global, or per-user config
+
+    `kind` must be one of "local", "global", or "user"
+    """
+    if kind == 'local':
+        return 'setup.cfg'
+    if kind == 'global':
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(distutils.__file__), 'distutils.cfg')
+    if kind == 'user':
+        dot = os.name == 'posix' and '.' or ''
+        return os.path.expanduser(convert_path("~/%spydistutils.cfg" % dot))
+    raise ValueError("config_file() type must be 'local', 'global', or 'user'", kind)
+
+
+def edit_config(filename, settings, dry_run=False):
+    """Edit a configuration file to include `settings`
+
+    `settings` is a dictionary of dictionaries or ``None`` values, keyed by
+    command/section name.  A ``None`` value means to delete the entire section,
+    while a dictionary lists settings to be changed or deleted in that section.
+    A setting of ``None`` means to delete that setting.
+    """
+    log.debug("Reading configuration from %s", filename)
+    opts = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+    opts.optionxform = lambda x: x
+    opts.read([filename])
+    for section, options in settings.items():
+        if options is None:
+            log.info("Deleting section [%s] from %s", section, filename)
+            opts.remove_section(section)
+        else:
+            if not opts.has_section(section):
+                log.debug("Adding new section [%s] to %s", section, filename)
+                opts.add_section(section)
+            for option, value in options.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    log.debug("Deleting %s.%s from %s", section, option, filename)
+                    opts.remove_option(section, option)
+                    if not opts.options(section):
+                        log.info(
+                            "Deleting empty [%s] section from %s", section, filename
+                        )
+                        opts.remove_section(section)
+                else:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Setting %s.%s to %r in %s", section, option, value, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.set(section, option, value)
+
+    log.info("Writing %s", filename)
+    if not dry_run:
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            opts.write(f)
+
+
+class option_base(Command):
+    """Abstract base class for commands that mess with config files"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('global-config', 'g', "save options to the site-wide distutils.cfg file"),
+        ('user-config', 'u', "save options to the current user's pydistutils.cfg file"),
+        ('filename=', 'f', "configuration file to use (default=setup.cfg)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'global-config',
+        'user-config',
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.global_config = None
+        self.user_config = None
+        self.filename = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        filenames = []
+        if self.global_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('global'))
+        if self.user_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('user'))
+        if self.filename is not None:
+            filenames.append(self.filename)
+        if not filenames:
+            filenames.append(config_file('local'))
+        if len(filenames) > 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify only one configuration file option", filenames
+            )
+        (self.filename,) = filenames
+
+
+class setopt(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "set an option in setup.cfg or another config file"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('command=', 'c', 'command to set an option for'),
+        ('option=', 'o', 'option to set'),
+        ('set-value=', 's', 'value of the option'),
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the value'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.command = None
+        self.option = None
+        self.set_value = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.command is None or self.option is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --command *and* --option")
+        if self.set_value is None and not self.remove:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --set-value or --remove")
+
+    def run(self):
+        edit_config(
+            self.filename,
+            {self.command: {self.option.replace('-', '_'): self.set_value}},
+            self.dry_run,
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a128f2a7a565a2968dea11234d58195f8331bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+import os
+import operator
+import sys
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import unittest
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError, DistutilsOptionError
+from distutils import log
+from unittest import TestLoader
+
+from pkg_resources import (
+    resource_listdir,
+    resource_exists,
+    normalize_path,
+    working_set,
+    evaluate_marker,
+    add_activation_listener,
+    require,
+)
+from .._importlib import metadata
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.extern.more_itertools import unique_everseen
+from setuptools.extern.jaraco.functools import pass_none
+
+
+class ScanningLoader(TestLoader):
+    def __init__(self):
+        TestLoader.__init__(self)
+        self._visited = set()
+
+    def loadTestsFromModule(self, module, pattern=None):
+        """Return a suite of all tests cases contained in the given module
+
+        If the module is a package, load tests from all the modules in it.
+        If the module has an ``additional_tests`` function, call it and add
+        the return value to the tests.
+        """
+        if module in self._visited:
+            return None
+        self._visited.add(module)
+
+        tests = []
+        tests.append(TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule(self, module))
+
+        if hasattr(module, "additional_tests"):
+            tests.append(module.additional_tests())
+
+        if hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+            for file in resource_listdir(module.__name__, ''):
+                if file.endswith('.py') and file != '__init__.py':
+                    submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file[:-3]
+                else:
+                    if resource_exists(module.__name__, file + '/__init__.py'):
+                        submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                tests.append(self.loadTestsFromName(submodule))
+
+        if len(tests) != 1:
+            return self.suiteClass(tests)
+        else:
+            return tests[0]  # don't create a nested suite for only one return
+
+
+# adapted from jaraco.classes.properties:NonDataProperty
+class NonDataProperty:
+    def __init__(self, fget):
+        self.fget = fget
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        return self.fget(obj)
+
+
+class test(Command):
+    """Command to run unit tests after in-place build"""
+
+    description = "run unit tests after in-place build (deprecated)"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('test-module=', 'm', "Run 'test_suite' in specified module"),
+        (
+            'test-suite=',
+            's',
+            "Run single test, case or suite (e.g. 'module.test_suite')",
+        ),
+        ('test-runner=', 'r', "Test runner to use"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.test_suite = None
+        self.test_module = None
+        self.test_loader = None
+        self.test_runner = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.test_suite and self.test_module:
+            msg = "You may specify a module or a suite, but not both"
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+        if self.test_suite is None:
+            if self.test_module is None:
+                self.test_suite = self.distribution.test_suite
+            else:
+                self.test_suite = self.test_module + ".test_suite"
+
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_loader', None)
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = "setuptools.command.test:ScanningLoader"
+        if self.test_runner is None:
+            self.test_runner = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_runner', None)
+
+    @NonDataProperty
+    def test_args(self):
+        return list(self._test_args())
+
+    def _test_args(self):
+        if not self.test_suite:
+            yield 'discover'
+        if self.verbose:
+            yield '--verbose'
+        if self.test_suite:
+            yield self.test_suite
+
+    def with_project_on_sys_path(self, func):
+        """
+        Backward compatibility for project_on_sys_path context.
+        """
+        with self.project_on_sys_path():
+            func()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def project_on_sys_path(self, include_dists=()):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+        # Build extensions in-place
+        self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+        self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+
+        old_path = sys.path[:]
+        old_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+
+        try:
+            project_path = normalize_path(ei_cmd.egg_base)
+            sys.path.insert(0, project_path)
+            working_set.__init__()
+            add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+            require('%s==%s' % (ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version))
+            with self.paths_on_pythonpath([project_path]):
+                yield
+        finally:
+            sys.path[:] = old_path
+            sys.modules.clear()
+            sys.modules.update(old_modules)
+            working_set.__init__()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def paths_on_pythonpath(paths):
+        """
+        Add the indicated paths to the head of the PYTHONPATH environment
+        variable so that subprocesses will also see the packages at
+        these paths.
+
+        Do this in a context that restores the value on exit.
+        """
+        nothing = object()
+        orig_pythonpath = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', nothing)
+        current_pythonpath = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '')
+        try:
+            prefix = os.pathsep.join(unique_everseen(paths))
+            to_join = filter(None, [prefix, current_pythonpath])
+            new_path = os.pathsep.join(to_join)
+            if new_path:
+                os.environ['PYTHONPATH'] = new_path
+            yield
+        finally:
+            if orig_pythonpath is nothing:
+                os.environ.pop('PYTHONPATH', None)
+            else:
+                os.environ['PYTHONPATH'] = orig_pythonpath
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def install_dists(dist):
+        """
+        Install the requirements indicated by self.distribution and
+        return an iterable of the dists that were built.
+        """
+        ir_d = dist.fetch_build_eggs(dist.install_requires)
+        tr_d = dist.fetch_build_eggs(dist.tests_require or [])
+        er_d = dist.fetch_build_eggs(
+            v
+            for k, v in dist.extras_require.items()
+            if k.startswith(':') and evaluate_marker(k[1:])
+        )
+        return itertools.chain(ir_d, tr_d, er_d)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.announce(
+            "WARNING: Testing via this command is deprecated and will be "
+            "removed in a future version. Users looking for a generic test "
+            "entry point independent of test runner are encouraged to use "
+            "tox.",
+            log.WARN,
+        )
+
+        installed_dists = self.install_dists(self.distribution)
+
+        cmd = ' '.join(self._argv)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            self.announce('skipping "%s" (dry run)' % cmd)
+            return
+
+        self.announce('running "%s"' % cmd)
+
+        paths = map(operator.attrgetter('location'), installed_dists)
+        with self.paths_on_pythonpath(paths):
+            with self.project_on_sys_path():
+                self.run_tests()
+
+    def run_tests(self):
+        test = unittest.main(
+            None,
+            None,
+            self._argv,
+            testLoader=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_loader),
+            testRunner=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_runner),
+            exit=False,
+        )
+        if not test.result.wasSuccessful():
+            msg = 'Test failed: %s' % test.result
+            self.announce(msg, log.ERROR)
+            raise DistutilsError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def _argv(self):
+        return ['unittest'] + self.test_args
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @pass_none
+    def _resolve_as_ep(val):
+        """
+        Load the indicated attribute value, called, as a as if it were
+        specified as an entry point.
+        """
+        return metadata.EntryPoint(value=val, name=None, group=None).load()()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec7f81e22772511d668e5ab92f625db33259e803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.command import upload as orig
+
+from setuptools.errors import RemovedCommandError
+
+
+class upload(orig.upload):
+    """Formerly used to upload packages to PyPI."""
+
+    def run(self):
+        msg = (
+            "The upload command has been removed, use twine to upload "
+            + "instead (https://pypi.org/p/twine)"
+        )
+
+        self.announce("ERROR: " + msg, log.ERROR)
+        raise RemovedCommandError(msg)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fbbb62553f1b04be76999bff46a5786624c6d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+"""upload_docs
+
+Implements a Distutils 'upload_docs' subcommand (upload documentation to
+sites other than PyPi such as devpi).
+"""
+
+from base64 import standard_b64encode
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+import zipfile
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import itertools
+import functools
+import http.client
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .._importlib import metadata
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+
+from .upload import upload
+
+
+def _encode(s):
+    return s.encode('utf-8', 'surrogateescape')
+
+
+class upload_docs(upload):
+    # override the default repository as upload_docs isn't
+    # supported by Warehouse (and won't be).
+    DEFAULT_REPOSITORY = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi/'
+
+    description = 'Upload documentation to sites other than PyPi such as devpi'
+
+    user_options = [
+        (
+            'repository=',
+            'r',
+            "url of repository [default: %s]" % upload.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY,
+        ),
+        ('show-response', None, 'display full response text from server'),
+        ('upload-dir=', None, 'directory to upload'),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = upload.boolean_options
+
+    def has_sphinx(self):
+        return bool(
+            self.upload_dir is None
+            and metadata.entry_points(group='distutils.commands', name='build_sphinx')
+        )
+
+    sub_commands = [('build_sphinx', has_sphinx)]  # type: ignore[list-item] # TODO: Fix in typeshed distutils stubs
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        upload.initialize_options(self)
+        self.upload_dir = None
+        self.target_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        log.warn(
+            "Upload_docs command is deprecated. Use Read the Docs "
+            "(https://readthedocs.org) instead."
+        )
+        upload.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            if self.has_sphinx():
+                build_sphinx = self.get_finalized_command('build_sphinx')
+                self.target_dir = dict(build_sphinx.builder_target_dirs)['html']
+            else:
+                build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+                self.target_dir = os.path.join(build.build_base, 'docs')
+        else:
+            self.ensure_dirname('upload_dir')
+            self.target_dir = self.upload_dir
+        self.announce('Using upload directory %s' % self.target_dir)
+
+    def create_zipfile(self, filename):
+        zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w")
+        try:
+            self.mkpath(self.target_dir)  # just in case
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.target_dir):
+                if root == self.target_dir and not files:
+                    tmpl = "no files found in upload directory '%s'"
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(tmpl % self.target_dir)
+                for name in files:
+                    full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                    relative = root[len(self.target_dir) :].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+                    dest = os.path.join(relative, name)
+                    zip_file.write(full, dest)
+        finally:
+            zip_file.close()
+
+    def run(self):
+        SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+            "Deprecated command",
+            """
+            upload_docs is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
+            Instead, use tools like devpi and Read the Docs; or lower level tools like
+            httpie and curl to interact directly with your hosting service API.
+            """,
+            due_date=(2023, 9, 26),  # warning introduced in 27 Jul 2022
+        )
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        name = self.distribution.metadata.get_name()
+        zip_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "%s.zip" % name)
+        try:
+            self.create_zipfile(zip_file)
+            self.upload_file(zip_file)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_part(item, sep_boundary):
+        key, values = item
+        title = '\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
+        # handle multiple entries for the same name
+        if not isinstance(values, list):
+            values = [values]
+        for value in values:
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                title += '; filename="%s"' % value[0]
+                value = value[1]
+            else:
+                value = _encode(value)
+            yield sep_boundary
+            yield _encode(title)
+            yield b"\n\n"
+            yield value
+            if value and value[-1:] == b'\r':
+                yield b'\n'  # write an extra newline (lurve Macs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_multipart(cls, data):
+        """
+        Build up the MIME payload for the POST data
+        """
+        boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+        sep_boundary = b'\n--' + boundary.encode('ascii')
+        end_boundary = sep_boundary + b'--'
+        end_items = (
+            end_boundary,
+            b"\n",
+        )
+        builder = functools.partial(
+            cls._build_part,
+            sep_boundary=sep_boundary,
+        )
+        part_groups = map(builder, data.items())
+        parts = itertools.chain.from_iterable(part_groups)
+        body_items = itertools.chain(parts, end_items)
+        content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+        return b''.join(body_items), content_type
+
+    def upload_file(self, filename):
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            content = f.read()
+        meta = self.distribution.metadata
+        data = {
+            ':action': 'doc_upload',
+            'name': meta.get_name(),
+            'content': (os.path.basename(filename), content),
+        }
+        # set up the authentication
+        credentials = _encode(self.username + ':' + self.password)
+        credentials = standard_b64encode(credentials).decode('ascii')
+        auth = "Basic " + credentials
+
+        body, ct = self._build_multipart(data)
+
+        msg = "Submitting documentation to %s" % (self.repository)
+        self.announce(msg, log.INFO)
+
+        # build the Request
+        # We can't use urllib2 since we need to send the Basic
+        # auth right with the first request
+        schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = urllib.parse.urlparse(
+            self.repository
+        )
+        assert not params and not query and not fragments
+        if schema == 'http':
+            conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(netloc)
+        elif schema == 'https':
+            conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(netloc)
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unsupported schema " + schema)
+
+        data = ''
+        try:
+            conn.connect()
+            conn.putrequest("POST", url)
+            content_type = ct
+            conn.putheader('Content-type', content_type)
+            conn.putheader('Content-length', str(len(body)))
+            conn.putheader('Authorization', auth)
+            conn.endheaders()
+            conn.send(body)
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.announce(str(e), log.ERROR)
+            return
+
+        r = conn.getresponse()
+        if r.status == 200:
+            msg = 'Server response (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason)
+            self.announce(msg, log.INFO)
+        elif r.status == 301:
+            location = r.getheader('Location')
+            if location is None:
+                location = 'https://pythonhosted.org/%s/' % meta.get_name()
+            msg = 'Upload successful. Visit %s' % location
+            self.announce(msg, log.INFO)
+        else:
+            msg = 'Upload failed (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason)
+            self.announce(msg, log.ERROR)
+        if self.show_response:
+            print('-' * 75, r.read(), '-' * 75)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py310.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py310.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7d53d6de949ab473b0b55bea4108511f9567966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py310.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import sys
+
+
+__all__ = ['tomllib']
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from setuptools.extern import tomli as tomllib
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py311.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py311.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28175b1f750445011d74e14027745a4b23556a29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py311.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import sys
+import shutil
+
+
+def shutil_rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onexc=None):
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        return shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors, onexc=onexc)
+
+    def _handler(fn, path, excinfo):
+        return onexc(fn, path, excinfo[1])
+
+    return shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors, onerror=_handler)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py39.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py39.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04a4abe5a9e61596f97dc3d1b0b3da93a558158f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/compat/py39.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import sys
+
+# Explicitly use the ``"locale"`` encoding in versions that support it,
+# otherwise just rely on the implicit handling of ``encoding=None``.
+# Since all platforms that support ``EncodingWarning`` also support
+# ``encoding="locale"``, this can be used to suppress the warning.
+# However, please try to use UTF-8 when possible
+# (.pth files are the notorious exception: python/cpython#77102, pypa/setuptools#3937).
+LOCALE_ENCODING = "locale" if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) else None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcc7d008d6c9b3ab2610f2a1b05c4c1eeb5e1416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""For backward compatibility, expose main functions from
+``setuptools.config.setupcfg``
+"""
+
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import Callable, TypeVar, cast
+
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+from . import setupcfg
+
+Fn = TypeVar("Fn", bound=Callable)
+
+__all__ = ('parse_configuration', 'read_configuration')
+
+
+def _deprecation_notice(fn: Fn) -> Fn:
+    @wraps(fn)
+    def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning.emit(
+            "Deprecated API usage.",
+            f"""
+            As setuptools moves its configuration towards `pyproject.toml`,
+            `{__name__}.{fn.__name__}` became deprecated.
+
+            For the time being, you can use the `{setupcfg.__name__}` module
+            to access a backward compatible API, but this module is provisional
+            and might be removed in the future.
+
+            To read project metadata, consider using
+            ``build.util.project_wheel_metadata`` (https://pypi.org/project/build/).
+            For simple scenarios, you can also try parsing the file directly
+            with the help of ``configparser``.
+            """,
+            # due_date not defined yet, because the community still heavily relies on it
+            # Warning introduced in 24 Mar 2022
+        )
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return cast(Fn, _wrapper)
+
+
+read_configuration = _deprecation_notice(setupcfg.read_configuration)
+parse_configuration = _deprecation_notice(setupcfg.parse_configuration)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_apply_pyprojecttoml.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_apply_pyprojecttoml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3626282a7913563effcbe75b9c9de75f206a44c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_apply_pyprojecttoml.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+"""Translation layer between pyproject config and setuptools distribution and
+metadata objects.
+
+The distribution and metadata objects are modeled after (an old version of)
+core metadata, therefore configs in the format specified for ``pyproject.toml``
+need to be processed before being applied.
+
+**PRIVATE MODULE**: API reserved for setuptools internal usage only.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from email.headerregistry import Address
+from functools import partial, reduce
+from inspect import cleandoc
+from itertools import chain
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from .._path import StrPath
+from ..errors import RemovedConfigError
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsWarning
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from distutils.dist import _OptionsList
+    from setuptools._importlib import metadata  # noqa
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution  # noqa
+
+EMPTY: Mapping = MappingProxyType({})  # Immutable dict-like
+_DictOrStr = Union[dict, str]
+_CorrespFn = Callable[["Distribution", Any, StrPath], None]
+_Correspondence = Union[str, _CorrespFn]
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def apply(dist: "Distribution", config: dict, filename: StrPath) -> "Distribution":
+    """Apply configuration dict read with :func:`read_configuration`"""
+
+    if not config:
+        return dist  # short-circuit unrelated pyproject.toml file
+
+    root_dir = os.path.dirname(filename) or "."
+
+    _apply_project_table(dist, config, root_dir)
+    _apply_tool_table(dist, config, filename)
+
+    current_directory = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(root_dir)
+    try:
+        dist._finalize_requires()
+        dist._finalize_license_files()
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(current_directory)
+
+    return dist
+
+
+def _apply_project_table(dist: "Distribution", config: dict, root_dir: StrPath):
+    project_table = config.get("project", {}).copy()
+    if not project_table:
+        return  # short-circuit
+
+    _handle_missing_dynamic(dist, project_table)
+    _unify_entry_points(project_table)
+
+    for field, value in project_table.items():
+        norm_key = json_compatible_key(field)
+        corresp = PYPROJECT_CORRESPONDENCE.get(norm_key, norm_key)
+        if callable(corresp):
+            corresp(dist, value, root_dir)
+        else:
+            _set_config(dist, corresp, value)
+
+
+def _apply_tool_table(dist: "Distribution", config: dict, filename: StrPath):
+    tool_table = config.get("tool", {}).get("setuptools", {})
+    if not tool_table:
+        return  # short-circuit
+
+    for field, value in tool_table.items():
+        norm_key = json_compatible_key(field)
+
+        if norm_key in TOOL_TABLE_REMOVALS:
+            suggestion = cleandoc(TOOL_TABLE_REMOVALS[norm_key])
+            msg = f"""
+            The parameter `tool.setuptools.{field}` was long deprecated
+            and has been removed from `pyproject.toml`.
+            """
+            raise RemovedConfigError("\n".join([cleandoc(msg), suggestion]))
+
+        norm_key = TOOL_TABLE_RENAMES.get(norm_key, norm_key)
+        _set_config(dist, norm_key, value)
+
+    _copy_command_options(config, dist, filename)
+
+
+def _handle_missing_dynamic(dist: "Distribution", project_table: dict):
+    """Be temporarily forgiving with ``dynamic`` fields not listed in ``dynamic``"""
+    dynamic = set(project_table.get("dynamic", []))
+    for field, getter in _PREVIOUSLY_DEFINED.items():
+        if not (field in project_table or field in dynamic):
+            value = getter(dist)
+            if value:
+                _MissingDynamic.emit(field=field, value=value)
+                project_table[field] = _RESET_PREVIOUSLY_DEFINED.get(field)
+
+
+def json_compatible_key(key: str) -> str:
+    """As defined in :pep:`566#json-compatible-metadata`"""
+    return key.lower().replace("-", "_")
+
+
+def _set_config(dist: "Distribution", field: str, value: Any):
+    setter = getattr(dist.metadata, f"set_{field}", None)
+    if setter:
+        setter(value)
+    elif hasattr(dist.metadata, field) or field in SETUPTOOLS_PATCHES:
+        setattr(dist.metadata, field, value)
+    else:
+        setattr(dist, field, value)
+
+
+_CONTENT_TYPES = {
+    ".md": "text/markdown",
+    ".rst": "text/x-rst",
+    ".txt": "text/plain",
+}
+
+
+def _guess_content_type(file: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    _, ext = os.path.splitext(file.lower())
+    if not ext:
+        return None
+
+    if ext in _CONTENT_TYPES:
+        return _CONTENT_TYPES[ext]
+
+    valid = ", ".join(f"{k} ({v})" for k, v in _CONTENT_TYPES.items())
+    msg = f"only the following file extensions are recognized: {valid}."
+    raise ValueError(f"Undefined content type for {file}, {msg}")
+
+
+def _long_description(dist: "Distribution", val: _DictOrStr, root_dir: StrPath):
+    from setuptools.config import expand
+
+    if isinstance(val, str):
+        file: Union[str, list] = val
+        text = expand.read_files(file, root_dir)
+        ctype = _guess_content_type(val)
+    else:
+        file = val.get("file") or []
+        text = val.get("text") or expand.read_files(file, root_dir)
+        ctype = val["content-type"]
+
+    _set_config(dist, "long_description", text)
+
+    if ctype:
+        _set_config(dist, "long_description_content_type", ctype)
+
+    if file:
+        dist._referenced_files.add(cast(str, file))
+
+
+def _license(dist: "Distribution", val: dict, root_dir: StrPath):
+    from setuptools.config import expand
+
+    if "file" in val:
+        _set_config(dist, "license", expand.read_files([val["file"]], root_dir))
+        dist._referenced_files.add(val["file"])
+    else:
+        _set_config(dist, "license", val["text"])
+
+
+def _people(dist: "Distribution", val: List[dict], _root_dir: StrPath, kind: str):
+    field = []
+    email_field = []
+    for person in val:
+        if "name" not in person:
+            email_field.append(person["email"])
+        elif "email" not in person:
+            field.append(person["name"])
+        else:
+            addr = Address(display_name=person["name"], addr_spec=person["email"])
+            email_field.append(str(addr))
+
+    if field:
+        _set_config(dist, kind, ", ".join(field))
+    if email_field:
+        _set_config(dist, f"{kind}_email", ", ".join(email_field))
+
+
+def _project_urls(dist: "Distribution", val: dict, _root_dir):
+    _set_config(dist, "project_urls", val)
+
+
+def _python_requires(dist: "Distribution", val: dict, _root_dir):
+    from setuptools.extern.packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+
+    _set_config(dist, "python_requires", SpecifierSet(val))
+
+
+def _dependencies(dist: "Distribution", val: list, _root_dir):
+    if getattr(dist, "install_requires", []):
+        msg = "`install_requires` overwritten in `pyproject.toml` (dependencies)"
+        SetuptoolsWarning.emit(msg)
+    dist.install_requires = val
+
+
+def _optional_dependencies(dist: "Distribution", val: dict, _root_dir):
+    existing = getattr(dist, "extras_require", None) or {}
+    dist.extras_require = {**existing, **val}
+
+
+def _unify_entry_points(project_table: dict):
+    project = project_table
+    entry_points = project.pop("entry-points", project.pop("entry_points", {}))
+    renaming = {"scripts": "console_scripts", "gui_scripts": "gui_scripts"}
+    for key, value in list(project.items()):  # eager to allow modifications
+        norm_key = json_compatible_key(key)
+        if norm_key in renaming:
+            # Don't skip even if value is empty (reason: reset missing `dynamic`)
+            entry_points[renaming[norm_key]] = project.pop(key)
+
+    if entry_points:
+        project["entry-points"] = {
+            name: [f"{k} = {v}" for k, v in group.items()]
+            for name, group in entry_points.items()
+            if group  # now we can skip empty groups
+        }
+        # Sometimes this will set `project["entry-points"] = {}`, and that is
+        # intentional (for resetting configurations that are missing `dynamic`).
+
+
+def _copy_command_options(pyproject: dict, dist: "Distribution", filename: StrPath):
+    tool_table = pyproject.get("tool", {})
+    cmdclass = tool_table.get("setuptools", {}).get("cmdclass", {})
+    valid_options = _valid_command_options(cmdclass)
+
+    cmd_opts = dist.command_options
+    for cmd, config in pyproject.get("tool", {}).get("distutils", {}).items():
+        cmd = json_compatible_key(cmd)
+        valid = valid_options.get(cmd, set())
+        cmd_opts.setdefault(cmd, {})
+        for key, value in config.items():
+            key = json_compatible_key(key)
+            cmd_opts[cmd][key] = (str(filename), value)
+            if key not in valid:
+                # To avoid removing options that are specified dynamically we
+                # just log a warn...
+                _logger.warning(f"Command option {cmd}.{key} is not defined")
+
+
+def _valid_command_options(cmdclass: Mapping = EMPTY) -> Dict[str, Set[str]]:
+    from .._importlib import metadata
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution
+
+    valid_options = {"global": _normalise_cmd_options(Distribution.global_options)}
+
+    unloaded_entry_points = metadata.entry_points(group='distutils.commands')
+    loaded_entry_points = (_load_ep(ep) for ep in unloaded_entry_points)
+    entry_points = (ep for ep in loaded_entry_points if ep)
+    for cmd, cmd_class in chain(entry_points, cmdclass.items()):
+        opts = valid_options.get(cmd, set())
+        opts = opts | _normalise_cmd_options(getattr(cmd_class, "user_options", []))
+        valid_options[cmd] = opts
+
+    return valid_options
+
+
+def _load_ep(ep: "metadata.EntryPoint") -> Optional[Tuple[str, Type]]:
+    # Ignore all the errors
+    try:
+        return (ep.name, ep.load())
+    except Exception as ex:
+        msg = f"{ex.__class__.__name__} while trying to load entry-point {ep.name}"
+        _logger.warning(f"{msg}: {ex}")
+        return None
+
+
+def _normalise_cmd_option_key(name: str) -> str:
+    return json_compatible_key(name).strip("_=")
+
+
+def _normalise_cmd_options(desc: "_OptionsList") -> Set[str]:
+    return {_normalise_cmd_option_key(fancy_option[0]) for fancy_option in desc}
+
+
+def _get_previous_entrypoints(dist: "Distribution") -> Dict[str, list]:
+    ignore = ("console_scripts", "gui_scripts")
+    value = getattr(dist, "entry_points", None) or {}
+    return {k: v for k, v in value.items() if k not in ignore}
+
+
+def _get_previous_scripts(dist: "Distribution") -> Optional[list]:
+    value = getattr(dist, "entry_points", None) or {}
+    return value.get("console_scripts")
+
+
+def _get_previous_gui_scripts(dist: "Distribution") -> Optional[list]:
+    value = getattr(dist, "entry_points", None) or {}
+    return value.get("gui_scripts")
+
+
+def _attrgetter(attr):
+    """
+    Similar to ``operator.attrgetter`` but returns None if ``attr`` is not found
+    >>> from types import SimpleNamespace
+    >>> obj = SimpleNamespace(a=42, b=SimpleNamespace(c=13))
+    >>> _attrgetter("a")(obj)
+    42
+    >>> _attrgetter("b.c")(obj)
+    13
+    >>> _attrgetter("d")(obj) is None
+    True
+    """
+    return partial(reduce, lambda acc, x: getattr(acc, x, None), attr.split("."))
+
+
+def _some_attrgetter(*items):
+    """
+    Return the first "truth-y" attribute or None
+    >>> from types import SimpleNamespace
+    >>> obj = SimpleNamespace(a=42, b=SimpleNamespace(c=13))
+    >>> _some_attrgetter("d", "a", "b.c")(obj)
+    42
+    >>> _some_attrgetter("d", "e", "b.c", "a")(obj)
+    13
+    >>> _some_attrgetter("d", "e", "f")(obj) is None
+    True
+    """
+
+    def _acessor(obj):
+        values = (_attrgetter(i)(obj) for i in items)
+        return next((i for i in values if i is not None), None)
+
+    return _acessor
+
+
+PYPROJECT_CORRESPONDENCE: Dict[str, _Correspondence] = {
+    "readme": _long_description,
+    "license": _license,
+    "authors": partial(_people, kind="author"),
+    "maintainers": partial(_people, kind="maintainer"),
+    "urls": _project_urls,
+    "dependencies": _dependencies,
+    "optional_dependencies": _optional_dependencies,
+    "requires_python": _python_requires,
+}
+
+TOOL_TABLE_RENAMES = {"script_files": "scripts"}
+TOOL_TABLE_REMOVALS = {
+    "namespace_packages": """
+        Please migrate to implicit native namespaces instead.
+        See https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/packaging-namespace-packages/.
+        """,
+}
+
+SETUPTOOLS_PATCHES = {
+    "long_description_content_type",
+    "project_urls",
+    "provides_extras",
+    "license_file",
+    "license_files",
+}
+
+_PREVIOUSLY_DEFINED = {
+    "name": _attrgetter("metadata.name"),
+    "version": _attrgetter("metadata.version"),
+    "description": _attrgetter("metadata.description"),
+    "readme": _attrgetter("metadata.long_description"),
+    "requires-python": _some_attrgetter("python_requires", "metadata.python_requires"),
+    "license": _attrgetter("metadata.license"),
+    "authors": _some_attrgetter("metadata.author", "metadata.author_email"),
+    "maintainers": _some_attrgetter("metadata.maintainer", "metadata.maintainer_email"),
+    "keywords": _attrgetter("metadata.keywords"),
+    "classifiers": _attrgetter("metadata.classifiers"),
+    "urls": _attrgetter("metadata.project_urls"),
+    "entry-points": _get_previous_entrypoints,
+    "scripts": _get_previous_scripts,
+    "gui-scripts": _get_previous_gui_scripts,
+    "dependencies": _attrgetter("install_requires"),
+    "optional-dependencies": _attrgetter("extras_require"),
+}
+
+
+_RESET_PREVIOUSLY_DEFINED: dict = {
+    # Fix improper setting: given in `setup.py`, but not listed in `dynamic`
+    # dict: pyproject name => value to which reset
+    "license": {},
+    "authors": [],
+    "maintainers": [],
+    "keywords": [],
+    "classifiers": [],
+    "urls": {},
+    "entry-points": {},
+    "scripts": {},
+    "gui-scripts": {},
+    "dependencies": [],
+    "optional-dependencies": {},
+}
+
+
+class _MissingDynamic(SetuptoolsWarning):
+    _SUMMARY = "`{field}` defined outside of `pyproject.toml` is ignored."
+
+    _DETAILS = """
+    The following seems to be defined outside of `pyproject.toml`:
+
+    `{field} = {value!r}`
+
+    According to the spec (see the link below), however, setuptools CANNOT
+    consider this value unless `{field}` is listed as `dynamic`.
+
+    https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/pyproject-toml/#declaring-project-metadata-the-project-table
+
+    To prevent this problem, you can list `{field}` under `dynamic` or alternatively
+    remove the `[project]` table from your file and rely entirely on other means of
+    configuration.
+    """
+    # TODO: Consider removing this check in the future?
+    #       There is a trade-off here between improving "debug-ability" and the cost
+    #       of running/testing/maintaining these unnecessary checks...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def details(cls, field: str, value: Any) -> str:
+        return cls._DETAILS.format(field=field, value=value)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbe6cb4ca471f146b431d2fbb558d47317a103f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from functools import reduce
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict
+
+from . import formats
+from .error_reporting import detailed_errors, ValidationError
+from .extra_validations import EXTRA_VALIDATIONS
+from .fastjsonschema_exceptions import JsonSchemaException, JsonSchemaValueException
+from .fastjsonschema_validations import validate as _validate
+
+__all__ = [
+    "validate",
+    "FORMAT_FUNCTIONS",
+    "EXTRA_VALIDATIONS",
+    "ValidationError",
+    "JsonSchemaException",
+    "JsonSchemaValueException",
+]
+
+
+FORMAT_FUNCTIONS: Dict[str, Callable[[str], bool]] = {
+    fn.__name__.replace("_", "-"): fn
+    for fn in formats.__dict__.values()
+    if callable(fn) and not fn.__name__.startswith("_")
+}
+
+
+def validate(data: Any) -> bool:
+    """Validate the given ``data`` object using JSON Schema
+    This function raises ``ValidationError`` if ``data`` is invalid.
+    """
+    with detailed_errors():
+        _validate(data, custom_formats=FORMAT_FUNCTIONS)
+    reduce(lambda acc, fn: fn(acc), EXTRA_VALIDATIONS, data)
+    return True
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/error_reporting.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/error_reporting.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d44e290e36c36ee5d913089653533458f8152177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/error_reporting.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+import io
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from textwrap import indent, wrap
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional, Sequence, Union, cast
+
+from .fastjsonschema_exceptions import JsonSchemaValueException
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_MESSAGE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+    "must be named by propertyName definition": "keys must be named by",
+    "one of contains definition": "at least one item that matches",
+    " same as const definition:": "",
+    "only specified items": "only items matching the definition",
+}
+
+_SKIP_DETAILS = (
+    "must not be empty",
+    "is always invalid",
+    "must not be there",
+)
+
+_NEED_DETAILS = {"anyOf", "oneOf", "allOf", "contains", "propertyNames", "not", "items"}
+
+_CAMEL_CASE_SPLITTER = re.compile(r"\W+|([A-Z][^A-Z\W]*)")
+_IDENTIFIER = re.compile(r"^[\w_]+$", re.I)
+
+_TOML_JARGON = {
+    "object": "table",
+    "property": "key",
+    "properties": "keys",
+    "property names": "keys",
+}
+
+
+class ValidationError(JsonSchemaValueException):
+    """Report violations of a given JSON schema.
+
+    This class extends :exc:`~fastjsonschema.JsonSchemaValueException`
+    by adding the following properties:
+
+    - ``summary``: an improved version of the ``JsonSchemaValueException`` error message
+      with only the necessary information)
+
+    - ``details``: more contextual information about the error like the failing schema
+      itself and the value that violates the schema.
+
+    Depending on the level of the verbosity of the ``logging`` configuration
+    the exception message will be only ``summary`` (default) or a combination of
+    ``summary`` and ``details`` (when the logging level is set to :obj:`logging.DEBUG`).
+    """
+
+    summary = ""
+    details = ""
+    _original_message = ""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_jsonschema(cls, ex: JsonSchemaValueException):
+        formatter = _ErrorFormatting(ex)
+        obj = cls(str(formatter), ex.value, formatter.name, ex.definition, ex.rule)
+        debug_code = os.getenv("JSONSCHEMA_DEBUG_CODE_GENERATION", "false").lower()
+        if debug_code != "false":  # pragma: no cover
+            obj.__cause__, obj.__traceback__ = ex.__cause__, ex.__traceback__
+        obj._original_message = ex.message
+        obj.summary = formatter.summary
+        obj.details = formatter.details
+        return obj
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def detailed_errors():
+    try:
+        yield
+    except JsonSchemaValueException as ex:
+        raise ValidationError._from_jsonschema(ex) from None
+
+
+class _ErrorFormatting:
+    def __init__(self, ex: JsonSchemaValueException):
+        self.ex = ex
+        self.name = f"`{self._simplify_name(ex.name)}`"
+        self._original_message = self.ex.message.replace(ex.name, self.name)
+        self._summary = ""
+        self._details = ""
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if _logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.DEBUG and self.details:
+            return f"{self.summary}\n\n{self.details}"
+
+        return self.summary
+
+    @property
+    def summary(self) -> str:
+        if not self._summary:
+            self._summary = self._expand_summary()
+
+        return self._summary
+
+    @property
+    def details(self) -> str:
+        if not self._details:
+            self._details = self._expand_details()
+
+        return self._details
+
+    def _simplify_name(self, name):
+        x = len("data.")
+        return name[x:] if name.startswith("data.") else name
+
+    def _expand_summary(self):
+        msg = self._original_message
+
+        for bad, repl in _MESSAGE_REPLACEMENTS.items():
+            msg = msg.replace(bad, repl)
+
+        if any(substring in msg for substring in _SKIP_DETAILS):
+            return msg
+
+        schema = self.ex.rule_definition
+        if self.ex.rule in _NEED_DETAILS and schema:
+            summary = _SummaryWriter(_TOML_JARGON)
+            return f"{msg}:\n\n{indent(summary(schema), '    ')}"
+
+        return msg
+
+    def _expand_details(self) -> str:
+        optional = []
+        desc_lines = self.ex.definition.pop("$$description", [])
+        desc = self.ex.definition.pop("description", None) or " ".join(desc_lines)
+        if desc:
+            description = "\n".join(
+                wrap(
+                    desc,
+                    width=80,
+                    initial_indent="    ",
+                    subsequent_indent="    ",
+                    break_long_words=False,
+                )
+            )
+            optional.append(f"DESCRIPTION:\n{description}")
+        schema = json.dumps(self.ex.definition, indent=4)
+        value = json.dumps(self.ex.value, indent=4)
+        defaults = [
+            f"GIVEN VALUE:\n{indent(value, '    ')}",
+            f"OFFENDING RULE: {self.ex.rule!r}",
+            f"DEFINITION:\n{indent(schema, '    ')}",
+        ]
+        return "\n\n".join(optional + defaults)
+
+
+class _SummaryWriter:
+    _IGNORE = {"description", "default", "title", "examples"}
+
+    def __init__(self, jargon: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None):
+        self.jargon: Dict[str, str] = jargon or {}
+        # Clarify confusing terms
+        self._terms = {
+            "anyOf": "at least one of the following",
+            "oneOf": "exactly one of the following",
+            "allOf": "all of the following",
+            "not": "(*NOT* the following)",
+            "prefixItems": f"{self._jargon('items')} (in order)",
+            "items": "items",
+            "contains": "contains at least one of",
+            "propertyNames": (
+                f"non-predefined acceptable {self._jargon('property names')}"
+            ),
+            "patternProperties": f"{self._jargon('properties')} named via pattern",
+            "const": "predefined value",
+            "enum": "one of",
+        }
+        # Attributes that indicate that the definition is easy and can be done
+        # inline (e.g. string and number)
+        self._guess_inline_defs = [
+            "enum",
+            "const",
+            "maxLength",
+            "minLength",
+            "pattern",
+            "format",
+            "minimum",
+            "maximum",
+            "exclusiveMinimum",
+            "exclusiveMaximum",
+            "multipleOf",
+        ]
+
+    def _jargon(self, term: Union[str, List[str]]) -> Union[str, List[str]]:
+        if isinstance(term, list):
+            return [self.jargon.get(t, t) for t in term]
+        return self.jargon.get(term, term)
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        schema: Union[dict, List[dict]],
+        prefix: str = "",
+        *,
+        _path: Sequence[str] = (),
+    ) -> str:
+        if isinstance(schema, list):
+            return self._handle_list(schema, prefix, _path)
+
+        filtered = self._filter_unecessary(schema, _path)
+        simple = self._handle_simple_dict(filtered, _path)
+        if simple:
+            return f"{prefix}{simple}"
+
+        child_prefix = self._child_prefix(prefix, "  ")
+        item_prefix = self._child_prefix(prefix, "- ")
+        indent = len(prefix) * " "
+        with io.StringIO() as buffer:
+            for i, (key, value) in enumerate(filtered.items()):
+                child_path = [*_path, key]
+                line_prefix = prefix if i == 0 else indent
+                buffer.write(f"{line_prefix}{self._label(child_path)}:")
+                # ^  just the first item should receive the complete prefix
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    filtered = self._filter_unecessary(value, child_path)
+                    simple = self._handle_simple_dict(filtered, child_path)
+                    buffer.write(
+                        f" {simple}"
+                        if simple
+                        else f"\n{self(value, child_prefix, _path=child_path)}"
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(value, list) and (
+                    key != "type" or self._is_property(child_path)
+                ):
+                    children = self._handle_list(value, item_prefix, child_path)
+                    sep = " " if children.startswith("[") else "\n"
+                    buffer.write(f"{sep}{children}")
+                else:
+                    buffer.write(f" {self._value(value, child_path)}\n")
+            return buffer.getvalue()
+
+    def _is_unecessary(self, path: Sequence[str]) -> bool:
+        if self._is_property(path) or not path:  # empty path => instruction @ root
+            return False
+        key = path[-1]
+        return any(key.startswith(k) for k in "$_") or key in self._IGNORE
+
+    def _filter_unecessary(self, schema: dict, path: Sequence[str]):
+        return {
+            key: value
+            for key, value in schema.items()
+            if not self._is_unecessary([*path, key])
+        }
+
+    def _handle_simple_dict(self, value: dict, path: Sequence[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+        inline = any(p in value for p in self._guess_inline_defs)
+        simple = not any(isinstance(v, (list, dict)) for v in value.values())
+        if inline or simple:
+            return f"{{{', '.join(self._inline_attrs(value, path))}}}\n"
+        return None
+
+    def _handle_list(
+        self, schemas: list, prefix: str = "", path: Sequence[str] = ()
+    ) -> str:
+        if self._is_unecessary(path):
+            return ""
+
+        repr_ = repr(schemas)
+        if all(not isinstance(e, (dict, list)) for e in schemas) and len(repr_) < 60:
+            return f"{repr_}\n"
+
+        item_prefix = self._child_prefix(prefix, "- ")
+        return "".join(
+            self(v, item_prefix, _path=[*path, f"[{i}]"]) for i, v in enumerate(schemas)
+        )
+
+    def _is_property(self, path: Sequence[str]):
+        """Check if the given path can correspond to an arbitrarily named property"""
+        counter = 0
+        for key in path[-2::-1]:
+            if key not in {"properties", "patternProperties"}:
+                break
+            counter += 1
+
+        # If the counter if even, the path correspond to a JSON Schema keyword
+        # otherwise it can be any arbitrary string naming a property
+        return counter % 2 == 1
+
+    def _label(self, path: Sequence[str]) -> str:
+        *parents, key = path
+        if not self._is_property(path):
+            norm_key = _separate_terms(key)
+            return self._terms.get(key) or " ".join(self._jargon(norm_key))
+
+        if parents[-1] == "patternProperties":
+            return f"(regex {key!r})"
+        return repr(key)  # property name
+
+    def _value(self, value: Any, path: Sequence[str]) -> str:
+        if path[-1] == "type" and not self._is_property(path):
+            type_ = self._jargon(value)
+            return (
+                f"[{', '.join(type_)}]" if isinstance(value, list) else cast(str, type_)
+            )
+        return repr(value)
+
+    def _inline_attrs(self, schema: dict, path: Sequence[str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+        for key, value in schema.items():
+            child_path = [*path, key]
+            yield f"{self._label(child_path)}: {self._value(value, child_path)}"
+
+    def _child_prefix(self, parent_prefix: str, child_prefix: str) -> str:
+        return len(parent_prefix) * " " + child_prefix
+
+
+def _separate_terms(word: str) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    >>> _separate_terms("FooBar-foo")
+    ['foo', 'bar', 'foo']
+    """
+    return [w.lower() for w in _CAMEL_CASE_SPLITTER.split(word) if w]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/extra_validations.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/extra_validations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4130a421cfd7260d323b13cbd9d75ab8146e6030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/extra_validations.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""The purpose of this module is implement PEP 621 validations that are
+difficult to express as a JSON Schema (or that are not supported by the current
+JSON Schema library).
+"""
+
+from typing import Mapping, TypeVar
+
+from .error_reporting import ValidationError
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=Mapping)
+
+
+class RedefiningStaticFieldAsDynamic(ValidationError):
+    """According to PEP 621:
+
+    Build back-ends MUST raise an error if the metadata specifies a field
+    statically as well as being listed in dynamic.
+    """
+
+
+def validate_project_dynamic(pyproject: T) -> T:
+    project_table = pyproject.get("project", {})
+    dynamic = project_table.get("dynamic", [])
+
+    for field in dynamic:
+        if field in project_table:
+            msg = f"You cannot provide a value for `project.{field}` and "
+            msg += "list it under `project.dynamic` at the same time"
+            name = f"data.project.{field}"
+            value = {field: project_table[field], "...": " # ...", "dynamic": dynamic}
+            raise RedefiningStaticFieldAsDynamic(msg, value, name, rule="PEP 621")
+
+    return pyproject
+
+
+EXTRA_VALIDATIONS = (validate_project_dynamic,)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/fastjsonschema_exceptions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/fastjsonschema_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2dddd6a106f021a4723c1e8f5953ccc09e55e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/fastjsonschema_exceptions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import re
+
+
+SPLIT_RE = re.compile(r'[\.\[\]]+')
+
+
+class JsonSchemaException(ValueError):
+    """
+    Base exception of ``fastjsonschema`` library.
+    """
+
+
+class JsonSchemaValueException(JsonSchemaException):
+    """
+    Exception raised by validation function. Available properties:
+
+     * ``message`` containing human-readable information what is wrong (e.g. ``data.property[index] must be smaller than or equal to 42``),
+     * invalid ``value`` (e.g. ``60``),
+     * ``name`` of a path in the data structure (e.g. ``data.property[index]``),
+     * ``path`` as an array in the data structure (e.g. ``['data', 'property', 'index']``),
+     * the whole ``definition`` which the ``value`` has to fulfil (e.g. ``{'type': 'number', 'maximum': 42}``),
+     * ``rule`` which the ``value`` is breaking (e.g. ``maximum``)
+     * and ``rule_definition`` (e.g. ``42``).
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.14.0
+        Added all extra properties.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, value=None, name=None, definition=None, rule=None):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.message = message
+        self.value = value
+        self.name = name
+        self.definition = definition
+        self.rule = rule
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return [item for item in SPLIT_RE.split(self.name) if item != '']
+
+    @property
+    def rule_definition(self):
+        if not self.rule or not self.definition:
+            return None
+        return self.definition.get(self.rule)
+
+
+class JsonSchemaDefinitionException(JsonSchemaException):
+    """
+    Exception raised by generator of validation function.
+    """
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/fastjsonschema_validations.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/fastjsonschema_validations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b852bbfd41797c764260d54f87c388ddda55595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/fastjsonschema_validations.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+# noqa
+# flake8: noqa
+# pylint: skip-file
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+# yapf: disable
+# pylama:skip=1
+
+
+# *** PLEASE DO NOT MODIFY DIRECTLY: Automatically generated code *** 
+
+
+VERSION = "2.16.3"
+import re
+from .fastjsonschema_exceptions import JsonSchemaValueException
+
+
+REGEX_PATTERNS = {
+    '^.*$': re.compile('^.*$'),
+    '.+': re.compile('.+'),
+    '^.+$': re.compile('^.+$'),
+    'idn-email_re_pattern': re.compile('^[^@]+@[^@]+\\.[^@]+\\Z')
+}
+
+NoneType = type(None)
+
+def validate(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_build_dependencies(data, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + "")
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_build_dependencies(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-build-dependencies/', 'title': 'Data structure for ``pyproject.toml`` files', '$$description': ['File format containing build-time configurations for the Python ecosystem. ', ':pep:`517` initially defined a build-system independent format for source trees', 'which was complemented by :pep:`518` to provide a way of specifying dependencies ', 'for building Python projects.', 'Please notice the ``project`` table (as initially defined in  :pep:`621`) is not included', 'in this schema and should be considered separately.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'build-system': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Table used to store build-related data', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'requires': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of dependencies in the :pep:`508` format required to execute the build', 'system. Please notice that the resulting dependency graph', '**MUST NOT contain cycles**'], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'build-backend': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, 'backend-path': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of directories to be prepended to ``sys.path`` when loading the', 'back-end, and running its hooks'], 'items': {'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}}}, 'required': ['requires']}, 'project': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create command-line wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.']}, 'gui-scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create GUI wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.', 'The difference between ``scripts`` and ``gui-scripts`` is only relevant in', 'Windows.']}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group'}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}, 'tool': {'type': 'object', 'properties': {'distutils': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://docs.python.org/3/install/', 'title': '``tool.distutils`` table', '$$description': ['Originally, ``distutils`` allowed developers to configure arguments for', '``setup.py`` scripts via `distutils configuration files', '<https://docs.python.org/3/install/#distutils-configuration-files>`_.', '``tool.distutils`` subtables could be used with the same purpose', '(NOT CURRENTLY IMPLEMENTED).'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'global': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Global options applied to all ``distutils`` commands'}}, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'type': 'object'}}, '$comment': 'TODO: Is there a practical way of making this schema more specific?'}, 'setuptools': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/keywords.html', 'title': '``tool.setuptools`` table', '$$description': ['Please notice for the time being the ``setuptools`` project does not specify', 'a way of configuring builds via ``pyproject.toml``.', 'Therefore this schema should be taken just as a *"thought experiment"* on how', 'this *might be done*, by following the principles established in', '`ini2toml <https://ini2toml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools_pep621.html>`_.', 'It considers only ``setuptools`` `parameters', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/declarative_config.html>`_', 'that can currently be configured via ``setup.cfg`` and are not covered by :pep:`621`', 'but intentionally excludes ``dependency_links`` and ``setup_requires``.', 'NOTE: ``scripts`` was renamed to ``script-files`` to avoid confusion with', 'entry-point based scripts (defined in :pep:`621`).'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'platforms': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'provides': {'$$description': ['Package and virtual package names contained within this package', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'obsoletes': {'$$description': ['Packages which this package renders obsolete', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'zip-safe': {'description': 'Whether the project can be safely installed and run from a zip file.', 'type': 'boolean'}, 'script-files': {'description': 'Legacy way of defining scripts (entry-points are preferred).', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$comment': 'TODO: is this field deprecated/should be removed?'}, 'eager-resources': {'$$description': ['Resources that should be extracted together, if any of them is needed,', 'or if any C extensions included in the project are imported.'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'packages': {'$$description': ['Packages that should be included in the distribution.', 'It can be given either as a list of package identifiers', 'or as a ``dict``-like structure with a single key ``find``', 'which corresponds to a dynamic call to', '``setuptools.config.expand.find_packages`` function.', 'The ``find`` key is associated with a nested ``dict``-like structure that can', 'contain ``where``, ``include``, ``exclude`` and ``namespaces`` keys,', 'mimicking the keyword arguments of the associated function.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/package-name'}}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/find-directive'}]}, 'package-dir': {'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/package-name'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, 'package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'include-package-data': {'$$description': ['Automatically include any data files inside the package directories', 'that are specified by ``MANIFEST.in``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'boolean'}, 'exclude-package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'namespace-packages': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html'}, 'py-modules': {'description': 'Modules that setuptools will manipulate', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'TODO: clarify the relationship with ``packages``'}, 'data-files': {'$$description': ['**DEPRECATED**: dict-like structure where each key represents a directory and', 'the value is a list of glob patterns that should be installed in them.', "Please notice this don't work with wheels. See `data files support", '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'cmdclass': {'$$description': ['Mapping of distutils-style command names to ``setuptools.Command`` subclasses', 'which in turn should be represented by strings with a qualified class name', '(i.e., "dotted" form with module), e.g.::\n\n', '    cmdclass = {mycmd = "pkg.subpkg.module.CommandClass"}\n\n', 'The command class should be a directly defined at the top-level of the', 'containing module (no class nesting).'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}}}, 'license-files': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$$description': ['PROVISIONAL: List of glob patterns for all license files being distributed.', '(might become standard with PEP 639).', "By default: ``['LICEN[CS]E*', 'COPYING*', 'NOTICE*', 'AUTHORS*']``"], '$comment': 'TODO: revise if PEP 639 is accepted. Probably ``project.license-files``?'}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/attr-directive'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}]}, 'classifiers': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'description': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'dependencies': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'entry-points': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}}, 'definitions': {'package-name': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, 'file-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'attr-directive': {'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, 'find-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}}}}}}, 'project': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create command-line wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.']}, 'gui-scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create GUI wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.', 'The difference between ``scripts`` and ``gui-scripts`` is only relevant in', 'Windows.']}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group'}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "build-system" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("build-system")
+            data__buildsystem = data["build-system"]
+            if not isinstance(data__buildsystem, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system must be object", value=data__buildsystem, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Table used to store build-related data', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'requires': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of dependencies in the :pep:`508` format required to execute the build', 'system. Please notice that the resulting dependency graph', '**MUST NOT contain cycles**'], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'build-backend': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, 'backend-path': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of directories to be prepended to ``sys.path`` when loading the', 'back-end, and running its hooks'], 'items': {'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}}}, 'required': ['requires']}, rule='type')
+            data__buildsystem_is_dict = isinstance(data__buildsystem, dict)
+            if data__buildsystem_is_dict:
+                data__buildsystem_len = len(data__buildsystem)
+                if not all(prop in data__buildsystem for prop in ['requires']):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system must contain ['requires'] properties", value=data__buildsystem, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Table used to store build-related data', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'requires': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of dependencies in the :pep:`508` format required to execute the build', 'system. Please notice that the resulting dependency graph', '**MUST NOT contain cycles**'], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'build-backend': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, 'backend-path': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of directories to be prepended to ``sys.path`` when loading the', 'back-end, and running its hooks'], 'items': {'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}}}, 'required': ['requires']}, rule='required')
+                data__buildsystem_keys = set(data__buildsystem.keys())
+                if "requires" in data__buildsystem_keys:
+                    data__buildsystem_keys.remove("requires")
+                    data__buildsystem__requires = data__buildsystem["requires"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__buildsystem__requires, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.requires must be array", value=data__buildsystem__requires, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.requires", definition={'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of dependencies in the :pep:`508` format required to execute the build', 'system. Please notice that the resulting dependency graph', '**MUST NOT contain cycles**'], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                    data__buildsystem__requires_is_list = isinstance(data__buildsystem__requires, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__buildsystem__requires_is_list:
+                        data__buildsystem__requires_len = len(data__buildsystem__requires)
+                        for data__buildsystem__requires_x, data__buildsystem__requires_item in enumerate(data__buildsystem__requires):
+                            if not isinstance(data__buildsystem__requires_item, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.requires[{data__buildsystem__requires_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__buildsystem__requires_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.requires[{data__buildsystem__requires_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if "build-backend" in data__buildsystem_keys:
+                    data__buildsystem_keys.remove("build-backend")
+                    data__buildsystem__buildbackend = data__buildsystem["build-backend"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__buildsystem__buildbackend, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.build-backend must be string", value=data__buildsystem__buildbackend, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.build-backend", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, rule='type')
+                    if isinstance(data__buildsystem__buildbackend, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["pep517-backend-reference"](data__buildsystem__buildbackend):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.build-backend must be pep517-backend-reference", value=data__buildsystem__buildbackend, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.build-backend", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, rule='format')
+                if "backend-path" in data__buildsystem_keys:
+                    data__buildsystem_keys.remove("backend-path")
+                    data__buildsystem__backendpath = data__buildsystem["backend-path"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__buildsystem__backendpath, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.backend-path must be array", value=data__buildsystem__backendpath, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.backend-path", definition={'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of directories to be prepended to ``sys.path`` when loading the', 'back-end, and running its hooks'], 'items': {'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}}, rule='type')
+                    data__buildsystem__backendpath_is_list = isinstance(data__buildsystem__backendpath, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__buildsystem__backendpath_is_list:
+                        data__buildsystem__backendpath_len = len(data__buildsystem__backendpath)
+                        for data__buildsystem__backendpath_x, data__buildsystem__backendpath_item in enumerate(data__buildsystem__backendpath):
+                            if not isinstance(data__buildsystem__backendpath_item, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.backend-path[{data__buildsystem__backendpath_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__buildsystem__backendpath_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system.backend-path[{data__buildsystem__backendpath_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}, rule='type')
+                if data__buildsystem_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system must not contain "+str(data__buildsystem_keys)+" properties", value=data__buildsystem, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".build-system", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Table used to store build-related data', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'requires': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of dependencies in the :pep:`508` format required to execute the build', 'system. Please notice that the resulting dependency graph', '**MUST NOT contain cycles**'], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'build-backend': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, 'backend-path': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of directories to be prepended to ``sys.path`` when loading the', 'back-end, and running its hooks'], 'items': {'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}}}, 'required': ['requires']}, rule='additionalProperties')
+        if "project" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("project")
+            data__project = data["project"]
+            validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata(data__project, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".project")
+        if "tool" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("tool")
+            data__tool = data["tool"]
+            if not isinstance(data__tool, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".tool must be object", value=data__tool, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".tool", definition={'type': 'object', 'properties': {'distutils': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://docs.python.org/3/install/', 'title': '``tool.distutils`` table', '$$description': ['Originally, ``distutils`` allowed developers to configure arguments for', '``setup.py`` scripts via `distutils configuration files', '<https://docs.python.org/3/install/#distutils-configuration-files>`_.', '``tool.distutils`` subtables could be used with the same purpose', '(NOT CURRENTLY IMPLEMENTED).'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'global': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Global options applied to all ``distutils`` commands'}}, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'type': 'object'}}, '$comment': 'TODO: Is there a practical way of making this schema more specific?'}, 'setuptools': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/keywords.html', 'title': '``tool.setuptools`` table', '$$description': ['Please notice for the time being the ``setuptools`` project does not specify', 'a way of configuring builds via ``pyproject.toml``.', 'Therefore this schema should be taken just as a *"thought experiment"* on how', 'this *might be done*, by following the principles established in', '`ini2toml <https://ini2toml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools_pep621.html>`_.', 'It considers only ``setuptools`` `parameters', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/declarative_config.html>`_', 'that can currently be configured via ``setup.cfg`` and are not covered by :pep:`621`', 'but intentionally excludes ``dependency_links`` and ``setup_requires``.', 'NOTE: ``scripts`` was renamed to ``script-files`` to avoid confusion with', 'entry-point based scripts (defined in :pep:`621`).'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'platforms': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'provides': {'$$description': ['Package and virtual package names contained within this package', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'obsoletes': {'$$description': ['Packages which this package renders obsolete', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'zip-safe': {'description': 'Whether the project can be safely installed and run from a zip file.', 'type': 'boolean'}, 'script-files': {'description': 'Legacy way of defining scripts (entry-points are preferred).', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$comment': 'TODO: is this field deprecated/should be removed?'}, 'eager-resources': {'$$description': ['Resources that should be extracted together, if any of them is needed,', 'or if any C extensions included in the project are imported.'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'packages': {'$$description': ['Packages that should be included in the distribution.', 'It can be given either as a list of package identifiers', 'or as a ``dict``-like structure with a single key ``find``', 'which corresponds to a dynamic call to', '``setuptools.config.expand.find_packages`` function.', 'The ``find`` key is associated with a nested ``dict``-like structure that can', 'contain ``where``, ``include``, ``exclude`` and ``namespaces`` keys,', 'mimicking the keyword arguments of the associated function.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/package-name'}}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/find-directive'}]}, 'package-dir': {'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/package-name'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, 'package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'include-package-data': {'$$description': ['Automatically include any data files inside the package directories', 'that are specified by ``MANIFEST.in``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'boolean'}, 'exclude-package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'namespace-packages': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html'}, 'py-modules': {'description': 'Modules that setuptools will manipulate', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'TODO: clarify the relationship with ``packages``'}, 'data-files': {'$$description': ['**DEPRECATED**: dict-like structure where each key represents a directory and', 'the value is a list of glob patterns that should be installed in them.', "Please notice this don't work with wheels. See `data files support", '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'cmdclass': {'$$description': ['Mapping of distutils-style command names to ``setuptools.Command`` subclasses', 'which in turn should be represented by strings with a qualified class name', '(i.e., "dotted" form with module), e.g.::\n\n', '    cmdclass = {mycmd = "pkg.subpkg.module.CommandClass"}\n\n', 'The command class should be a directly defined at the top-level of the', 'containing module (no class nesting).'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}}}, 'license-files': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$$description': ['PROVISIONAL: List of glob patterns for all license files being distributed.', '(might become standard with PEP 639).', "By default: ``['LICEN[CS]E*', 'COPYING*', 'NOTICE*', 'AUTHORS*']``"], '$comment': 'TODO: revise if PEP 639 is accepted. Probably ``project.license-files``?'}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/attr-directive'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}]}, 'classifiers': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'description': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'dependencies': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'entry-points': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}}, 'definitions': {'package-name': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, 'file-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'attr-directive': {'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, 'find-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}}}}}, rule='type')
+            data__tool_is_dict = isinstance(data__tool, dict)
+            if data__tool_is_dict:
+                data__tool_keys = set(data__tool.keys())
+                if "distutils" in data__tool_keys:
+                    data__tool_keys.remove("distutils")
+                    data__tool__distutils = data__tool["distutils"]
+                    validate_https___docs_python_org_3_install(data__tool__distutils, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".tool.distutils")
+                if "setuptools" in data__tool_keys:
+                    data__tool_keys.remove("setuptools")
+                    data__tool__setuptools = data__tool["setuptools"]
+                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html(data__tool__setuptools, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".tool.setuptools")
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-build-dependencies/', 'title': 'Data structure for ``pyproject.toml`` files', '$$description': ['File format containing build-time configurations for the Python ecosystem. ', ':pep:`517` initially defined a build-system independent format for source trees', 'which was complemented by :pep:`518` to provide a way of specifying dependencies ', 'for building Python projects.', 'Please notice the ``project`` table (as initially defined in  :pep:`621`) is not included', 'in this schema and should be considered separately.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'build-system': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Table used to store build-related data', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'requires': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of dependencies in the :pep:`508` format required to execute the build', 'system. Please notice that the resulting dependency graph', '**MUST NOT contain cycles**'], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'build-backend': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Python object that will be used to perform the build according to :pep:`517`', 'format': 'pep517-backend-reference'}, 'backend-path': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['List of directories to be prepended to ``sys.path`` when loading the', 'back-end, and running its hooks'], 'items': {'type': 'string', '$comment': 'Should be a path (TODO: enforce it with format?)'}}}, 'required': ['requires']}, 'project': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create command-line wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.']}, 'gui-scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create GUI wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.', 'The difference between ``scripts`` and ``gui-scripts`` is only relevant in', 'Windows.']}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group'}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}, 'tool': {'type': 'object', 'properties': {'distutils': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://docs.python.org/3/install/', 'title': '``tool.distutils`` table', '$$description': ['Originally, ``distutils`` allowed developers to configure arguments for', '``setup.py`` scripts via `distutils configuration files', '<https://docs.python.org/3/install/#distutils-configuration-files>`_.', '``tool.distutils`` subtables could be used with the same purpose', '(NOT CURRENTLY IMPLEMENTED).'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'global': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Global options applied to all ``distutils`` commands'}}, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'type': 'object'}}, '$comment': 'TODO: Is there a practical way of making this schema more specific?'}, 'setuptools': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/keywords.html', 'title': '``tool.setuptools`` table', '$$description': ['Please notice for the time being the ``setuptools`` project does not specify', 'a way of configuring builds via ``pyproject.toml``.', 'Therefore this schema should be taken just as a *"thought experiment"* on how', 'this *might be done*, by following the principles established in', '`ini2toml <https://ini2toml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools_pep621.html>`_.', 'It considers only ``setuptools`` `parameters', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/declarative_config.html>`_', 'that can currently be configured via ``setup.cfg`` and are not covered by :pep:`621`', 'but intentionally excludes ``dependency_links`` and ``setup_requires``.', 'NOTE: ``scripts`` was renamed to ``script-files`` to avoid confusion with', 'entry-point based scripts (defined in :pep:`621`).'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'platforms': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'provides': {'$$description': ['Package and virtual package names contained within this package', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'obsoletes': {'$$description': ['Packages which this package renders obsolete', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'zip-safe': {'description': 'Whether the project can be safely installed and run from a zip file.', 'type': 'boolean'}, 'script-files': {'description': 'Legacy way of defining scripts (entry-points are preferred).', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$comment': 'TODO: is this field deprecated/should be removed?'}, 'eager-resources': {'$$description': ['Resources that should be extracted together, if any of them is needed,', 'or if any C extensions included in the project are imported.'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'packages': {'$$description': ['Packages that should be included in the distribution.', 'It can be given either as a list of package identifiers', 'or as a ``dict``-like structure with a single key ``find``', 'which corresponds to a dynamic call to', '``setuptools.config.expand.find_packages`` function.', 'The ``find`` key is associated with a nested ``dict``-like structure that can', 'contain ``where``, ``include``, ``exclude`` and ``namespaces`` keys,', 'mimicking the keyword arguments of the associated function.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/package-name'}}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/find-directive'}]}, 'package-dir': {'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/package-name'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, 'package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'include-package-data': {'$$description': ['Automatically include any data files inside the package directories', 'that are specified by ``MANIFEST.in``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'boolean'}, 'exclude-package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'namespace-packages': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html'}, 'py-modules': {'description': 'Modules that setuptools will manipulate', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'TODO: clarify the relationship with ``packages``'}, 'data-files': {'$$description': ['**DEPRECATED**: dict-like structure where each key represents a directory and', 'the value is a list of glob patterns that should be installed in them.', "Please notice this don't work with wheels. See `data files support", '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'cmdclass': {'$$description': ['Mapping of distutils-style command names to ``setuptools.Command`` subclasses', 'which in turn should be represented by strings with a qualified class name', '(i.e., "dotted" form with module), e.g.::\n\n', '    cmdclass = {mycmd = "pkg.subpkg.module.CommandClass"}\n\n', 'The command class should be a directly defined at the top-level of the', 'containing module (no class nesting).'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}}}, 'license-files': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$$description': ['PROVISIONAL: List of glob patterns for all license files being distributed.', '(might become standard with PEP 639).', "By default: ``['LICEN[CS]E*', 'COPYING*', 'NOTICE*', 'AUTHORS*']``"], '$comment': 'TODO: revise if PEP 639 is accepted. Probably ``project.license-files``?'}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/attr-directive'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}]}, 'classifiers': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'description': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'dependencies': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'entry-points': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/file-directive'}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}}, 'definitions': {'package-name': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, 'file-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'attr-directive': {'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, 'find-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}}}}}}, 'project': {'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/author'}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create command-line wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.']}, 'gui-scripts': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', '$$description': ['Instruct the installer to create GUI wrappers for the given', '`entry points <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.', 'The difference between ``scripts`` and ``gui-scripts`` is only relevant in', 'Windows.']}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$ref': '#/definitions/entry-point-group'}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$ref': '#/definitions/dependency'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/keywords.html', 'title': '``tool.setuptools`` table', '$$description': ['Please notice for the time being the ``setuptools`` project does not specify', 'a way of configuring builds via ``pyproject.toml``.', 'Therefore this schema should be taken just as a *"thought experiment"* on how', 'this *might be done*, by following the principles established in', '`ini2toml <https://ini2toml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools_pep621.html>`_.', 'It considers only ``setuptools`` `parameters', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/declarative_config.html>`_', 'that can currently be configured via ``setup.cfg`` and are not covered by :pep:`621`', 'but intentionally excludes ``dependency_links`` and ``setup_requires``.', 'NOTE: ``scripts`` was renamed to ``script-files`` to avoid confusion with', 'entry-point based scripts (defined in :pep:`621`).'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'platforms': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'provides': {'$$description': ['Package and virtual package names contained within this package', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'obsoletes': {'$$description': ['Packages which this package renders obsolete', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'zip-safe': {'description': 'Whether the project can be safely installed and run from a zip file.', 'type': 'boolean'}, 'script-files': {'description': 'Legacy way of defining scripts (entry-points are preferred).', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$comment': 'TODO: is this field deprecated/should be removed?'}, 'eager-resources': {'$$description': ['Resources that should be extracted together, if any of them is needed,', 'or if any C extensions included in the project are imported.'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'packages': {'$$description': ['Packages that should be included in the distribution.', 'It can be given either as a list of package identifiers', 'or as a ``dict``-like structure with a single key ``find``', 'which corresponds to a dynamic call to', '``setuptools.config.expand.find_packages`` function.', 'The ``find`` key is associated with a nested ``dict``-like structure that can', 'contain ``where``, ``include``, ``exclude`` and ``namespaces`` keys,', 'mimicking the keyword arguments of the associated function.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}}, {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}]}, 'package-dir': {'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, 'package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'include-package-data': {'$$description': ['Automatically include any data files inside the package directories', 'that are specified by ``MANIFEST.in``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'boolean'}, 'exclude-package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'namespace-packages': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html'}, 'py-modules': {'description': 'Modules that setuptools will manipulate', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'TODO: clarify the relationship with ``packages``'}, 'data-files': {'$$description': ['**DEPRECATED**: dict-like structure where each key represents a directory and', 'the value is a list of glob patterns that should be installed in them.', "Please notice this don't work with wheels. See `data files support", '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'cmdclass': {'$$description': ['Mapping of distutils-style command names to ``setuptools.Command`` subclasses', 'which in turn should be represented by strings with a qualified class name', '(i.e., "dotted" form with module), e.g.::\n\n', '    cmdclass = {mycmd = "pkg.subpkg.module.CommandClass"}\n\n', 'The command class should be a directly defined at the top-level of the', 'containing module (no class nesting).'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}}}, 'license-files': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$$description': ['PROVISIONAL: List of glob patterns for all license files being distributed.', '(might become standard with PEP 639).', "By default: ``['LICEN[CS]E*', 'COPYING*', 'NOTICE*', 'AUTHORS*']``"], '$comment': 'TODO: revise if PEP 639 is accepted. Probably ``project.license-files``?'}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}]}, 'classifiers': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'description': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'dependencies': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'entry-points': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}}, 'definitions': {'package-name': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, 'file-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'attr-directive': {'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, 'find-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}}}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "platforms" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("platforms")
+            data__platforms = data["platforms"]
+            if not isinstance(data__platforms, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".platforms must be array", value=data__platforms, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".platforms", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+            data__platforms_is_list = isinstance(data__platforms, (list, tuple))
+            if data__platforms_is_list:
+                data__platforms_len = len(data__platforms)
+                for data__platforms_x, data__platforms_item in enumerate(data__platforms):
+                    if not isinstance(data__platforms_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".platforms[{data__platforms_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__platforms_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".platforms[{data__platforms_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if "provides" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("provides")
+            data__provides = data["provides"]
+            if not isinstance(data__provides, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".provides must be array", value=data__provides, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".provides", definition={'$$description': ['Package and virtual package names contained within this package', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, rule='type')
+            data__provides_is_list = isinstance(data__provides, (list, tuple))
+            if data__provides_is_list:
+                data__provides_len = len(data__provides)
+                for data__provides_x, data__provides_item in enumerate(data__provides):
+                    if not isinstance(data__provides_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".provides[{data__provides_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__provides_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".provides[{data__provides_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='type')
+                    if isinstance(data__provides_item, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["pep508-identifier"](data__provides_item):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".provides[{data__provides_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be pep508-identifier", value=data__provides_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".provides[{data__provides_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='format')
+        if "obsoletes" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("obsoletes")
+            data__obsoletes = data["obsoletes"]
+            if not isinstance(data__obsoletes, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".obsoletes must be array", value=data__obsoletes, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".obsoletes", definition={'$$description': ['Packages which this package renders obsolete', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, rule='type')
+            data__obsoletes_is_list = isinstance(data__obsoletes, (list, tuple))
+            if data__obsoletes_is_list:
+                data__obsoletes_len = len(data__obsoletes)
+                for data__obsoletes_x, data__obsoletes_item in enumerate(data__obsoletes):
+                    if not isinstance(data__obsoletes_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".obsoletes[{data__obsoletes_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__obsoletes_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".obsoletes[{data__obsoletes_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='type')
+                    if isinstance(data__obsoletes_item, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["pep508-identifier"](data__obsoletes_item):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".obsoletes[{data__obsoletes_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be pep508-identifier", value=data__obsoletes_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".obsoletes[{data__obsoletes_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='format')
+        if "zip-safe" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("zip-safe")
+            data__zipsafe = data["zip-safe"]
+            if not isinstance(data__zipsafe, (bool)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".zip-safe must be boolean", value=data__zipsafe, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".zip-safe", definition={'description': 'Whether the project can be safely installed and run from a zip file.', 'type': 'boolean'}, rule='type')
+        if "script-files" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("script-files")
+            data__scriptfiles = data["script-files"]
+            if not isinstance(data__scriptfiles, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".script-files must be array", value=data__scriptfiles, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".script-files", definition={'description': 'Legacy way of defining scripts (entry-points are preferred).', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$comment': 'TODO: is this field deprecated/should be removed?'}, rule='type')
+            data__scriptfiles_is_list = isinstance(data__scriptfiles, (list, tuple))
+            if data__scriptfiles_is_list:
+                data__scriptfiles_len = len(data__scriptfiles)
+                for data__scriptfiles_x, data__scriptfiles_item in enumerate(data__scriptfiles):
+                    if not isinstance(data__scriptfiles_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".script-files[{data__scriptfiles_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__scriptfiles_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".script-files[{data__scriptfiles_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if "eager-resources" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("eager-resources")
+            data__eagerresources = data["eager-resources"]
+            if not isinstance(data__eagerresources, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".eager-resources must be array", value=data__eagerresources, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".eager-resources", definition={'$$description': ['Resources that should be extracted together, if any of them is needed,', 'or if any C extensions included in the project are imported.'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+            data__eagerresources_is_list = isinstance(data__eagerresources, (list, tuple))
+            if data__eagerresources_is_list:
+                data__eagerresources_len = len(data__eagerresources)
+                for data__eagerresources_x, data__eagerresources_item in enumerate(data__eagerresources):
+                    if not isinstance(data__eagerresources_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".eager-resources[{data__eagerresources_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__eagerresources_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".eager-resources[{data__eagerresources_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if "packages" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("packages")
+            data__packages = data["packages"]
+            data__packages_one_of_count1 = 0
+            if data__packages_one_of_count1 < 2:
+                try:
+                    if not isinstance(data__packages, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".packages must be array", value=data__packages, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".packages", definition={'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}}, rule='type')
+                    data__packages_is_list = isinstance(data__packages, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__packages_is_list:
+                        data__packages_len = len(data__packages)
+                        for data__packages_x, data__packages_item in enumerate(data__packages):
+                            validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_package_name(data__packages_item, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".packages[{data__packages_x}]".format(**locals()))
+                    data__packages_one_of_count1 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__packages_one_of_count1 < 2:
+                try:
+                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_find_directive(data__packages, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".packages")
+                    data__packages_one_of_count1 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__packages_one_of_count1 != 1:
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".packages must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__packages_one_of_count1) + " matches found)"), value=data__packages, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".packages", definition={'$$description': ['Packages that should be included in the distribution.', 'It can be given either as a list of package identifiers', 'or as a ``dict``-like structure with a single key ``find``', 'which corresponds to a dynamic call to', '``setuptools.config.expand.find_packages`` function.', 'The ``find`` key is associated with a nested ``dict``-like structure that can', 'contain ``where``, ``include``, ``exclude`` and ``namespaces`` keys,', 'mimicking the keyword arguments of the associated function.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}}, {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}]}, rule='oneOf')
+        if "package-dir" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("package-dir")
+            data__packagedir = data["package-dir"]
+            if not isinstance(data__packagedir, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir must be object", value=data__packagedir, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir", definition={'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, rule='type')
+            data__packagedir_is_dict = isinstance(data__packagedir, dict)
+            if data__packagedir_is_dict:
+                data__packagedir_keys = set(data__packagedir.keys())
+                for data__packagedir_key, data__packagedir_val in data__packagedir.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.*$'].search(data__packagedir_key):
+                        if data__packagedir_key in data__packagedir_keys:
+                            data__packagedir_keys.remove(data__packagedir_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__packagedir_val, (str)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir.{data__packagedir_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__packagedir_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir.{data__packagedir_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if data__packagedir_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir must not contain "+str(data__packagedir_keys)+" properties", value=data__packagedir, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir", definition={'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+                data__packagedir_len = len(data__packagedir)
+                if data__packagedir_len != 0:
+                    data__packagedir_property_names = True
+                    for data__packagedir_key in data__packagedir:
+                        try:
+                            data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2 = 0
+                            if data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2 < 2:
+                                try:
+                                    if data__packagedir_key != "":
+                                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir must be same as const definition: ", value=data__packagedir_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir", definition={'const': ''}, rule='const')
+                                    data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2 += 1
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                            if data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2 < 2:
+                                try:
+                                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_package_name(data__packagedir_key, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir")
+                                    data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2 += 1
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                            if data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2 != 1:
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__packagedir_key_one_of_count2) + " matches found)"), value=data__packagedir_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir", definition={'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}]}, rule='oneOf')
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                            data__packagedir_property_names = False
+                    if not data__packagedir_property_names:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir must be named by propertyName definition", value=data__packagedir, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-dir", definition={'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+        if "package-data" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("package-data")
+            data__packagedata = data["package-data"]
+            if not isinstance(data__packagedata, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data must be object", value=data__packagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='type')
+            data__packagedata_is_dict = isinstance(data__packagedata, dict)
+            if data__packagedata_is_dict:
+                data__packagedata_keys = set(data__packagedata.keys())
+                for data__packagedata_key, data__packagedata_val in data__packagedata.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.*$'].search(data__packagedata_key):
+                        if data__packagedata_key in data__packagedata_keys:
+                            data__packagedata_keys.remove(data__packagedata_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__packagedata_val, (list, tuple)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data.{data__packagedata_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be array", value=data__packagedata_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data.{data__packagedata_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                        data__packagedata_val_is_list = isinstance(data__packagedata_val, (list, tuple))
+                        if data__packagedata_val_is_list:
+                            data__packagedata_val_len = len(data__packagedata_val)
+                            for data__packagedata_val_x, data__packagedata_val_item in enumerate(data__packagedata_val):
+                                if not isinstance(data__packagedata_val_item, (str)):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data.{data__packagedata_key}[{data__packagedata_val_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__packagedata_val_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data.{data__packagedata_key}[{data__packagedata_val_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if data__packagedata_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data must not contain "+str(data__packagedata_keys)+" properties", value=data__packagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+                data__packagedata_len = len(data__packagedata)
+                if data__packagedata_len != 0:
+                    data__packagedata_property_names = True
+                    for data__packagedata_key in data__packagedata:
+                        try:
+                            data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3 = 0
+                            if data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3 < 2:
+                                try:
+                                    if isinstance(data__packagedata_key, str):
+                                        if not custom_formats["python-module-name"](data__packagedata_key):
+                                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data must be python-module-name", value=data__packagedata_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data", definition={'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='format')
+                                    data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3 += 1
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                            if data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3 < 2:
+                                try:
+                                    if data__packagedata_key != "*":
+                                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data must be same as const definition: *", value=data__packagedata_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data", definition={'const': '*'}, rule='const')
+                                    data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3 += 1
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                            if data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3 != 1:
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__packagedata_key_one_of_count3) + " matches found)"), value=data__packagedata_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data", definition={'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, rule='oneOf')
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                            data__packagedata_property_names = False
+                    if not data__packagedata_property_names:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data must be named by propertyName definition", value=data__packagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+        if "include-package-data" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("include-package-data")
+            data__includepackagedata = data["include-package-data"]
+            if not isinstance(data__includepackagedata, (bool)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".include-package-data must be boolean", value=data__includepackagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".include-package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Automatically include any data files inside the package directories', 'that are specified by ``MANIFEST.in``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'boolean'}, rule='type')
+        if "exclude-package-data" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("exclude-package-data")
+            data__excludepackagedata = data["exclude-package-data"]
+            if not isinstance(data__excludepackagedata, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data must be object", value=data__excludepackagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='type')
+            data__excludepackagedata_is_dict = isinstance(data__excludepackagedata, dict)
+            if data__excludepackagedata_is_dict:
+                data__excludepackagedata_keys = set(data__excludepackagedata.keys())
+                for data__excludepackagedata_key, data__excludepackagedata_val in data__excludepackagedata.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.*$'].search(data__excludepackagedata_key):
+                        if data__excludepackagedata_key in data__excludepackagedata_keys:
+                            data__excludepackagedata_keys.remove(data__excludepackagedata_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__excludepackagedata_val, (list, tuple)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data.{data__excludepackagedata_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be array", value=data__excludepackagedata_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data.{data__excludepackagedata_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                        data__excludepackagedata_val_is_list = isinstance(data__excludepackagedata_val, (list, tuple))
+                        if data__excludepackagedata_val_is_list:
+                            data__excludepackagedata_val_len = len(data__excludepackagedata_val)
+                            for data__excludepackagedata_val_x, data__excludepackagedata_val_item in enumerate(data__excludepackagedata_val):
+                                if not isinstance(data__excludepackagedata_val_item, (str)):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data.{data__excludepackagedata_key}[{data__excludepackagedata_val_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__excludepackagedata_val_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data.{data__excludepackagedata_key}[{data__excludepackagedata_val_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if data__excludepackagedata_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data must not contain "+str(data__excludepackagedata_keys)+" properties", value=data__excludepackagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+                data__excludepackagedata_len = len(data__excludepackagedata)
+                if data__excludepackagedata_len != 0:
+                    data__excludepackagedata_property_names = True
+                    for data__excludepackagedata_key in data__excludepackagedata:
+                        try:
+                            data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4 = 0
+                            if data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4 < 2:
+                                try:
+                                    if isinstance(data__excludepackagedata_key, str):
+                                        if not custom_formats["python-module-name"](data__excludepackagedata_key):
+                                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data must be python-module-name", value=data__excludepackagedata_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data", definition={'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='format')
+                                    data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4 += 1
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                            if data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4 < 2:
+                                try:
+                                    if data__excludepackagedata_key != "*":
+                                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data must be same as const definition: *", value=data__excludepackagedata_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data", definition={'const': '*'}, rule='const')
+                                    data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4 += 1
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                            if data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4 != 1:
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__excludepackagedata_key_one_of_count4) + " matches found)"), value=data__excludepackagedata_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data", definition={'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, rule='oneOf')
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                            data__excludepackagedata_property_names = False
+                    if not data__excludepackagedata_property_names:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data must be named by propertyName definition", value=data__excludepackagedata, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".exclude-package-data", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+        if "namespace-packages" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("namespace-packages")
+            data__namespacepackages = data["namespace-packages"]
+            if not isinstance(data__namespacepackages, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".namespace-packages must be array", value=data__namespacepackages, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".namespace-packages", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html'}, rule='type')
+            data__namespacepackages_is_list = isinstance(data__namespacepackages, (list, tuple))
+            if data__namespacepackages_is_list:
+                data__namespacepackages_len = len(data__namespacepackages)
+                for data__namespacepackages_x, data__namespacepackages_item in enumerate(data__namespacepackages):
+                    if not isinstance(data__namespacepackages_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".namespace-packages[{data__namespacepackages_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__namespacepackages_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".namespace-packages[{data__namespacepackages_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='type')
+                    if isinstance(data__namespacepackages_item, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["python-module-name"](data__namespacepackages_item):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".namespace-packages[{data__namespacepackages_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be python-module-name", value=data__namespacepackages_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".namespace-packages[{data__namespacepackages_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='format')
+        if "py-modules" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("py-modules")
+            data__pymodules = data["py-modules"]
+            if not isinstance(data__pymodules, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".py-modules must be array", value=data__pymodules, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".py-modules", definition={'description': 'Modules that setuptools will manipulate', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'TODO: clarify the relationship with ``packages``'}, rule='type')
+            data__pymodules_is_list = isinstance(data__pymodules, (list, tuple))
+            if data__pymodules_is_list:
+                data__pymodules_len = len(data__pymodules)
+                for data__pymodules_x, data__pymodules_item in enumerate(data__pymodules):
+                    if not isinstance(data__pymodules_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".py-modules[{data__pymodules_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__pymodules_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".py-modules[{data__pymodules_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='type')
+                    if isinstance(data__pymodules_item, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["python-module-name"](data__pymodules_item):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".py-modules[{data__pymodules_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be python-module-name", value=data__pymodules_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".py-modules[{data__pymodules_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='format')
+        if "data-files" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("data-files")
+            data__datafiles = data["data-files"]
+            if not isinstance(data__datafiles, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".data-files must be object", value=data__datafiles, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".data-files", definition={'$$description': ['**DEPRECATED**: dict-like structure where each key represents a directory and', 'the value is a list of glob patterns that should be installed in them.', "Please notice this don't work with wheels. See `data files support", '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, rule='type')
+            data__datafiles_is_dict = isinstance(data__datafiles, dict)
+            if data__datafiles_is_dict:
+                data__datafiles_keys = set(data__datafiles.keys())
+                for data__datafiles_key, data__datafiles_val in data__datafiles.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.*$'].search(data__datafiles_key):
+                        if data__datafiles_key in data__datafiles_keys:
+                            data__datafiles_keys.remove(data__datafiles_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__datafiles_val, (list, tuple)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".data-files.{data__datafiles_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be array", value=data__datafiles_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".data-files.{data__datafiles_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                        data__datafiles_val_is_list = isinstance(data__datafiles_val, (list, tuple))
+                        if data__datafiles_val_is_list:
+                            data__datafiles_val_len = len(data__datafiles_val)
+                            for data__datafiles_val_x, data__datafiles_val_item in enumerate(data__datafiles_val):
+                                if not isinstance(data__datafiles_val_item, (str)):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".data-files.{data__datafiles_key}[{data__datafiles_val_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__datafiles_val_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".data-files.{data__datafiles_key}[{data__datafiles_val_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if "cmdclass" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("cmdclass")
+            data__cmdclass = data["cmdclass"]
+            if not isinstance(data__cmdclass, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".cmdclass must be object", value=data__cmdclass, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".cmdclass", definition={'$$description': ['Mapping of distutils-style command names to ``setuptools.Command`` subclasses', 'which in turn should be represented by strings with a qualified class name', '(i.e., "dotted" form with module), e.g.::\n\n', '    cmdclass = {mycmd = "pkg.subpkg.module.CommandClass"}\n\n', 'The command class should be a directly defined at the top-level of the', 'containing module (no class nesting).'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}}}, rule='type')
+            data__cmdclass_is_dict = isinstance(data__cmdclass, dict)
+            if data__cmdclass_is_dict:
+                data__cmdclass_keys = set(data__cmdclass.keys())
+                for data__cmdclass_key, data__cmdclass_val in data__cmdclass.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.*$'].search(data__cmdclass_key):
+                        if data__cmdclass_key in data__cmdclass_keys:
+                            data__cmdclass_keys.remove(data__cmdclass_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__cmdclass_val, (str)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".cmdclass.{data__cmdclass_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__cmdclass_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".cmdclass.{data__cmdclass_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}, rule='type')
+                        if isinstance(data__cmdclass_val, str):
+                            if not custom_formats["python-qualified-identifier"](data__cmdclass_val):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".cmdclass.{data__cmdclass_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be python-qualified-identifier", value=data__cmdclass_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".cmdclass.{data__cmdclass_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}, rule='format')
+        if "license-files" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("license-files")
+            data__licensefiles = data["license-files"]
+            if not isinstance(data__licensefiles, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license-files must be array", value=data__licensefiles, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license-files", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$$description': ['PROVISIONAL: List of glob patterns for all license files being distributed.', '(might become standard with PEP 639).', "By default: ``['LICEN[CS]E*', 'COPYING*', 'NOTICE*', 'AUTHORS*']``"], '$comment': 'TODO: revise if PEP 639 is accepted. Probably ``project.license-files``?'}, rule='type')
+            data__licensefiles_is_list = isinstance(data__licensefiles, (list, tuple))
+            if data__licensefiles_is_list:
+                data__licensefiles_len = len(data__licensefiles)
+                for data__licensefiles_x, data__licensefiles_item in enumerate(data__licensefiles):
+                    if not isinstance(data__licensefiles_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license-files[{data__licensefiles_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__licensefiles_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license-files[{data__licensefiles_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if "dynamic" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("dynamic")
+            data__dynamic = data["dynamic"]
+            if not isinstance(data__dynamic, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic must be object", value=data__dynamic, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}]}, 'classifiers': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'description': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'dependencies': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'entry-points': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}, rule='type')
+            data__dynamic_is_dict = isinstance(data__dynamic, dict)
+            if data__dynamic_is_dict:
+                data__dynamic_keys = set(data__dynamic.keys())
+                if "version" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("version")
+                    data__dynamic__version = data__dynamic["version"]
+                    data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5 = 0
+                    if data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5 < 2:
+                        try:
+                            validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_attr_directive(data__dynamic__version, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.version")
+                            data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5 += 1
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                    if data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5 < 2:
+                        try:
+                            validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__version, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.version")
+                            data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5 += 1
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                    if data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5 != 1:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.version must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__dynamic__version_one_of_count5) + " matches found)"), value=data__dynamic__version, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.version", definition={'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}]}, rule='oneOf')
+                if "classifiers" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("classifiers")
+                    data__dynamic__classifiers = data__dynamic["classifiers"]
+                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__classifiers, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.classifiers")
+                if "description" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("description")
+                    data__dynamic__description = data__dynamic["description"]
+                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__description, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.description")
+                if "dependencies" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("dependencies")
+                    data__dynamic__dependencies = data__dynamic["dependencies"]
+                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__dependencies, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.dependencies")
+                if "entry-points" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("entry-points")
+                    data__dynamic__entrypoints = data__dynamic["entry-points"]
+                    validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__entrypoints, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.entry-points")
+                if "optional-dependencies" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("optional-dependencies")
+                    data__dynamic__optionaldependencies = data__dynamic["optional-dependencies"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies, (dict)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies must be object", value=data__dynamic__optionaldependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies", definition={'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, rule='type')
+                    data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_is_dict = isinstance(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies, dict)
+                    if data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_is_dict:
+                        data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_keys = set(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies.keys())
+                        for data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key, data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_val in data__dynamic__optionaldependencies.items():
+                            if REGEX_PATTERNS['.+'].search(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key):
+                                if data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key in data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_keys:
+                                    data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_keys.remove(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key)
+                                validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_val, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies.{data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key}".format(**locals()))
+                        if data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_keys:
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies must not contain "+str(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_keys)+" properties", value=data__dynamic__optionaldependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies", definition={'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+                        data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_len = len(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies)
+                        if data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_len != 0:
+                            data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_property_names = True
+                            for data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key in data__dynamic__optionaldependencies:
+                                try:
+                                    if isinstance(data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key, str):
+                                        if not custom_formats["python-identifier"](data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key):
+                                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies must be python-identifier", value=data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies", definition={'format': 'python-identifier'}, rule='format')
+                                except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                                    data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_property_names = False
+                            if not data__dynamic__optionaldependencies_property_names:
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies must be named by propertyName definition", value=data__dynamic__optionaldependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.optional-dependencies", definition={'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+                if "readme" in data__dynamic_keys:
+                    data__dynamic_keys.remove("readme")
+                    data__dynamic__readme = data__dynamic["readme"]
+                    data__dynamic__readme_any_of_count6 = 0
+                    if not data__dynamic__readme_any_of_count6:
+                        try:
+                            validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data__dynamic__readme, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme")
+                            data__dynamic__readme_any_of_count6 += 1
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                    if not data__dynamic__readme_any_of_count6:
+                        try:
+                            data__dynamic__readme_is_dict = isinstance(data__dynamic__readme, dict)
+                            if data__dynamic__readme_is_dict:
+                                data__dynamic__readme_keys = set(data__dynamic__readme.keys())
+                                if "content-type" in data__dynamic__readme_keys:
+                                    data__dynamic__readme_keys.remove("content-type")
+                                    data__dynamic__readme__contenttype = data__dynamic__readme["content-type"]
+                                    if not isinstance(data__dynamic__readme__contenttype, (str)):
+                                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme.content-type must be string", value=data__dynamic__readme__contenttype, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme.content-type", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                            data__dynamic__readme_any_of_count6 += 1
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                    if not data__dynamic__readme_any_of_count6:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme cannot be validated by any definition", value=data__dynamic__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme", definition={'anyOf': [{'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}, rule='anyOf')
+                    data__dynamic__readme_is_dict = isinstance(data__dynamic__readme, dict)
+                    if data__dynamic__readme_is_dict:
+                        data__dynamic__readme_len = len(data__dynamic__readme)
+                        if not all(prop in data__dynamic__readme for prop in ['file']):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme must contain ['file'] properties", value=data__dynamic__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic.readme", definition={'anyOf': [{'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}, rule='required')
+                if data__dynamic_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic must not contain "+str(data__dynamic_keys)+" properties", value=data__dynamic, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}]}, 'classifiers': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'description': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'dependencies': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'entry-points': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/keywords.html', 'title': '``tool.setuptools`` table', '$$description': ['Please notice for the time being the ``setuptools`` project does not specify', 'a way of configuring builds via ``pyproject.toml``.', 'Therefore this schema should be taken just as a *"thought experiment"* on how', 'this *might be done*, by following the principles established in', '`ini2toml <https://ini2toml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools_pep621.html>`_.', 'It considers only ``setuptools`` `parameters', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/declarative_config.html>`_', 'that can currently be configured via ``setup.cfg`` and are not covered by :pep:`621`', 'but intentionally excludes ``dependency_links`` and ``setup_requires``.', 'NOTE: ``scripts`` was renamed to ``script-files`` to avoid confusion with', 'entry-point based scripts (defined in :pep:`621`).'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'platforms': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'provides': {'$$description': ['Package and virtual package names contained within this package', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'obsoletes': {'$$description': ['Packages which this package renders obsolete', '**(not supported by pip)**'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}}, 'zip-safe': {'description': 'Whether the project can be safely installed and run from a zip file.', 'type': 'boolean'}, 'script-files': {'description': 'Legacy way of defining scripts (entry-points are preferred).', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$comment': 'TODO: is this field deprecated/should be removed?'}, 'eager-resources': {'$$description': ['Resources that should be extracted together, if any of them is needed,', 'or if any C extensions included in the project are imported.'], 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'packages': {'$$description': ['Packages that should be included in the distribution.', 'It can be given either as a list of package identifiers', 'or as a ``dict``-like structure with a single key ``find``', 'which corresponds to a dynamic call to', '``setuptools.config.expand.find_packages`` function.', 'The ``find`` key is associated with a nested ``dict``-like structure that can', 'contain ``where``, ``include``, ``exclude`` and ``namespaces`` keys,', 'mimicking the keyword arguments of the associated function.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': 'Array of Python package identifiers', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}}, {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}]}, 'package-dir': {'$$description': [':class:`dict`-like structure mapping from package names to directories where their', 'code can be found.', 'The empty string (as key) means that all packages are contained inside', 'the given directory will be included in the distribution.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'const': ''}, {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string'}}}, 'package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns.', 'Usually this option is not needed when using ``include-package-data = true``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'include-package-data': {'$$description': ['Automatically include any data files inside the package directories', 'that are specified by ``MANIFEST.in``', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'boolean'}, 'exclude-package-data': {'$$description': ['Mapping from package names to lists of glob patterns that should be excluded', 'For more information on how to include data files, check ``setuptools`` `docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_.'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'propertyNames': {'oneOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'const': '*'}]}, 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'namespace-packages': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html'}, 'py-modules': {'description': 'Modules that setuptools will manipulate', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-module-name'}, '$comment': 'TODO: clarify the relationship with ``packages``'}, 'data-files': {'$$description': ['**DEPRECATED**: dict-like structure where each key represents a directory and', 'the value is a list of glob patterns that should be installed in them.', "Please notice this don't work with wheels. See `data files support", '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html>`_'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}}}, 'cmdclass': {'$$description': ['Mapping of distutils-style command names to ``setuptools.Command`` subclasses', 'which in turn should be represented by strings with a qualified class name', '(i.e., "dotted" form with module), e.g.::\n\n', '    cmdclass = {mycmd = "pkg.subpkg.module.CommandClass"}\n\n', 'The command class should be a directly defined at the top-level of the', 'containing module (no class nesting).'], 'type': 'object', 'patternProperties': {'^.*$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'python-qualified-identifier'}}}, 'license-files': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, '$$description': ['PROVISIONAL: List of glob patterns for all license files being distributed.', '(might become standard with PEP 639).', "By default: ``['LICEN[CS]E*', 'COPYING*', 'NOTICE*', 'AUTHORS*']``"], '$comment': 'TODO: revise if PEP 639 is accepted. Probably ``project.license-files``?'}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Instructions for loading :pep:`621`-related metadata dynamically', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'version': {'$$description': ['A version dynamically loaded via either the ``attr:`` or ``file:``', 'directives. Please make sure the given file or attribute respects :pep:`440`.'], 'oneOf': [{'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}]}, 'classifiers': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'description': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'dependencies': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'entry-points': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}}}, 'readme': {'anyOf': [{'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string'}}}], 'required': ['file']}}}}, 'definitions': {'package-name': {'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, 'file-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, 'attr-directive': {'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, 'find-directive': {'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_file_directive(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_len = len(data)
+        if not all(prop in data for prop in ['file']):
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must contain ['file'] properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, rule='required')
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "file" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("file")
+            data__file = data["file"]
+            data__file_one_of_count7 = 0
+            if data__file_one_of_count7 < 2:
+                try:
+                    if not isinstance(data__file, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file must be string", value=data__file, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                    data__file_one_of_count7 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__file_one_of_count7 < 2:
+                try:
+                    if not isinstance(data__file, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file must be array", value=data__file, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                    data__file_is_list = isinstance(data__file, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__file_is_list:
+                        data__file_len = len(data__file)
+                        for data__file_x, data__file_item in enumerate(data__file):
+                            if not isinstance(data__file_item, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file[{data__file_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__file_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file[{data__file_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                    data__file_one_of_count7 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__file_one_of_count7 != 1:
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__file_one_of_count7) + " matches found)"), value=data__file, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".file", definition={'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}, rule='oneOf')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/file-directive', 'title': "'file:' directive", 'description': 'Value is read from a file (or list of files and then concatenated)', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'file': {'oneOf': [{'type': 'string'}, {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}]}}, 'required': ['file']}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_attr_directive(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_len = len(data)
+        if not all(prop in data for prop in ['attr']):
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must contain ['attr'] properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, rule='required')
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "attr" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("attr")
+            data__attr = data["attr"]
+            if not isinstance(data__attr, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".attr must be string", value=data__attr, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".attr", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'title': "'attr:' directive", '$id': '#/definitions/attr-directive', '$$description': ['Value is read from a module attribute. Supports callables and iterables;', 'unsupported types are cast via ``str()``'], 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'attr': {'type': 'string'}}, 'required': ['attr']}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_find_directive(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "find" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("find")
+            data__find = data["find"]
+            if not isinstance(data__find, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find must be object", value=data__find, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find", definition={'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}, rule='type')
+            data__find_is_dict = isinstance(data__find, dict)
+            if data__find_is_dict:
+                data__find_keys = set(data__find.keys())
+                if "where" in data__find_keys:
+                    data__find_keys.remove("where")
+                    data__find__where = data__find["where"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__find__where, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.where must be array", value=data__find__where, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.where", definition={'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                    data__find__where_is_list = isinstance(data__find__where, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__find__where_is_list:
+                        data__find__where_len = len(data__find__where)
+                        for data__find__where_x, data__find__where_item in enumerate(data__find__where):
+                            if not isinstance(data__find__where_item, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.where[{data__find__where_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__find__where_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.where[{data__find__where_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if "exclude" in data__find_keys:
+                    data__find_keys.remove("exclude")
+                    data__find__exclude = data__find["exclude"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__find__exclude, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.exclude must be array", value=data__find__exclude, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.exclude", definition={'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                    data__find__exclude_is_list = isinstance(data__find__exclude, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__find__exclude_is_list:
+                        data__find__exclude_len = len(data__find__exclude)
+                        for data__find__exclude_x, data__find__exclude_item in enumerate(data__find__exclude):
+                            if not isinstance(data__find__exclude_item, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.exclude[{data__find__exclude_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__find__exclude_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.exclude[{data__find__exclude_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if "include" in data__find_keys:
+                    data__find_keys.remove("include")
+                    data__find__include = data__find["include"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__find__include, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.include must be array", value=data__find__include, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.include", definition={'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, rule='type')
+                    data__find__include_is_list = isinstance(data__find__include, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__find__include_is_list:
+                        data__find__include_len = len(data__find__include)
+                        for data__find__include_x, data__find__include_item in enumerate(data__find__include):
+                            if not isinstance(data__find__include_item, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.include[{data__find__include_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__find__include_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.include[{data__find__include_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+                if "namespaces" in data__find_keys:
+                    data__find_keys.remove("namespaces")
+                    data__find__namespaces = data__find["namespaces"]
+                    if not isinstance(data__find__namespaces, (bool)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.namespaces must be boolean", value=data__find__namespaces, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find.namespaces", definition={'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}, rule='type')
+                if data__find_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find must not contain "+str(data__find_keys)+" properties", value=data__find, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".find", definition={'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/find-directive', 'title': "'find:' directive", 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'find': {'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Dynamic `package discovery', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/package_discovery.html>`_.'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'where': {'description': 'Directories to be searched for packages (Unix-style relative path)', 'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'exclude': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Exclude packages that match the values listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'include': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Restrict the found packages to just the ones listed in this field.', "Can container shell-style wildcards (e.g. ``'pkg.*'``)"], 'items': {'type': 'string'}}, 'namespaces': {'type': 'boolean', '$$description': ['When ``True``, directories without a ``__init__.py`` file will also', 'be scanned for :pep:`420`-style implicit namespaces']}}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___setuptools_pypa_io_en_latest_references_keywords_html__definitions_package_name(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (str)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be string", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, rule='type')
+    data_any_of_count8 = 0
+    if not data_any_of_count8:
+        try:
+            if isinstance(data, str):
+                if not custom_formats["python-module-name"](data):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be python-module-name", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'format': 'python-module-name'}, rule='format')
+            data_any_of_count8 += 1
+        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+    if not data_any_of_count8:
+        try:
+            if isinstance(data, str):
+                if not custom_formats["pep561-stub-name"](data):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be pep561-stub-name", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}, rule='format')
+            data_any_of_count8 += 1
+        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+    if not data_any_of_count8:
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " cannot be validated by any definition", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/package-name', 'title': 'Valid package name', 'description': 'Valid package name (importable or PEP 561).', 'type': 'string', 'anyOf': [{'format': 'python-module-name'}, {'format': 'pep561-stub-name'}]}, rule='anyOf')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___docs_python_org_3_install(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://docs.python.org/3/install/', 'title': '``tool.distutils`` table', '$$description': ['Originally, ``distutils`` allowed developers to configure arguments for', '``setup.py`` scripts via `distutils configuration files', '<https://docs.python.org/3/install/#distutils-configuration-files>`_.', '``tool.distutils`` subtables could be used with the same purpose', '(NOT CURRENTLY IMPLEMENTED).'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'global': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Global options applied to all ``distutils`` commands'}}, 'patternProperties': {'.+': {'type': 'object'}}, '$comment': 'TODO: Is there a practical way of making this schema more specific?'}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "global" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("global")
+            data__global = data["global"]
+            if not isinstance(data__global, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".global must be object", value=data__global, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".global", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Global options applied to all ``distutils`` commands'}, rule='type')
+        for data_key, data_val in data.items():
+            if REGEX_PATTERNS['.+'].search(data_key):
+                if data_key in data_keys:
+                    data_keys.remove(data_key)
+                if not isinstance(data_val, (dict)):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".{data_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be object", value=data_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".{data_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'object'}, rule='type')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'gui-scripts': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_len = len(data)
+        if not all(prop in data for prop in ['name']):
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must contain ['name'] properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'gui-scripts': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}, rule='required')
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "name" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("name")
+            data__name = data["name"]
+            if not isinstance(data__name, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".name must be string", value=data__name, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".name", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='type')
+            if isinstance(data__name, str):
+                if not custom_formats["pep508-identifier"](data__name):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".name must be pep508-identifier", value=data__name, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".name", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='format')
+        if "version" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("version")
+            data__version = data["version"]
+            if not isinstance(data__version, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".version must be string", value=data__version, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".version", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, rule='type')
+            if isinstance(data__version, str):
+                if not custom_formats["pep440"](data__version):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".version must be pep440", value=data__version, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".version", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, rule='format')
+        if "description" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("description")
+            data__description = data["description"]
+            if not isinstance(data__description, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".description must be string", value=data__description, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".description", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, rule='type')
+        if "readme" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("readme")
+            data__readme = data["readme"]
+            data__readme_one_of_count9 = 0
+            if data__readme_one_of_count9 < 2:
+                try:
+                    if not isinstance(data__readme, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme must be string", value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, rule='type')
+                    data__readme_one_of_count9 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__readme_one_of_count9 < 2:
+                try:
+                    if not isinstance(data__readme, (dict)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme must be object", value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}, rule='type')
+                    data__readme_any_of_count10 = 0
+                    if not data__readme_any_of_count10:
+                        try:
+                            data__readme_is_dict = isinstance(data__readme, dict)
+                            if data__readme_is_dict:
+                                data__readme_len = len(data__readme)
+                                if not all(prop in data__readme for prop in ['file']):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme must contain ['file'] properties", value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, rule='required')
+                                data__readme_keys = set(data__readme.keys())
+                                if "file" in data__readme_keys:
+                                    data__readme_keys.remove("file")
+                                    data__readme__file = data__readme["file"]
+                                    if not isinstance(data__readme__file, (str)):
+                                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme.file must be string", value=data__readme__file, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme.file", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}, rule='type')
+                            data__readme_any_of_count10 += 1
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                    if not data__readme_any_of_count10:
+                        try:
+                            data__readme_is_dict = isinstance(data__readme, dict)
+                            if data__readme_is_dict:
+                                data__readme_len = len(data__readme)
+                                if not all(prop in data__readme for prop in ['text']):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme must contain ['text'] properties", value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}, rule='required')
+                                data__readme_keys = set(data__readme.keys())
+                                if "text" in data__readme_keys:
+                                    data__readme_keys.remove("text")
+                                    data__readme__text = data__readme["text"]
+                                    if not isinstance(data__readme__text, (str)):
+                                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme.text must be string", value=data__readme__text, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme.text", definition={'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}, rule='type')
+                            data__readme_any_of_count10 += 1
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                    if not data__readme_any_of_count10:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme cannot be validated by any definition", value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, rule='anyOf')
+                    data__readme_is_dict = isinstance(data__readme, dict)
+                    if data__readme_is_dict:
+                        data__readme_len = len(data__readme)
+                        if not all(prop in data__readme for prop in ['content-type']):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme must contain ['content-type'] properties", value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}, rule='required')
+                        data__readme_keys = set(data__readme.keys())
+                        if "content-type" in data__readme_keys:
+                            data__readme_keys.remove("content-type")
+                            data__readme__contenttype = data__readme["content-type"]
+                            if not isinstance(data__readme__contenttype, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme.content-type must be string", value=data__readme__contenttype, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme.content-type", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}, rule='type')
+                    data__readme_one_of_count9 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__readme_one_of_count9 != 1:
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__readme_one_of_count9) + " matches found)"), value=data__readme, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".readme", definition={'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, rule='oneOf')
+        if "requires-python" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("requires-python")
+            data__requirespython = data["requires-python"]
+            if not isinstance(data__requirespython, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".requires-python must be string", value=data__requirespython, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".requires-python", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, rule='type')
+            if isinstance(data__requirespython, str):
+                if not custom_formats["pep508-versionspec"](data__requirespython):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".requires-python must be pep508-versionspec", value=data__requirespython, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".requires-python", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, rule='format')
+        if "license" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("license")
+            data__license = data["license"]
+            data__license_one_of_count11 = 0
+            if data__license_one_of_count11 < 2:
+                try:
+                    data__license_is_dict = isinstance(data__license, dict)
+                    if data__license_is_dict:
+                        data__license_len = len(data__license)
+                        if not all(prop in data__license for prop in ['file']):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license must contain ['file'] properties", value=data__license, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license", definition={'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, rule='required')
+                        data__license_keys = set(data__license.keys())
+                        if "file" in data__license_keys:
+                            data__license_keys.remove("file")
+                            data__license__file = data__license["file"]
+                            if not isinstance(data__license__file, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license.file must be string", value=data__license__file, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license.file", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}, rule='type')
+                    data__license_one_of_count11 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__license_one_of_count11 < 2:
+                try:
+                    data__license_is_dict = isinstance(data__license, dict)
+                    if data__license_is_dict:
+                        data__license_len = len(data__license)
+                        if not all(prop in data__license for prop in ['text']):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license must contain ['text'] properties", value=data__license, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license", definition={'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}, rule='required')
+                        data__license_keys = set(data__license.keys())
+                        if "text" in data__license_keys:
+                            data__license_keys.remove("text")
+                            data__license__text = data__license["text"]
+                            if not isinstance(data__license__text, (str)):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license.text must be string", value=data__license__text, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license.text", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}, rule='type')
+                    data__license_one_of_count11 += 1
+                except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+            if data__license_one_of_count11 != 1:
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license must be valid exactly by one definition" + (" (" + str(data__license_one_of_count11) + " matches found)"), value=data__license, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".license", definition={'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, rule='oneOf')
+        if "authors" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("authors")
+            data__authors = data["authors"]
+            if not isinstance(data__authors, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".authors must be array", value=data__authors, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".authors", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, rule='type')
+            data__authors_is_list = isinstance(data__authors, (list, tuple))
+            if data__authors_is_list:
+                data__authors_len = len(data__authors)
+                for data__authors_x, data__authors_item in enumerate(data__authors):
+                    validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_author(data__authors_item, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".authors[{data__authors_x}]".format(**locals()))
+        if "maintainers" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("maintainers")
+            data__maintainers = data["maintainers"]
+            if not isinstance(data__maintainers, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".maintainers must be array", value=data__maintainers, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".maintainers", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, rule='type')
+            data__maintainers_is_list = isinstance(data__maintainers, (list, tuple))
+            if data__maintainers_is_list:
+                data__maintainers_len = len(data__maintainers)
+                for data__maintainers_x, data__maintainers_item in enumerate(data__maintainers):
+                    validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_author(data__maintainers_item, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".maintainers[{data__maintainers_x}]".format(**locals()))
+        if "keywords" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("keywords")
+            data__keywords = data["keywords"]
+            if not isinstance(data__keywords, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".keywords must be array", value=data__keywords, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".keywords", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, rule='type')
+            data__keywords_is_list = isinstance(data__keywords, (list, tuple))
+            if data__keywords_is_list:
+                data__keywords_len = len(data__keywords)
+                for data__keywords_x, data__keywords_item in enumerate(data__keywords):
+                    if not isinstance(data__keywords_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".keywords[{data__keywords_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__keywords_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".keywords[{data__keywords_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string'}, rule='type')
+        if "classifiers" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("classifiers")
+            data__classifiers = data["classifiers"]
+            if not isinstance(data__classifiers, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".classifiers must be array", value=data__classifiers, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".classifiers", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, rule='type')
+            data__classifiers_is_list = isinstance(data__classifiers, (list, tuple))
+            if data__classifiers_is_list:
+                data__classifiers_len = len(data__classifiers)
+                for data__classifiers_x, data__classifiers_item in enumerate(data__classifiers):
+                    if not isinstance(data__classifiers_item, (str)):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".classifiers[{data__classifiers_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__classifiers_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".classifiers[{data__classifiers_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, rule='type')
+                    if isinstance(data__classifiers_item, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["trove-classifier"](data__classifiers_item):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".classifiers[{data__classifiers_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be trove-classifier", value=data__classifiers_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".classifiers[{data__classifiers_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, rule='format')
+        if "urls" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("urls")
+            data__urls = data["urls"]
+            if not isinstance(data__urls, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls must be object", value=data__urls, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, rule='type')
+            data__urls_is_dict = isinstance(data__urls, dict)
+            if data__urls_is_dict:
+                data__urls_keys = set(data__urls.keys())
+                for data__urls_key, data__urls_val in data__urls.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.+$'].search(data__urls_key):
+                        if data__urls_key in data__urls_keys:
+                            data__urls_keys.remove(data__urls_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__urls_val, (str)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls.{data__urls_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data__urls_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls.{data__urls_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}, rule='type')
+                        if isinstance(data__urls_val, str):
+                            if not custom_formats["url"](data__urls_val):
+                                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls.{data__urls_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be url", value=data__urls_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls.{data__urls_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}, rule='format')
+                if data__urls_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls must not contain "+str(data__urls_keys)+" properties", value=data__urls, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".urls", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+        if "scripts" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("scripts")
+            data__scripts = data["scripts"]
+            validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_entry_point_group(data__scripts, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".scripts")
+        if "gui-scripts" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("gui-scripts")
+            data__guiscripts = data["gui-scripts"]
+            validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_entry_point_group(data__guiscripts, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".gui-scripts")
+        if "entry-points" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("entry-points")
+            data__entrypoints = data["entry-points"]
+            data__entrypoints_is_dict = isinstance(data__entrypoints, dict)
+            if data__entrypoints_is_dict:
+                data__entrypoints_keys = set(data__entrypoints.keys())
+                for data__entrypoints_key, data__entrypoints_val in data__entrypoints.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.+$'].search(data__entrypoints_key):
+                        if data__entrypoints_key in data__entrypoints_keys:
+                            data__entrypoints_keys.remove(data__entrypoints_key)
+                        validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_entry_point_group(data__entrypoints_val, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points.{data__entrypoints_key}".format(**locals()))
+                if data__entrypoints_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points must not contain "+str(data__entrypoints_keys)+" properties", value=data__entrypoints, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points", definition={'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+                data__entrypoints_len = len(data__entrypoints)
+                if data__entrypoints_len != 0:
+                    data__entrypoints_property_names = True
+                    for data__entrypoints_key in data__entrypoints:
+                        try:
+                            if isinstance(data__entrypoints_key, str):
+                                if not custom_formats["python-entrypoint-group"](data__entrypoints_key):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points must be python-entrypoint-group", value=data__entrypoints_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points", definition={'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, rule='format')
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                            data__entrypoints_property_names = False
+                    if not data__entrypoints_property_names:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points must be named by propertyName definition", value=data__entrypoints, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".entry-points", definition={'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+        if "dependencies" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("dependencies")
+            data__dependencies = data["dependencies"]
+            if not isinstance(data__dependencies, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dependencies must be array", value=data__dependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dependencies", definition={'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}, rule='type')
+            data__dependencies_is_list = isinstance(data__dependencies, (list, tuple))
+            if data__dependencies_is_list:
+                data__dependencies_len = len(data__dependencies)
+                for data__dependencies_x, data__dependencies_item in enumerate(data__dependencies):
+                    validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_dependency(data__dependencies_item, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".dependencies[{data__dependencies_x}]".format(**locals()))
+        if "optional-dependencies" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("optional-dependencies")
+            data__optionaldependencies = data["optional-dependencies"]
+            if not isinstance(data__optionaldependencies, (dict)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies must be object", value=data__optionaldependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, rule='type')
+            data__optionaldependencies_is_dict = isinstance(data__optionaldependencies, dict)
+            if data__optionaldependencies_is_dict:
+                data__optionaldependencies_keys = set(data__optionaldependencies.keys())
+                for data__optionaldependencies_key, data__optionaldependencies_val in data__optionaldependencies.items():
+                    if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.+$'].search(data__optionaldependencies_key):
+                        if data__optionaldependencies_key in data__optionaldependencies_keys:
+                            data__optionaldependencies_keys.remove(data__optionaldependencies_key)
+                        if not isinstance(data__optionaldependencies_val, (list, tuple)):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies.{data__optionaldependencies_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be array", value=data__optionaldependencies_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies.{data__optionaldependencies_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}, rule='type')
+                        data__optionaldependencies_val_is_list = isinstance(data__optionaldependencies_val, (list, tuple))
+                        if data__optionaldependencies_val_is_list:
+                            data__optionaldependencies_val_len = len(data__optionaldependencies_val)
+                            for data__optionaldependencies_val_x, data__optionaldependencies_val_item in enumerate(data__optionaldependencies_val):
+                                validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_dependency(data__optionaldependencies_val_item, custom_formats, (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies.{data__optionaldependencies_key}[{data__optionaldependencies_val_x}]".format(**locals()))
+                if data__optionaldependencies_keys:
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies must not contain "+str(data__optionaldependencies_keys)+" properties", value=data__optionaldependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+                data__optionaldependencies_len = len(data__optionaldependencies)
+                if data__optionaldependencies_len != 0:
+                    data__optionaldependencies_property_names = True
+                    for data__optionaldependencies_key in data__optionaldependencies:
+                        try:
+                            if isinstance(data__optionaldependencies_key, str):
+                                if not custom_formats["pep508-identifier"](data__optionaldependencies_key):
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies must be pep508-identifier", value=data__optionaldependencies_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies", definition={'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, rule='format')
+                        except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                            data__optionaldependencies_property_names = False
+                    if not data__optionaldependencies_property_names:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies must be named by propertyName definition", value=data__optionaldependencies, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".optional-dependencies", definition={'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+        if "dynamic" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("dynamic")
+            data__dynamic = data["dynamic"]
+            if not isinstance(data__dynamic, (list, tuple)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic must be array", value=data__dynamic, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic", definition={'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}, rule='type')
+            data__dynamic_is_list = isinstance(data__dynamic, (list, tuple))
+            if data__dynamic_is_list:
+                data__dynamic_len = len(data__dynamic)
+                for data__dynamic_x, data__dynamic_item in enumerate(data__dynamic):
+                    if data__dynamic_item not in ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']:
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic[{data__dynamic_x}]".format(**locals()) + " must be one of ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']", value=data__dynamic_item, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic[{data__dynamic_x}]".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}, rule='enum')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$schema': 'http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema', '$id': 'https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/declaring-project-metadata/', 'title': 'Package metadata stored in the ``project`` table', '$$description': ['Data structure for the **project** table inside ``pyproject.toml``', '(as initially defined in :pep:`621`)'], 'type': 'object', 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name (primary identifier) of the project. MUST be statically defined.', 'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'version': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'The version of the project as supported by :pep:`440`.', 'format': 'pep440'}, 'description': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The `summary description of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#summary>`_']}, 'readme': {'$$description': ['`Full/detailed description of the project in the form of a README', '<https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#readme>`_', "with meaning similar to the one defined in `core metadata's Description", '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#description>`_'], 'oneOf': [{'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file (UTF-8) containing the full description', 'of the project. If the file path ends in case-insensitive ``.md`` or', '``.rst`` suffixes, then the content-type is respectively', '``text/markdown`` or ``text/x-rst``']}, {'type': 'object', 'allOf': [{'anyOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to a text file containing the full description', 'of the project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', 'description': 'Full text describing the project.'}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, {'properties': {'content-type': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Content-type (:rfc:`1341`) of the full description', '(e.g. ``text/markdown``). The ``charset`` parameter is assumed', 'UTF-8 when not present.'], '$comment': 'TODO: add regex pattern or format?'}}, 'required': ['content-type']}]}]}, 'requires-python': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'pep508-versionspec', '$$description': ['`The Python version requirements of the project', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#requires-python>`_.']}, 'license': {'description': '`Project license <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#license>`_.', 'oneOf': [{'properties': {'file': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Relative path to the file (UTF-8) which contains the license for the', 'project.']}}, 'required': ['file']}, {'properties': {'text': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['The license of the project whose meaning is that of the', '`License field from the core metadata', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#license>`_.']}}, 'required': ['text']}]}, 'authors': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'authors' of the project.", 'The exact meaning is open to interpretation (e.g. original or primary authors,', 'current maintainers, or owners of the package).']}, 'maintainers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, '$$description': ["The people or organizations considered to be the 'maintainers' of the project.", 'Similarly to ``authors``, the exact meaning is open to interpretation.']}, 'keywords': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string'}, 'description': 'List of keywords to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.'}, 'classifiers': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'trove-classifier', 'description': '`PyPI classifier <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_.'}, '$$description': ['`Trove classifiers <https://pypi.org/classifiers/>`_', 'which apply to the project.']}, 'urls': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'URLs associated with the project in the form ``label => value``.', 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'url'}}}, 'scripts': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'gui-scripts': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'entry-points': {'$$description': ['Instruct the installer to expose the given modules/functions via', '``entry-point`` discovery mechanism (useful for plugins).', 'More information available in the `Python packaging guide', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-group'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}}}, 'dependencies': {'type': 'array', 'description': 'Project (mandatory) dependencies.', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}, 'optional-dependencies': {'type': 'object', 'description': 'Optional dependency for the project', 'propertyNames': {'format': 'pep508-identifier'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'array', 'items': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}}, 'dynamic': {'type': 'array', '$$description': ['Specifies which fields are intentionally unspecified and expected to be', 'dynamically provided by build tools'], 'items': {'enum': ['version', 'description', 'readme', 'requires-python', 'license', 'authors', 'maintainers', 'keywords', 'classifiers', 'urls', 'scripts', 'gui-scripts', 'entry-points', 'dependencies', 'optional-dependencies']}}}, 'required': ['name'], 'additionalProperties': False, 'if': {'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, 'then': {'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, 'definitions': {'author': {'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, 'entry-point-group': {'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, 'dependency': {'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    try:
+        try:
+            data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+            if data_is_dict:
+                data_len = len(data)
+                if not all(prop in data for prop in ['dynamic']):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must contain ['dynamic'] properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, rule='required')
+                data_keys = set(data.keys())
+                if "dynamic" in data_keys:
+                    data_keys.remove("dynamic")
+                    data__dynamic = data["dynamic"]
+                    data__dynamic_is_list = isinstance(data__dynamic, (list, tuple))
+                    if data__dynamic_is_list:
+                        data__dynamic_contains = False
+                        for data__dynamic_key in data__dynamic:
+                            try:
+                                if data__dynamic_key != "version":
+                                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic must be same as const definition: version", value=data__dynamic_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic", definition={'const': 'version'}, rule='const')
+                                data__dynamic_contains = True
+                                break
+                            except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+                        if not data__dynamic_contains:
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic must contain one of contains definition", value=data__dynamic, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".dynamic", definition={'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}, rule='contains')
+        except JsonSchemaValueException: pass
+        else:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must NOT match a disallowed definition", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'not': {'required': ['dynamic'], 'properties': {'dynamic': {'contains': {'const': 'version'}, '$$description': ['version is listed in ``dynamic``']}}}, '$$comment': ['According to :pep:`621`:', '    If the core metadata specification lists a field as "Required", then', '    the metadata MUST specify the field statically or list it in dynamic', 'In turn, `core metadata`_ defines:', '    The required fields are: Metadata-Version, Name, Version.', '    All the other fields are optional.', 'Since ``Metadata-Version`` is defined by the build back-end, ``name`` and', '``version`` are the only mandatory information in ``pyproject.toml``.', '.. _core metadata: https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/']}, rule='not')
+    except JsonSchemaValueException:
+        pass
+    else:
+        data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+        if data_is_dict:
+            data_len = len(data)
+            if not all(prop in data for prop in ['version']):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must contain ['version'] properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'required': ['version'], '$$description': ['version should be statically defined in the ``version`` field']}, rule='required')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_dependency(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (str)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be string", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}, rule='type')
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        if not custom_formats["pep508"](data):
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be pep508", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/dependency', 'title': 'Dependency', 'type': 'string', 'description': 'Project dependency specification according to PEP 508', 'format': 'pep508'}, rule='format')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_entry_point_group(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        for data_key, data_val in data.items():
+            if REGEX_PATTERNS['^.+$'].search(data_key):
+                if data_key in data_keys:
+                    data_keys.remove(data_key)
+                if not isinstance(data_val, (str)):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".{data_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be string", value=data_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".{data_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}, rule='type')
+                if isinstance(data_val, str):
+                    if not custom_formats["python-entrypoint-reference"](data_val):
+                        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".{data_key}".format(**locals()) + " must be python-entrypoint-reference", value=data_val, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".{data_key}".format(**locals()) + "", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}, rule='format')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+        data_len = len(data)
+        if data_len != 0:
+            data_property_names = True
+            for data_key in data:
+                try:
+                    if isinstance(data_key, str):
+                        if not custom_formats["python-entrypoint-name"](data_key):
+                            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be python-entrypoint-name", value=data_key, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, rule='format')
+                except JsonSchemaValueException:
+                    data_property_names = False
+            if not data_property_names:
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be named by propertyName definition", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/entry-point-group', 'title': 'Entry-points', 'type': 'object', '$$description': ['Entry-points are grouped together to indicate what sort of capabilities they', 'provide.', 'See the `packaging guides', '<https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/>`_', 'and `setuptools docs', '<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html>`_', 'for more information.'], 'propertyNames': {'format': 'python-entrypoint-name'}, 'additionalProperties': False, 'patternProperties': {'^.+$': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['Reference to a Python object. It is either in the form', '``importable.module``, or ``importable.module:object.attr``.'], 'format': 'python-entrypoint-reference', '$comment': 'https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/'}}}, rule='propertyNames')
+    return data
+
+def validate_https___packaging_python_org_en_latest_specifications_declaring_project_metadata___definitions_author(data, custom_formats={}, name_prefix=None):
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict)):
+        raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must be object", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, rule='type')
+    data_is_dict = isinstance(data, dict)
+    if data_is_dict:
+        data_keys = set(data.keys())
+        if "name" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("name")
+            data__name = data["name"]
+            if not isinstance(data__name, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".name must be string", value=data__name, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".name", definition={'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, rule='type')
+        if "email" in data_keys:
+            data_keys.remove("email")
+            data__email = data["email"]
+            if not isinstance(data__email, (str)):
+                raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".email must be string", value=data__email, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".email", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}, rule='type')
+            if isinstance(data__email, str):
+                if not REGEX_PATTERNS["idn-email_re_pattern"].match(data__email):
+                    raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".email must be idn-email", value=data__email, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + ".email", definition={'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}, rule='format')
+        if data_keys:
+            raise JsonSchemaValueException("" + (name_prefix or "data") + " must not contain "+str(data_keys)+" properties", value=data, name="" + (name_prefix or "data") + "", definition={'$id': '#/definitions/author', 'title': 'Author or Maintainer', '$comment': 'https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/#authors-maintainers', 'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': False, 'properties': {'name': {'type': 'string', '$$description': ['MUST be a valid email name, i.e. whatever can be put as a name, before an', 'email, in :rfc:`822`.']}, 'email': {'type': 'string', 'format': 'idn-email', 'description': 'MUST be a valid email address'}}}, rule='additionalProperties')
+    return data
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/formats.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/formats.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e73961661d17e939b0cc3aa52fdaa2251d9f94af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/_validate_pyproject/formats.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import string
+import typing
+from itertools import chain as _chain
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# PEP 440
+
+VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+VERSION_REGEX = re.compile(r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$", re.X | re.I)
+
+
+def pep440(version: str) -> bool:
+    return VERSION_REGEX.match(version) is not None
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# PEP 508
+
+PEP508_IDENTIFIER_PATTERN = r"([A-Z0-9]|[A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9._-]*[A-Z0-9])"
+PEP508_IDENTIFIER_REGEX = re.compile(f"^{PEP508_IDENTIFIER_PATTERN}$", re.I)
+
+
+def pep508_identifier(name: str) -> bool:
+    return PEP508_IDENTIFIER_REGEX.match(name) is not None
+
+
+try:
+    try:
+        from packaging import requirements as _req
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        # let's try setuptools vendored version
+        from setuptools._vendor.packaging import requirements as _req  # type: ignore
+
+    def pep508(value: str) -> bool:
+        try:
+            _req.Requirement(value)
+            return True
+        except _req.InvalidRequirement:
+            return False
+
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    _logger.warning(
+        "Could not find an installation of `packaging`. Requirements, dependencies and "
+        "versions might not be validated. "
+        "To enforce validation, please install `packaging`."
+    )
+
+    def pep508(value: str) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+def pep508_versionspec(value: str) -> bool:
+    """Expression that can be used to specify/lock versions (including ranges)"""
+    if any(c in value for c in (";", "]", "@")):
+        # In PEP 508:
+        # conditional markers, extras and URL specs are not included in the
+        # versionspec
+        return False
+    # Let's pretend we have a dependency called `requirement` with the given
+    # version spec, then we can reuse the pep508 function for validation:
+    return pep508(f"requirement{value}")
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# PEP 517
+
+
+def pep517_backend_reference(value: str) -> bool:
+    module, _, obj = value.partition(":")
+    identifiers = (i.strip() for i in _chain(module.split("."), obj.split(".")))
+    return all(python_identifier(i) for i in identifiers if i)
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Classifiers - PEP 301
+
+
+def _download_classifiers() -> str:
+    import ssl
+    from email.message import Message
+    from urllib.request import urlopen
+
+    url = "https://pypi.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers"
+    context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    with urlopen(url, context=context) as response:
+        headers = Message()
+        headers["content_type"] = response.getheader("content-type", "text/plain")
+        return response.read().decode(headers.get_param("charset", "utf-8"))
+
+
+class _TroveClassifier:
+    """The ``trove_classifiers`` package is the official way of validating classifiers,
+    however this package might not be always available.
+    As a workaround we can still download a list from PyPI.
+    We also don't want to be over strict about it, so simply skipping silently is an
+    option (classifiers will be validated anyway during the upload to PyPI).
+    """
+
+    downloaded: typing.Union[None, "Literal[False]", typing.Set[str]]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.downloaded = None
+        self._skip_download = False
+        # None => not cached yet
+        # False => cache not available
+        self.__name__ = "trove_classifier"  # Emulate a public function
+
+    def _disable_download(self):
+        # This is a private API. Only setuptools has the consent of using it.
+        self._skip_download = True
+
+    def __call__(self, value: str) -> bool:
+        if self.downloaded is False or self._skip_download is True:
+            return True
+
+        if os.getenv("NO_NETWORK") or os.getenv("VALIDATE_PYPROJECT_NO_NETWORK"):
+            self.downloaded = False
+            msg = (
+                "Install ``trove-classifiers`` to ensure proper validation. "
+                "Skipping download of classifiers list from PyPI (NO_NETWORK)."
+            )
+            _logger.debug(msg)
+            return True
+
+        if self.downloaded is None:
+            msg = (
+                "Install ``trove-classifiers`` to ensure proper validation. "
+                "Meanwhile a list of classifiers will be downloaded from PyPI."
+            )
+            _logger.debug(msg)
+            try:
+                self.downloaded = set(_download_classifiers().splitlines())
+            except Exception:
+                self.downloaded = False
+                _logger.debug("Problem with download, skipping validation")
+                return True
+
+        return value in self.downloaded or value.lower().startswith("private ::")
+
+
+try:
+    from trove_classifiers import classifiers as _trove_classifiers
+
+    def trove_classifier(value: str) -> bool:
+        return value in _trove_classifiers or value.lower().startswith("private ::")
+
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    trove_classifier = _TroveClassifier()
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Stub packages - PEP 561
+
+
+def pep561_stub_name(value: str) -> bool:
+    top, *children = value.split(".")
+    if not top.endswith("-stubs"):
+        return False
+    return python_module_name(".".join([top[: -len("-stubs")], *children]))
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Non-PEP related
+
+
+def url(value: str) -> bool:
+    from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+    try:
+        parts = urlparse(value)
+        if not parts.scheme:
+            _logger.warning(
+                "For maximum compatibility please make sure to include a "
+                "`scheme` prefix in your URL (e.g. 'http://'). "
+                f"Given value: {value}"
+            )
+            if not (value.startswith("/") or value.startswith("\\") or "@" in value):
+                parts = urlparse(f"http://{value}")
+
+        return bool(parts.scheme and parts.netloc)
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+# https://packaging.python.org/specifications/entry-points/
+ENTRYPOINT_PATTERN = r"[^\[\s=]([^=]*[^\s=])?"
+ENTRYPOINT_REGEX = re.compile(f"^{ENTRYPOINT_PATTERN}$", re.I)
+RECOMMEDED_ENTRYPOINT_PATTERN = r"[\w.-]+"
+RECOMMEDED_ENTRYPOINT_REGEX = re.compile(f"^{RECOMMEDED_ENTRYPOINT_PATTERN}$", re.I)
+ENTRYPOINT_GROUP_PATTERN = r"\w+(\.\w+)*"
+ENTRYPOINT_GROUP_REGEX = re.compile(f"^{ENTRYPOINT_GROUP_PATTERN}$", re.I)
+
+
+def python_identifier(value: str) -> bool:
+    return value.isidentifier()
+
+
+def python_qualified_identifier(value: str) -> bool:
+    if value.startswith(".") or value.endswith("."):
+        return False
+    return all(python_identifier(m) for m in value.split("."))
+
+
+def python_module_name(value: str) -> bool:
+    return python_qualified_identifier(value)
+
+
+def python_entrypoint_group(value: str) -> bool:
+    return ENTRYPOINT_GROUP_REGEX.match(value) is not None
+
+
+def python_entrypoint_name(value: str) -> bool:
+    if not ENTRYPOINT_REGEX.match(value):
+        return False
+    if not RECOMMEDED_ENTRYPOINT_REGEX.match(value):
+        msg = f"Entry point `{value}` does not follow recommended pattern: "
+        msg += RECOMMEDED_ENTRYPOINT_PATTERN
+        _logger.warning(msg)
+    return True
+
+
+def python_entrypoint_reference(value: str) -> bool:
+    module, _, rest = value.partition(":")
+    if "[" in rest:
+        obj, _, extras_ = rest.partition("[")
+        if extras_.strip()[-1] != "]":
+            return False
+        extras = (x.strip() for x in extras_.strip(string.whitespace + "[]").split(","))
+        if not all(pep508_identifier(e) for e in extras):
+            return False
+        _logger.warning(f"`{value}` - using extras for entry points is not recommended")
+    else:
+        obj = rest
+
+    module_parts = module.split(".")
+    identifiers = _chain(module_parts, obj.split(".")) if rest else module_parts
+    return all(python_identifier(i.strip()) for i in identifiers)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/expand.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/expand.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d8d58add829f3c26834a07dcca76d0025809fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/expand.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+"""Utility functions to expand configuration directives or special values
+(such glob patterns).
+
+We can split the process of interpreting configuration files into 2 steps:
+
+1. The parsing the file contents from strings to value objects
+   that can be understand by Python (for example a string with a comma
+   separated list of keywords into an actual Python list of strings).
+
+2. The expansion (or post-processing) of these values according to the
+   semantics ``setuptools`` assign to them (for example a configuration field
+   with the ``file:`` directive should be expanded from a list of file paths to
+   a single string with the contents of those files concatenated)
+
+This module focus on the second step, and therefore allow sharing the expansion
+functions among several configuration file formats.
+
+**PRIVATE MODULE**: API reserved for setuptools internal usage only.
+"""
+
+import ast
+import importlib
+import os
+import pathlib
+import sys
+from glob import iglob
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from importlib.machinery import ModuleSpec
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+from .._path import same_path as _same_path, StrPath
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsWarning
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution  # noqa
+    from setuptools.discovery import ConfigDiscovery  # noqa
+    from distutils.dist import DistributionMetadata  # noqa
+
+chain_iter = chain.from_iterable
+_K = TypeVar("_K")
+_V = TypeVar("_V", covariant=True)
+
+
+class StaticModule:
+    """Proxy to a module object that avoids executing arbitrary code."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, spec: ModuleSpec):
+        module = ast.parse(pathlib.Path(spec.origin).read_bytes())  # type: ignore[arg-type] # Let it raise an error on None
+        vars(self).update(locals())
+        del self.self
+
+    def _find_assignments(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[ast.AST, ast.AST]]:
+        for statement in self.module.body:
+            if isinstance(statement, ast.Assign):
+                yield from ((target, statement.value) for target in statement.targets)
+            elif isinstance(statement, ast.AnnAssign) and statement.value:
+                yield (statement.target, statement.value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Attempt to load an attribute "statically", via :func:`ast.literal_eval`."""
+        try:
+            return next(
+                ast.literal_eval(value)
+                for target, value in self._find_assignments()
+                if isinstance(target, ast.Name) and target.id == attr
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise AttributeError(f"{self.name} has no attribute {attr}") from e
+
+
+def glob_relative(
+    patterns: Iterable[str], root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None
+) -> List[str]:
+    """Expand the list of glob patterns, but preserving relative paths.
+
+    :param list[str] patterns: List of glob patterns
+    :param str root_dir: Path to which globs should be relative
+                         (current directory by default)
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    glob_characters = {'*', '?', '[', ']', '{', '}'}
+    expanded_values = []
+    root_dir = root_dir or os.getcwd()
+    for value in patterns:
+        # Has globby characters?
+        if any(char in value for char in glob_characters):
+            # then expand the glob pattern while keeping paths *relative*:
+            glob_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root_dir, value))
+            expanded_values.extend(
+                sorted(
+                    os.path.relpath(path, root_dir).replace(os.sep, "/")
+                    for path in iglob(glob_path, recursive=True)
+                )
+            )
+
+        else:
+            # take the value as-is
+            path = os.path.relpath(value, root_dir).replace(os.sep, "/")
+            expanded_values.append(path)
+
+    return expanded_values
+
+
+def read_files(filepaths: Union[str, bytes, Iterable[StrPath]], root_dir=None) -> str:
+    """Return the content of the files concatenated using ``\n`` as str
+
+    This function is sandboxed and won't reach anything outside ``root_dir``
+
+    (By default ``root_dir`` is the current directory).
+    """
+    from setuptools.extern.more_itertools import always_iterable
+
+    root_dir = os.path.abspath(root_dir or os.getcwd())
+    _filepaths = (os.path.join(root_dir, path) for path in always_iterable(filepaths))
+    return '\n'.join(
+        _read_file(path)
+        for path in _filter_existing_files(_filepaths)
+        if _assert_local(path, root_dir)
+    )
+
+
+def _filter_existing_files(filepaths: Iterable[StrPath]) -> Iterator[StrPath]:
+    for path in filepaths:
+        if os.path.isfile(path):
+            yield path
+        else:
+            SetuptoolsWarning.emit(f"File {path!r} cannot be found")
+
+
+def _read_file(filepath: Union[bytes, StrPath]) -> str:
+    with open(filepath, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+
+def _assert_local(filepath: StrPath, root_dir: str):
+    if Path(os.path.abspath(root_dir)) not in Path(os.path.abspath(filepath)).parents:
+        msg = f"Cannot access {filepath!r} (or anything outside {root_dir!r})"
+        raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+    return True
+
+
+def read_attr(
+    attr_desc: str,
+    package_dir: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+):
+    """Reads the value of an attribute from a module.
+
+    This function will try to read the attributed statically first
+    (via :func:`ast.literal_eval`), and only evaluate the module if it fails.
+
+    Examples:
+        read_attr("package.attr")
+        read_attr("package.module.attr")
+
+    :param str attr_desc: Dot-separated string describing how to reach the
+        attribute (see examples above)
+    :param dict[str, str] package_dir: Mapping of package names to their
+        location in disk (represented by paths relative to ``root_dir``).
+    :param str root_dir: Path to directory containing all the packages in
+        ``package_dir`` (current directory by default).
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    root_dir = root_dir or os.getcwd()
+    attrs_path = attr_desc.strip().split('.')
+    attr_name = attrs_path.pop()
+    module_name = '.'.join(attrs_path)
+    module_name = module_name or '__init__'
+    _parent_path, path, module_name = _find_module(module_name, package_dir, root_dir)
+    spec = _find_spec(module_name, path)
+
+    try:
+        return getattr(StaticModule(module_name, spec), attr_name)
+    except Exception:
+        # fallback to evaluate module
+        module = _load_spec(spec, module_name)
+        return getattr(module, attr_name)
+
+
+def _find_spec(module_name: str, module_path: Optional[StrPath]) -> ModuleSpec:
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, module_path)
+    spec = spec or importlib.util.find_spec(module_name)
+
+    if spec is None:
+        raise ModuleNotFoundError(module_name)
+
+    return spec
+
+
+def _load_spec(spec: ModuleSpec, module_name: str) -> ModuleType:
+    name = getattr(spec, "__name__", module_name)
+    if name in sys.modules:
+        return sys.modules[name]
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    sys.modules[name] = module  # cache (it also ensures `==` works on loaded items)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(module)  # type: ignore
+    return module
+
+
+def _find_module(
+    module_name: str, package_dir: Optional[Mapping[str, str]], root_dir: StrPath
+) -> Tuple[StrPath, Optional[str], str]:
+    """Given a module (that could normally be imported by ``module_name``
+    after the build is complete), find the path to the parent directory where
+    it is contained and the canonical name that could be used to import it
+    considering the ``package_dir`` in the build configuration and ``root_dir``
+    """
+    parent_path = root_dir
+    module_parts = module_name.split('.')
+    if package_dir:
+        if module_parts[0] in package_dir:
+            # A custom path was specified for the module we want to import
+            custom_path = package_dir[module_parts[0]]
+            parts = custom_path.rsplit('/', 1)
+            if len(parts) > 1:
+                parent_path = os.path.join(root_dir, parts[0])
+                parent_module = parts[1]
+            else:
+                parent_module = custom_path
+            module_name = ".".join([parent_module, *module_parts[1:]])
+        elif '' in package_dir:
+            # A custom parent directory was specified for all root modules
+            parent_path = os.path.join(root_dir, package_dir[''])
+
+    path_start = os.path.join(parent_path, *module_name.split("."))
+    candidates = chain(
+        (f"{path_start}.py", os.path.join(path_start, "__init__.py")),
+        iglob(f"{path_start}.*"),
+    )
+    module_path = next((x for x in candidates if os.path.isfile(x)), None)
+    return parent_path, module_path, module_name
+
+
+def resolve_class(
+    qualified_class_name: str,
+    package_dir: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+) -> Callable:
+    """Given a qualified class name, return the associated class object"""
+    root_dir = root_dir or os.getcwd()
+    idx = qualified_class_name.rfind('.')
+    class_name = qualified_class_name[idx + 1 :]
+    pkg_name = qualified_class_name[:idx]
+
+    _parent_path, path, module_name = _find_module(pkg_name, package_dir, root_dir)
+    module = _load_spec(_find_spec(module_name, path), module_name)
+    return getattr(module, class_name)
+
+
+def cmdclass(
+    values: Dict[str, str],
+    package_dir: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+) -> Dict[str, Callable]:
+    """Given a dictionary mapping command names to strings for qualified class
+    names, apply :func:`resolve_class` to the dict values.
+    """
+    return {k: resolve_class(v, package_dir, root_dir) for k, v in values.items()}
+
+
+def find_packages(
+    *,
+    namespaces=True,
+    fill_package_dir: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+    **kwargs,
+) -> List[str]:
+    """Works similarly to :func:`setuptools.find_packages`, but with all
+    arguments given as keyword arguments. Moreover, ``where`` can be given
+    as a list (the results will be simply concatenated).
+
+    When the additional keyword argument ``namespaces`` is ``True``, it will
+    behave like :func:`setuptools.find_namespace_packages`` (i.e. include
+    implicit namespaces as per :pep:`420`).
+
+    The ``where`` argument will be considered relative to ``root_dir`` (or the current
+    working directory when ``root_dir`` is not given).
+
+    If the ``fill_package_dir`` argument is passed, this function will consider it as a
+    similar data structure to the ``package_dir`` configuration parameter add fill-in
+    any missing package location.
+
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    from setuptools.discovery import construct_package_dir
+    from setuptools.extern.more_itertools import unique_everseen, always_iterable
+
+    if namespaces:
+        from setuptools.discovery import PEP420PackageFinder as PackageFinder
+    else:
+        from setuptools.discovery import PackageFinder  # type: ignore
+
+    root_dir = root_dir or os.curdir
+    where = kwargs.pop('where', ['.'])
+    packages: List[str] = []
+    fill_package_dir = {} if fill_package_dir is None else fill_package_dir
+    search = list(unique_everseen(always_iterable(where)))
+
+    if len(search) == 1 and all(not _same_path(search[0], x) for x in (".", root_dir)):
+        fill_package_dir.setdefault("", search[0])
+
+    for path in search:
+        package_path = _nest_path(root_dir, path)
+        pkgs = PackageFinder.find(package_path, **kwargs)
+        packages.extend(pkgs)
+        if pkgs and not (
+            fill_package_dir.get("") == path or os.path.samefile(package_path, root_dir)
+        ):
+            fill_package_dir.update(construct_package_dir(pkgs, path))
+
+    return packages
+
+
+def _nest_path(parent: StrPath, path: StrPath) -> str:
+    path = parent if path in {".", ""} else os.path.join(parent, path)
+    return os.path.normpath(path)
+
+
+def version(value: Union[Callable, Iterable[Union[str, int]], str]) -> str:
+    """When getting the version directly from an attribute,
+    it should be normalised to string.
+    """
+    if callable(value):
+        value = value()
+
+    value = cast(Iterable[Union[str, int]], value)
+
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
+        if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
+            value = '.'.join(map(str, value))
+        else:
+            value = '%s' % value
+
+    return value
+
+
+def canonic_package_data(package_data: dict) -> dict:
+    if "*" in package_data:
+        package_data[""] = package_data.pop("*")
+    return package_data
+
+
+def canonic_data_files(
+    data_files: Union[list, dict], root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None
+) -> List[Tuple[str, List[str]]]:
+    """For compatibility with ``setup.py``, ``data_files`` should be a list
+    of pairs instead of a dict.
+
+    This function also expands glob patterns.
+    """
+    if isinstance(data_files, list):
+        return data_files
+
+    return [
+        (dest, glob_relative(patterns, root_dir))
+        for dest, patterns in data_files.items()
+    ]
+
+
+def entry_points(text: str, text_source="entry-points") -> Dict[str, dict]:
+    """Given the contents of entry-points file,
+    process it into a 2-level dictionary (``dict[str, dict[str, str]]``).
+    The first level keys are entry-point groups, the second level keys are
+    entry-point names, and the second level values are references to objects
+    (that correspond to the entry-point value).
+    """
+    parser = ConfigParser(default_section=None, delimiters=("=",))  # type: ignore
+    parser.optionxform = str  # case sensitive
+    parser.read_string(text, text_source)
+    groups = {k: dict(v.items()) for k, v in parser.items()}
+    groups.pop(parser.default_section, None)
+    return groups
+
+
+class EnsurePackagesDiscovered:
+    """Some expand functions require all the packages to already be discovered before
+    they run, e.g. :func:`read_attr`, :func:`resolve_class`, :func:`cmdclass`.
+
+    Therefore in some cases we will need to run autodiscovery during the evaluation of
+    the configuration. However, it is better to postpone calling package discovery as
+    much as possible, because some parameters can influence it (e.g. ``package_dir``),
+    and those might not have been processed yet.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, distribution: "Distribution"):
+        self._dist = distribution
+        self._called = False
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        """Trigger the automatic package discovery, if it is still necessary."""
+        if not self._called:
+            self._called = True
+            self._dist.set_defaults(name=False)  # Skip name, we can still be parsing
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, _exc_type, _exc_value, _traceback):
+        if self._called:
+            self._dist.set_defaults.analyse_name()  # Now we can set a default name
+
+    def _get_package_dir(self) -> Mapping[str, str]:
+        self()
+        pkg_dir = self._dist.package_dir
+        return {} if pkg_dir is None else pkg_dir
+
+    @property
+    def package_dir(self) -> Mapping[str, str]:
+        """Proxy to ``package_dir`` that may trigger auto-discovery when used."""
+        return LazyMappingProxy(self._get_package_dir)
+
+
+class LazyMappingProxy(Mapping[_K, _V]):
+    """Mapping proxy that delays resolving the target object, until really needed.
+
+    >>> def obtain_mapping():
+    ...     print("Running expensive function!")
+    ...     return {"key": "value", "other key": "other value"}
+    >>> mapping = LazyMappingProxy(obtain_mapping)
+    >>> mapping["key"]
+    Running expensive function!
+    'value'
+    >>> mapping["other key"]
+    'other value'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obtain_mapping_value: Callable[[], Mapping[_K, _V]]):
+        self._obtain = obtain_mapping_value
+        self._value: Optional[Mapping[_K, _V]] = None
+
+    def _target(self) -> Mapping[_K, _V]:
+        if self._value is None:
+            self._value = self._obtain()
+        return self._value
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _K) -> _V:
+        return self._target()[key]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._target())
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_K]:
+        return iter(self._target())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/pyprojecttoml.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/pyprojecttoml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff97679895f95ea0ac13a6df77abbae993fa5a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/pyprojecttoml.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+"""
+Load setuptools configuration from ``pyproject.toml`` files.
+
+**PRIVATE MODULE**: API reserved for setuptools internal usage only.
+
+To read project metadata, consider using
+``build.util.project_wheel_metadata`` (https://pypi.org/project/build/).
+For simple scenarios, you can also try parsing the file directly
+with the help of ``tomllib`` or ``tomli``.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Dict, Mapping, Optional, Set
+
+from .._path import StrPath
+from ..errors import FileError, InvalidConfigError
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsWarning
+from . import expand as _expand
+from ._apply_pyprojecttoml import _PREVIOUSLY_DEFINED, _MissingDynamic
+from ._apply_pyprojecttoml import apply as _apply
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution  # noqa
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def load_file(filepath: StrPath) -> dict:
+    from ..compat.py310 import tomllib
+
+    with open(filepath, "rb") as file:
+        return tomllib.load(file)
+
+
+def validate(config: dict, filepath: StrPath) -> bool:
+    from . import _validate_pyproject as validator
+
+    trove_classifier = validator.FORMAT_FUNCTIONS.get("trove-classifier")
+    if hasattr(trove_classifier, "_disable_download"):
+        # Improve reproducibility by default. See issue 31 for validate-pyproject.
+        trove_classifier._disable_download()  # type: ignore
+
+    try:
+        return validator.validate(config)
+    except validator.ValidationError as ex:
+        summary = f"configuration error: {ex.summary}"
+        if ex.name.strip("`") != "project":
+            # Probably it is just a field missing/misnamed, not worthy the verbosity...
+            _logger.debug(summary)
+            _logger.debug(ex.details)
+
+        error = f"invalid pyproject.toml config: {ex.name}."
+        raise ValueError(f"{error}\n{summary}") from None
+
+
+def apply_configuration(
+    dist: "Distribution",
+    filepath: StrPath,
+    ignore_option_errors=False,
+) -> "Distribution":
+    """Apply the configuration from a ``pyproject.toml`` file into an existing
+    distribution object.
+    """
+    config = read_configuration(filepath, True, ignore_option_errors, dist)
+    return _apply(dist, config, filepath)
+
+
+def read_configuration(
+    filepath: StrPath,
+    expand=True,
+    ignore_option_errors=False,
+    dist: Optional["Distribution"] = None,
+):
+    """Read given configuration file and returns options from it as a dict.
+
+    :param str|unicode filepath: Path to configuration file in the ``pyproject.toml``
+        format.
+
+    :param bool expand: Whether to expand directives and other computed values
+        (i.e. post-process the given configuration)
+
+    :param bool ignore_option_errors: Whether to silently ignore
+        options, values of which could not be resolved (e.g. due to exceptions
+        in directives such as file:, attr:, etc.).
+        If False exceptions are propagated as expected.
+
+    :param Distribution|None: Distribution object to which the configuration refers.
+        If not given a dummy object will be created and discarded after the
+        configuration is read. This is used for auto-discovery of packages and in the
+        case a dynamic configuration (e.g. ``attr`` or ``cmdclass``) is expanded.
+        When ``expand=False`` this object is simply ignored.
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    filepath = os.path.abspath(filepath)
+
+    if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
+        raise FileError(f"Configuration file {filepath!r} does not exist.")
+
+    asdict = load_file(filepath) or {}
+    project_table = asdict.get("project", {})
+    tool_table = asdict.get("tool", {})
+    setuptools_table = tool_table.get("setuptools", {})
+    if not asdict or not (project_table or setuptools_table):
+        return {}  # User is not using pyproject to configure setuptools
+
+    if "distutils" in tool_table:
+        _ExperimentalConfiguration.emit(subject="[tool.distutils]")
+
+    # There is an overall sense in the community that making include_package_data=True
+    # the default would be an improvement.
+    # `ini2toml` backfills include_package_data=False when nothing is explicitly given,
+    # therefore setting a default here is backwards compatible.
+    if dist and getattr(dist, "include_package_data", None) is not None:
+        setuptools_table.setdefault("include-package-data", dist.include_package_data)
+    else:
+        setuptools_table.setdefault("include-package-data", True)
+    # Persist changes:
+    asdict["tool"] = tool_table
+    tool_table["setuptools"] = setuptools_table
+
+    with _ignore_errors(ignore_option_errors):
+        # Don't complain about unrelated errors (e.g. tools not using the "tool" table)
+        subset = {"project": project_table, "tool": {"setuptools": setuptools_table}}
+        validate(subset, filepath)
+
+    if expand:
+        root_dir = os.path.dirname(filepath)
+        return expand_configuration(asdict, root_dir, ignore_option_errors, dist)
+
+    return asdict
+
+
+def expand_configuration(
+    config: dict,
+    root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+    ignore_option_errors: bool = False,
+    dist: Optional["Distribution"] = None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Given a configuration with unresolved fields (e.g. dynamic, cmdclass, ...)
+    find their final values.
+
+    :param dict config: Dict containing the configuration for the distribution
+    :param str root_dir: Top-level directory for the distribution/project
+        (the same directory where ``pyproject.toml`` is place)
+    :param bool ignore_option_errors: see :func:`read_configuration`
+    :param Distribution|None: Distribution object to which the configuration refers.
+        If not given a dummy object will be created and discarded after the
+        configuration is read. Used in the case a dynamic configuration
+        (e.g. ``attr`` or ``cmdclass``).
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    return _ConfigExpander(config, root_dir, ignore_option_errors, dist).expand()
+
+
+class _ConfigExpander:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: dict,
+        root_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+        ignore_option_errors: bool = False,
+        dist: Optional["Distribution"] = None,
+    ):
+        self.config = config
+        self.root_dir = root_dir or os.getcwd()
+        self.project_cfg = config.get("project", {})
+        self.dynamic = self.project_cfg.get("dynamic", [])
+        self.setuptools_cfg = config.get("tool", {}).get("setuptools", {})
+        self.dynamic_cfg = self.setuptools_cfg.get("dynamic", {})
+        self.ignore_option_errors = ignore_option_errors
+        self._dist = dist
+        self._referenced_files: Set[str] = set()
+
+    def _ensure_dist(self) -> "Distribution":
+        from setuptools.dist import Distribution
+
+        attrs = {"src_root": self.root_dir, "name": self.project_cfg.get("name", None)}
+        return self._dist or Distribution(attrs)
+
+    def _process_field(self, container: dict, field: str, fn: Callable):
+        if field in container:
+            with _ignore_errors(self.ignore_option_errors):
+                container[field] = fn(container[field])
+
+    def _canonic_package_data(self, field="package-data"):
+        package_data = self.setuptools_cfg.get(field, {})
+        return _expand.canonic_package_data(package_data)
+
+    def expand(self):
+        self._expand_packages()
+        self._canonic_package_data()
+        self._canonic_package_data("exclude-package-data")
+
+        # A distribution object is required for discovering the correct package_dir
+        dist = self._ensure_dist()
+        ctx = _EnsurePackagesDiscovered(dist, self.project_cfg, self.setuptools_cfg)
+        with ctx as ensure_discovered:
+            package_dir = ensure_discovered.package_dir
+            self._expand_data_files()
+            self._expand_cmdclass(package_dir)
+            self._expand_all_dynamic(dist, package_dir)
+
+        dist._referenced_files.update(self._referenced_files)
+        return self.config
+
+    def _expand_packages(self):
+        packages = self.setuptools_cfg.get("packages")
+        if packages is None or isinstance(packages, (list, tuple)):
+            return
+
+        find = packages.get("find")
+        if isinstance(find, dict):
+            find["root_dir"] = self.root_dir
+            find["fill_package_dir"] = self.setuptools_cfg.setdefault("package-dir", {})
+            with _ignore_errors(self.ignore_option_errors):
+                self.setuptools_cfg["packages"] = _expand.find_packages(**find)
+
+    def _expand_data_files(self):
+        data_files = partial(_expand.canonic_data_files, root_dir=self.root_dir)
+        self._process_field(self.setuptools_cfg, "data-files", data_files)
+
+    def _expand_cmdclass(self, package_dir: Mapping[str, str]):
+        root_dir = self.root_dir
+        cmdclass = partial(_expand.cmdclass, package_dir=package_dir, root_dir=root_dir)
+        self._process_field(self.setuptools_cfg, "cmdclass", cmdclass)
+
+    def _expand_all_dynamic(self, dist: "Distribution", package_dir: Mapping[str, str]):
+        special = (  # need special handling
+            "version",
+            "readme",
+            "entry-points",
+            "scripts",
+            "gui-scripts",
+            "classifiers",
+            "dependencies",
+            "optional-dependencies",
+        )
+        # `_obtain` functions are assumed to raise appropriate exceptions/warnings.
+        obtained_dynamic = {
+            field: self._obtain(dist, field, package_dir)
+            for field in self.dynamic
+            if field not in special
+        }
+        obtained_dynamic.update(
+            self._obtain_entry_points(dist, package_dir) or {},
+            version=self._obtain_version(dist, package_dir),
+            readme=self._obtain_readme(dist),
+            classifiers=self._obtain_classifiers(dist),
+            dependencies=self._obtain_dependencies(dist),
+            optional_dependencies=self._obtain_optional_dependencies(dist),
+        )
+        # `None` indicates there is nothing in `tool.setuptools.dynamic` but the value
+        # might have already been set by setup.py/extensions, so avoid overwriting.
+        updates = {k: v for k, v in obtained_dynamic.items() if v is not None}
+        self.project_cfg.update(updates)
+
+    def _ensure_previously_set(self, dist: "Distribution", field: str):
+        previous = _PREVIOUSLY_DEFINED[field](dist)
+        if previous is None and not self.ignore_option_errors:
+            msg = (
+                f"No configuration found for dynamic {field!r}.\n"
+                "Some dynamic fields need to be specified via `tool.setuptools.dynamic`"
+                "\nothers must be specified via the equivalent attribute in `setup.py`."
+            )
+            raise InvalidConfigError(msg)
+
+    def _expand_directive(
+        self, specifier: str, directive, package_dir: Mapping[str, str]
+    ):
+        from setuptools.extern.more_itertools import always_iterable
+
+        with _ignore_errors(self.ignore_option_errors):
+            root_dir = self.root_dir
+            if "file" in directive:
+                self._referenced_files.update(always_iterable(directive["file"]))
+                return _expand.read_files(directive["file"], root_dir)
+            if "attr" in directive:
+                return _expand.read_attr(directive["attr"], package_dir, root_dir)
+            raise ValueError(f"invalid `{specifier}`: {directive!r}")
+        return None
+
+    def _obtain(self, dist: "Distribution", field: str, package_dir: Mapping[str, str]):
+        if field in self.dynamic_cfg:
+            return self._expand_directive(
+                f"tool.setuptools.dynamic.{field}",
+                self.dynamic_cfg[field],
+                package_dir,
+            )
+        self._ensure_previously_set(dist, field)
+        return None
+
+    def _obtain_version(self, dist: "Distribution", package_dir: Mapping[str, str]):
+        # Since plugins can set version, let's silently skip if it cannot be obtained
+        if "version" in self.dynamic and "version" in self.dynamic_cfg:
+            return _expand.version(self._obtain(dist, "version", package_dir))
+        return None
+
+    def _obtain_readme(self, dist: "Distribution") -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
+        if "readme" not in self.dynamic:
+            return None
+
+        dynamic_cfg = self.dynamic_cfg
+        if "readme" in dynamic_cfg:
+            return {
+                "text": self._obtain(dist, "readme", {}),
+                "content-type": dynamic_cfg["readme"].get("content-type", "text/x-rst"),
+            }
+
+        self._ensure_previously_set(dist, "readme")
+        return None
+
+    def _obtain_entry_points(
+        self, dist: "Distribution", package_dir: Mapping[str, str]
+    ) -> Optional[Dict[str, dict]]:
+        fields = ("entry-points", "scripts", "gui-scripts")
+        if not any(field in self.dynamic for field in fields):
+            return None
+
+        text = self._obtain(dist, "entry-points", package_dir)
+        if text is None:
+            return None
+
+        groups = _expand.entry_points(text)
+        expanded = {"entry-points": groups}
+
+        def _set_scripts(field: str, group: str):
+            if group in groups:
+                value = groups.pop(group)
+                if field not in self.dynamic:
+                    raise InvalidConfigError(_MissingDynamic.details(field, value))
+                expanded[field] = value
+
+        _set_scripts("scripts", "console_scripts")
+        _set_scripts("gui-scripts", "gui_scripts")
+
+        return expanded
+
+    def _obtain_classifiers(self, dist: "Distribution"):
+        if "classifiers" in self.dynamic:
+            value = self._obtain(dist, "classifiers", {})
+            if value:
+                return value.splitlines()
+        return None
+
+    def _obtain_dependencies(self, dist: "Distribution"):
+        if "dependencies" in self.dynamic:
+            value = self._obtain(dist, "dependencies", {})
+            if value:
+                return _parse_requirements_list(value)
+        return None
+
+    def _obtain_optional_dependencies(self, dist: "Distribution"):
+        if "optional-dependencies" not in self.dynamic:
+            return None
+        if "optional-dependencies" in self.dynamic_cfg:
+            optional_dependencies_map = self.dynamic_cfg["optional-dependencies"]
+            assert isinstance(optional_dependencies_map, dict)
+            return {
+                group: _parse_requirements_list(
+                    self._expand_directive(
+                        f"tool.setuptools.dynamic.optional-dependencies.{group}",
+                        directive,
+                        {},
+                    )
+                )
+                for group, directive in optional_dependencies_map.items()
+            }
+        self._ensure_previously_set(dist, "optional-dependencies")
+        return None
+
+
+def _parse_requirements_list(value):
+    return [
+        line
+        for line in value.splitlines()
+        if line.strip() and not line.strip().startswith("#")
+    ]
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def _ignore_errors(ignore_option_errors: bool):
+    if not ignore_option_errors:
+        yield
+        return
+
+    try:
+        yield
+    except Exception as ex:
+        _logger.debug(f"ignored error: {ex.__class__.__name__} - {ex}")
+
+
+class _EnsurePackagesDiscovered(_expand.EnsurePackagesDiscovered):
+    def __init__(
+        self, distribution: "Distribution", project_cfg: dict, setuptools_cfg: dict
+    ):
+        super().__init__(distribution)
+        self._project_cfg = project_cfg
+        self._setuptools_cfg = setuptools_cfg
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Self":
+        """When entering the context, the values of ``packages``, ``py_modules`` and
+        ``package_dir`` that are missing in ``dist`` are copied from ``setuptools_cfg``.
+        """
+        dist, cfg = self._dist, self._setuptools_cfg
+        package_dir: Dict[str, str] = cfg.setdefault("package-dir", {})
+        package_dir.update(dist.package_dir or {})
+        dist.package_dir = package_dir  # needs to be the same object
+
+        dist.set_defaults._ignore_ext_modules()  # pyproject.toml-specific behaviour
+
+        # Set `name`, `py_modules` and `packages` in dist to short-circuit
+        # auto-discovery, but avoid overwriting empty lists purposefully set by users.
+        if dist.metadata.name is None:
+            dist.metadata.name = self._project_cfg.get("name")
+        if dist.py_modules is None:
+            dist.py_modules = cfg.get("py-modules")
+        if dist.packages is None:
+            dist.packages = cfg.get("packages")
+
+        return super().__enter__()
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        """When exiting the context, if values of ``packages``, ``py_modules`` and
+        ``package_dir`` are missing in ``setuptools_cfg``, copy from ``dist``.
+        """
+        # If anything was discovered set them back, so they count in the final config.
+        self._setuptools_cfg.setdefault("packages", self._dist.packages)
+        self._setuptools_cfg.setdefault("py-modules", self._dist.py_modules)
+        return super().__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+
+class _ExperimentalConfiguration(SetuptoolsWarning):
+    _SUMMARY = (
+        "`{subject}` in `pyproject.toml` is still *experimental* "
+        "and likely to change in future releases."
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/setupcfg.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/setupcfg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2912d3e143992f8570fb98e23c23e555d5c33b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/config/setupcfg.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
+"""
+Load setuptools configuration from ``setup.cfg`` files.
+
+**API will be made private in the future**
+
+To read project metadata, consider using
+``build.util.project_wheel_metadata`` (https://pypi.org/project/build/).
+For simple scenarios, you can also try parsing the file directly
+with the help of ``configparser``.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import os
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import partial
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Callable,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from .._path import StrPath
+from ..errors import FileError, OptionError
+from ..extern.packaging.markers import default_environment as marker_env
+from ..extern.packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
+from ..extern.packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from ..extern.packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from ..warnings import SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning
+from . import expand
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from distutils.dist import DistributionMetadata  # noqa
+
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution  # noqa
+
+SingleCommandOptions = Dict["str", Tuple["str", Any]]
+"""Dict that associate the name of the options of a particular command to a
+tuple. The first element of the tuple indicates the origin of the option value
+(e.g. the name of the configuration file where it was read from),
+while the second element of the tuple is the option value itself
+"""
+AllCommandOptions = Dict["str", SingleCommandOptions]  # cmd name => its options
+Target = TypeVar("Target", bound=Union["Distribution", "DistributionMetadata"])
+
+
+def read_configuration(
+    filepath: StrPath, find_others=False, ignore_option_errors=False
+) -> dict:
+    """Read given configuration file and returns options from it as a dict.
+
+    :param str|unicode filepath: Path to configuration file
+        to get options from.
+
+    :param bool find_others: Whether to search for other configuration files
+        which could be on in various places.
+
+    :param bool ignore_option_errors: Whether to silently ignore
+        options, values of which could not be resolved (e.g. due to exceptions
+        in directives such as file:, attr:, etc.).
+        If False exceptions are propagated as expected.
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution
+
+    dist = Distribution()
+    filenames = dist.find_config_files() if find_others else []
+    handlers = _apply(dist, filepath, filenames, ignore_option_errors)
+    return configuration_to_dict(handlers)
+
+
+def apply_configuration(dist: "Distribution", filepath: StrPath) -> "Distribution":
+    """Apply the configuration from a ``setup.cfg`` file into an existing
+    distribution object.
+    """
+    _apply(dist, filepath)
+    dist._finalize_requires()
+    return dist
+
+
+def _apply(
+    dist: "Distribution",
+    filepath: StrPath,
+    other_files: Iterable[StrPath] = (),
+    ignore_option_errors: bool = False,
+) -> Tuple["ConfigHandler", ...]:
+    """Read configuration from ``filepath`` and applies to the ``dist`` object."""
+    from setuptools.dist import _Distribution
+
+    filepath = os.path.abspath(filepath)
+
+    if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
+        raise FileError(f'Configuration file {filepath} does not exist.')
+
+    current_directory = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(filepath))
+    filenames = [*other_files, filepath]
+
+    try:
+        _Distribution.parse_config_files(dist, filenames=filenames)  # type: ignore[arg-type] # TODO: fix in disutils stubs
+        handlers = parse_configuration(
+            dist, dist.command_options, ignore_option_errors=ignore_option_errors
+        )
+        dist._finalize_license_files()
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(current_directory)
+
+    return handlers
+
+
+def _get_option(target_obj: Target, key: str):
+    """
+    Given a target object and option key, get that option from
+    the target object, either through a get_{key} method or
+    from an attribute directly.
+    """
+    getter_name = f'get_{key}'
+    by_attribute = functools.partial(getattr, target_obj, key)
+    getter = getattr(target_obj, getter_name, by_attribute)
+    return getter()
+
+
+def configuration_to_dict(handlers: Tuple["ConfigHandler", ...]) -> dict:
+    """Returns configuration data gathered by given handlers as a dict.
+
+    :param list[ConfigHandler] handlers: Handlers list,
+        usually from parse_configuration()
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    config_dict: dict = defaultdict(dict)
+
+    for handler in handlers:
+        for option in handler.set_options:
+            value = _get_option(handler.target_obj, option)
+            config_dict[handler.section_prefix][option] = value
+
+    return config_dict
+
+
+def parse_configuration(
+    distribution: "Distribution",
+    command_options: AllCommandOptions,
+    ignore_option_errors=False,
+) -> Tuple["ConfigMetadataHandler", "ConfigOptionsHandler"]:
+    """Performs additional parsing of configuration options
+    for a distribution.
+
+    Returns a list of used option handlers.
+
+    :param Distribution distribution:
+    :param dict command_options:
+    :param bool ignore_option_errors: Whether to silently ignore
+        options, values of which could not be resolved (e.g. due to exceptions
+        in directives such as file:, attr:, etc.).
+        If False exceptions are propagated as expected.
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    with expand.EnsurePackagesDiscovered(distribution) as ensure_discovered:
+        options = ConfigOptionsHandler(
+            distribution,
+            command_options,
+            ignore_option_errors,
+            ensure_discovered,
+        )
+
+        options.parse()
+        if not distribution.package_dir:
+            distribution.package_dir = options.package_dir  # Filled by `find_packages`
+
+        meta = ConfigMetadataHandler(
+            distribution.metadata,
+            command_options,
+            ignore_option_errors,
+            ensure_discovered,
+            distribution.package_dir,
+            distribution.src_root,
+        )
+        meta.parse()
+        distribution._referenced_files.update(
+            options._referenced_files, meta._referenced_files
+        )
+
+    return meta, options
+
+
+def _warn_accidental_env_marker_misconfig(label: str, orig_value: str, parsed: list):
+    """Because users sometimes misinterpret this configuration:
+
+    [options.extras_require]
+    foo = bar;python_version<"4"
+
+    It looks like one requirement with an environment marker
+    but because there is no newline, it's parsed as two requirements
+    with a semicolon as separator.
+
+    Therefore, if:
+        * input string does not contain a newline AND
+        * parsed result contains two requirements AND
+        * parsing of the two parts from the result ("<first>;<second>")
+        leads in a valid Requirement with a valid marker
+    a UserWarning is shown to inform the user about the possible problem.
+    """
+    if "\n" in orig_value or len(parsed) != 2:
+        return
+
+    markers = marker_env().keys()
+
+    try:
+        req = Requirement(parsed[1])
+        if req.name in markers:
+            _AmbiguousMarker.emit(field=label, req=parsed[1])
+    except InvalidRequirement as ex:
+        if any(parsed[1].startswith(marker) for marker in markers):
+            msg = _AmbiguousMarker.message(field=label, req=parsed[1])
+            raise InvalidRequirement(msg) from ex
+
+
+class ConfigHandler(Generic[Target]):
+    """Handles metadata supplied in configuration files."""
+
+    section_prefix: str
+    """Prefix for config sections handled by this handler.
+    Must be provided by class heirs.
+
+    """
+
+    aliases: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    """Options aliases.
+    For compatibility with various packages. E.g.: d2to1 and pbr.
+    Note: `-` in keys is replaced with `_` by config parser.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_obj: Target,
+        options: AllCommandOptions,
+        ignore_option_errors,
+        ensure_discovered: expand.EnsurePackagesDiscovered,
+    ):
+        self.ignore_option_errors = ignore_option_errors
+        self.target_obj = target_obj
+        self.sections = dict(self._section_options(options))
+        self.set_options: List[str] = []
+        self.ensure_discovered = ensure_discovered
+        self._referenced_files: Set[str] = set()
+        """After parsing configurations, this property will enumerate
+        all files referenced by the "file:" directive. Private API for setuptools only.
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _section_options(cls, options: AllCommandOptions):
+        for full_name, value in options.items():
+            pre, sep, name = full_name.partition(cls.section_prefix)
+            if pre:
+                continue
+            yield name.lstrip('.'), value
+
+    @property
+    def parsers(self):
+        """Metadata item name to parser function mapping."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            '%s must provide .parsers property' % self.__class__.__name__
+        )
+
+    def __setitem__(self, option_name, value):
+        target_obj = self.target_obj
+
+        # Translate alias into real name.
+        option_name = self.aliases.get(option_name, option_name)
+
+        try:
+            current_value = getattr(target_obj, option_name)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise KeyError(option_name) from e
+
+        if current_value:
+            # Already inhabited. Skipping.
+            return
+
+        try:
+            parsed = self.parsers.get(option_name, lambda x: x)(value)
+        except (Exception,) * self.ignore_option_errors:
+            return
+
+        simple_setter = functools.partial(target_obj.__setattr__, option_name)
+        setter = getattr(target_obj, 'set_%s' % option_name, simple_setter)
+        setter(parsed)
+
+        self.set_options.append(option_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_list(cls, value, separator=','):
+        """Represents value as a list.
+
+        Value is split either by separator (defaults to comma) or by lines.
+
+        :param value:
+        :param separator: List items separator character.
+        :rtype: list
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, list):  # _get_parser_compound case
+            return value
+
+        if '\n' in value:
+            value = value.splitlines()
+        else:
+            value = value.split(separator)
+
+        return [chunk.strip() for chunk in value if chunk.strip()]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_dict(cls, value):
+        """Represents value as a dict.
+
+        :param value:
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        separator = '='
+        result = {}
+        for line in cls._parse_list(value):
+            key, sep, val = line.partition(separator)
+            if sep != separator:
+                raise OptionError(f"Unable to parse option value to dict: {value}")
+            result[key.strip()] = val.strip()
+
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_bool(cls, value):
+        """Represents value as boolean.
+
+        :param value:
+        :rtype: bool
+        """
+        value = value.lower()
+        return value in ('1', 'true', 'yes')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _exclude_files_parser(cls, key):
+        """Returns a parser function to make sure field inputs
+        are not files.
+
+        Parses a value after getting the key so error messages are
+        more informative.
+
+        :param key:
+        :rtype: callable
+        """
+
+        def parser(value):
+            exclude_directive = 'file:'
+            if value.startswith(exclude_directive):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Only strings are accepted for the {0} field, '
+                    'files are not accepted'.format(key)
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return parser
+
+    def _parse_file(self, value, root_dir: StrPath):
+        """Represents value as a string, allowing including text
+        from nearest files using `file:` directive.
+
+        Directive is sandboxed and won't reach anything outside
+        directory with setup.py.
+
+        Examples:
+            file: README.rst, CHANGELOG.md, src/file.txt
+
+        :param str value:
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        include_directive = 'file:'
+
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            return value
+
+        if not value.startswith(include_directive):
+            return value
+
+        spec = value[len(include_directive) :]
+        filepaths = [path.strip() for path in spec.split(',')]
+        self._referenced_files.update(filepaths)
+        return expand.read_files(filepaths, root_dir)
+
+    def _parse_attr(self, value, package_dir, root_dir: StrPath):
+        """Represents value as a module attribute.
+
+        Examples:
+            attr: package.attr
+            attr: package.module.attr
+
+        :param str value:
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        attr_directive = 'attr:'
+        if not value.startswith(attr_directive):
+            return value
+
+        attr_desc = value.replace(attr_directive, '')
+
+        # Make sure package_dir is populated correctly, so `attr:` directives can work
+        package_dir.update(self.ensure_discovered.package_dir)
+        return expand.read_attr(attr_desc, package_dir, root_dir)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_parser_compound(cls, *parse_methods):
+        """Returns parser function to represents value as a list.
+
+        Parses a value applying given methods one after another.
+
+        :param parse_methods:
+        :rtype: callable
+        """
+
+        def parse(value):
+            parsed = value
+
+            for method in parse_methods:
+                parsed = method(parsed)
+
+            return parsed
+
+        return parse
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_section_to_dict_with_key(cls, section_options, values_parser):
+        """Parses section options into a dictionary.
+
+        Applies a given parser to each option in a section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        :param callable values_parser: function with 2 args corresponding to key, value
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        value = {}
+        for key, (_, val) in section_options.items():
+            value[key] = values_parser(key, val)
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_section_to_dict(cls, section_options, values_parser=None):
+        """Parses section options into a dictionary.
+
+        Optionally applies a given parser to each value.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        :param callable values_parser: function with 1 arg corresponding to option value
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        parser = (lambda _, v: values_parser(v)) if values_parser else (lambda _, v: v)
+        return cls._parse_section_to_dict_with_key(section_options, parser)
+
+    def parse_section(self, section_options):
+        """Parses configuration file section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        for name, (_, value) in section_options.items():
+            with contextlib.suppress(KeyError):
+                # Keep silent for a new option may appear anytime.
+                self[name] = value
+
+    def parse(self) -> None:
+        """Parses configuration file items from one
+        or more related sections.
+
+        """
+        for section_name, section_options in self.sections.items():
+            method_postfix = ''
+            if section_name:  # [section.option] variant
+                method_postfix = '_%s' % section_name
+
+            section_parser_method: Optional[Callable] = getattr(
+                self,
+                # Dots in section names are translated into dunderscores.
+                ('parse_section%s' % method_postfix).replace('.', '__'),
+                None,
+            )
+
+            if section_parser_method is None:
+                raise OptionError(
+                    "Unsupported distribution option section: "
+                    f"[{self.section_prefix}.{section_name}]"
+                )
+
+            section_parser_method(section_options)
+
+    def _deprecated_config_handler(self, func, msg, **kw):
+        """this function will wrap around parameters that are deprecated
+
+        :param msg: deprecation message
+        :param func: function to be wrapped around
+        """
+
+        @wraps(func)
+        def config_handler(*args, **kwargs):
+            kw.setdefault("stacklevel", 2)
+            _DeprecatedConfig.emit("Deprecated config in `setup.cfg`", msg, **kw)
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return config_handler
+
+
+class ConfigMetadataHandler(ConfigHandler["DistributionMetadata"]):
+    section_prefix = 'metadata'
+
+    aliases = {
+        'home_page': 'url',
+        'summary': 'description',
+        'classifier': 'classifiers',
+        'platform': 'platforms',
+    }
+
+    strict_mode = False
+    """We need to keep it loose, to be partially compatible with
+    `pbr` and `d2to1` packages which also uses `metadata` section.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_obj: "DistributionMetadata",
+        options: AllCommandOptions,
+        ignore_option_errors: bool,
+        ensure_discovered: expand.EnsurePackagesDiscovered,
+        package_dir: Optional[dict] = None,
+        root_dir: StrPath = os.curdir,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(target_obj, options, ignore_option_errors, ensure_discovered)
+        self.package_dir = package_dir
+        self.root_dir = root_dir
+
+    @property
+    def parsers(self):
+        """Metadata item name to parser function mapping."""
+        parse_list = self._parse_list
+        parse_file = partial(self._parse_file, root_dir=self.root_dir)
+        parse_dict = self._parse_dict
+        exclude_files_parser = self._exclude_files_parser
+
+        return {
+            'platforms': parse_list,
+            'keywords': parse_list,
+            'provides': parse_list,
+            'obsoletes': parse_list,
+            'classifiers': self._get_parser_compound(parse_file, parse_list),
+            'license': exclude_files_parser('license'),
+            'license_files': parse_list,
+            'description': parse_file,
+            'long_description': parse_file,
+            'version': self._parse_version,
+            'project_urls': parse_dict,
+        }
+
+    def _parse_version(self, value):
+        """Parses `version` option value.
+
+        :param value:
+        :rtype: str
+
+        """
+        version = self._parse_file(value, self.root_dir)
+
+        if version != value:
+            version = version.strip()
+            # Be strict about versions loaded from file because it's easy to
+            # accidentally include newlines and other unintended content
+            try:
+                Version(version)
+            except InvalidVersion as e:
+                raise OptionError(
+                    f'Version loaded from {value} does not '
+                    f'comply with PEP 440: {version}'
+                ) from e
+
+            return version
+
+        return expand.version(self._parse_attr(value, self.package_dir, self.root_dir))
+
+
+class ConfigOptionsHandler(ConfigHandler["Distribution"]):
+    section_prefix = 'options'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_obj: "Distribution",
+        options: AllCommandOptions,
+        ignore_option_errors: bool,
+        ensure_discovered: expand.EnsurePackagesDiscovered,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(target_obj, options, ignore_option_errors, ensure_discovered)
+        self.root_dir = target_obj.src_root
+        self.package_dir: Dict[str, str] = {}  # To be filled by `find_packages`
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_list_semicolon(cls, value):
+        return cls._parse_list(value, separator=';')
+
+    def _parse_file_in_root(self, value):
+        return self._parse_file(value, root_dir=self.root_dir)
+
+    def _parse_requirements_list(self, label: str, value: str):
+        # Parse a requirements list, either by reading in a `file:`, or a list.
+        parsed = self._parse_list_semicolon(self._parse_file_in_root(value))
+        _warn_accidental_env_marker_misconfig(label, value, parsed)
+        # Filter it to only include lines that are not comments. `parse_list`
+        # will have stripped each line and filtered out empties.
+        return [line for line in parsed if not line.startswith("#")]
+
+    @property
+    def parsers(self):
+        """Metadata item name to parser function mapping."""
+        parse_list = self._parse_list
+        parse_bool = self._parse_bool
+        parse_dict = self._parse_dict
+        parse_cmdclass = self._parse_cmdclass
+
+        return {
+            'zip_safe': parse_bool,
+            'include_package_data': parse_bool,
+            'package_dir': parse_dict,
+            'scripts': parse_list,
+            'eager_resources': parse_list,
+            'dependency_links': parse_list,
+            'namespace_packages': self._deprecated_config_handler(
+                parse_list,
+                "The namespace_packages parameter is deprecated, "
+                "consider using implicit namespaces instead (PEP 420).",
+                # TODO: define due date, see setuptools.dist:check_nsp.
+            ),
+            'install_requires': partial(
+                self._parse_requirements_list, "install_requires"
+            ),
+            'setup_requires': self._parse_list_semicolon,
+            'tests_require': self._parse_list_semicolon,
+            'packages': self._parse_packages,
+            'entry_points': self._parse_file_in_root,
+            'py_modules': parse_list,
+            'python_requires': SpecifierSet,
+            'cmdclass': parse_cmdclass,
+        }
+
+    def _parse_cmdclass(self, value):
+        package_dir = self.ensure_discovered.package_dir
+        return expand.cmdclass(self._parse_dict(value), package_dir, self.root_dir)
+
+    def _parse_packages(self, value):
+        """Parses `packages` option value.
+
+        :param value:
+        :rtype: list
+        """
+        find_directives = ['find:', 'find_namespace:']
+        trimmed_value = value.strip()
+
+        if trimmed_value not in find_directives:
+            return self._parse_list(value)
+
+        # Read function arguments from a dedicated section.
+        find_kwargs = self.parse_section_packages__find(
+            self.sections.get('packages.find', {})
+        )
+
+        find_kwargs.update(
+            namespaces=(trimmed_value == find_directives[1]),
+            root_dir=self.root_dir,
+            fill_package_dir=self.package_dir,
+        )
+
+        return expand.find_packages(**find_kwargs)
+
+    def parse_section_packages__find(self, section_options):
+        """Parses `packages.find` configuration file section.
+
+        To be used in conjunction with _parse_packages().
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        section_data = self._parse_section_to_dict(section_options, self._parse_list)
+
+        valid_keys = ['where', 'include', 'exclude']
+
+        find_kwargs = dict([
+            (k, v) for k, v in section_data.items() if k in valid_keys and v
+        ])
+
+        where = find_kwargs.get('where')
+        if where is not None:
+            find_kwargs['where'] = where[0]  # cast list to single val
+
+        return find_kwargs
+
+    def parse_section_entry_points(self, section_options):
+        """Parses `entry_points` configuration file section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        parsed = self._parse_section_to_dict(section_options, self._parse_list)
+        self['entry_points'] = parsed
+
+    def _parse_package_data(self, section_options):
+        package_data = self._parse_section_to_dict(section_options, self._parse_list)
+        return expand.canonic_package_data(package_data)
+
+    def parse_section_package_data(self, section_options):
+        """Parses `package_data` configuration file section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        self['package_data'] = self._parse_package_data(section_options)
+
+    def parse_section_exclude_package_data(self, section_options):
+        """Parses `exclude_package_data` configuration file section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        self['exclude_package_data'] = self._parse_package_data(section_options)
+
+    def parse_section_extras_require(self, section_options):
+        """Parses `extras_require` configuration file section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        parsed = self._parse_section_to_dict_with_key(
+            section_options,
+            lambda k, v: self._parse_requirements_list(f"extras_require[{k}]", v),
+        )
+
+        self['extras_require'] = parsed
+
+    def parse_section_data_files(self, section_options):
+        """Parses `data_files` configuration file section.
+
+        :param dict section_options:
+        """
+        parsed = self._parse_section_to_dict(section_options, self._parse_list)
+        self['data_files'] = expand.canonic_data_files(parsed, self.root_dir)
+
+
+class _AmbiguousMarker(SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning):
+    _SUMMARY = "Ambiguous requirement marker."
+    _DETAILS = """
+    One of the parsed requirements in `{field}` looks like a valid environment marker:
+
+        {req!r}
+
+    Please make sure that the configuration file is correct.
+    You can use dangling lines to avoid this problem.
+    """
+    _SEE_DOCS = "userguide/declarative_config.html#opt-2"
+    # TODO: should we include due_date here? Initially introduced in 6 Aug 2022.
+    # Does this make sense with latest version of packaging?
+
+    @classmethod
+    def message(cls, **kw):
+        docs = f"https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/{cls._SEE_DOCS}"
+        return cls._format(cls._SUMMARY, cls._DETAILS, see_url=docs, format_args=kw)
+
+
+class _DeprecatedConfig(SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning):
+    _SEE_DOCS = "userguide/declarative_config.html"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..427b27cb809fa37933984d6102e0adac3010af7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import importlib.util
+import sys
+
+
+class VendorImporter:
+    """
+    A PEP 302 meta path importer for finding optionally-vendored
+    or otherwise naturally-installed packages from root_name.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, root_name, vendored_names=(), vendor_pkg=None):
+        self.root_name = root_name
+        self.vendored_names = set(vendored_names)
+        self.vendor_pkg = vendor_pkg or root_name.replace('extern', '_vendor')
+
+    @property
+    def search_path(self):
+        """
+        Search first the vendor package then as a natural package.
+        """
+        yield self.vendor_pkg + '.'
+        yield ''
+
+    def _module_matches_namespace(self, fullname):
+        """Figure out if the target module is vendored."""
+        root, base, target = fullname.partition(self.root_name + '.')
+        return not root and any(map(target.startswith, self.vendored_names))
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Iterate over the search path to locate and load fullname.
+        """
+        root, base, target = fullname.partition(self.root_name + '.')
+        for prefix in self.search_path:
+            try:
+                extant = prefix + target
+                __import__(extant)
+                mod = sys.modules[extant]
+                sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+                return mod
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        else:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The '{target}' package is required; "
+                "normally this is bundled with this package so if you get "
+                "this warning, consult the packager of your "
+                "distribution.".format(**locals())
+            )
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        return self.load_module(spec.name)
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        pass
+
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, path=None, target=None):
+        """Return a module spec for vendored names."""
+        return (
+            importlib.util.spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
+            if self._module_matches_namespace(fullname)
+            else None
+        )
+
+    def install(self):
+        """
+        Install this importer into sys.meta_path if not already present.
+        """
+        if self not in sys.meta_path:
+            sys.meta_path.append(self)
+
+
+names = (
+    'packaging',
+    'ordered_set',
+    'more_itertools',
+    'importlib_metadata',
+    'zipp',
+    'importlib_resources',
+    'jaraco',
+    'typing_extensions',
+    'tomli',
+    'backports',
+)
+VendorImporter(__name__, names, 'setuptools._vendor').install()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bd2070db27189e62a1867e4de49f16f8c8841ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import os
+import re
+
+from .._core import SHELL_NAMES, ShellDetectionFailure
+from . import proc, ps
+
+# Based on QEMU docs: https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/user/main.html
+QEMU_BIN_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"""qemu-
+        (alpha
+        |armeb
+        |arm
+        |m68k
+        |cris
+        |i386
+        |x86_64
+        |microblaze
+        |mips
+        |mipsel
+        |mips64
+        |mips64el
+        |mipsn32
+        |mipsn32el
+        |nios2
+        |ppc64
+        |ppc
+        |sh4eb
+        |sh4
+        |sparc
+        |sparc32plus
+        |sparc64
+    )""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+def _iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth=10):
+    """Select a way to obtain process information from the system.
+
+    * `/proc` is used if supported.
+    * The system `ps` utility is used as a fallback option.
+    """
+    for impl in (proc, ps):
+        try:
+            iterator = impl.iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth)
+        except EnvironmentError:
+            continue
+        return iterator
+    raise ShellDetectionFailure("compatible proc fs or ps utility is required")
+
+
+def _get_login_shell(proc_cmd):
+    """Form shell information from SHELL environ if possible."""
+    login_shell = os.environ.get("SHELL", "")
+    if login_shell:
+        proc_cmd = login_shell
+    else:
+        proc_cmd = proc_cmd[1:]
+    return (os.path.basename(proc_cmd).lower(), proc_cmd)
+
+
+_INTERPRETER_SHELL_NAMES = [
+    (re.compile(r"^python(\d+(\.\d+)?)?$"), {"xonsh"}),
+]
+
+
+def _get_interpreter_shell(proc_name, proc_args):
+    """Get shell invoked via an interpreter.
+
+    Some shells are implemented on, and invoked with an interpreter, e.g. xonsh
+    is commonly executed with an executable Python script. This detects what
+    script the interpreter is actually running, and check whether that looks
+    like a shell.
+
+    See sarugaku/shellingham#26 for rational.
+    """
+    for pattern, shell_names in _INTERPRETER_SHELL_NAMES:
+        if not pattern.match(proc_name):
+            continue
+        for arg in proc_args:
+            name = os.path.basename(arg).lower()
+            if os.path.isfile(arg) and name in shell_names:
+                return (name, arg)
+    return None
+
+
+def _get_shell(cmd, *args):
+    if cmd.startswith("-"):  # Login shell! Let's use this.
+        return _get_login_shell(cmd)
+    name = os.path.basename(cmd).lower()
+    if name == "rosetta" or QEMU_BIN_REGEX.fullmatch(name):
+        # If the current process is Rosetta or QEMU, this likely is a
+        # containerized process. Parse out the actual command instead.
+        cmd = args[0]
+        args = args[1:]
+        name = os.path.basename(cmd).lower()
+    if name in SHELL_NAMES:  # Command looks like a shell.
+        return (name, cmd)
+    shell = _get_interpreter_shell(name, args)
+    if shell:
+        return shell
+    return None
+
+
+def get_shell(pid=None, max_depth=10):
+    """Get the shell that the supplied pid or os.getpid() is running in."""
+    pid = str(pid or os.getpid())
+    for proc_args, _, _ in _iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth):
+        shell = _get_shell(*proc_args)
+        if shell:
+            return shell
+    return None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/_core.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/_core.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adc49e6e7a9d3edf062c55e0078136899f78d30d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/_core.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import collections
+
+Process = collections.namedtuple("Process", "args pid ppid")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/proc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/proc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..950f63228e5b328f82b70da8851ec60c6a2ff029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/proc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import io
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from ._core import Process
+
+# FreeBSD: https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=procfs
+# NetBSD: https://man.netbsd.org/NetBSD-9.3-STABLE/mount_procfs.8
+# DragonFlyBSD: https://www.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=procfs
+BSD_STAT_PPID = 2
+
+# See https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/proc.html
+LINUX_STAT_PPID = 3
+
+STAT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"\(.+\)|\S+")
+
+
+def detect_proc():
+    """Detect /proc filesystem style.
+
+    This checks the /proc/{pid} directory for possible formats. Returns one of
+    the following as str:
+
+    * `stat`: Linux-style, i.e. ``/proc/{pid}/stat``.
+    * `status`: BSD-style, i.e. ``/proc/{pid}/status``.
+    """
+    pid = os.getpid()
+    for name in ("stat", "status"):
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join("/proc", str(pid), name)):
+            return name
+    raise ProcFormatError("unsupported proc format")
+
+
+def _use_bsd_stat_format():
+    try:
+        return os.uname().sysname.lower() in ("freebsd", "netbsd", "dragonfly")
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+def _get_ppid(pid, name):
+    path = os.path.join("/proc", str(pid), name)
+    with io.open(path, encoding="ascii", errors="replace") as f:
+        parts = STAT_PATTERN.findall(f.read())
+    # We only care about TTY and PPID -- both are numbers.
+    if _use_bsd_stat_format():
+        return parts[BSD_STAT_PPID]
+    return parts[LINUX_STAT_PPID]
+
+
+def _get_cmdline(pid):
+    path = os.path.join("/proc", str(pid), "cmdline")
+    encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or "utf-8"
+    with io.open(path, encoding=encoding, errors="replace") as f:
+        # XXX: Command line arguments can be arbitrary byte sequences, not
+        # necessarily decodable. For Shellingham's purpose, however, we don't
+        # care. (pypa/pipenv#2820)
+        # cmdline appends an extra NULL at the end, hence the [:-1].
+        return tuple(f.read().split("\0")[:-1])
+
+
+class ProcFormatError(EnvironmentError):
+    pass
+
+
+def iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth=10):
+    """Try to look up the process tree via the /proc interface."""
+    stat_name = detect_proc()
+
+    # Inner generator function so we correctly throw an error eagerly if proc
+    # is not supported, rather than on the first call to the iterator. This
+    # allows the call site detects the correct implementation.
+    def _iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth):
+        for _ in range(max_depth):
+            ppid = _get_ppid(pid, stat_name)
+            args = _get_cmdline(pid)
+            yield Process(args=args, pid=pid, ppid=ppid)
+            if ppid == "0":
+                break
+            pid = ppid
+
+    return _iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/ps.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/ps.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bc39a74a56390c263e63bfead028f6bce4df3cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/shellingham/posix/ps.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import errno
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from ._core import Process
+
+
+class PsNotAvailable(EnvironmentError):
+    pass
+
+
+def iter_process_parents(pid, max_depth=10):
+    """Try to look up the process tree via the output of `ps`."""
+    try:
+        cmd = ["ps", "-ww", "-o", "pid=", "-o", "ppid=", "-o", "args="]
+        output = subprocess.check_output(cmd)
+    except OSError as e:  # Python 2-compatible FileNotFoundError.
+        if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+            raise
+        raise PsNotAvailable("ps not found")
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        # `ps` can return 1 if the process list is completely empty.
+        # (sarugaku/shellingham#15)
+        if not e.output.strip():
+            return
+        raise
+    if not isinstance(output, str):
+        encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or sys.getdefaultencoding()
+        output = output.decode(encoding)
+
+    processes_mapping = {}
+    for line in output.split("\n"):
+        try:
+            _pid, ppid, args = line.strip().split(None, 2)
+            # XXX: This is not right, but we are really out of options.
+            # ps does not offer a sane way to decode the argument display,
+            # and this is "Good Enough" for obtaining shell names. Hopefully
+            # people don't name their shell with a space, or have something
+            # like "/usr/bin/xonsh is uber". (sarugaku/shellingham#14)
+            args = tuple(a.strip() for a in args.split(" "))
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+        processes_mapping[_pid] = Process(args=args, pid=_pid, ppid=ppid)
+
+    for _ in range(max_depth):
+        try:
+            process = processes_mapping[pid]
+        except KeyError:
+            return
+        yield process
+        pid = process.ppid
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53016d7431c736590db57d91e2c778c3da5e4a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# connectors/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+
+
+class Connector(Dialect):
+    """Base class for dialect mixins, for DBAPIs that work
+    across entirely different database backends.
+
+    Currently the only such mixin is pyodbc.
+
+    """
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/aioodbc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/aioodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c22e08010039de385e7840d9a6fd8232b7780b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/aioodbc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# connectors/aioodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection
+from .pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from .. import pool
+from .. import util
+from ..util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ..util.concurrency import await_only
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import ConnectArgsType
+    from ..engine.url import URL
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_cursor(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        # see https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/451
+        return self._cursor._impl.setinputsizes(*inputsizes)
+
+        # how it's supposed to work
+        # return self.await_(self._cursor.setinputsizes(*inputsizes))
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_ss_cursor(
+    AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_cursor, AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_connection(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection):
+    _cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_cursor
+    _ss_cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_ss_cursor
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        # https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/448
+        # self._connection.autocommit = value
+
+        self._connection._conn.autocommit = value
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  Here we use the same ProgrammingError +
+        # message that pyodbc uses, so it triggers is_disconnect() as well.
+        if self._connection.closed:
+            raise self.dbapi.ProgrammingError(
+                "Attempt to use a closed connection."
+            )
+        return super().cursor(server_side=server_side)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  should be a no-op
+        if not self._connection.closed:
+            super().rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  should be a no-op
+        if not self._connection.closed:
+            super().commit()
+
+    def close(self):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  should be a no-op
+        if not self._connection.closed:
+            super().close()
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_aioodbc_connection(
+    AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection, AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_connection
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, aioodbc, pyodbc):
+        self.aioodbc = aioodbc
+        self.pyodbc = pyodbc
+        self.paramstyle = pyodbc.paramstyle
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+        self.Cursor = AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+        self.version = pyodbc.version
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "Warning",
+            "Error",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "DataError",
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "InternalError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+            "NUMBER",
+            "STRING",
+            "DATETIME",
+            "BINARY",
+            "Binary",
+            "BinaryNull",
+            "SQL_VARCHAR",
+            "SQL_WVARCHAR",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.pyodbc, name))
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.aioodbc.connect)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_aioodbc_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+
+
+class aiodbcConnector(PyODBCConnector):
+    is_async = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_dbapi(
+            __import__("aioodbc"), __import__("pyodbc")
+        )
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        arg, kw = super().create_connect_args(url)
+        if arg and arg[0]:
+            kw["dsn"] = arg[0]
+
+        return (), kw
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/asyncio.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7b7e58a535b8893dd177b4256d6e5a738c734ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/asyncio.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# connectors/asyncio.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""generic asyncio-adapted versions of DBAPI connection and cursor"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+
+from ..engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ..util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ..util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ..util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor:
+    server_side = False
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "await_",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_rows",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor()
+        self._cursor = self._aenter_cursor(cursor)
+
+        self._rows = collections.deque()
+
+    def _aenter_cursor(self, cursor):
+        return self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self._cursor.description
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self._cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        return self._cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def close(self):
+        # note we aren't actually closing the cursor here,
+        # we are just letting GC do it.  see notes in aiomysql dialect
+        self._rows.clear()
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        return self.await_(self._execute_async(operation, parameters))
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self.await_(
+            self._executemany_async(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters or ())
+
+            if self._cursor.description and not self.server_side:
+                self._rows = collections.deque(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+            return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def nextset(self):
+        self.await_(self._cursor.nextset())
+        if self._cursor.description and not self.server_side:
+            self._rows = collections.deque(
+                self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+            )
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        # NOTE: this is overrridden in aioodbc due to
+        # see https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/451
+        # right now
+
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.setinputsizes(*inputsizes))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor()
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    _cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+    _ss_cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi", "_execute_mutex")
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def ping(self, reconnect):
+        return self.await_(self._connection.ping(reconnect))
+
+    def add_output_converter(self, *arg, **kw):
+        self._connection.add_output_converter(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def character_set_name(self):
+        return self._connection.character_set_name()
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        # https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/448
+        # self._connection.autocommit = value
+
+        self._connection._conn.autocommit = value
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return self._ss_cursor_cls(self)
+        else:
+            return self._cursor_cls(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.close())
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae53f4904f0fc978978eee1daf138607927ad1ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# connectors/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from types import ModuleType
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
+
+from . import Connector
+from .. import ExecutionContext
+from .. import pool
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import ConnectArgsType
+from ..engine import Connection
+from ..engine import interfaces
+from ..engine import URL
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+
+
+class PyODBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = "pyodbc"
+
+    # this is no longer False for pyodbc in general
+    supports_sane_rowcount_returning = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    default_paramstyle = "named"
+
+    fast_executemany = False
+
+    # for non-DSN connections, this *may* be used to
+    # hold the desired driver name
+    pyodbc_driver_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    dbapi: ModuleType
+
+    def __init__(self, use_setinputsizes: bool = False, **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        if use_setinputsizes:
+            self.bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls) -> ModuleType:
+        return __import__("pyodbc")
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        keys = opts
+
+        query = url.query
+
+        connect_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        connectors: List[str]
+
+        for param in ("ansi", "unicode_results", "autocommit"):
+            if param in keys:
+                connect_args[param] = util.asbool(keys.pop(param))
+
+        if "odbc_connect" in keys:
+            connectors = [unquote_plus(keys.pop("odbc_connect"))]
+        else:
+
+            def check_quote(token: str) -> str:
+                if ";" in str(token) or str(token).startswith("{"):
+                    token = "{%s}" % token.replace("}", "}}")
+                return token
+
+            keys = {k: check_quote(v) for k, v in keys.items()}
+
+            dsn_connection = "dsn" in keys or (
+                "host" in keys and "database" not in keys
+            )
+            if dsn_connection:
+                connectors = [
+                    "dsn=%s" % (keys.pop("host", "") or keys.pop("dsn", ""))
+                ]
+            else:
+                port = ""
+                if "port" in keys and "port" not in query:
+                    port = ",%d" % int(keys.pop("port"))
+
+                connectors = []
+                driver = keys.pop("driver", self.pyodbc_driver_name)
+                if driver is None and keys:
+                    # note if keys is empty, this is a totally blank URL
+                    util.warn(
+                        "No driver name specified; "
+                        "this is expected by PyODBC when using "
+                        "DSN-less connections"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    connectors.append("DRIVER={%s}" % driver)
+
+                connectors.extend(
+                    [
+                        "Server=%s%s" % (keys.pop("host", ""), port),
+                        "Database=%s" % keys.pop("database", ""),
+                    ]
+                )
+
+            user = keys.pop("user", None)
+            if user:
+                connectors.append("UID=%s" % user)
+                pwd = keys.pop("password", "")
+                if pwd:
+                    connectors.append("PWD=%s" % pwd)
+            else:
+                authentication = keys.pop("authentication", None)
+                if authentication:
+                    connectors.append("Authentication=%s" % authentication)
+                else:
+                    connectors.append("Trusted_Connection=Yes")
+
+            # if set to 'Yes', the ODBC layer will try to automagically
+            # convert textual data from your database encoding to your
+            # client encoding.  This should obviously be set to 'No' if
+            # you query a cp1253 encoded database from a latin1 client...
+            if "odbc_autotranslate" in keys:
+                connectors.append(
+                    "AutoTranslate=%s" % keys.pop("odbc_autotranslate")
+                )
+
+            connectors.extend(["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in keys.items()])
+
+        return ((";".join(connectors),), connect_args)
+
+    def is_disconnect(
+        self,
+        e: Exception,
+        connection: Optional[
+            Union[pool.PoolProxiedConnection, interfaces.DBAPIConnection]
+        ],
+        cursor: Optional[interfaces.DBAPICursor],
+    ) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return "The cursor's connection has been closed." in str(
+                e
+            ) or "Attempt to use a closed connection." in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _dbapi_version(self) -> interfaces.VersionInfoType:
+        if not self.dbapi:
+            return ()
+        return self._parse_dbapi_version(self.dbapi.version)
+
+    def _parse_dbapi_version(self, vers: str) -> interfaces.VersionInfoType:
+        m = re.match(r"(?:py.*-)?([\d\.]+)(?:-(\w+))?", vers)
+        if not m:
+            return ()
+        vers_tuple: interfaces.VersionInfoType = tuple(
+            [int(x) for x in m.group(1).split(".")]
+        )
+        if m.group(2):
+            vers_tuple += (m.group(2),)
+        return vers_tuple
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(
+        self, connection: Connection
+    ) -> interfaces.VersionInfoType:
+        # NOTE: this function is not reliable, particularly when
+        # freetds is in use.   Implement database-specific server version
+        # queries.
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        version: Tuple[Union[int, str], ...] = ()
+        r = re.compile(r"[.\-]")
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.getinfo(self.dbapi.SQL_DBMS_VER)):  # type: ignore[union-attr]  # noqa: E501
+            try:
+                version += (int(n),)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def do_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+        cursor: interfaces.DBAPICursor,
+        list_of_tuples: List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]],
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> None:
+        # the rules for these types seems a little strange, as you can pass
+        # non-tuples as well as tuples, however it seems to assume "0"
+        # for the subsequent values if you don't pass a tuple which fails
+        # for types such as pyodbc.SQL_WLONGVARCHAR, which is the datatype
+        # that ticket #5649 is targeting.
+
+        # NOTE: as of #6058, this won't be called if the use_setinputsizes
+        # parameter were not passed to the dialect, or if no types were
+        # specified in list_of_tuples
+
+        # as of #8177 for 2.0 we assume use_setinputsizes=True and only
+        # omit the setinputsizes calls for .executemany() with
+        # fast_executemany=True
+
+        if (
+            context.execute_style is interfaces.ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY
+            and self.fast_executemany
+        ):
+            return
+
+        cursor.setinputsizes(
+            [
+                (
+                    (dbtype, None, None)
+                    if not isinstance(dbtype, tuple)
+                    else dbtype
+                )
+                for key, dbtype, sqltype in list_of_tuples
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(
+        self, dbapi_connection: interfaces.DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> List[IsolationLevel]:
+        return super().get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_connection) + [
+            "AUTOCOMMIT"
+        ]
+
+    def set_isolation_level(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: interfaces.DBAPIConnection,
+        level: IsolationLevel,
+    ) -> None:
+        # adjust for ConnectionFairy being present
+        # allows attribute set e.g. "connection.autocommit = True"
+        # to work properly
+
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+            super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d143a8023c3e3213ff9ca27833a3d4ba223621ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# cyextension/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.pyx b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4d6cd4d9a2f68441c39ddabde7a0d8b7c1ac12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.pyx	
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# cyextension/collections.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+cimport cython
+from cpython.long cimport PyLong_FromLongLong
+from cpython.set cimport PySet_Add
+
+from collections.abc import Collection
+from itertools import filterfalse
+
+cdef bint add_not_present(set seen, object item, hashfunc):
+    hash_value = hashfunc(item)
+    if hash_value not in seen:
+        PySet_Add(seen, hash_value)
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+cdef list cunique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
+    cdef set seen = set()
+    if not hashfunc:
+        return [x for x in seq if x not in seen and not PySet_Add(seen, x)]
+    else:
+        return [x for x in seq if add_not_present(seen, x, hashfunc)]
+
+def unique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
+    return cunique_list(seq, hashfunc)
+
+cdef class OrderedSet(set):
+
+    cdef list _list
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key):
+        return cls
+
+    def __init__(self, d=None):
+        set.__init__(self)
+        if d is not None:
+            self._list = cunique_list(d)
+            set.update(self, self._list)
+        else:
+            self._list = []
+
+    cpdef OrderedSet copy(self):
+        cdef OrderedSet cp = OrderedSet.__new__(OrderedSet)
+        cp._list = list(self._list)
+        set.update(cp, cp._list)
+        return cp
+
+    @cython.final
+    cdef OrderedSet _from_list(self, list new_list):
+        cdef OrderedSet new = OrderedSet.__new__(OrderedSet)
+        new._list = new_list
+        set.update(new, new_list)
+        return new
+
+    def add(self, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.append(element)
+            PySet_Add(self, element)
+
+    def remove(self, element):
+        # set.remove will raise if element is not in self
+        set.remove(self, element)
+        self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        try:
+            value = self._list.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set") from None
+        set.remove(self, value)
+        return value
+
+    def insert(self, Py_ssize_t pos, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.insert(pos, element)
+            PySet_Add(self, element)
+
+    def discard(self, element):
+        if element in self:
+            set.remove(self, element)
+            self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        set.clear(self)
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._list[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    def update(self, *iterables):
+        for iterable in iterables:
+            for e in iterable:
+                if e not in self:
+                    self._list.append(e)
+                    set.add(self, e)
+
+    def __ior__(self, iterable):
+        self.update(iterable)
+        return self
+
+    def union(self, *other):
+        result = self.copy()
+        result.update(*other)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, *other):
+        cdef set other_set = set.intersection(self, *other)
+        return self._from_list([a for a in self._list if a in other_set])
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        cdef set other_set
+        if isinstance(other, set):
+            other_set = <set> other
+            collection = other_set
+        elif isinstance(other, Collection):
+            collection = other
+            other_set = set(other)
+        else:
+            collection = list(other)
+            other_set = set(collection)
+        result = self._from_list([a for a in self._list if a not in other_set])
+        result.update(a for a in collection if a not in self)
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    def difference(self, *other):
+        cdef set other_set = set.difference(self, *other)
+        return self._from_list([a for a in self._list if a in other_set])
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *other):
+        set.intersection_update(self, *other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        collection = other if isinstance(other, Collection) else list(other)
+        set.symmetric_difference_update(self, collection)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        self._list += [a for a in collection if a in self]
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def difference_update(self, *other):
+        set.difference_update(self, *other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+cdef object cy_id(object item):
+    return PyLong_FromLongLong(<long long> (<void *>item))
+
+# NOTE: cython 0.x will call __add__, __sub__, etc with the parameter swapped
+# instead of the __rmeth__, so they need to check that also self is of the
+# correct type. This is fixed in cython 3.x. See:
+# https://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/userguide/special_methods.html#arithmetic-methods
+cdef class IdentitySet:
+    """A set that considers only object id() for uniqueness.
+
+    This strategy has edge cases for builtin types- it's possible to have
+    two 'foo' strings in one of these sets, for example.  Use sparingly.
+
+    """
+
+    cdef dict _members
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        self._members = {}
+        if iterable:
+            self.update(iterable)
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        self._members[cy_id(value)] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        return cy_id(value) in self._members
+
+    cpdef remove(self, value):
+        del self._members[cy_id(value)]
+
+    def discard(self, value):
+        try:
+            self.remove(value)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def pop(self):
+        cdef tuple pair
+        try:
+            pair = self._members.popitem()
+            return pair[1]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set")
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._members.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        cdef IdentitySet other_
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            other_ = other
+            return self._members == other_._members
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        cdef IdentitySet other_
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            other_ = other
+            return self._members != other_._members
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    cpdef issubset(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) > len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in filterfalse(other._members.__contains__, self._members):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issubset(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) < len(other) and self.issubset(other)
+
+    cpdef issuperset(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) < len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in filterfalse(self._members.__contains__, other._members):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) > len(other) and self.issuperset(other)
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet union(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__class__()
+        result._members.update(self._members)
+        result.update(iterable)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    cpdef update(self, iterable):
+        for obj in iterable:
+            self._members[cy_id(obj)] = obj
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet difference(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = (<IdentitySet>iterable)._members
+        else:
+            other = {cy_id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {k:v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other}
+        return result
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    cpdef difference_update(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other = self.difference(iterable)
+        self._members = other._members
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet intersection(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = (<IdentitySet>iterable)._members
+        else:
+            other = {cy_id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k in other}
+        return result
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    cpdef intersection_update(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other = self.intersection(iterable)
+        self._members = other._members
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet symmetric_difference(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cdef dict other
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = (<IdentitySet>iterable)._members
+        else:
+            other = {cy_id(obj): obj for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other}
+        result._members.update(
+            [(k, v) for k, v in other.items() if k not in self._members]
+        )
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    cpdef symmetric_difference_update(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other = self.symmetric_difference(iterable)
+        self._members = other._members
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.symmetric_difference(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet copy(self):
+        cdef IdentitySet cp = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cp._members = self._members.copy()
+        return cp
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self.copy()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._members)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._members.values())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("set objects are unhashable")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (type(self).__name__, list(self._members.values()))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.cp311-win_amd64.pyd b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.cp311-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fc37a14fc79a2597dee6129e1da02e566d13e3f
Binary files /dev/null and b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.cp311-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pxd b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pxd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fc00a15ad201daa9fd0756d066c0f50910447ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pxd	
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# cyextension/immutabledict.pxd
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+cdef class immutabledict(dict):
+    pass
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pyx b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fca324215c5da78a46d2fb1b09524c217ee4681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pyx	
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# cyextension/immutabledict.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from cpython.dict cimport PyDict_New, PyDict_Update, PyDict_Size
+
+
+def _readonly_fn(obj):
+    raise TypeError(
+        "%s object is immutable and/or readonly" % obj.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+def _immutable_fn(obj):
+    raise TypeError(
+        "%s object is immutable" % obj.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+class ReadOnlyContainer:
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _readonly(self, *a,**kw):
+        _readonly_fn(self)
+
+    __delitem__ = __setitem__ = __setattr__ = _readonly
+
+
+class ImmutableDictBase(dict):
+    def _immutable(self, *a,**kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key):
+        return cls
+
+    __delitem__ = __setitem__ = __setattr__ = _immutable
+    clear = pop = popitem = setdefault = update = _immutable
+
+
+cdef class immutabledict(dict):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"immutabledict({dict.__repr__(self)})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key):
+        return cls
+
+    def union(self, *args, **kw):
+        cdef dict to_merge = None
+        cdef immutabledict result
+        cdef Py_ssize_t args_len = len(args)
+        if args_len > 1:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'union expected at most 1 argument, got {args_len}'
+            )
+        if args_len == 1:
+            attribute = args[0]
+            if isinstance(attribute, dict):
+                to_merge = <dict> attribute
+        if to_merge is None:
+            to_merge = dict(*args, **kw)
+
+        if PyDict_Size(to_merge) == 0:
+            return self
+
+        # new + update is faster than immutabledict(self)
+        result = immutabledict()
+        PyDict_Update(result, self)
+        PyDict_Update(result, to_merge)
+        return result
+
+    def merge_with(self, *other):
+        cdef immutabledict result = None
+        cdef object d
+        cdef bint update = False
+        if not other:
+            return self
+        for d in other:
+            if d:
+                if update == False:
+                    update = True
+                    # new + update is faster than immutabledict(self)
+                    result = immutabledict()
+                    PyDict_Update(result, self)
+                PyDict_Update(
+                    result, <dict>(d if isinstance(d, dict) else dict(d))
+                )
+
+        return self if update == False else result
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return immutabledict, (dict(self), )
+
+    def __delitem__(self, k):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, k, v):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, k, v):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def clear(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def pop(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def popitem(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def setdefault(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def update(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    # PEP 584
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return immutabledict(dict.__or__(self, other))
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        # NOTE: this is used only in cython 3.x;
+        # version 0.x will call __or__ with args inversed
+        return immutabledict(dict.__ror__(self, other))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.cp311-win_amd64.pyd b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.cp311-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88656e6967002428b8db36489844673f406c6743
Binary files /dev/null and b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.cp311-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.pyx b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1373c71b1cc6c46afa5d3adb06ca189fc74286ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.pyx	
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# cyextension/processors.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+import datetime
+from datetime import datetime as datetime_cls
+from datetime import time as time_cls
+from datetime import date as date_cls
+import re
+
+from cpython.object cimport PyObject_Str
+from cpython.unicode cimport PyUnicode_AsASCIIString, PyUnicode_Check, PyUnicode_Decode
+from libc.stdio cimport sscanf
+
+
+def int_to_boolean(value):
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    return True if value else False
+
+def to_str(value):
+    return PyObject_Str(value) if value is not None else None
+
+def to_float(value):
+    return float(value) if value is not None else None
+
+cdef inline bytes to_bytes(object value, str type_name):
+    try:
+        return PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(value)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Couldn't parse {type_name} string '{value!r}' "
+            "- value is not a string."
+        ) from e
+
+def str_to_datetime(value):
+    if value is not None:
+        value = datetime_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    return value
+
+def str_to_time(value):
+    if value is not None:
+        value = time_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def str_to_date(value):
+    if value is not None:
+        value = date_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    return value
+
+
+
+cdef class DecimalResultProcessor:
+    cdef object type_
+    cdef str format_
+
+    def __cinit__(self, type_, format_):
+        self.type_ = type_
+        self.format_ = format_
+
+    def process(self, object value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.type_(self.format_ % value)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.cp311-win_amd64.pyd b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.cp311-win_amd64.pyd
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c781c5f39c08cff4581184d437a1091ad32308f
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diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.pyx b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..121f6a1e2242158938c7b9d6d5400c19be8e4c97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.pyx	
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# cyextension/resultproxy.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+import operator
+
+cdef class BaseRow:
+    cdef readonly object _parent
+    cdef readonly dict _key_to_index
+    cdef readonly tuple _data
+
+    def __init__(self, object parent, object processors, dict key_to_index, object data):
+        """Row objects are constructed by CursorResult objects."""
+
+        self._parent = parent
+
+        self._key_to_index = key_to_index
+
+        if processors:
+            self._data = _apply_processors(processors, data)
+        else:
+            self._data = tuple(data)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (
+            rowproxy_reconstructor,
+            (self.__class__, self.__getstate__()),
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {"_parent": self._parent, "_data": self._data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, dict state):
+        parent = state["_parent"]
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._data = state["_data"]
+        self._key_to_index = parent._key_to_index
+
+    def _values_impl(self):
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        return self._data[index]
+
+    def _get_by_key_impl_mapping(self, key):
+        return self._get_by_key_impl(key, 0)
+
+    cdef _get_by_key_impl(self, object key, int attr_err):
+        index = self._key_to_index.get(key)
+        if index is not None:
+            return self._data[<int>index]
+        self._parent._key_not_found(key, attr_err != 0)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return self._get_by_key_impl(name, 1)
+
+    def _to_tuple_instance(self):
+        return self._data
+
+
+cdef tuple _apply_processors(proc, data):
+    res = []
+    for i in range(len(proc)):
+        p = proc[i]
+        if p is None:
+            res.append(data[i])
+        else:
+            res.append(p(data[i]))
+    return tuple(res)
+
+
+def rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state):
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__setstate__(state)
+    return obj
+
+
+cdef int is_contiguous(tuple indexes):
+    cdef int i
+    for i in range(1, len(indexes)):
+        if indexes[i-1] != indexes[i] -1:
+            return 0
+    return 1
+
+
+def tuplegetter(*indexes):
+    if len(indexes) == 1 or is_contiguous(indexes) != 0:
+        # slice form is faster but returns a list if input is list
+        return operator.itemgetter(slice(indexes[0], indexes[-1] + 1))
+    else:
+        return operator.itemgetter(*indexes)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.cp311-win_amd64.pyd b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.cp311-win_amd64.pyd
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b78be6802b76b7aa13f0e5fd6304a92a5f750993
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diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.pyx b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2383ca63a509ff0fd180b4b087a19f84ce08ba7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.pyx	
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# cyextension/util.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from sqlalchemy import exc
+
+cdef tuple _Empty_Tuple = ()
+
+cdef inline bint _mapping_or_tuple(object value):
+    return isinstance(value, dict) or isinstance(value, tuple) or isinstance(value, Mapping)
+
+cdef inline bint _check_item(object params) except 0:
+    cdef object item
+    cdef bint ret = 1
+    if params:
+        item = params[0]
+        if not _mapping_or_tuple(item):
+            ret = 0
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries"
+            )
+    return ret
+
+def _distill_params_20(object params):
+    if params is None:
+        return _Empty_Tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list) or isinstance(params, tuple):
+        _check_item(params)
+        return params
+    elif isinstance(params, dict) or isinstance(params, Mapping):
+        return [params]
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or list expected for parameters")
+
+
+def _distill_raw_params(object params):
+    if params is None:
+        return _Empty_Tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list):
+        _check_item(params)
+        return params
+    elif _mapping_or_tuple(params):
+        return [params]
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or sequence expected for parameters")
+
+cdef class prefix_anon_map(dict):
+    def __missing__(self, str key):
+        cdef str derived
+        cdef int anonymous_counter
+        cdef dict self_dict = self
+
+        derived = key.split(" ", 1)[1]
+
+        anonymous_counter = self_dict.get(derived, 1)
+        self_dict[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1
+        value = f"{derived}_{anonymous_counter}"
+        self_dict[key] = value
+        return value
+
+
+cdef class cache_anon_map(dict):
+    cdef int _index
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._index = 0
+
+    def get_anon(self, obj):
+        cdef long long idself
+        cdef str id_
+        cdef dict self_dict = self
+
+        idself = id(obj)
+        if idself in self_dict:
+            return self_dict[idself], True
+        else:
+            id_ = self.__missing__(idself)
+            return id_, False
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        cdef str val
+        cdef dict self_dict = self
+
+        self_dict[key] = val = str(self._index)
+        self._index += 1
+        return val
+
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a050a4a77efa4ff66df3be36e9ed7b384cae2204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# dialects/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .. import util
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+
+__all__ = ("mssql", "mysql", "oracle", "postgresql", "sqlite")
+
+
+def _auto_fn(name: str) -> Optional[Callable[[], Type[Dialect]]]:
+    """default dialect importer.
+
+    plugs into the :class:`.PluginLoader`
+    as a first-hit system.
+
+    """
+    if "." in name:
+        dialect, driver = name.split(".")
+    else:
+        dialect = name
+        driver = "base"
+
+    try:
+        if dialect == "mariadb":
+            # it's "OK" for us to hardcode here since _auto_fn is already
+            # hardcoded.   if mysql / mariadb etc were third party dialects
+            # they would just publish all the entrypoints, which would actually
+            # look much nicer.
+            module = __import__(
+                "sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.mariadb"
+            ).dialects.mysql.mariadb
+            return module.loader(driver)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            module = __import__("sqlalchemy.dialects.%s" % (dialect,)).dialects
+            module = getattr(module, dialect)
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(module, driver):
+        module = getattr(module, driver)
+        return lambda: module.dialect
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+registry = util.PluginLoader("sqlalchemy.dialects", auto_fn=_auto_fn)
+
+plugins = util.PluginLoader("sqlalchemy.plugins")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/_typing.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3eeda0193613c5f3f0f55bd56f1c63994e19d48a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/_typing.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# dialects/_typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..sql._typing import _DDLColumnArgument
+from ..sql.elements import DQLDMLClauseElement
+from ..sql.schema import ColumnCollectionConstraint
+from ..sql.schema import Index
+
+
+_OnConflictConstraintT = Union[str, ColumnCollectionConstraint, Index, None]
+_OnConflictIndexElementsT = Optional[Iterable[_DDLColumnArgument]]
+_OnConflictIndexWhereT = Optional[DQLDMLClauseElement]
+_OnConflictSetT = Optional[Mapping[Any, Any]]
+_OnConflictWhereT = Union[DQLDMLClauseElement, str, None]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..776a61960ac39f0067bbbf1c577df58679862792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# dialects/mssql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from . import aioodbc  # noqa
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import pymssql  # noqa
+from . import pyodbc  # noqa
+from .base import BIGINT
+from .base import BINARY
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import DATETIME2
+from .base import DATETIMEOFFSET
+from .base import DECIMAL
+from .base import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import IMAGE
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import JSON
+from .base import MONEY
+from .base import NCHAR
+from .base import NTEXT
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import NVARCHAR
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import ROWVERSION
+from .base import SMALLDATETIME
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import SMALLMONEY
+from .base import SQL_VARIANT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import TIME
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import TINYINT
+from .base import UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
+from .base import VARBINARY
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .base import XML
+from ...sql import try_cast
+
+
+base.dialect = dialect = pyodbc.dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "JSON",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "BIGINT",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "TINYINT",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "NVARCHAR",
+    "CHAR",
+    "NCHAR",
+    "TEXT",
+    "NTEXT",
+    "DECIMAL",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "DATETIME",
+    "DATETIME2",
+    "DATETIMEOFFSET",
+    "DATE",
+    "DOUBLE_PRECISION",
+    "TIME",
+    "SMALLDATETIME",
+    "BINARY",
+    "VARBINARY",
+    "BIT",
+    "REAL",
+    "IMAGE",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "ROWVERSION",
+    "MONEY",
+    "SMALLMONEY",
+    "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
+    "SQL_VARIANT",
+    "XML",
+    "dialect",
+    "try_cast",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32b961bee6e1a47c704b8859ff646cfed85908c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+aioodbc
+    :name: aioodbc
+    :dbapi: aioodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+aioodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/aioodbc/
+
+
+Support for the SQL Server database in asyncio style, using the aioodbc
+driver which itself is a thread-wrapper around pyodbc.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.23  Added the mssql+aioodbc dialect which builds
+   on top of the pyodbc and general aio* dialect architecture.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aioodbc dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+Most behaviors and caveats for this driver are the same as that of the
+pyodbc dialect used on SQL Server; see :ref:`mssql_pyodbc` for general
+background.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function; connection
+styles are otherwise equivalent to those documented in the pyodbc section::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "mssql+aioodbc://scott:tiger@mssql2017:1433/test?"
+        "driver=ODBC+Driver+18+for+SQL+Server&TrustServerCertificate=yes"
+    )
+
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .pyodbc import MSDialect_pyodbc
+from .pyodbc import MSExecutionContext_pyodbc
+from ...connectors.aioodbc import aiodbcConnector
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_aioodbc(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(server_side=True)
+
+
+class MSDialectAsync_aioodbc(aiodbcConnector, MSDialect_pyodbc):
+    driver = "aioodbc"
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_aioodbc
+
+
+dialect = MSDialectAsync_aioodbc
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e40e737616078759737268b9e23587116028787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,4007 @@
+# dialects/mssql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql
+    :name: Microsoft SQL Server
+    :full_support: 2017
+    :normal_support: 2012+
+    :best_effort: 2005+
+
+.. _mssql_external_dialects:
+
+External Dialects
+-----------------
+
+In addition to the above DBAPI layers with native SQLAlchemy support, there
+are third-party dialects for other DBAPI layers that are compatible
+with SQL Server. See the "External Dialects" list on the
+:ref:`dialect_toplevel` page.
+
+.. _mssql_identity:
+
+Auto Increment Behavior / IDENTITY Columns
+------------------------------------------
+
+SQL Server provides so-called "auto incrementing" behavior using the
+``IDENTITY`` construct, which can be placed on any single integer column in a
+table. SQLAlchemy considers ``IDENTITY`` within its default "autoincrement"
+behavior for an integer primary key column, described at
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement`.  This means that by default,
+the first integer primary key column in a :class:`_schema.Table` will be
+considered to be the identity column - unless it is associated with a
+:class:`.Sequence` - and will generate DDL as such::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+The above example will generate DDL as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY,
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+For the case where this default generation of ``IDENTITY`` is not desired,
+specify ``False`` for the :paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` flag,
+on the first integer primary key column::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+To add the ``IDENTITY`` keyword to a non-primary key column, specify
+``True`` for the :paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` flag on the desired
+:class:`_schema.Column` object, and ensure that
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement`
+is set to ``False`` on any integer primary key column::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column('x', Integer, autoincrement=True))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
+   in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the start and increment
+   parameters of an IDENTITY. These replace
+   the use of the :class:`.Sequence` object in order to specify these values.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4
+
+   The ``mssql_identity_start`` and ``mssql_identity_increment`` parameters
+   to :class:`_schema.Column` are deprecated and should we replaced by
+   an :class:`_schema.Identity` object. Specifying both ways of configuring
+   an IDENTITY will result in a compile error.
+   These options are also no longer returned as part of the
+   ``dialect_options`` key in :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
+   Use the information in the ``identity`` key instead.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.3
+
+   The use of :class:`.Sequence` to specify IDENTITY characteristics is
+   deprecated and will be removed in a future release.   Please use
+   the :class:`_schema.Identity` object parameters
+   :paramref:`_schema.Identity.start` and
+   :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`.
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Removed the ability to use a :class:`.Sequence`
+   object to modify IDENTITY characteristics. :class:`.Sequence` objects
+   now only manipulate true T-SQL SEQUENCE types.
+
+.. note::
+
+    There can only be one IDENTITY column on the table.  When using
+    ``autoincrement=True`` to enable the IDENTITY keyword, SQLAlchemy does not
+    guard against multiple columns specifying the option simultaneously.  The
+    SQL Server database will instead reject the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
+
+.. note::
+
+    An INSERT statement which attempts to provide a value for a column that is
+    marked with IDENTITY will be rejected by SQL Server.   In order for the
+    value to be accepted, a session-level option "SET IDENTITY_INSERT" must be
+    enabled.   The SQLAlchemy SQL Server dialect will perform this operation
+    automatically when using a core :class:`_expression.Insert`
+    construct; if the
+    execution specifies a value for the IDENTITY column, the "IDENTITY_INSERT"
+    option will be enabled for the span of that statement's invocation.However,
+    this scenario is not high performing and should not be relied upon for
+    normal use.   If a table doesn't actually require IDENTITY behavior in its
+    integer primary key column, the keyword should be disabled when creating
+    the table by ensuring that ``autoincrement=False`` is set.
+
+Controlling "Start" and "Increment"
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Specific control over the "start" and "increment" values for
+the ``IDENTITY`` generator are provided using the
+:paramref:`_schema.Identity.start` and :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`
+parameters passed to the :class:`_schema.Identity` object::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Integer, Column, Identity
+
+    test = Table(
+        'test', metadata,
+        Column(
+            'id',
+            Integer,
+            primary_key=True,
+            Identity(start=100, increment=10)
+        ),
+        Column('name', String(20))
+    )
+
+The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+   CREATE TABLE test (
+     id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(100,10) PRIMARY KEY,
+     name VARCHAR(20) NULL,
+     )
+
+.. note::
+
+   The :class:`_schema.Identity` object supports many other parameter in
+   addition to ``start`` and ``increment``. These are not supported by
+   SQL Server and will be ignored when generating the CREATE TABLE ddl.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3.19  The :class:`_schema.Identity` object is
+   now used to affect the
+   ``IDENTITY`` generator for a :class:`_schema.Column` under  SQL Server.
+   Previously, the :class:`.Sequence` object was used.  As SQL Server now
+   supports real sequences as a separate construct, :class:`.Sequence` will be
+   functional in the normal way starting from SQLAlchemy version 1.4.
+
+
+Using IDENTITY with Non-Integer numeric types
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+SQL Server also allows ``IDENTITY`` to be used with ``NUMERIC`` columns.  To
+implement this pattern smoothly in SQLAlchemy, the primary datatype of the
+column should remain as ``Integer``, however the underlying implementation
+type deployed to the SQL Server database can be specified as ``Numeric`` using
+:meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column
+    from sqlalchemy import Integer
+    from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class TestTable(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "test"
+        id = Column(
+            Integer().with_variant(Numeric(10, 0), "mssql"),
+            primary_key=True,
+            autoincrement=True,
+        )
+        name = Column(String)
+
+In the above example, ``Integer().with_variant()`` provides clear usage
+information that accurately describes the intent of the code. The general
+restriction that ``autoincrement`` only applies to ``Integer`` is established
+at the metadata level and not at the per-dialect level.
+
+When using the above pattern, the primary key identifier that comes back from
+the insertion of a row, which is also the value that would be assigned to an
+ORM object such as ``TestTable`` above, will be an instance of ``Decimal()``
+and not ``int`` when using SQL Server. The numeric return type of the
+:class:`_types.Numeric` type can be changed to return floats by passing False
+to :paramref:`_types.Numeric.asdecimal`. To normalize the return type of the
+above ``Numeric(10, 0)`` to return Python ints (which also support "long"
+integer values in Python 3), use :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` as follows::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+    class NumericAsInteger(TypeDecorator):
+        '''normalize floating point return values into ints'''
+
+        impl = Numeric(10, 0, asdecimal=False)
+        cache_ok = True
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = int(value)
+            return value
+
+    class TestTable(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "test"
+        id = Column(
+            Integer().with_variant(NumericAsInteger, "mssql"),
+            primary_key=True,
+            autoincrement=True,
+        )
+        name = Column(String)
+
+.. _mssql_insert_behavior:
+
+INSERT behavior
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Handling of the ``IDENTITY`` column at INSERT time involves two key
+techniques. The most common is being able to fetch the "last inserted value"
+for a given ``IDENTITY`` column, a process which SQLAlchemy performs
+implicitly in many cases, most importantly within the ORM.
+
+The process for fetching this value has several variants:
+
+* In the vast majority of cases, RETURNING is used in conjunction with INSERT
+  statements on SQL Server in order to get newly generated primary key values:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    INSERT INTO t (x) OUTPUT inserted.id VALUES (?)
+
+  As of SQLAlchemy 2.0, the :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` feature is also
+  used by default to optimize many-row INSERT statements; for SQL Server
+  the feature takes place for both RETURNING and-non RETURNING
+  INSERT statements.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0.10 The :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` feature for
+     SQL Server was temporarily disabled for SQLAlchemy version 2.0.9 due to
+     issues with row ordering. As of 2.0.10 the feature is re-enabled, with
+     special case handling for the unit of work's requirement for RETURNING to
+     be ordered.
+
+* When RETURNING is not available or has been disabled via
+  ``implicit_returning=False``, either the ``scope_identity()`` function or
+  the ``@@identity`` variable is used; behavior varies by backend:
+
+  * when using PyODBC, the phrase ``; select scope_identity()`` will be
+    appended to the end of the INSERT statement; a second result set will be
+    fetched in order to receive the value.  Given a table as::
+
+        t = Table(
+            't',
+            metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('x', Integer),
+            implicit_returning=False
+        )
+
+    an INSERT will look like:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (?); select scope_identity()
+
+  * Other dialects such as pymssql will call upon
+    ``SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid`` subsequent to an INSERT
+    statement. If the flag ``use_scope_identity=False`` is passed to
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+    the statement ``SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid``
+    is used instead.
+
+A table that contains an ``IDENTITY`` column will prohibit an INSERT statement
+that refers to the identity column explicitly.  The SQLAlchemy dialect will
+detect when an INSERT construct, created using a core
+:func:`_expression.insert`
+construct (not a plain string SQL), refers to the identity column, and
+in this case will emit ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT ON`` prior to the insert
+statement proceeding, and ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT OFF`` subsequent to the
+execution.  Given this example::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+    with engine.begin() as conn:
+        conn.execute(t.insert(), {'id': 1, 'x':1}, {'id':2, 'x':2})
+
+The above column will be created with IDENTITY, however the INSERT statement
+we emit is specifying explicit values.  In the echo output we can see
+how SQLAlchemy handles this:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+    COMMIT
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t ON
+    INSERT INTO t (id, x) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ((1, 1), (2, 2))
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t OFF
+    COMMIT
+
+
+
+This is an auxiliary use case suitable for testing and bulk insert scenarios.
+
+SEQUENCE support
+----------------
+
+The :class:`.Sequence` object creates "real" sequences, i.e.,
+``CREATE SEQUENCE``:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import Sequence
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateSequence
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects import mssql
+    >>> print(CreateSequence(Sequence("my_seq", start=1)).compile(dialect=mssql.dialect()))
+    {printsql}CREATE SEQUENCE my_seq START WITH 1
+
+For integer primary key generation, SQL Server's ``IDENTITY`` construct should
+generally be preferred vs. sequence.
+
+.. tip::
+
+    The default start value for T-SQL is ``-2**63`` instead of 1 as
+    in most other SQL databases. Users should explicitly set the
+    :paramref:`.Sequence.start` to 1 if that's the expected default::
+
+        seq = Sequence("my_sequence", start=1)
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4 added SQL Server support for :class:`.Sequence`
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 The SQL Server dialect will no longer implicitly
+   render "START WITH 1" for ``CREATE SEQUENCE``, which was the behavior
+   first implemented in version 1.4.
+
+MAX on VARCHAR / NVARCHAR
+-------------------------
+
+SQL Server supports the special string "MAX" within the
+:class:`_types.VARCHAR` and :class:`_types.NVARCHAR` datatypes,
+to indicate "maximum length possible".   The dialect currently handles this as
+a length of "None" in the base type, rather than supplying a
+dialect-specific version of these types, so that a base type
+specified such as ``VARCHAR(None)`` can assume "unlengthed" behavior on
+more than one backend without using dialect-specific types.
+
+To build a SQL Server VARCHAR or NVARCHAR with MAX length, use None::
+
+    my_table = Table(
+        'my_table', metadata,
+        Column('my_data', VARCHAR(None)),
+        Column('my_n_data', NVARCHAR(None))
+    )
+
+
+Collation Support
+-----------------
+
+Character collations are supported by the base string types,
+specified by the string argument "collation"::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
+    Column('login', VARCHAR(32, collation='Latin1_General_CI_AS'))
+
+When such a column is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`, the
+CREATE TABLE statement for this column will yield::
+
+    login VARCHAR(32) COLLATE Latin1_General_CI_AS NULL
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET Support
+--------------------
+
+MSSQL has added support for LIMIT / OFFSET as of SQL Server 2012, via the
+"OFFSET n ROWS" and "FETCH NEXT n ROWS" clauses.  SQLAlchemy supports these
+syntaxes automatically if SQL Server 2012 or greater is detected.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4 support added for SQL Server "OFFSET n ROWS" and
+   "FETCH NEXT n ROWS" syntax.
+
+For statements that specify only LIMIT and no OFFSET, all versions of SQL
+Server support the TOP keyword.   This syntax is used for all SQL Server
+versions when no OFFSET clause is present.  A statement such as::
+
+    select(some_table).limit(5)
+
+will render similarly to::
+
+    SELECT TOP 5 col1, col2.. FROM table
+
+For versions of SQL Server prior to SQL Server 2012, a statement that uses
+LIMIT and OFFSET, or just OFFSET alone, will be rendered using the
+``ROW_NUMBER()`` window function.   A statement such as::
+
+    select(some_table).order_by(some_table.c.col3).limit(5).offset(10)
+
+will render similarly to::
+
+    SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2 FROM (SELECT col1, col2,
+    ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY col3) AS
+    mssql_rn FROM table WHERE t.x = :x_1) AS
+    anon_1 WHERE mssql_rn > :param_1 AND mssql_rn <= :param_2 + :param_1
+
+Note that when using LIMIT and/or OFFSET, whether using the older
+or newer SQL Server syntaxes, the statement must have an ORDER BY as well,
+else a :class:`.CompileError` is raised.
+
+.. _mssql_comment_support:
+
+DDL Comment Support
+--------------------
+
+Comment support, which includes DDL rendering for attributes such as
+:paramref:`_schema.Table.comment` and :paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`, as
+well as the ability to reflect these comments, is supported assuming a
+supported version of SQL Server is in use. If a non-supported version such as
+Azure Synapse is detected at first-connect time (based on the presence
+of the ``fn_listextendedproperty`` SQL function), comment support including
+rendering and table-comment reflection is disabled, as both features rely upon
+SQL Server stored procedures and functions that are not available on all
+backend types.
+
+To force comment support to be on or off, bypassing autodetection, set the
+parameter ``supports_comments`` within :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    e = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://u:p@dsn", supports_comments=False)
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0 Added support for table and column comments for
+   the SQL Server dialect, including DDL generation and reflection.
+
+.. _mssql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+All SQL Server dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via a dialect-specific parameter
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+accepted by :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+as well as the :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+argument as passed to
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+This feature works by issuing the
+command ``SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` for
+each new connection.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@ms_2008",
+        isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ"
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(
+        isolation_level="READ COMMITTED"
+    )
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT`` - pyodbc / pymssql-specific
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``SNAPSHOT`` - specific to SQL Server
+
+There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as
+"sub-engine" objects linked to a main :class:`_engine.Engine` which each apply
+different isolation level settings.  See the discussion at
+:ref:`dbapi_autocommit` for background.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+.. _mssql_reset_on_return:
+
+Temporary Table / Resource Reset for Connection Pooling
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The :class:`.QueuePool` connection pool implementation used
+by the SQLAlchemy :class:`.Engine` object includes
+:ref:`reset on return <pool_reset_on_return>` behavior that will invoke
+the DBAPI ``.rollback()`` method when connections are returned to the pool.
+While this rollback will clear out the immediate state used by the previous
+transaction, it does not cover a wider range of session-level state, including
+temporary tables as well as other server state such as prepared statement
+handles and statement caches.   An undocumented SQL Server procedure known
+as ``sp_reset_connection`` is known to be a workaround for this issue which
+will reset most of the session state that builds up on a connection, including
+temporary tables.
+
+To install ``sp_reset_connection`` as the means of performing reset-on-return,
+the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event hook may be used, as demonstrated in the
+example below. The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_reset_on_return` parameter
+is set to ``None`` so that the custom scheme can replace the default behavior
+completely.   The custom hook implementation calls ``.rollback()`` in any case,
+as it's usually important that the DBAPI's own tracking of commit/rollback
+will remain consistent with the state of the transaction::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    mssql_engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger^5HHH@mssql2017:1433/test?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server",
+
+        # disable default reset-on-return scheme
+        pool_reset_on_return=None,
+    )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(mssql_engine, "reset")
+    def _reset_mssql(dbapi_connection, connection_record, reset_state):
+        if not reset_state.terminate_only:
+            dbapi_connection.execute("{call sys.sp_reset_connection}")
+
+        # so that the DBAPI itself knows that the connection has been
+        # reset
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.0b3  Added additional state arguments to
+   the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event and additionally ensured the event
+   is invoked for all "reset" occurrences, so that it's appropriate
+   as a place for custom "reset" handlers.   Previous schemes which
+   use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkin` handler remain usable as well.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_reset_on_return` - in the :ref:`pooling_toplevel` documentation
+
+Nullability
+-----------
+MSSQL has support for three levels of column nullability. The default
+nullability allows nulls and is explicit in the CREATE TABLE
+construct::
+
+    name VARCHAR(20) NULL
+
+If ``nullable=None`` is specified then no specification is made. In
+other words the database's configured default is used. This will
+render::
+
+    name VARCHAR(20)
+
+If ``nullable`` is ``True`` or ``False`` then the column will be
+``NULL`` or ``NOT NULL`` respectively.
+
+Date / Time Handling
+--------------------
+DATE and TIME are supported.   Bind parameters are converted
+to datetime.datetime() objects as required by most MSSQL drivers,
+and results are processed from strings if needed.
+The DATE and TIME types are not available for MSSQL 2005 and
+previous - if a server version below 2008 is detected, DDL
+for these types will be issued as DATETIME.
+
+.. _mssql_large_type_deprecation:
+
+Large Text/Binary Type Deprecation
+----------------------------------
+
+Per
+`SQL Server 2012/2014 Documentation <https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187993.aspx>`_,
+the ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT`` and ``IMAGE`` datatypes are to be removed from SQL
+Server in a future release.   SQLAlchemy normally relates these types to the
+:class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+:class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes.
+
+In order to accommodate this change, a new flag ``deprecate_large_types``
+is added to the dialect, which will be automatically set based on detection
+of the server version in use, if not otherwise set by the user.  The
+behavior of this flag is as follows:
+
+* When this flag is ``True``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`,
+  :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+  :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
+  types ``NVARCHAR(max)``, ``VARCHAR(max)``, and ``VARBINARY(max)``,
+  respectively.  This is a new behavior as of the addition of this flag.
+
+* When this flag is ``False``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`,
+  :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+  :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
+  types ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT``, and ``IMAGE``,
+  respectively.  This is the long-standing behavior of these types.
+
+* The flag begins with the value ``None``, before a database connection is
+  established.   If the dialect is used to render DDL without the flag being
+  set, it is interpreted the same as ``False``.
+
+* On first connection, the dialect detects if SQL Server version 2012 or
+  greater is in use; if the flag is still at ``None``, it sets it to ``True``
+  or ``False`` based on whether 2012 or greater is detected.
+
+* The flag can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` when the dialect
+  is created, typically via :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+        eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://user:pass@host/db",
+                        deprecate_large_types=True)
+
+* Complete control over whether the "old" or "new" types are rendered is
+  available in all SQLAlchemy versions by using the UPPERCASE type objects
+  instead: :class:`_types.NVARCHAR`, :class:`_types.VARCHAR`,
+  :class:`_types.VARBINARY`, :class:`_types.TEXT`, :class:`_mssql.NTEXT`,
+  :class:`_mssql.IMAGE`
+  will always remain fixed and always output exactly that
+  type.
+
+.. _multipart_schema_names:
+
+Multipart Schema Names
+----------------------
+
+SQL Server schemas sometimes require multiple parts to their "schema"
+qualifier, that is, including the database name and owner name as separate
+tokens, such as ``mydatabase.dbo.some_table``. These multipart names can be set
+at once using the :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema` argument of
+:class:`_schema.Table`::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table", metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="mydatabase.dbo"
+    )
+
+When performing operations such as table or component reflection, a schema
+argument that contains a dot will be split into separate
+"database" and "owner"  components in order to correctly query the SQL
+Server information schema tables, as these two values are stored separately.
+Additionally, when rendering the schema name for DDL or SQL, the two
+components will be quoted separately for case sensitive names and other
+special characters.   Given an argument as below::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table", metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="MyDataBase.dbo"
+    )
+
+The above schema would be rendered as ``[MyDataBase].dbo``, and also in
+reflection, would be reflected using "dbo" as the owner and "MyDataBase"
+as the database name.
+
+To control how the schema name is broken into database / owner,
+specify brackets (which in SQL Server are quoting characters) in the name.
+Below, the "owner" will be considered as ``MyDataBase.dbo`` and the
+"database" will be None::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table", metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="[MyDataBase.dbo]"
+    )
+
+To individually specify both database and owner name with special characters
+or embedded dots, use two sets of brackets::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table", metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="[MyDataBase.Period].[MyOwner.Dot]"
+    )
+
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2 the SQL Server dialect now treats brackets as
+   identifier delimiters splitting the schema into separate database
+   and owner tokens, to allow dots within either name itself.
+
+.. _legacy_schema_rendering:
+
+Legacy Schema Mode
+------------------
+
+Very old versions of the MSSQL dialect introduced the behavior such that a
+schema-qualified table would be auto-aliased when used in a
+SELECT statement; given a table::
+
+    account_table = Table(
+        'account', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('info', String(100)),
+        schema="customer_schema"
+    )
+
+this legacy mode of rendering would assume that "customer_schema.account"
+would not be accepted by all parts of the SQL statement, as illustrated
+below:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://mydsn", legacy_schema_aliasing=True)
+    >>> print(account_table.select().compile(eng))
+    {printsql}SELECT account_1.id, account_1.info
+    FROM customer_schema.account AS account_1
+
+This mode of behavior is now off by default, as it appears to have served
+no purpose; however in the case that legacy applications rely upon it,
+it is available using the ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` argument to
+:func:`_sa.create_engine` as illustrated above.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4
+
+   The ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` flag is now
+   deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
+
+.. _mssql_indexes:
+
+Clustered Index Support
+-----------------------
+
+The MSSQL dialect supports clustered indexes (and primary keys) via the
+``mssql_clustered`` option.  This option is available to :class:`.Index`,
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint`. and :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+For indexes this option can be combined with the ``mssql_columnstore`` one
+to create a clustered columnstore index.
+
+To generate a clustered index::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_clustered=True)
+
+which renders the index as ``CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
+
+To generate a clustered primary key use::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=True))
+
+which will render the table, for example, as::
+
+  CREATE TABLE my_table (x INTEGER NOT NULL, y INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                         PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (x, y))
+
+Similarly, we can generate a clustered unique constraint using::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x"),
+          UniqueConstraint("y", mssql_clustered=True),
+          )
+
+To explicitly request a non-clustered primary key (for example, when
+a separate clustered index is desired), use::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=False))
+
+which will render the table, for example, as::
+
+  CREATE TABLE my_table (x INTEGER NOT NULL, y INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                         PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED (x, y))
+
+Columnstore Index Support
+-------------------------
+
+The MSSQL dialect supports columnstore indexes via the ``mssql_columnstore``
+option.  This option is available to :class:`.Index`. It be combined with
+the ``mssql_clustered`` option to create a clustered columnstore index.
+
+To generate a columnstore index::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_columnstore=True)
+
+which renders the index as ``CREATE COLUMNSTORE INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
+
+To generate a clustered columnstore index provide no columns::
+
+    idx = Index("my_index", mssql_clustered=True, mssql_columnstore=True)
+    # required to associate the index with the table
+    table.append_constraint(idx)
+
+the above renders the index as
+``CREATE CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX my_index ON table``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.18
+
+MSSQL-Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------
+
+In addition to clustering, the MSSQL dialect supports other special options
+for :class:`.Index`.
+
+INCLUDE
+^^^^^^^
+
+The ``mssql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given string
+names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_include=['y'])
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
+
+.. _mssql_index_where:
+
+Filtered Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``mssql_where`` option renders WHERE(condition) for the given string
+names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_where=table.c.x > 10)
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) WHERE x > 10``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.4
+
+Index ordering
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Index ordering is available via functional expressions, such as::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x.desc())
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x DESC)``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`schema_indexes_functional`
+
+Compatibility Levels
+--------------------
+MSSQL supports the notion of setting compatibility levels at the
+database level. This allows, for instance, to run a database that
+is compatible with SQL2000 while running on a SQL2005 database
+server. ``server_version_info`` will always return the database
+server version information (in this case SQL2005) and not the
+compatibility level information. Because of this, if running under
+a backwards compatibility mode SQLAlchemy may attempt to use T-SQL
+statements that are unable to be parsed by the database server.
+
+.. _mssql_triggers:
+
+Triggers
+--------
+
+SQLAlchemy by default uses OUTPUT INSERTED to get at newly
+generated primary key values via IDENTITY columns or other
+server side defaults.   MS-SQL does not
+allow the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on tables that have triggers.
+To disable the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on a per-table basis,
+specify ``implicit_returning=False`` for each :class:`_schema.Table`
+which has triggers::
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        # ...,
+        implicit_returning=False
+    )
+
+Declarative form::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        # ...
+        __table_args__ = {'implicit_returning':False}
+
+
+.. _mssql_rowcount_versioning:
+
+Rowcount Support / ORM Versioning
+---------------------------------
+
+The SQL Server drivers may have limited ability to return the number
+of rows updated from an UPDATE or DELETE statement.
+
+As of this writing, the PyODBC driver is not able to return a rowcount when
+OUTPUT INSERTED is used.    Previous versions of SQLAlchemy therefore had
+limitations for features such as the "ORM Versioning" feature that relies upon
+accurate rowcounts in order to match version numbers with matched rows.
+
+SQLAlchemy 2.0 now retrieves the "rowcount" manually for these particular use
+cases based on counting the rows that arrived back within RETURNING; so while
+the driver still has this limitation, the ORM Versioning feature is no longer
+impacted by it. As of SQLAlchemy 2.0.5, ORM versioning has been fully
+re-enabled for the pyodbc driver.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.5  ORM versioning support is restored for the pyodbc
+   driver.  Previously, a warning would be emitted during ORM flush that
+   versioning was not supported.
+
+
+Enabling Snapshot Isolation
+---------------------------
+
+SQL Server has a default transaction
+isolation mode that locks entire tables, and causes even mildly concurrent
+applications to have long held locks and frequent deadlocks.
+Enabling snapshot isolation for the database as a whole is recommended
+for modern levels of concurrency support.  This is accomplished via the
+following ALTER DATABASE commands executed at the SQL prompt::
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON
+
+Background on SQL Server snapshot isolation is available at
+https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms175095.aspx.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import codecs
+import datetime
+import operator
+import re
+from typing import overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from . import information_schema as ischema
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import Sequence
+from ... import sql
+from ... import text
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import func
+from ...sql import quoted_name
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import try_cast as try_cast  # noqa: F401
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql._typing import is_sql_compiler
+from ...sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ...sql.elements import TryCast as TryCast  # noqa: F401
+from ...types import BIGINT
+from ...types import BINARY
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import DATE
+from ...types import DATETIME
+from ...types import DECIMAL
+from ...types import FLOAT
+from ...types import INTEGER
+from ...types import NCHAR
+from ...types import NUMERIC
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import SMALLINT
+from ...types import TEXT
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+from ...util import update_wrapper
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.dml import DMLState
+    from ...sql.selectable import TableClause
+
+# https://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/
+MS_2017_VERSION = (14,)
+MS_2016_VERSION = (13,)
+MS_2014_VERSION = (12,)
+MS_2012_VERSION = (11,)
+MS_2008_VERSION = (10,)
+MS_2005_VERSION = (9,)
+MS_2000_VERSION = (8,)
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = {
+    "add",
+    "all",
+    "alter",
+    "and",
+    "any",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "authorization",
+    "backup",
+    "begin",
+    "between",
+    "break",
+    "browse",
+    "bulk",
+    "by",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "check",
+    "checkpoint",
+    "close",
+    "clustered",
+    "coalesce",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "commit",
+    "compute",
+    "constraint",
+    "contains",
+    "containstable",
+    "continue",
+    "convert",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "cursor",
+    "database",
+    "dbcc",
+    "deallocate",
+    "declare",
+    "default",
+    "delete",
+    "deny",
+    "desc",
+    "disk",
+    "distinct",
+    "distributed",
+    "double",
+    "drop",
+    "dump",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "errlvl",
+    "escape",
+    "except",
+    "exec",
+    "execute",
+    "exists",
+    "exit",
+    "external",
+    "fetch",
+    "file",
+    "fillfactor",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "freetext",
+    "freetexttable",
+    "from",
+    "full",
+    "function",
+    "goto",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "holdlock",
+    "identity",
+    "identity_insert",
+    "identitycol",
+    "if",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "inner",
+    "insert",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "join",
+    "key",
+    "kill",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "lineno",
+    "load",
+    "merge",
+    "national",
+    "nocheck",
+    "nonclustered",
+    "not",
+    "null",
+    "nullif",
+    "of",
+    "off",
+    "offsets",
+    "on",
+    "open",
+    "opendatasource",
+    "openquery",
+    "openrowset",
+    "openxml",
+    "option",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "outer",
+    "over",
+    "percent",
+    "pivot",
+    "plan",
+    "precision",
+    "primary",
+    "print",
+    "proc",
+    "procedure",
+    "public",
+    "raiserror",
+    "read",
+    "readtext",
+    "reconfigure",
+    "references",
+    "replication",
+    "restore",
+    "restrict",
+    "return",
+    "revert",
+    "revoke",
+    "right",
+    "rollback",
+    "rowcount",
+    "rowguidcol",
+    "rule",
+    "save",
+    "schema",
+    "securityaudit",
+    "select",
+    "session_user",
+    "set",
+    "setuser",
+    "shutdown",
+    "some",
+    "statistics",
+    "system_user",
+    "table",
+    "tablesample",
+    "textsize",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "top",
+    "tran",
+    "transaction",
+    "trigger",
+    "truncate",
+    "tsequal",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "unpivot",
+    "update",
+    "updatetext",
+    "use",
+    "user",
+    "values",
+    "varying",
+    "view",
+    "waitfor",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "while",
+    "with",
+    "writetext",
+}
+
+
+class REAL(sqltypes.REAL):
+    """the SQL Server REAL datatype."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # REAL is a synonym for FLOAT(24) on SQL server.
+        # it is only accepted as the word "REAL" in DDL, the numeric
+        # precision value is not allowed to be present
+        kw.setdefault("precision", 24)
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.DOUBLE_PRECISION):
+    """the SQL Server DOUBLE PRECISION datatype.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.11
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # DOUBLE PRECISION is a synonym for FLOAT(53) on SQL server.
+        # it is only accepted as the word "DOUBLE PRECISION" in DDL,
+        # the numeric precision value is not allowed to be present
+        kw.setdefault("precision", 53)
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYINT"
+
+
+# MSSQL DATE/TIME types have varied behavior, sometimes returning
+# strings.  MSDate/TIME check for everything, and always
+# filter bind parameters into datetime objects (required by pyodbc,
+# not sure about other dialects).
+
+
+class _MSDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.date()
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                m = self._reg.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "could not parse %r as a date value" % (value,)
+                    )
+                return datetime.date(*[int(x or 0) for x in m.groups()])
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
+        self.precision = precision
+        super().__init__()
+
+    __zero_date = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                value = datetime.datetime.combine(
+                    self.__zero_date, value.time()
+                )
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
+                """issue #5339
+                per: https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Tips-and-Tricks-by-Database-Platform#time-columns
+                pass TIME value as string
+                """  # noqa
+                value = str(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d{0,6}))?")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.time()
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                m = self._reg.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "could not parse %r as a time value" % (value,)
+                    )
+                return datetime.time(*[int(x or 0) for x in m.groups()])
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+_MSTime = TIME
+
+
+class _BASETIMEIMPL(TIME):
+    __visit_name__ = "_BASETIMEIMPL"
+
+
+class _DateTimeBase:
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSDateTime(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    pass
+
+
+class SMALLDATETIME(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLDATETIME"
+
+
+class DATETIME2(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIME2"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class DATETIMEOFFSET(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIMEOFFSET"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class _UnicodeLiteral:
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.replace("'", "''")
+
+            if dialect.identifier_preparer._double_percents:
+                value = value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+            return "N'%s'" % value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSUnicode(_UnicodeLiteral, sqltypes.Unicode):
+    pass
+
+
+class _MSUnicodeText(_UnicodeLiteral, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    pass
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """Implement the SQL Server TIMESTAMP type.
+
+    Note this is **completely different** than the SQL Standard
+    TIMESTAMP type, which is not supported by SQL Server.  It
+    is a read-only datatype that does not support INSERT of values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_mssql.ROWVERSION`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    # expected by _Binary to be present
+    length = None
+
+    def __init__(self, convert_int=False):
+        """Construct a TIMESTAMP or ROWVERSION type.
+
+        :param convert_int: if True, binary integer values will
+         be converted to integers on read.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        self.convert_int = convert_int
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        super_ = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        if self.convert_int:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if super_:
+                    value = super_(value)
+                if value is not None:
+                    # https://stackoverflow.com/a/30403242/34549
+                    value = int(codecs.encode(value, "hex"), 16)
+                return value
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return super_
+
+
+class ROWVERSION(TIMESTAMP):
+    """Implement the SQL Server ROWVERSION type.
+
+    The ROWVERSION datatype is a SQL Server synonym for the TIMESTAMP
+    datatype, however current SQL Server documentation suggests using
+    ROWVERSION for new datatypes going forward.
+
+    The ROWVERSION datatype does **not** reflect (e.g. introspect) from the
+    database as itself; the returned datatype will be
+    :class:`_mssql.TIMESTAMP`.
+
+    This is a read-only datatype that does not support INSERT of values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_mssql.TIMESTAMP`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ROWVERSION"
+
+
+class NTEXT(sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    """MSSQL NTEXT type, for variable-length unicode text up to 2^30
+    characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NTEXT"
+
+
+class VARBINARY(sqltypes.VARBINARY, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    """The MSSQL VARBINARY type.
+
+    This type adds additional features to the core :class:`_types.VARBINARY`
+    type, including "deprecate_large_types" mode where
+    either ``VARBINARY(max)`` or IMAGE is rendered, as well as the SQL
+    Server ``FILESTREAM`` option.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mssql_large_type_deprecation`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARBINARY"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, filestream=False):
+        """
+        Construct a VARBINARY type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL statements, for those binary types that accept a length,
+          such as the MySQL BLOB type.
+
+        :param filestream=False: if True, renders the ``FILESTREAM`` keyword
+          in the table definition. In this case ``length`` must be ``None``
+          or ``'max'``.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.31
+
+        """
+
+        self.filestream = filestream
+        if self.filestream and length not in (None, "max"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "length must be None or 'max' when setting filestream"
+            )
+        super().__init__(length=length)
+
+
+class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = "IMAGE"
+
+
+class XML(sqltypes.Text):
+    """MSSQL XML type.
+
+    This is a placeholder type for reflection purposes that does not include
+    any Python-side datatype support.   It also does not currently support
+    additional arguments, such as "CONTENT", "DOCUMENT",
+    "xml_schema_collection".
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "XML"
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    """MSSQL BIT type.
+
+    Both pyodbc and pymssql return values from BIT columns as
+    Python <class 'bool'> so just subclass Boolean.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIT"
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "MONEY"
+
+
+class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLMONEY"
+
+
+class MSUUid(sqltypes.Uuid):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.native_uuid:
+            # this is currently assuming pyodbc; might not work for
+            # some other mssql driver
+            return None
+        else:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.hex
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.replace("-", "").replace("''", "'")
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.native_uuid:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{str(value).replace("''", "'")}'"""
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{value.hex}'"""
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{
+                        value.replace("-", "").replace("'", "''")
+                    }'"""
+
+                return process
+
+
+class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.Uuid[sqltypes._UUID_RETURN]):
+    __visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: UNIQUEIDENTIFIER[_python_UUID], as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: UNIQUEIDENTIFIER[str], as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True):
+        """Construct a :class:`_mssql.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER` type.
+
+
+        :param as_uuid=True: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         .. versionchanged: 2.0 Added direct "uuid" support to the
+            :class:`_mssql.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER` datatype; uuid interpretation
+            defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+        self.native_uuid = True
+
+
+class SQL_VARIANT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "SQL_VARIANT"
+
+
+# old names.
+MSDateTime = _MSDateTime
+MSDate = _MSDate
+MSReal = REAL
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSmallDateTime = SMALLDATETIME
+MSDateTime2 = DATETIME2
+MSDateTimeOffset = DATETIMEOFFSET
+MSText = TEXT
+MSNText = NTEXT
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSNVarchar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSImage = IMAGE
+MSBit = BIT
+MSMoney = MONEY
+MSSmallMoney = SMALLMONEY
+MSUniqueIdentifier = UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
+MSVariant = SQL_VARIANT
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "int": INTEGER,
+    "bigint": BIGINT,
+    "smallint": SMALLINT,
+    "tinyint": TINYINT,
+    "varchar": VARCHAR,
+    "nvarchar": NVARCHAR,
+    "char": CHAR,
+    "nchar": NCHAR,
+    "text": TEXT,
+    "ntext": NTEXT,
+    "decimal": DECIMAL,
+    "numeric": NUMERIC,
+    "float": FLOAT,
+    "datetime": DATETIME,
+    "datetime2": DATETIME2,
+    "datetimeoffset": DATETIMEOFFSET,
+    "date": DATE,
+    "time": TIME,
+    "smalldatetime": SMALLDATETIME,
+    "binary": BINARY,
+    "varbinary": VARBINARY,
+    "bit": BIT,
+    "real": REAL,
+    "double precision": DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    "image": IMAGE,
+    "xml": XML,
+    "timestamp": TIMESTAMP,
+    "money": MONEY,
+    "smallmoney": SMALLMONEY,
+    "uniqueidentifier": UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
+    "sql_variant": SQL_VARIANT,
+}
+
+
+class MSTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend(self, spec, type_, length=None):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL
+        COLLATE annotations.
+
+        """
+
+        if getattr(type_, "collation", None):
+            collation = "COLLATE %s" % type_.collation
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if not length:
+            length = type_.length
+
+        if length:
+            spec = spec + "(%s)" % length
+
+        return " ".join([c for c in (spec, collation) if c is not None])
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is None:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": precision}
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYINT"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "TIME(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_ROWVERSION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "ROWVERSION"
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.timezone:
+            return self.visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET(%s)" % type_.precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME2(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "DATETIME2(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME2"
+
+    def visit_SMALLDATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLDATETIME"
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_NTEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_NTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NTEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("TEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("VARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or "max")
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("CHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NCHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or "max")
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit__BASETIMEIMPL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_time(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_VARBINARY(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_IMAGE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_IMAGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "IMAGE"
+
+    def visit_XML(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "XML"
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        text = self._extend("VARBINARY", type_, length=type_.length or "max")
+        if getattr(type_, "filestream", False):
+            text += " FILESTREAM"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BIT(type_)
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        # this is a bit of a break with SQLAlchemy's convention of
+        # "UPPERCASE name goes to UPPERCASE type name with no modification"
+        return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length="max")
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLMONEY"
+
+    def visit_uuid(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.native_uuid:
+            return self.visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return super().visit_uuid(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+    def visit_SQL_VARIANT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SQL_VARIANT"
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    _enable_identity_insert = False
+    _select_lastrowid = False
+    _lastrowid = None
+
+    dialect: MSDialect
+
+    def _opt_encode(self, statement):
+        if self.compiled and self.compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            rst = self.compiled.preparer._render_schema_translates
+            statement = rst(statement, self.compiled.schema_translate_map)
+
+        return statement
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """Activate IDENTITY_INSERT if needed."""
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+                assert isinstance(self.compiled.compile_state, DMLState)
+                assert isinstance(
+                    self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table, TableClause
+                )
+
+            tbl = self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table
+            id_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
+
+            if id_column is not None and (
+                not isinstance(id_column.default, Sequence)
+            ):
+                insert_has_identity = True
+                compile_state = self.compiled.dml_compile_state
+                self._enable_identity_insert = (
+                    id_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0]
+                ) or (
+                    compile_state._dict_parameters
+                    and (id_column.key in compile_state._insert_col_keys)
+                )
+
+            else:
+                insert_has_identity = False
+                self._enable_identity_insert = False
+
+            self._select_lastrowid = (
+                not self.compiled.inline
+                and insert_has_identity
+                and not self.compiled.effective_returning
+                and not self._enable_identity_insert
+                and not self.executemany
+            )
+
+            if self._enable_identity_insert:
+                self.root_connection._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON"
+                        % self.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl)
+                    ),
+                    (),
+                    self,
+                )
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        """Disable IDENTITY_INSERT if enabled."""
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+
+        if self._select_lastrowid:
+            if self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
+                conn._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    "SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid",
+                    (),
+                    self,
+                )
+            else:
+                conn._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor, "SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid", (), self
+                )
+            # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed without closing it
+            row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML
+        elif (
+            self.compiled is not None
+            and is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+            and self.compiled.effective_returning
+        ):
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = (
+                _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    self.cursor.description,
+                    self.cursor.fetchall(),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+                assert isinstance(self.compiled.compile_state, DMLState)
+                assert isinstance(
+                    self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table, TableClause
+                )
+            conn._cursor_execute(
+                self.cursor,
+                self._opt_encode(
+                    "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF"
+                    % self.identifier_preparer.format_table(
+                        self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table
+                    )
+                ),
+                (),
+                self,
+            )
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self._lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            try:
+                self.cursor.execute(
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF"
+                        % self.identifier_preparer.format_table(
+                            self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            (
+                "SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR %s"
+                % self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            ),
+            type_,
+        )
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if (
+            isinstance(column, sa_schema.Column)
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            and isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence)
+            and column.default.optional
+        ):
+            return None
+        return super().get_insert_default(column)
+
+
+class MSSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    returning_precedes_values = True
+
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            "doy": "dayofyear",
+            "dow": "weekday",
+            "milliseconds": "millisecond",
+            "microseconds": "microsecond",
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.tablealiases = {}
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _with_legacy_schema_aliasing(fn):
+        def decorate(self, *arg, **kw):
+            if self.dialect.legacy_schema_aliasing:
+                return fn(self, *arg, **kw)
+            else:
+                super_ = getattr(super(MSSQLCompiler, self), fn.__name__)
+                return super_(*arg, **kw)
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_current_date_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "GETDATE()"
+
+    def visit_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        expr = fn.clauses.clauses[0]._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        delimeter = fn.clauses.clauses[1]._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        return f"string_agg({expr}, {delimeter})"
+
+    def visit_concat_op_expression_clauselist(
+        self, clauselist, operator, **kw
+    ):
+        return " + ".join(self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in clauselist)
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s + %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """MS-SQL puts TOP, it's version of LIMIT here"""
+
+        s = super().get_select_precolumns(select, **kw)
+
+        if select._has_row_limiting_clause and self._use_top(select):
+            # ODBC drivers and possibly others
+            # don't support bind params in the SELECT clause on SQL Server.
+            # so have to use literal here.
+            kw["literal_execute"] = True
+            s += "TOP %s " % self.process(
+                self._get_limit_or_fetch(select), **kw
+            )
+            if select._fetch_clause is not None:
+                if select._fetch_clause_options["percent"]:
+                    s += "PERCENT "
+                if select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]:
+                    s += "WITH TIES "
+
+        return s
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def _get_limit_or_fetch(self, select):
+        if select._fetch_clause is None:
+            return select._limit_clause
+        else:
+            return select._fetch_clause
+
+    def _use_top(self, select):
+        return (select._offset_clause is None) and (
+            select._simple_int_clause(select._limit_clause)
+            or (
+                # limit can use TOP with is by itself. fetch only uses TOP
+                # when it needs to because of PERCENT and/or WITH TIES
+                # TODO: Why?  shouldn't we use TOP always ?
+                select._simple_int_clause(select._fetch_clause)
+                and (
+                    select._fetch_clause_options["percent"]
+                    or select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def limit_clause(self, cs, **kwargs):
+        return ""
+
+    def _check_can_use_fetch_limit(self, select):
+        # to use ROW_NUMBER(), an ORDER BY is required.
+        # OFFSET are FETCH are options of the ORDER BY clause
+        if not select._order_by_clause.clauses:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MSSQL requires an order_by when "
+                "using an OFFSET or a non-simple "
+                "LIMIT clause"
+            )
+
+        if select._fetch_clause_options is not None and (
+            select._fetch_clause_options["percent"]
+            or select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]
+        ):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MSSQL needs TOP to use PERCENT and/or WITH TIES. "
+                "Only simple fetch without offset can be used."
+            )
+
+    def _row_limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """MSSQL 2012 supports OFFSET/FETCH operators
+        Use it instead subquery with row_number
+
+        """
+
+        if self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch and not self._use_top(select):
+            self._check_can_use_fetch_limit(select)
+
+            return self.fetch_clause(
+                select,
+                fetch_clause=self._get_limit_or_fetch(select),
+                require_offset=True,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_try_cast(self, element, **kw):
+        return "TRY_CAST (%s AS %s)" % (
+            self.process(element.clause, **kw),
+            self.process(element.typeclause, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def translate_select_structure(self, select_stmt, **kwargs):
+        """Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
+        so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``row_number()`` criterion.
+        MSSQL 2012 and above are excluded
+
+        """
+        select = select_stmt
+
+        if (
+            select._has_row_limiting_clause
+            and not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+            and not self._use_top(select)
+            and not getattr(select, "_mssql_visit", None)
+        ):
+            self._check_can_use_fetch_limit(select)
+
+            _order_by_clauses = [
+                sql_util.unwrap_label_reference(elem)
+                for elem in select._order_by_clause.clauses
+            ]
+
+            limit_clause = self._get_limit_or_fetch(select)
+            offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+
+            select = select._generate()
+            select._mssql_visit = True
+            select = (
+                select.add_columns(
+                    sql.func.ROW_NUMBER()
+                    .over(order_by=_order_by_clauses)
+                    .label("mssql_rn")
+                )
+                .order_by(None)
+                .alias()
+            )
+
+            mssql_rn = sql.column("mssql_rn")
+            limitselect = sql.select(
+                *[c for c in select.c if c.key != "mssql_rn"]
+            )
+            if offset_clause is not None:
+                limitselect = limitselect.where(mssql_rn > offset_clause)
+                if limit_clause is not None:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.where(
+                        mssql_rn <= (limit_clause + offset_clause)
+                    )
+            else:
+                limitselect = limitselect.where(mssql_rn <= (limit_clause))
+            return limitselect
+        else:
+            return select
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_table(self, table, mssql_aliased=False, iscrud=False, **kwargs):
+        if mssql_aliased is table or iscrud:
+            return super().visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+        # alias schema-qualified tables
+        alias = self._schema_aliased_table(table)
+        if alias is not None:
+            return self.process(alias, mssql_aliased=table, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return super().visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, **kw):
+        # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+        kw["mssql_aliased"] = alias.element
+        return super().visit_alias(alias, **kw)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None, **kw):
+        if (
+            column.table is not None
+            and (not self.isupdate and not self.isdelete)
+            or self.is_subquery()
+        ):
+            # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+            t = self._schema_aliased_table(column.table)
+            if t is not None:
+                converted = elements._corresponding_column_or_error(t, column)
+                if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                    add_to_result_map(
+                        column.name,
+                        column.name,
+                        (column, column.name, column.key),
+                        column.type,
+                    )
+
+                return super().visit_column(converted, **kw)
+
+        return super().visit_column(
+            column, add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map, **kw
+        )
+
+    def _schema_aliased_table(self, table):
+        if getattr(table, "schema", None) is not None:
+            if table not in self.tablealiases:
+                self.tablealiases[table] = table.alias()
+            return self.tablealiases[table]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return "DATEPART(%s, %s)" % (field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "SAVE TRANSACTION %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+    def visit_binary(self, binary, **kwargs):
+        """Move bind parameters to the right-hand side of an operator, where
+        possible.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(binary.left, expression.BindParameter)
+            and binary.operator == operator.eq
+            and not isinstance(binary.right, expression.BindParameter)
+        ):
+            return self.process(
+                expression.BinaryExpression(
+                    binary.right, binary.left, binary.operator
+                ),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        return super().visit_binary(binary, **kwargs)
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self, stmt, returning_cols, *, populate_result_map, **kw
+    ):
+        # SQL server returning clause requires that the columns refer to
+        # the virtual table names "inserted" or "deleted".   Here, we make
+        # a simple alias of our table with that name, and then adapt the
+        # columns we have from the list of RETURNING columns to that new name
+        # so that they render as "inserted.<colname>" / "deleted.<colname>".
+
+        if stmt.is_insert or stmt.is_update:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("inserted")
+        elif stmt.is_delete:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("deleted")
+        else:
+            assert False, "expected Insert, Update or Delete statement"
+
+        adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(target)
+
+        # adapter.traverse() takes a column from our target table and returns
+        # the one that is linked to the "inserted" / "deleted" tables.  So  in
+        # order to retrieve these values back from the result  (e.g. like
+        # row[column]), tell the compiler to also add the original unadapted
+        # column to the result map.   Before #4877, these were  (unknowingly)
+        # falling back using string name matching in the result set which
+        # necessarily used an expensive KeyError in order to match.
+
+        columns = [
+            self._label_returning_column(
+                stmt,
+                adapter.traverse(column),
+                populate_result_map,
+                {"result_map_targets": (column,)},
+                fallback_label_name=fallback_label_name,
+                column_is_repeated=repeated,
+                name=name,
+                proxy_name=proxy_name,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            for (
+                name,
+                proxy_name,
+                fallback_label_name,
+                column,
+                repeated,
+            ) in stmt._generate_columns_plus_names(
+                True, cols=expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+            )
+        ]
+
+        return "OUTPUT " + ", ".join(columns)
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        # SQL Server finds it too inconvenient to accept
+        # an entirely optional, SQL standard specified,
+        # "RECURSIVE" word with their "WITH",
+        # so here we go
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def label_select_column(self, select, column, asfrom):
+        if isinstance(column, expression.Function):
+            return column.label(None)
+        else:
+            return super().label_select_column(select, column, asfrom)
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR" which
+        # SQLAlchemy doesn't use
+        return ""
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # MSSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT:
+        # "The ORDER BY clause is invalid in views, inline functions,
+        # derived tables, subqueries, and common table expressions,
+        # unless TOP, OFFSET or FOR XML is also specified."
+        if (
+            self.is_subquery()
+            and not self._use_top(select)
+            and (
+                select._offset is None
+                or not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+            )
+        ):
+            # avoid processing the order by clause if we won't end up
+            # using it, because we don't want all the bind params tacked
+            # onto the positional list if that is what the dbapi requires
+            return ""
+
+        order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
+
+        if order_by:
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the UPDATE..FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
+
+        In MSSQL, if the UPDATE statement involves an alias of the table to
+        be updated, then the table itself must be added to the FROM list as
+        well. Otherwise, it is optional. Here, we add it regardless.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def delete_table_clause(self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        """If we have extra froms make sure we render any alias as hint."""
+        ashint = False
+        if extra_froms:
+            ashint = True
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True, ashint=ashint, **kw
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the DELETE .. FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
+
+        Yes, it has the FROM keyword twice.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SELECT 1 WHERE 1!=1"
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT EXISTS (SELECT %s INTERSECT SELECT %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "EXISTS (SELECT %s INTERSECT SELECT %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def _render_json_extract_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # note we are intentionally calling upon the process() calls in the
+        # order in which they appear in the SQL String as this is used
+        # by positional parameter rendering
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            return "JSON_QUERY(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        # as with other dialects, start with an explicit test for NULL
+        case_expression = "CASE JSON_VALUE(%s, %s) WHEN NULL THEN NULL" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Integer:
+            type_expression = "ELSE CAST(JSON_VALUE(%s, %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Numeric:
+            type_expression = "ELSE CAST(JSON_VALUE(%s, %s) AS %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                (
+                    "FLOAT"
+                    if isinstance(binary.type, sqltypes.Float)
+                    else "NUMERIC(%s, %s)"
+                    % (binary.type.precision, binary.type.scale)
+                ),
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Boolean:
+            # the NULL handling is particularly weird with boolean, so
+            # explicitly return numeric (BIT) constants
+            type_expression = (
+                "WHEN 'true' THEN 1 WHEN 'false' THEN 0 ELSE NULL"
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String:
+            # TODO: does this comment (from mysql) apply to here, too?
+            #       this fails with a JSON value that's a four byte unicode
+            #       string.  SQLite has the same problem at the moment
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_VALUE(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        else:
+            # other affinity....this is not expected right now
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_QUERY(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        return case_expression + " " + type_expression + " END"
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "NEXT VALUE FOR %s" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+
+class MSSQLStrictCompiler(MSSQLCompiler):
+    """A subclass of MSSQLCompiler which disables the usage of bind
+    parameters where not allowed natively by MS-SQL.
+
+    A dialect may use this compiler on a platform where native
+    binds are used.
+
+    """
+
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    def visit_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        return "%s IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        return "%s NOT IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """
+        For date and datetime values, convert to a string
+        format acceptable to MSSQL. That seems to be the
+        so-called ODBC canonical date format which looks
+        like this:
+
+            yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm(24h)
+
+        For other data types, call the base class implementation.
+        """
+        # datetime and date are both subclasses of datetime.date
+        if issubclass(type(value), datetime.date):
+            # SQL Server wants single quotes around the date string.
+            return "'" + str(value) + "'"
+        else:
+            return super().render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+
+class MSDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column)
+
+        # type is not accepted in a computed column
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+        else:
+            colspec += " " + self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column
+            )
+
+        if column.nullable is not None:
+            if (
+                not column.nullable
+                or column.primary_key
+                or isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence)
+                or column.autoincrement is True
+                or column.identity
+            ):
+                colspec += " NOT NULL"
+            elif column.computed is None:
+                # don't specify "NULL" for computed columns
+                colspec += " NULL"
+
+        if column.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "mssql requires Table-bound columns "
+                "in order to generate DDL"
+            )
+
+        d_opt = column.dialect_options["mssql"]
+        start = d_opt["identity_start"]
+        increment = d_opt["identity_increment"]
+        if start is not None or increment is not None:
+            if column.identity:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Cannot specify options 'mssql_identity_start' and/or "
+                    "'mssql_identity_increment' while also using the "
+                    "'Identity' construct."
+                )
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The dialect options 'mssql_identity_start' and "
+                "'mssql_identity_increment' are deprecated. "
+                "Use the 'Identity' object instead.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+
+        if column.identity:
+            colspec += self.process(column.identity, **kwargs)
+        elif (
+            column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            or column.autoincrement is True
+        ) and (
+            not isinstance(column.default, Sequence) or column.default.optional
+        ):
+            colspec += self.process(Identity(start=start, increment=increment))
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False, **kw):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        # handle clustering option
+        clustered = index.dialect_options["mssql"]["clustered"]
+        if clustered is not None:
+            if clustered:
+                text += "CLUSTERED "
+            else:
+                text += "NONCLUSTERED "
+
+        # handle columnstore option (has no negative value)
+        columnstore = index.dialect_options["mssql"]["columnstore"]
+        if columnstore:
+            text += "COLUMNSTORE "
+
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=include_schema),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table),
+        )
+
+        # in some case mssql allows indexes with no columns defined
+        if len(index.expressions) > 0:
+            text += " (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            )
+
+        # handle other included columns
+        if index.dialect_options["mssql"]["include"]:
+            inclusions = [
+                index.table.c[col] if isinstance(col, str) else col
+                for col in index.dialect_options["mssql"]["include"]
+            ]
+
+            text += " INCLUDE (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                [preparer.quote(c.name) for c in inclusions]
+            )
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["mssql"]["where"]
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            whereclause = coercions.expect(
+                roles.DDLExpressionRole, whereclause
+            )
+
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(drop.element, include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+        )
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % self.preparer.format_constraint(
+                constraint
+            )
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+
+        clustered = constraint.dialect_options["mssql"]["clustered"]
+        if clustered is not None:
+            if clustered:
+                text += "CLUSTERED "
+            else:
+                text += "NONCLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            self.preparer.quote(c.name) for c in constraint
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "UNIQUE %s" % self.define_unique_constraint_distinct(
+            constraint, **kw
+        )
+        clustered = constraint.dialect_options["mssql"]["clustered"]
+        if clustered is not None:
+            if clustered:
+                text += "CLUSTERED "
+            else:
+                text += "NONCLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            self.preparer.quote(c.name) for c in constraint
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        text = "AS (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        # explicitly check for True|False since None means server default
+        if generated.persisted is True:
+            text += " PERSISTED"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_set_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(create.element)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_addextendedproperty 'MS_Description', "
+            "{}, 'schema', {}, 'table', {}".format(
+                self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    create.element.comment, sqltypes.NVARCHAR()
+                ),
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(create.element, use_schema=False),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(drop.element)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_dropextendedproperty 'MS_Description', 'schema', "
+            "{}, 'table', {}".format(
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(drop.element, use_schema=False),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_column_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(create.element.table)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_addextendedproperty 'MS_Description', "
+            "{}, 'schema', {}, 'table', {}, 'column', {}".format(
+                self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    create.element.comment, sqltypes.NVARCHAR()
+                ),
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(
+                    create.element.table, use_schema=False
+                ),
+                self.preparer.format_column(create.element),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_column_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(drop.element.table)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_dropextendedproperty 'MS_Description', 'schema', "
+            "{}, 'table', {}, 'column', {}".format(
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(
+                    drop.element.table, use_schema=False
+                ),
+                self.preparer.format_column(drop.element),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create, **kw):
+        prefix = None
+        if create.element.data_type is not None:
+            data_type = create.element.data_type
+            prefix = " AS %s" % self.type_compiler.process(data_type)
+        return super().visit_create_sequence(create, prefix=prefix, **kw)
+
+    def visit_identity_column(self, identity, **kw):
+        text = " IDENTITY"
+        if identity.start is not None or identity.increment is not None:
+            start = 1 if identity.start is None else identity.start
+            increment = 1 if identity.increment is None else identity.increment
+            text += "(%s,%s)" % (start, increment)
+        return text
+
+
+class MSIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super().__init__(
+            dialect,
+            initial_quote="[",
+            final_quote="]",
+            quote_case_sensitive_collations=False,
+        )
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        return value.replace("]", "]]")
+
+    def _unescape_identifier(self, value):
+        return value.replace("]]", "]")
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+
+        # need to re-implement the deprecation warning entirely
+        if force is not None:
+            # not using the util.deprecated_params() decorator in this
+            # case because of the additional function call overhead on this
+            # very performance-critical spot.
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  This "
+                "flag has no effect on the behavior of the "
+                "IdentifierPreparer.quote method; please refer to "
+                "quoted_name().",
+                version="1.3",
+            )
+
+        dbname, owner = _schema_elements(schema)
+        if dbname:
+            result = "%s.%s" % (self.quote(dbname), self.quote(owner))
+        elif owner:
+            result = self.quote(owner)
+        else:
+            result = ""
+        return result
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner_listing(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(
+            dbname,
+            connection,
+            fn,
+            dialect,
+            connection,
+            dbname,
+            owner,
+            schema,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, tablename, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(
+            dbname,
+            connection,
+            fn,
+            dialect,
+            connection,
+            tablename,
+            dbname,
+            owner,
+            schema,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    if dbname:
+        current_db = connection.exec_driver_sql("select db_name()").scalar()
+        if current_db != dbname:
+            connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "use %s" % connection.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(dbname)
+            )
+    try:
+        return fn(*arg, **kw)
+    finally:
+        if dbname and current_db != dbname:
+            connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "use %s"
+                % connection.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(current_db)
+            )
+
+
+def _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema):
+    if not schema:
+        return None, dialect.default_schema_name
+    else:
+        return _schema_elements(schema)
+
+
+_memoized_schema = util.LRUCache()
+
+
+def _schema_elements(schema):
+    if isinstance(schema, quoted_name) and schema.quote:
+        return None, schema
+
+    if schema in _memoized_schema:
+        return _memoized_schema[schema]
+
+    # tests for this function are in:
+    # test/dialect/mssql/test_reflection.py ->
+    #           OwnerPlusDBTest.test_owner_database_pairs
+    # test/dialect/mssql/test_compiler.py -> test_force_schema_*
+    # test/dialect/mssql/test_compiler.py -> test_schema_many_tokens_*
+    #
+
+    if schema.startswith("__[SCHEMA_"):
+        return None, schema
+
+    push = []
+    symbol = ""
+    bracket = False
+    has_brackets = False
+    for token in re.split(r"(\[|\]|\.)", schema):
+        if not token:
+            continue
+        if token == "[":
+            bracket = True
+            has_brackets = True
+        elif token == "]":
+            bracket = False
+        elif not bracket and token == ".":
+            if has_brackets:
+                push.append("[%s]" % symbol)
+            else:
+                push.append(symbol)
+            symbol = ""
+            has_brackets = False
+        else:
+            symbol += token
+    if symbol:
+        push.append(symbol)
+    if len(push) > 1:
+        dbname, owner = ".".join(push[0:-1]), push[-1]
+
+        # test for internal brackets
+        if re.match(r".*\].*\[.*", dbname[1:-1]):
+            dbname = quoted_name(dbname, quote=False)
+        else:
+            dbname = dbname.lstrip("[").rstrip("]")
+
+    elif len(push):
+        dbname, owner = None, push[0]
+    else:
+        dbname, owner = None, None
+
+    _memoized_schema[schema] = dbname, owner
+    return dbname, owner
+
+
+class MSDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    # will assume it's at least mssql2005
+    name = "mssql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    favor_returning_over_lastrowid = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    supports_comments = True
+    supports_default_metavalue = False
+    """dialect supports INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax -
+    SQL Server **does** support this, but **not** for the IDENTITY column,
+    so we can't turn this on.
+
+    """
+
+    # supports_native_uuid is partial here, so we implement our
+    # own impl type
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext
+    use_scope_identity = True
+    max_identifier_length = 128
+    schema_name = "dbo"
+
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+    delete_returning_multifrom = True
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
+        sqltypes.Date: _MSDate,
+        sqltypes.JSON: JSON,
+        sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: JSONIndexType,
+        sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: JSONPathType,
+        sqltypes.Time: _BASETIMEIMPL,
+        sqltypes.Unicode: _MSUnicode,
+        sqltypes.UnicodeText: _MSUnicodeText,
+        DATETIMEOFFSET: DATETIMEOFFSET,
+        DATETIME2: DATETIME2,
+        SMALLDATETIME: SMALLDATETIME,
+        DATETIME: DATETIME,
+        sqltypes.Uuid: MSUUid,
+    }
+
+    engine_config_types = default.DefaultDialect.engine_config_types.union(
+        {"legacy_schema_aliasing": util.asbool}
+    )
+
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    # This is actually used for autoincrement, where itentity is used that
+    # starts with 1.
+    # for sequences T-SQL's actual default is -9223372036854775808
+    default_sequence_base = 1
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    non_native_boolean_check_constraint = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+    # may be changed at server inspection time for older SQL server versions
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues = True
+
+    # note pyodbc will set this to False if fast_executemany is set,
+    # as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.9
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning = True
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.AUTOINCREMENT
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.IDENTITY
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT
+    )
+
+    # "The incoming request has too many parameters. The server supports a "
+    # "maximum of 2100 parameters."
+    # in fact you can have 2099 parameters.
+    insertmanyvalues_max_parameters = 2099
+
+    _supports_offset_fetch = False
+    _supports_nvarchar_max = False
+
+    legacy_schema_aliasing = False
+
+    server_version_info = ()
+
+    statement_compiler = MSSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MSDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = MSTypeCompiler
+    preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {"clustered": None}),
+        (sa_schema.UniqueConstraint, {"clustered": None}),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Index,
+            {
+                "clustered": None,
+                "include": None,
+                "where": None,
+                "columnstore": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Column,
+            {"identity_start": None, "identity_increment": None},
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        query_timeout=None,
+        use_scope_identity=True,
+        schema_name="dbo",
+        deprecate_large_types=None,
+        supports_comments=None,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        legacy_schema_aliasing=None,
+        ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=False,
+        **opts,
+    ):
+        self.query_timeout = int(query_timeout or 0)
+        self.schema_name = schema_name
+
+        self.use_scope_identity = use_scope_identity
+        self.deprecate_large_types = deprecate_large_types
+        self.ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback = (
+            ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback
+        )
+        self._user_defined_supports_comments = uds = supports_comments
+        if uds is not None:
+            self.supports_comments = uds
+
+        if legacy_schema_aliasing is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The legacy_schema_aliasing parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+            self.legacy_schema_aliasing = legacy_schema_aliasing
+
+        super().__init__(**opts)
+
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # give the DBAPI a push
+        connection.exec_driver_sql("IF @@TRANCOUNT = 0 BEGIN TRANSACTION")
+        super().do_savepoint(connection, name)
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # SQL Server does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        try:
+            super().do_rollback(dbapi_connection)
+        except self.dbapi.ProgrammingError as e:
+            if self.ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback and re.match(
+                r".*\b111214\b", str(e)
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "ProgrammingError 111214 "
+                    "'No corresponding transaction found.' "
+                    "has been suppressed via "
+                    "ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    _isolation_lookup = {
+        "SERIALIZABLE",
+        "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+        "READ COMMITTED",
+        "REPEATABLE READ",
+        "SNAPSHOT",
+    }
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return list(self._isolation_lookup)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(f"SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {level}")
+        cursor.close()
+        if level == "SNAPSHOT":
+            dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        view_name = "sys.system_views"
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                (
+                    "SELECT name FROM {} WHERE name IN "
+                    "('dm_exec_sessions', 'dm_pdw_nodes_exec_sessions')"
+                ).format(view_name)
+            )
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            if not row:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "Can't fetch isolation level on this particular "
+                    "SQL Server version."
+                )
+
+            view_name = f"sys.{row[0]}"
+
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
+                    SELECT CASE transaction_isolation_level
+                    WHEN 0 THEN NULL
+                    WHEN 1 THEN 'READ UNCOMMITTED'
+                    WHEN 2 THEN 'READ COMMITTED'
+                    WHEN 3 THEN 'REPEATABLE READ'
+                    WHEN 4 THEN 'SERIALIZABLE'
+                    WHEN 5 THEN 'SNAPSHOT' END
+                    AS TRANSACTION_ISOLATION_LEVEL
+                    FROM {}
+                    where session_id = @@SPID
+                """.format(
+                    view_name
+                )
+            )
+        except self.dbapi.Error as err:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't fetch isolation level;  encountered error {} when "
+                'attempting to query the "{}" view.'.format(err, view_name)
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            return row[0].upper()
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+        self._setup_version_attributes()
+        self._setup_supports_nvarchar_max(connection)
+        self._setup_supports_comments(connection)
+
+    def _setup_version_attributes(self):
+        if self.server_version_info[0] not in list(range(8, 17)):
+            util.warn(
+                "Unrecognized server version info '%s'.  Some SQL Server "
+                "features may not function properly."
+                % ".".join(str(x) for x in self.server_version_info)
+            )
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION:
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = True
+        else:
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = False
+
+        if self.deprecate_large_types is None:
+            self.deprecate_large_types = (
+                self.server_version_info >= MS_2012_VERSION
+            )
+
+        self._supports_offset_fetch = (
+            self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info[0] >= 11
+        )
+
+    def _setup_supports_nvarchar_max(self, connection):
+        try:
+            connection.scalar(
+                sql.text("SELECT CAST('test max support' AS NVARCHAR(max))")
+            )
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            self._supports_nvarchar_max = False
+        else:
+            self._supports_nvarchar_max = True
+
+    def _setup_supports_comments(self, connection):
+        if self._user_defined_supports_comments is not None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            connection.scalar(
+                sql.text(
+                    "SELECT 1 FROM fn_listextendedproperty"
+                    "(default, default, default, default, "
+                    "default, default, default)"
+                )
+            )
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            self.supports_comments = False
+        else:
+            self.supports_comments = True
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        query = sql.text("SELECT schema_name()")
+        default_schema_name = connection.scalar(query)
+        if default_schema_name is not None:
+            # guard against the case where the default_schema_name is being
+            # fed back into a table reflection function.
+            return quoted_name(default_schema_name, quote=True)
+        else:
+            return self.schema_name
+
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def has_table(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        return self._internal_has_table(connection, tablename, owner, **kw)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, connection, sequencename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        sequences = ischema.sequences
+
+        s = sql.select(sequences.c.sequence_name).where(
+            sequences.c.sequence_name == sequencename
+        )
+
+        if owner:
+            s = s.where(sequences.c.sequence_schema == owner)
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        sequences = ischema.sequences
+
+        s = sql.select(sequences.c.sequence_name)
+        if owner:
+            s = s.where(sequences.c.sequence_schema == owner)
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in c]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = sql.select(ischema.schemata.c.schema_name).order_by(
+            ischema.schemata.c.schema_name
+        )
+        schema_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return schema_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = (
+            sql.select(tables.c.table_name)
+            .where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+                    tables.c.table_type == "BASE TABLE",
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(tables.c.table_name)
+        )
+        table_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return table_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = (
+            sql.select(tables.c.table_name)
+            .where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+                    tables.c.table_type == "VIEW",
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(tables.c.table_name)
+        )
+        view_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return view_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _internal_has_table(self, connection, tablename, owner, **kw):
+        if tablename.startswith("#"):  # temporary table
+            # mssql does not support temporary views
+            # SQL Error [4103] [S0001]: "#v": Temporary views are not allowed
+            return bool(
+                connection.scalar(
+                    # U filters on user tables only.
+                    text("SELECT object_id(:table_name, 'U')"),
+                    {"table_name": f"tempdb.dbo.[{tablename}]"},
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            tables = ischema.tables
+
+            s = sql.select(tables.c.table_name).where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    sql.or_(
+                        tables.c.table_type == "BASE TABLE",
+                        tables.c.table_type == "VIEW",
+                    ),
+                    tables.c.table_name == tablename,
+                )
+            )
+
+            if owner:
+                s = s.where(tables.c.table_schema == owner)
+
+            c = connection.execute(s)
+
+            return c.first() is not None
+
+    def _default_or_error(self, connection, tablename, owner, method, **kw):
+        # TODO: try to avoid having to run a separate query here
+        if self._internal_has_table(connection, tablename, owner, **kw):
+            return method()
+        else:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(f"{owner}.{tablename}")
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        filter_definition = (
+            "ind.filter_definition"
+            if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION
+            else "NULL as filter_definition"
+        )
+        rp = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(
+            sql.text(
+                f"""
+select
+    ind.index_id,
+    ind.is_unique,
+    ind.name,
+    ind.type,
+    {filter_definition}
+from
+    sys.indexes as ind
+join sys.tables as tab on
+    ind.object_id = tab.object_id
+join sys.schemas as sch on
+    sch.schema_id = tab.schema_id
+where
+    tab.name = :tabname
+    and sch.name = :schname
+    and ind.is_primary_key = 0
+    and ind.type != 0
+order by
+    ind.name
+                """
+            )
+            .bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("tabname", tablename, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("schname", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+            .columns(name=sqltypes.Unicode())
+        )
+        indexes = {}
+        for row in rp.mappings():
+            indexes[row["index_id"]] = current = {
+                "name": row["name"],
+                "unique": row["is_unique"] == 1,
+                "column_names": [],
+                "include_columns": [],
+                "dialect_options": {},
+            }
+
+            do = current["dialect_options"]
+            index_type = row["type"]
+            if index_type in {1, 2}:
+                do["mssql_clustered"] = index_type == 1
+            if index_type in {5, 6}:
+                do["mssql_clustered"] = index_type == 5
+                do["mssql_columnstore"] = True
+            if row["filter_definition"] is not None:
+                do["mssql_where"] = row["filter_definition"]
+
+        rp = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(
+            sql.text(
+                """
+select
+    ind_col.index_id,
+    col.name,
+    ind_col.is_included_column
+from
+    sys.columns as col
+join sys.tables as tab on
+    tab.object_id = col.object_id
+join sys.index_columns as ind_col on
+    ind_col.column_id = col.column_id
+    and ind_col.object_id = tab.object_id
+join sys.schemas as sch on
+    sch.schema_id = tab.schema_id
+where
+    tab.name = :tabname
+    and sch.name = :schname
+            """
+            )
+            .bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("tabname", tablename, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("schname", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+            .columns(name=sqltypes.Unicode())
+        )
+        for row in rp.mappings():
+            if row["index_id"] not in indexes:
+                continue
+            index_def = indexes[row["index_id"]]
+            is_colstore = index_def["dialect_options"].get("mssql_columnstore")
+            is_clustered = index_def["dialect_options"].get("mssql_clustered")
+            if not (is_colstore and is_clustered):
+                # a clustered columnstore index includes all columns but does
+                # not want them in the index definition
+                if row["is_included_column"] and not is_colstore:
+                    # a noncludsted columnstore index reports that includes
+                    # columns but requires that are listed as normal columns
+                    index_def["include_columns"].append(row["name"])
+                else:
+                    index_def["column_names"].append(row["name"])
+        for index_info in indexes.values():
+            # NOTE: "root level" include_columns is legacy, now part of
+            #       dialect_options (issue #7382)
+            index_info["dialect_options"]["mssql_include"] = index_info[
+                "include_columns"
+            ]
+
+        if indexes:
+            return list(indexes.values())
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection, tablename, owner, ReflectionDefaults.indexes, **kw
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self, connection, viewname, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        view_def = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "select mod.definition "
+                "from sys.sql_modules as mod "
+                "join sys.views as views on mod.object_id = views.object_id "
+                "join sys.schemas as sch on views.schema_id = sch.schema_id "
+                "where views.name=:viewname and sch.name=:schname"
+            ).bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("viewname", viewname, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("schname", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+        ).scalar()
+        if view_def:
+            return view_def
+        else:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(f"{owner}.{viewname}")
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_comments:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't get table comments on current SQL Server version in use"
+            )
+
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.default_schema_name
+        COMMENT_SQL = """
+            SELECT cast(com.value as nvarchar(max))
+            FROM fn_listextendedproperty('MS_Description',
+                'schema', :schema, 'table', :table, NULL, NULL
+            ) as com;
+        """
+
+        comment = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(COMMENT_SQL).bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("schema", schema_name, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("table", table_name, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+        ).scalar()
+        if comment:
+            return {"text": comment}
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection,
+                table_name,
+                None,
+                ReflectionDefaults.table_comment,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def _temp_table_name_like_pattern(self, tablename):
+        # LIKE uses '%' to match zero or more characters and '_' to match any
+        # single character. We want to match literal underscores, so T-SQL
+        # requires that we enclose them in square brackets.
+        return tablename + (
+            ("[_][_][_]%") if not tablename.startswith("##") else ""
+        )
+
+    def _get_internal_temp_table_name(self, connection, tablename):
+        # it's likely that schema is always "dbo", but since we can
+        # get it here, let's get it.
+        # see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8311959/
+        # specifying-schema-for-temporary-tables
+
+        try:
+            return connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "select table_schema, table_name "
+                    "from tempdb.information_schema.tables "
+                    "where table_name like :p1"
+                ),
+                {"p1": self._temp_table_name_like_pattern(tablename)},
+            ).one()
+        except exc.MultipleResultsFound as me:
+            raise exc.UnreflectableTableError(
+                "Found more than one temporary table named '%s' in tempdb "
+                "at this time. Cannot reliably resolve that name to its "
+                "internal table name." % tablename
+            ) from me
+        except exc.NoResultFound as ne:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                "Unable to find a temporary table named '%s' in tempdb."
+                % tablename
+            ) from ne
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_columns(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        is_temp_table = tablename.startswith("#")
+        if is_temp_table:
+            owner, tablename = self._get_internal_temp_table_name(
+                connection, tablename
+            )
+
+            columns = ischema.mssql_temp_table_columns
+        else:
+            columns = ischema.columns
+
+        computed_cols = ischema.computed_columns
+        identity_cols = ischema.identity_columns
+        if owner:
+            whereclause = sql.and_(
+                columns.c.table_name == tablename,
+                columns.c.table_schema == owner,
+            )
+            full_name = columns.c.table_schema + "." + columns.c.table_name
+        else:
+            whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
+            full_name = columns.c.table_name
+
+        if self._supports_nvarchar_max:
+            computed_definition = computed_cols.c.definition
+        else:
+            # tds_version 4.2 does not support NVARCHAR(MAX)
+            computed_definition = sql.cast(
+                computed_cols.c.definition, NVARCHAR(4000)
+            )
+
+        object_id = func.object_id(full_name)
+
+        s = (
+            sql.select(
+                columns.c.column_name,
+                columns.c.data_type,
+                columns.c.is_nullable,
+                columns.c.character_maximum_length,
+                columns.c.numeric_precision,
+                columns.c.numeric_scale,
+                columns.c.column_default,
+                columns.c.collation_name,
+                computed_definition,
+                computed_cols.c.is_persisted,
+                identity_cols.c.is_identity,
+                identity_cols.c.seed_value,
+                identity_cols.c.increment_value,
+                ischema.extended_properties.c.value.label("comment"),
+            )
+            .select_from(columns)
+            .outerjoin(
+                computed_cols,
+                onclause=sql.and_(
+                    computed_cols.c.object_id == object_id,
+                    computed_cols.c.name
+                    == columns.c.column_name.collate("DATABASE_DEFAULT"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                identity_cols,
+                onclause=sql.and_(
+                    identity_cols.c.object_id == object_id,
+                    identity_cols.c.name
+                    == columns.c.column_name.collate("DATABASE_DEFAULT"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                ischema.extended_properties,
+                onclause=sql.and_(
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c["class"] == 1,
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c.major_id == object_id,
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c.minor_id
+                    == columns.c.ordinal_position,
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c.name == "MS_Description",
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(whereclause)
+            .order_by(columns.c.ordinal_position)
+        )
+
+        c = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(s)
+
+        cols = []
+        for row in c.mappings():
+            name = row[columns.c.column_name]
+            type_ = row[columns.c.data_type]
+            nullable = row[columns.c.is_nullable] == "YES"
+            charlen = row[columns.c.character_maximum_length]
+            numericprec = row[columns.c.numeric_precision]
+            numericscale = row[columns.c.numeric_scale]
+            default = row[columns.c.column_default]
+            collation = row[columns.c.collation_name]
+            definition = row[computed_definition]
+            is_persisted = row[computed_cols.c.is_persisted]
+            is_identity = row[identity_cols.c.is_identity]
+            identity_start = row[identity_cols.c.seed_value]
+            identity_increment = row[identity_cols.c.increment_value]
+            comment = row[ischema.extended_properties.c.value]
+
+            coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type_, None)
+
+            kwargs = {}
+            if coltype in (
+                MSString,
+                MSChar,
+                MSNVarchar,
+                MSNChar,
+                MSText,
+                MSNText,
+                MSBinary,
+                MSVarBinary,
+                sqltypes.LargeBinary,
+            ):
+                if charlen == -1:
+                    charlen = None
+                kwargs["length"] = charlen
+                if collation:
+                    kwargs["collation"] = collation
+
+            if coltype is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'"
+                    % (type_, name)
+                )
+                coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+            else:
+                if issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Numeric):
+                    kwargs["precision"] = numericprec
+
+                    if not issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Float):
+                        kwargs["scale"] = numericscale
+
+                coltype = coltype(**kwargs)
+            cdict = {
+                "name": name,
+                "type": coltype,
+                "nullable": nullable,
+                "default": default,
+                "autoincrement": is_identity is not None,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+
+            if definition is not None and is_persisted is not None:
+                cdict["computed"] = {
+                    "sqltext": definition,
+                    "persisted": is_persisted,
+                }
+
+            if is_identity is not None:
+                # identity_start and identity_increment are Decimal or None
+                if identity_start is None or identity_increment is None:
+                    cdict["identity"] = {}
+                else:
+                    if isinstance(coltype, sqltypes.BigInteger):
+                        start = int(identity_start)
+                        increment = int(identity_increment)
+                    elif isinstance(coltype, sqltypes.Integer):
+                        start = int(identity_start)
+                        increment = int(identity_increment)
+                    else:
+                        start = identity_start
+                        increment = identity_increment
+
+                    cdict["identity"] = {
+                        "start": start,
+                        "increment": increment,
+                    }
+
+            cols.append(cdict)
+
+        if cols:
+            return cols
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection, tablename, owner, ReflectionDefaults.columns, **kw
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        pkeys = []
+        TC = ischema.constraints
+        C = ischema.key_constraints.alias("C")
+
+        # Primary key constraints
+        s = (
+            sql.select(
+                C.c.column_name,
+                TC.c.constraint_type,
+                C.c.constraint_name,
+                func.objectproperty(
+                    func.object_id(
+                        C.c.table_schema + "." + C.c.constraint_name
+                    ),
+                    "CnstIsClustKey",
+                ).label("is_clustered"),
+            )
+            .where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    TC.c.constraint_name == C.c.constraint_name,
+                    TC.c.table_schema == C.c.table_schema,
+                    C.c.table_name == tablename,
+                    C.c.table_schema == owner,
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(TC.c.constraint_name, C.c.ordinal_position)
+        )
+        c = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(s)
+        constraint_name = None
+        is_clustered = None
+        for row in c.mappings():
+            if "PRIMARY" in row[TC.c.constraint_type.name]:
+                pkeys.append(row["COLUMN_NAME"])
+                if constraint_name is None:
+                    constraint_name = row[C.c.constraint_name.name]
+                if is_clustered is None:
+                    is_clustered = row["is_clustered"]
+        if pkeys:
+            return {
+                "constrained_columns": pkeys,
+                "name": constraint_name,
+                "dialect_options": {"mssql_clustered": is_clustered},
+            }
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection,
+                tablename,
+                owner,
+                ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        # Foreign key constraints
+        s = (
+            text(
+                """\
+WITH fk_info AS (
+    SELECT
+        ischema_ref_con.constraint_schema,
+        ischema_ref_con.constraint_name,
+        ischema_key_col.ordinal_position,
+        ischema_key_col.table_schema,
+        ischema_key_col.table_name,
+        ischema_ref_con.unique_constraint_schema,
+        ischema_ref_con.unique_constraint_name,
+        ischema_ref_con.match_option,
+        ischema_ref_con.update_rule,
+        ischema_ref_con.delete_rule,
+        ischema_key_col.column_name AS constrained_column
+    FROM
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS ischema_ref_con
+        INNER JOIN
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE ischema_key_col ON
+            ischema_key_col.table_schema = ischema_ref_con.constraint_schema
+            AND ischema_key_col.constraint_name =
+            ischema_ref_con.constraint_name
+    WHERE ischema_key_col.table_name = :tablename
+        AND ischema_key_col.table_schema = :owner
+),
+constraint_info AS (
+    SELECT
+        ischema_key_col.constraint_schema,
+        ischema_key_col.constraint_name,
+        ischema_key_col.ordinal_position,
+        ischema_key_col.table_schema,
+        ischema_key_col.table_name,
+        ischema_key_col.column_name
+    FROM
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE ischema_key_col
+),
+index_info AS (
+    SELECT
+        sys.schemas.name AS index_schema,
+        sys.indexes.name AS index_name,
+        sys.index_columns.key_ordinal AS ordinal_position,
+        sys.schemas.name AS table_schema,
+        sys.objects.name AS table_name,
+        sys.columns.name AS column_name
+    FROM
+        sys.indexes
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.objects ON
+            sys.objects.object_id = sys.indexes.object_id
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.schemas ON
+            sys.schemas.schema_id = sys.objects.schema_id
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.index_columns ON
+            sys.index_columns.object_id = sys.objects.object_id
+            AND sys.index_columns.index_id = sys.indexes.index_id
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.columns ON
+            sys.columns.object_id = sys.indexes.object_id
+            AND sys.columns.column_id = sys.index_columns.column_id
+)
+    SELECT
+        fk_info.constraint_schema,
+        fk_info.constraint_name,
+        fk_info.ordinal_position,
+        fk_info.constrained_column,
+        constraint_info.table_schema AS referred_table_schema,
+        constraint_info.table_name AS referred_table_name,
+        constraint_info.column_name AS referred_column,
+        fk_info.match_option,
+        fk_info.update_rule,
+        fk_info.delete_rule
+    FROM
+        fk_info INNER JOIN constraint_info ON
+            constraint_info.constraint_schema =
+                fk_info.unique_constraint_schema
+            AND constraint_info.constraint_name =
+                fk_info.unique_constraint_name
+            AND constraint_info.ordinal_position = fk_info.ordinal_position
+    UNION
+    SELECT
+        fk_info.constraint_schema,
+        fk_info.constraint_name,
+        fk_info.ordinal_position,
+        fk_info.constrained_column,
+        index_info.table_schema AS referred_table_schema,
+        index_info.table_name AS referred_table_name,
+        index_info.column_name AS referred_column,
+        fk_info.match_option,
+        fk_info.update_rule,
+        fk_info.delete_rule
+    FROM
+        fk_info INNER JOIN index_info ON
+            index_info.index_schema = fk_info.unique_constraint_schema
+            AND index_info.index_name = fk_info.unique_constraint_name
+            AND index_info.ordinal_position = fk_info.ordinal_position
+
+    ORDER BY fk_info.constraint_schema, fk_info.constraint_name,
+        fk_info.ordinal_position
+"""
+            )
+            .bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("tablename", tablename, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("owner", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+            .columns(
+                constraint_schema=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                constraint_name=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                table_schema=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                table_name=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                constrained_column=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                referred_table_schema=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                referred_table_name=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                referred_column=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # group rows by constraint ID, to handle multi-column FKs
+        fkeys = []
+
+        def fkey_rec():
+            return {
+                "name": None,
+                "constrained_columns": [],
+                "referred_schema": None,
+                "referred_table": None,
+                "referred_columns": [],
+                "options": {},
+            }
+
+        fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
+
+        for r in connection.execute(s).all():
+            (
+                _,  # constraint schema
+                rfknm,
+                _,  # ordinal position
+                scol,
+                rschema,
+                rtbl,
+                rcol,
+                # TODO: we support match=<keyword> for foreign keys so
+                # we can support this also, PG has match=FULL for example
+                # but this seems to not be a valid value for SQL Server
+                _,  # match rule
+                fkuprule,
+                fkdelrule,
+            ) = r
+
+            rec = fkeys[rfknm]
+            rec["name"] = rfknm
+
+            if fkuprule != "NO ACTION":
+                rec["options"]["onupdate"] = fkuprule
+
+            if fkdelrule != "NO ACTION":
+                rec["options"]["ondelete"] = fkdelrule
+
+            if not rec["referred_table"]:
+                rec["referred_table"] = rtbl
+                if schema is not None or owner != rschema:
+                    if dbname:
+                        rschema = dbname + "." + rschema
+                    rec["referred_schema"] = rschema
+
+            local_cols, remote_cols = (
+                rec["constrained_columns"],
+                rec["referred_columns"],
+            )
+
+            local_cols.append(scol)
+            remote_cols.append(rcol)
+
+        if fkeys:
+            return list(fkeys.values())
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection,
+                tablename,
+                owner,
+                ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys,
+                **kw,
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed9042d59c572f18d014d09ed0f231c3d99091d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import cast
+from ... import Column
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Table
+from ...ext.compiler import compiles
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...types import Boolean
+from ...types import Integer
+from ...types import Numeric
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import String
+from ...types import TypeDecorator
+from ...types import Unicode
+
+
+ischema = MetaData()
+
+
+class CoerceUnicode(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = Unicode
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+        return _cast_on_2005(bindvalue)
+
+
+class _cast_on_2005(expression.ColumnElement):
+    def __init__(self, bindvalue):
+        self.bindvalue = bindvalue
+
+
+@compiles(_cast_on_2005)
+def _compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+    from . import base
+
+    if (
+        compiler.dialect.server_version_info is None
+        or compiler.dialect.server_version_info < base.MS_2005_VERSION
+    ):
+        return compiler.process(element.bindvalue, **kw)
+    else:
+        return compiler.process(cast(element.bindvalue, Unicode), **kw)
+
+
+schemata = Table(
+    "SCHEMATA",
+    ischema,
+    Column("CATALOG_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="catalog_name"),
+    Column("SCHEMA_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_name"),
+    Column("SCHEMA_OWNER", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_owner"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+tables = Table(
+    "TABLES",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("TABLE_TYPE", CoerceUnicode, key="table_type"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+columns = Table(
+    "COLUMNS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("IS_NULLABLE", Integer, key="is_nullable"),
+    Column("DATA_TYPE", String, key="data_type"),
+    Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+    Column(
+        "CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", Integer, key="character_maximum_length"
+    ),
+    Column("NUMERIC_PRECISION", Integer, key="numeric_precision"),
+    Column("NUMERIC_SCALE", Integer, key="numeric_scale"),
+    Column("COLUMN_DEFAULT", Integer, key="column_default"),
+    Column("COLLATION_NAME", String, key="collation_name"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+mssql_temp_table_columns = Table(
+    "COLUMNS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("IS_NULLABLE", Integer, key="is_nullable"),
+    Column("DATA_TYPE", String, key="data_type"),
+    Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+    Column(
+        "CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", Integer, key="character_maximum_length"
+    ),
+    Column("NUMERIC_PRECISION", Integer, key="numeric_precision"),
+    Column("NUMERIC_SCALE", Integer, key="numeric_scale"),
+    Column("COLUMN_DEFAULT", Integer, key="column_default"),
+    Column("COLLATION_NAME", String, key="collation_name"),
+    schema="tempdb.INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+constraints = Table(
+    "TABLE_CONSTRAINTS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_TYPE", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_type"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+column_constraints = Table(
+    "CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+key_constraints = Table(
+    "KEY_COLUMN_USAGE",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_schema"),
+    Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+ref_constraints = Table(
+    "REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_catalog"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_schema"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    # TODO: is CATLOG misspelled ?
+    Column(
+        "UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATLOG",
+        CoerceUnicode,
+        key="unique_constraint_catalog",
+    ),
+    Column(
+        "UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA",
+        CoerceUnicode,
+        key="unique_constraint_schema",
+    ),
+    Column(
+        "UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="unique_constraint_name"
+    ),
+    Column("MATCH_OPTION", String, key="match_option"),
+    Column("UPDATE_RULE", String, key="update_rule"),
+    Column("DELETE_RULE", String, key="delete_rule"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+views = Table(
+    "VIEWS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("VIEW_DEFINITION", CoerceUnicode, key="view_definition"),
+    Column("CHECK_OPTION", String, key="check_option"),
+    Column("IS_UPDATABLE", String, key="is_updatable"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+computed_columns = Table(
+    "computed_columns",
+    ischema,
+    Column("object_id", Integer),
+    Column("name", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("is_computed", Boolean),
+    Column("is_persisted", Boolean),
+    Column("definition", CoerceUnicode),
+    schema="sys",
+)
+
+sequences = Table(
+    "SEQUENCES",
+    ischema,
+    Column("SEQUENCE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="sequence_catalog"),
+    Column("SEQUENCE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="sequence_schema"),
+    Column("SEQUENCE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="sequence_name"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+
+class NumericSqlVariant(TypeDecorator):
+    r"""This type casts sql_variant columns in the identity_columns view
+    to numeric. This is required because:
+
+    * pyodbc does not support sql_variant
+    * pymssql under python 2 return the byte representation of the number,
+      int 1 is returned as "\x01\x00\x00\x00". On python 3 it returns the
+      correct value as string.
+    """
+
+    impl = Unicode
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        return cast(colexpr, Numeric(38, 0))
+
+
+identity_columns = Table(
+    "identity_columns",
+    ischema,
+    Column("object_id", Integer),
+    Column("name", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("is_identity", Boolean),
+    Column("seed_value", NumericSqlVariant),
+    Column("increment_value", NumericSqlVariant),
+    Column("last_value", NumericSqlVariant),
+    Column("is_not_for_replication", Boolean),
+    schema="sys",
+)
+
+
+class NVarcharSqlVariant(TypeDecorator):
+    """This type casts sql_variant columns in the extended_properties view
+    to nvarchar. This is required because pyodbc does not support sql_variant
+    """
+
+    impl = Unicode
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        return cast(colexpr, NVARCHAR)
+
+
+extended_properties = Table(
+    "extended_properties",
+    ischema,
+    Column("class", Integer),  # TINYINT
+    Column("class_desc", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("major_id", Integer),
+    Column("minor_id", Integer),
+    Column("name", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("value", NVarcharSqlVariant),
+    schema="sys",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/json.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06fa743cf5c13881422811746a5ffc80aff0a5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/json.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# dialects/mssql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+# technically, all the dialect-specific datatypes that don't have any special
+# behaviors would be private with names like _MSJson. However, we haven't been
+# doing this for mysql.JSON or sqlite.JSON which both have JSON / JSONIndexType
+# / JSONPathType in their json.py files, so keep consistent with that
+# sub-convention for now.  A future change can update them all to be
+# package-private at once.
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """MSSQL JSON type.
+
+    MSSQL supports JSON-formatted data as of SQL Server 2016.
+
+    The :class:`_mssql.JSON` datatype at the DDL level will represent the
+    datatype as ``NVARCHAR(max)``, but provides for JSON-level comparison
+    functions as well as Python coercion behavior.
+
+    :class:`_mssql.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a SQL Server backend.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The :class:`_mssql.JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values
+    as well as the core index operations provided by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype, by adapting the operations to render the ``JSON_VALUE``
+    or ``JSON_QUERY`` functions at the database level.
+
+    The SQL Server :class:`_mssql.JSON` type necessarily makes use of the
+    ``JSON_QUERY`` and ``JSON_VALUE`` functions when querying for elements
+    of a JSON object.   These two functions have a major restriction in that
+    they are **mutually exclusive** based on the type of object to be returned.
+    The ``JSON_QUERY`` function **only** returns a JSON dictionary or list,
+    but not an individual string, numeric, or boolean element; the
+    ``JSON_VALUE`` function **only** returns an individual string, numeric,
+    or boolean element.   **both functions either return NULL or raise
+    an error if they are not used against the correct expected value**.
+
+    To handle this awkward requirement, indexed access rules are as follows:
+
+    1. When extracting a sub element from a JSON that is itself a JSON
+       dictionary or list, the :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_json` accessor
+       should be used::
+
+            stmt = select(
+                data_table.c.data["some key"].as_json()
+            ).where(
+                data_table.c.data["some key"].as_json() == {"sub": "structure"}
+            )
+
+    2. When extracting a sub element from a JSON that is a plain boolean,
+       string, integer, or float, use the appropriate method among
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_boolean`,
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_string`,
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_integer`,
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_float`::
+
+            stmt = select(
+                data_table.c.data["some key"].as_string()
+            ).where(
+                data_table.c.data["some key"].as_string() == "some string"
+            )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+    """
+
+    # note there was a result processor here that was looking for "number",
+    # but none of the tests seem to exercise it.
+
+
+# Note: these objects currently match exactly those of MySQL, however since
+# these are not generalizable to all JSON implementations, remain separately
+# implemented for each dialect.
+class _FormatTypeMixin:
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSONIndexType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            value = "$[%s]" % value
+        else:
+            value = '$."%s"' % value
+        return value
+
+
+class JSONPathType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        return "$%s" % (
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    "[%s]" % elem if isinstance(elem, int) else '."%s"' % elem
+                    for elem in value
+                ]
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/provision.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7075ef2b80ce981e122a4c3f7cee67375b0bbec3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/provision.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# dialects/mssql/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from sqlalchemy import inspect
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from ... import create_engine
+from ... import exc
+from ...schema import Column
+from ...schema import DropConstraint
+from ...schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ...schema import MetaData
+from ...schema import Table
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import generate_driver_url
+from ...testing.provision import get_temp_table_name
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import normalize_sequence
+from ...testing.provision import run_reap_dbs
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+
+
+@generate_driver_url.for_db("mssql")
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+
+    new_url = url.set(drivername="%s+%s" % (backend, driver))
+
+    if driver not in ("pyodbc", "aioodbc"):
+        new_url = new_url.set(query="")
+
+    if driver == "aioodbc":
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_dict({"MARS_Connection": "Yes"})
+
+    if query_str:
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_string(query_str)
+
+    try:
+        new_url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return new_url
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create database %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "ALTER DATABASE %s SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "ALTER DATABASE %s SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("use %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create schema test_schema")
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create schema test_schema_2")
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        _mssql_drop_ignore(conn, ident)
+
+
+def _mssql_drop_ignore(conn, ident):
+    try:
+        # typically when this happens, we can't KILL the session anyway,
+        # so let the cleanup process drop the DBs
+        # for row in conn.exec_driver_sql(
+        #     "select session_id from sys.dm_exec_sessions "
+        #        "where database_id=db_id('%s')" % ident):
+        #    log.info("killing SQL server session %s", row['session_id'])
+        #    conn.exec_driver_sql("kill %s" % row['session_id'])
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("drop database %s" % ident)
+        log.info("Reaped db: %s", ident)
+        return True
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warning("couldn't drop db: %s", err)
+        return False
+
+
+@run_reap_dbs.for_db("mssql")
+def _reap_mssql_dbs(url, idents):
+    log.info("db reaper connecting to %r", url)
+    eng = create_engine(url)
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        log.info("identifiers in file: %s", ", ".join(idents))
+
+        to_reap = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "select d.name from sys.databases as d where name "
+            "like 'TEST_%' and not exists (select session_id "
+            "from sys.dm_exec_sessions "
+            "where database_id=d.database_id)"
+        )
+        all_names = {dbname.lower() for (dbname,) in to_reap}
+        to_drop = set()
+        for name in all_names:
+            if name in idents:
+                to_drop.add(name)
+
+        dropped = total = 0
+        for total, dbname in enumerate(to_drop, 1):
+            if _mssql_drop_ignore(conn, dbname):
+                dropped += 1
+        log.info(
+            "Dropped %d out of %d stale databases detected", dropped, total
+        )
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {}
+
+
+@get_temp_table_name.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_get_temp_table_name(cfg, eng, base_name):
+    return "##" + base_name
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables.for_db("mssql")
+def drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        inspector = inspect(conn)
+        for schema in (None, "dbo", cfg.test_schema, cfg.test_schema_2):
+            for tname in inspector.get_table_names(schema=schema):
+                tb = Table(
+                    tname,
+                    MetaData(),
+                    Column("x", Integer),
+                    Column("y", Integer),
+                    schema=schema,
+                )
+                for fk in inspect(conn).get_foreign_keys(tname, schema=schema):
+                    conn.execute(
+                        DropConstraint(
+                            ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                                [tb.c.x], [tb.c.y], name=fk["name"]
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+
+
+@normalize_sequence.for_db("mssql")
+def normalize_sequence(cfg, sequence):
+    if sequence.start is None:
+        sequence.start = 1
+    return sequence
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..032b02db1c8bf0105740635332d8b038b5681898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pymssql
+    :name: pymssql
+    :dbapi: pymssql
+    :connectstring: mssql+pymssql://<username>:<password>@<freetds_name>/?charset=utf8
+
+pymssql is a Python module that provides a Python DBAPI interface around
+`FreeTDS <https://www.freetds.org/>`_.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.5
+
+    pymssql was restored to SQLAlchemy's continuous integration testing
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+import re
+
+from .base import MSDialect
+from .base import MSIdentifierPreparer
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pymssql(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, type_):
+        if not self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Numeric.result_processor(self, dialect, type_)
+
+
+class MSIdentifierPreparer_pymssql(MSIdentifierPreparer):
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super().__init__(dialect)
+        # pymssql has the very unusual behavior that it uses pyformat
+        # yet does not require that percent signs be doubled
+        self._double_percents = False
+
+
+class MSDialect_pymssql(MSDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    supports_native_uuid = True
+    driver = "pymssql"
+
+    preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer_pymssql
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pymssql, sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float},
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        module = __import__("pymssql")
+        # pymmsql < 2.1.1 doesn't have a Binary method.  we use string
+        client_ver = tuple(int(x) for x in module.__version__.split("."))
+        if client_ver < (2, 1, 1):
+            # TODO: monkeypatching here is less than ideal
+            module.Binary = lambda x: x if hasattr(x, "decode") else str(x)
+
+        if client_ver < (1,):
+            util.warn(
+                "The pymssql dialect expects at least "
+                "the 1.0 series of the pymssql DBAPI."
+            )
+        return module
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        vers = connection.exec_driver_sql("select @@version").scalar()
+        m = re.match(r"Microsoft .*? - (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)", vers)
+        if m:
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        port = opts.pop("port", None)
+        if port and "host" in opts:
+            opts["host"] = "%s:%s" % (opts["host"], port)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        for msg in (
+            "Adaptive Server connection timed out",
+            "Net-Lib error during Connection reset by peer",
+            "message 20003",  # connection timeout
+            "Error 10054",
+            "Not connected to any MS SQL server",
+            "Connection is closed",
+            "message 20006",  # Write to the server failed
+            "message 20017",  # Unexpected EOF from the server
+            "message 20047",  # DBPROCESS is dead or not enabled
+        ):
+            if msg in str(e):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return super().get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_connection) + [
+            "AUTOCOMMIT"
+        ]
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(True)
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(False)
+            super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
+
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pymssql
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ad8dda8117f8176f94233d3b64e49ce47263176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+# dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/pyodbc/
+
+Connecting to PyODBC
+--------------------
+
+The URL here is to be translated to PyODBC connection strings, as
+detailed in `ConnectionStrings <https://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/ConnectionStrings>`_.
+
+DSN Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A DSN connection in ODBC means that a pre-existing ODBC datasource is
+configured on the client machine.   The application then specifies the name
+of this datasource, which encompasses details such as the specific ODBC driver
+in use as well as the network address of the database.   Assuming a datasource
+is configured on the client, a basic DSN-based connection looks like::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@some_dsn")
+
+Which above, will pass the following connection string to PyODBC::
+
+    DSN=some_dsn;UID=scott;PWD=tiger
+
+If the username and password are omitted, the DSN form will also add
+the ``Trusted_Connection=yes`` directive to the ODBC string.
+
+Hostname Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Hostname-based connections are also supported by pyodbc.  These are often
+easier to use than a DSN and have the additional advantage that the specific
+database name to connect towards may be specified locally in the URL, rather
+than it being fixed as part of a datasource configuration.
+
+When using a hostname connection, the driver name must also be specified in the
+query parameters of the URL.  As these names usually have spaces in them, the
+name must be URL encoded which means using plus signs for spaces::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@myhost:port/databasename?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server")
+
+The ``driver`` keyword is significant to the pyodbc dialect and must be
+specified in lowercase.
+
+Any other names passed in the query string are passed through in the pyodbc
+connect string, such as ``authentication``, ``TrustServerCertificate``, etc.
+Multiple keyword arguments must be separated by an ampersand (``&``); these
+will be translated to semicolons when the pyodbc connect string is generated
+internally::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@mssql2017:1433/test?"
+        "driver=ODBC+Driver+18+for+SQL+Server&TrustServerCertificate=yes"
+        "&authentication=ActiveDirectoryIntegrated"
+    )
+
+The equivalent URL can be constructed using :class:`_sa.engine.URL`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import URL
+    connection_url = URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc",
+        username="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        host="mssql2017",
+        port=1433,
+        database="test",
+        query={
+            "driver": "ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server",
+            "TrustServerCertificate": "yes",
+            "authentication": "ActiveDirectoryIntegrated",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+Pass through exact Pyodbc string
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A PyODBC connection string can also be sent in pyodbc's format directly, as
+specified in `the PyODBC documentation
+<https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Connecting-to-databases>`_,
+using the parameter ``odbc_connect``.  A :class:`_sa.engine.URL` object
+can help make this easier::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import URL
+    connection_string = "DRIVER={SQL Server Native Client 10.0};SERVER=dagger;DATABASE=test;UID=user;PWD=password"
+    connection_url = URL.create("mssql+pyodbc", query={"odbc_connect": connection_string})
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_url)
+
+.. _mssql_pyodbc_access_tokens:
+
+Connecting to databases with access tokens
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Some database servers are set up to only accept access tokens for login. For
+example, SQL Server allows the use of Azure Active Directory tokens to connect
+to databases. This requires creating a credential object using the
+``azure-identity`` library. More information about the authentication step can be
+found in `Microsoft's documentation
+<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/developer/python/azure-sdk-authenticate?tabs=bash>`_.
+
+After getting an engine, the credentials need to be sent to ``pyodbc.connect``
+each time a connection is requested. One way to do this is to set up an event
+listener on the engine that adds the credential token to the dialect's connect
+call. This is discussed more generally in :ref:`engines_dynamic_tokens`. For
+SQL Server in particular, this is passed as an ODBC connection attribute with
+a data structure `described by Microsoft
+<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/odbc/using-azure-active-directory#authenticating-with-an-access-token>`_.
+
+The following code snippet will create an engine that connects to an Azure SQL
+database using Azure credentials::
+
+    import struct
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from sqlalchemy.engine.url import URL
+    from azure import identity
+
+    SQL_COPT_SS_ACCESS_TOKEN = 1256  # Connection option for access tokens, as defined in msodbcsql.h
+    TOKEN_URL = "https://database.windows.net/"  # The token URL for any Azure SQL database
+
+    connection_string = "mssql+pyodbc://@my-server.database.windows.net/myDb?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server"
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_string)
+
+    azure_credentials = identity.DefaultAzureCredential()
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_connect")
+    def provide_token(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+        # remove the "Trusted_Connection" parameter that SQLAlchemy adds
+        cargs[0] = cargs[0].replace(";Trusted_Connection=Yes", "")
+
+        # create token credential
+        raw_token = azure_credentials.get_token(TOKEN_URL).token.encode("utf-16-le")
+        token_struct = struct.pack(f"<I{len(raw_token)}s", len(raw_token), raw_token)
+
+        # apply it to keyword arguments
+        cparams["attrs_before"] = {SQL_COPT_SS_ACCESS_TOKEN: token_struct}
+
+.. tip::
+
+    The ``Trusted_Connection`` token is currently added by the SQLAlchemy
+    pyodbc dialect when no username or password is present.  This needs
+    to be removed per Microsoft's
+    `documentation for Azure access tokens
+    <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/odbc/using-azure-active-directory#authenticating-with-an-access-token>`_,
+    stating that a connection string when using an access token must not contain
+    ``UID``, ``PWD``, ``Authentication`` or ``Trusted_Connection`` parameters.
+
+.. _azure_synapse_ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback:
+
+Avoiding transaction-related exceptions on Azure Synapse Analytics
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Azure Synapse Analytics has a significant difference in its transaction
+handling compared to plain SQL Server; in some cases an error within a Synapse
+transaction can cause it to be arbitrarily terminated on the server side, which
+then causes the DBAPI ``.rollback()`` method (as well as ``.commit()``) to
+fail. The issue prevents the usual DBAPI contract of allowing ``.rollback()``
+to pass silently if no transaction is present as the driver does not expect
+this condition. The symptom of this failure is an exception with a message
+resembling 'No corresponding transaction found. (111214)' when attempting to
+emit a ``.rollback()`` after an operation had a failure of some kind.
+
+This specific case can be handled by passing ``ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True`` to
+the SQL Server dialect via the :func:`_sa.create_engine` function as follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_url, ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True)
+
+Using the above parameter, the dialect will catch ``ProgrammingError``
+exceptions raised during ``connection.rollback()`` and emit a warning
+if the error message contains code ``111214``, however will not raise
+an exception.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.40  Added the
+   ``ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True`` parameter.
+
+Enable autocommit for Azure SQL Data Warehouse (DW) connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Azure SQL Data Warehouse does not support transactions,
+and that can cause problems with SQLAlchemy's "autobegin" (and implicit
+commit/rollback) behavior. We can avoid these problems by enabling autocommit
+at both the pyodbc and engine levels::
+
+    connection_url = sa.engine.URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc",
+        username="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        host="dw.azure.example.com",
+        database="mydb",
+        query={
+            "driver": "ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server",
+            "autocommit": "True",
+        },
+    )
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_url).execution_options(
+        isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"
+    )
+
+Avoiding sending large string parameters as TEXT/NTEXT
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By default, for historical reasons, Microsoft's ODBC drivers for SQL Server
+send long string parameters (greater than 4000 SBCS characters or 2000 Unicode
+characters) as TEXT/NTEXT values. TEXT and NTEXT have been deprecated for many
+years and are starting to cause compatibility issues with newer versions of
+SQL_Server/Azure. For example, see `this
+issue <https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/issues/835>`_.
+
+Starting with ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server we can override the legacy
+behavior and pass long strings as varchar(max)/nvarchar(max) using the
+``LongAsMax=Yes`` connection string parameter::
+
+    connection_url = sa.engine.URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc",
+        username="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        host="mssqlserver.example.com",
+        database="mydb",
+        query={
+            "driver": "ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server",
+            "LongAsMax": "Yes",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+Pyodbc Pooling / connection close behavior
+------------------------------------------
+
+PyODBC uses internal `pooling
+<https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/The-pyodbc-Module#pooling>`_ by
+default, which means connections will be longer lived than they are within
+SQLAlchemy itself.  As SQLAlchemy has its own pooling behavior, it is often
+preferable to disable this behavior.  This behavior can only be disabled
+globally at the PyODBC module level, **before** any connections are made::
+
+    import pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc.pooling = False
+
+    # don't use the engine before pooling is set to False
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@dsn")
+
+If this variable is left at its default value of ``True``, **the application
+will continue to maintain active database connections**, even when the
+SQLAlchemy engine itself fully discards a connection or if the engine is
+disposed.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `pooling <https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/The-pyodbc-Module#pooling>`_ -
+    in the PyODBC documentation.
+
+Driver / Unicode Support
+-------------------------
+
+PyODBC works best with Microsoft ODBC drivers, particularly in the area
+of Unicode support on both Python 2 and Python 3.
+
+Using the FreeTDS ODBC drivers on Linux or OSX with PyODBC is **not**
+recommended; there have been historically many Unicode-related issues
+in this area, including before Microsoft offered ODBC drivers for Linux
+and OSX.   Now that Microsoft offers drivers for all platforms, for
+PyODBC support these are recommended.  FreeTDS remains relevant for
+non-ODBC drivers such as pymssql where it works very well.
+
+
+Rowcount Support
+----------------
+
+Previous limitations with the SQLAlchemy ORM's "versioned rows" feature with
+Pyodbc have been resolved as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.5. See the notes at
+:ref:`mssql_rowcount_versioning`.
+
+.. _mssql_pyodbc_fastexecutemany:
+
+Fast Executemany Mode
+---------------------
+
+The PyODBC driver includes support for a "fast executemany" mode of execution
+which greatly reduces round trips for a DBAPI ``executemany()`` call when using
+Microsoft ODBC drivers, for **limited size batches that fit in memory**.  The
+feature is enabled by setting the attribute ``.fast_executemany`` on the DBAPI
+cursor when an executemany call is to be used.   The SQLAlchemy PyODBC SQL
+Server dialect supports this parameter by passing the
+``fast_executemany`` parameter to
+:func:`_sa.create_engine` , when using the **Microsoft ODBC driver only**::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@mssql2017:1433/test?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server",
+        fast_executemany=True)
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.9 - the ``fast_executemany`` parameter now has its
+   intended effect of this PyODBC feature taking effect for all INSERT
+   statements that are executed with multiple parameter sets, which don't
+   include RETURNING.  Previously, SQLAlchemy 2.0's :term:`insertmanyvalues`
+   feature would cause ``fast_executemany`` to not be used in most cases
+   even if specified.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `fast executemany <https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Features-beyond-the-DB-API#fast_executemany>`_
+    - on github
+
+.. _mssql_pyodbc_setinputsizes:
+
+Setinputsizes Support
+-----------------------
+
+As of version 2.0, the pyodbc ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` method is used for
+all statement executions, except for ``cursor.executemany()`` calls when
+fast_executemany=True where it is not supported (assuming
+:ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` is kept enabled,
+"fastexecutemany" will not take place for INSERT statements in any case).
+
+The use of ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` can be disabled by passing
+``use_setinputsizes=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+When ``use_setinputsizes`` is left at its default of ``True``, the
+specific per-type symbols passed to ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` can be
+programmatically customized using the :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes`
+hook. See that method for usage examples.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0  The mssql+pyodbc dialect now defaults to using
+   ``use_setinputsizes=True`` for all statement executions with the exception of
+   cursor.executemany() calls when fast_executemany=True.  The behavior can
+   be turned off by passing ``use_setinputsizes=False`` to
+   :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import re
+import struct
+
+from .base import _MSDateTime
+from .base import _MSUnicode
+from .base import _MSUnicodeText
+from .base import BINARY
+from .base import DATETIMEOFFSET
+from .base import MSDialect
+from .base import MSExecutionContext
+from .base import VARBINARY
+from .json import JSON as _MSJson
+from .json import JSONIndexType as _MSJsonIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType as _MSJsonPathType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+
+
+class _ms_numeric_pyodbc:
+    """Turns Decimals with adjusted() < 0 or > 7 into strings.
+
+    The routines here are needed for older pyodbc versions
+    as well as current mxODBC versions.
+
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_process = super().bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        if not dialect._need_decimal_fix:
+            return super_process
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.asdecimal and isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                adjusted = value.adjusted()
+                if adjusted < 0:
+                    return self._small_dec_to_string(value)
+                elif adjusted > 7:
+                    return self._large_dec_to_string(value)
+
+            if super_process:
+                return super_process(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    # these routines needed for older versions of pyodbc.
+    # as of 2.1.8 this logic is integrated.
+
+    def _small_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        return "%s0.%s%s" % (
+            (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+            "0" * (abs(value.adjusted()) - 1),
+            "".join([str(nint) for nint in value.as_tuple()[1]]),
+        )
+
+    def _large_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        _int = value.as_tuple()[1]
+        if "E" in str(value):
+            result = "%s%s%s" % (
+                (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+                "".join([str(s) for s in _int]),
+                "0" * (value.adjusted() - (len(_int) - 1)),
+            )
+        else:
+            if (len(_int) - 1) > value.adjusted():
+                result = "%s%s.%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+                    "".join([str(s) for s in _int][0 : value.adjusted() + 1]),
+                    "".join([str(s) for s in _int][value.adjusted() + 1 :]),
+                )
+            else:
+                result = "%s%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+                    "".join([str(s) for s in _int][0 : value.adjusted() + 1]),
+                )
+        return result
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Numeric):
+    pass
+
+
+class _MSFloat_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Float):
+    pass
+
+
+class _ms_binary_pyodbc:
+    """Wraps binary values in dialect-specific Binary wrapper.
+    If the value is null, return a pyodbc-specific BinaryNull
+    object to prevent pyODBC [and FreeTDS] from defaulting binary
+    NULL types to SQLWCHAR and causing implicit conversion errors.
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                # pyodbc-specific
+                return dialect.dbapi.BinaryNull
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _ODBCDateTimeBindProcessor:
+    """Add bind processors to handle datetimeoffset behaviors"""
+
+    has_tz = False
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                # if a string was passed directly, allow it through
+                return value
+            elif not value.tzinfo or (not self.timezone and not self.has_tz):
+                # for DateTime(timezone=False)
+                return value
+            else:
+                # for DATETIMEOFFSET or DateTime(timezone=True)
+                #
+                # Convert to string format required by T-SQL
+                dto_string = value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f %z")
+                # offset needs a colon, e.g., -0700 -> -07:00
+                # "UTC offset in the form (+-)HHMM[SS[.ffffff]]"
+                # backend currently rejects seconds / fractional seconds
+                dto_string = re.sub(
+                    r"([\+\-]\d{2})([\d\.]+)$", r"\1:\2", dto_string
+                )
+                return dto_string
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _ODBCDateTime(_ODBCDateTimeBindProcessor, _MSDateTime):
+    pass
+
+
+class _ODBCDATETIMEOFFSET(_ODBCDateTimeBindProcessor, DATETIMEOFFSET):
+    has_tz = True
+
+
+class _VARBINARY_pyodbc(_ms_binary_pyodbc, VARBINARY):
+    pass
+
+
+class _BINARY_pyodbc(_ms_binary_pyodbc, BINARY):
+    pass
+
+
+class _String_pyodbc(sqltypes.String):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        if self.length in (None, "max") or self.length >= 2000:
+            return (dbapi.SQL_VARCHAR, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            return dbapi.SQL_VARCHAR
+
+
+class _Unicode_pyodbc(_MSUnicode):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        if self.length in (None, "max") or self.length >= 2000:
+            return (dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class _UnicodeText_pyodbc(_MSUnicodeText):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        if self.length in (None, "max") or self.length >= 2000:
+            return (dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class _JSON_pyodbc(_MSJson):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return (dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR, 0, 0)
+
+
+class _JSONIndexType_pyodbc(_MSJsonIndexType):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class _JSONPathType_pyodbc(_MSJsonPathType):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_pyodbc(MSExecutionContext):
+    _embedded_scope_identity = False
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """where appropriate, issue "select scope_identity()" in the same
+        statement.
+
+        Background on why "scope_identity()" is preferable to "@@identity":
+        https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190315.aspx
+
+        Background on why we attempt to embed "scope_identity()" into the same
+        statement as the INSERT:
+        https://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/FAQs#How_do_I_retrieve_autogenerated/identity_values?
+
+        """
+
+        super().pre_exec()
+
+        # don't embed the scope_identity select into an
+        # "INSERT .. DEFAULT VALUES"
+        if (
+            self._select_lastrowid
+            and self.dialect.use_scope_identity
+            and len(self.parameters[0])
+        ):
+            self._embedded_scope_identity = True
+
+            self.statement += "; select scope_identity()"
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self._embedded_scope_identity:
+            # Fetch the last inserted id from the manipulated statement
+            # We may have to skip over a number of result sets with
+            # no data (due to triggers, etc.)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed
+                    # without closing it (FreeTDS particularly)
+                    rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
+                except self.dialect.dbapi.Error:
+                    # no way around this - nextset() consumes the previous set
+                    # so we need to just keep flipping
+                    self.cursor.nextset()
+                else:
+                    if not rows:
+                        # async adapter drivers just return None here
+                        self.cursor.nextset()
+                        continue
+                    row = rows[0]
+                    break
+
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML
+        else:
+            super().post_exec()
+
+
+class MSDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MSDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    # note this parameter is no longer used by the ORM or default dialect
+    # see #9414
+    supports_sane_rowcount_returning = False
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.Float: _MSFloat_pyodbc,
+            BINARY: _BINARY_pyodbc,
+            # support DateTime(timezone=True)
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _ODBCDateTime,
+            DATETIMEOFFSET: _ODBCDATETIMEOFFSET,
+            # SQL Server dialect has a VARBINARY that is just to support
+            # "deprecate_large_types" w/ VARBINARY(max), but also we must
+            # handle the usual SQL standard VARBINARY
+            VARBINARY: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.VARBINARY: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.String: _String_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.Unicode: _Unicode_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.UnicodeText: _UnicodeText_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _JSON_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: _JSONIndexType_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _JSONPathType_pyodbc,
+            # this excludes Enum from the string/VARCHAR thing for now
+            # it looks like Enum's adaptation doesn't really support the
+            # String type itself having a dialect-level impl
+            sqltypes.Enum: sqltypes.Enum,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fast_executemany=False,
+        use_setinputsizes=True,
+        **params,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(use_setinputsizes=use_setinputsizes, **params)
+        self.use_scope_identity = (
+            self.use_scope_identity
+            and self.dbapi
+            and hasattr(self.dbapi.Cursor, "nextset")
+        )
+        self._need_decimal_fix = self.dbapi and self._dbapi_version() < (
+            2,
+            1,
+            8,
+        )
+        self.fast_executemany = fast_executemany
+        if fast_executemany:
+            self.use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning = False
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        try:
+            # "Version of the instance of SQL Server, in the form
+            # of 'major.minor.build.revision'"
+            raw = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "SELECT CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS VARCHAR)"
+            ).scalar()
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            # SQL Server docs indicate this function isn't present prior to
+            # 2008.  Before we had the VARCHAR cast above, pyodbc would also
+            # fail on this query.
+            return super()._get_server_version_info(connection)
+        else:
+            version = []
+            r = re.compile(r"[.\-]")
+            for n in r.split(raw):
+                try:
+                    version.append(int(n))
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+            return tuple(version)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        super_ = super().on_connect()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            if super_ is not None:
+                super_(conn)
+
+            self._setup_timestampoffset_type(conn)
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def _setup_timestampoffset_type(self, connection):
+        # output converter function for datetimeoffset
+        def _handle_datetimeoffset(dto_value):
+            tup = struct.unpack("<6hI2h", dto_value)
+            return datetime.datetime(
+                tup[0],
+                tup[1],
+                tup[2],
+                tup[3],
+                tup[4],
+                tup[5],
+                tup[6] // 1000,
+                datetime.timezone(
+                    datetime.timedelta(hours=tup[7], minutes=tup[8])
+                ),
+            )
+
+        odbc_SQL_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET = -155  # as defined in SQLNCLI.h
+        connection.add_output_converter(
+            odbc_SQL_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET, _handle_datetimeoffset
+        )
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if self.fast_executemany:
+            cursor.fast_executemany = True
+        super().do_executemany(cursor, statement, parameters, context=context)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            code = e.args[0]
+            if code in {
+                "08S01",
+                "01000",
+                "01002",
+                "08003",
+                "08007",
+                "08S02",
+                "08001",
+                "HYT00",
+                "HY010",
+                "10054",
+            }:
+                return True
+        return super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor)
+
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da9a8621e094d126b07427a2c778f399f4467cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# dialects/mysql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from . import aiomysql  # noqa
+from . import asyncmy  # noqa
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import cymysql  # noqa
+from . import mariadbconnector  # noqa
+from . import mysqlconnector  # noqa
+from . import mysqldb  # noqa
+from . import pymysql  # noqa
+from . import pyodbc  # noqa
+from .base import BIGINT
+from .base import BINARY
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import BLOB
+from .base import BOOLEAN
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import DECIMAL
+from .base import DOUBLE
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import JSON
+from .base import LONGBLOB
+from .base import LONGTEXT
+from .base import MEDIUMBLOB
+from .base import MEDIUMINT
+from .base import MEDIUMTEXT
+from .base import NCHAR
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import NVARCHAR
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import SET
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import TIME
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import TINYBLOB
+from .base import TINYINT
+from .base import TINYTEXT
+from .base import VARBINARY
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .base import YEAR
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import insert
+from .expression import match
+from ...util import compat
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = dialect = mysqldb.dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BIGINT",
+    "BINARY",
+    "BIT",
+    "BLOB",
+    "BOOLEAN",
+    "CHAR",
+    "DATE",
+    "DATETIME",
+    "DECIMAL",
+    "DOUBLE",
+    "ENUM",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "JSON",
+    "LONGBLOB",
+    "LONGTEXT",
+    "MEDIUMBLOB",
+    "MEDIUMINT",
+    "MEDIUMTEXT",
+    "NCHAR",
+    "NVARCHAR",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "SET",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "REAL",
+    "TEXT",
+    "TIME",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "TINYBLOB",
+    "TINYINT",
+    "TINYTEXT",
+    "VARBINARY",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "YEAR",
+    "dialect",
+    "insert",
+    "Insert",
+    "match",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e6eacf72aef66abcaf455b0a70285af3642a57e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+aiomysql
+    :name: aiomysql
+    :dbapi: aiomysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+aiomysql://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://github.com/aio-libs/aiomysql
+
+The aiomysql dialect is SQLAlchemy's second Python asyncio dialect.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aiomysql dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    engine = create_async_engine("mysql+aiomysql://user:pass@hostname/dbname?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+from .pymysql import MySQLDialect_pymysql
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_cursor:
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    server_side = False
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "await_",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_rows",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(adapt_connection.dbapi.Cursor)
+
+        # see https://github.com/aio-libs/aiomysql/issues/543
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+        self._rows = []
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self._cursor.description
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self._cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        return self._cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def close(self):
+        # note we aren't actually closing the cursor here,
+        # we are just letting GC do it.   to allow this to be async
+        # we would need the Result to change how it does "Safe close cursor".
+        # MySQL "cursors" don't actually have state to be "closed" besides
+        # exhausting rows, which we already have done for sync cursor.
+        # another option would be to emulate aiosqlite dialect and assign
+        # cursor only if we are doing server side cursor operation.
+        self._rows[:] = []
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        return self.await_(self._execute_async(operation, parameters))
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self.await_(
+            self._executemany_async(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters)
+
+            if not self.server_side:
+                # aiomysql has a "fake" async result, so we have to pull it out
+                # of that here since our default result is not async.
+                # we could just as easily grab "_rows" here and be done with it
+                # but this is safer.
+                self._rows = list(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+            return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.pop(0)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        retval = self._rows[0:size]
+        self._rows[:] = self._rows[size:]
+        return retval
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = self._rows[:]
+        self._rows[:] = []
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_cursor):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = ()
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(adapt_connection.dbapi.SSCursor)
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi", "_execute_mutex")
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def ping(self, reconnect):
+        return self.await_(self._connection.ping(reconnect))
+
+    def character_set_name(self):
+        return self._connection.character_set_name()
+
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.autocommit(value))
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_cursor(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        # it's not awaitable.
+        self._connection.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.await_(self._connection.ensure_closed())
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_aiomysql_connection(AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_connection):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, aiomysql, pymysql):
+        self.aiomysql = aiomysql
+        self.pymysql = pymysql
+        self.paramstyle = "format"
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+        self.Cursor, self.SSCursor = self._init_cursors_subclasses()
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "Warning",
+            "Error",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "DataError",
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "InternalError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.aiomysql, name))
+
+        for name in (
+            "NUMBER",
+            "STRING",
+            "DATETIME",
+            "BINARY",
+            "TIMESTAMP",
+            "Binary",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.pymysql, name))
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.aiomysql.connect)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_aiomysql_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+
+    def _init_cursors_subclasses(self):
+        # suppress unconditional warning emitted by aiomysql
+        class Cursor(self.aiomysql.Cursor):
+            async def _show_warnings(self, conn):
+                pass
+
+        class SSCursor(self.aiomysql.SSCursor):
+            async def _show_warnings(self, conn):
+                pass
+
+        return Cursor, SSCursor
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_aiomysql(MySQLDialect_pymysql):
+    driver = "aiomysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    _sscursor = AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_ss_cursor
+
+    is_async = True
+    has_terminate = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_dbapi(
+            __import__("aiomysql"), __import__("pymysql")
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.terminate()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        return super().create_connect_args(
+            url, _translate_args=dict(username="user", database="db")
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        else:
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return "not connected" in str_e
+
+    def _found_rows_client_flag(self):
+        from pymysql.constants import CLIENT
+
+        return CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_aiomysql
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e3f2edfa90daa350f9aa6f14f3822b09b24ea3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+# dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+asyncmy
+    :name: asyncmy
+    :dbapi: asyncmy
+    :connectstring: mysql+asyncmy://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://github.com/long2ice/asyncmy
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the asyncmy dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    engine = create_async_engine("mysql+asyncmy://user:pass@hostname/dbname?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+from .pymysql import MySQLDialect_pymysql
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_cursor:
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    server_side = False
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "await_",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_rows",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor()
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+        self._rows = []
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self._cursor.description
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self._cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        return self._cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def close(self):
+        # note we aren't actually closing the cursor here,
+        # we are just letting GC do it.   to allow this to be async
+        # we would need the Result to change how it does "Safe close cursor".
+        # MySQL "cursors" don't actually have state to be "closed" besides
+        # exhausting rows, which we already have done for sync cursor.
+        # another option would be to emulate aiosqlite dialect and assign
+        # cursor only if we are doing server side cursor operation.
+        self._rows[:] = []
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        return self.await_(self._execute_async(operation, parameters))
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self.await_(
+            self._executemany_async(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._mutex_and_adapt_errors():
+            if parameters is None:
+                result = await self._cursor.execute(operation)
+            else:
+                result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters)
+
+            if not self.server_side:
+                # asyncmy has a "fake" async result, so we have to pull it out
+                # of that here since our default result is not async.
+                # we could just as easily grab "_rows" here and be done with it
+                # but this is safer.
+                self._rows = list(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+            return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._mutex_and_adapt_errors():
+            return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.pop(0)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        retval = self._rows[0:size]
+        self._rows[:] = self._rows[size:]
+        return retval
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = self._rows[:]
+        self._rows[:] = []
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_cursor):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = ()
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(
+            adapt_connection.dbapi.asyncmy.cursors.SSCursor
+        )
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi", "_execute_mutex")
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def _mutex_and_adapt_errors(self):
+        async with self._execute_mutex:
+            try:
+                yield
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise self.dbapi.InternalError(
+                    "network operation failed due to asyncmy attribute error"
+                )
+
+    def ping(self, reconnect):
+        assert not reconnect
+        return self.await_(self._do_ping())
+
+    async def _do_ping(self):
+        async with self._mutex_and_adapt_errors():
+            return await self._connection.ping(False)
+
+    def character_set_name(self):
+        return self._connection.character_set_name()
+
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.autocommit(value))
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_cursor(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        # it's not awaitable.
+        self._connection.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.await_(self._connection.ensure_closed())
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncmy_connection(AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+def _Binary(x):
+    """Return x as a binary type."""
+    return bytes(x)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, asyncmy):
+        self.asyncmy = asyncmy
+        self.paramstyle = "format"
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "Warning",
+            "Error",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "DataError",
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "InternalError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.asyncmy.errors, name))
+
+    STRING = util.symbol("STRING")
+    NUMBER = util.symbol("NUMBER")
+    BINARY = util.symbol("BINARY")
+    DATETIME = util.symbol("DATETIME")
+    TIMESTAMP = util.symbol("TIMESTAMP")
+    Binary = staticmethod(_Binary)
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.asyncmy.connect)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncmy_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_asyncmy(MySQLDialect_pymysql):
+    driver = "asyncmy"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    _sscursor = AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_ss_cursor
+
+    is_async = True
+    has_terminate = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_dbapi(__import__("asyncmy"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.terminate()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        return super().create_connect_args(
+            url, _translate_args=dict(username="user", database="db")
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        else:
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return (
+                "not connected" in str_e or "network operation failed" in str_e
+            )
+
+    def _found_rows_client_flag(self):
+        from asyncmy.constants import CLIENT
+
+        return CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_asyncmy
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc4d2d77eb2fd4784678fda07266e340b748a7ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3447 @@
+# dialects/mysql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql
+    :name: MySQL / MariaDB
+    :full_support: 5.6, 5.7, 8.0 / 10.8, 10.9
+    :normal_support: 5.6+ / 10+
+    :best_effort: 5.0.2+ / 5.0.2+
+
+Supported Versions and Features
+-------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports MySQL starting with version 5.0.2 through modern releases,
+as well as all modern versions of MariaDB.   See the official MySQL
+documentation for detailed information about features supported in any given
+server release.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4  minimum MySQL version supported is now 5.0.2.
+
+MariaDB Support
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The MariaDB variant of MySQL retains fundamental compatibility with MySQL's
+protocols however the development of these two products continues to diverge.
+Within the realm of SQLAlchemy, the two databases have a small number of
+syntactical and behavioral differences that SQLAlchemy accommodates automatically.
+To connect to a MariaDB database, no changes to the database URL are required::
+
+
+    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://user:pass@some_mariadb/dbname?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+Upon first connect, the SQLAlchemy dialect employs a
+server version detection scheme that determines if the
+backing database reports as MariaDB.  Based on this flag, the dialect
+can make different choices in those of areas where its behavior
+must be different.
+
+.. _mysql_mariadb_only_mode:
+
+MariaDB-Only Mode
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The dialect also supports an **optional** "MariaDB-only" mode of connection, which may be
+useful for the case where an application makes use of MariaDB-specific features
+and is not compatible with a MySQL database.    To use this mode of operation,
+replace the "mysql" token in the above URL with "mariadb"::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mariadb+pymysql://user:pass@some_mariadb/dbname?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+The above engine, upon first connect, will raise an error if the server version
+detection detects that the backing database is not MariaDB.
+
+When using an engine with ``"mariadb"`` as the dialect name, **all mysql-specific options
+that include the name "mysql" in them are now named with "mariadb"**.  This means
+options like ``mysql_engine`` should be named ``mariadb_engine``, etc.  Both
+"mysql" and "mariadb" options can be used simultaneously for applications that
+use URLs with both "mysql" and "mariadb" dialects::
+
+    my_table = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("textdata", String(50)),
+        mariadb_engine="InnoDB",
+        mysql_engine="InnoDB",
+    )
+
+    Index(
+        "textdata_ix",
+        my_table.c.textdata,
+        mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT",
+        mariadb_prefix="FULLTEXT",
+    )
+
+Similar behavior will occur when the above structures are reflected, i.e. the
+"mariadb" prefix will be present in the option names when the database URL
+is based on the "mariadb" name.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4 Added "mariadb" dialect name supporting "MariaDB-only mode"
+   for the MySQL dialect.
+
+.. _mysql_connection_timeouts:
+
+Connection Timeouts and Disconnects
+-----------------------------------
+
+MySQL / MariaDB feature an automatic connection close behavior, for connections that
+have been idle for a fixed period of time, defaulting to eight hours.
+To circumvent having this issue, use
+the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_recycle` option which ensures that
+a connection will be discarded and replaced with a new one if it has been
+present in the pool for a fixed number of seconds::
+
+    engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://...', pool_recycle=3600)
+
+For more comprehensive disconnect detection of pooled connections, including
+accommodation of  server restarts and network issues, a pre-ping approach may
+be employed.  See :ref:`pool_disconnects` for current approaches.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_disconnects` - Background on several techniques for dealing
+    with timed out connections as well as database restarts.
+
+.. _mysql_storage_engines:
+
+CREATE TABLE arguments including Storage Engines
+------------------------------------------------
+
+Both MySQL's and MariaDB's CREATE TABLE syntax includes a wide array of special options,
+including ``ENGINE``, ``CHARSET``, ``MAX_ROWS``, ``ROW_FORMAT``,
+``INSERT_METHOD``, and many more.
+To accommodate the rendering of these arguments, specify the form
+``mysql_argument_name="value"``.  For example, to specify a table with
+``ENGINE`` of ``InnoDB``, ``CHARSET`` of ``utf8mb4``, and ``KEY_BLOCK_SIZE``
+of ``1024``::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('data', String(32)),
+        mysql_engine='InnoDB',
+        mysql_charset='utf8mb4',
+        mysql_key_block_size="1024"
+       )
+
+When supporting :ref:`mysql_mariadb_only_mode` mode, similar keys against
+the "mariadb" prefix must be included as well.  The values can of course
+vary independently so that different settings on MySQL vs. MariaDB may
+be maintained::
+
+  # support both "mysql" and "mariadb-only" engine URLs
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('data', String(32)),
+
+        mysql_engine='InnoDB',
+        mariadb_engine='InnoDB',
+
+        mysql_charset='utf8mb4',
+        mariadb_charset='utf8',
+
+        mysql_key_block_size="1024"
+        mariadb_key_block_size="1024"
+
+       )
+
+The MySQL / MariaDB dialects will normally transfer any keyword specified as
+``mysql_keyword_name`` to be rendered as ``KEYWORD_NAME`` in the
+``CREATE TABLE`` statement.  A handful of these names will render with a space
+instead of an underscore; to support this, the MySQL dialect has awareness of
+these particular names, which include ``DATA DIRECTORY``
+(e.g. ``mysql_data_directory``), ``CHARACTER SET`` (e.g.
+``mysql_character_set``) and ``INDEX DIRECTORY`` (e.g.
+``mysql_index_directory``).
+
+The most common argument is ``mysql_engine``, which refers to the storage
+engine for the table.  Historically, MySQL server installations would default
+to ``MyISAM`` for this value, although newer versions may be defaulting
+to ``InnoDB``.  The ``InnoDB`` engine is typically preferred for its support
+of transactions and foreign keys.
+
+A :class:`_schema.Table`
+that is created in a MySQL / MariaDB database with a storage engine
+of ``MyISAM`` will be essentially non-transactional, meaning any
+INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement referring to this table will be invoked as
+autocommit.   It also will have no support for foreign key constraints; while
+the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement accepts foreign key options, when using the
+``MyISAM`` storage engine these arguments are discarded.  Reflecting such a
+table will also produce no foreign key constraint information.
+
+For fully atomic transactions as well as support for foreign key
+constraints, all participating ``CREATE TABLE`` statements must specify a
+transactional engine, which in the vast majority of cases is ``InnoDB``.
+
+
+Case Sensitivity and Table Reflection
+-------------------------------------
+
+Both MySQL and MariaDB have inconsistent support for case-sensitive identifier
+names, basing support on specific details of the underlying
+operating system. However, it has been observed that no matter
+what case sensitivity behavior is present, the names of tables in
+foreign key declarations are *always* received from the database
+as all-lower case, making it impossible to accurately reflect a
+schema where inter-related tables use mixed-case identifier names.
+
+Therefore it is strongly advised that table names be declared as
+all lower case both within SQLAlchemy as well as on the MySQL / MariaDB
+database itself, especially if database reflection features are
+to be used.
+
+.. _mysql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+All MySQL / MariaDB dialects support setting of transaction isolation level both via a
+dialect-specific parameter :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+accepted
+by :func:`_sa.create_engine`, as well as the
+:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` argument as passed to
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+This feature works by issuing the
+command ``SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` for each new
+connection.  For the special AUTOCOMMIT isolation level, DBAPI-specific
+techniques are used.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+                    "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                    isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED"
+                )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(
+        isolation_level="READ COMMITTED"
+    )
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+The special ``AUTOCOMMIT`` value makes use of the various "autocommit"
+attributes provided by specific DBAPIs, and is currently supported by
+MySQLdb, MySQL-Client, MySQL-Connector Python, and PyMySQL.   Using it,
+the database connection will return true for the value of
+``SELECT @@autocommit;``.
+
+There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as
+"sub-engine" objects linked to a main :class:`_engine.Engine` which each apply
+different isolation level settings.  See the discussion at
+:ref:`dbapi_autocommit` for background.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+AUTO_INCREMENT Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will automatically set ``AUTO_INCREMENT`` on
+the first :class:`.Integer` primary key column which is not marked as a
+foreign key::
+
+  >>> t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+  ...   Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+  ... )
+  >>> t.create()
+  CREATE TABLE mytable (
+          id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+          PRIMARY KEY (id)
+  )
+
+You can disable this behavior by passing ``False`` to the
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` argument of :class:`_schema.Column`.
+This flag
+can also be used to enable auto-increment on a secondary column in a
+multi-column key for some storage engines::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('gid', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+       )
+
+.. _mysql_ss_cursors:
+
+Server Side Cursors
+-------------------
+
+Server-side cursor support is available for the mysqlclient, PyMySQL,
+mariadbconnector dialects and may also be available in others.   This makes use
+of either the "buffered=True/False" flag if available or by using a class such
+as ``MySQLdb.cursors.SSCursor`` or ``pymysql.cursors.SSCursor`` internally.
+
+
+Server side cursors are enabled on a per-statement basis by using the
+:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` connection execution
+option::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=True).execute(text("select * from table"))
+
+Note that some kinds of SQL statements may not be supported with
+server side cursors; generally, only SQL statements that return rows should be
+used with this option.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4  The dialect-level server_side_cursors flag is deprecated
+   and will be removed in a future release.  Please use the
+   :paramref:`_engine.Connection.stream_results` execution option for
+   unbuffered cursor support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+.. _mysql_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Charset Selection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Most MySQL / MariaDB DBAPIs offer the option to set the client character set for
+a connection.   This is typically delivered using the ``charset`` parameter
+in the URL, such as::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+This charset is the **client character set** for the connection.  Some
+MySQL DBAPIs will default this to a value such as ``latin1``, and some
+will make use of the ``default-character-set`` setting in the ``my.cnf``
+file as well.   Documentation for the DBAPI in use should be consulted
+for specific behavior.
+
+The encoding used for Unicode has traditionally been ``'utf8'``.  However, for
+MySQL versions 5.5.3 and MariaDB 5.5 on forward, a new MySQL-specific encoding
+``'utf8mb4'`` has been introduced, and as of MySQL 8.0 a warning is emitted by
+the server if plain ``utf8`` is specified within any server-side directives,
+replaced with ``utf8mb3``.  The rationale for this new encoding is due to the
+fact that MySQL's legacy utf-8 encoding only supports codepoints up to three
+bytes instead of four.  Therefore, when communicating with a MySQL or MariaDB
+database that includes codepoints more than three bytes in size, this new
+charset is preferred, if supported by both the database as well as the client
+DBAPI, as in::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+All modern DBAPIs should support the ``utf8mb4`` charset.
+
+In order to use ``utf8mb4`` encoding for a schema that was created with  legacy
+``utf8``, changes to the MySQL/MariaDB schema and/or server configuration may be
+required.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `The utf8mb4 Character Set \
+    <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-utf8mb4.html>`_ - \
+    in the MySQL documentation
+
+.. _mysql_binary_introducer:
+
+Dealing with Binary Data Warnings and Unicode
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL versions 5.6, 5.7 and later (not MariaDB at the time of this writing) now
+emit a warning when attempting to pass binary data to the database, while a
+character set encoding is also in place, when the binary data itself is not
+valid for that encoding::
+
+    default.py:509: Warning: (1300, "Invalid utf8mb4 character string:
+    'F9876A'")
+      cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+This warning is due to the fact that the MySQL client library is attempting to
+interpret the binary string as a unicode object even if a datatype such
+as :class:`.LargeBinary` is in use.   To resolve this, the SQL statement requires
+a binary "character set introducer" be present before any non-NULL value
+that renders like this::
+
+    INSERT INTO table (data) VALUES (_binary %s)
+
+These character set introducers are provided by the DBAPI driver, assuming the
+use of mysqlclient or PyMySQL (both of which are recommended).  Add the query
+string parameter ``binary_prefix=true`` to the URL to repair this warning::
+
+    # mysqlclient
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4&binary_prefix=true")
+
+    # PyMySQL
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4&binary_prefix=true")
+
+
+The ``binary_prefix`` flag may or may not be supported by other MySQL drivers.
+
+SQLAlchemy itself cannot render this ``_binary`` prefix reliably, as it does
+not work with the NULL value, which is valid to be sent as a bound parameter.
+As the MySQL driver renders parameters directly into the SQL string, it's the
+most efficient place for this additional keyword to be passed.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Character set introducers <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/charset-introducer.html>`_ - on the MySQL website
+
+
+ANSI Quoting Style
+------------------
+
+MySQL / MariaDB feature two varieties of identifier "quoting style", one using
+backticks and the other using quotes, e.g. ```some_identifier```  vs.
+``"some_identifier"``.   All MySQL dialects detect which version
+is in use by checking the value of :ref:`sql_mode<mysql_sql_mode>` when a connection is first
+established with a particular :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+This quoting style comes
+into play when rendering table and column names as well as when reflecting
+existing database structures.  The detection is entirely automatic and
+no special configuration is needed to use either quoting style.
+
+
+.. _mysql_sql_mode:
+
+Changing the sql_mode
+---------------------
+
+MySQL supports operating in multiple
+`Server SQL Modes <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/sql-mode.html>`_  for
+both Servers and Clients. To change the ``sql_mode`` for a given application, a
+developer can leverage SQLAlchemy's Events system.
+
+In the following example, the event system is used to set the ``sql_mode`` on
+the ``first_connect`` and ``connect`` events::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    eng = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo='debug')
+
+    # `insert=True` will ensure this is the very first listener to run
+    @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
+    def connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET sql_mode = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'")
+
+    conn = eng.connect()
+
+In the example illustrated above, the "connect" event will invoke the "SET"
+statement on the connection at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is
+first created for a given Pool, before the connection is made available to the
+connection pool.  Additionally, because the function was registered with
+``insert=True``, it will be prepended to the internal list of registered
+functions.
+
+
+MySQL / MariaDB SQL Extensions
+------------------------------
+
+Many of the MySQL / MariaDB SQL extensions are handled through SQLAlchemy's generic
+function and operator support::
+
+  table.select(table.c.password==func.md5('plaintext'))
+  table.select(table.c.username.op('regexp')('^[a-d]'))
+
+And of course any valid SQL statement can be executed as a string as well.
+
+Some limited direct support for MySQL / MariaDB extensions to SQL is currently
+available.
+
+* INSERT..ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE:  See
+  :ref:`mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update`
+
+* SELECT pragma, use :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` and
+  :meth:`_query.Query.prefix_with`::
+
+    select(...).prefix_with(['HIGH_PRIORITY', 'SQL_SMALL_RESULT'])
+
+* UPDATE with LIMIT::
+
+    update(..., mysql_limit=10, mariadb_limit=10)
+
+* optimizer hints, use :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` and
+  :meth:`_query.Query.prefix_with`::
+
+    select(...).prefix_with("/*+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(t4 PRIMARY) */")
+
+* index hints, use :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint` and
+  :meth:`_query.Query.with_hint`::
+
+    select(...).with_hint(some_table, "USE INDEX xyz")
+
+* MATCH operator support::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import match
+    select(...).where(match(col1, col2, against="some expr").in_boolean_mode())
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_mysql.match`
+
+INSERT/DELETE...RETURNING
+-------------------------
+
+The MariaDB dialect supports 10.5+'s ``INSERT..RETURNING`` and
+``DELETE..RETURNING`` (10.0+) syntaxes.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` may be used
+automatically in some cases in order to fetch newly generated identifiers in
+place of the traditional approach of using ``cursor.lastrowid``, however
+``cursor.lastrowid`` is currently still preferred for simple single-statement
+cases for its better performance.
+
+To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause, use the
+:meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.insert().
+        values(name='foo').
+        returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.delete().
+        where(table.c.name=='foo').
+        returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  Added support for MariaDB RETURNING
+
+.. _mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update:
+
+INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (Upsert)
+------------------------------------------
+
+MySQL / MariaDB allow "upserts" (update or insert)
+of rows into a table via the ``ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`` clause of the
+``INSERT`` statement.  A candidate row will only be inserted if that row does
+not match an existing primary or unique key in the table; otherwise, an UPDATE
+will be performed.   The statement allows for separate specification of the
+values to INSERT versus the values for UPDATE.
+
+SQLAlchemy provides ``ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`` support via the MySQL-specific
+:func:`.mysql.insert()` function, which provides
+the generative method :meth:`~.mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import insert
+
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_existing_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value')
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     data=insert_stmt.inserted.data,
+    ...     status='U'
+    ... )
+    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = VALUES(data), status = %s
+
+
+Unlike PostgreSQL's "ON CONFLICT" phrase, the "ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE"
+phrase will always match on any primary key or unique key, and will always
+perform an UPDATE if there's a match; there are no options for it to raise
+an error or to skip performing an UPDATE.
+
+``ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`` is used to perform an update of the already
+existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values
+from the proposed insertion.   These values are normally specified using
+keyword arguments passed to the
+:meth:`_mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`
+given column key values (usually the name of the column, unless it
+specifies :paramref:`_schema.Column.key`
+) as keys and literal or SQL expressions
+as values:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...          id='some_existing_id',
+    ...          data='inserted value')
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     data="some data",
+    ...     updated_at=func.current_timestamp(),
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+In a manner similar to that of :meth:`.UpdateBase.values`, other parameter
+forms are accepted, including a single dictionary:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     {"data": "some data", "updated_at": func.current_timestamp()},
+    ... )
+
+as well as a list of 2-tuples, which will automatically provide
+a parameter-ordered UPDATE statement in a manner similar to that described
+at :ref:`tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates`.  Unlike the :class:`_expression.Update`
+object,
+no special flag is needed to specify the intent since the argument form is
+this context is unambiguous:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     [
+    ...         ("data", "some data"),
+    ...         ("updated_at", func.current_timestamp()),
+    ...     ]
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3 support for parameter-ordered UPDATE clause within
+   MySQL ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The :meth:`_mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`
+    method does **not** take into
+    account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions, e.g.
+    e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+    These values will not be exercised for an ON DUPLICATE KEY style of UPDATE,
+    unless they are manually specified explicitly in the parameters.
+
+
+
+In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias
+:attr:`_mysql.Insert.inserted` is available as an attribute on
+the :class:`_mysql.Insert` object; this object is a
+:class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` which contains all columns of the target
+table:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value',
+    ...     author='jlh')
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     data="updated value",
+    ...     author=stmt.inserted.author
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, author = VALUES(author)
+
+When rendered, the "inserted" namespace will produce the expression
+``VALUES(<columnname>)``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.2 Added support for MySQL ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause
+
+
+
+rowcount Support
+----------------
+
+SQLAlchemy standardizes the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` attribute to be the
+usual definition of "number of rows matched by an UPDATE or DELETE" statement.
+This is in contradiction to the default setting on most MySQL DBAPI drivers,
+which is "number of rows actually modified/deleted".  For this reason, the
+SQLAlchemy MySQL dialects always add the ``constants.CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS``
+flag, or whatever is equivalent for the target dialect, upon connection.
+This setting is currently hardcoded.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`
+
+
+.. _mysql_indexes:
+
+MySQL / MariaDB- Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------------------
+
+MySQL and MariaDB-specific extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available.
+
+Index Length
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL and MariaDB both provide an option to create index entries with a certain length, where
+"length" refers to the number of characters or bytes in each value which will
+become part of the index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_length`` and/or ``mariadb_length`` parameters::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_length=10, mariadb_length=10)
+
+    Index('a_b_idx', my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mysql_length={'a': 4,
+                                                               'b': 9})
+
+    Index('a_b_idx', my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mariadb_length={'a': 4,
+                                                               'b': 9})
+
+Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes
+for binary string types. The value passed to the keyword argument *must* be
+either an integer (and, thus, specify the same prefix length value for all
+columns of the index) or a dict in which keys are column names and values are
+prefix length values for corresponding columns. MySQL and MariaDB only allow a
+length for a column of an index if it is for a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, BINARY,
+VARBINARY and BLOB.
+
+Index Prefixes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index prefix when creating
+an index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_prefix`` parameter on :class:`.Index`::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_prefix='FULLTEXT')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX, so it *must* be a valid index prefix for your MySQL
+storage engine.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `CREATE INDEX <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html>`_ - MySQL documentation
+
+Index Types
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating
+an index or primary key constraint. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.Index`::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_using='hash', mariadb_using='hash')
+
+As well as the ``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`::
+
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint("data", mysql_using='hash', mariadb_using='hash')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX or PRIMARY KEY clause, so it *must* be a valid index
+type for your MySQL storage engine.
+
+More information can be found at:
+
+https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html
+
+https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-table.html
+
+Index Parsers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX in MySQL also supports a "WITH PARSER" option.  This
+is available using the keyword argument ``mysql_with_parser``::
+
+    Index(
+        'my_index', my_table.c.data,
+        mysql_prefix='FULLTEXT', mysql_with_parser="ngram",
+        mariadb_prefix='FULLTEXT', mariadb_with_parser="ngram",
+    )
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+.. _mysql_foreign_keys:
+
+MySQL / MariaDB Foreign Keys
+-----------------------------
+
+MySQL and MariaDB's behavior regarding foreign keys has some important caveats.
+
+Foreign Key Arguments to Avoid
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Neither MySQL nor MariaDB support the foreign key arguments "DEFERRABLE", "INITIALLY",
+or "MATCH".  Using the ``deferrable`` or ``initially`` keyword argument with
+:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` or :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+will have the effect of
+these keywords being rendered in a DDL expression, which will then raise an
+error on MySQL or MariaDB.  In order to use these keywords on a foreign key while having
+them ignored on a MySQL / MariaDB backend, use a custom compile rule::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+
+    @compiles(ForeignKeyConstraint, "mysql", "mariadb")
+    def process(element, compiler, **kw):
+        element.deferrable = element.initially = None
+        return compiler.visit_foreign_key_constraint(element, **kw)
+
+The "MATCH" keyword is in fact more insidious, and is explicitly disallowed
+by SQLAlchemy in conjunction with the MySQL or MariaDB backends.  This argument is
+silently ignored by MySQL / MariaDB, but in addition has the effect of ON UPDATE and ON
+DELETE options also being ignored by the backend.   Therefore MATCH should
+never be used with the MySQL / MariaDB backends; as is the case with DEFERRABLE and
+INITIALLY, custom compilation rules can be used to correct a
+ForeignKeyConstraint at DDL definition time.
+
+Reflection of Foreign Key Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Not all MySQL / MariaDB storage engines support foreign keys.  When using the
+very common ``MyISAM`` MySQL storage engine, the information loaded by table
+reflection will not include foreign keys.  For these tables, you may supply a
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.ForeignKeyConstraint` at reflection time::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id']),
+        autoload_with=engine
+       )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`mysql_storage_engines`
+
+.. _mysql_unique_constraints:
+
+MySQL / MariaDB Unique Constraints and Reflection
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports both the :class:`.Index` construct with the
+flag ``unique=True``, indicating a UNIQUE index, as well as the
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint` construct, representing a UNIQUE constraint.
+Both objects/syntaxes are supported by MySQL / MariaDB when emitting DDL to create
+these constraints.  However, MySQL / MariaDB does not have a unique constraint
+construct that is separate from a unique index; that is, the "UNIQUE"
+constraint on MySQL / MariaDB is equivalent to creating a "UNIQUE INDEX".
+
+When reflecting these constructs, the
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`
+and the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+methods will **both**
+return an entry for a UNIQUE index in MySQL / MariaDB.  However, when performing
+full table reflection using ``Table(..., autoload_with=engine)``,
+the :class:`.UniqueConstraint` construct is
+**not** part of the fully reflected :class:`_schema.Table` construct under any
+circumstances; this construct is always represented by a :class:`.Index`
+with the ``unique=True`` setting present in the :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+collection.
+
+
+TIMESTAMP / DATETIME issues
+---------------------------
+
+.. _mysql_timestamp_onupdate:
+
+Rendering ON UPDATE CURRENT TIMESTAMP for MySQL / MariaDB's explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL / MariaDB have historically expanded the DDL for the :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP`
+datatype into the phrase "TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", which includes non-standard SQL that automatically updates
+the column with the current timestamp when an UPDATE occurs, eliminating the
+usual need to use a trigger in such a case where server-side update changes are
+desired.
+
+MySQL 5.6 introduced a new flag `explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+<https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html
+#sysvar_explicit_defaults_for_timestamp>`_ which disables the above behavior,
+and in MySQL 8 this flag defaults to true, meaning in order to get a MySQL
+"on update timestamp" without changing this flag, the above DDL must be
+rendered explicitly.   Additionally, the same DDL is valid for use of the
+``DATETIME`` datatype as well.
+
+SQLAlchemy's MySQL dialect does not yet have an option to generate
+MySQL's "ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" clause, noting that this is not a general
+purpose "ON UPDATE" as there is no such syntax in standard SQL.  SQLAlchemy's
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.server_onupdate` parameter is currently not related
+to this special MySQL behavior.
+
+To generate this DDL, make use of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`
+parameter and pass a textual clause that also includes the ON UPDATE clause::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer, String, TIMESTAMP
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    mytable = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', String(50)),
+        Column(
+            'last_updated',
+            TIMESTAMP,
+            server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
+        )
+    )
+
+The same instructions apply to use of the :class:`_types.DateTime` and
+:class:`_types.DATETIME` datatypes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import DateTime
+
+    mytable = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', String(50)),
+        Column(
+            'last_updated',
+            DateTime,
+            server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
+        )
+    )
+
+
+Even though the :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_onupdate` feature does not
+generate this DDL, it still may be desirable to signal to the ORM that this
+updated value should be fetched.  This syntax looks like the following::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import FetchedValue
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(String(50))
+        last_updated = Column(
+            TIMESTAMP,
+            server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"),
+            server_onupdate=FetchedValue()
+        )
+
+
+.. _mysql_timestamp_null:
+
+TIMESTAMP Columns and NULL
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL historically enforces that a column which specifies the
+TIMESTAMP datatype implicitly includes a default value of
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, even though this is not stated, and additionally
+sets the column as NOT NULL, the opposite behavior vs. that of all
+other datatypes::
+
+    mysql> CREATE TABLE ts_test (
+        -> a INTEGER,
+        -> b INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        -> c TIMESTAMP,
+        -> d TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+        -> e TIMESTAMP NULL);
+    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
+
+    mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE ts_test;
+    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
+    | Table   | Create Table
+    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
+    | ts_test | CREATE TABLE `ts_test` (
+      `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
+      `b` int(11) NOT NULL,
+      `c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+      `d` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+      `e` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL
+    ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
+
+Above, we see that an INTEGER column defaults to NULL, unless it is specified
+with NOT NULL.   But when the column is of type TIMESTAMP, an implicit
+default of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is generated which also coerces the column
+to be a NOT NULL, even though we did not specify it as such.
+
+This behavior of MySQL can be changed on the MySQL side using the
+`explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+<https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html
+#sysvar_explicit_defaults_for_timestamp>`_ configuration flag introduced in
+MySQL 5.6.  With this server setting enabled, TIMESTAMP columns behave like
+any other datatype on the MySQL side with regards to defaults and nullability.
+
+However, to accommodate the vast majority of MySQL databases that do not
+specify this new flag, SQLAlchemy emits the "NULL" specifier explicitly with
+any TIMESTAMP column that does not specify ``nullable=False``.   In order to
+accommodate newer databases that specify ``explicit_defaults_for_timestamp``,
+SQLAlchemy also emits NOT NULL for TIMESTAMP columns that do specify
+``nullable=False``.   The following example illustrates::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Integer, Table, Column, text
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import TIMESTAMP
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('ts_test', m,
+            Column('a', Integer),
+            Column('b', Integer, nullable=False),
+            Column('c', TIMESTAMP),
+            Column('d', TIMESTAMP, nullable=False)
+        )
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    e = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo=True)
+    m.create_all(e)
+
+output::
+
+    CREATE TABLE ts_test (
+        a INTEGER,
+        b INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        c TIMESTAMP NULL,
+        d TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
+    )
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from array import array as _array
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import compress
+import re
+from typing import cast
+
+from . import reflection as _reflection
+from .enumerated import ENUM
+from .enumerated import SET
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .reserved_words import RESERVED_WORDS_MARIADB
+from .reserved_words import RESERVED_WORDS_MYSQL
+from .types import _FloatType
+from .types import _IntegerType
+from .types import _MatchType
+from .types import _NumericType
+from .types import _StringType
+from .types import BIGINT
+from .types import BIT
+from .types import CHAR
+from .types import DATETIME
+from .types import DECIMAL
+from .types import DOUBLE
+from .types import FLOAT
+from .types import INTEGER
+from .types import LONGBLOB
+from .types import LONGTEXT
+from .types import MEDIUMBLOB
+from .types import MEDIUMINT
+from .types import MEDIUMTEXT
+from .types import NCHAR
+from .types import NUMERIC
+from .types import NVARCHAR
+from .types import REAL
+from .types import SMALLINT
+from .types import TEXT
+from .types import TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TINYBLOB
+from .types import TINYINT
+from .types import TINYTEXT
+from .types import VARCHAR
+from .types import YEAR
+from ... import exc
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import log
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import functions
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql import visitors
+from ...sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ...sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+from ...sql.schema import SchemaConst
+from ...types import BINARY
+from ...types import BLOB
+from ...types import BOOLEAN
+from ...types import DATE
+from ...types import UUID
+from ...types import VARBINARY
+from ...util import topological
+
+
+SET_RE = re.compile(
+    r"\s*SET\s+(?:(?:GLOBAL|SESSION)\s+)?\w", re.I | re.UNICODE
+)
+
+# old names
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSet = SET
+MSEnum = ENUM
+MSLongBlob = LONGBLOB
+MSMediumBlob = MEDIUMBLOB
+MSTinyBlob = TINYBLOB
+MSBlob = BLOB
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSNVarChar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSLongText = LONGTEXT
+MSMediumText = MEDIUMTEXT
+MSTinyText = TINYTEXT
+MSText = TEXT
+MSYear = YEAR
+MSTimeStamp = TIMESTAMP
+MSBit = BIT
+MSSmallInteger = SMALLINT
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSMediumInteger = MEDIUMINT
+MSBigInteger = BIGINT
+MSNumeric = NUMERIC
+MSDecimal = DECIMAL
+MSDouble = DOUBLE
+MSReal = REAL
+MSFloat = FLOAT
+MSInteger = INTEGER
+
+colspecs = {
+    _IntegerType: _IntegerType,
+    _NumericType: _NumericType,
+    _FloatType: _FloatType,
+    sqltypes.Numeric: NUMERIC,
+    sqltypes.Float: FLOAT,
+    sqltypes.Double: DOUBLE,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+    sqltypes.MatchType: _MatchType,
+    sqltypes.JSON: JSON,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: JSONIndexType,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: JSONPathType,
+}
+
+# Everything 3.23 through 5.1 excepting OpenGIS types.
+ischema_names = {
+    "bigint": BIGINT,
+    "binary": BINARY,
+    "bit": BIT,
+    "blob": BLOB,
+    "boolean": BOOLEAN,
+    "char": CHAR,
+    "date": DATE,
+    "datetime": DATETIME,
+    "decimal": DECIMAL,
+    "double": DOUBLE,
+    "enum": ENUM,
+    "fixed": DECIMAL,
+    "float": FLOAT,
+    "int": INTEGER,
+    "integer": INTEGER,
+    "json": JSON,
+    "longblob": LONGBLOB,
+    "longtext": LONGTEXT,
+    "mediumblob": MEDIUMBLOB,
+    "mediumint": MEDIUMINT,
+    "mediumtext": MEDIUMTEXT,
+    "nchar": NCHAR,
+    "nvarchar": NVARCHAR,
+    "numeric": NUMERIC,
+    "set": SET,
+    "smallint": SMALLINT,
+    "text": TEXT,
+    "time": TIME,
+    "timestamp": TIMESTAMP,
+    "tinyblob": TINYBLOB,
+    "tinyint": TINYINT,
+    "tinytext": TINYTEXT,
+    "uuid": UUID,
+    "varbinary": VARBINARY,
+    "varchar": VARCHAR,
+    "year": YEAR,
+}
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if (
+            self.isdelete
+            and cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled).effective_returning
+            and not self.cursor.description
+        ):
+            # All MySQL/mariadb drivers appear to not include
+            # cursor.description for DELETE..RETURNING with no rows if the
+            # WHERE criteria is a straight "false" condition such as our EMPTY
+            # IN condition. manufacture an empty result in this case (issue
+            # #10505)
+            #
+            # taken from cx_Oracle implementation
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = (
+                _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    [
+                        (entry.keyname, None)
+                        for entry in cast(
+                            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+                        )._result_columns
+                    ],
+                    [],
+                )
+            )
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        if self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors:
+            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(self.dialect._sscursor)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            (
+                "select nextval(%s)"
+                % self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            ),
+            type_,
+        )
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from = True
+    """Overridden from base SQLCompiler value"""
+
+    extract_map = compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map.copy()
+    extract_map.update({"milliseconds": "millisecond"})
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
+        and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
+
+        """
+        if self.stack:
+            stmt = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+            if stmt._where_criteria:
+                return " FROM DUAL"
+
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_random_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "rand%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_rollup_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        clause = ", ".join(
+            elem._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for elem in fn.clauses
+        )
+        return f"{clause} WITH ROLLUP"
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        expr, delimeter = (
+            elem._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for elem in fn.clauses
+        )
+        return f"group_concat({expr} SEPARATOR {delimeter})"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "nextval(%s)" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def visit_sysdate_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "SYSDATE()"
+
+    def _render_json_extract_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # note we are intentionally calling upon the process() calls in the
+        # order in which they appear in the SQL String as this is used
+        # by positional parameter rendering
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            return "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        # for non-JSON, MySQL doesn't handle JSON null at all so it has to
+        # be explicit
+        case_expression = "CASE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s) WHEN 'null' THEN NULL" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Integer:
+            type_expression = (
+                "ELSE CAST(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s) AS SIGNED INTEGER)"
+                % (
+                    self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                )
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Numeric:
+            if (
+                binary.type.scale is not None
+                and binary.type.precision is not None
+            ):
+                # using DECIMAL here because MySQL does not recognize NUMERIC
+                type_expression = (
+                    "ELSE CAST(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s) AS DECIMAL(%s, %s))"
+                    % (
+                        self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                        self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                        binary.type.precision,
+                        binary.type.scale,
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                # FLOAT / REAL not added in MySQL til 8.0.17
+                type_expression = (
+                    "ELSE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)+0.0000000000000000000000"
+                    % (
+                        self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                        self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                    )
+                )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Boolean:
+            # the NULL handling is particularly weird with boolean, so
+            # explicitly return true/false constants
+            type_expression = "WHEN true THEN true ELSE false"
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String:
+            # (gord): this fails with a JSON value that's a four byte unicode
+            # string.  SQLite has the same problem at the moment
+            # (zzzeek): I'm not really sure.  let's take a look at a test case
+            # that hits each backend and maybe make a requires rule for it?
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s))" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        else:
+            # other affinity....this is not expected right now
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        return case_expression + " " + type_expression + " END"
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_on_duplicate_key_update(self, on_duplicate, **kw):
+        statement = self.current_executable
+
+        if on_duplicate._parameter_ordering:
+            parameter_ordering = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, key)
+                for key in on_duplicate._parameter_ordering
+            ]
+            ordered_keys = set(parameter_ordering)
+            cols = [
+                statement.table.c[key]
+                for key in parameter_ordering
+                if key in statement.table.c
+            ] + [c for c in statement.table.c if c.key not in ordered_keys]
+        else:
+            cols = statement.table.c
+
+        clauses = []
+
+        requires_mysql8_alias = (
+            self.dialect._requires_alias_for_on_duplicate_key
+        )
+
+        if requires_mysql8_alias:
+            if statement.table.name.lower() == "new":
+                _on_dup_alias_name = "new_1"
+            else:
+                _on_dup_alias_name = "new"
+
+        # traverses through all table columns to preserve table column order
+        for column in (col for col in cols if col.key in on_duplicate.update):
+            val = on_duplicate.update[column.key]
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(val):
+                val = elements.BindParameter(None, val, type_=column.type)
+                value_text = self.process(val.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+            else:
+
+                def replace(obj):
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(obj, elements.BindParameter)
+                        and obj.type._isnull
+                    ):
+                        obj = obj._clone()
+                        obj.type = column.type
+                        return obj
+                    elif (
+                        isinstance(obj, elements.ColumnClause)
+                        and obj.table is on_duplicate.inserted_alias
+                    ):
+                        if requires_mysql8_alias:
+                            column_literal_clause = (
+                                f"{_on_dup_alias_name}."
+                                f"{self.preparer.quote(obj.name)}"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            column_literal_clause = (
+                                f"VALUES({self.preparer.quote(obj.name)})"
+                            )
+                        return literal_column(column_literal_clause)
+                    else:
+                        # element is not replaced
+                        return None
+
+                val = visitors.replacement_traverse(val, {}, replace)
+                value_text = self.process(val.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+
+            name_text = self.preparer.quote(column.name)
+            clauses.append("%s = %s" % (name_text, value_text))
+
+        non_matching = set(on_duplicate.update) - {c.key for c in cols}
+        if non_matching:
+            util.warn(
+                "Additional column names not matching "
+                "any column keys in table '%s': %s"
+                % (
+                    self.statement.table.name,
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in non_matching)),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if requires_mysql8_alias:
+            return (
+                f"AS {_on_dup_alias_name} "
+                f"ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE {', '.join(clauses)}"
+            )
+        else:
+            return f"ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE {', '.join(clauses)}"
+
+    def visit_concat_op_expression_clauselist(
+        self, clauselist, operator, **kw
+    ):
+        return "concat(%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in clauselist.clauses)
+        )
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "concat(%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    _match_valid_flag_combinations = frozenset(
+        (
+            # (boolean_mode, natural_language, query_expansion)
+            (False, False, False),
+            (True, False, False),
+            (False, True, False),
+            (False, False, True),
+            (False, True, True),
+        )
+    )
+
+    _match_flag_expressions = (
+        "IN BOOLEAN MODE",
+        "IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE",
+        "WITH QUERY EXPANSION",
+    )
+
+    def visit_mysql_match(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_match_op_binary(element, element.operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        """
+        Note that `mysql_boolean_mode` is enabled by default because of
+        backward compatibility
+        """
+
+        modifiers = binary.modifiers
+
+        boolean_mode = modifiers.get("mysql_boolean_mode", True)
+        natural_language = modifiers.get("mysql_natural_language", False)
+        query_expansion = modifiers.get("mysql_query_expansion", False)
+
+        flag_combination = (boolean_mode, natural_language, query_expansion)
+
+        if flag_combination not in self._match_valid_flag_combinations:
+            flags = (
+                "in_boolean_mode=%s" % boolean_mode,
+                "in_natural_language_mode=%s" % natural_language,
+                "with_query_expansion=%s" % query_expansion,
+            )
+
+            flags = ", ".join(flags)
+
+            raise exc.CompileError("Invalid MySQL match flags: %s" % flags)
+
+        match_clause = binary.left
+        match_clause = self.process(match_clause, **kw)
+        against_clause = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+        if any(flag_combination):
+            flag_expressions = compress(
+                self._match_flag_expressions,
+                flag_combination,
+            )
+
+            against_clause = [against_clause]
+            against_clause.extend(flag_expressions)
+
+            against_clause = " ".join(against_clause)
+
+        return "MATCH (%s) AGAINST (%s)" % (match_clause, against_clause)
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, type_=None, **kw):
+        if type_ is None:
+            type_ = typeclause.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TypeDecorator):
+            return self.visit_typeclause(typeclause, type_.impl, **kw)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Integer):
+            if getattr(type_, "unsigned", False):
+                return "UNSIGNED INTEGER"
+            else:
+                return "SIGNED INTEGER"
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+            return "DATETIME"
+        elif isinstance(
+            type_,
+            (
+                sqltypes.DECIMAL,
+                sqltypes.DateTime,
+                sqltypes.Date,
+                sqltypes.Time,
+            ),
+        ):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(type_)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.String) and not isinstance(
+            type_, (ENUM, SET)
+        ):
+            adapted = CHAR._adapt_string_for_cast(type_)
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(adapted)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes._Binary):
+            return "BINARY"
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.JSON):
+            return "JSON"
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(type_).replace(
+                "NUMERIC", "DECIMAL"
+            )
+        elif (
+            isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Float)
+            and self.dialect._support_float_cast
+        ):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(type_)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kw):
+        type_ = self.process(cast.typeclause)
+        if type_ is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Datatype %s does not support CAST on MySQL/MariaDb; "
+                "the CAST will be skipped."
+                % self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                    cast.typeclause.type
+                )
+            )
+            return self.process(cast.clause.self_group(), **kw)
+
+        return "CAST(%s AS %s)" % (self.process(cast.clause, **kw), type_)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super().render_literal_value(value, type_)
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+        return value
+
+    # override native_boolean=False behavior here, as
+    # MySQL still supports native boolean
+    def visit_true(self, element, **kw):
+        return "true"
+
+    def visit_false(self, element, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """Add special MySQL keywords in place of DISTINCT.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  This usage is deprecated.
+           :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` should be used for special
+           keywords at the start of a SELECT.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(select._distinct, str):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Sending string values for 'distinct' is deprecated in the "
+                "MySQL dialect and will be removed in a future release.  "
+                "Please use :meth:`.Select.prefix_with` for special keywords "
+                "at the start of a SELECT statement",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            return select._distinct.upper() + " "
+
+        return super().get_select_precolumns(select, **kw)
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, from_linter=None, **kwargs):
+        if from_linter:
+            from_linter.edges.add((join.left, join.right))
+
+        if join.full:
+            join_type = " FULL OUTER JOIN "
+        elif join.isouter:
+            join_type = " LEFT OUTER JOIN "
+        else:
+            join_type = " INNER JOIN "
+
+        return "".join(
+            (
+                self.process(
+                    join.left, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+                ),
+                join_type,
+                self.process(
+                    join.right, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+                ),
+                " ON ",
+                self.process(join.onclause, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            tmp = " LOCK IN SHARE MODE"
+        else:
+            tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of and self.dialect.supports_for_update_of:
+            tables = util.OrderedSet()
+            for c in select._for_update_arg.of:
+                tables.update(sql_util.surface_selectables_only(c))
+
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(table, ashint=True, use_schema=False, **kw)
+                for table in tables
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.skip_locked:
+            tmp += " SKIP LOCKED"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # MySQL supports:
+        #   LIMIT <limit>
+        #   LIMIT <offset>, <limit>
+        # and in server versions > 3.3:
+        #   LIMIT <limit> OFFSET <offset>
+        # The latter is more readable for offsets but we're stuck with the
+        # former until we can refine dialects by server revision.
+
+        limit_clause, offset_clause = (
+            select._limit_clause,
+            select._offset_clause,
+        )
+
+        if limit_clause is None and offset_clause is None:
+            return ""
+        elif offset_clause is not None:
+            # As suggested by the MySQL docs, need to apply an
+            # artificial limit if one wasn't provided
+            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/select.html
+            if limit_clause is None:
+                # TODO: remove ??
+                # hardwire the upper limit.  Currently
+                # needed consistent with the usage of the upper
+                # bound as part of MySQL's "syntax" for OFFSET with
+                # no LIMIT.
+                return " \n LIMIT %s, %s" % (
+                    self.process(offset_clause, **kw),
+                    "18446744073709551615",
+                )
+            else:
+                return " \n LIMIT %s, %s" % (
+                    self.process(offset_clause, **kw),
+                    self.process(limit_clause, **kw),
+                )
+        else:
+            # No offset provided, so just use the limit
+            return " \n LIMIT %s" % (self.process(limit_clause, **kw),)
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        limit = update_stmt.kwargs.get("%s_limit" % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if limit:
+            return "LIMIT %s" % limit
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + list(extra_froms)
+        )
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    def delete_table_clause(self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        """If we have extra froms make sure we render any alias as hint."""
+        ashint = False
+        if extra_froms:
+            ashint = True
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True, ashint=ashint, **kw
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the DELETE .. USING clause specific to MySQL."""
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "USING " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        return (
+            "SELECT %(outer)s FROM (SELECT %(inner)s) "
+            "as _empty_set WHERE 1!=1"
+            % {
+                "inner": ", ".join(
+                    "1 AS _in_%s" % idx
+                    for idx, type_ in enumerate(element_types)
+                ),
+                "outer": ", ".join(
+                    "_in_%s" % idx for idx, type_ in enumerate(element_types)
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT (%s <=> %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s <=> %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def _mariadb_regexp_flags(self, flags, pattern, **kw):
+        return "CONCAT('(?', %s, ')', %s)" % (
+            self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            self.process(pattern, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def _regexp_match(self, op_string, binary, operator, **kw):
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, op_string, **kw)
+        elif self.dialect.is_mariadb:
+            return "%s%s%s" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                op_string,
+                self._mariadb_regexp_flags(flags, binary.right),
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "REGEXP_LIKE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+            if op_string == " NOT REGEXP ":
+                return "NOT %s" % text
+            else:
+                return text
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match(" REGEXP ", binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match(" NOT REGEXP ", binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        elif self.dialect.is_mariadb:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self._mariadb_regexp_flags(flags, binary.right.clauses[0]),
+                self.process(binary.right.clauses[1], **kw),
+            )
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+
+class MySQLDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kw):
+        """Builds column DDL."""
+        if (
+            self.dialect.is_mariadb is True
+            and column.computed is not None
+            and column._user_defined_nullable is SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+        ):
+            column.nullable = True
+        colspec = [
+            self.preparer.format_column(column),
+            self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec.append(self.process(column.computed))
+
+        is_timestamp = isinstance(
+            column.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect),
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
+        )
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec.append("NOT NULL")
+
+        # see: https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/mysql.html#mysql_timestamp_null  # noqa
+        elif column.nullable and is_timestamp:
+            colspec.append("NULL")
+
+        comment = column.comment
+        if comment is not None:
+            literal = self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                comment, sqltypes.String()
+            )
+            colspec.append("COMMENT " + literal)
+
+        if (
+            column.table is not None
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            and (
+                column.server_default is None
+                or isinstance(column.server_default, sa_schema.Identity)
+            )
+            and not (
+                self.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence)
+                and not column.default.optional
+            )
+        ):
+            colspec.append("AUTO_INCREMENT")
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec.append("DEFAULT " + default)
+        return " ".join(colspec)
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        """Build table-level CREATE options like ENGINE and COLLATE."""
+
+        table_opts = []
+
+        opts = {
+            k[len(self.dialect.name) + 1 :].upper(): v
+            for k, v in table.kwargs.items()
+            if k.startswith("%s_" % self.dialect.name)
+        }
+
+        if table.comment is not None:
+            opts["COMMENT"] = table.comment
+
+        partition_options = [
+            "PARTITION_BY",
+            "PARTITIONS",
+            "SUBPARTITIONS",
+            "SUBPARTITION_BY",
+        ]
+
+        nonpart_options = set(opts).difference(partition_options)
+        part_options = set(opts).intersection(partition_options)
+
+        for opt in topological.sort(
+            [
+                ("DEFAULT_CHARSET", "COLLATE"),
+                ("DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET", "COLLATE"),
+                ("CHARSET", "COLLATE"),
+                ("CHARACTER_SET", "COLLATE"),
+            ],
+            nonpart_options,
+        ):
+            arg = opts[opt]
+            if opt in _reflection._options_of_type_string:
+                arg = self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    arg, sqltypes.String()
+                )
+
+            if opt in (
+                "DATA_DIRECTORY",
+                "INDEX_DIRECTORY",
+                "DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET",
+                "CHARACTER_SET",
+                "DEFAULT_CHARSET",
+                "DEFAULT_COLLATE",
+            ):
+                opt = opt.replace("_", " ")
+
+            joiner = "="
+            if opt in (
+                "TABLESPACE",
+                "DEFAULT CHARACTER SET",
+                "CHARACTER SET",
+                "COLLATE",
+            ):
+                joiner = " "
+
+            table_opts.append(joiner.join((opt, arg)))
+
+        for opt in topological.sort(
+            [
+                ("PARTITION_BY", "PARTITIONS"),
+                ("PARTITION_BY", "SUBPARTITION_BY"),
+                ("PARTITION_BY", "SUBPARTITIONS"),
+                ("PARTITIONS", "SUBPARTITIONS"),
+                ("PARTITIONS", "SUBPARTITION_BY"),
+                ("SUBPARTITION_BY", "SUBPARTITIONS"),
+            ],
+            part_options,
+        ):
+            arg = opts[opt]
+            if opt in _reflection._options_of_type_string:
+                arg = self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    arg, sqltypes.String()
+                )
+
+            opt = opt.replace("_", " ")
+            joiner = " "
+
+            table_opts.append(joiner.join((opt, arg)))
+
+        return " ".join(table_opts)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        table = preparer.format_table(index.table)
+
+        columns = [
+            self.sql_compiler.process(
+                (
+                    elements.Grouping(expr)
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(expr, elements.BinaryExpression)
+                        or (
+                            isinstance(expr, elements.UnaryExpression)
+                            and expr.modifier
+                            not in (operators.desc_op, operators.asc_op)
+                        )
+                        or isinstance(expr, functions.FunctionElement)
+                    )
+                    else expr
+                ),
+                include_table=False,
+                literal_binds=True,
+            )
+            for expr in index.expressions
+        ]
+
+        name = self._prepared_index_name(index)
+
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        index_prefix = index.kwargs.get("%s_prefix" % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if index_prefix:
+            text += index_prefix + " "
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+        text += "%s ON %s " % (name, table)
+
+        length = index.dialect_options[self.dialect.name]["length"]
+        if length is not None:
+            if isinstance(length, dict):
+                # length value can be a (column_name --> integer value)
+                # mapping specifying the prefix length for each column of the
+                # index
+                columns = ", ".join(
+                    (
+                        "%s(%d)" % (expr, length[col.name])
+                        if col.name in length
+                        else (
+                            "%s(%d)" % (expr, length[expr])
+                            if expr in length
+                            else "%s" % expr
+                        )
+                    )
+                    for col, expr in zip(index.expressions, columns)
+                )
+            else:
+                # or can be an integer value specifying the same
+                # prefix length for all columns of the index
+                columns = ", ".join(
+                    "%s(%d)" % (col, length) for col in columns
+                )
+        else:
+            columns = ", ".join(columns)
+        text += "(%s)" % columns
+
+        parser = index.dialect_options["mysql"]["with_parser"]
+        if parser is not None:
+            text += " WITH PARSER %s" % (parser,)
+
+        using = index.dialect_options["mysql"]["using"]
+        if using is not None:
+            text += " USING %s" % (preparer.quote(using))
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
+        using = constraint.dialect_options["mysql"]["using"]
+        if using:
+            text += " USING %s" % (self.preparer.quote(using))
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        index = drop.element
+        text = "\nDROP INDEX "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+
+        return text + "%s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(index.table),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop, **kw):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "FOREIGN KEY "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "PRIMARY KEY "
+            const = ""
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.UniqueConstraint):
+            qual = "INDEX "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.CheckConstraint):
+            if self.dialect.is_mariadb:
+                qual = "CONSTRAINT "
+            else:
+                qual = "CHECK "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            qual = ""
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s%s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(constraint.table),
+            qual,
+            const,
+        )
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MySQL ignores the 'MATCH' keyword while at the same time "
+                "causes ON UPDATE/ON DELETE clauses to be ignored."
+            )
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_set_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s COMMENT %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s COMMENT ''" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element)
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_column_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s CHANGE %s %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.preparer.format_column(create.element),
+            self.get_column_specification(create.element),
+        )
+
+
+class MySQLTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend_numeric(self, type_, spec):
+        "Extend a numeric-type declaration with MySQL specific extensions."
+
+        if not self._mysql_type(type_):
+            return spec
+
+        if type_.unsigned:
+            spec += " UNSIGNED"
+        if type_.zerofill:
+            spec += " ZEROFILL"
+        return spec
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, defaults, spec):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL CHARACTER SET /
+        COLLATE annotations and MySQL specific extensions.
+
+        """
+
+        def attr(name):
+            return getattr(type_, name, defaults.get(name))
+
+        if attr("charset"):
+            charset = "CHARACTER SET %s" % attr("charset")
+        elif attr("ascii"):
+            charset = "ASCII"
+        elif attr("unicode"):
+            charset = "UNICODE"
+        else:
+            charset = None
+
+        if attr("collation"):
+            collation = "COLLATE %s" % type_.collation
+        elif attr("binary"):
+            collation = "BINARY"
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if attr("national"):
+            # NATIONAL (aka NCHAR/NVARCHAR) trumps charsets.
+            return " ".join(
+                [c for c in ("NATIONAL", spec, collation) if c is not None]
+            )
+        return " ".join(
+            [c for c in (spec, charset, collation) if c is not None]
+        )
+
+    def _mysql_type(self, type_):
+        return isinstance(type_, (_StringType, _NumericType))
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "NUMERIC")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "DECIMAL")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "DOUBLE(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE")
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "REAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "REAL")
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            self._mysql_type(type_)
+            and type_.scale is not None
+            and type_.precision is not None
+        ):
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "FLOAT(%s, %s)" % (type_.precision, type_.scale)
+            )
+        elif type_.precision is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "FLOAT(%s)" % (type_.precision,)
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "FLOAT")
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "INTEGER(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "INTEGER")
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "BIGINT(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "BIGINT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "MEDIUMINT(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "MEDIUMINT")
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "TINYINT(%s)" % type_.display_width
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "TINYINT")
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "SMALLINT(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "SMALLINT")
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return "BIT(%s)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "fsp", None):
+            return "DATETIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "fsp", None):
+            return "TIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "fsp", None):
+            return "TIMESTAMP(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_YEAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.display_width is None:
+            return "YEAR"
+        else:
+            return "YEAR(%s)" % type_.display_width
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_TINYTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TINYTEXT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "MEDIUMTEXT")
+
+    def visit_LONGTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "LONGTEXT")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "VARCHAR(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "VARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" % self.dialect.name
+            )
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {}, "CHAR(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length}
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv. "NATIONAL VARCHAR" instead
+        # of "NVARCHAR".
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_,
+                {"national": True},
+                "VARCHAR(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length},
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "NVARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" % self.dialect.name
+            )
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv.
+        # "NATIONAL CHAR" instead of "NCHAR".
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_,
+                {"national": True},
+                "CHAR(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {"national": True}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "VARBINARY(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSON"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_enum:
+            return super().visit_enum(type_)
+        else:
+            return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_, type_.enums)
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return "BLOB(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_TINYBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYBLOB"
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MEDIUMBLOB"
+
+    def visit_LONGBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "LONGBLOB"
+
+    def _visit_enumerated_values(self, name, type_, enumerated_values):
+        quoted_enums = []
+        for e in enumerated_values:
+            quoted_enums.append("'%s'" % e.replace("'", "''"))
+        return self._extend_string(
+            type_, {}, "%s(%s)" % (name, ",".join(quoted_enums))
+        )
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_, type_.enums)
+
+    def visit_SET(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("SET", type_, type_.values)
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BOOL"
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS_MYSQL
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, server_ansiquotes=False, **kw):
+        if not server_ansiquotes:
+            quote = "`"
+        else:
+            quote = '"'
+
+        super().__init__(dialect, initial_quote=quote, escape_quote=quote)
+
+    def _quote_free_identifiers(self, *ids):
+        """Unilaterally identifier-quote any number of strings."""
+
+        return tuple([self.quote_identifier(i) for i in ids if i is not None])
+
+
+class MariaDBIdentifierPreparer(MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS_MARIADB
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    """Details of the MySQL dialect.
+    Not used directly in application code.
+    """
+
+    name = "mysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_alter = True
+
+    # MySQL has no true "boolean" type; we
+    # allow for the "true" and "false" keywords, however
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    # identifiers are 64, however aliases can be 255...
+    max_identifier_length = 255
+    max_index_name_length = 64
+    max_constraint_name_length = 64
+
+    div_is_floordiv = False
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    supports_sequences = False  # default for MySQL ...
+    # ... may be updated to True for MariaDB 10.3+ in initialize()
+
+    sequences_optional = False
+
+    supports_for_update_of = False  # default for MySQL ...
+    # ... may be updated to True for MySQL 8+ in initialize()
+
+    _requires_alias_for_on_duplicate_key = False  # Only available ...
+    # ... in MySQL 8+
+
+    # MySQL doesn't support "DEFAULT VALUES" but *does* support
+    # "VALUES (DEFAULT)"
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = True
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+    )
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = True
+
+    supports_comments = True
+    inline_comments = True
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    cte_follows_insert = True
+
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MySQLDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = MySQLTypeCompiler
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+
+    is_mariadb = False
+    _mariadb_normalized_version_info = None
+
+    # default SQL compilation settings -
+    # these are modified upon initialize(),
+    # i.e. first connect
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+    _server_ansiquotes = False
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {"*": None}),
+        (sql.Update, {"limit": None}),
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {"using": None}),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Index,
+            {
+                "using": None,
+                "length": None,
+                "prefix": None,
+                "with_parser": None,
+            },
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        is_mariadb=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        kwargs.pop("use_ansiquotes", None)  # legacy
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+        self._set_mariadb(is_mariadb, None)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_conn):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(f"SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {level}")
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self._is_mysql and self.server_version_info >= (5, 7, 20):
+            cursor.execute("SELECT @@transaction_isolation")
+        else:
+            cursor.execute("SELECT @@tx_isolation")
+        row = cursor.fetchone()
+        if row is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Could not retrieve transaction isolation level for MySQL "
+                "connection."
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        val = row[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        if isinstance(val, bytes):
+            val = val.decode()
+        return val.upper().replace("-", " ")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _is_mariadb_from_url(cls, url):
+        dbapi = cls.import_dbapi()
+        dialect = cls(dbapi=dbapi)
+
+        cargs, cparams = dialect.create_connect_args(url)
+        conn = dialect.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+        try:
+            cursor = conn.cursor()
+            cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION() LIKE '%MariaDB%'")
+            val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        except:
+            raise
+        else:
+            return bool(val)
+        finally:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # get database server version info explicitly over the wire
+        # to avoid proxy servers like MaxScale getting in the
+        # way with their own values, see #4205
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        cursor = dbapi_con.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        if isinstance(val, bytes):
+            val = val.decode()
+
+        return self._parse_server_version(val)
+
+    def _parse_server_version(self, val):
+        version = []
+        is_mariadb = False
+
+        r = re.compile(r"[.\-+]")
+        tokens = r.split(val)
+        for token in tokens:
+            parsed_token = re.match(
+                r"^(?:(\d+)(?:a|b|c)?|(MariaDB\w*))$", token
+            )
+            if not parsed_token:
+                continue
+            elif parsed_token.group(2):
+                self._mariadb_normalized_version_info = tuple(version[-3:])
+                is_mariadb = True
+            else:
+                digit = int(parsed_token.group(1))
+                version.append(digit)
+
+        server_version_info = tuple(version)
+
+        self._set_mariadb(
+            server_version_info and is_mariadb, server_version_info
+        )
+
+        if not is_mariadb:
+            self._mariadb_normalized_version_info = server_version_info
+
+        if server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "the MySQL/MariaDB dialect supports server "
+                "version info 5.0.2 and above."
+            )
+
+        # setting it here to help w the test suite
+        self.server_version_info = server_version_info
+        return server_version_info
+
+    def _set_mariadb(self, is_mariadb, server_version_info):
+        if is_mariadb is None:
+            return
+
+        if not is_mariadb and self.is_mariadb:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "MySQL version %s is not a MariaDB variant."
+                % (".".join(map(str, server_version_info)),)
+            )
+        if is_mariadb:
+            self.preparer = MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+            # this would have been set by the default dialect already,
+            # so set it again
+            self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(self)
+
+            # this will be updated on first connect in initialize()
+            # if using older mariadb version
+            self.delete_returning = True
+            self.insert_returning = True
+
+        self.is_mariadb = is_mariadb
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA BEGIN :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA PREPARE :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA ROLLBACK :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA COMMIT :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        resultset = connection.exec_driver_sql("XA RECOVER")
+        return [row["data"][0 : row["gtrid_length"]] for row in resultset]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(
+            e,
+            (
+                self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                self.dbapi.ProgrammingError,
+                self.dbapi.InterfaceError,
+            ),
+        ) and self._extract_error_code(e) in (
+            1927,
+            2006,
+            2013,
+            2014,
+            2045,
+            2055,
+            4031,
+        ):
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(
+            e, (self.dbapi.InterfaceError, self.dbapi.InternalError)
+        ):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return "(0, '')" in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy result rows to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return [_DecodingRow(row, charset) for row in rp.fetchall()]
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        row = rp.fetchone()
+        if row:
+            return _DecodingRow(row, charset)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _compat_first(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        row = rp.first()
+        if row:
+            return _DecodingRow(row, charset)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT DATABASE()").scalar()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        assert schema is not None
+
+        full_name = ".".join(
+            self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+                schema, table_name
+            )
+        )
+
+        # DESCRIBE *must* be used because there is no information schema
+        # table that returns information on temp tables that is consistently
+        # available on MariaDB / MySQL / engine-agnostic etc.
+        # therefore we have no choice but to use DESCRIBE and an error catch
+        # to detect "False".  See issue #9058
+
+        try:
+            with connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                f"DESCRIBE {full_name}",
+                execution_options={"skip_user_error_events": True},
+            ) as rs:
+                return rs.fetchone() is not None
+        except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-errors/8.0/en/server-error-reference.html  # noqa: E501
+            # there are a lot of codes that *may* pop up here at some point
+            # but we continue to be fairly conservative.  We include:
+            # 1146: Table '%s.%s' doesn't exist - what every MySQL has emitted
+            # for decades
+            #
+            # mysql 8 suddenly started emitting:
+            # 1049: Unknown database '%s'  - for nonexistent schema
+            #
+            # also added:
+            # 1051: Unknown table '%s' - not known to emit
+            #
+            # there's more "doesn't exist" kinds of messages but they are
+            # less clear if mysql 8 would suddenly start using one of those
+            if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) in (1146, 1049, 1051):
+                return False
+            raise
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_sequences:
+            self._sequences_not_supported()
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        # MariaDB implements sequences as a special type of table
+        #
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES "
+                "WHERE TABLE_TYPE='SEQUENCE' and TABLE_NAME=:name AND "
+                "TABLE_SCHEMA=:schema_name"
+            ),
+            dict(
+                name=str(sequence_name),
+                schema_name=str(schema),
+            ),
+        )
+        return cursor.first() is not None
+
+    def _sequences_not_supported(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Sequences are supported only by the "
+            "MariaDB series 10.3 or greater"
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_sequences:
+            self._sequences_not_supported()
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        # MariaDB implements sequences as a special type of table
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES "
+                "WHERE TABLE_TYPE='SEQUENCE' and TABLE_SCHEMA=:schema_name"
+            ),
+            dict(schema_name=schema),
+        )
+        return [
+            row[0]
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(
+                cursor, charset=self._connection_charset
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        # this is driver-based, does not need server version info
+        # and is fairly critical for even basic SQL operations
+        self._connection_charset = self._detect_charset(connection)
+
+        # call super().initialize() because we need to have
+        # server_version_info set up.  in 1.4 under python 2 only this does the
+        # "check unicode returns" thing, which is the one area that some
+        # SQL gets compiled within initialize() currently
+        default.DefaultDialect.initialize(self, connection)
+
+        self._detect_sql_mode(connection)
+        self._detect_ansiquotes(connection)  # depends on sql mode
+        self._detect_casing(connection)
+        if self._server_ansiquotes:
+            # if ansiquotes == True, build a new IdentifierPreparer
+            # with the new setting
+            self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(
+                self, server_ansiquotes=self._server_ansiquotes
+            )
+
+        self.supports_sequences = (
+            self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (10, 3)
+        )
+
+        self.supports_for_update_of = (
+            self._is_mysql and self.server_version_info >= (8,)
+        )
+
+        self._needs_correct_for_88718_96365 = (
+            not self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (8,)
+        )
+
+        self.delete_returning = (
+            self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (10, 0, 5)
+        )
+
+        self.insert_returning = (
+            self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (10, 5)
+        )
+
+        self._requires_alias_for_on_duplicate_key = (
+            self._is_mysql and self.server_version_info >= (8, 0, 20)
+        )
+
+        self._warn_for_known_db_issues()
+
+    def _warn_for_known_db_issues(self):
+        if self.is_mariadb:
+            mdb_version = self._mariadb_normalized_version_info
+            if mdb_version > (10, 2) and mdb_version < (10, 2, 9):
+                util.warn(
+                    "MariaDB %r before 10.2.9 has known issues regarding "
+                    "CHECK constraints, which impact handling of NULL values "
+                    "with SQLAlchemy's boolean datatype (MDEV-13596). An "
+                    "additional issue prevents proper migrations of columns "
+                    "with CHECK constraints (MDEV-11114).  Please upgrade to "
+                    "MariaDB 10.2.9 or greater, or use the MariaDB 10.1 "
+                    "series, to avoid these issues." % (mdb_version,)
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def _support_float_cast(self):
+        if not self.server_version_info:
+            return False
+        elif self.is_mariadb:
+            # ref https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-1045-release-notes/
+            return self.server_version_info >= (10, 4, 5)
+        else:
+            # ref https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/news-8-0-17.html#mysqld-8-0-17-feature  # noqa
+            return self.server_version_info >= (8, 0, 17)
+
+    @property
+    def _is_mariadb(self):
+        return self.is_mariadb
+
+    @property
+    def _is_mysql(self):
+        return not self.is_mariadb
+
+    @property
+    def _is_mariadb_102(self):
+        return self.is_mariadb and self._mariadb_normalized_version_info > (
+            10,
+            2,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        rp = connection.exec_driver_sql("SHOW schemas")
+        return [r[0] for r in rp]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a Unicode SHOW TABLES from a given schema."""
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+
+        rp = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s"
+            % self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema)
+        )
+
+        return [
+            row[0]
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+            if row[1] == "BASE TABLE"
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rp = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s"
+            % self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+        )
+        return [
+            row[0]
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+            if row[1] in ("VIEW", "SYSTEM VIEW")
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        if parsed_state.table_options:
+            return parsed_state.table_options
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.table_options()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        if parsed_state.columns:
+            return parsed_state.columns
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.columns()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        for key in parsed_state.keys:
+            if key["type"] == "PRIMARY":
+                # There can be only one.
+                cols = [s[0] for s in key["columns"]]
+                return {"constrained_columns": cols, "name": None}
+        return ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        default_schema = None
+
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for spec in parsed_state.fk_constraints:
+            ref_name = spec["table"][-1]
+            ref_schema = len(spec["table"]) > 1 and spec["table"][-2] or schema
+
+            if not ref_schema:
+                if default_schema is None:
+                    default_schema = connection.dialect.default_schema_name
+                if schema == default_schema:
+                    ref_schema = schema
+
+            loc_names = spec["local"]
+            ref_names = spec["foreign"]
+
+            con_kw = {}
+            for opt in ("onupdate", "ondelete"):
+                if spec.get(opt, False) not in ("NO ACTION", None):
+                    con_kw[opt] = spec[opt]
+
+            fkey_d = {
+                "name": spec["name"],
+                "constrained_columns": loc_names,
+                "referred_schema": ref_schema,
+                "referred_table": ref_name,
+                "referred_columns": ref_names,
+                "options": con_kw,
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fkey_d)
+
+        if self._needs_correct_for_88718_96365:
+            self._correct_for_mysql_bugs_88718_96365(fkeys, connection)
+
+        return fkeys if fkeys else ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys()
+
+    def _correct_for_mysql_bugs_88718_96365(self, fkeys, connection):
+        # Foreign key is always in lower case (MySQL 8.0)
+        # https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=88718
+        # issue #4344 for SQLAlchemy
+
+        # table name also for MySQL 8.0
+        # https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=96365
+        # issue #4751 for SQLAlchemy
+
+        # for lower_case_table_names=2, information_schema.columns
+        # preserves the original table/schema casing, but SHOW CREATE
+        # TABLE does not.   this problem is not in lower_case_table_names=1,
+        # but use case-insensitive matching for these two modes in any case.
+
+        if self._casing in (1, 2):
+
+            def lower(s):
+                return s.lower()
+
+        else:
+            # if on case sensitive, there can be two tables referenced
+            # with the same name different casing, so we need to use
+            # case-sensitive matching.
+            def lower(s):
+                return s
+
+        default_schema_name = connection.dialect.default_schema_name
+        col_tuples = [
+            (
+                lower(rec["referred_schema"] or default_schema_name),
+                lower(rec["referred_table"]),
+                col_name,
+            )
+            for rec in fkeys
+            for col_name in rec["referred_columns"]
+        ]
+
+        if col_tuples:
+            correct_for_wrong_fk_case = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    """
+                    select table_schema, table_name, column_name
+                    from information_schema.columns
+                    where (table_schema, table_name, lower(column_name)) in
+                    :table_data;
+                """
+                ).bindparams(sql.bindparam("table_data", expanding=True)),
+                dict(table_data=col_tuples),
+            )
+
+            # in casing=0, table name and schema name come back in their
+            # exact case.
+            # in casing=1, table name and schema name come back in lower
+            # case.
+            # in casing=2, table name and schema name come back from the
+            # information_schema.columns view in the case
+            # that was used in CREATE DATABASE and CREATE TABLE, but
+            # SHOW CREATE TABLE converts them to *lower case*, therefore
+            # not matching.  So for this case, case-insensitive lookup
+            # is necessary
+            d = defaultdict(dict)
+            for schema, tname, cname in correct_for_wrong_fk_case:
+                d[(lower(schema), lower(tname))]["SCHEMANAME"] = schema
+                d[(lower(schema), lower(tname))]["TABLENAME"] = tname
+                d[(lower(schema), lower(tname))][cname.lower()] = cname
+
+            for fkey in fkeys:
+                rec = d[
+                    (
+                        lower(fkey["referred_schema"] or default_schema_name),
+                        lower(fkey["referred_table"]),
+                    )
+                ]
+
+                fkey["referred_table"] = rec["TABLENAME"]
+                if fkey["referred_schema"] is not None:
+                    fkey["referred_schema"] = rec["SCHEMANAME"]
+
+                fkey["referred_columns"] = [
+                    rec[col.lower()] for col in fkey["referred_columns"]
+                ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        cks = [
+            {"name": spec["name"], "sqltext": spec["sqltext"]}
+            for spec in parsed_state.ck_constraints
+        ]
+        cks.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        return cks if cks else ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        comment = parsed_state.table_options.get(f"{self.name}_comment", None)
+        if comment is not None:
+            return {"text": comment}
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.table_comment()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        indexes = []
+
+        for spec in parsed_state.keys:
+            dialect_options = {}
+            unique = False
+            flavor = spec["type"]
+            if flavor == "PRIMARY":
+                continue
+            if flavor == "UNIQUE":
+                unique = True
+            elif flavor in ("FULLTEXT", "SPATIAL"):
+                dialect_options["%s_prefix" % self.name] = flavor
+            elif flavor is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Converting unknown KEY type %s to a plain KEY", flavor
+                )
+                pass
+
+            if spec["parser"]:
+                dialect_options["%s_with_parser" % (self.name)] = spec[
+                    "parser"
+                ]
+
+            index_d = {}
+
+            index_d["name"] = spec["name"]
+            index_d["column_names"] = [s[0] for s in spec["columns"]]
+            mysql_length = {
+                s[0]: s[1] for s in spec["columns"] if s[1] is not None
+            }
+            if mysql_length:
+                dialect_options["%s_length" % self.name] = mysql_length
+
+            index_d["unique"] = unique
+            if flavor:
+                index_d["type"] = flavor
+
+            if dialect_options:
+                index_d["dialect_options"] = dialect_options
+
+            indexes.append(index_d)
+        indexes.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        return indexes if indexes else ReflectionDefaults.indexes()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        ucs = [
+            {
+                "name": key["name"],
+                "column_names": [col[0] for col in key["columns"]],
+                "duplicates_index": key["name"],
+            }
+            for key in parsed_state.keys
+            if key["type"] == "UNIQUE"
+        ]
+        ucs.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        if ucs:
+            return ucs
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        full_name = ".".join(
+            self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(schema, view_name)
+        )
+        sql = self._show_create_table(
+            connection, None, charset, full_name=full_name
+        )
+        if sql.upper().startswith("CREATE TABLE"):
+            # it's a table, not a view
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+        return sql
+
+    def _parsed_state_or_create(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        return self._setup_parser(
+            connection,
+            table_name,
+            schema,
+            info_cache=kw.get("info_cache", None),
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _tabledef_parser(self):
+        """return the MySQLTableDefinitionParser, generate if needed.
+
+        The deferred creation ensures that the dialect has
+        retrieved server version information first.
+
+        """
+        preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+        return _reflection.MySQLTableDefinitionParser(self, preparer)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _setup_parser(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        parser = self._tabledef_parser
+        full_name = ".".join(
+            self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+                schema, table_name
+            )
+        )
+        sql = self._show_create_table(
+            connection, None, charset, full_name=full_name
+        )
+        if parser._check_view(sql):
+            # Adapt views to something table-like.
+            columns = self._describe_table(
+                connection, None, charset, full_name=full_name
+            )
+            sql = parser._describe_to_create(table_name, columns)
+        return parser.parse(sql, charset)
+
+    def _fetch_setting(self, connection, setting_name):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+
+        if self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info < (5, 6):
+            sql = "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%s'" % setting_name
+            fetch_col = 1
+        else:
+            sql = "SELECT @@%s" % setting_name
+            fetch_col = 0
+
+        show_var = connection.exec_driver_sql(sql)
+        row = self._compat_first(show_var, charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row[fetch_col]
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _detect_casing(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out identifier case sensitivity.
+
+        Cached per-connection. This value can not change without a server
+        restart.
+
+        """
+        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/identifier-case-sensitivity.html
+
+        setting = self._fetch_setting(connection, "lower_case_table_names")
+        if setting is None:
+            cs = 0
+        else:
+            # 4.0.15 returns OFF or ON according to [ticket:489]
+            # 3.23 doesn't, 4.0.27 doesn't..
+            if setting == "OFF":
+                cs = 0
+            elif setting == "ON":
+                cs = 1
+            else:
+                cs = int(setting)
+        self._casing = cs
+        return cs
+
+    def _detect_collations(self, connection):
+        """Pull the active COLLATIONS list from the server.
+
+        Cached per-connection.
+        """
+
+        collations = {}
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rs = connection.exec_driver_sql("SHOW COLLATION")
+        for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs, charset):
+            collations[row[0]] = row[1]
+        return collations
+
+    def _detect_sql_mode(self, connection):
+        setting = self._fetch_setting(connection, "sql_mode")
+
+        if setting is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Could not retrieve SQL_MODE; please ensure the "
+                "MySQL user has permissions to SHOW VARIABLES"
+            )
+            self._sql_mode = ""
+        else:
+            self._sql_mode = setting or ""
+
+    def _detect_ansiquotes(self, connection):
+        """Detect and adjust for the ANSI_QUOTES sql mode."""
+
+        mode = self._sql_mode
+        if not mode:
+            mode = ""
+        elif mode.isdigit():
+            mode_no = int(mode)
+            mode = (mode_no | 4 == mode_no) and "ANSI_QUOTES" or ""
+
+        self._server_ansiquotes = "ANSI_QUOTES" in mode
+
+        # as of MySQL 5.0.1
+        self._backslash_escapes = "NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES" not in mode
+
+    def _show_create_table(
+        self, connection, table, charset=None, full_name=None
+    ):
+        """Run SHOW CREATE TABLE for a ``Table``."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "SHOW CREATE TABLE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp = None
+        try:
+            rp = connection.execution_options(
+                skip_user_error_events=True
+            ).exec_driver_sql(st)
+        except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+            if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name) from e
+            else:
+                raise
+        row = self._compat_first(rp, charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+        return row[1].strip()
+
+    def _describe_table(self, connection, table, charset=None, full_name=None):
+        """Run DESCRIBE for a ``Table`` and return processed rows."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "DESCRIBE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp, rows = None, None
+        try:
+            try:
+                rp = connection.execution_options(
+                    skip_user_error_events=True
+                ).exec_driver_sql(st)
+            except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+                code = self._extract_error_code(e.orig)
+                if code == 1146:
+                    raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name) from e
+
+                elif code == 1356:
+                    raise exc.UnreflectableTableError(
+                        "Table or view named %s could not be "
+                        "reflected: %s" % (full_name, e)
+                    ) from e
+
+                else:
+                    raise
+            rows = self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+        finally:
+            if rp:
+                rp.close()
+        return rows
+
+
+class _DecodingRow:
+    """Return unicode-decoded values based on type inspection.
+
+    Smooth over data type issues (esp. with alpha driver versions) and
+    normalize strings as Unicode regardless of user-configured driver
+    encoding settings.
+
+    """
+
+    # Some MySQL-python versions can return some columns as
+    # sets.Set(['value']) (seriously) but thankfully that doesn't
+    # seem to come up in DDL queries.
+
+    _encoding_compat = {
+        "koi8r": "koi8_r",
+        "koi8u": "koi8_u",
+        "utf16": "utf-16-be",  # MySQL's uft16 is always bigendian
+        "utf8mb4": "utf8",  # real utf8
+        "utf8mb3": "utf8",  # real utf8; saw this happen on CI but I cannot
+        # reproduce, possibly mariadb10.6 related
+        "eucjpms": "ujis",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, rowproxy, charset):
+        self.rowproxy = rowproxy
+        self.charset = self._encoding_compat.get(charset, charset)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        item = self.rowproxy[index]
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, bytes):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        item = getattr(self.rowproxy, attr)
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, bytes):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a78d14ce872b875863751a53c31bbc8c085c30d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+cymysql
+    :name: CyMySQL
+    :dbapi: cymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+cymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
+    :url: https://github.com/nakagami/CyMySQL
+
+.. note::
+
+    The CyMySQL dialect is **not tested as part of SQLAlchemy's continuous
+    integration** and may have unresolved issues.  The recommended MySQL
+    dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _cymysqlBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long."""
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in iter(value):
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_cymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = "cymysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    description_encoding = None
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(MySQLDialect.colspecs, {BIT: _cymysqlBIT})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("cymysql")
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.OperationalError):
+            return self._extract_error_code(e) in (
+                2006,
+                2013,
+                2014,
+                2045,
+                2055,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_cymysql
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/dml.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c408a6183f7a3a9d73af1c6557e2513e0fe46fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/dml.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# dialects/mysql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...sql._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+from ...sql.base import _exclusive_against
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ...sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+from ...sql.dml import Insert as StandardInsert
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+from ...sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ...sql.expression import alias
+from ...sql.selectable import NamedFromClause
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+__all__ = ("Insert", "insert")
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct a MySQL/MariaDB-specific variant :class:`_mysql.Insert`
+    construct.
+
+    .. container:: inherited_member
+
+        The :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert` function creates
+        a :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.Insert`.  This class is based
+        on the dialect-agnostic :class:`_sql.Insert` construct which may
+        be constructed using the :func:`_sql.insert` function in
+        SQLAlchemy Core.
+
+    The :class:`_mysql.Insert` construct includes additional methods
+    :meth:`_mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`.
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+class Insert(StandardInsert):
+    """MySQL-specific implementation of INSERT.
+
+    Adds methods for MySQL-specific syntaxes such as ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.
+
+    The :class:`~.mysql.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    stringify_dialect = "mysql"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @property
+    def inserted(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Provide the "inserted" namespace for an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+        statement
+
+        MySQL's ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause allows reference to the row
+        that would be inserted, via a special function called ``VALUES()``.
+        This attribute provides all columns in this row to be referenceable
+        such that they will render within a ``VALUES()`` function inside the
+        ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause.    The attribute is named ``.inserted``
+        so as not to conflict with the existing
+        :meth:`_expression.Insert.values` method.
+
+        .. tip::  The :attr:`_mysql.Insert.inserted` attribute is an instance
+            of :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`, which provides an
+            interface the same as that of the :attr:`_schema.Table.c`
+            collection described at :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+            With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes
+            (e.g. ``stmt.inserted.some_column``), but special names and
+            dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access,
+            such as ``stmt.inserted["column name"]`` or
+            ``stmt.inserted["values"]``.  See the docstring for
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` for further examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update` - example of how
+            to use :attr:`_expression.Insert.inserted`
+
+        """
+        return self.inserted_alias.columns
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def inserted_alias(self) -> NamedFromClause:
+        return alias(self.table, name="inserted")
+
+    @_generative
+    @_exclusive_against(
+        "_post_values_clause",
+        msgs={
+            "_post_values_clause": "This Insert construct already "
+            "has an ON DUPLICATE KEY clause present"
+        },
+    )
+    def on_duplicate_key_update(self, *args: _UpdateArg, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Specifies the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause.
+
+        :param \**kw:  Column keys linked to UPDATE values.  The
+         values may be any SQL expression or supported literal Python
+         values.
+
+        .. warning:: This dictionary does **not** take into account
+           Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+           e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+           These values will not be exercised for an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+           style of UPDATE, unless values are manually specified here.
+
+        :param \*args: As an alternative to passing key/value parameters,
+         a dictionary or list of 2-tuples can be passed as a single positional
+         argument.
+
+         Passing a single dictionary is equivalent to the keyword argument
+         form::
+
+            insert().on_duplicate_key_update({"name": "some name"})
+
+         Passing a list of 2-tuples indicates that the parameter assignments
+         in the UPDATE clause should be ordered as sent, in a manner similar
+         to that described for the :class:`_expression.Update`
+         construct overall
+         in :ref:`tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates`::
+
+            insert().on_duplicate_key_update(
+                [("name", "some name"), ("value", "some value")])
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.3 parameters can be specified as a dictionary
+            or list of 2-tuples; the latter form provides for parameter
+            ordering.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update`
+
+        """
+        if args and kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't pass kwargs and positional arguments simultaneously"
+            )
+
+        if args:
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary or list of tuples "
+                    "is accepted positionally."
+                )
+            values = args[0]
+        else:
+            values = kw
+
+        self._post_values_clause = OnDuplicateClause(
+            self.inserted_alias, values
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class OnDuplicateClause(ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_duplicate_key_update"
+
+    _parameter_ordering: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    stringify_dialect = "mysql"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, inserted_alias: NamedFromClause, update: _UpdateArg
+    ) -> None:
+        self.inserted_alias = inserted_alias
+
+        # auto-detect that parameters should be ordered.   This is copied from
+        # Update._proces_colparams(), however we don't look for a special flag
+        # in this case since we are not disambiguating from other use cases as
+        # we are in Update.values().
+        if isinstance(update, list) and (
+            update and isinstance(update[0], tuple)
+        ):
+            self._parameter_ordering = [key for key, value in update]
+            update = dict(update)
+
+        if isinstance(update, dict):
+            if not update:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "update parameter dictionary must not be empty"
+                )
+        elif isinstance(update, ColumnCollection):
+            update = dict(update)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "update parameter must be a non-empty dictionary "
+                "or a ColumnCollection such as the `.c.` collection "
+                "of a Table object"
+            )
+        self.update = update
+
+
+_UpdateArg = Union[
+    Mapping[Any, Any], List[Tuple[str, Any]], ColumnCollection[Any, Any]
+]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/enumerated.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/enumerated.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..282f011e94877451b7d452c674de01c327b8bf00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/enumerated.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# dialects/mysql/enumerated.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import re
+
+from .types import _StringType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+class ENUM(sqltypes.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes.Enum, _StringType):
+    """MySQL ENUM type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ENUM"
+
+    native_enum = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an ENUM.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myenum', ENUM("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        :param enums: The range of valid values for this ENUM.  Values in
+          enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single
+          quotes when generating the schema.  This object may also be a
+          PEP-435-compliant enumerated type.
+
+          .. versionadded: 1.1 added support for PEP-435-compliant enumerated
+             types.
+
+        :param strict: This flag has no effect.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: The MySQL ENUM type as well as the base Enum
+            type now validates all Python data values.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        kw.pop("strict", None)
+        self._enum_init(enums, kw)
+        _StringType.__init__(self, length=self.length, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, impl, **kw):
+        """Produce a MySQL native :class:`.mysql.ENUM` from plain
+        :class:`.Enum`.
+
+        """
+        kw.setdefault("validate_strings", impl.validate_strings)
+        kw.setdefault("values_callable", impl.values_callable)
+        kw.setdefault("omit_aliases", impl._omit_aliases)
+        return cls(**kw)
+
+    def _object_value_for_elem(self, elem):
+        # mysql sends back a blank string for any value that
+        # was persisted that was not in the enums; that is, it does no
+        # validation on the incoming data, it "truncates" it to be
+        # the blank string.  Return it straight.
+        if elem == "":
+            return elem
+        else:
+            return super()._object_value_for_elem(elem)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[ENUM, _StringType, sqltypes.Enum]
+        )
+
+
+class SET(_StringType):
+    """MySQL SET type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "SET"
+
+    def __init__(self, *values, **kw):
+        """Construct a SET.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myset', SET("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+
+        The list of potential values is required in the case that this
+        set will be used to generate DDL for a table, or if the
+        :paramref:`.SET.retrieve_as_bitwise` flag is set to True.
+
+        :param values: The range of valid values for this SET. The values
+          are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single
+          quotes when generating the schema.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: Same flag as that of
+         :paramref:`.String.convert_unicode`.
+
+        :param collation: same as that of :paramref:`.String.collation`
+
+        :param charset: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.charset`.
+
+        :param ascii: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.ascii`.
+
+        :param unicode: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.unicode`.
+
+        :param binary: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.binary`.
+
+        :param retrieve_as_bitwise: if True, the data for the set type will be
+          persisted and selected using an integer value, where a set is coerced
+          into a bitwise mask for persistence.  MySQL allows this mode which
+          has the advantage of being able to store values unambiguously,
+          such as the blank string ``''``.   The datatype will appear
+          as the expression ``col + 0`` in a SELECT statement, so that the
+          value is coerced into an integer value in result sets.
+          This flag is required if one wishes
+          to persist a set that can store the blank string ``''`` as a value.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+            When using :paramref:`.mysql.SET.retrieve_as_bitwise`, it is
+            essential that the list of set values is expressed in the
+            **exact same order** as exists on the MySQL database.
+
+        """
+        self.retrieve_as_bitwise = kw.pop("retrieve_as_bitwise", False)
+        self.values = tuple(values)
+        if not self.retrieve_as_bitwise and "" in values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't use the blank value '' in a SET without "
+                "setting retrieve_as_bitwise=True"
+            )
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            self._bitmap = {
+                value: 2**idx for idx, value in enumerate(self.values)
+            }
+            self._bitmap.update(
+                (2**idx, value) for idx, value in enumerate(self.values)
+            )
+        length = max([len(v) for v in values] + [0])
+        kw.setdefault("length", length)
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            return sql.type_coerce(
+                sql.type_coerce(colexpr, sqltypes.Integer) + 0, self
+            )
+        else:
+            return colexpr
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = int(value)
+
+                    return set(util.map_bits(self._bitmap.__getitem__, value))
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+        else:
+            super_convert = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, str):
+                    # MySQLdb returns a string, let's parse
+                    if super_convert:
+                        value = super_convert(value)
+                    return set(re.findall(r"[^,]+", value))
+                else:
+                    # mysql-connector-python does a naive
+                    # split(",") which throws in an empty string
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value.discard("")
+                    return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_convert = super().bind_processor(dialect)
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                elif isinstance(value, (int, str)):
+                    if super_convert:
+                        return super_convert(value)
+                    else:
+                        return value
+                else:
+                    int_value = 0
+                    for v in value:
+                        int_value |= self._bitmap[v]
+                    return int_value
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                # accept strings and int (actually bitflag) values directly
+                if value is not None and not isinstance(value, (int, str)):
+                    value = ",".join(value)
+
+                if super_convert:
+                    return super_convert(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        kw["retrieve_as_bitwise"] = self.retrieve_as_bitwise
+        return util.constructor_copy(self, impltype, *self.values, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self,
+            to_inspect=[SET, _StringType],
+            additional_kw=[
+                ("retrieve_as_bitwise", False),
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/expression.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01396b2ce69b6d32ad606c20f0133837ec3b49ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/expression.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# dialects/mysql/expression.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import Generative
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+class match(Generative, elements.BinaryExpression):
+    """Produce a ``MATCH (X, Y) AGAINST ('TEXT')`` clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import match
+
+        match_expr = match(
+            users_table.c.firstname,
+            users_table.c.lastname,
+            against="Firstname Lastname",
+        )
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(users_table)
+            .where(match_expr.in_boolean_mode())
+            .order_by(desc(match_expr))
+        )
+
+    Would produce SQL resembling::
+
+        SELECT id, firstname, lastname
+        FROM user
+        WHERE MATCH(firstname, lastname) AGAINST (:param_1 IN BOOLEAN MODE)
+        ORDER BY MATCH(firstname, lastname) AGAINST (:param_2) DESC
+
+    The :func:`_mysql.match` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.match` method available on all
+    SQL expressions, as when :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.match` is
+    used, but allows to pass multiple columns
+
+    :param cols: column expressions to match against
+
+    :param against: expression to be compared towards
+
+    :param in_boolean_mode: boolean, set "boolean mode" to true
+
+    :param in_natural_language_mode: boolean , set "natural language" to true
+
+    :param with_query_expansion: boolean, set "query expansion" to true
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.19
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.match`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "mysql_match"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *cols, **kw):
+        if not cols:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("columns are required")
+
+        against = kw.pop("against", None)
+
+        if against is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("against is required")
+        against = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            against,
+        )
+
+        left = elements.BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(
+            operators.comma_op,
+            clauses=cols,
+        )
+        left.group = False
+
+        flags = util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                "mysql_boolean_mode": kw.pop("in_boolean_mode", False),
+                "mysql_natural_language": kw.pop(
+                    "in_natural_language_mode", False
+                ),
+                "mysql_query_expansion": kw.pop("with_query_expansion", False),
+            }
+        )
+
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("unknown arguments: %s" % (", ".join(kw)))
+
+        super().__init__(left, against, operators.match_op, modifiers=flags)
+
+    @_generative
+    def in_boolean_mode(self) -> Self:
+        """Apply the "IN BOOLEAN MODE" modifier to the MATCH expression.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_mysql.match` instance with modifications
+         applied.
+        """
+
+        self.modifiers = self.modifiers.union({"mysql_boolean_mode": True})
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def in_natural_language_mode(self) -> Self:
+        """Apply the "IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE" modifier to the MATCH
+        expression.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_mysql.match` instance with modifications
+         applied.
+        """
+
+        self.modifiers = self.modifiers.union({"mysql_natural_language": True})
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_query_expansion(self) -> Self:
+        """Apply the "WITH QUERY EXPANSION" modifier to the MATCH expression.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_mysql.match` instance with modifications
+         applied.
+        """
+
+        self.modifiers = self.modifiers.union({"mysql_query_expansion": True})
+        return self
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/json.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b06fc7ffe9e0495844d326974a895c6c1748bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/json.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# dialects/mysql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """MySQL JSON type.
+
+    MySQL supports JSON as of version 5.7.
+    MariaDB supports JSON (as an alias for LONGTEXT) as of version 10.2.
+
+    :class:`_mysql.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a MySQL or MariaDB backend.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The :class:`.mysql.JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values
+    as well as the core index operations provided by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype, by adapting the operations to render the ``JSON_EXTRACT``
+    function at the database level.
+
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class _FormatTypeMixin:
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSONIndexType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            value = "$[%s]" % value
+        else:
+            value = '$."%s"' % value
+        return value
+
+
+class JSONPathType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        return "$%s" % (
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    "[%s]" % elem if isinstance(elem, int) else '."%s"' % elem
+                    for elem in value
+                ]
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadb.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00a01fcee626b663f15f0f6b724fa23dbd00bf56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadb.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mariadb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from .base import MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+
+
+class MariaDBDialect(MySQLDialect):
+    is_mariadb = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    name = "mariadb"
+    preparer = MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+
+
+def loader(driver):
+    driver_mod = __import__(
+        "sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.%s" % driver
+    ).dialects.mysql
+    driver_cls = getattr(driver_mod, driver).dialect
+
+    return type(
+        "MariaDBDialect_%s" % driver,
+        (
+            MariaDBDialect,
+            driver_cls,
+        ),
+        {"supports_statement_cache": True},
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3929cde13d71e604967faccf3ac18f171dc530c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+mariadbconnector
+    :name: MariaDB Connector/Python
+    :dbapi: mariadb
+    :connectstring: mariadb+mariadbconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/mariadb/
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+MariaDB Connector/Python enables Python programs to access MariaDB and MySQL
+databases using an API which is compliant with the Python DB API 2.0 (PEP-249).
+It is written in C and uses MariaDB Connector/C client library for client server
+communication.
+
+Note that the default driver for a ``mariadb://`` connection URI continues to
+be ``mysqldb``. ``mariadb+mariadbconnector://`` is required to use this driver.
+
+.. mariadb: https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-python
+
+"""  # noqa
+import re
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from .base import MySQLCompiler
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+mariadb_cpy_minimum_version = (1, 0, 1)
+
+
+class _MariaDBUUID(sqltypes.UUID[sqltypes._UUID_RETURN]):
+    # work around JIRA issue
+    # https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/CONPY-270.  When that issue is fixed,
+    # this type can be removed.
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.as_uuid:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    if hasattr(value, "decode"):
+                        value = value.decode("ascii")
+                    value = _python_UUID(value)
+                return value
+
+            return process
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    if hasattr(value, "decode"):
+                        value = value.decode("ascii")
+                    value = str(_python_UUID(value))
+                return value
+
+            return process
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mariadbconnector(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    _lastrowid = None
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(buffered=False)
+
+    def create_default_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(buffered=True)
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        super().post_exec()
+
+        self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+
+        if self.isinsert and self.compiled.postfetch_lastrowid:
+            self._lastrowid = self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self._lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mariadbconnector(MySQLCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mariadbconnector(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = "mariadbconnector"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    # set this to True at the module level to prevent the driver from running
+    # against a backend that server detects as MySQL. currently this appears to
+    # be unnecessary as MariaDB client libraries have always worked against
+    # MySQL databases.   However, if this changes at some point, this can be
+    # adjusted, but PLEASE ADD A TEST in test/dialect/mysql/test_dialect.py if
+    # this change is made at some point to ensure the correct exception
+    # is raised at the correct point when running the driver against
+    # a MySQL backend.
+    # is_mariadb = True
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    encoding = "utf8mb4"
+    convert_unicode = True
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    default_paramstyle = "qmark"
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mariadbconnector
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mariadbconnector
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs, {sqltypes.Uuid: _MariaDBUUID}
+    )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in re.findall(
+                        r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.paramstyle = "qmark"
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            if self._dbapi_version < mariadb_cpy_minimum_version:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "The minimum required version for MariaDB "
+                    "Connector/Python is %s"
+                    % ".".join(str(x) for x in mariadb_cpy_minimum_version)
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("mariadb")
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return "not connected" in str_e or "isn't valid" in str_e
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+
+        int_params = [
+            "connect_timeout",
+            "read_timeout",
+            "write_timeout",
+            "client_flag",
+            "port",
+            "pool_size",
+        ]
+        bool_params = [
+            "local_infile",
+            "ssl_verify_cert",
+            "ssl",
+            "pool_reset_connection",
+        ]
+
+        for key in int_params:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, key, int)
+        for key in bool_params:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, key, bool)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        client_flag = opts.get("client_flag", 0)
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                CLIENT_FLAGS = __import__(
+                    self.dbapi.__name__ + ".constants.CLIENT"
+                ).constants.CLIENT
+                client_flag |= CLIENT_FLAGS.FOUND_ROWS
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                self.supports_sane_rowcount = False
+            opts["client_flag"] = client_flag
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        try:
+            rc = exception.errno
+        except:
+            rc = -1
+        return rc
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return "utf8mb4"
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+            super().set_isolation_level(connection, level)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA BEGIN :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA END :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA PREPARE :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            connection.execute(
+                sql.text("XA END :xid").bindparams(
+                    sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+                )
+            )
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA ROLLBACK :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA COMMIT :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mariadbconnector
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd38c9306e1cc03beea3bc791296f92063976c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqlconnector
+    :name: MySQL Connector/Python
+    :dbapi: myconnpy
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/mysql-connector-python/
+
+.. note::
+
+    The MySQL Connector/Python DBAPI has had many issues since its release,
+    some of which may remain unresolved, and the mysqlconnector dialect is
+    **not tested as part of SQLAlchemy's continuous integration**.
+    The recommended MySQL dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import re
+
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import MySQLCompiler
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+from ... import util
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector(MySQLCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+            + " % "
+            + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector(MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+    @property
+    def _double_percents(self):
+        return False
+
+    @_double_percents.setter
+    def _double_percents(self, value):
+        pass
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value
+
+
+class _myconnpyBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """MySQL-connector already converts mysql bits, so."""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = "mysqlconnector"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector
+
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(MySQLDialect.colspecs, {BIT: _myconnpyBIT})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        from mysql import connector
+
+        return connector
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.ping(False)
+        return True
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "allow_local_infile", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "autocommit", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "buffered", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "compress", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "connection_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "connect_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "consume_results", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "force_ipv6", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "get_warnings", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "pool_reset_session", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "pool_size", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "raise_on_warnings", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "raw", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "ssl_verify_cert", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "use_pure", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "use_unicode", bool)
+
+        # unfortunately, MySQL/connector python refuses to release a
+        # cursor without reading fully, so non-buffered isn't an option
+        opts.setdefault("buffered", True)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in ClientFlag to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                from mysql.connector.constants import ClientFlag
+
+                client_flags = opts.get(
+                    "client_flags", ClientFlag.get_default()
+                )
+                client_flags |= ClientFlag.FOUND_ROWS
+                opts["client_flags"] = client_flags
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mysqlconnector_version_info(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        errnos = (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055, 2048)
+        exceptions = (self.dbapi.OperationalError, self.dbapi.InterfaceError)
+        if isinstance(e, exceptions):
+            return (
+                e.errno in errnos
+                or "MySQL Connection not available." in str(e)
+                or "Connection to MySQL is not available" in str(e)
+            )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchall()
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchone()
+
+    _isolation_lookup = {
+        "SERIALIZABLE",
+        "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+        "READ COMMITTED",
+        "REPEATABLE READ",
+        "AUTOCOMMIT",
+    }
+
+    def _set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+            super()._set_isolation_level(connection, level)
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69e8f7109e0db97e80950a79c2360f22729d70d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqldb
+    :name: mysqlclient (maintained fork of MySQL-Python)
+    :dbapi: mysqldb
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/mysqlclient/
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+The mysqlclient DBAPI is a maintained fork of the
+`MySQL-Python <https://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python>`_ DBAPI
+that is no longer maintained.  `mysqlclient`_ supports Python 2 and Python 3
+and is very stable.
+
+.. _mysqlclient: https://github.com/PyMySQL/mysqlclient-python
+
+.. _mysqldb_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+.. _mysqldb_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+----------------
+
+The mysqlclient and PyMySQL DBAPIs accept an additional dictionary under the
+key "ssl", which may be specified using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test",
+        connect_args={
+            "ssl": {
+                "ca": "/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem",
+                "cert": "/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem",
+                "key": "/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
+            }
+        }
+    )
+
+For convenience, the following keys may also be specified inline within the URL
+where they will be interpreted into the "ssl" dictionary automatically:
+"ssl_ca", "ssl_cert", "ssl_key", "ssl_capath", "ssl_cipher",
+"ssl_check_hostname". An example is as follows::
+
+    connection_uri = (
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test"
+        "?ssl_ca=/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem"
+        "&ssl_cert=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem"
+        "&ssl_key=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pymysql_ssl` in the PyMySQL dialect
+
+
+Using MySQLdb with Google Cloud SQL
+-----------------------------------
+
+Google Cloud SQL now recommends use of the MySQLdb dialect.  Connect
+using a URL like the following::
+
+    mysql+mysqldb://root@/<dbname>?unix_socket=/cloudsql/<projectid>:<instancename>
+
+Server Side Cursors
+-------------------
+
+The mysqldb dialect supports server-side cursors. See :ref:`mysql_ss_cursors`.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from .base import MySQLCompiler
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from .base import MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import TEXT
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqldb(MySQLCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqldb(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = "mysqldb"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqldb
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._mysql_dbapi_version = (
+            self._parse_dbapi_version(self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if self.dbapi is not None and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__")
+            else (0, 0, 0)
+        )
+
+    def _parse_dbapi_version(self, version):
+        m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", version)
+        if m:
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None)
+        else:
+            return (0, 0, 0)
+
+    @util.langhelpers.memoized_property
+    def supports_server_side_cursors(self):
+        try:
+            cursors = __import__("MySQLdb.cursors").cursors
+            self._sscursor = cursors.SSCursor
+            return True
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("MySQLdb")
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        super_ = super().on_connect()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            if super_ is not None:
+                super_(conn)
+
+            charset_name = conn.character_set_name()
+
+            if charset_name is not None:
+                cursor = conn.cursor()
+                cursor.execute("SET NAMES %s" % charset_name)
+                cursor.close()
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.ping()
+        return True
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        rowcount = cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+        if context is not None:
+            context._rowcount = rowcount
+
+    def _check_unicode_returns(self, connection):
+        # work around issue fixed in
+        # https://github.com/farcepest/MySQLdb1/commit/cd44524fef63bd3fcb71947392326e9742d520e8
+        # specific issue w/ the utf8mb4_bin collation and unicode returns
+
+        collation = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "show collation where %s = 'utf8mb4' and %s = 'utf8mb4_bin'"
+            % (
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote("Charset"),
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote("Collation"),
+            )
+        ).scalar()
+        has_utf8mb4_bin = self.server_version_info > (5,) and collation
+        if has_utf8mb4_bin:
+            additional_tests = [
+                sql.collate(
+                    sql.cast(
+                        sql.literal_column("'test collated returns'"),
+                        TEXT(charset="utf8mb4"),
+                    ),
+                    "utf8mb4_bin",
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            additional_tests = []
+        return super()._check_unicode_returns(connection, additional_tests)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url, _translate_args=None):
+        if _translate_args is None:
+            _translate_args = dict(
+                database="db", username="user", password="passwd"
+            )
+
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(**_translate_args)
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "compress", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "connect_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "read_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "write_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "client_flag", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "local_infile", int)
+        # Note: using either of the below will cause all strings to be
+        # returned as Unicode, both in raw SQL operations and with column
+        # types like String and MSString.
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "use_unicode", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "charset", str)
+
+        # Rich values 'cursorclass' and 'conv' are not supported via
+        # query string.
+
+        ssl = {}
+        keys = [
+            ("ssl_ca", str),
+            ("ssl_key", str),
+            ("ssl_cert", str),
+            ("ssl_capath", str),
+            ("ssl_cipher", str),
+            ("ssl_check_hostname", bool),
+        ]
+        for key, kw_type in keys:
+            if key in opts:
+                ssl[key[4:]] = opts[key]
+                util.coerce_kw_type(ssl, key[4:], kw_type)
+                del opts[key]
+        if ssl:
+            opts["ssl"] = ssl
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        client_flag = opts.get("client_flag", 0)
+
+        client_flag_found_rows = self._found_rows_client_flag()
+        if client_flag_found_rows is not None:
+            client_flag |= client_flag_found_rows
+            opts["client_flag"] = client_flag
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _found_rows_client_flag(self):
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                CLIENT_FLAGS = __import__(
+                    self.dbapi.__name__ + ".constants.CLIENT"
+                ).constants.CLIENT
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return CLIENT_FLAGS.FOUND_ROWS
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.args[0]
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        try:
+            # note: the SQL here would be
+            # "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'"
+            cset_name = connection.connection.character_set_name
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "No 'character_set_name' can be detected with "
+                "this MySQL-Python version; "
+                "please upgrade to a recent version of MySQL-Python.  "
+                "Assuming latin1."
+            )
+            return "latin1"
+        else:
+            return cset_name()
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(True)
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(False)
+            super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqldb
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/provision.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..965a7e7433bb05f6ed0a482bdda5ff661217970c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/provision.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# dialects/mysql/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import exc
+from ...testing.provision import configure_follower
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import generate_driver_url
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import upsert
+
+
+@generate_driver_url.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+
+    # NOTE: at the moment, tests are running mariadbconnector
+    # against both mariadb and mysql backends.   if we want this to be
+    # limited, do the decision making here to reject a "mysql+mariadbconnector"
+    # URL.  Optionally also re-enable the module level
+    # MySQLDialect_mariadbconnector.is_mysql flag as well, which must include
+    # a unit and/or functional test.
+
+    # all the Jenkins tests have been running mysqlclient Python library
+    # built against mariadb client drivers for years against all MySQL /
+    # MariaDB versions going back to MySQL 5.6, currently they can talk
+    # to MySQL databases without problems.
+
+    if backend == "mysql":
+        dialect_cls = url.get_dialect()
+        if dialect_cls._is_mariadb_from_url(url):
+            backend = "mariadb"
+
+    new_url = url.set(
+        drivername="%s+%s" % (backend, driver)
+    ).update_query_string(query_str)
+
+    try:
+        new_url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return new_url
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        try:
+            _mysql_drop_db(cfg, conn, ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "CREATE DATABASE %s_test_schema CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "CREATE DATABASE %s_test_schema_2 CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" % ident
+        )
+
+
+@configure_follower.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_configure_follower(config, ident):
+    config.test_schema = "%s_test_schema" % ident
+    config.test_schema_2 = "%s_test_schema_2" % ident
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s_test_schema" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s_test_schema_2" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s" % ident)
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {"prefixes": ["TEMPORARY"]}
+
+
+@upsert.for_db("mariadb")
+def _upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import insert
+
+    stmt = insert(table)
+
+    if set_lambda:
+        stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(**set_lambda(stmt.inserted))
+    else:
+        pk1 = table.primary_key.c[0]
+        stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update({pk1.key: pk1})
+
+    stmt = stmt.returning(
+        *returning, sort_by_parameter_order=sort_by_parameter_order
+    )
+    return stmt
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62c873a0c26a22e9ca78aef56a21e06a0c11b1a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pymysql
+    :name: PyMySQL
+    :dbapi: pymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
+    :url: https://pymysql.readthedocs.io/
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+.. _pymysql_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+------------------
+
+The PyMySQL DBAPI accepts the same SSL arguments as that of MySQLdb,
+described at :ref:`mysqldb_ssl`.   See that section for additional examples.
+
+If the server uses an automatically-generated certificate that is self-signed
+or does not match the host name (as seen from the client), it may also be
+necessary to indicate ``ssl_check_hostname=false`` in PyMySQL::
+
+    connection_uri = (
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test"
+        "?ssl_ca=/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem"
+        "&ssl_cert=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem"
+        "&ssl_key=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
+        "&ssl_check_hostname=false"
+    )
+
+
+MySQL-Python Compatibility
+--------------------------
+
+The pymysql DBAPI is a pure Python port of the MySQL-python (MySQLdb) driver,
+and targets 100% compatibility.   Most behavioral notes for MySQL-python apply
+to the pymysql driver as well.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ...util import langhelpers
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = "pymysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    description_encoding = None
+
+    @langhelpers.memoized_property
+    def supports_server_side_cursors(self):
+        try:
+            cursors = __import__("pymysql.cursors").cursors
+            self._sscursor = cursors.SSCursor
+            return True
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("pymysql")
+
+    @langhelpers.memoized_property
+    def _send_false_to_ping(self):
+        """determine if pymysql has deprecated, changed the default of,
+        or removed the 'reconnect' argument of connection.ping().
+
+        See #10492 and
+        https://github.com/PyMySQL/mysqlclient/discussions/651#discussioncomment-7308971
+        for background.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        try:
+            Connection = __import__(
+                "pymysql.connections"
+            ).connections.Connection
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return True
+        else:
+            insp = langhelpers.get_callable_argspec(Connection.ping)
+            try:
+                reconnect_arg = insp.args[1]
+            except IndexError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return reconnect_arg == "reconnect" and (
+                    not insp.defaults or insp.defaults[0] is not False
+                )
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        if self._send_false_to_ping:
+            dbapi_connection.ping(False)
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.ping()
+
+        return True
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url, _translate_args=None):
+        if _translate_args is None:
+            _translate_args = dict(username="user")
+        return super().create_connect_args(
+            url, _translate_args=_translate_args
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return (
+                "already closed" in str_e or "connection was killed" in str_e
+            )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        if isinstance(exception.args[0], Exception):
+            exception = exception.args[0]
+        return exception.args[0]
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pymysql
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..feb65efd6ce9ec46a47bdcfaccd45db2ecb59963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mysql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/pyodbc/
+
+.. note::
+
+    The PyODBC for MySQL dialect is **not tested as part of
+    SQLAlchemy's continuous integration**.
+    The recommended MySQL dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL.
+    However, if you want to use the mysql+pyodbc dialect and require
+    full support for ``utf8mb4`` characters (including supplementary
+    characters like emoji) be sure to use a current release of
+    MySQL Connector/ODBC and specify the "ANSI" (**not** "Unicode")
+    version of the driver in your DSN or connection string.
+
+Pass through exact pyodbc connection string::
+
+    import urllib
+    connection_string = (
+        'DRIVER=MySQL ODBC 8.0 ANSI Driver;'
+        'SERVER=localhost;'
+        'PORT=3307;'
+        'DATABASE=mydb;'
+        'UID=root;'
+        'PWD=(whatever);'
+        'charset=utf8mb4;'
+    )
+    params = urllib.parse.quote_plus(connection_string)
+    connection_uri = "mysql+pyodbc:///?odbc_connect=%s" % params
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import re
+
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from .types import TIME
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ...sql.sqltypes import Time
+
+
+class _pyodbcTIME(TIME):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            # pyodbc returns a datetime.time object; no need to convert
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(MySQLDialect.colspecs, {Time: _pyodbcTIME})
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc_driver_name = "MySQL"
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
+        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
+        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
+        #
+        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
+        # this can prefer the driver value.
+
+        # set this to None as _fetch_setting attempts to use it (None is OK)
+        self._connection_charset = None
+        try:
+            value = self._fetch_setting(connection, "character_set_client")
+            if value:
+                return value
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            pass
+
+        util.warn(
+            "Could not detect the connection character set.  "
+            "Assuming latin1."
+        )
+        return "latin1"
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return MySQLDialect._get_server_version_info(self, connection)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        m = re.compile(r"\((\d+)\)").search(str(exception.args))
+        c = m.group(1)
+        if c:
+            return int(c)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        super_ = super().on_connect()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            if super_ is not None:
+                super_(conn)
+
+            # declare Unicode encoding for pyodbc as per
+            #   https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Unicode
+            pyodbc_SQL_CHAR = 1  # pyodbc.SQL_CHAR
+            pyodbc_SQL_WCHAR = -8  # pyodbc.SQL_WCHAR
+            conn.setdecoding(pyodbc_SQL_CHAR, encoding="utf-8")
+            conn.setdecoding(pyodbc_SQL_WCHAR, encoding="utf-8")
+            conn.setencoding(encoding="utf-8")
+
+        return on_connect
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reflection.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab53fdc2a0a8cb90284963b3185aa79f547c1ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reflection.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+# dialects/mysql/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import re
+
+from .enumerated import ENUM
+from .enumerated import SET
+from .types import DATETIME
+from .types import TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from ... import log
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+
+
+class ReflectedState:
+    """Stores raw information about a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.columns = []
+        self.table_options = {}
+        self.table_name = None
+        self.keys = []
+        self.fk_constraints = []
+        self.ck_constraints = []
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLTableDefinitionParser:
+    """Parses the results of a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, preparer):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.preparer = preparer
+        self._prep_regexes()
+
+    def parse(self, show_create, charset):
+        state = ReflectedState()
+        state.charset = charset
+        for line in re.split(r"\r?\n", show_create):
+            if line.startswith("  " + self.preparer.initial_quote):
+                self._parse_column(line, state)
+            # a regular table options line
+            elif line.startswith(") "):
+                self._parse_table_options(line, state)
+            # an ANSI-mode table options line
+            elif line == ")":
+                pass
+            elif line.startswith("CREATE "):
+                self._parse_table_name(line, state)
+            elif "PARTITION" in line:
+                self._parse_partition_options(line, state)
+            # Not present in real reflection, but may be if
+            # loading from a file.
+            elif not line:
+                pass
+            else:
+                type_, spec = self._parse_constraints(line)
+                if type_ is None:
+                    util.warn("Unknown schema content: %r" % line)
+                elif type_ == "key":
+                    state.keys.append(spec)
+                elif type_ == "fk_constraint":
+                    state.fk_constraints.append(spec)
+                elif type_ == "ck_constraint":
+                    state.ck_constraints.append(spec)
+                else:
+                    pass
+        return state
+
+    def _check_view(self, sql: str) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._re_is_view.match(sql))
+
+    def _parse_constraints(self, line):
+        """Parse a KEY or CONSTRAINT line.
+
+        :param line: A line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output
+        """
+
+        # KEY
+        m = self._re_key.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            # convert columns into name, length pairs
+            # NOTE: we may want to consider SHOW INDEX as the
+            # format of indexes in MySQL becomes more complex
+            spec["columns"] = self._parse_keyexprs(spec["columns"])
+            if spec["version_sql"]:
+                m2 = self._re_key_version_sql.match(spec["version_sql"])
+                if m2 and m2.groupdict()["parser"]:
+                    spec["parser"] = m2.groupdict()["parser"]
+            if spec["parser"]:
+                spec["parser"] = self.preparer.unformat_identifiers(
+                    spec["parser"]
+                )[0]
+            return "key", spec
+
+        # FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT
+        m = self._re_fk_constraint.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec["table"] = self.preparer.unformat_identifiers(spec["table"])
+            spec["local"] = [c[0] for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec["local"])]
+            spec["foreign"] = [
+                c[0] for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec["foreign"])
+            ]
+            return "fk_constraint", spec
+
+        # CHECK constraint
+        m = self._re_ck_constraint.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            return "ck_constraint", spec
+
+        # PARTITION and SUBPARTITION
+        m = self._re_partition.match(line)
+        if m:
+            # Punt!
+            return "partition", line
+
+        # No match.
+        return (None, line)
+
+    def _parse_table_name(self, line, state):
+        """Extract the table name.
+
+        :param line: The first line of SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        regex, cleanup = self._pr_name
+        m = regex.match(line)
+        if m:
+            state.table_name = cleanup(m.group("name"))
+
+    def _parse_table_options(self, line, state):
+        """Build a dictionary of all reflected table-level options.
+
+        :param line: The final line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output.
+        """
+
+        options = {}
+
+        if line and line != ")":
+            rest_of_line = line
+            for regex, cleanup in self._pr_options:
+                m = regex.search(rest_of_line)
+                if not m:
+                    continue
+                directive, value = m.group("directive"), m.group("val")
+                if cleanup:
+                    value = cleanup(value)
+                options[directive.lower()] = value
+                rest_of_line = regex.sub("", rest_of_line)
+
+        for nope in ("auto_increment", "data directory", "index directory"):
+            options.pop(nope, None)
+
+        for opt, val in options.items():
+            state.table_options["%s_%s" % (self.dialect.name, opt)] = val
+
+    def _parse_partition_options(self, line, state):
+        options = {}
+        new_line = line[:]
+
+        while new_line.startswith("(") or new_line.startswith(" "):
+            new_line = new_line[1:]
+
+        for regex, cleanup in self._pr_options:
+            m = regex.search(new_line)
+            if not m or "PARTITION" not in regex.pattern:
+                continue
+
+            directive = m.group("directive")
+            directive = directive.lower()
+            is_subpartition = directive == "subpartition"
+
+            if directive == "partition" or is_subpartition:
+                new_line = new_line.replace(") */", "")
+                new_line = new_line.replace(",", "")
+                if is_subpartition and new_line.endswith(")"):
+                    new_line = new_line[:-1]
+                if self.dialect.name == "mariadb" and new_line.endswith(")"):
+                    if (
+                        "MAXVALUE" in new_line
+                        or "MINVALUE" in new_line
+                        or "ENGINE" in new_line
+                    ):
+                        # final line of MariaDB partition endswith ")"
+                        new_line = new_line[:-1]
+
+                defs = "%s_%s_definitions" % (self.dialect.name, directive)
+                options[defs] = new_line
+
+            else:
+                directive = directive.replace(" ", "_")
+                value = m.group("val")
+                if cleanup:
+                    value = cleanup(value)
+                options[directive] = value
+            break
+
+        for opt, val in options.items():
+            part_def = "%s_partition_definitions" % (self.dialect.name)
+            subpart_def = "%s_subpartition_definitions" % (self.dialect.name)
+            if opt == part_def or opt == subpart_def:
+                # builds a string of definitions
+                if opt not in state.table_options:
+                    state.table_options[opt] = val
+                else:
+                    state.table_options[opt] = "%s, %s" % (
+                        state.table_options[opt],
+                        val,
+                    )
+            else:
+                state.table_options["%s_%s" % (self.dialect.name, opt)] = val
+
+    def _parse_column(self, line, state):
+        """Extract column details.
+
+        Falls back to a 'minimal support' variant if full parse fails.
+
+        :param line: Any column-bearing line from SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        spec = None
+        m = self._re_column.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec["full"] = True
+        else:
+            m = self._re_column_loose.match(line)
+            if m:
+                spec = m.groupdict()
+                spec["full"] = False
+        if not spec:
+            util.warn("Unknown column definition %r" % line)
+            return
+        if not spec["full"]:
+            util.warn("Incomplete reflection of column definition %r" % line)
+
+        name, type_, args = spec["name"], spec["coltype"], spec["arg"]
+
+        try:
+            col_type = self.dialect.ischema_names[type_]
+        except KeyError:
+            util.warn(
+                "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" % (type_, name)
+            )
+            col_type = sqltypes.NullType
+
+        # Column type positional arguments eg. varchar(32)
+        if args is None or args == "":
+            type_args = []
+        elif args[0] == "'" and args[-1] == "'":
+            type_args = self._re_csv_str.findall(args)
+        else:
+            type_args = [int(v) for v in self._re_csv_int.findall(args)]
+
+        # Column type keyword options
+        type_kw = {}
+
+        if issubclass(col_type, (DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP)):
+            if type_args:
+                type_kw["fsp"] = type_args.pop(0)
+
+        for kw in ("unsigned", "zerofill"):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = True
+        for kw in ("charset", "collate"):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = spec[kw]
+        if issubclass(col_type, (ENUM, SET)):
+            type_args = _strip_values(type_args)
+
+            if issubclass(col_type, SET) and "" in type_args:
+                type_kw["retrieve_as_bitwise"] = True
+
+        type_instance = col_type(*type_args, **type_kw)
+
+        col_kw = {}
+
+        # NOT NULL
+        col_kw["nullable"] = True
+        # this can be "NULL" in the case of TIMESTAMP
+        if spec.get("notnull", False) == "NOT NULL":
+            col_kw["nullable"] = False
+        # For generated columns, the nullability is marked in a different place
+        if spec.get("notnull_generated", False) == "NOT NULL":
+            col_kw["nullable"] = False
+
+        # AUTO_INCREMENT
+        if spec.get("autoincr", False):
+            col_kw["autoincrement"] = True
+        elif issubclass(col_type, sqltypes.Integer):
+            col_kw["autoincrement"] = False
+
+        # DEFAULT
+        default = spec.get("default", None)
+
+        if default == "NULL":
+            # eliminates the need to deal with this later.
+            default = None
+
+        comment = spec.get("comment", None)
+
+        if comment is not None:
+            comment = cleanup_text(comment)
+
+        sqltext = spec.get("generated")
+        if sqltext is not None:
+            computed = dict(sqltext=sqltext)
+            persisted = spec.get("persistence")
+            if persisted is not None:
+                computed["persisted"] = persisted == "STORED"
+            col_kw["computed"] = computed
+
+        col_d = dict(
+            name=name, type=type_instance, default=default, comment=comment
+        )
+        col_d.update(col_kw)
+        state.columns.append(col_d)
+
+    def _describe_to_create(self, table_name, columns):
+        """Re-format DESCRIBE output as a SHOW CREATE TABLE string.
+
+        DESCRIBE is a much simpler reflection and is sufficient for
+        reflecting views for runtime use.  This method formats DDL
+        for columns only- keys are omitted.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of DESCRIBE or SHOW COLUMNS 6-tuples.
+          SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM rows must be rearranged for use with
+          this function.
+        """
+
+        buffer = []
+        for row in columns:
+            (name, col_type, nullable, default, extra) = (
+                row[i] for i in (0, 1, 2, 4, 5)
+            )
+
+            line = [" "]
+            line.append(self.preparer.quote_identifier(name))
+            line.append(col_type)
+            if not nullable:
+                line.append("NOT NULL")
+            if default:
+                if "auto_increment" in default:
+                    pass
+                elif col_type.startswith("timestamp") and default.startswith(
+                    "C"
+                ):
+                    line.append("DEFAULT")
+                    line.append(default)
+                elif default == "NULL":
+                    line.append("DEFAULT")
+                    line.append(default)
+                else:
+                    line.append("DEFAULT")
+                    line.append("'%s'" % default.replace("'", "''"))
+            if extra:
+                line.append(extra)
+
+            buffer.append(" ".join(line))
+
+        return "".join(
+            [
+                (
+                    "CREATE TABLE %s (\n"
+                    % self.preparer.quote_identifier(table_name)
+                ),
+                ",\n".join(buffer),
+                "\n) ",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _parse_keyexprs(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack '"col"(2),"col" ASC'-ish strings into components."""
+
+        return [
+            (colname, int(length) if length else None, modifiers)
+            for colname, length, modifiers in self._re_keyexprs.findall(
+                identifiers
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def _prep_regexes(self):
+        """Pre-compile regular expressions."""
+
+        self._re_columns = []
+        self._pr_options = []
+
+        _final = self.preparer.final_quote
+
+        quotes = dict(
+            zip(
+                ("iq", "fq", "esc_fq"),
+                [
+                    re.escape(s)
+                    for s in (
+                        self.preparer.initial_quote,
+                        _final,
+                        self.preparer._escape_identifier(_final),
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+
+        self._pr_name = _pr_compile(
+            r"^CREATE (?:\w+ +)?TABLE +"
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +\($" % quotes,
+            self.preparer._unescape_identifier,
+        )
+
+        self._re_is_view = _re_compile(r"^CREATE(?! TABLE)(\s.*)?\sVIEW")
+
+        # `col`,`col2`(32),`col3`(15) DESC
+        #
+        self._re_keyexprs = _re_compile(
+            r"(?:"
+            r"(?:%(iq)s((?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)"
+            r"(?:\((\d+)\))?(?: +(ASC|DESC))?(?=\,|$))+" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # 'foo' or 'foo','bar' or 'fo,o','ba''a''r'
+        self._re_csv_str = _re_compile(r"\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27")
+
+        # 123 or 123,456
+        self._re_csv_int = _re_compile(r"\d+")
+
+        # `colname` <type> [type opts]
+        #  (NOT NULL | NULL)
+        #   DEFAULT ('value' | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP...)
+        #   COMMENT 'comment'
+        #  COLUMN_FORMAT (FIXED|DYNAMIC|DEFAULT)
+        #  STORAGE (DISK|MEMORY)
+        self._re_column = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"(?P<coltype>\w+)"
+            r"(?:\((?P<arg>(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|"
+            r"(?:'(?:''|[^'])*',?)+))\))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<unsigned>UNSIGNED))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<zerofill>ZEROFILL))?"
+            r"(?: +CHARACTER SET +(?P<charset>[\w_]+))?"
+            r"(?: +COLLATE +(?P<collate>[\w_]+))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<notnull>(?:NOT )?NULL))?"
+            r"(?: +DEFAULT +(?P<default>"
+            r"(?:NULL|'(?:''|[^'])*'|[\-\w\.\(\)]+"
+            r"(?: +ON UPDATE [\-\w\.\(\)]+)?)"
+            r"))?"
+            r"(?: +(?:GENERATED ALWAYS)? ?AS +(?P<generated>\("
+            r".*\))? ?(?P<persistence>VIRTUAL|STORED)?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<notnull_generated>(?:NOT )?NULL))?"
+            r")?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<autoincr>AUTO_INCREMENT))?"
+            r"(?: +COMMENT +'(?P<comment>(?:''|[^'])*)')?"
+            r"(?: +COLUMN_FORMAT +(?P<colfmt>\w+))?"
+            r"(?: +STORAGE +(?P<storage>\w+))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<extra>.*))?"
+            r",?$" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # Fallback, try to parse as little as possible
+        self._re_column_loose = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"(?P<coltype>\w+)"
+            r"(?:\((?P<arg>(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])+\x27))\))?"
+            r".*?(?P<notnull>(?:NOT )NULL)?" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # (PRIMARY|UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL) INDEX `name` (USING (BTREE|HASH))?
+        # (`col` (ASC|DESC)?, `col` (ASC|DESC)?)
+        # KEY_BLOCK_SIZE size | WITH PARSER name  /*!50100 WITH PARSER name */
+        self._re_key = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"(?:(?P<type>\S+) )?KEY"
+            r"(?: +%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)?"
+            r"(?: +USING +(?P<using_pre>\S+))?"
+            r" +\((?P<columns>.+?)\)"
+            r"(?: +USING +(?P<using_post>\S+))?"
+            r"(?: +KEY_BLOCK_SIZE *[ =]? *(?P<keyblock>\S+))?"
+            r"(?: +WITH PARSER +(?P<parser>\S+))?"
+            r"(?: +COMMENT +(?P<comment>(\x27\x27|\x27([^\x27])*?\x27)+))?"
+            r"(?: +/\*(?P<version_sql>.+)\*/ *)?"
+            r",?$" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # https://forums.mysql.com/read.php?20,567102,567111#msg-567111
+        # It means if the MySQL version >= \d+, execute what's in the comment
+        self._re_key_version_sql = _re_compile(
+            r"\!\d+ " r"(?: *WITH PARSER +(?P<parser>\S+) *)?"
+        )
+
+        # CONSTRAINT `name` FOREIGN KEY (`local_col`)
+        # REFERENCES `remote` (`remote_col`)
+        # MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE
+        # ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT
+        #
+        # unique constraints come back as KEYs
+        kw = quotes.copy()
+        kw["on"] = "RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NO ACTION"
+        self._re_fk_constraint = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"CONSTRAINT +"
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"FOREIGN KEY +"
+            r"\((?P<local>[^\)]+?)\) REFERENCES +"
+            r"(?P<table>%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s"
+            r"(?:\.%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s)?) +"
+            r"\((?P<foreign>(?:%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s(?: *, *)?)+)\)"
+            r"(?: +(?P<match>MATCH \w+))?"
+            r"(?: +ON DELETE (?P<ondelete>%(on)s))?"
+            r"(?: +ON UPDATE (?P<onupdate>%(on)s))?" % kw
+        )
+
+        # CONSTRAINT `CONSTRAINT_1` CHECK (`x` > 5)'
+        # testing on MariaDB 10.2 shows that the CHECK constraint
+        # is returned on a line by itself, so to match without worrying
+        # about parenthesis in the expression we go to the end of the line
+        self._re_ck_constraint = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"CONSTRAINT +"
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"CHECK +"
+            r"\((?P<sqltext>.+)\),?" % kw
+        )
+
+        # PARTITION
+        #
+        # punt!
+        self._re_partition = _re_compile(r"(?:.*)(?:SUB)?PARTITION(?:.*)")
+
+        # Table-level options (COLLATE, ENGINE, etc.)
+        # Do the string options first, since they have quoted
+        # strings we need to get rid of.
+        for option in _options_of_type_string:
+            self._add_option_string(option)
+
+        for option in (
+            "ENGINE",
+            "TYPE",
+            "AUTO_INCREMENT",
+            "AVG_ROW_LENGTH",
+            "CHARACTER SET",
+            "DEFAULT CHARSET",
+            "CHECKSUM",
+            "COLLATE",
+            "DELAY_KEY_WRITE",
+            "INSERT_METHOD",
+            "MAX_ROWS",
+            "MIN_ROWS",
+            "PACK_KEYS",
+            "ROW_FORMAT",
+            "KEY_BLOCK_SIZE",
+            "STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES",
+        ):
+            self._add_option_word(option)
+
+        for option in (
+            "PARTITION BY",
+            "SUBPARTITION BY",
+            "PARTITIONS",
+            "SUBPARTITIONS",
+            "PARTITION",
+            "SUBPARTITION",
+        ):
+            self._add_partition_option_word(option)
+
+        self._add_option_regex("UNION", r"\([^\)]+\)")
+        self._add_option_regex("TABLESPACE", r".*? STORAGE DISK")
+        self._add_option_regex(
+            "RAID_TYPE",
+            r"\w+\s+RAID_CHUNKS\s*\=\s*\w+RAID_CHUNKSIZE\s*=\s*\w+",
+        )
+
+    _optional_equals = r"(?:\s*(?:=\s*)|\s+)"
+
+    def _add_option_string(self, directive):
+        regex = r"(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"'(?P<val>(?:[^']|'')*?)'(?!')" % (
+            re.escape(directive),
+            self._optional_equals,
+        )
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex, cleanup_text))
+
+    def _add_option_word(self, directive):
+        regex = r"(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>\w+)" % (
+            re.escape(directive),
+            self._optional_equals,
+        )
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+    def _add_partition_option_word(self, directive):
+        if directive == "PARTITION BY" or directive == "SUBPARTITION BY":
+            regex = r"(?<!\S)(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>\w+.*)" % (
+                re.escape(directive),
+                self._optional_equals,
+            )
+        elif directive == "SUBPARTITIONS" or directive == "PARTITIONS":
+            regex = r"(?<!\S)(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>\d+)" % (
+                re.escape(directive),
+                self._optional_equals,
+            )
+        else:
+            regex = r"(?<!\S)(?P<directive>%s)(?!\S)" % (re.escape(directive),)
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+    def _add_option_regex(self, directive, regex):
+        regex = r"(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>%s)" % (
+            re.escape(directive),
+            self._optional_equals,
+            regex,
+        )
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+
+_options_of_type_string = (
+    "COMMENT",
+    "DATA DIRECTORY",
+    "INDEX DIRECTORY",
+    "PASSWORD",
+    "CONNECTION",
+)
+
+
+def _pr_compile(regex, cleanup=None):
+    """Prepare a 2-tuple of compiled regex and callable."""
+
+    return (_re_compile(regex), cleanup)
+
+
+def _re_compile(regex):
+    """Compile a string to regex, I and UNICODE."""
+
+    return re.compile(regex, re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+def _strip_values(values):
+    "Strip reflected values quotes"
+    strip_values = []
+    for a in values:
+        if a[0:1] == '"' or a[0:1] == "'":
+            # strip enclosing quotes and unquote interior
+            a = a[1:-1].replace(a[0] * 2, a[0])
+        strip_values.append(a)
+    return strip_values
+
+
+def cleanup_text(raw_text: str) -> str:
+    if "\\" in raw_text:
+        raw_text = re.sub(
+            _control_char_regexp, lambda s: _control_char_map[s[0]], raw_text
+        )
+    return raw_text.replace("''", "'")
+
+
+_control_char_map = {
+    "\\\\": "\\",
+    "\\0": "\0",
+    "\\a": "\a",
+    "\\b": "\b",
+    "\\t": "\t",
+    "\\n": "\n",
+    "\\v": "\v",
+    "\\f": "\f",
+    "\\r": "\r",
+    # '\\e':'\e',
+}
+_control_char_regexp = re.compile(
+    "|".join(re.escape(k) for k in _control_char_map)
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14e4276e5a107294eeafb866f17378e49150f8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+# dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# generated using:
+# https://gist.github.com/kkirsche/4f31f2153ed7a3248be1ec44ca6ddbc9
+#
+# https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reserved-words/
+# includes: Reserved Words, Oracle Mode (separate set unioned)
+# excludes: Exceptions, Function Names
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+RESERVED_WORDS_MARIADB = {
+    "accessible",
+    "add",
+    "all",
+    "alter",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asensitive",
+    "before",
+    "between",
+    "bigint",
+    "binary",
+    "blob",
+    "both",
+    "by",
+    "call",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "change",
+    "char",
+    "character",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "condition",
+    "constraint",
+    "continue",
+    "convert",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_role",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "cursor",
+    "database",
+    "databases",
+    "day_hour",
+    "day_microsecond",
+    "day_minute",
+    "day_second",
+    "dec",
+    "decimal",
+    "declare",
+    "default",
+    "delayed",
+    "delete",
+    "desc",
+    "describe",
+    "deterministic",
+    "distinct",
+    "distinctrow",
+    "div",
+    "do_domain_ids",
+    "double",
+    "drop",
+    "dual",
+    "each",
+    "else",
+    "elseif",
+    "enclosed",
+    "escaped",
+    "except",
+    "exists",
+    "exit",
+    "explain",
+    "false",
+    "fetch",
+    "float",
+    "float4",
+    "float8",
+    "for",
+    "force",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "fulltext",
+    "general",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "high_priority",
+    "hour_microsecond",
+    "hour_minute",
+    "hour_second",
+    "if",
+    "ignore",
+    "ignore_domain_ids",
+    "ignore_server_ids",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "infile",
+    "inner",
+    "inout",
+    "insensitive",
+    "insert",
+    "int",
+    "int1",
+    "int2",
+    "int3",
+    "int4",
+    "int8",
+    "integer",
+    "intersect",
+    "interval",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "iterate",
+    "join",
+    "key",
+    "keys",
+    "kill",
+    "leading",
+    "leave",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "linear",
+    "lines",
+    "load",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "lock",
+    "long",
+    "longblob",
+    "longtext",
+    "loop",
+    "low_priority",
+    "master_heartbeat_period",
+    "master_ssl_verify_server_cert",
+    "match",
+    "maxvalue",
+    "mediumblob",
+    "mediumint",
+    "mediumtext",
+    "middleint",
+    "minute_microsecond",
+    "minute_second",
+    "mod",
+    "modifies",
+    "natural",
+    "no_write_to_binlog",
+    "not",
+    "null",
+    "numeric",
+    "offset",
+    "on",
+    "optimize",
+    "option",
+    "optionally",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "out",
+    "outer",
+    "outfile",
+    "over",
+    "page_checksum",
+    "parse_vcol_expr",
+    "partition",
+    "position",
+    "precision",
+    "primary",
+    "procedure",
+    "purge",
+    "range",
+    "read",
+    "read_write",
+    "reads",
+    "real",
+    "recursive",
+    "ref_system_id",
+    "references",
+    "regexp",
+    "release",
+    "rename",
+    "repeat",
+    "replace",
+    "require",
+    "resignal",
+    "restrict",
+    "return",
+    "returning",
+    "revoke",
+    "right",
+    "rlike",
+    "rows",
+    "row_number",
+    "schema",
+    "schemas",
+    "second_microsecond",
+    "select",
+    "sensitive",
+    "separator",
+    "set",
+    "show",
+    "signal",
+    "slow",
+    "smallint",
+    "spatial",
+    "specific",
+    "sql",
+    "sql_big_result",
+    "sql_calc_found_rows",
+    "sql_small_result",
+    "sqlexception",
+    "sqlstate",
+    "sqlwarning",
+    "ssl",
+    "starting",
+    "stats_auto_recalc",
+    "stats_persistent",
+    "stats_sample_pages",
+    "straight_join",
+    "table",
+    "terminated",
+    "then",
+    "tinyblob",
+    "tinyint",
+    "tinytext",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "trigger",
+    "true",
+    "undo",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "unlock",
+    "unsigned",
+    "update",
+    "usage",
+    "use",
+    "using",
+    "utc_date",
+    "utc_time",
+    "utc_timestamp",
+    "values",
+    "varbinary",
+    "varchar",
+    "varcharacter",
+    "varying",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "while",
+    "window",
+    "with",
+    "write",
+    "xor",
+    "year_month",
+    "zerofill",
+}.union(
+    {
+        "body",
+        "elsif",
+        "goto",
+        "history",
+        "others",
+        "package",
+        "period",
+        "raise",
+        "rowtype",
+        "system",
+        "system_time",
+        "versioning",
+        "without",
+    }
+)
+
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/keywords.html
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/keywords.html
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/keywords.html
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/keywords.html
+# includes: MySQL x.0 Keywords and Reserved Words
+# excludes: MySQL x.0 New Keywords and Reserved Words,
+#       MySQL x.0 Removed Keywords and Reserved Words
+RESERVED_WORDS_MYSQL = {
+    "accessible",
+    "add",
+    "admin",
+    "all",
+    "alter",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "array",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asensitive",
+    "before",
+    "between",
+    "bigint",
+    "binary",
+    "blob",
+    "both",
+    "by",
+    "call",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "change",
+    "char",
+    "character",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "condition",
+    "constraint",
+    "continue",
+    "convert",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "cube",
+    "cume_dist",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "cursor",
+    "database",
+    "databases",
+    "day_hour",
+    "day_microsecond",
+    "day_minute",
+    "day_second",
+    "dec",
+    "decimal",
+    "declare",
+    "default",
+    "delayed",
+    "delete",
+    "dense_rank",
+    "desc",
+    "describe",
+    "deterministic",
+    "distinct",
+    "distinctrow",
+    "div",
+    "double",
+    "drop",
+    "dual",
+    "each",
+    "else",
+    "elseif",
+    "empty",
+    "enclosed",
+    "escaped",
+    "except",
+    "exists",
+    "exit",
+    "explain",
+    "false",
+    "fetch",
+    "first_value",
+    "float",
+    "float4",
+    "float8",
+    "for",
+    "force",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "fulltext",
+    "function",
+    "general",
+    "generated",
+    "get",
+    "get_master_public_key",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "grouping",
+    "groups",
+    "having",
+    "high_priority",
+    "hour_microsecond",
+    "hour_minute",
+    "hour_second",
+    "if",
+    "ignore",
+    "ignore_server_ids",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "infile",
+    "inner",
+    "inout",
+    "insensitive",
+    "insert",
+    "int",
+    "int1",
+    "int2",
+    "int3",
+    "int4",
+    "int8",
+    "integer",
+    "intersect",
+    "interval",
+    "into",
+    "io_after_gtids",
+    "io_before_gtids",
+    "is",
+    "iterate",
+    "join",
+    "json_table",
+    "key",
+    "keys",
+    "kill",
+    "lag",
+    "last_value",
+    "lateral",
+    "lead",
+    "leading",
+    "leave",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "linear",
+    "lines",
+    "load",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "lock",
+    "long",
+    "longblob",
+    "longtext",
+    "loop",
+    "low_priority",
+    "master_bind",
+    "master_heartbeat_period",
+    "master_ssl_verify_server_cert",
+    "match",
+    "maxvalue",
+    "mediumblob",
+    "mediumint",
+    "mediumtext",
+    "member",
+    "middleint",
+    "minute_microsecond",
+    "minute_second",
+    "mod",
+    "modifies",
+    "natural",
+    "no_write_to_binlog",
+    "not",
+    "nth_value",
+    "ntile",
+    "null",
+    "numeric",
+    "of",
+    "on",
+    "optimize",
+    "optimizer_costs",
+    "option",
+    "optionally",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "out",
+    "outer",
+    "outfile",
+    "over",
+    "parse_gcol_expr",
+    "parallel",
+    "partition",
+    "percent_rank",
+    "persist",
+    "persist_only",
+    "precision",
+    "primary",
+    "procedure",
+    "purge",
+    "qualify",
+    "range",
+    "rank",
+    "read",
+    "read_write",
+    "reads",
+    "real",
+    "recursive",
+    "references",
+    "regexp",
+    "release",
+    "rename",
+    "repeat",
+    "replace",
+    "require",
+    "resignal",
+    "restrict",
+    "return",
+    "revoke",
+    "right",
+    "rlike",
+    "role",
+    "row",
+    "row_number",
+    "rows",
+    "schema",
+    "schemas",
+    "second_microsecond",
+    "select",
+    "sensitive",
+    "separator",
+    "set",
+    "show",
+    "signal",
+    "slow",
+    "smallint",
+    "spatial",
+    "specific",
+    "sql",
+    "sql_after_gtids",
+    "sql_before_gtids",
+    "sql_big_result",
+    "sql_calc_found_rows",
+    "sql_small_result",
+    "sqlexception",
+    "sqlstate",
+    "sqlwarning",
+    "ssl",
+    "starting",
+    "stored",
+    "straight_join",
+    "system",
+    "table",
+    "terminated",
+    "then",
+    "tinyblob",
+    "tinyint",
+    "tinytext",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "trigger",
+    "true",
+    "undo",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "unlock",
+    "unsigned",
+    "update",
+    "usage",
+    "use",
+    "using",
+    "utc_date",
+    "utc_time",
+    "utc_timestamp",
+    "values",
+    "varbinary",
+    "varchar",
+    "varcharacter",
+    "varying",
+    "virtual",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "while",
+    "window",
+    "with",
+    "write",
+    "xor",
+    "year_month",
+    "zerofill",
+}
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e43f1d9a3d35b7f0170040686f57d4a298e432b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+# dialects/mysql/types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import datetime
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+class _NumericType:
+    """Base for MySQL numeric types.
+
+    This is the base both for NUMERIC as well as INTEGER, hence
+    it's a mixin.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, unsigned=False, zerofill=False, **kw):
+        self.unsigned = unsigned
+        self.zerofill = zerofill
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_NumericType, sqltypes.Numeric]
+        )
+
+
+class _FloatType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Float):
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        if isinstance(self, (REAL, DOUBLE)) and (
+            (precision is None and scale is not None)
+            or (precision is not None and scale is None)
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "You must specify both precision and scale or omit "
+                "both altogether."
+            )
+        super().__init__(precision=precision, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+        self.scale = scale
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_FloatType, _NumericType, sqltypes.Float]
+        )
+
+
+class _IntegerType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Integer):
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_IntegerType, _NumericType, sqltypes.Integer]
+        )
+
+
+class _StringType(sqltypes.String):
+    """Base for MySQL string types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        charset=None,
+        collation=None,
+        ascii=False,  # noqa
+        binary=False,
+        unicode=False,
+        national=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        self.charset = charset
+
+        # allow collate= or collation=
+        kw.setdefault("collation", kw.pop("collate", collation))
+
+        self.ascii = ascii
+        self.unicode = unicode
+        self.binary = binary
+        self.national = national
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_StringType, sqltypes.String]
+        )
+
+
+class _MatchType(sqltypes.Float, sqltypes.MatchType):
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # TODO: float arguments?
+        sqltypes.Float.__init__(self)
+        sqltypes.MatchType.__init__(self)
+
+
+class NUMERIC(_NumericType, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+    """MySQL NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMERIC"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a NUMERIC.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class DECIMAL(_NumericType, sqltypes.DECIMAL):
+    """MySQL DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DECIMAL"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DECIMAL.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class DOUBLE(_FloatType, sqltypes.DOUBLE):
+    """MySQL DOUBLE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOUBLE"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DOUBLE.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.DOUBLE` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class REAL(_FloatType, sqltypes.REAL):
+    """MySQL REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REAL"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a REAL.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.REAL` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class FLOAT(_FloatType, sqltypes.FLOAT):
+    """MySQL FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "FLOAT"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw):
+        """Construct a FLOAT.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class INTEGER(_IntegerType, sqltypes.INTEGER):
+    """MySQL INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INTEGER"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct an INTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIGINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.BIGINT):
+    """MySQL BIGINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIGINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a BIGINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class MEDIUMINT(_IntegerType):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MEDIUMINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(_IntegerType):
+    """MySQL TINYINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TINYINT.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class SMALLINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.SMALLINT):
+    """MySQL SMALLINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a SMALLINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """MySQL BIT type.
+
+    This type is for MySQL 5.0.3 or greater for MyISAM, and 5.0.5 or greater
+    for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB and BDB.  For older versions, use a
+    MSTinyInteger() type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIT"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        """Construct a BIT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, number of bits.
+
+        """
+        self.length = length
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert a MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long.
+
+        TODO: this is MySQL-db, pyodbc specific.  OurSQL and mysqlconnector
+        already do this, so this logic should be moved to those dialects.
+
+        """
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in value:
+                    if not isinstance(i, int):
+                        i = ord(i)  # convert byte to int on Python 2
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    """MySQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIME"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        time = datetime.time
+
+        def process(value):
+            # convert from a timedelta value
+            if value is not None:
+                microseconds = value.microseconds
+                seconds = value.seconds
+                minutes = seconds // 60
+                return time(
+                    minutes // 60,
+                    minutes % 60,
+                    seconds - minutes * 60,
+                    microsecond=microseconds,
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """MySQL TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIMESTAMP type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class DATETIME(sqltypes.DATETIME):
+    """MySQL DATETIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIME"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL DATETIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the DATETIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class YEAR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "YEAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+
+
+class TEXT(_StringType, sqltypes.TEXT):
+    """MySQL TEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^16 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TEXT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage
+          by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store
+          ``length`` bytes of characters.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL TINYTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^8 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYTEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a TINYTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class MEDIUMTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for character storage encoded up
+    to 2^24 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MEDIUMTEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class LONGTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL LONGTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^32 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "LONGTEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a LONGTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+    """MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARCHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a VARCHAR.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    """MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a CHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_string_for_cast(cls, type_):
+        # copy the given string type into a CHAR
+        # for the purposes of rendering a CAST expression
+        type_ = sqltypes.to_instance(type_)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.CHAR):
+            return type_
+        elif isinstance(type_, _StringType):
+            return CHAR(
+                length=type_.length,
+                charset=type_.charset,
+                collation=type_.collation,
+                ascii=type_.ascii,
+                binary=type_.binary,
+                unicode=type_.unicode,
+                national=False,  # not supported in CAST
+            )
+        else:
+            return CHAR(length=type_.length)
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
+    """MySQL NVARCHAR type.
+
+    For variable-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NVARCHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NVARCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs["national"] = True
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class NCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NCHAR):
+    """MySQL NCHAR type.
+
+    For fixed-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NCHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs["national"] = True
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TINYBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYBLOB"
+
+
+class MEDIUMBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MEDIUMBLOB"
+
+
+class LONGBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "LONGBLOB"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8412c9f8acb3775636fd23e9ff411d8af4319cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# dialects/oracle/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import cx_oracle  # noqa
+from . import oracledb  # noqa
+from .base import BFILE
+from .base import BINARY_DOUBLE
+from .base import BINARY_FLOAT
+from .base import BLOB
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import CLOB
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import LONG
+from .base import NCHAR
+from .base import NCLOB
+from .base import NUMBER
+from .base import NVARCHAR
+from .base import NVARCHAR2
+from .base import RAW
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import ROWID
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .base import VARCHAR2
+
+# Alias oracledb also as oracledb_async
+oracledb_async = type(
+    "oracledb_async", (ModuleType,), {"dialect": oracledb.dialect_async}
+)
+
+base.dialect = dialect = cx_oracle.dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "NVARCHAR",
+    "CHAR",
+    "NCHAR",
+    "DATE",
+    "NUMBER",
+    "BLOB",
+    "BFILE",
+    "CLOB",
+    "NCLOB",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "RAW",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "DOUBLE_PRECISION",
+    "BINARY_DOUBLE",
+    "BINARY_FLOAT",
+    "LONG",
+    "dialect",
+    "INTERVAL",
+    "VARCHAR2",
+    "NVARCHAR2",
+    "ROWID",
+    "REAL",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..582f82eb1802e7d8765da0ac5e0cadd58b417a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3240 @@
+# dialects/oracle/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: oracle
+    :name: Oracle
+    :full_support: 18c
+    :normal_support: 11+
+    :best_effort: 9+
+
+
+Auto Increment Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually
+assumed to have "autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their
+own primary key values upon INSERT. For use within Oracle, two options are
+available, which are the use of IDENTITY columns (Oracle 12 and above only)
+or the association of a SEQUENCE with the column.
+
+Specifying GENERATED AS IDENTITY (Oracle 12 and above)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Starting from version 12 Oracle can make use of identity columns using
+the :class:`_sql.Identity` to specify the autoincrementing behavior::
+
+    t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Identity(start=3), primary_key=True),
+        Column(...), ...
+    )
+
+The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE mytable (
+        id INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 3),
+        ...,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+The :class:`_schema.Identity` object support many options to control the
+"autoincrementing" behavior of the column, like the starting value, the
+incrementing value, etc.
+In addition to the standard options, Oracle supports setting
+:paramref:`_schema.Identity.always` to ``None`` to use the default
+generated mode, rendering GENERATED AS IDENTITY in the DDL. It also supports
+setting :paramref:`_schema.Identity.on_null` to ``True`` to specify ON NULL
+in conjunction with a 'BY DEFAULT' identity column.
+
+Using a SEQUENCE (all Oracle versions)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Older version of Oracle had no "autoincrement"
+feature, SQLAlchemy relies upon sequences to produce these values.   With the
+older Oracle versions, *a sequence must always be explicitly specified to
+enable autoincrement*.  This is divergent with the majority of documentation
+examples which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database.   To
+specify sequences, use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed
+to a Column construct::
+
+  t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq', start=1), primary_key=True),
+        Column(...), ...
+  )
+
+This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload_with=engine::
+
+  t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq', start=1), primary_key=True),
+        autoload_with=engine
+  )
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
+   in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the option of an autoincrementing
+   column.
+
+.. _oracle_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level / Autocommit
+----------------------------------------
+
+The Oracle database supports "READ COMMITTED" and "SERIALIZABLE" modes of
+isolation. The AUTOCOMMIT isolation level is also supported by the cx_Oracle
+dialect.
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(
+        isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"
+    )
+
+For ``READ COMMITTED`` and ``SERIALIZABLE``, the Oracle dialect sets the
+level at the session level using ``ALTER SESSION``, which is reverted back
+to its default setting when the connection is returned to the connection
+pool.
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+
+.. note:: The implementation for the
+   :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method as implemented by the
+   Oracle dialect necessarily forces the start of a transaction using the
+   Oracle LOCAL_TRANSACTION_ID function; otherwise no level is normally
+   readable.
+
+   Additionally, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method will
+   raise an exception if the ``v$transaction`` view is not available due to
+   permissions or other reasons, which is a common occurrence in Oracle
+   installations.
+
+   The cx_Oracle dialect attempts to call the
+   :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method when the dialect makes
+   its first connection to the database in order to acquire the
+   "default"isolation level.  This default level is necessary so that the level
+   can be reset on a connection after it has been temporarily modified using
+   :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method.   In the common event
+   that the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method raises an
+   exception due to ``v$transaction`` not being readable as well as any other
+   database-related failure, the level is assumed to be "READ COMMITTED".  No
+   warning is emitted for this initial first-connect condition as it is
+   expected to be a common restriction on Oracle databases.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.16 added support for AUTOCOMMIT to the cx_oracle dialect
+   as well as the notion of a default isolation level
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.21 Added support for SERIALIZABLE as well as live
+   reading of the isolation level.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3.22 In the event that the default isolation
+   level cannot be read due to permissions on the v$transaction view as
+   is common in Oracle installations, the default isolation level is hardcoded
+   to "READ COMMITTED" which was the behavior prior to 1.3.21.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+Identifier Casing
+-----------------
+
+In Oracle, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive identifier
+names using UPPERCASE text.   SQLAlchemy on the other hand considers an
+all-lower case identifier name to be case insensitive.   The Oracle dialect
+converts all case insensitive identifiers to and from those two formats during
+schema level communication, such as reflection of tables and indexes.   Using
+an UPPERCASE name on the SQLAlchemy side indicates a case sensitive
+identifier, and SQLAlchemy will quote the name - this will cause mismatches
+against data dictionary data received from Oracle, so unless identifier names
+have been truly created as case sensitive (i.e. using quoted names), all
+lowercase names should be used on the SQLAlchemy side.
+
+.. _oracle_max_identifier_lengths:
+
+Max Identifier Lengths
+----------------------
+
+Oracle has changed the default max identifier length as of Oracle Server
+version 12.2.   Prior to this version, the length was 30, and for 12.2 and
+greater it is now 128.   This change impacts SQLAlchemy in the area of
+generated SQL label names as well as the generation of constraint names,
+particularly in the case where the constraint naming convention feature
+described at :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` is being used.
+
+To assist with this change and others, Oracle includes the concept of a
+"compatibility" version, which is a version number that is independent of the
+actual server version in order to assist with migration of Oracle databases,
+and may be configured within the Oracle server itself. This compatibility
+version is retrieved using the query  ``SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE
+name = 'compatible';``.   The SQLAlchemy Oracle dialect, when tasked with
+determining the default max identifier length, will attempt to use this query
+upon first connect in order to determine the effective compatibility version of
+the server, which determines what the maximum allowed identifier length is for
+the server.  If the table is not available, the  server version information is
+used instead.
+
+As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the default max identifier length for the Oracle dialect
+is 128 characters.  Upon first connect, the compatibility version is detected
+and if it is less than Oracle version 12.2, the max identifier length is
+changed to be 30 characters.  In all cases, setting the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` parameter will bypass this
+change and the value given will be used as is::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@oracle122",
+        max_identifier_length=30)
+
+The maximum identifier length comes into play both when generating anonymized
+SQL labels in SELECT statements, but more crucially when generating constraint
+names from a naming convention.  It is this area that has created the need for
+SQLAlchemy to change this default conservatively.   For example, the following
+naming convention produces two very different constraint names based on the
+identifier length::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column
+    from sqlalchemy import Index
+    from sqlalchemy import Integer
+    from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+    from sqlalchemy import Table
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateIndex
+
+    m = MetaData(naming_convention={"ix": "ix_%(column_0N_name)s"})
+
+    t = Table(
+        "t",
+        m,
+        Column("some_column_name_1", Integer),
+        Column("some_column_name_2", Integer),
+        Column("some_column_name_3", Integer),
+    )
+
+    ix = Index(
+        None,
+        t.c.some_column_name_1,
+        t.c.some_column_name_2,
+        t.c.some_column_name_3,
+    )
+
+    oracle_dialect = oracle.dialect(max_identifier_length=30)
+    print(CreateIndex(ix).compile(dialect=oracle_dialect))
+
+With an identifier length of 30, the above CREATE INDEX looks like::
+
+    CREATE INDEX ix_some_column_name_1s_70cd ON t
+    (some_column_name_1, some_column_name_2, some_column_name_3)
+
+However with length=128, it becomes::
+
+    CREATE INDEX ix_some_column_name_1some_column_name_2some_column_name_3 ON t
+    (some_column_name_1, some_column_name_2, some_column_name_3)
+
+Applications which have run versions of SQLAlchemy prior to 1.4 on an  Oracle
+server version 12.2 or greater are therefore subject to the scenario of a
+database migration that wishes to "DROP CONSTRAINT" on a name that was
+previously generated with the shorter length.  This migration will fail when
+the identifier length is changed without the name of the index or constraint
+first being adjusted.  Such applications are strongly advised to make use of
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length`
+in order to maintain control
+of the generation of truncated names, and to fully review and test all database
+migrations in a staging environment when changing this value to ensure that the
+impact of this change has been mitigated.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4 the default max_identifier_length for Oracle is 128
+   characters, which is adjusted down to 30 upon first connect if an older
+   version of Oracle server (compatibility version < 12.2) is detected.
+
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET/FETCH Support
+--------------------------
+
+Methods like :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` make
+use of ``FETCH FIRST N ROW / OFFSET N ROWS`` syntax assuming
+Oracle 12c or above, and assuming the SELECT statement is not embedded within
+a compound statement like UNION.  This syntax is also available directly by using
+the :meth:`_sql.Select.fetch` method.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0  the Oracle dialect now uses
+   ``FETCH FIRST N ROW / OFFSET N ROWS`` for all
+   :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` usage including
+   within the ORM and legacy :class:`_orm.Query`.  To force the legacy
+   behavior using window functions, specify the ``enable_offset_fetch=False``
+   dialect parameter to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+The use of ``FETCH FIRST / OFFSET`` may be disabled on any Oracle version
+by passing ``enable_offset_fetch=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`, which
+will force the use of "legacy" mode that makes use of window functions.
+This mode is also selected automatically when using a version of Oracle
+prior to 12c.
+
+When using legacy mode, or when a :class:`.Select` statement
+with limit/offset is embedded in a compound statement, an emulated approach for
+LIMIT / OFFSET based on window functions is used, which involves creation of a
+subquery using ``ROW_NUMBER`` that is prone to performance issues as well as
+SQL construction issues for complex statements. However, this approach is
+supported by all Oracle versions. See notes below.
+
+Notes on LIMIT / OFFSET emulation (when fetch() method cannot be used)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If using :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset`, or with the
+ORM the :meth:`_orm.Query.limit` and :meth:`_orm.Query.offset` methods on an
+Oracle version prior to 12c, the following notes apply:
+
+* SQLAlchemy currently makes use of ROWNUM to achieve
+  LIMIT/OFFSET; the exact methodology is taken from
+  https://blogs.oracle.com/oraclemagazine/on-rownum-and-limiting-results .
+
+* the "FIRST_ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default.  To enable
+  the usage of this optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True``
+  to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+      The Oracle dialect renders limit/offset integer values using a "post
+      compile" scheme which renders the integer directly before passing the
+      statement to the cursor for execution.   The ``use_binds_for_limits`` flag
+      no longer has an effect.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`change_4808`.
+
+.. _oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The Oracle database supports RETURNING fully for INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
+statements that are invoked with a single collection of bound parameters
+(that is, a ``cursor.execute()`` style statement; SQLAlchemy does not generally
+support RETURNING with :term:`executemany` statements).  Multiple rows may be
+returned as well.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0  the Oracle backend has full support for RETURNING
+   on parity with other backends.
+
+
+
+ON UPDATE CASCADE
+-----------------
+
+Oracle doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality.  A trigger based
+solution is available at
+https://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html .
+
+When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue
+cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the
+"deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments,
+and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship().
+
+Oracle 8 Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+.. warning:: The status of Oracle 8 compatibility is not known for SQLAlchemy
+   2.0.
+
+When Oracle 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to the
+following behaviors:
+
+* the use_ansi flag is set to False.  This has the effect of converting all
+  JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN
+  makes use of Oracle's (+) operator.
+
+* the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when
+  the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are issued
+  instead. This because these types don't seem to work correctly on Oracle 8
+  even though they are available. The :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR` and
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate
+  NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB.
+
+
+Synonym/DBLINK Reflection
+-------------------------
+
+When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search
+for tables indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or
+accessed over DBLINK, by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as
+a keyword argument to the :class:`_schema.Table` construct::
+
+    some_table = Table('some_table', autoload_with=some_engine,
+                                oracle_resolve_synonyms=True)
+
+When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will
+be searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the
+``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another
+name.  If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the oracle dialect
+knows how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax(e.g.
+``@dblink``).
+
+``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are
+accepted, including methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` and
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled.
+
+.. _oracle_constraint_reflection:
+
+Constraint Reflection
+---------------------
+
+The Oracle dialect can return information about foreign key, unique, and
+CHECK constraints, as well as indexes on tables.
+
+Raw information regarding these constraints can be acquired using
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_foreign_keys`,
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`,
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_check_constraints`, and
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2  The Oracle dialect can now reflect UNIQUE and
+   CHECK constraints.
+
+When using reflection at the :class:`_schema.Table` level, the
+:class:`_schema.Table`
+will also include these constraints.
+
+Note the following caveats:
+
+* When using the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_check_constraints` method,
+  Oracle
+  builds a special "IS NOT NULL" constraint for columns that specify
+  "NOT NULL".  This constraint is **not** returned by default; to include
+  the "IS NOT NULL" constraints, pass the flag ``include_all=True``::
+
+      from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect
+
+      engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://s:t@dsn")
+      inspector = inspect(engine)
+      all_check_constraints = inspector.get_check_constraints(
+          "some_table", include_all=True)
+
+* in most cases, when reflecting a :class:`_schema.Table`,
+  a UNIQUE constraint will
+  **not** be available as a :class:`.UniqueConstraint` object, as Oracle
+  mirrors unique constraints with a UNIQUE index in most cases (the exception
+  seems to be when two or more unique constraints represent the same columns);
+  the :class:`_schema.Table` will instead represent these using
+  :class:`.Index`
+  with the ``unique=True`` flag set.
+
+* Oracle creates an implicit index for the primary key of a table; this index
+  is **excluded** from all index results.
+
+* the list of columns reflected for an index will not include column names
+  that start with SYS_NC.
+
+Table names with SYSTEM/SYSAUX tablespaces
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names` and
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_temp_table_names`
+methods each return a list of table names for the current engine. These methods
+are also part of the reflection which occurs within an operation such as
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`.  By default,
+these operations exclude the ``SYSTEM``
+and ``SYSAUX`` tablespaces from the operation.   In order to change this, the
+default list of tablespaces excluded can be changed at the engine level using
+the ``exclude_tablespaces`` parameter::
+
+    # exclude SYSAUX and SOME_TABLESPACE, but not SYSTEM
+    e = create_engine(
+      "oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@xe",
+      exclude_tablespaces=["SYSAUX", "SOME_TABLESPACE"])
+
+DateTime Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+Oracle has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only ``DATE``,
+which can actually store a date and time value.  For this reason, the Oracle
+dialect provides a type :class:`_oracle.DATE` which is a subclass of
+:class:`.DateTime`.   This type has no special behavior, and is only
+present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column
+is reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting
+:class:`_oracle.DATE` type is used.
+
+.. _oracle_table_options:
+
+Oracle Table Options
+-------------------------
+
+The CREATE TABLE phrase supports the following options with Oracle
+in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
+
+
+* ``ON COMMIT``::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table", metadata, ...,
+        prefixes=['GLOBAL TEMPORARY'], oracle_on_commit='PRESERVE ROWS')
+
+* ``COMPRESS``::
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)),
+        oracle_compress=True)
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)),
+        oracle_compress=6)
+
+   The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer compression
+   level, or ``True`` to use the default compression level.
+
+.. _oracle_index_options:
+
+Oracle Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------
+
+Bitmap Indexes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can specify the ``oracle_bitmap`` parameter to create a bitmap index
+instead of a B-tree index::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_bitmap=True)
+
+Bitmap indexes cannot be unique and cannot be compressed. SQLAlchemy will not
+check for such limitations, only the database will.
+
+Index compression
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Oracle has a more efficient storage mode for indexes containing lots of
+repeated values. Use the ``oracle_compress`` parameter to turn on key
+compression::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_compress=True)
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data1, my_table.c.data2, unique=True,
+           oracle_compress=1)
+
+The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer specifying the
+number of prefix columns to compress, or ``True`` to use the default (all
+columns for non-unique indexes, all but the last column for unique indexes).
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import lru_cache
+from functools import wraps
+import re
+
+from . import dictionary
+from .types import _OracleBoolean
+from .types import _OracleDate
+from .types import BFILE
+from .types import BINARY_DOUBLE
+from .types import BINARY_FLOAT
+from .types import DATE
+from .types import FLOAT
+from .types import INTERVAL
+from .types import LONG
+from .types import NCLOB
+from .types import NUMBER
+from .types import NVARCHAR2  # noqa
+from .types import OracleRaw  # noqa
+from .types import RAW
+from .types import ROWID  # noqa
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from .types import VARCHAR2  # noqa
+from ... import Computed
+from ... import exc
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import ObjectKind
+from ...engine import ObjectScope
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import and_
+from ...sql import bindparam
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import func
+from ...sql import null
+from ...sql import or_
+from ...sql import select
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql import visitors
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ...types import BLOB
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import CLOB
+from ...types import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from ...types import INTEGER
+from ...types import NCHAR
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import REAL
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    "SHARE RAW DROP BETWEEN FROM DESC OPTION PRIOR LONG THEN "
+    "DEFAULT ALTER IS INTO MINUS INTEGER NUMBER GRANT IDENTIFIED "
+    "ALL TO ORDER ON FLOAT DATE HAVING CLUSTER NOWAIT RESOURCE "
+    "ANY TABLE INDEX FOR UPDATE WHERE CHECK SMALLINT WITH DELETE "
+    "BY ASC REVOKE LIKE SIZE RENAME NOCOMPRESS NULL GROUP VALUES "
+    "AS IN VIEW EXCLUSIVE COMPRESS SYNONYM SELECT INSERT EXISTS "
+    "NOT TRIGGER ELSE CREATE INTERSECT PCTFREE DISTINCT USER "
+    "CONNECT SET MODE OF UNIQUE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR LOCK OR CHAR "
+    "DECIMAL UNION PUBLIC AND START UID COMMENT CURRENT LEVEL".split()
+)
+
+NO_ARG_FNS = set(
+    "UID CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE USER CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".split()
+)
+
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Boolean: _OracleBoolean,
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATE,
+    sqltypes.Date: _OracleDate,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "VARCHAR2": VARCHAR,
+    "NVARCHAR2": NVARCHAR,
+    "CHAR": CHAR,
+    "NCHAR": NCHAR,
+    "DATE": DATE,
+    "NUMBER": NUMBER,
+    "BLOB": BLOB,
+    "BFILE": BFILE,
+    "CLOB": CLOB,
+    "NCLOB": NCLOB,
+    "TIMESTAMP": TIMESTAMP,
+    "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE": TIMESTAMP,
+    "TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE": TIMESTAMP,
+    "INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND": INTERVAL,
+    "RAW": RAW,
+    "FLOAT": FLOAT,
+    "DOUBLE PRECISION": DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    "REAL": REAL,
+    "LONG": LONG,
+    "BINARY_DOUBLE": BINARY_DOUBLE,
+    "BINARY_FLOAT": BINARY_FLOAT,
+    "ROWID": ROWID,
+}
+
+
+class OracleTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    # Note:
+    # Oracle DATE == DATETIME
+    # Oracle does not allow milliseconds in DATE
+    # Oracle does not support TIME columns
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._use_nchar_for_unicode:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INTERVAL DAY%s TO SECOND%s" % (
+            type_.day_precision is not None
+            and "(%d)" % type_.day_precision
+            or "",
+            type_.second_precision is not None
+            and "(%d)" % type_.second_precision
+            or "",
+        )
+
+    def visit_LONG(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "LONG"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "local_timezone", False):
+            return "TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE"
+        elif type_.timezone:
+            return "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE PRECISION", **kw)
+
+    def visit_BINARY_DOUBLE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "BINARY_DOUBLE", **kw)
+
+    def visit_BINARY_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "BINARY_FLOAT", **kw)
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        kw["_requires_binary_precision"] = True
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "FLOAT", **kw)
+
+    def visit_NUMBER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "NUMBER", **kw)
+
+    def _generate_numeric(
+        self,
+        type_,
+        name,
+        precision=None,
+        scale=None,
+        _requires_binary_precision=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if precision is None:
+            precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+
+        if _requires_binary_precision:
+            binary_precision = getattr(type_, "binary_precision", None)
+
+            if precision and binary_precision is None:
+                # https://www.oracletutorial.com/oracle-basics/oracle-float/
+                estimated_binary_precision = int(precision / 0.30103)
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Oracle FLOAT types use 'binary precision', which does "
+                    "not convert cleanly from decimal 'precision'.  Please "
+                    "specify "
+                    f"this type with a separate Oracle variant, such as "
+                    f"{type_.__class__.__name__}(precision={precision})."
+                    f"with_variant(oracle.FLOAT"
+                    f"(binary_precision="
+                    f"{estimated_binary_precision}), 'oracle'), so that the "
+                    "Oracle specific 'binary_precision' may be specified "
+                    "accurately."
+                )
+            else:
+                precision = binary_precision
+
+        if scale is None:
+            scale = getattr(type_, "scale", None)
+
+        if precision is None:
+            return name
+        elif scale is None:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s)"
+            return n % {"name": name, "precision": precision}
+        else:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+            return n % {"name": name, "precision": precision, "scale": scale}
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR2(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, "", "2")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR2(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, "N", "2")
+
+    visit_NVARCHAR = visit_NVARCHAR2
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, "", "")
+
+    def _visit_varchar(self, type_, n, num):
+        if not type_.length:
+            return "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s" % {"two": num, "n": n}
+        elif not n and self.dialect._supports_char_length:
+            varchar = "VARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s CHAR)"
+            return varchar % {"length": type_.length, "two": num}
+        else:
+            varchar = "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s)"
+            return varchar % {"length": type_.length, "two": num, "n": n}
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_CLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._use_nchar_for_unicode:
+            return self.visit_NCLOB(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_CLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NUMBER(type_, precision=19, **kw)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_RAW(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return "RAW(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length}
+        else:
+            return "RAW"
+
+    def visit_ROWID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "ROWID"
+
+
+class OracleCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    """Oracle compiler modifies the lexical structure of Select
+    statements to work under non-ANSI configured Oracle databases, if
+    the use_ansi flag is False.
+    """
+
+    compound_keywords = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.compound_keywords,
+        {expression.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: "MINUS"},
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.__wheres = {}
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "mod(%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LENGTH" + self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return " ".join("/*+ %s */" % text for table, text in byfroms.items())
+
+    def function_argspec(self, fn, **kw):
+        if len(fn.clauses) > 0 or fn.name.upper() not in NO_ARG_FNS:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.function_argspec(self, fn, **kw)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_function(self, func, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_function(func, **kw)
+        if kw.get("asfrom", False):
+            text = "TABLE (%s)" % text
+        return text
+
+    def visit_table_valued_column(self, element, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_table_valued_column(element, **kw)
+        text = text + ".COLUMN_VALUE"
+        return text
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
+        and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
+
+        The Oracle compiler tacks a "FROM DUAL" to the statement.
+        """
+
+        return " FROM DUAL"
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, from_linter=None, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.use_ansi:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_join(
+                self, join, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.edges.add((join.left, join.right))
+
+            kwargs["asfrom"] = True
+            if isinstance(join.right, expression.FromGrouping):
+                right = join.right.element
+            else:
+                right = join.right
+            return (
+                self.process(join.left, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs)
+                + ", "
+                + self.process(right, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs)
+            )
+
+    def _get_nonansi_join_whereclause(self, froms):
+        clauses = []
+
+        def visit_join(join):
+            if join.isouter:
+                # https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/SQLRF/queries006.htm#SQLRF52354
+                # "apply the outer join operator (+) to all columns of B in
+                # the join condition in the WHERE clause" - that is,
+                # unconditionally regardless of operator or the other side
+                def visit_binary(binary):
+                    if isinstance(
+                        binary.left, expression.ColumnClause
+                    ) and join.right.is_derived_from(binary.left.table):
+                        binary.left = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.left)
+                    elif isinstance(
+                        binary.right, expression.ColumnClause
+                    ) and join.right.is_derived_from(binary.right.table):
+                        binary.right = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.right)
+
+                clauses.append(
+                    visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                        join.onclause, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                clauses.append(join.onclause)
+
+            for j in join.left, join.right:
+                if isinstance(j, expression.Join):
+                    visit_join(j)
+                elif isinstance(j, expression.FromGrouping):
+                    visit_join(j.element)
+
+        for f in froms:
+            if isinstance(f, expression.Join):
+                visit_join(f)
+
+        if not clauses:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sql.and_(*clauses)
+
+    def visit_outer_join_column(self, vc, **kw):
+        return self.process(vc.column, **kw) + "(+)"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return self.preparer.format_sequence(seq) + ".nextval"
+
+    def get_render_as_alias_suffix(self, alias_name_text):
+        """Oracle doesn't like ``FROM table AS alias``"""
+
+        return " " + alias_name_text
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self, stmt, returning_cols, *, populate_result_map, **kw
+    ):
+        columns = []
+        binds = []
+
+        for i, column in enumerate(
+            expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ):
+            if (
+                self.isupdate
+                and isinstance(column, sa_schema.Column)
+                and isinstance(column.server_default, Computed)
+                and not self.dialect._supports_update_returning_computed_cols
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Computed columns don't work with Oracle UPDATE "
+                    "statements that use RETURNING; the value of the column "
+                    "*before* the UPDATE takes place is returned.   It is "
+                    "advised to not use RETURNING with an Oracle computed "
+                    "column.  Consider setting implicit_returning to False on "
+                    "the Table object in order to avoid implicit RETURNING "
+                    "clauses from being generated for this Table."
+                )
+            if column.type._has_column_expression:
+                col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
+            else:
+                col_expr = column
+
+            outparam = sql.outparam("ret_%d" % i, type_=column.type)
+            self.binds[outparam.key] = outparam
+            binds.append(
+                self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(outparam))
+            )
+
+            # has_out_parameters would in a normal case be set to True
+            # as a result of the compiler visiting an outparam() object.
+            # in this case, the above outparam() objects are not being
+            # visited.   Ensure the statement itself didn't have other
+            # outparam() objects independently.
+            # technically, this could be supported, but as it would be
+            # a very strange use case without a clear rationale, disallow it
+            if self.has_out_parameters:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Using explicit outparam() objects with "
+                    "UpdateBase.returning() in the same Core DML statement "
+                    "is not supported in the Oracle dialect."
+                )
+
+            self._oracle_returning = True
+
+            columns.append(self.process(col_expr, within_columns_clause=False))
+            if populate_result_map:
+                self._add_to_result_map(
+                    getattr(col_expr, "name", col_expr._anon_name_label),
+                    getattr(col_expr, "name", col_expr._anon_name_label),
+                    (
+                        column,
+                        getattr(column, "name", None),
+                        getattr(column, "key", None),
+                    ),
+                    column.type,
+                )
+
+        return "RETURNING " + ", ".join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
+
+    def _row_limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """ORacle 12c supports OFFSET/FETCH operators
+        Use it instead subquery with row_number
+
+        """
+
+        if (
+            select._fetch_clause is not None
+            or not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+        ):
+            return super()._row_limit_clause(
+                select, use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=True, **kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.fetch_clause(
+                select,
+                fetch_clause=self._get_limit_or_fetch(select),
+                use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=True,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def _get_limit_or_fetch(self, select):
+        if select._fetch_clause is None:
+            return select._limit_clause
+        else:
+            return select._fetch_clause
+
+    def translate_select_structure(self, select_stmt, **kwargs):
+        select = select_stmt
+
+        if not getattr(select, "_oracle_visit", None):
+            if not self.dialect.use_ansi:
+                froms = self._display_froms_for_select(
+                    select, kwargs.get("asfrom", False)
+                )
+                whereclause = self._get_nonansi_join_whereclause(froms)
+                if whereclause is not None:
+                    select = select.where(whereclause)
+                    select._oracle_visit = True
+
+            # if fetch is used this is not needed
+            if (
+                select._has_row_limiting_clause
+                and not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+                and select._fetch_clause is None
+            ):
+                limit_clause = select._limit_clause
+                offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+
+                if select._simple_int_clause(limit_clause):
+                    limit_clause = limit_clause.render_literal_execute()
+
+                if select._simple_int_clause(offset_clause):
+                    offset_clause = offset_clause.render_literal_execute()
+
+                # currently using form at:
+                # https://blogs.oracle.com/oraclemagazine/\
+                # on-rownum-and-limiting-results
+
+                orig_select = select
+                select = select._generate()
+                select._oracle_visit = True
+
+                # add expressions to accommodate FOR UPDATE OF
+                for_update = select._for_update_arg
+                if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                    for_update = for_update._clone()
+                    for_update._copy_internals()
+
+                    for elem in for_update.of:
+                        if not select.selected_columns.contains_column(elem):
+                            select = select.add_columns(elem)
+
+                # Wrap the middle select and add the hint
+                inner_subquery = select.alias()
+                limitselect = sql.select(
+                    *[
+                        c
+                        for c in inner_subquery.c
+                        if orig_select.selected_columns.corresponding_column(c)
+                        is not None
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    limit_clause is not None
+                    and self.dialect.optimize_limits
+                    and select._simple_int_clause(limit_clause)
+                ):
+                    limitselect = limitselect.prefix_with(
+                        expression.text(
+                            "/*+ FIRST_ROWS(%s) */"
+                            % self.process(limit_clause, **kwargs)
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                # add expressions to accommodate FOR UPDATE OF
+                if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                    adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(inner_subquery)
+                    for_update.of = [
+                        adapter.traverse(elem) for elem in for_update.of
+                    ]
+
+                # If needed, add the limiting clause
+                if limit_clause is not None:
+                    if select._simple_int_clause(limit_clause) and (
+                        offset_clause is None
+                        or select._simple_int_clause(offset_clause)
+                    ):
+                        max_row = limit_clause
+
+                        if offset_clause is not None:
+                            max_row = max_row + offset_clause
+
+                    else:
+                        max_row = limit_clause
+
+                        if offset_clause is not None:
+                            max_row = max_row + offset_clause
+                    limitselect = limitselect.where(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM") <= max_row
+                    )
+
+                # If needed, add the ora_rn, and wrap again with offset.
+                if offset_clause is None:
+                    limitselect._for_update_arg = for_update
+                    select = limitselect
+                else:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.add_columns(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM").label("ora_rn")
+                    )
+                    limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                        limitselect_cols = limitselect.selected_columns
+                        for elem in for_update.of:
+                            if (
+                                limitselect_cols.corresponding_column(elem)
+                                is None
+                            ):
+                                limitselect = limitselect.add_columns(elem)
+
+                    limit_subquery = limitselect.alias()
+                    origselect_cols = orig_select.selected_columns
+                    offsetselect = sql.select(
+                        *[
+                            c
+                            for c in limit_subquery.c
+                            if origselect_cols.corresponding_column(c)
+                            is not None
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+                    offsetselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    offsetselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                        adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(limit_subquery)
+                        for_update.of = [
+                            adapter.traverse(elem) for elem in for_update.of
+                        ]
+
+                    offsetselect = offsetselect.where(
+                        sql.literal_column("ora_rn") > offset_clause
+                    )
+
+                    offsetselect._for_update_arg = for_update
+                    select = offsetselect
+
+        return select
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SELECT 1 FROM DUAL WHERE 1!=1"
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if self.is_subquery():
+            return ""
+
+        tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in select._for_update_arg.of
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+        if select._for_update_arg.skip_locked:
+            tmp += " SKIP LOCKED"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "DECODE(%s, %s, 0, 1) = 1" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "DECODE(%s, %s, 0, 1) = 0" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        string = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        pattern = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_LIKE(%s, %s)" % (string, pattern)
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_LIKE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern,
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT %s" % self.visit_regexp_match_op_binary(
+            binary, operator, **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        string = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        pattern_replace = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+            )
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LISTAGG%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+
+class OracleDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
+
+        # oracle has no ON UPDATE CASCADE -
+        # its only available via triggers
+        # https://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Oracle does not contain native UPDATE CASCADE "
+                "functionality - onupdates will not be rendered for foreign "
+                "keys.  Consider using deferrable=True, initially='deferred' "
+                "or triggers."
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON TABLE %s IS ''" % self.preparer.format_table(
+            drop.element
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        if index.dialect_options["oracle"]["bitmap"]:
+            text += "BITMAP "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table, use_schema=True),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            ),
+        )
+        if index.dialect_options["oracle"]["compress"] is not False:
+            if index.dialect_options["oracle"]["compress"] is True:
+                text += " COMPRESS"
+            else:
+                text += " COMPRESS %d" % (
+                    index.dialect_options["oracle"]["compress"]
+                )
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_opts = []
+        opts = table.dialect_options["oracle"]
+
+        if opts["on_commit"]:
+            on_commit_options = opts["on_commit"].replace("_", " ").upper()
+            table_opts.append("\n ON COMMIT %s" % on_commit_options)
+
+        if opts["compress"]:
+            if opts["compress"] is True:
+                table_opts.append("\n COMPRESS")
+            else:
+                table_opts.append("\n COMPRESS FOR %s" % (opts["compress"]))
+
+        return "".join(table_opts)
+
+    def get_identity_options(self, identity_options):
+        text = super().get_identity_options(identity_options)
+        text = text.replace("NO MINVALUE", "NOMINVALUE")
+        text = text.replace("NO MAXVALUE", "NOMAXVALUE")
+        text = text.replace("NO CYCLE", "NOCYCLE")
+        if identity_options.order is not None:
+            text += " ORDER" if identity_options.order else " NOORDER"
+        return text.strip()
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        text = "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        if generated.persisted is True:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Oracle computed columns do not support 'stored' persistence; "
+                "set the 'persisted' flag to None or False for Oracle support."
+            )
+        elif generated.persisted is False:
+            text += " VIRTUAL"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_identity_column(self, identity, **kw):
+        if identity.always is None:
+            kind = ""
+        else:
+            kind = "ALWAYS" if identity.always else "BY DEFAULT"
+        text = "GENERATED %s" % kind
+        if identity.on_null:
+            text += " ON NULL"
+        text += " AS IDENTITY"
+        options = self.get_identity_options(identity)
+        if options:
+            text += " (%s)" % options
+        return text
+
+
+class OracleIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = {x.lower() for x in RESERVED_WORDS}
+    illegal_initial_characters = {str(dig) for dig in range(0, 10)}.union(
+        ["_", "$"]
+    )
+
+    def _bindparam_requires_quotes(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (
+            lc_value in self.reserved_words
+            or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+            or not self.legal_characters.match(str(value))
+        )
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint):
+        name = savepoint.ident.lstrip("_")
+        return super().format_savepoint(savepoint, name)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            "SELECT "
+            + self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            + ".nextval FROM DUAL",
+            type_,
+        )
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if self.statement and "_oracle_dblink" in self.execution_options:
+            self.statement = self.statement.replace(
+                dictionary.DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+                self.execution_options["_oracle_dblink"],
+            )
+
+
+class OracleDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = "oracle"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_alter = True
+    max_identifier_length = 128
+
+    _supports_offset_fetch = True
+
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+
+    div_is_floordiv = False
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = False
+    cte_follows_insert = True
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = "named"
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    requires_name_normalize = True
+
+    supports_comments = True
+
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_identity_columns = True
+
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = OracleDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = OracleTypeCompiler
+    preparer = OracleIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext
+
+    reflection_options = ("oracle_resolve_synonyms",)
+
+    _use_nchar_for_unicode = False
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (
+            sa_schema.Table,
+            {"resolve_synonyms": False, "on_commit": None, "compress": False},
+        ),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {"bitmap": False, "compress": False}),
+    ]
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        use_binds_for_limits=(
+            "1.4",
+            "The ``use_binds_for_limits`` Oracle dialect parameter is "
+            "deprecated. The dialect now renders LIMIT /OFFSET integers "
+            "inline in all cases using a post-compilation hook, so that the "
+            "value is still represented by a 'bound parameter' on the Core "
+            "Expression side.",
+        )
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        use_ansi=True,
+        optimize_limits=False,
+        use_binds_for_limits=None,
+        use_nchar_for_unicode=False,
+        exclude_tablespaces=("SYSTEM", "SYSAUX"),
+        enable_offset_fetch=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self._use_nchar_for_unicode = use_nchar_for_unicode
+        self.use_ansi = use_ansi
+        self.optimize_limits = optimize_limits
+        self.exclude_tablespaces = exclude_tablespaces
+        self.enable_offset_fetch = self._supports_offset_fetch = (
+            enable_offset_fetch
+        )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+
+        # Oracle 8i has RETURNING:
+        # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87860_01/doc/index.htm
+
+        # so does Oracle8:
+        # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A64702_01/doc/index.htm
+
+        if self._is_oracle_8:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Interval)
+            self.use_ansi = False
+
+        self.supports_identity_columns = self.server_version_info >= (12,)
+        self._supports_offset_fetch = (
+            self.enable_offset_fetch and self.server_version_info >= (12,)
+        )
+
+    def _get_effective_compat_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # dialect does not need compat levels below 12.2, so don't query
+        # in those cases
+
+        if self.server_version_info < (12, 2):
+            return self.server_version_info
+        try:
+            compat = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'compatible'"
+            ).scalar()
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            compat = None
+
+        if compat:
+            try:
+                return tuple(int(x) for x in compat.split("."))
+            except:
+                return self.server_version_info
+        else:
+            return self.server_version_info
+
+    @property
+    def _is_oracle_8(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info < (9,)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_table_compression(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (10, 1)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_table_compress_for(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (11,)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_char_length(self):
+        return not self._is_oracle_8
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_update_returning_computed_cols(self):
+        # on version 18 this error is no longet present while it happens on 11
+        # it may work also on versions before the 18
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (18,)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_except_all(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (21,)
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # Oracle does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def _check_max_identifier_length(self, connection):
+        if self._get_effective_compat_server_version_info(connection) < (
+            12,
+            2,
+        ):
+            return 30
+        else:
+            # use the default
+            return None
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return ["READ COMMITTED", "SERIALIZABLE"]
+
+    def get_default_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        try:
+            return self.get_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            raise
+        except:
+            return "READ COMMITTED"
+
+    def _execute_reflection(
+        self, connection, query, dblink, returns_long, params=None
+    ):
+        if dblink and not dblink.startswith("@"):
+            dblink = f"@{dblink}"
+        execution_options = {
+            # handle db links
+            "_oracle_dblink": dblink or "",
+            # override any schema translate map
+            "schema_translate_map": None,
+        }
+
+        if dblink and returns_long:
+            # Oracle seems to error with
+            # "ORA-00997: illegal use of LONG datatype" when returning
+            # LONG columns via a dblink in a query with bind params
+            # This type seems to be very hard to cast into something else
+            # so it seems easier to just use bind param in this case
+            def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+                bindparam.literal_execute = True
+
+            query = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                query, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
+            )
+        return connection.execute(
+            query, params, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_table_query(self):
+        # materialized views are returned by all_tables
+        tables = (
+            select(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.owner,
+            )
+            .union_all(
+                select(
+                    dictionary.all_views.c.view_name.label("table_name"),
+                    dictionary.all_views.c.owner,
+                )
+            )
+            .subquery("tables_and_views")
+        )
+
+        query = select(tables.c.table_name).where(
+            tables.c.table_name == bindparam("table_name"),
+            tables.c.owner == bindparam("owner"),
+        )
+        return query
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        params = {
+            "table_name": self.denormalize_name(table_name),
+            "owner": self.denormalize_schema_name(schema),
+        }
+        cursor = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection,
+            self._has_table_query,
+            dblink,
+            returns_long=False,
+            params=params,
+        )
+        return bool(cursor.scalar())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_name
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(sequence_name),
+            dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema),
+        )
+
+        cursor = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        )
+        return bool(cursor.scalar())
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return self.normalize_name(
+            connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "select sys_context( 'userenv', 'current_schema' ) from dual"
+            ).scalar()
+        )
+
+    def denormalize_schema_name(self, name):
+        # look for quoted_name
+        force = getattr(name, "quote", None)
+        if force is None and name == "public":
+            # look for case insensitive, no quoting specified, "public"
+            return "PUBLIC"
+        return super().denormalize_name(name)
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("filter_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    )
+    def _get_synonyms(self, connection, schema, filter_names, dblink, **kw):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = select(
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name,
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_name,
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_owner,
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.db_link,
+        ).where(dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner == owner)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name.in_(
+                    params["filter_names"]
+                )
+            )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).mappings()
+        return result.all()
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _all_objects_query(
+        self, owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+    ):
+        query = (
+            select(dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name)
+            .select_from(dictionary.all_objects)
+            .where(dictionary.all_objects.c.owner == owner)
+        )
+
+        # NOTE: materialized views are listed in all_objects twice;
+        # once as MATERIALIZE VIEW and once as TABLE
+        if kind is ObjectKind.ANY:
+            # materilaized view are listed also as tables so there is no
+            # need to add them to the in_.
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_objects.c.object_type.in_(("TABLE", "VIEW"))
+            )
+        else:
+            object_type = []
+            if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+                object_type.append("VIEW")
+            if (
+                ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind
+                and ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind
+            ):
+                # materilaized view are listed also as tables so there is no
+                # need to add them to the in_ if also selecting tables.
+                object_type.append("MATERIALIZED VIEW")
+            if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+                object_type.append("TABLE")
+                if has_mat_views and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind:
+                    # materialized view are listed also as tables,
+                    # so they need to be filtered out
+                    # EXCEPT ALL / MINUS profiles as faster than using
+                    # NOT EXISTS or NOT IN with a subquery, but it's in
+                    # general faster to get the mat view names and exclude
+                    # them only when needed
+                    query = query.where(
+                        dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name.not_in(
+                            bindparam("mat_views")
+                        )
+                    )
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_objects.c.object_type.in_(object_type)
+            )
+
+        # handles scope
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            query = query.where(dictionary.all_objects.c.temporary == "N")
+        elif scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            query = query.where(dictionary.all_objects.c.temporary == "Y")
+
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("filter_names")
+                )
+            )
+        return query
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("scope", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("kind", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("filter_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    )
+    def _get_all_objects(
+        self, connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+    ):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        has_mat_views = False
+        if (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind
+        ):
+            # see note in _all_objects_query
+            mat_views = self.get_materialized_view_names(
+                connection, schema, dblink, _normalize=False, **kw
+            )
+            if mat_views:
+                params["mat_views"] = mat_views
+                has_mat_views = True
+
+        query = self._all_objects_query(
+            owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False, params=params
+        ).scalars()
+
+        return result.all()
+
+    def _handle_synonyms_decorator(fn):
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            return self._handle_synonyms(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def _handle_synonyms(self, fn, connection, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not kwargs.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False):
+            return fn(self, connection, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        original_kw = kwargs.copy()
+        schema = kwargs.pop("schema", None)
+        result = self._get_synonyms(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=kwargs.pop("filter_names", None),
+            dblink=kwargs.pop("dblink", None),
+            info_cache=kwargs.get("info_cache", None),
+        )
+
+        dblinks_owners = defaultdict(dict)
+        for row in result:
+            key = row["db_link"], row["table_owner"]
+            tn = self.normalize_name(row["table_name"])
+            dblinks_owners[key][tn] = row["synonym_name"]
+
+        if not dblinks_owners:
+            # No synonym, do the plain thing
+            return fn(self, connection, *args, **original_kw)
+
+        data = {}
+        for (dblink, table_owner), mapping in dblinks_owners.items():
+            call_kw = {
+                **original_kw,
+                "schema": table_owner,
+                "dblink": self.normalize_name(dblink),
+                "filter_names": mapping.keys(),
+            }
+            call_result = fn(self, connection, *args, **call_kw)
+            for (_, tn), value in call_result:
+                synonym_name = self.normalize_name(mapping[tn])
+                data[(schema, synonym_name)] = value
+        return data.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        query = select(dictionary.all_users.c.username).order_by(
+            dictionary.all_users.c.username
+        )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        # note that table_names() isn't loading DBLINKed or synonym'ed tables
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        den_schema = self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        if kw.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False):
+            tables = (
+                select(
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.owner,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.iot_name,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.duration,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name,
+                )
+                .union_all(
+                    select(
+                        dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name.label(
+                            "table_name"
+                        ),
+                        dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner,
+                        dictionary.all_tables.c.iot_name,
+                        dictionary.all_tables.c.duration,
+                        dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name,
+                    )
+                    .select_from(dictionary.all_tables)
+                    .join(
+                        dictionary.all_synonyms,
+                        and_(
+                            dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name
+                            == dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_name,
+                            dictionary.all_tables.c.owner
+                            == func.coalesce(
+                                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_owner,
+                                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+                .subquery("available_tables")
+            )
+        else:
+            tables = dictionary.all_tables
+
+        query = select(tables.c.table_name)
+        if self.exclude_tablespaces:
+            query = query.where(
+                func.coalesce(
+                    tables.c.tablespace_name, "no tablespace"
+                ).not_in(self.exclude_tablespaces)
+            )
+        query = query.where(
+            tables.c.owner == den_schema,
+            tables.c.iot_name.is_(null()),
+            tables.c.duration.is_(null()),
+        )
+
+        # remove materialized views
+        mat_query = select(
+            dictionary.all_mviews.c.mview_name.label("table_name")
+        ).where(dictionary.all_mviews.c.owner == den_schema)
+
+        query = (
+            query.except_all(mat_query)
+            if self._supports_except_all
+            else query.except_(mat_query)
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        schema = self.denormalize_schema_name(self.default_schema_name)
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name)
+        if self.exclude_tablespaces:
+            query = query.where(
+                func.coalesce(
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name, "no tablespace"
+                ).not_in(self.exclude_tablespaces)
+            )
+        query = query.where(
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.owner == schema,
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.iot_name.is_(null()),
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.duration.is_not(null()),
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, _normalize=True, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_mviews.c.mview_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_mviews.c.owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        if _normalize:
+            return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+        else:
+            return result.all()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_views.c.view_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_views.c.owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        query = select(dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    def _value_or_raise(self, data, table, schema):
+        table = self.normalize_name(str(table))
+        try:
+            return dict(data)[(schema, table)]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table}" if schema else table
+            ) from None
+
+    def _prepare_filter_names(self, filter_names):
+        if filter_names:
+            fn = [self.denormalize_name(name) for name in filter_names]
+            return True, {"filter_names": fn}
+        else:
+            return False, {}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_table_options(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _table_options_query(
+        self, owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+    ):
+        query = select(
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name,
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.compression,
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.compress_for,
+        ).where(dictionary.all_tables.c.owner == owner)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("filter_names")
+                )
+            )
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            query = query.where(dictionary.all_tables.c.duration.is_(null()))
+        elif scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.duration.is_not(null())
+            )
+
+        if (
+            has_mat_views
+            and ObjectKind.TABLE in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind
+        ):
+            # cant use EXCEPT ALL / MINUS here because we don't have an
+            # excludable row vs. the query above
+            # outerjoin + where null works better on oracle 21 but 11 does
+            # not like it at all. this is the next best thing
+
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name.not_in(
+                    bindparam("mat_views")
+                )
+            )
+        elif (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind
+        ):
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name.in_(bindparam("mat_views"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        has_mat_views = False
+
+        if (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind
+        ):
+            # see note in _table_options_query
+            mat_views = self.get_materialized_view_names(
+                connection, schema, dblink, _normalize=False, **kw
+            )
+            if mat_views:
+                params["mat_views"] = mat_views
+                has_mat_views = True
+        elif (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind
+        ):
+            mat_views = self.get_materialized_view_names(
+                connection, schema, dblink, _normalize=False, **kw
+            )
+            params["mat_views"] = mat_views
+
+        options = {}
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.table_options
+
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind or ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            query = self._table_options_query(
+                owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+            )
+            result = self._execute_reflection(
+                connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False, params=params
+            )
+
+            for table, compression, compress_for in result:
+                if compression == "ENABLED":
+                    data = {"oracle_compress": compress_for}
+                else:
+                    data = default()
+                options[(schema, self.normalize_name(table))] = data
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind and ObjectScope.DEFAULT in scope:
+            # add the views (no temporary views)
+            for view in self.get_view_names(connection, schema, dblink, **kw):
+                if not filter_names or view in filter_names:
+                    options[(schema, view)] = default()
+
+        return options.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+
+        data = self.get_multi_columns(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    def _run_batches(
+        self, connection, query, dblink, returns_long, mappings, all_objects
+    ):
+        each_batch = 500
+        batches = list(all_objects)
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:each_batch]
+            batches[0:each_batch] = []
+
+            result = self._execute_reflection(
+                connection,
+                query,
+                dblink,
+                returns_long=returns_long,
+                params={"all_objects": batch},
+            )
+            if mappings:
+                yield from result.mappings()
+            else:
+                yield from result
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _column_query(self, owner):
+        all_cols = dictionary.all_tab_cols
+        all_comments = dictionary.all_col_comments
+        all_ids = dictionary.all_tab_identity_cols
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= (12,):
+            add_cols = (
+                all_cols.c.default_on_null,
+                sql.case(
+                    (all_ids.c.table_name.is_(None), sql.null()),
+                    else_=all_ids.c.generation_type
+                    + ","
+                    + all_ids.c.identity_options,
+                ).label("identity_options"),
+            )
+            join_identity_cols = True
+        else:
+            add_cols = (
+                sql.null().label("default_on_null"),
+                sql.null().label("identity_options"),
+            )
+            join_identity_cols = False
+
+        # NOTE: on oracle cannot create tables/views without columns and
+        # a table cannot have all column hidden:
+        # ORA-54039: table must have at least one column that is not invisible
+        # all_tab_cols returns data for tables/views/mat-views.
+        # all_tab_cols does not return recycled tables
+
+        query = (
+            select(
+                all_cols.c.table_name,
+                all_cols.c.column_name,
+                all_cols.c.data_type,
+                all_cols.c.char_length,
+                all_cols.c.data_precision,
+                all_cols.c.data_scale,
+                all_cols.c.nullable,
+                all_cols.c.data_default,
+                all_comments.c.comments,
+                all_cols.c.virtual_column,
+                *add_cols,
+            ).select_from(all_cols)
+            # NOTE: all_col_comments has a row for each column even if no
+            # comment is present, so a join could be performed, but there
+            # seems to be no difference compared to an outer join
+            .outerjoin(
+                all_comments,
+                and_(
+                    all_cols.c.table_name == all_comments.c.table_name,
+                    all_cols.c.column_name == all_comments.c.column_name,
+                    all_cols.c.owner == all_comments.c.owner,
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        if join_identity_cols:
+            query = query.outerjoin(
+                all_ids,
+                and_(
+                    all_cols.c.table_name == all_ids.c.table_name,
+                    all_cols.c.column_name == all_ids.c.column_name,
+                    all_cols.c.owner == all_ids.c.owner,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        query = query.where(
+            all_cols.c.table_name.in_(bindparam("all_objects")),
+            all_cols.c.hidden_column == "NO",
+            all_cols.c.owner == owner,
+        ).order_by(all_cols.c.table_name, all_cols.c.column_id)
+        return query
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        query = self._column_query(owner)
+
+        if (
+            filter_names
+            and kind is ObjectKind.ANY
+            and scope is ObjectScope.ANY
+        ):
+            all_objects = [self.denormalize_name(n) for n in filter_names]
+        else:
+            all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+                connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+            )
+
+        columns = defaultdict(list)
+
+        # all_tab_cols.data_default is LONG
+        result = self._run_batches(
+            connection,
+            query,
+            dblink,
+            returns_long=True,
+            mappings=True,
+            all_objects=all_objects,
+        )
+
+        def maybe_int(value):
+            if isinstance(value, float) and value.is_integer():
+                return int(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        remove_size = re.compile(r"\(\d+\)")
+
+        for row_dict in result:
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            orig_colname = row_dict["column_name"]
+            colname = self.normalize_name(orig_colname)
+            coltype = row_dict["data_type"]
+            precision = maybe_int(row_dict["data_precision"])
+
+            if coltype == "NUMBER":
+                scale = maybe_int(row_dict["data_scale"])
+                if precision is None and scale == 0:
+                    coltype = INTEGER()
+                else:
+                    coltype = NUMBER(precision, scale)
+            elif coltype == "FLOAT":
+                # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10758/sqlqr06.htm
+                if precision == 126:
+                    # The DOUBLE PRECISION datatype is a floating-point
+                    # number with binary precision 126.
+                    coltype = DOUBLE_PRECISION()
+                elif precision == 63:
+                    # The REAL datatype is a floating-point number with a
+                    # binary precision of 63, or 18 decimal.
+                    coltype = REAL()
+                else:
+                    # non standard precision
+                    coltype = FLOAT(binary_precision=precision)
+
+            elif coltype in ("VARCHAR2", "NVARCHAR2", "CHAR", "NCHAR"):
+                char_length = maybe_int(row_dict["char_length"])
+                coltype = self.ischema_names.get(coltype)(char_length)
+            elif "WITH TIME ZONE" in coltype:
+                coltype = TIMESTAMP(timezone=True)
+            elif "WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE" in coltype:
+                coltype = TIMESTAMP(local_timezone=True)
+            else:
+                coltype = re.sub(remove_size, "", coltype)
+                try:
+                    coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'"
+                        % (coltype, colname)
+                    )
+                    coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+            default = row_dict["data_default"]
+            if row_dict["virtual_column"] == "YES":
+                computed = dict(sqltext=default)
+                default = None
+            else:
+                computed = None
+
+            identity_options = row_dict["identity_options"]
+            if identity_options is not None:
+                identity = self._parse_identity_options(
+                    identity_options, row_dict["default_on_null"]
+                )
+                default = None
+            else:
+                identity = None
+
+            cdict = {
+                "name": colname,
+                "type": coltype,
+                "nullable": row_dict["nullable"] == "Y",
+                "default": default,
+                "comment": row_dict["comments"],
+            }
+            if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
+                cdict["quote"] = True
+            if computed is not None:
+                cdict["computed"] = computed
+            if identity is not None:
+                cdict["identity"] = identity
+
+            columns[(schema, table_name)].append(cdict)
+
+        # NOTE: default not needed since all tables have columns
+        # default = ReflectionDefaults.columns
+        # return (
+        #     (key, value if value else default())
+        #     for key, value in columns.items()
+        # )
+        return columns.items()
+
+    def _parse_identity_options(self, identity_options, default_on_null):
+        # identity_options is a string that starts with 'ALWAYS,' or
+        # 'BY DEFAULT,' and continues with
+        # START WITH: 1, INCREMENT BY: 1, MAX_VALUE: 123, MIN_VALUE: 1,
+        # CYCLE_FLAG: N, CACHE_SIZE: 1, ORDER_FLAG: N, SCALE_FLAG: N,
+        # EXTEND_FLAG: N, SESSION_FLAG: N, KEEP_VALUE: N
+        parts = [p.strip() for p in identity_options.split(",")]
+        identity = {
+            "always": parts[0] == "ALWAYS",
+            "on_null": default_on_null == "YES",
+        }
+
+        for part in parts[1:]:
+            option, value = part.split(":")
+            value = value.strip()
+
+            if "START WITH" in option:
+                identity["start"] = int(value)
+            elif "INCREMENT BY" in option:
+                identity["increment"] = int(value)
+            elif "MAX_VALUE" in option:
+                identity["maxvalue"] = int(value)
+            elif "MIN_VALUE" in option:
+                identity["minvalue"] = int(value)
+            elif "CYCLE_FLAG" in option:
+                identity["cycle"] = value == "Y"
+            elif "CACHE_SIZE" in option:
+                identity["cache"] = int(value)
+            elif "ORDER_FLAG" in option:
+                identity["order"] = value == "Y"
+        return identity
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_table_comment(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _comment_query(self, owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names):
+        # NOTE: all_tab_comments / all_mview_comments have a row for all
+        # object even if they don't have comments
+        queries = []
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind or ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            # all_tab_comments returns also plain views
+            tbl_view = select(
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.comments,
+            ).where(
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_name.not_like("BIN$%"),
+            )
+            if ObjectKind.VIEW not in kind:
+                tbl_view = tbl_view.where(
+                    dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_type == "TABLE"
+                )
+            elif ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind:
+                tbl_view = tbl_view.where(
+                    dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_type == "VIEW"
+                )
+            queries.append(tbl_view)
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            mat_view = select(
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.mview_name.label("table_name"),
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.comments,
+            ).where(
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.mview_name.not_like("BIN$%"),
+            )
+            queries.append(mat_view)
+        if len(queries) == 1:
+            query = queries[0]
+        else:
+            union = sql.union_all(*queries).subquery("tables_and_views")
+            query = select(union.c.table_name, union.c.comments)
+
+        name_col = query.selected_columns.table_name
+
+        if scope in (ObjectScope.DEFAULT, ObjectScope.TEMPORARY):
+            temp = "Y" if scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY else "N"
+            # need distinct since materialized view are listed also
+            # as tables in all_objects
+            query = query.distinct().join(
+                dictionary.all_objects,
+                and_(
+                    dictionary.all_objects.c.owner == owner,
+                    dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name == name_col,
+                    dictionary.all_objects.c.temporary == temp,
+                ),
+            )
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(name_col.in_(bindparam("filter_names")))
+        return query
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._comment_query(owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names)
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False, params=params
+        )
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.table_comment
+        # materialized views by default seem to have a comment like
+        # "snapshot table for snapshot owner.mat_view_name"
+        ignore_mat_view = "snapshot table for snapshot "
+        return (
+            (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(table)),
+                (
+                    {"text": comment}
+                    if comment is not None
+                    and not comment.startswith(ignore_mat_view)
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for table, comment in result
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_indexes(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _index_query(self, owner):
+        return (
+            select(
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.column_name,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.index_type,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.uniqueness,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.compression,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.prefix_length,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.descend,
+                dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.column_expression,
+            )
+            .select_from(dictionary.all_ind_columns)
+            .join(
+                dictionary.all_indexes,
+                sql.and_(
+                    dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name
+                    == dictionary.all_indexes.c.index_name,
+                    dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_owner
+                    == dictionary.all_indexes.c.owner,
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                # NOTE: this adds about 20% to the query time. Using a
+                # case expression with a scalar subquery only when needed
+                # with the assumption that most indexes are not expression
+                # would be faster but oracle does not like that with
+                # LONG datatype. It errors with:
+                # ORA-00997: illegal use of LONG datatype
+                dictionary.all_ind_expressions,
+                sql.and_(
+                    dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.index_name
+                    == dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name,
+                    dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.index_owner
+                    == dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_owner,
+                    dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.column_position
+                    == dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.column_position,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.table_owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.table_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("all_objects")
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.column_position,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("all_objects", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+    )
+    def _get_indexes_rows(self, connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        query = self._index_query(owner)
+
+        pks = {
+            row_dict["constraint_name"]
+            for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+                connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+            )
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] == "P"
+        }
+
+        # all_ind_expressions.column_expression is LONG
+        result = self._run_batches(
+            connection,
+            query,
+            dblink,
+            returns_long=True,
+            mappings=True,
+            all_objects=all_objects,
+        )
+
+        return [
+            row_dict
+            for row_dict in result
+            if row_dict["index_name"] not in pks
+        ]
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        uniqueness = {"NONUNIQUE": False, "UNIQUE": True}
+        enabled = {"DISABLED": False, "ENABLED": True}
+        is_bitmap = {"BITMAP", "FUNCTION-BASED BITMAP"}
+
+        indexes = defaultdict(dict)
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_indexes_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            index_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["index_name"])
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            table_indexes = indexes[(schema, table_name)]
+
+            if index_name not in table_indexes:
+                table_indexes[index_name] = index_dict = {
+                    "name": index_name,
+                    "column_names": [],
+                    "dialect_options": {},
+                    "unique": uniqueness.get(row_dict["uniqueness"], False),
+                }
+                do = index_dict["dialect_options"]
+                if row_dict["index_type"] in is_bitmap:
+                    do["oracle_bitmap"] = True
+                if enabled.get(row_dict["compression"], False):
+                    do["oracle_compress"] = row_dict["prefix_length"]
+
+            else:
+                index_dict = table_indexes[index_name]
+
+            expr = row_dict["column_expression"]
+            if expr is not None:
+                index_dict["column_names"].append(None)
+                if "expressions" in index_dict:
+                    index_dict["expressions"].append(expr)
+                else:
+                    index_dict["expressions"] = index_dict["column_names"][:-1]
+                    index_dict["expressions"].append(expr)
+
+                if row_dict["descend"].lower() != "asc":
+                    assert row_dict["descend"].lower() == "desc"
+                    cs = index_dict.setdefault("column_sorting", {})
+                    cs[expr] = ("desc",)
+            else:
+                assert row_dict["descend"].lower() == "asc"
+                cn = self.normalize_name(row_dict["column_name"])
+                index_dict["column_names"].append(cn)
+                if "expressions" in index_dict:
+                    index_dict["expressions"].append(cn)
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.indexes
+
+        return (
+            (key, list(indexes[key].values()) if key in indexes else default())
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _constraint_query(self, owner):
+        local = dictionary.all_cons_columns.alias("local")
+        remote = dictionary.all_cons_columns.alias("remote")
+        return (
+            select(
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_type,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_name,
+                local.c.column_name.label("local_column"),
+                remote.c.table_name.label("remote_table"),
+                remote.c.column_name.label("remote_column"),
+                remote.c.owner.label("remote_owner"),
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.search_condition,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.delete_rule,
+            )
+            .select_from(dictionary.all_constraints)
+            .join(
+                local,
+                and_(
+                    local.c.owner == dictionary.all_constraints.c.owner,
+                    dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_name
+                    == local.c.constraint_name,
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                remote,
+                and_(
+                    dictionary.all_constraints.c.r_owner == remote.c.owner,
+                    dictionary.all_constraints.c.r_constraint_name
+                    == remote.c.constraint_name,
+                    or_(
+                        remote.c.position.is_(sql.null()),
+                        local.c.position == remote.c.position,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.table_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("all_objects")
+                ),
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_type.in_(
+                    ("R", "P", "U", "C")
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_name, local.c.position
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("all_objects", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+    )
+    def _get_all_constraint_rows(
+        self, connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+    ):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        query = self._constraint_query(owner)
+
+        # since the result is cached a list must be created
+        values = list(
+            self._run_batches(
+                connection,
+                query,
+                dblink,
+                returns_long=False,
+                mappings=True,
+                all_objects=all_objects,
+            )
+        )
+        return values
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        scope,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        primary_keys = defaultdict(dict)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "P":
+                continue
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["constraint_name"])
+            column_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["local_column"])
+
+            table_pk = primary_keys[(schema, table_name)]
+            if not table_pk:
+                table_pk["name"] = constraint_name
+                table_pk["constrained_columns"] = [column_name]
+            else:
+                table_pk["constrained_columns"].append(column_name)
+
+        return (
+            (key, primary_keys[key] if key in primary_keys else default())
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        table_name,
+        schema=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        scope,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False)
+
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        all_remote_owners = set()
+        fkeys = defaultdict(dict)
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "R":
+                continue
+
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["constraint_name"])
+            table_fkey = fkeys[(schema, table_name)]
+
+            assert constraint_name is not None
+
+            local_column = self.normalize_name(row_dict["local_column"])
+            remote_table = self.normalize_name(row_dict["remote_table"])
+            remote_column = self.normalize_name(row_dict["remote_column"])
+            remote_owner_orig = row_dict["remote_owner"]
+            remote_owner = self.normalize_name(remote_owner_orig)
+            if remote_owner_orig is not None:
+                all_remote_owners.add(remote_owner_orig)
+
+            if remote_table is None:
+                # ticket 363
+                if dblink and not dblink.startswith("@"):
+                    dblink = f"@{dblink}"
+                util.warn(
+                    "Got 'None' querying 'table_name' from "
+                    f"all_cons_columns{dblink or ''} - does the user have "
+                    "proper rights to the table?"
+                )
+                continue
+
+            if constraint_name not in table_fkey:
+                table_fkey[constraint_name] = fkey = {
+                    "name": constraint_name,
+                    "constrained_columns": [],
+                    "referred_schema": None,
+                    "referred_table": remote_table,
+                    "referred_columns": [],
+                    "options": {},
+                }
+
+                if resolve_synonyms:
+                    # will be removed below
+                    fkey["_ref_schema"] = remote_owner
+
+                if schema is not None or remote_owner_orig != owner:
+                    fkey["referred_schema"] = remote_owner
+
+                delete_rule = row_dict["delete_rule"]
+                if delete_rule != "NO ACTION":
+                    fkey["options"]["ondelete"] = delete_rule
+
+            else:
+                fkey = table_fkey[constraint_name]
+
+            fkey["constrained_columns"].append(local_column)
+            fkey["referred_columns"].append(remote_column)
+
+        if resolve_synonyms and all_remote_owners:
+            query = select(
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner,
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_owner,
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name,
+            ).where(dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner.in_(all_remote_owners))
+
+            result = self._execute_reflection(
+                connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+            ).mappings()
+
+            remote_owners_lut = {}
+            for row in result:
+                synonym_owner = self.normalize_name(row["owner"])
+                table_name = self.normalize_name(row["table_name"])
+
+                remote_owners_lut[(synonym_owner, table_name)] = (
+                    row["table_owner"],
+                    row["synonym_name"],
+                )
+
+            empty = (None, None)
+            for table_fkeys in fkeys.values():
+                for table_fkey in table_fkeys.values():
+                    key = (
+                        table_fkey.pop("_ref_schema"),
+                        table_fkey["referred_table"],
+                    )
+                    remote_owner, syn_name = remote_owners_lut.get(key, empty)
+                    if syn_name:
+                        sn = self.normalize_name(syn_name)
+                        table_fkey["referred_table"] = sn
+                        if schema is not None or remote_owner != owner:
+                            ro = self.normalize_name(remote_owner)
+                            table_fkey["referred_schema"] = ro
+                        else:
+                            table_fkey["referred_schema"] = None
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys
+
+        return (
+            (key, list(fkeys[key].values()) if key in fkeys else default())
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        scope,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        unique_cons = defaultdict(dict)
+
+        index_names = {
+            row_dict["index_name"]
+            for row_dict in self._get_indexes_rows(
+                connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+            )
+        }
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "U":
+                continue
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name_orig = row_dict["constraint_name"]
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(constraint_name_orig)
+            column_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["local_column"])
+            table_uc = unique_cons[(schema, table_name)]
+
+            assert constraint_name is not None
+
+            if constraint_name not in table_uc:
+                table_uc[constraint_name] = uc = {
+                    "name": constraint_name,
+                    "column_names": [],
+                    "duplicates_index": (
+                        constraint_name
+                        if constraint_name_orig in index_names
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                }
+            else:
+                uc = table_uc[constraint_name]
+
+            uc["column_names"].append(column_name)
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints
+
+        return (
+            (
+                key,
+                (
+                    list(unique_cons[key].values())
+                    if key in unique_cons
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        view_name,
+        schema=None,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        if kw.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False):
+            synonyms = self._get_synonyms(
+                connection, schema, filter_names=[view_name], dblink=dblink
+            )
+            if synonyms:
+                assert len(synonyms) == 1
+                row_dict = synonyms[0]
+                dblink = self.normalize_name(row_dict["db_link"])
+                schema = row_dict["table_owner"]
+                view_name = row_dict["table_name"]
+
+        name = self.denormalize_name(view_name)
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        query = (
+            select(dictionary.all_views.c.text)
+            .where(
+                dictionary.all_views.c.view_name == name,
+                dictionary.all_views.c.owner == owner,
+            )
+            .union_all(
+                select(dictionary.all_mviews.c.query).where(
+                    dictionary.all_mviews.c.mview_name == name,
+                    dictionary.all_mviews.c.owner == owner,
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        rp = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalar()
+        if rp is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{view_name}" if schema else view_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return rp
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, include_all=False, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_check_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            include_all=include_all,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        dblink=None,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        include_all=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        not_null = re.compile(r"..+?. IS NOT NULL$")
+
+        check_constraints = defaultdict(list)
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "C":
+                continue
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["constraint_name"])
+            search_condition = row_dict["search_condition"]
+
+            table_checks = check_constraints[(schema, table_name)]
+            if constraint_name is not None and (
+                include_all or not not_null.match(search_condition)
+            ):
+                table_checks.append(
+                    {"name": constraint_name, "sqltext": search_condition}
+                )
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints
+
+        return (
+            (
+                key,
+                (
+                    check_constraints[key]
+                    if key in check_constraints
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _list_dblinks(self, connection, dblink=None):
+        query = select(dictionary.all_db_links.c.db_link)
+        links = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(link) for link in links]
+
+
+class _OuterJoinColumn(sql.ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = "outer_join_column"
+
+    def __init__(self, column):
+        self.column = column
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14146cb403a508b7a6285322ea670037ce0e35f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1492 @@
+# dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: oracle+cx_oracle
+    :name: cx-Oracle
+    :dbapi: cx_oracle
+    :connectstring: oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@hostname:port[/dbname][?service_name=<service>[&key=value&key=value...]]
+    :url: https://oracle.github.io/python-cx_Oracle/
+
+DSN vs. Hostname connections
+-----------------------------
+
+cx_Oracle provides several methods of indicating the target database.  The
+dialect translates from a series of different URL forms.
+
+Hostname Connections with Easy Connect Syntax
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Given a hostname, port and service name of the target Oracle Database, for
+example from Oracle's `Easy Connect syntax
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#easy-connect-syntax-for-connection-strings>`_,
+then connect in SQLAlchemy using the ``service_name`` query string parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@hostname:port/?service_name=myservice&encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8")
+
+The `full Easy Connect syntax
+<https://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=dblatest&id=GUID-B0437826-43C1-49EC-A94D-B650B6A4A6EE>`_
+is not supported.  Instead, use a ``tnsnames.ora`` file and connect using a
+DSN.
+
+Connections with tnsnames.ora or Oracle Cloud
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Alternatively, if no port, database name, or ``service_name`` is provided, the
+dialect will use an Oracle DSN "connection string".  This takes the "hostname"
+portion of the URL as the data source name.  For example, if the
+``tnsnames.ora`` file contains a `Net Service Name
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#net-service-names-for-connection-strings>`_
+of ``myalias`` as below::
+
+    myalias =
+      (DESCRIPTION =
+        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mymachine.example.com)(PORT = 1521))
+        (CONNECT_DATA =
+          (SERVER = DEDICATED)
+          (SERVICE_NAME = orclpdb1)
+        )
+      )
+
+The cx_Oracle dialect connects to this database service when ``myalias`` is the
+hostname portion of the URL, without specifying a port, database name or
+``service_name``::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@myalias/?encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8")
+
+Users of Oracle Cloud should use this syntax and also configure the cloud
+wallet as shown in cx_Oracle documentation `Connecting to Autononmous Databases
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#connecting-to-autononmous-databases>`_.
+
+SID Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To use Oracle's obsolete SID connection syntax, the SID can be passed in a
+"database name" portion of the URL as below::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@hostname:1521/dbname?encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8")
+
+Above, the DSN passed to cx_Oracle is created by ``cx_Oracle.makedsn()`` as
+follows::
+
+    >>> import cx_Oracle
+    >>> cx_Oracle.makedsn("hostname", 1521, sid="dbname")
+    '(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=hostname)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=dbname)))'
+
+Passing cx_Oracle connect arguments
+-----------------------------------
+
+Additional connection arguments can usually be passed via the URL
+query string; particular symbols like ``cx_Oracle.SYSDBA`` are intercepted
+and converted to the correct symbol::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@dsn?encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8&mode=SYSDBA&events=true")
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3 the cx_oracle dialect now accepts all argument names
+   within the URL string itself, to be passed to the cx_Oracle DBAPI.   As
+   was the case earlier but not correctly documented, the
+   :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` parameter also accepts all
+   cx_Oracle DBAPI connect arguments.
+
+To pass arguments directly to ``.connect()`` without using the query
+string, use the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary.
+Any cx_Oracle parameter value and/or constant may be passed, such as::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@dsn",
+        connect_args={
+            "encoding": "UTF-8",
+            "nencoding": "UTF-8",
+            "mode": cx_Oracle.SYSDBA,
+            "events": True
+        }
+    )
+
+Note that the default value for ``encoding`` and ``nencoding`` was changed to
+"UTF-8" in cx_Oracle 8.0 so these parameters can be omitted when using that
+version, or later.
+
+Options consumed by the SQLAlchemy cx_Oracle dialect outside of the driver
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There are also options that are consumed by the SQLAlchemy cx_oracle dialect
+itself.  These options are always passed directly to :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+, such as::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False)
+
+The parameters accepted by the cx_oracle dialect are as follows:
+
+* ``arraysize`` - set the cx_oracle.arraysize value on cursors; defaults
+  to ``None``, indicating that the driver default should be used (typically
+  the value is 100).  This setting controls how many rows are buffered when
+  fetching rows, and can have a significant effect on performance when
+  modified.   The setting is used for both ``cx_Oracle`` as well as
+  ``oracledb``.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0.26 - changed the default value from 50 to None,
+    to use the default value of the driver itself.
+
+* ``auto_convert_lobs`` - defaults to True; See :ref:`cx_oracle_lob`.
+
+* ``coerce_to_decimal`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_numeric` for detail.
+
+* ``encoding_errors`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_unicode_encoding_errors` for detail.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_sessionpool:
+
+Using cx_Oracle SessionPool
+---------------------------
+
+The cx_Oracle library provides its own connection pool implementation that may
+be used in place of SQLAlchemy's pooling functionality.  This can be achieved
+by using the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator` parameter to provide a
+function that returns a new connection, along with setting
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_class` to ``NullPool`` to disable
+SQLAlchemy's pooling::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    pool = cx_Oracle.SessionPool(
+        user="scott", password="tiger", dsn="orclpdb",
+        min=2, max=5, increment=1, threaded=True,
+	encoding="UTF-8", nencoding="UTF-8"
+    )
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://", creator=pool.acquire, poolclass=NullPool)
+
+The above engine may then be used normally where cx_Oracle's pool handles
+connection pooling::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        print(conn.scalar("select 1 FROM dual"))
+
+
+As well as providing a scalable solution for multi-user applications, the
+cx_Oracle session pool supports some Oracle features such as DRCP and
+`Application Continuity
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/ha.html#application-continuity-ac>`_.
+
+Using Oracle Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP)
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+When using Oracle's `DRCP
+<https://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=dblatest&id=GUID-015CA8C1-2386-4626-855D-CC546DDC1086>`_,
+the best practice is to pass a connection class and "purity" when acquiring a
+connection from the SessionPool.  Refer to the `cx_Oracle DRCP documentation
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#database-resident-connection-pooling-drcp>`_.
+
+This can be achieved by wrapping ``pool.acquire()``::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    pool = cx_Oracle.SessionPool(
+        user="scott", password="tiger", dsn="orclpdb",
+        min=2, max=5, increment=1, threaded=True,
+	encoding="UTF-8", nencoding="UTF-8"
+    )
+
+    def creator():
+        return pool.acquire(cclass="MYCLASS", purity=cx_Oracle.ATTR_PURITY_SELF)
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://", creator=creator, poolclass=NullPool)
+
+The above engine may then be used normally where cx_Oracle handles session
+pooling and Oracle Database additionally uses DRCP::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        print(conn.scalar("select 1 FROM dual"))
+
+.. _cx_oracle_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+As is the case for all DBAPIs under Python 3, all strings are inherently
+Unicode strings.   In all cases however, the driver requires an explicit
+encoding configuration.
+
+Ensuring the Correct Client Encoding
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The long accepted standard for establishing client encoding for nearly all
+Oracle related software is via the `NLS_LANG <https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/faq-nls-lang.html>`_
+environment variable.   cx_Oracle like most other Oracle drivers will use
+this environment variable as the source of its encoding configuration.  The
+format of this variable is idiosyncratic; a typical value would be
+``AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8``.
+
+The cx_Oracle driver also supports a programmatic alternative which is to
+pass the ``encoding`` and ``nencoding`` parameters directly to its
+``.connect()`` function.  These can be present in the URL as follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@orclpdb/?encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8")
+
+For the meaning of the ``encoding`` and ``nencoding`` parameters, please
+consult
+`Characters Sets and National Language Support (NLS) <https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/globalization.html#globalization>`_.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Characters Sets and National Language Support (NLS) <https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/globalization.html#globalization>`_
+    - in the cx_Oracle documentation.
+
+
+Unicode-specific Column datatypes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Core expression language handles unicode data by use of the :class:`.Unicode`
+and :class:`.UnicodeText`
+datatypes.  These types correspond to the  VARCHAR2 and CLOB Oracle datatypes by
+default.   When using these datatypes with Unicode data, it is expected that
+the Oracle database is configured with a Unicode-aware character set, as well
+as that the ``NLS_LANG`` environment variable is set appropriately, so that
+the VARCHAR2 and CLOB datatypes can accommodate the data.
+
+In the case that the Oracle database is not configured with a Unicode character
+set, the two options are to use the :class:`_types.NCHAR` and
+:class:`_oracle.NCLOB` datatypes explicitly, or to pass the flag
+``use_nchar_for_unicode=True`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+which will cause the
+SQLAlchemy dialect to use NCHAR/NCLOB for the :class:`.Unicode` /
+:class:`.UnicodeText` datatypes instead of VARCHAR/CLOB.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3  The :class:`.Unicode` and :class:`.UnicodeText`
+   datatypes now correspond to the ``VARCHAR2`` and ``CLOB`` Oracle datatypes
+   unless the ``use_nchar_for_unicode=True`` is passed to the dialect
+   when :func:`_sa.create_engine` is called.
+
+
+.. _cx_oracle_unicode_encoding_errors:
+
+Encoding Errors
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For the unusual case that data in the Oracle database is present with a broken
+encoding, the dialect accepts a parameter ``encoding_errors`` which will be
+passed to Unicode decoding functions in order to affect how decoding errors are
+handled.  The value is ultimately consumed by the Python `decode
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes.decode>`_ function, and
+is passed both via cx_Oracle's ``encodingErrors`` parameter consumed by
+``Cursor.var()``, as well as SQLAlchemy's own decoding function, as the
+cx_Oracle dialect makes use of both under different circumstances.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+
+.. _cx_oracle_setinputsizes:
+
+Fine grained control over cx_Oracle data binding performance with setinputsizes
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The cx_Oracle DBAPI has a deep and fundamental reliance upon the usage of the
+DBAPI ``setinputsizes()`` call.   The purpose of this call is to establish the
+datatypes that are bound to a SQL statement for Python values being passed as
+parameters.  While virtually no other DBAPI assigns any use to the
+``setinputsizes()`` call, the cx_Oracle DBAPI relies upon it heavily in its
+interactions with the Oracle client interface, and in some scenarios it is  not
+possible for SQLAlchemy to know exactly how data should be bound, as some
+settings can cause profoundly different performance characteristics, while
+altering the type coercion behavior at the same time.
+
+Users of the cx_Oracle dialect are **strongly encouraged** to read through
+cx_Oracle's list of built-in datatype symbols at
+https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#database-types.
+Note that in some cases, significant performance degradation can occur when
+using these types vs. not, in particular when specifying ``cx_Oracle.CLOB``.
+
+On the SQLAlchemy side, the :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes` event can
+be used both for runtime visibility (e.g. logging) of the setinputsizes step as
+well as to fully control how ``setinputsizes()`` is used on a per-statement
+basis.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.2.9 Added :meth:`.DialectEvents.setinputsizes`
+
+
+Example 1 - logging all setinputsizes calls
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The following example illustrates how to log the intermediary values from a
+SQLAlchemy perspective before they are converted to the raw ``setinputsizes()``
+parameter dictionary.  The keys of the dictionary are :class:`.BindParameter`
+objects which have a ``.key`` and a ``.type`` attribute::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host/xe")
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
+    def _log_setinputsizes(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        for bindparam, dbapitype in inputsizes.items():
+                log.info(
+                    "Bound parameter name: %s  SQLAlchemy type: %r  "
+                    "DBAPI object: %s",
+                    bindparam.key, bindparam.type, dbapitype)
+
+Example 2 - remove all bindings to CLOB
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``CLOB`` datatype in cx_Oracle incurs a significant performance overhead,
+however is set by default for the ``Text`` type within the SQLAlchemy 1.2
+series.   This setting can be modified as follows::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from cx_Oracle import CLOB
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host/xe")
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
+    def _remove_clob(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        for bindparam, dbapitype in list(inputsizes.items()):
+            if dbapitype is CLOB:
+                del inputsizes[bindparam]
+
+.. _cx_oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The cx_Oracle dialect implements RETURNING using OUT parameters.
+The dialect supports RETURNING fully.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_lob:
+
+LOB Datatypes
+--------------
+
+LOB datatypes refer to the "large object" datatypes such as CLOB, NCLOB and
+BLOB. Modern versions of cx_Oracle and oracledb are optimized for these
+datatypes to be delivered as a single buffer. As such, SQLAlchemy makes use of
+these newer type handlers by default.
+
+To disable the use of newer type handlers and deliver LOB objects as classic
+buffered objects with a ``read()`` method, the parameter
+``auto_convert_lobs=False`` may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+which takes place only engine-wide.
+
+Two Phase Transactions Not Supported
+-------------------------------------
+
+Two phase transactions are **not supported** under cx_Oracle due to poor
+driver support.   As of cx_Oracle 6.0b1, the interface for
+two phase transactions has been changed to be more of a direct pass-through
+to the underlying OCI layer with less automation.  The additional logic
+to support this system is not implemented in SQLAlchemy.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_numeric:
+
+Precision Numerics
+------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy's numeric types can handle receiving and returning values as Python
+``Decimal`` objects or float objects.  When a :class:`.Numeric` object, or a
+subclass such as :class:`.Float`, :class:`_oracle.DOUBLE_PRECISION` etc. is in
+use, the :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` flag determines if values should be
+coerced to ``Decimal`` upon return, or returned as float objects.   To make
+matters more complicated under Oracle, Oracle's ``NUMBER`` type can also
+represent integer values if the "scale" is zero, so the Oracle-specific
+:class:`_oracle.NUMBER` type takes this into account as well.
+
+The cx_Oracle dialect makes extensive use of connection- and cursor-level
+"outputtypehandler" callables in order to coerce numeric values as requested.
+These callables are specific to the specific flavor of :class:`.Numeric` in
+use, as well as if no SQLAlchemy typing objects are present.   There are
+observed scenarios where Oracle may sends incomplete or ambiguous information
+about the numeric types being returned, such as a query where the numeric types
+are buried under multiple levels of subquery.  The type handlers do their best
+to make the right decision in all cases, deferring to the underlying cx_Oracle
+DBAPI for all those cases where the driver can make the best decision.
+
+When no typing objects are present, as when executing plain SQL strings, a
+default "outputtypehandler" is present which will generally return numeric
+values which specify precision and scale as Python ``Decimal`` objects.  To
+disable this coercion to decimal for performance reasons, pass the flag
+``coerce_to_decimal=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False)
+
+The ``coerce_to_decimal`` flag only impacts the results of plain string
+SQL statements that are not otherwise associated with a :class:`.Numeric`
+SQLAlchemy type (or a subclass of such).
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2  The numeric handling system for cx_Oracle has been
+   reworked to take advantage of newer cx_Oracle features as well
+   as better integration of outputtypehandlers.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import decimal
+import random
+import re
+
+from . import base as oracle
+from .base import OracleCompiler
+from .base import OracleDialect
+from .base import OracleExecutionContext
+from .types import _OracleDateLiteralRender
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ...engine import interfaces
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql._typing import is_sql_compiler
+
+# source:
+# https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/596#issuecomment-999243649
+_CX_ORACLE_MAGIC_LOB_SIZE = 131072
+
+
+class _OracleInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # see https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/
+        # 208#issuecomment-409715955
+        return int
+
+    def _cx_oracle_var(self, dialect, cursor, arraysize=None):
+        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
+        return cursor.var(
+            cx_Oracle.STRING,
+            255,
+            arraysize=arraysize if arraysize is not None else cursor.arraysize,
+            outconverter=int,
+        )
+
+    def _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self, dialect):
+        def handler(cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale):
+            return self._cx_oracle_var(dialect, cursor)
+
+        return handler
+
+
+class _OracleNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    is_number = False
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.scale == 0:
+            return None
+        elif self.asdecimal:
+            processor = processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+            )
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+                    return processor(value)
+                elif value is not None and value.is_infinite():
+                    return float(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+    def _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self, dialect):
+        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
+
+        def handler(cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale):
+            outconverter = None
+
+            if precision:
+                if self.asdecimal:
+                    if default_type == cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT:
+                        # receiving float and doing Decimal after the fact
+                        # allows for float("inf") to be handled
+                        type_ = default_type
+                        outconverter = decimal.Decimal
+                    else:
+                        type_ = decimal.Decimal
+                else:
+                    if self.is_number and scale == 0:
+                        # integer. cx_Oracle is observed to handle the widest
+                        # variety of ints when no directives are passed,
+                        # from 5.2 to 7.0.  See [ticket:4457]
+                        return None
+                    else:
+                        type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
+
+            else:
+                if self.asdecimal:
+                    if default_type == cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT:
+                        type_ = default_type
+                        outconverter = decimal.Decimal
+                    else:
+                        type_ = decimal.Decimal
+                else:
+                    if self.is_number and scale == 0:
+                        # integer. cx_Oracle is observed to handle the widest
+                        # variety of ints when no directives are passed,
+                        # from 5.2 to 7.0.  See [ticket:4457]
+                        return None
+                    else:
+                        type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
+
+            return cursor.var(
+                type_,
+                255,
+                arraysize=cursor.arraysize,
+                outconverter=outconverter,
+            )
+
+        return handler
+
+
+class _OracleUUID(sqltypes.Uuid):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.STRING
+
+
+class _OracleBinaryFloat(_OracleNumeric):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NATIVE_FLOAT
+
+
+class _OracleBINARY_FLOAT(_OracleBinaryFloat, oracle.BINARY_FLOAT):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE(_OracleBinaryFloat, oracle.BINARY_DOUBLE):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleNUMBER(_OracleNumeric):
+    is_number = True
+
+
+class _CXOracleDate(oracle._OracleDate):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return value.date()
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _CXOracleTIMESTAMP(_OracleDateLiteralRender, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_datetime(dialect)
+
+
+class _LOBDataType:
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: the names used across CHAR / VARCHAR / NCHAR / NVARCHAR
+# here are inconsistent and not very good
+class _OracleChar(sqltypes.CHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.FIXED_CHAR
+
+
+class _OracleNChar(sqltypes.NCHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.FIXED_NCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeStringNCHAR(oracle.NVARCHAR2):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeStringCHAR(sqltypes.Unicode):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.LONG_STRING
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeTextNCLOB(_LOBDataType, oracle.NCLOB):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.NCLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeTextCLOB(_LOBDataType, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.CLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleText(_LOBDataType, sqltypes.Text):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.CLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleLong(_LOBDataType, oracle.LONG):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.LONG_STRING
+
+
+class _OracleString(sqltypes.String):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleEnum(sqltypes.Enum):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        enum_proc = sqltypes.Enum.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            raw_str = enum_proc(value)
+            return raw_str
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _OracleBinary(_LOBDataType, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.BLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_RAW will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_RAW
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if not dialect.auto_convert_lobs:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _OracleInterval(oracle.INTERVAL):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+
+class _OracleRaw(oracle.RAW):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleRowid(oracle.ROWID):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.ROWID
+
+
+class OracleCompiler_cx_oracle(OracleCompiler):
+    _oracle_cx_sql_compiler = True
+
+    _oracle_returning = False
+
+    # Oracle bind names can't start with digits or underscores.
+    # currently we rely upon Oracle-specific quoting of bind names in most
+    # cases.  however for expanding params, the escape chars are used.
+    # see #8708
+    bindname_escape_characters = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "%": "P",
+            "(": "A",
+            ")": "Z",
+            ":": "C",
+            ".": "C",
+            "[": "C",
+            "]": "C",
+            " ": "C",
+            "\\": "C",
+            "/": "C",
+            "?": "C",
+        }
+    )
+
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
+        quote = getattr(name, "quote", None)
+        if (
+            quote is True
+            or quote is not False
+            and self.preparer._bindparam_requires_quotes(name)
+            # bind param quoting for Oracle doesn't work with post_compile
+            # params.  For those, the default bindparam_string will escape
+            # special chars, and the appending of a number "_1" etc. will
+            # take care of reserved words
+            and not kw.get("post_compile", False)
+        ):
+            # interesting to note about expanding parameters - since the
+            # new parameters take the form <paramname>_<int>, at least if
+            # they are originally formed from reserved words, they no longer
+            # need quoting :).    names that include illegal characters
+            # won't work however.
+            quoted_name = '"%s"' % name
+            kw["escaped_from"] = name
+            name = quoted_name
+            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)
+
+        # TODO: we could likely do away with quoting altogether for
+        # Oracle parameters and use the custom escaping here
+        escaped_from = kw.get("escaped_from", None)
+        if not escaped_from:
+            if self._bind_translate_re.search(name):
+                # not quite the translate use case as we want to
+                # also get a quick boolean if we even found
+                # unusual characters in the name
+                new_name = self._bind_translate_re.sub(
+                    lambda m: self._bind_translate_chars[m.group(0)],
+                    name,
+                )
+                if new_name[0].isdigit() or new_name[0] == "_":
+                    new_name = "D" + new_name
+                kw["escaped_from"] = name
+                name = new_name
+            elif name[0].isdigit() or name[0] == "_":
+                new_name = "D" + name
+                kw["escaped_from"] = name
+                name = new_name
+
+        return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle(OracleExecutionContext):
+    out_parameters = None
+
+    def _generate_out_parameter_vars(self):
+        # check for has_out_parameters or RETURNING, create cx_Oracle.var
+        # objects if so
+        if self.compiled.has_out_parameters or self.compiled._oracle_returning:
+            out_parameters = self.out_parameters
+            assert out_parameters is not None
+
+            len_params = len(self.parameters)
+
+            quoted_bind_names = self.compiled.escaped_bind_names
+            for bindparam in self.compiled.binds.values():
+                if bindparam.isoutparam:
+                    name = self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam]
+                    type_impl = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+
+                    if hasattr(type_impl, "_cx_oracle_var"):
+                        out_parameters[name] = type_impl._cx_oracle_var(
+                            self.dialect, self.cursor, arraysize=len_params
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        dbtype = type_impl.get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+
+                        cx_Oracle = self.dialect.dbapi
+
+                        assert cx_Oracle is not None
+
+                        if dbtype is None:
+                            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                "Cannot create out parameter for "
+                                "parameter "
+                                "%r - its type %r is not supported by"
+                                " cx_oracle" % (bindparam.key, bindparam.type)
+                            )
+
+                        # note this is an OUT parameter.   Using
+                        # non-LOB datavalues with large unicode-holding
+                        # values causes the failure (both cx_Oracle and
+                        # oracledb):
+                        # ORA-22835: Buffer too small for CLOB to CHAR or
+                        # BLOB to RAW conversion (actual: 16507,
+                        # maximum: 4000)
+                        # [SQL: INSERT INTO long_text (x, y, z) VALUES
+                        # (:x, :y, :z) RETURNING long_text.x, long_text.y,
+                        # long_text.z INTO :ret_0, :ret_1, :ret_2]
+                        # so even for DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR we convert to a LOB
+
+                        if isinstance(type_impl, _LOBDataType):
+                            if dbtype == cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR:
+                                dbtype = cx_Oracle.NCLOB
+                            elif dbtype == cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_RAW:
+                                dbtype = cx_Oracle.BLOB
+                            # other LOB types go in directly
+
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(
+                                dbtype,
+                                # this is fine also in oracledb_async since
+                                # the driver will await the read coroutine
+                                outconverter=lambda value: value.read(),
+                                arraysize=len_params,
+                            )
+                        elif (
+                            isinstance(type_impl, _OracleNumeric)
+                            and type_impl.asdecimal
+                        ):
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(
+                                decimal.Decimal,
+                                arraysize=len_params,
+                            )
+
+                        else:
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(
+                                dbtype, arraysize=len_params
+                            )
+
+                    for param in self.parameters:
+                        param[quoted_bind_names.get(name, name)] = (
+                            out_parameters[name]
+                        )
+
+    def _generate_cursor_outputtype_handler(self):
+        output_handlers = {}
+
+        for keyname, name, objects, type_ in self.compiled._result_columns:
+            handler = type_._cached_custom_processor(
+                self.dialect,
+                "cx_oracle_outputtypehandler",
+                self._get_cx_oracle_type_handler,
+            )
+
+            if handler:
+                denormalized_name = self.dialect.denormalize_name(keyname)
+                output_handlers[denormalized_name] = handler
+
+        if output_handlers:
+            default_handler = self._dbapi_connection.outputtypehandler
+
+            def output_type_handler(
+                cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+            ):
+                if name in output_handlers:
+                    return output_handlers[name](
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return default_handler(
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+
+            self.cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+
+    def _get_cx_oracle_type_handler(self, impl):
+        if hasattr(impl, "_cx_oracle_outputtypehandler"):
+            return impl._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self.dialect)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        super().pre_exec()
+        if not getattr(self.compiled, "_oracle_cx_sql_compiler", False):
+            return
+
+        self.out_parameters = {}
+
+        self._generate_out_parameter_vars()
+
+        self._generate_cursor_outputtype_handler()
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if (
+            self.compiled
+            and is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+            and self.compiled._oracle_returning
+        ):
+            initial_buffer = self.fetchall_for_returning(
+                self.cursor, _internal=True
+            )
+
+            fetch_strategy = _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                self.cursor,
+                [
+                    (entry.keyname, None)
+                    for entry in self.compiled._result_columns
+                ],
+                initial_buffer=initial_buffer,
+            )
+
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = fetch_strategy
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        c = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self.dialect.arraysize:
+            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize
+
+        return c
+
+    def fetchall_for_returning(self, cursor, *, _internal=False):
+        compiled = self.compiled
+        if (
+            not _internal
+            and compiled is None
+            or not is_sql_compiler(compiled)
+            or not compiled._oracle_returning
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "execution context was not prepared for Oracle RETURNING"
+            )
+
+        # create a fake cursor result from the out parameters. unlike
+        # get_out_parameter_values(), the result-row handlers here will be
+        # applied at the Result level
+
+        numcols = len(self.out_parameters)
+
+        # [stmt_result for stmt_result in outparam.values] == each
+        # statement in executemany
+        # [val for val in stmt_result] == each row for a particular
+        # statement
+        return list(
+            zip(
+                *[
+                    [
+                        val
+                        for stmt_result in self.out_parameters[
+                            f"ret_{j}"
+                        ].values
+                        for val in (stmt_result or ())
+                    ]
+                    for j in range(numcols)
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+    def get_out_parameter_values(self, out_param_names):
+        # this method should not be called when the compiler has
+        # RETURNING as we've turned the has_out_parameters flag set to
+        # False.
+        assert not self.compiled.returning
+
+        return [
+            self.dialect._paramval(self.out_parameters[name])
+            for name in out_param_names
+        ]
+
+
+class OracleDialect_cx_oracle(OracleDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_cx_oracle
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    insert_executemany_returning = True
+    insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order = True
+    update_executemany_returning = True
+    delete_executemany_returning = True
+
+    bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
+
+    driver = "cx_oracle"
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        OracleDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _CXOracleTIMESTAMP,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _OracleNumeric,
+            sqltypes.Float: _OracleNumeric,
+            oracle.BINARY_FLOAT: _OracleBINARY_FLOAT,
+            oracle.BINARY_DOUBLE: _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE,
+            sqltypes.Integer: _OracleInteger,
+            oracle.NUMBER: _OracleNUMBER,
+            sqltypes.Date: _CXOracleDate,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: _OracleBinary,
+            sqltypes.Boolean: oracle._OracleBoolean,
+            sqltypes.Interval: _OracleInterval,
+            oracle.INTERVAL: _OracleInterval,
+            sqltypes.Text: _OracleText,
+            sqltypes.String: _OracleString,
+            sqltypes.UnicodeText: _OracleUnicodeTextCLOB,
+            sqltypes.CHAR: _OracleChar,
+            sqltypes.NCHAR: _OracleNChar,
+            sqltypes.Enum: _OracleEnum,
+            oracle.LONG: _OracleLong,
+            oracle.RAW: _OracleRaw,
+            sqltypes.Unicode: _OracleUnicodeStringCHAR,
+            sqltypes.NVARCHAR: _OracleUnicodeStringNCHAR,
+            sqltypes.Uuid: _OracleUUID,
+            oracle.NCLOB: _OracleUnicodeTextNCLOB,
+            oracle.ROWID: _OracleRowid,
+        },
+    )
+
+    execute_sequence_format = list
+
+    _cx_oracle_threaded = None
+
+    _cursor_var_unicode_kwargs = util.immutabledict()
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        threaded=(
+            "1.3",
+            "The 'threaded' parameter to the cx_oracle/oracledb dialect "
+            "is deprecated as a dialect-level argument, and will be removed "
+            "in a future release.  As of version 1.3, it defaults to False "
+            "rather than True.  The 'threaded' option can be passed to "
+            "cx_Oracle directly in the URL query string passed to "
+            ":func:`_sa.create_engine`.",
+        )
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        auto_convert_lobs=True,
+        coerce_to_decimal=True,
+        arraysize=None,
+        encoding_errors=None,
+        threaded=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        OracleDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.arraysize = arraysize
+        self.encoding_errors = encoding_errors
+        if encoding_errors:
+            self._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs = {
+                "encodingErrors": encoding_errors
+            }
+        if threaded is not None:
+            self._cx_oracle_threaded = threaded
+        self.auto_convert_lobs = auto_convert_lobs
+        self.coerce_to_decimal = coerce_to_decimal
+        if self._use_nchar_for_unicode:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            self.colspecs[sqltypes.Unicode] = _OracleUnicodeStringNCHAR
+            self.colspecs[sqltypes.UnicodeText] = _OracleUnicodeTextNCLOB
+
+        dbapi_module = self.dbapi
+        self._load_version(dbapi_module)
+
+        if dbapi_module is not None:
+            # these constants will first be seen in SQLAlchemy datatypes
+            # coming from the get_dbapi_type() method.   We then
+            # will place the following types into setinputsizes() calls
+            # on each statement.  Oracle constants that are not in this
+            # list will not be put into setinputsizes().
+            self.include_set_input_sizes = {
+                dbapi_module.DATETIME,
+                dbapi_module.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR,  # used for CLOB, NCLOB
+                dbapi_module.DB_TYPE_RAW,  # used for BLOB
+                dbapi_module.NCLOB,  # not currently used except for OUT param
+                dbapi_module.CLOB,  # not currently used except for OUT param
+                dbapi_module.LOB,  # not currently used
+                dbapi_module.BLOB,  # not currently used except for OUT param
+                dbapi_module.NCHAR,
+                dbapi_module.FIXED_NCHAR,
+                dbapi_module.FIXED_CHAR,
+                dbapi_module.TIMESTAMP,
+                int,  # _OracleInteger,
+                # _OracleBINARY_FLOAT, _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE,
+                dbapi_module.NATIVE_FLOAT,
+            }
+
+            self._paramval = lambda value: value.getvalue()
+
+    def _load_version(self, dbapi_module):
+        version = (0, 0, 0)
+        if dbapi_module is not None:
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", dbapi_module.version)
+            if m:
+                version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+        self.cx_oracle_ver = version
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver < (8,) and self.cx_oracle_ver > (0, 0, 0):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "cx_Oracle version 8 and above are supported"
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import cx_Oracle
+
+        return cx_Oracle
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+        self._detect_decimal_char(connection)
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        # sources:
+
+        # general idea of transaction id, have to start one, etc.
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10711204/how-to-check-isoloation-level
+
+        # how to decode xid cols from v$transaction to match
+        # https://asktom.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=100:11:0::::P11_QUESTION_ID:9532779900346079444
+
+        # Oracle tuple comparison without using IN:
+        # https://www.sql-workbench.eu/comparison/tuple_comparison.html
+
+        with dbapi_connection.cursor() as cursor:
+            # this is the only way to ensure a transaction is started without
+            # actually running DML.   There's no way to see the configured
+            # isolation level without getting it from v$transaction which
+            # means transaction has to be started.
+            outval = cursor.var(str)
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
+                begin
+                   :trans_id := dbms_transaction.local_transaction_id( TRUE );
+                end;
+                """,
+                {"trans_id": outval},
+            )
+            trans_id = outval.getvalue()
+            xidusn, xidslot, xidsqn = trans_id.split(".", 2)
+
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT CASE BITAND(t.flag, POWER(2, 28)) "
+                "WHEN 0 THEN 'READ COMMITTED' "
+                "ELSE 'SERIALIZABLE' END AS isolation_level "
+                "FROM v$transaction t WHERE "
+                "(t.xidusn, t.xidslot, t.xidsqn) = "
+                "((:xidusn, :xidslot, :xidsqn))",
+                {"xidusn": xidusn, "xidslot": xidslot, "xidsqn": xidsqn},
+            )
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "could not retrieve isolation level"
+                )
+            result = row[0]
+
+        return result
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return super().get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_connection) + [
+            "AUTOCOMMIT"
+        ]
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+            dbapi_connection.rollback()
+            with dbapi_connection.cursor() as cursor:
+                cursor.execute(f"ALTER SESSION SET ISOLATION_LEVEL={level}")
+
+    def _detect_decimal_char(self, connection):
+        # we have the option to change this setting upon connect,
+        # or just look at what it is upon connect and convert.
+        # to minimize the chance of interference with changes to
+        # NLS_TERRITORY or formatting behavior of the DB, we opt
+        # to just look at it
+
+        dbapi_connection = connection.connection
+
+        with dbapi_connection.cursor() as cursor:
+            # issue #8744
+            # nls_session_parameters is not available in some Oracle
+            # modes like "mount mode".  But then, v$nls_parameters is not
+            # available if the connection doesn't have SYSDBA priv.
+            #
+            # simplify the whole thing and just use the method that we were
+            # doing in the test suite already, selecting a number
+
+            def output_type_handler(
+                cursor, name, defaultType, size, precision, scale
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    self.dbapi.STRING, 255, arraysize=cursor.arraysize
+                )
+
+            cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+            cursor.execute("SELECT 1.1 FROM DUAL")
+            value = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+
+            decimal_char = value.lstrip("0")[1]
+            assert not decimal_char[0].isdigit()
+
+        self._decimal_char = decimal_char
+
+        if self._decimal_char != ".":
+            _detect_decimal = self._detect_decimal
+            _to_decimal = self._to_decimal
+
+            self._detect_decimal = lambda value: _detect_decimal(
+                value.replace(self._decimal_char, ".")
+            )
+            self._to_decimal = lambda value: _to_decimal(
+                value.replace(self._decimal_char, ".")
+            )
+
+    def _detect_decimal(self, value):
+        if "." in value:
+            return self._to_decimal(value)
+        else:
+            return int(value)
+
+    _to_decimal = decimal.Decimal
+
+    def _generate_connection_outputtype_handler(self):
+        """establish the default outputtypehandler established at the
+        connection level.
+
+        """
+
+        dialect = self
+        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
+
+        number_handler = _OracleNUMBER(
+            asdecimal=True
+        )._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(dialect)
+        float_handler = _OracleNUMBER(
+            asdecimal=False
+        )._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(dialect)
+
+        def output_type_handler(
+            cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+        ):
+            if (
+                default_type == cx_Oracle.NUMBER
+                and default_type is not cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
+            ):
+                if not dialect.coerce_to_decimal:
+                    return None
+                elif precision == 0 and scale in (0, -127):
+                    # ambiguous type, this occurs when selecting
+                    # numbers from deep subqueries
+                    return cursor.var(
+                        cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                        255,
+                        outconverter=dialect._detect_decimal,
+                        arraysize=cursor.arraysize,
+                    )
+                elif precision and scale > 0:
+                    return number_handler(
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return float_handler(
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+
+            # if unicode options were specified, add a decoder, otherwise
+            # cx_Oracle should return Unicode
+            elif (
+                dialect._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs
+                and default_type
+                in (
+                    cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                    cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR,
+                )
+                and default_type is not cx_Oracle.CLOB
+                and default_type is not cx_Oracle.NCLOB
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    str,
+                    size,
+                    cursor.arraysize,
+                    **dialect._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs,
+                )
+
+            elif dialect.auto_convert_lobs and default_type in (
+                cx_Oracle.CLOB,
+                cx_Oracle.NCLOB,
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR,
+                    _CX_ORACLE_MAGIC_LOB_SIZE,
+                    cursor.arraysize,
+                    **dialect._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs,
+                )
+
+            elif dialect.auto_convert_lobs and default_type in (
+                cx_Oracle.BLOB,
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_RAW,
+                    _CX_ORACLE_MAGIC_LOB_SIZE,
+                    cursor.arraysize,
+                )
+
+        return output_type_handler
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        output_type_handler = self._generate_connection_outputtype_handler()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            conn.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = dict(url.query)
+
+        for opt in ("use_ansi", "auto_convert_lobs"):
+            if opt in opts:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    f"{self.driver} dialect option {opt!r} should only be "
+                    "passed to create_engine directly, not within the URL "
+                    "string",
+                    version="1.3",
+                )
+                util.coerce_kw_type(opts, opt, bool)
+                setattr(self, opt, opts.pop(opt))
+
+        database = url.database
+        service_name = opts.pop("service_name", None)
+        if database or service_name:
+            # if we have a database, then we have a remote host
+            port = url.port
+            if port:
+                port = int(port)
+            else:
+                port = 1521
+
+            if database and service_name:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    '"service_name" option shouldn\'t '
+                    'be used with a "database" part of the url'
+                )
+            if database:
+                makedsn_kwargs = {"sid": database}
+            if service_name:
+                makedsn_kwargs = {"service_name": service_name}
+
+            dsn = self.dbapi.makedsn(url.host, port, **makedsn_kwargs)
+        else:
+            # we have a local tnsname
+            dsn = url.host
+
+        if dsn is not None:
+            opts["dsn"] = dsn
+        if url.password is not None:
+            opts["password"] = url.password
+        if url.username is not None:
+            opts["user"] = url.username
+
+        if self._cx_oracle_threaded is not None:
+            opts.setdefault("threaded", self._cx_oracle_threaded)
+
+        def convert_cx_oracle_constant(value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                try:
+                    int_val = int(value)
+                except ValueError:
+                    value = value.upper()
+                    return getattr(self.dbapi, value)
+                else:
+                    return int_val
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "mode", convert_cx_oracle_constant)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "threaded", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "events", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "purity", convert_cx_oracle_constant)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in connection.connection.version.split("."))
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        (error,) = e.args
+        if isinstance(
+            e, (self.dbapi.InterfaceError, self.dbapi.DatabaseError)
+        ) and "not connected" in str(e):
+            return True
+
+        if hasattr(error, "code") and error.code in {
+            28,
+            3114,
+            3113,
+            3135,
+            1033,
+            2396,
+        }:
+            # ORA-00028: your session has been killed
+            # ORA-03114: not connected to ORACLE
+            # ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
+            # ORA-03135: connection lost contact
+            # ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress
+            # ORA-02396: exceeded maximum idle time, please connect again
+            # TODO: Others ?
+            return True
+
+        if re.match(r"^(?:DPI-1010|DPI-1080|DPY-1001|DPY-4011)", str(e)):
+            # DPI-1010: not connected
+            # DPI-1080: connection was closed by ORA-3113
+            # python-oracledb's DPY-1001: not connected to database
+            # python-oracledb's DPY-4011: the database or network closed the
+            # connection
+            # TODO: others?
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        this id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  its format is unspecified.
+
+        """
+
+        id_ = random.randint(0, 2**128)
+        return (0x1234, "%032x" % id_, "%032x" % 9)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+            parameters = list(parameters)
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.begin(*xid)
+        connection.connection.info["cx_oracle_xid"] = xid
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        result = connection.connection.prepare()
+        connection.info["cx_oracle_prepared"] = result
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        # TODO: need to end XA state here
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            if recover:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "2pc recovery not implemented for cx_Oracle"
+                )
+            oci_prepared = connection.info["cx_oracle_prepared"]
+            if oci_prepared:
+                self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+        # TODO: need to end XA state here
+
+    def do_set_input_sizes(self, cursor, list_of_tuples, context):
+        if self.positional:
+            # not usually used, here to support if someone is modifying
+            # the dialect to use positional style
+            cursor.setinputsizes(
+                *[dbtype for key, dbtype, sqltype in list_of_tuples]
+            )
+        else:
+            collection = (
+                (key, dbtype)
+                for key, dbtype, sqltype in list_of_tuples
+                if dbtype
+            )
+
+            cursor.setinputsizes(**{key: dbtype for key, dbtype in collection})
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "recover two phase query for cx_Oracle not implemented"
+        )
+
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_cx_oracle
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/dictionary.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/dictionary.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0099eb520644c334491d4446c3890c0698c814ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/dictionary.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+# dialects/oracle/dictionary.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .types import DATE
+from .types import LONG
+from .types import NUMBER
+from .types import RAW
+from .types import VARCHAR2
+from ... import Column
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Table
+from ... import table
+from ...sql.sqltypes import CHAR
+
+# constants
+DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER = "__$sa_dblink$__"
+# tables
+dual = table("dual")
+dictionary_meta = MetaData()
+
+# NOTE: all the dictionary_meta are aliases because oracle does not like
+# using the full table@dblink for every column in query, and complains with
+# ORA-00960: ambiguous column naming in select list
+all_tables = Table(
+    "all_tables" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("tablespace_name", VARCHAR2(30)),
+    Column("cluster_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("iot_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("pct_free", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_used", NUMBER),
+    Column("ini_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("initial_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("next_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("min_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_increase", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelists", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelist_groups", NUMBER),
+    Column("logging", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("backed_up", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("num_rows", NUMBER),
+    Column("blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("empty_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_space", NUMBER),
+    Column("chain_cnt", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_row_len", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_space_freelist_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_freelist_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("degree", VARCHAR2(10)),
+    Column("instances", VARCHAR2(10)),
+    Column("cache", VARCHAR2(5)),
+    Column("table_lock", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("sample_size", NUMBER),
+    Column("last_analyzed", DATE),
+    Column("partitioned", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("iot_type", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("temporary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("secondary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("nested", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("buffer_pool", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("cell_flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("row_movement", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("global_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("user_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("duration", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("skip_corrupt", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("monitoring", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("cluster_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("dependencies", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("compression", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("compress_for", VARCHAR2(30)),
+    Column("dropped", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("read_only", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("segment_created", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("result_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("clustering", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("activity_tracking", VARCHAR2(23)),
+    Column("dml_timestamp", VARCHAR2(25)),
+    Column("has_identity", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("container_data", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("inmemory", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("inmemory_priority", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("inmemory_distribute", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("inmemory_compression", VARCHAR2(17)),
+    Column("inmemory_duplicate", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("duplicated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("sharded", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("externally_sharded", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("externally_duplicated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("external", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("hybrid", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("cellmemory", VARCHAR2(24)),
+    Column("containers_default", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("container_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("inmemory_service", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("inmemory_service_name", VARCHAR2(1000)),
+    Column("container_map_object", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("memoptimize_read", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("memoptimize_write", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("has_sensitive_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("admit_null", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("data_link_dml_enabled", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("logical_replication", VARCHAR2(8)),
+).alias("a_tables")
+
+all_views = Table(
+    "all_views" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("view_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("text_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("text", LONG),
+    Column("text_vc", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("type_text_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("type_text", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("oid_text_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("oid_text", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("view_type_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("view_type", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("superview_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("editioning_view", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("read_only", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("container_data", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("bequeath", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", VARCHAR2(256)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("containers_default", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("container_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("has_sensitive_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("admit_null", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("pdb_local_only", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_views")
+
+all_sequences = Table(
+    "all_sequences" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("sequence_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("sequence_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("min_value", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_value", NUMBER),
+    Column("increment_by", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("cycle_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("order_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("cache_size", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("last_number", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("scale_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("extend_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("sharded_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("session_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("keep_value", VARCHAR2(1)),
+).alias("a_sequences")
+
+all_users = Table(
+    "all_users" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("username", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("user_id", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("created", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("common", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("oracle_maintained", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("inherited", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("implicit", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("all_shard", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("external_shard", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_users")
+
+all_mviews = Table(
+    "all_mviews" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("mview_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("container_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("query", LONG),
+    Column("query_len", NUMBER(38)),
+    Column("updatable", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("update_log", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("master_rollback_seg", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("master_link", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("rewrite_enabled", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("rewrite_capability", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("refresh_mode", VARCHAR2(6)),
+    Column("refresh_method", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("build_mode", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("fast_refreshable", VARCHAR2(18)),
+    Column("last_refresh_type", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("last_refresh_date", DATE),
+    Column("last_refresh_end_time", DATE),
+    Column("staleness", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("after_fast_refresh", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("unknown_prebuilt", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_plsql_func", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_external_table", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_consider_fresh", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_import", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_trusted_fd", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("compile_state", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("use_no_index", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("stale_since", DATE),
+    Column("num_pct_tables", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_fresh_pct_regions", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_stale_pct_regions", NUMBER),
+    Column("segment_created", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("evaluation_edition", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_before", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_beginning", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("on_query_computation", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("auto", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_mviews")
+
+all_tab_identity_cols = Table(
+    "all_tab_identity_cols" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("generation_type", VARCHAR2(10)),
+    Column("sequence_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("identity_options", VARCHAR2(298)),
+).alias("a_tab_identity_cols")
+
+all_tab_cols = Table(
+    "all_tab_cols" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("data_type", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("data_type_mod", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("data_type_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("data_length", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("data_precision", NUMBER),
+    Column("data_scale", NUMBER),
+    Column("nullable", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("column_id", NUMBER),
+    Column("default_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("data_default", LONG),
+    Column("num_distinct", NUMBER),
+    Column("low_value", RAW(1000)),
+    Column("high_value", RAW(1000)),
+    Column("density", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_nulls", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_buckets", NUMBER),
+    Column("last_analyzed", DATE),
+    Column("sample_size", NUMBER),
+    Column("character_set_name", VARCHAR2(44)),
+    Column("char_col_decl_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("global_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("user_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("avg_col_len", NUMBER),
+    Column("char_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("char_used", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("v80_fmt_image", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("data_upgraded", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("hidden_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("virtual_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("segment_column_id", NUMBER),
+    Column("internal_column_id", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("histogram", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("qualified_col_name", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("user_generated", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("default_on_null", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("identity_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("evaluation_edition", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_before", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_beginning", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("collated_column_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_tab_cols")
+
+all_tab_comments = Table(
+    "all_tab_comments" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_type", VARCHAR2(11)),
+    Column("comments", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_tab_comments")
+
+all_col_comments = Table(
+    "all_col_comments" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("comments", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_col_comments")
+
+all_mview_comments = Table(
+    "all_mview_comments" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("mview_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("comments", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+).alias("a_mview_comments")
+
+all_ind_columns = Table(
+    "all_ind_columns" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("index_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("column_position", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("column_length", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("char_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("descend", VARCHAR2(4)),
+    Column("collated_column_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_ind_columns")
+
+all_indexes = Table(
+    "all_indexes" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_type", VARCHAR2(27)),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_type", CHAR(11)),
+    Column("uniqueness", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("compression", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("prefix_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("tablespace_name", VARCHAR2(30)),
+    Column("ini_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("initial_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("next_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("min_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_increase", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_threshold", NUMBER),
+    Column("include_column", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelists", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelist_groups", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_free", NUMBER),
+    Column("logging", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("blevel", NUMBER),
+    Column("leaf_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("distinct_keys", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_leaf_blocks_per_key", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_data_blocks_per_key", NUMBER),
+    Column("clustering_factor", NUMBER),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("num_rows", NUMBER),
+    Column("sample_size", NUMBER),
+    Column("last_analyzed", DATE),
+    Column("degree", VARCHAR2(40)),
+    Column("instances", VARCHAR2(40)),
+    Column("partitioned", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("temporary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("generated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("secondary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("buffer_pool", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("cell_flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("user_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("duration", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("pct_direct_access", NUMBER),
+    Column("ityp_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("ityp_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("parameters", VARCHAR2(1000)),
+    Column("global_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("domidx_status", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("domidx_opstatus", VARCHAR2(6)),
+    Column("funcidx_status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("join_index", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("iot_redundant_pkey_elim", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("dropped", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("visibility", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("domidx_management", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("segment_created", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("orphaned_entries", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("indexing", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("auto", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_indexes")
+
+all_ind_expressions = Table(
+    "all_ind_expressions" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("index_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_expression", LONG),
+    Column("column_position", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+).alias("a_ind_expressions")
+
+all_constraints = Table(
+    "all_constraints" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("constraint_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("constraint_type", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("search_condition", LONG),
+    Column("search_condition_vc", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("r_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("r_constraint_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("delete_rule", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("deferrable", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("deferred", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("validated", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("generated", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("bad", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("rely", VARCHAR2(4)),
+    Column("last_change", DATE),
+    Column("index_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("invalid", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("view_related", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", VARCHAR2(256)),
+).alias("a_constraints")
+
+all_cons_columns = Table(
+    "all_cons_columns" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("constraint_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("position", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_cons_columns")
+
+# TODO figure out if it's still relevant, since there is no mention from here
+# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/refrn/ALL_DB_LINKS.html
+# original note:
+# using user_db_links here since all_db_links appears
+# to have more restricted permissions.
+# https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/ds_admin005.htm
+# will need to hear from more users if we are doing
+# the right thing here.  See [ticket:2619]
+all_db_links = Table(
+    "all_db_links" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("db_link", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("username", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("host", VARCHAR2(2000)),
+    Column("created", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("hidden", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("shard_internal", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("valid", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("intra_cdb", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_db_links")
+
+all_synonyms = Table(
+    "all_synonyms" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("synonym_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("db_link", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", VARCHAR2(256)),
+).alias("a_synonyms")
+
+all_objects = Table(
+    "all_objects" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("object_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("subobject_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("object_id", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("data_object_id", NUMBER),
+    Column("object_type", VARCHAR2(23)),
+    Column("created", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("last_ddl_time", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("timestamp", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("temporary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("generated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("secondary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("namespace", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("edition_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("sharing", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("editionable", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("oracle_maintained", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("application", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("duplicated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("sharded", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("created_appid", NUMBER),
+    Column("created_vsnid", NUMBER),
+    Column("modified_appid", NUMBER),
+    Column("modified_vsnid", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_objects")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/oracledb.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/oracledb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..094518a30537bfe0d70c441cfb95a0943f18be87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/oracledb.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# dialects/oracle/oracledb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: oracle+oracledb
+    :name: python-oracledb
+    :dbapi: oracledb
+    :connectstring: oracle+oracledb://user:pass@hostname:port[/dbname][?service_name=<service>[&key=value&key=value...]]
+    :url: https://oracle.github.io/python-oracledb/
+
+python-oracledb is released by Oracle to supersede the cx_Oracle driver.
+It is fully compatible with cx_Oracle and features both a "thin" client
+mode that requires no dependencies, as well as a "thick" mode that uses
+the Oracle Client Interface in the same way as cx_Oracle.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`cx_oracle` - all of cx_Oracle's notes apply to the oracledb driver
+    as well.
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``oracledb`` dialect provides both a sync and an async
+implementation under the same dialect name. The proper version is
+selected depending on how the engine is created:
+
+* calling :func:`_sa.create_engine` with ``oracle+oracledb://...`` will
+  automatically select the sync version, e.g.::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    sync_engine = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost/?service_name=XEPDB1")
+
+* calling :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` with
+  ``oracle+oracledb://...`` will automatically select the async version,
+  e.g.::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine("oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost/?service_name=XEPDB1")
+
+The asyncio version of the dialect may also be specified explicitly using the
+``oracledb_async`` suffix, as::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine("oracle+oracledb_async://scott:tiger@localhost/?service_name=XEPDB1")
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.25 added support for the async version of oracledb.
+
+Thick mode support
+------------------
+
+By default the ``python-oracledb`` is started in thin mode, that does not
+require oracle client libraries to be installed in the system. The
+``python-oracledb`` driver also support a "thick" mode, that behaves
+similarly to ``cx_oracle`` and requires that Oracle Client Interface (OCI)
+is installed.
+
+To enable this mode, the user may call ``oracledb.init_oracle_client``
+manually, or by passing the parameter ``thick_mode=True`` to
+:func:`_sa.create_engine`. To pass custom arguments to ``init_oracle_client``,
+like the ``lib_dir`` path, a dict may be passed to this parameter, as in::
+
+    engine = sa.create_engine("oracle+oracledb://...", thick_mode={
+        "lib_dir": "/path/to/oracle/client/lib", "driver_name": "my-app"
+    })
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#oracledb.init_oracle_client
+
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.0 added support for oracledb driver.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .cx_oracle import OracleDialect_cx_oracle as _OracleDialect_cx_oracle
+from ... import exc
+from ... import pool
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection
+from ...util import asbool
+from ...util import await_fallback
+from ...util import await_only
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from oracledb import AsyncConnection
+    from oracledb import AsyncCursor
+
+
+class OracleDialect_oracledb(_OracleDialect_cx_oracle):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    driver = "oracledb"
+    _min_version = (1,)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        auto_convert_lobs=True,
+        coerce_to_decimal=True,
+        arraysize=None,
+        encoding_errors=None,
+        thick_mode=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            auto_convert_lobs,
+            coerce_to_decimal,
+            arraysize,
+            encoding_errors,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None and (
+            thick_mode or isinstance(thick_mode, dict)
+        ):
+            kw = thick_mode if isinstance(thick_mode, dict) else {}
+            self.dbapi.init_oracle_client(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import oracledb
+
+        return oracledb
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_thin_mode(cls, connection):
+        return connection.connection.dbapi_connection.thin
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_async_dialect_cls(cls, url):
+        return OracleDialectAsync_oracledb
+
+    def _load_version(self, dbapi_module):
+        version = (0, 0, 0)
+        if dbapi_module is not None:
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", dbapi_module.version)
+            if m:
+                version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+        self.oracledb_ver = version
+        if (
+            self.oracledb_ver > (0, 0, 0)
+            and self.oracledb_ver < self._min_version
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"oracledb version {self._min_version} and above are supported"
+            )
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor):
+    _cursor: AsyncCursor
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def outputtypehandler(self):
+        return self._cursor.outputtypehandler
+
+    @outputtypehandler.setter
+    def outputtypehandler(self, value):
+        self._cursor.outputtypehandler = value
+
+    def var(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._cursor.var(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows.clear()
+        self._cursor.close()
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._cursor.setinputsizes(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _aenter_cursor(self, cursor: AsyncCursor) -> AsyncCursor:
+        try:
+            return cursor.__enter__()
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        # override to not use mutex, oracledb already has mutex
+
+        if parameters is None:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation)
+        else:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters)
+
+        if self._cursor.description and not self.server_side:
+            self._rows = collections.deque(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+        return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(
+        self,
+        operation,
+        seq_of_parameters,
+    ):
+        # override to not use mutex, oracledb already has mutex
+        return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_oracledb_connection(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection):
+    _connection: AsyncConnection
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    thin = True
+
+    _cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor
+    _ss_cursor_cls = None
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self._connection.autocommit = value
+
+    @property
+    def outputtypehandler(self):
+        return self._connection.outputtypehandler
+
+    @outputtypehandler.setter
+    def outputtypehandler(self, value):
+        self._connection.outputtypehandler = value
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._connection.version
+
+    @property
+    def stmtcachesize(self):
+        return self._connection.stmtcachesize
+
+    @stmtcachesize.setter
+    def stmtcachesize(self, value):
+        self._connection.stmtcachesize = value
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor(self)
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_oracledb_connection(
+    AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection, AsyncAdapt_oracledb_connection
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class OracledbAdaptDBAPI:
+    def __init__(self, oracledb) -> None:
+        self.oracledb = oracledb
+
+        for k, v in self.oracledb.__dict__.items():
+            if k != "connect":
+                self.__dict__[k] = v
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.oracledb.connect_async)
+
+        if asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_oracledb_connection(
+                self, await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_oracledb_connection(
+                self, await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+
+
+class OracleDialectAsync_oracledb(OracleDialect_oracledb):
+    is_async = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    _min_version = (2,)
+
+    # thick_mode mode is not supported by asyncio, oracledb will raise
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import oracledb
+
+        return OracledbAdaptDBAPI(oracledb)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_oracledb
+dialect_async = OracleDialectAsync_oracledb
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/provision.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2028fcd91749240561e5ce851a56b85b073ffe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/provision.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# dialects/oracle/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import create_engine
+from ... import exc
+from ... import inspect
+from ...engine import url as sa_url
+from ...testing.provision import configure_follower
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import follower_url_from_main
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import run_reap_dbs
+from ...testing.provision import set_default_schema_on_connection
+from ...testing.provision import stop_test_class_outside_fixtures
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import update_db_opts
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    # NOTE: make sure you've run "ALTER DATABASE default tablespace users" or
+    # similar, so that the default tablespace is not "system"; reflection will
+    # fail otherwise
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create user %s identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create user %s_ts1 identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create user %s_ts2 identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant dba to %s" % (ident,))
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant unlimited tablespace to %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant unlimited tablespace to %s_ts1" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant unlimited tablespace to %s_ts2" % ident)
+        # these are needed to create materialized views
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant create table to %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant create table to %s_ts1" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant create table to %s_ts2" % ident)
+
+
+@configure_follower.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_configure_follower(config, ident):
+    config.test_schema = "%s_ts1" % ident
+    config.test_schema_2 = "%s_ts2" % ident
+
+
+def _ora_drop_ignore(conn, dbname):
+    try:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("drop user %s cascade" % dbname)
+        log.info("Reaped db: %s", dbname)
+        return True
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warning("couldn't drop db: %s", err)
+        return False
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables.for_db("oracle")
+def _ora_drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    _purge_recyclebin(eng)
+    _purge_recyclebin(eng, cfg.test_schema)
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables.for_db("oracle")
+def _ora_drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        for syn in conn.dialect._get_synonyms(conn, None, None, None):
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(f"drop synonym {syn['synonym_name']}")
+
+        for syn in conn.dialect._get_synonyms(
+            conn, cfg.test_schema, None, None
+        ):
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                f"drop synonym {cfg.test_schema}.{syn['synonym_name']}"
+            )
+
+        for tmp_table in inspect(conn).get_temp_table_names():
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(f"drop table {tmp_table}")
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        # cx_Oracle seems to occasionally leak open connections when a large
+        # suite it run, even if we confirm we have zero references to
+        # connection objects.
+        # while there is a "kill session" command in Oracle,
+        # it unfortunately does not release the connection sufficiently.
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, ident)
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, "%s_ts1" % ident)
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, "%s_ts2" % ident)
+
+
+@stop_test_class_outside_fixtures.for_db("oracle")
+def _ora_stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, db, cls):
+    try:
+        _purge_recyclebin(db)
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warning("purge recyclebin command failed: %s", err)
+
+    # clear statement cache on all connections that were used
+    # https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/519
+
+    for cx_oracle_conn in _all_conns:
+        try:
+            sc = cx_oracle_conn.stmtcachesize
+        except db.dialect.dbapi.InterfaceError:
+            # connection closed
+            pass
+        else:
+            cx_oracle_conn.stmtcachesize = 0
+            cx_oracle_conn.stmtcachesize = sc
+    _all_conns.clear()
+
+
+def _purge_recyclebin(eng, schema=None):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        if schema is None:
+            # run magic command to get rid of identity sequences
+            # https://floo.bar/2019/11/29/drop-the-underlying-sequence-of-an-identity-column/  # noqa: E501
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("purge recyclebin")
+        else:
+            # per user: https://community.oracle.com/tech/developers/discussion/2255402/how-to-clear-dba-recyclebin-for-a-particular-user  # noqa: E501
+            for owner, object_name, type_ in conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                "select owner, object_name,type from "
+                "dba_recyclebin where owner=:schema and type='TABLE'",
+                {"schema": conn.dialect.denormalize_name(schema)},
+            ).all():
+                conn.exec_driver_sql(f'purge {type_} {owner}."{object_name}"')
+
+
+_all_conns = set()
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "checkout")
+    def checkout(dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        _all_conns.add(dbapi_con)
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "checkin")
+    def checkin(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # work around cx_Oracle issue:
+        # https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/530
+        # invalidate oracle connections that had 2pc set up
+        if "cx_oracle_xid" in connection_record.info:
+            connection_record.invalidate()
+
+
+@run_reap_dbs.for_db("oracle")
+def _reap_oracle_dbs(url, idents):
+    log.info("db reaper connecting to %r", url)
+    eng = create_engine(url)
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        log.info("identifiers in file: %s", ", ".join(idents))
+
+        to_reap = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "select u.username from all_users u where username "
+            "like 'TEST_%' and not exists (select username "
+            "from v$session where username=u.username)"
+        )
+        all_names = {username.lower() for (username,) in to_reap}
+        to_drop = set()
+        for name in all_names:
+            if name.endswith("_ts1") or name.endswith("_ts2"):
+                continue
+            elif name in idents:
+                to_drop.add(name)
+                if "%s_ts1" % name in all_names:
+                    to_drop.add("%s_ts1" % name)
+                if "%s_ts2" % name in all_names:
+                    to_drop.add("%s_ts2" % name)
+
+        dropped = total = 0
+        for total, username in enumerate(to_drop, 1):
+            if _ora_drop_ignore(conn, username):
+                dropped += 1
+        log.info(
+            "Dropped %d out of %d stale databases detected", dropped, total
+        )
+
+
+@follower_url_from_main.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    return url.set(username=ident, password="xe")
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {
+        "prefixes": ["GLOBAL TEMPORARY"],
+        "oracle_on_commit": "PRESERVE ROWS",
+    }
+
+
+@set_default_schema_on_connection.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_set_default_schema_on_connection(
+    cfg, dbapi_connection, schema_name
+):
+    cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+    cursor.execute("ALTER SESSION SET CURRENT_SCHEMA=%s" % schema_name)
+    cursor.close()
+
+
+@update_db_opts.for_db("oracle")
+def _update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts, options):
+    """Set database options (db_opts) for a test database that we created."""
+    if (
+        options.oracledb_thick_mode
+        and sa_url.make_url(db_url).get_driver_name() == "oracledb"
+    ):
+        db_opts["thick_mode"] = True
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9a6a6dc2305afce37dcff2d11e1bee87ef326cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+# dialects/oracle/types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime as dt
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from ... import exc
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...sql.type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+
+
+class RAW(sqltypes._Binary):
+    __visit_name__ = "RAW"
+
+
+OracleRaw = RAW
+
+
+class NCLOB(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = "NCLOB"
+
+
+class VARCHAR2(VARCHAR):
+    __visit_name__ = "VARCHAR2"
+
+
+NVARCHAR2 = NVARCHAR
+
+
+class NUMBER(sqltypes.Numeric, sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMBER"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
+        if asdecimal is None:
+            asdecimal = bool(scale and scale > 0)
+
+        super().__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype):
+        ret = super().adapt(impltype)
+        # leave a hint for the DBAPI handler
+        ret._is_oracle_number = True
+        return ret
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        if bool(self.scale and self.scale > 0):
+            return sqltypes.Numeric
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Integer
+
+
+class FLOAT(sqltypes.FLOAT):
+    """Oracle FLOAT.
+
+    This is the same as :class:`_sqltypes.FLOAT` except that
+    an Oracle-specific :paramref:`_oracle.FLOAT.binary_precision`
+    parameter is accepted, and
+    the :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.precision` parameter is not accepted.
+
+    Oracle FLOAT types indicate precision in terms of "binary precision", which
+    defaults to 126. For a REAL type, the value is 63. This parameter does not
+    cleanly map to a specific number of decimal places but is roughly
+    equivalent to the desired number of decimal places divided by 0.3103.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "FLOAT"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        binary_precision=None,
+        asdecimal=False,
+        decimal_return_scale=None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a FLOAT
+
+        :param binary_precision: Oracle binary precision value to be rendered
+         in DDL. This may be approximated to the number of decimal characters
+         using the formula "decimal precision = 0.30103 * binary precision".
+         The default value used by Oracle for FLOAT / DOUBLE PRECISION is 126.
+
+        :param asdecimal: See :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.asdecimal`
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: See
+         :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.decimal_return_scale`
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            asdecimal=asdecimal, decimal_return_scale=decimal_return_scale
+        )
+        self.binary_precision = binary_precision
+
+
+class BINARY_DOUBLE(sqltypes.Double):
+    __visit_name__ = "BINARY_DOUBLE"
+
+
+class BINARY_FLOAT(sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = "BINARY_FLOAT"
+
+
+class BFILE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = "BFILE"
+
+
+class LONG(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = "LONG"
+
+
+class _OracleDateLiteralRender:
+    def _literal_processor_datetime(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if getattr(value, "microsecond", None):
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_TIMESTAMP"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().replace("T", " ")}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')"""
+                )
+            else:
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_DATE"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().replace("T", " ")}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')"""
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def _literal_processor_date(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if getattr(value, "microsecond", None):
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_TIMESTAMP"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().split("T")[0]}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD')"""
+                )
+            else:
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_DATE"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().split("T")[0]}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD')"""
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class DATE(_OracleDateLiteralRender, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    """Provide the oracle DATE type.
+
+    This type has no special Python behavior, except that it subclasses
+    :class:`_types.DateTime`; this is to suit the fact that the Oracle
+    ``DATE`` type supports a time value.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATE"
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_datetime(dialect)
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
+        return other._type_affinity in (sqltypes.DateTime, sqltypes.Date)
+
+
+class _OracleDate(_OracleDateLiteralRender, sqltypes.Date):
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_date(dialect)
+
+
+class INTERVAL(sqltypes.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes._AbstractInterval):
+    __visit_name__ = "INTERVAL"
+
+    def __init__(self, day_precision=None, second_precision=None):
+        """Construct an INTERVAL.
+
+        Note that only DAY TO SECOND intervals are currently supported.
+        This is due to a lack of support for YEAR TO MONTH intervals
+        within available DBAPIs.
+
+        :param day_precision: the day precision value.  this is the number of
+          digits to store for the day field.  Defaults to "2"
+        :param second_precision: the second precision value.  this is the
+          number of digits to store for the fractional seconds field.
+          Defaults to "6".
+
+        """
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
+        return INTERVAL(
+            day_precision=interval.day_precision,
+            second_precision=interval.second_precision,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(
+        cls, interval: sqltypes.Interval, **kw  # type: ignore[override]
+    ):
+        return INTERVAL(
+            day_precision=interval.day_precision,
+            second_precision=interval.second_precision,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype=False):
+        return sqltypes.Interval(
+            native=True,
+            second_precision=self.second_precision,
+            day_precision=self.day_precision,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[dt.timedelta]:
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[dt.timedelta]]:
+        def process(value: dt.timedelta) -> str:
+            return f"NUMTODSINTERVAL({value.total_seconds()}, 'SECOND')"
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """Oracle implementation of ``TIMESTAMP``, which supports additional
+    Oracle-specific modes
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False, local_timezone: bool = False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_oracle.TIMESTAMP`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the TIMESTAMP type should
+         use Oracle's ``TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE`` datatype.
+
+        :param local_timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the TIMESTAMP type
+         should use Oracle's ``TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE`` datatype.
+
+
+        """
+        if timezone and local_timezone:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "timezone and local_timezone are mutually exclusive"
+            )
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.local_timezone = local_timezone
+
+
+class ROWID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Oracle ROWID type.
+
+    When used in a cast() or similar, generates ROWID.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ROWID"
+
+
+class _OracleBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5925be93755b56d34117167f480234a1cde714b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from . import array as arraylib  # noqa # keep above base and other dialects
+from . import asyncpg  # noqa
+from . import base
+from . import pg8000  # noqa
+from . import psycopg  # noqa
+from . import psycopg2  # noqa
+from . import psycopg2cffi  # noqa
+from .array import All
+from .array import Any
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .array import array
+from .base import BIGINT
+from .base import BOOLEAN
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DOMAIN
+from .base import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import UUID
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import insert
+from .ext import aggregate_order_by
+from .ext import array_agg
+from .ext import ExcludeConstraint
+from .ext import phraseto_tsquery
+from .ext import plainto_tsquery
+from .ext import to_tsquery
+from .ext import to_tsvector
+from .ext import ts_headline
+from .ext import websearch_to_tsquery
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .hstore import hstore
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPATH
+from .named_types import CreateDomainType
+from .named_types import CreateEnumType
+from .named_types import DropDomainType
+from .named_types import DropEnumType
+from .named_types import ENUM
+from .named_types import NamedType
+from .ranges import AbstractMultiRange
+from .ranges import AbstractRange
+from .ranges import AbstractSingleRange
+from .ranges import DATEMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import DATERANGE
+from .ranges import INT4MULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import INT4RANGE
+from .ranges import INT8MULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import INT8RANGE
+from .ranges import MultiRange
+from .ranges import NUMMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import NUMRANGE
+from .ranges import Range
+from .ranges import TSMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import TSRANGE
+from .ranges import TSTZMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import TSTZRANGE
+from .types import BIT
+from .types import BYTEA
+from .types import CIDR
+from .types import CITEXT
+from .types import INET
+from .types import INTERVAL
+from .types import MACADDR
+from .types import MACADDR8
+from .types import MONEY
+from .types import OID
+from .types import REGCLASS
+from .types import REGCONFIG
+from .types import TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TSQUERY
+from .types import TSVECTOR
+
+
+# Alias psycopg also as psycopg_async
+psycopg_async = type(
+    "psycopg_async", (ModuleType,), {"dialect": psycopg.dialect_async}
+)
+
+base.dialect = dialect = psycopg2.dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "INTEGER",
+    "BIGINT",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "CHAR",
+    "TEXT",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "REAL",
+    "INET",
+    "CIDR",
+    "CITEXT",
+    "UUID",
+    "BIT",
+    "MACADDR",
+    "MACADDR8",
+    "MONEY",
+    "OID",
+    "REGCLASS",
+    "REGCONFIG",
+    "TSQUERY",
+    "TSVECTOR",
+    "DOUBLE_PRECISION",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "TIME",
+    "DATE",
+    "BYTEA",
+    "BOOLEAN",
+    "INTERVAL",
+    "ARRAY",
+    "ENUM",
+    "DOMAIN",
+    "dialect",
+    "array",
+    "HSTORE",
+    "hstore",
+    "INT4RANGE",
+    "INT8RANGE",
+    "NUMRANGE",
+    "DATERANGE",
+    "INT4MULTIRANGE",
+    "INT8MULTIRANGE",
+    "NUMMULTIRANGE",
+    "DATEMULTIRANGE",
+    "TSVECTOR",
+    "TSRANGE",
+    "TSTZRANGE",
+    "TSMULTIRANGE",
+    "TSTZMULTIRANGE",
+    "JSON",
+    "JSONB",
+    "JSONPATH",
+    "Any",
+    "All",
+    "DropEnumType",
+    "DropDomainType",
+    "CreateDomainType",
+    "NamedType",
+    "CreateEnumType",
+    "ExcludeConstraint",
+    "Range",
+    "aggregate_order_by",
+    "array_agg",
+    "insert",
+    "Insert",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db3af14265967e3f75bc81efba2886f675a0db91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import decimal
+
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .pg_catalog import _SpaceVector
+from .pg_catalog import INT2VECTOR
+from .pg_catalog import OIDVECTOR
+from ... import exc
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class _PsycopgNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+                )
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # psycopg returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # psycopg returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+
+
+class _PsycopgFloat(_PsycopgNumeric):
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+
+
+class _PsycopgHStore(HSTORE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PsycopgARRAY(PGARRAY):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PsycopgINT2VECTOR(_SpaceVector, INT2VECTOR):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PsycopgOIDVECTOR(_SpaceVector, OIDVECTOR):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg(PGExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        # use server-side cursors:
+        # psycopg
+        # https://www.psycopg.org/psycopg3/docs/advanced/cursors.html#server-side-cursors
+        # psycopg2
+        # https://www.psycopg.org/docs/usage.html#server-side-cursors
+        ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:], hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(ident)
+
+
+class _PGDialect_common_psycopg(PGDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+
+    _has_native_hstore = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PsycopgNumeric,
+            sqltypes.Float: _PsycopgFloat,
+            HSTORE: _PsycopgHStore,
+            sqltypes.ARRAY: _PsycopgARRAY,
+            INT2VECTOR: _PsycopgINT2VECTOR,
+            OIDVECTOR: _PsycopgOIDVECTOR,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client_encoding=None,
+        use_native_hstore=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        if not use_native_hstore:
+            self._has_native_hstore = False
+        self.use_native_hstore = use_native_hstore
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user", database="dbname")
+
+        multihosts, multiports = self._split_multihost_from_url(url)
+
+        if opts or url.query:
+            if not opts:
+                opts = {}
+            if "port" in opts:
+                opts["port"] = int(opts["port"])
+            opts.update(url.query)
+
+            if multihosts:
+                opts["host"] = ",".join(multihosts)
+                comma_ports = ",".join(str(p) if p else "" for p in multiports)
+                if comma_ports:
+                    opts["port"] = comma_ports
+            return ([], opts)
+        else:
+            # no connection arguments whatsoever; psycopg2.connect()
+            # requires that "dsn" be present as a blank string.
+            return ([""], opts)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+        )
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.deferrable = value
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        return connection.deferrable
+
+    def _do_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        connection.autocommit = value
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = None
+        before_autocommit = dbapi_connection.autocommit
+
+        if not before_autocommit:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(self._dialect_specific_select_one)
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+            if not before_autocommit and not dbapi_connection.closed:
+                dbapi_connection.autocommit = before_autocommit
+
+        return True
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/array.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/array.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1278238fb66fe3d4bf0a465be382935362cd3b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/array.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/array.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import OVERLAP
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+def Any(other, arrexpr, operator=operators.eq):
+    """A synonym for the ARRAY-level :meth:`.ARRAY.Comparator.any` method.
+    See that method for details.
+
+    """
+
+    return arrexpr.any(other, operator)
+
+
+def All(other, arrexpr, operator=operators.eq):
+    """A synonym for the ARRAY-level :meth:`.ARRAY.Comparator.all` method.
+    See that method for details.
+
+    """
+
+    return arrexpr.all(other, operator)
+
+
+class array(expression.ExpressionClauseList[_T]):
+    """A PostgreSQL ARRAY literal.
+
+    This is used to produce ARRAY literals in SQL expressions, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+        from sqlalchemy import select, func
+
+        stmt = select(array([1,2]) + array([3,4,5]))
+
+        print(stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect()))
+
+    Produces the SQL::
+
+        SELECT ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s] ||
+            ARRAY[%(param_3)s, %(param_4)s, %(param_5)s]) AS anon_1
+
+    An instance of :class:`.array` will always have the datatype
+    :class:`_types.ARRAY`.  The "inner" type of the array is inferred from
+    the values present, unless the ``type_`` keyword argument is passed::
+
+        array(['foo', 'bar'], type_=CHAR)
+
+    Multidimensional arrays are produced by nesting :class:`.array` constructs.
+    The dimensionality of the final :class:`_types.ARRAY`
+    type is calculated by
+    recursively adding the dimensions of the inner :class:`_types.ARRAY`
+    type::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            array([
+                array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([column('q'), column('x')])
+            ])
+        )
+        print(stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect()))
+
+    Produces::
+
+        SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s],
+        ARRAY[%(param_3)s, %(param_4)s], ARRAY[q, x]] AS anon_1
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.6 added support for multidimensional array literals
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "array"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, clauses, **kw):
+        type_arg = kw.pop("type_", None)
+        super().__init__(operators.comma_op, *clauses, **kw)
+
+        self._type_tuple = [arg.type for arg in self.clauses]
+
+        main_type = (
+            type_arg
+            if type_arg is not None
+            else self._type_tuple[0] if self._type_tuple else sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(main_type, ARRAY):
+            self.type = ARRAY(
+                main_type.item_type,
+                dimensions=(
+                    main_type.dimensions + 1
+                    if main_type.dimensions is not None
+                    else 2
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            self.type = ARRAY(main_type)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self,)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj, _assume_scalar=False, type_=None):
+        if _assume_scalar or operator is operators.getitem:
+            return expression.BindParameter(
+                None,
+                obj,
+                _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                type_=type_,
+                _compared_to_type=self.type,
+                unique=True,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return array(
+                [
+                    self._bind_param(
+                        operator, o, _assume_scalar=True, type_=type_
+                    )
+                    for o in obj
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if against in (operators.any_op, operators.all_op, operators.getitem):
+            return expression.Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class ARRAY(sqltypes.ARRAY):
+    """PostgreSQL ARRAY type.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` type is constructed in the same way
+    as the core :class:`_types.ARRAY` type; a member type is required, and a
+    number of dimensions is recommended if the type is to be used for more
+    than one dimension::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", postgresql.ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=2))
+            )
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` type provides all operations defined on the
+    core :class:`_types.ARRAY` type, including support for "dimensions",
+    indexed access, and simple matching such as
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any` and
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`.  :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`
+    class also
+    provides PostgreSQL-specific methods for containment operations, including
+    :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.contains`
+    :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.contained_by`, and
+    :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.overlap`, e.g.::
+
+        mytable.c.data.contains([1, 2])
+
+    Indexed access is one-based by default, to match that of PostgreSQL;
+    for zero-based indexed access, set
+    :paramref:`_postgresql.ARRAY.zero_indexes`.
+
+    Additionally, the :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`
+    type does not work directly in
+    conjunction with the :class:`.ENUM` type.  For a workaround, see the
+    special type at :ref:`postgresql_array_of_enum`.
+
+    .. container:: topic
+
+        **Detecting Changes in ARRAY columns when using the ORM**
+
+        The :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM,
+        does not detect in-place mutations to the array. In order to detect
+        these, the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used, using
+        the :class:`.MutableList` class::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import ARRAY
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableList
+
+            class SomeOrmClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                data = Column(MutableList.as_mutable(ARRAY(Integer)))
+
+        This extension will allow "in-place" changes such to the array
+        such as ``.append()`` to produce events which will be detected by the
+        unit of work.  Note that changes to elements **inside** the array,
+        including subarrays that are mutated in place, are **not** detected.
+
+        Alternatively, assigning a new array value to an ORM element that
+        replaces the old one will always trigger a change event.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.ARRAY` - base array type
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.array` - produces a literal array value.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        item_type: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+        as_tuple: bool = False,
+        dimensions: Optional[int] = None,
+        zero_indexes: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct an ARRAY.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myarray', ARRAY(Integer))
+
+        Arguments are:
+
+        :param item_type: The data type of items of this array. Note that
+          dimensionality is irrelevant here, so multi-dimensional arrays like
+          ``INTEGER[][]``, are constructed as ``ARRAY(Integer)``, not as
+          ``ARRAY(ARRAY(Integer))`` or such.
+
+        :param as_tuple=False: Specify whether return results
+          should be converted to tuples from lists. DBAPIs such
+          as psycopg2 return lists by default. When tuples are
+          returned, the results are hashable.
+
+        :param dimensions: if non-None, the ARRAY will assume a fixed
+         number of dimensions.  This will cause the DDL emitted for this
+         ARRAY to include the exact number of bracket clauses ``[]``,
+         and will also optimize the performance of the type overall.
+         Note that PG arrays are always implicitly "non-dimensioned",
+         meaning they can store any number of dimensions no matter how
+         they were declared.
+
+        :param zero_indexes=False: when True, index values will be converted
+         between Python zero-based and PostgreSQL one-based indexes, e.g.
+         a value of one will be added to all index values before passing
+         to the database.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(item_type, ARRAY):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Do not nest ARRAY types; ARRAY(basetype) "
+                "handles multi-dimensional arrays of basetype"
+            )
+        if isinstance(item_type, type):
+            item_type = item_type()
+        self.item_type = item_type
+        self.as_tuple = as_tuple
+        self.dimensions = dimensions
+        self.zero_indexes = zero_indexes
+
+    class Comparator(sqltypes.ARRAY.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+        Note that these operations are in addition to those provided
+        by the base :class:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator` class, including
+        :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any` and
+        :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`.
+
+        """
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a superset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a proper subset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def overlap(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if array has elements in common with
+            an argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(OVERLAP, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def hashable(self):
+        return self.as_tuple
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return list
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        return x == y
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _against_native_enum(self):
+        return (
+            isinstance(self.item_type, sqltypes.Enum)
+            and self.item_type.native_enum
+        )
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).literal_processor(
+            dialect
+        )
+        if item_proc is None:
+            return None
+
+        def to_str(elements):
+            return f"ARRAY[{', '.join(elements)}]"
+
+        def process(value):
+            inner = self._apply_item_processor(
+                value, item_proc, self.dimensions, to_str
+            )
+            return inner
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).bind_processor(
+            dialect
+        )
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._apply_item_processor(
+                    value, item_proc, self.dimensions, list
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).result_processor(
+            dialect, coltype
+        )
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._apply_item_processor(
+                    value,
+                    item_proc,
+                    self.dimensions,
+                    tuple if self.as_tuple else list,
+                )
+
+        if self._against_native_enum:
+            super_rp = process
+            pattern = re.compile(r"^{(.*)}$")
+
+            def handle_raw_string(value):
+                inner = pattern.match(value).group(1)
+                return _split_enum_values(inner)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return value
+                # isinstance(value, str) is required to handle
+                # the case where a TypeDecorator for and Array of Enum is
+                # used like was required in sa < 1.3.17
+                return super_rp(
+                    handle_raw_string(value)
+                    if isinstance(value, str)
+                    else value
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+
+def _split_enum_values(array_string):
+    if '"' not in array_string:
+        # no escape char is present so it can just split on the comma
+        return array_string.split(",") if array_string else []
+
+    # handles quoted strings from:
+    # r'abc,"quoted","also\\\\quoted", "quoted, comma", "esc \" quot", qpr'
+    # returns
+    # ['abc', 'quoted', 'also\\quoted', 'quoted, comma', 'esc " quot', 'qpr']
+    text = array_string.replace(r"\"", "_$ESC_QUOTE$_")
+    text = text.replace(r"\\", "\\")
+    result = []
+    on_quotes = re.split(r'(")', text)
+    in_quotes = False
+    for tok in on_quotes:
+        if tok == '"':
+            in_quotes = not in_quotes
+        elif in_quotes:
+            result.append(tok.replace("_$ESC_QUOTE$_", '"'))
+        else:
+            result.extend(re.findall(r"([^\s,]+),?", tok))
+    return result
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da2bbb49fecf33ec7462a2520efdb706d156ff77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1262 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+asyncpg
+    :name: asyncpg
+    :dbapi: asyncpg
+    :connectstring: postgresql+asyncpg://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://magicstack.github.io/asyncpg/
+
+The asyncpg dialect is SQLAlchemy's first Python asyncio dialect.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the asyncpg dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@hostname/dbname")
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+.. note::
+
+    By default asyncpg does not decode the ``json`` and ``jsonb`` types and
+    returns them as strings. SQLAlchemy sets default type decoder for ``json``
+    and ``jsonb`` types using the python builtin ``json.loads`` function.
+    The json implementation used can be changed by setting the attribute
+    ``json_deserializer`` when creating the engine with
+    :func:`create_engine` or :func:`create_async_engine`.
+
+.. _asyncpg_multihost:
+
+Multihost Connections
+--------------------------
+
+The asyncpg dialect features support for multiple fallback hosts in the
+same way as that of the psycopg2 and psycopg dialects.  The
+syntax is the same,
+using ``host=<host>:<port>`` combinations as additional query string arguments;
+however, there is no default port, so all hosts must have a complete port number
+present, otherwise an exception is raised::
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA:5432&host=HostB:5432&host=HostC:5432"
+    )
+
+For complete background on this syntax, see :ref:`psycopg2_multi_host`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.18
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_multi_host`
+
+.. _asyncpg_prepared_statement_cache:
+
+Prepared Statement Cache
+--------------------------
+
+The asyncpg SQLAlchemy dialect makes use of ``asyncpg.connection.prepare()``
+for all statements.   The prepared statement objects are cached after
+construction which appears to grant a 10% or more performance improvement for
+statement invocation.   The cache is on a per-DBAPI connection basis, which
+means that the primary storage for prepared statements is within DBAPI
+connections pooled within the connection pool.   The size of this cache
+defaults to 100 statements per DBAPI connection and may be adjusted using the
+``prepared_statement_cache_size`` DBAPI argument (note that while this argument
+is implemented by SQLAlchemy, it is part of the DBAPI emulation portion of the
+asyncpg dialect, therefore is handled as a DBAPI argument, not a dialect
+argument)::
+
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@hostname/dbname?prepared_statement_cache_size=500")
+
+To disable the prepared statement cache, use a value of zero::
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@hostname/dbname?prepared_statement_cache_size=0")
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 Added ``prepared_statement_cache_size`` for asyncpg.
+
+
+.. warning::  The ``asyncpg`` database driver necessarily uses caches for
+   PostgreSQL type OIDs, which become stale when custom PostgreSQL datatypes
+   such as ``ENUM`` objects are changed via DDL operations.   Additionally,
+   prepared statements themselves which are optionally cached by SQLAlchemy's
+   driver as described above may also become "stale" when DDL has been emitted
+   to the PostgreSQL database which modifies the tables or other objects
+   involved in a particular prepared statement.
+
+   The SQLAlchemy asyncpg dialect will invalidate these caches within its local
+   process when statements that represent DDL are emitted on a local
+   connection, but this is only controllable within a single Python process /
+   database engine.     If DDL changes are made from other database engines
+   and/or processes, a running application may encounter asyncpg exceptions
+   ``InvalidCachedStatementError`` and/or ``InternalServerError("cache lookup
+   failed for type <oid>")`` if it refers to pooled database connections which
+   operated upon the previous structures. The SQLAlchemy asyncpg dialect will
+   recover from these error cases when the driver raises these exceptions by
+   clearing its internal caches as well as those of the asyncpg driver in
+   response to them, but cannot prevent them from being raised in the first
+   place if the cached prepared statement or asyncpg type caches have gone
+   stale, nor can it retry the statement as the PostgreSQL transaction is
+   invalidated when these errors occur.
+
+.. _asyncpg_prepared_statement_name:
+
+Prepared Statement Name with PGBouncer
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, asyncpg enumerates prepared statements in numeric order, which
+can lead to errors if a name has already been taken for another prepared
+statement. This issue can arise if your application uses database proxies
+such as PgBouncer to handle connections. One possible workaround is to
+use dynamic prepared statement names, which asyncpg now supports through
+an optional ``name`` value for the statement name. This allows you to
+generate your own unique names that won't conflict with existing ones.
+To achieve this, you can provide a function that will be called every time
+a prepared statement is prepared::
+
+    from uuid import uuid4
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@somepgbouncer/dbname",
+        poolclass=NullPool,
+        connect_args={
+            'prepared_statement_name_func': lambda:  f'__asyncpg_{uuid4()}__',
+        },
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+   https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/837
+
+   https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/issues/6467
+
+.. warning:: When using PGBouncer, to prevent a buildup of useless prepared statements in
+   your application, it's important to use the :class:`.NullPool` pool
+   class, and to configure PgBouncer to use `DISCARD <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-discard.html>`_
+   when returning connections.  The DISCARD command is used to release resources held by the db connection,
+   including prepared statements. Without proper setup, prepared statements can
+   accumulate quickly and cause performance issues.
+
+Disabling the PostgreSQL JIT to improve ENUM datatype handling
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Asyncpg has an `issue <https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/727>`_ when
+using PostgreSQL ENUM datatypes, where upon the creation of new database
+connections, an expensive query may be emitted in order to retrieve metadata
+regarding custom types which has been shown to negatively affect performance.
+To mitigate this issue, the PostgreSQL "jit" setting may be disabled from the
+client using this setting passed to :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:password@localhost/tmp",
+        connect_args={"server_settings": {"jit": "off"}},
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/727
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import decimal
+import json as _py_json
+import re
+import time
+
+from . import json
+from . import ranges
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import OID
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import REGCLASS
+from .base import REGCONFIG
+from .types import BIT
+from .types import BYTEA
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import exc
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncpgARRAY(PGARRAY):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgString(sqltypes.String):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgREGCONFIG(REGCONFIG):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgTime(sqltypes.Time):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgBit(BIT):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgByteA(BYTEA):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgDateTime(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncPgInterval(INTERVAL):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, interval, **kw):
+        return AsyncPgInterval(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+
+class AsyncPgEnum(ENUM):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSON(json.JSON):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONB(json.JSONB):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    pass
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONPathType(json.JSONPathType):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                # If it's already a string assume that it's in json path
+                # format. This allows using cast with json paths literals
+                return value
+            elif value:
+                tokens = [str(elem) for elem in value]
+                return tokens
+            else:
+                return []
+
+        return process
+
+
+class AsyncpgNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+                )
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+
+
+class AsyncpgFloat(AsyncpgNumeric, sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgREGCLASS(REGCLASS):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgOID(OID):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgCHAR(sqltypes.CHAR):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _AsyncpgRange(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        asyncpg_Range = dialect.dbapi.asyncpg.Range
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = asyncpg_Range(
+                    value.lower,
+                    value.upper,
+                    lower_inc=value.bounds[0] == "[",
+                    upper_inc=value.bounds[1] == "]",
+                    empty=value.empty,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                empty = value.isempty
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value.lower,
+                    value.upper,
+                    bounds=f"{'[' if empty or value.lower_inc else '('}"  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                    f"{']' if not empty and value.upper_inc else ')'}",
+                    empty=empty,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _AsyncpgMultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        asyncpg_Range = dialect.dbapi.asyncpg.Range
+
+        NoneType = type(None)
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, (str, NoneType)):
+                return value
+
+            def to_range(value):
+                if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                    value = asyncpg_Range(
+                        value.lower,
+                        value.upper,
+                        lower_inc=value.bounds[0] == "[",
+                        upper_inc=value.bounds[1] == "]",
+                        empty=value.empty,
+                    )
+                return value
+
+            return [to_range(element) for element in value]
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range_array(value):
+            def to_range(rvalue):
+                if rvalue is not None:
+                    empty = rvalue.isempty
+                    rvalue = ranges.Range(
+                        rvalue.lower,
+                        rvalue.upper,
+                        bounds=f"{'[' if empty or rvalue.lower_inc else '('}"  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                        f"{']' if not empty and rvalue.upper_inc else ')'}",
+                        empty=empty,
+                    )
+                return rvalue
+
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.MultiRange(to_range(elem) for elem in value)
+
+            return value
+
+        return to_range_array
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_asyncpg(PGExecutionContext):
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        if isinstance(
+            e,
+            (
+                self.dialect.dbapi.InvalidCachedStatementError,
+                self.dialect.dbapi.InternalServerError,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self.dialect._invalidate_schema_cache()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if self.isddl:
+            self.dialect._invalidate_schema_cache()
+
+        self.cursor._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = (
+            self.dialect._invalidate_schema_cache_asof
+        )
+
+        if not self.compiled:
+            return
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(server_side=True)
+
+
+class PGCompiler_asyncpg(PGCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_asyncpg(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_cursor:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "_rows",
+        "description",
+        "arraysize",
+        "rowcount",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_invalidate_schema_cache_asof",
+    )
+
+    server_side = False
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self._rows = []
+        self._cursor = None
+        self.description = None
+        self.arraysize = 1
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = 0
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows[:] = []
+
+    def _handle_exception(self, error):
+        self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _prepare_and_execute(self, operation, parameters):
+        adapt_connection = self._adapt_connection
+
+        async with adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            if not adapt_connection._started:
+                await adapt_connection._start_transaction()
+
+            if parameters is None:
+                parameters = ()
+
+            try:
+                prepared_stmt, attributes = await adapt_connection._prepare(
+                    operation, self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof
+                )
+
+                if attributes:
+                    self.description = [
+                        (
+                            attr.name,
+                            attr.type.oid,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                        )
+                        for attr in attributes
+                    ]
+                else:
+                    self.description = None
+
+                if self.server_side:
+                    self._cursor = await prepared_stmt.cursor(*parameters)
+                    self.rowcount = -1
+                else:
+                    self._rows = await prepared_stmt.fetch(*parameters)
+                    status = prepared_stmt.get_statusmsg()
+
+                    reg = re.match(
+                        r"(?:SELECT|UPDATE|DELETE|INSERT \d+) (\d+)", status
+                    )
+                    if reg:
+                        self.rowcount = int(reg.group(1))
+                    else:
+                        self.rowcount = -1
+
+            except Exception as error:
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        adapt_connection = self._adapt_connection
+
+        self.description = None
+        async with adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            await adapt_connection._check_type_cache_invalidation(
+                self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof
+            )
+
+            if not adapt_connection._started:
+                await adapt_connection._start_transaction()
+
+            try:
+                return await self._connection.executemany(
+                    operation, seq_of_parameters
+                )
+            except Exception as error:
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        self._adapt_connection.await_(
+            self._prepare_and_execute(operation, parameters)
+        )
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self._adapt_connection.await_(
+            self._executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.pop(0)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        retval = self._rows[0:size]
+        self._rows[:] = self._rows[size:]
+        return retval
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = self._rows[:]
+        self._rows[:] = []
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_cursor):
+    server_side = True
+    __slots__ = ("_rowbuffer",)
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        super().__init__(adapt_connection)
+        self._rowbuffer = None
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._cursor = None
+        self._rowbuffer = None
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        new_rows = self._adapt_connection.await_(self._cursor.fetch(50))
+        self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(new_rows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self):
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows()
+
+        while True:
+            while self._rowbuffer:
+                yield self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+            self._buffer_rows()
+            if not self._rowbuffer:
+                break
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows()
+            if not self._rowbuffer:
+                return None
+        return self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall()
+
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows()
+
+        buf = list(self._rowbuffer)
+        lb = len(buf)
+        if size > lb:
+            buf.extend(
+                self._adapt_connection.await_(self._cursor.fetch(size - lb))
+            )
+
+        result = buf[0:size]
+        self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(buf[size:])
+        return result
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        ret = list(self._rowbuffer) + list(
+            self._adapt_connection.await_(self._all())
+        )
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        return ret
+
+    async def _all(self):
+        rows = []
+
+        # TODO: looks like we have to hand-roll some kind of batching here.
+        # hardcoding for the moment but this should be improved.
+        while True:
+            batch = await self._cursor.fetch(1000)
+            if batch:
+                rows.extend(batch)
+                continue
+            else:
+                break
+        return rows
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "server side cursor doesn't support executemany yet"
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dbapi",
+        "isolation_level",
+        "_isolation_setting",
+        "readonly",
+        "deferrable",
+        "_transaction",
+        "_started",
+        "_prepared_statement_cache",
+        "_prepared_statement_name_func",
+        "_invalidate_schema_cache_asof",
+        "_execute_mutex",
+    )
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi,
+        connection,
+        prepared_statement_cache_size=100,
+        prepared_statement_name_func=None,
+    ):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self.isolation_level = self._isolation_setting = "read_committed"
+        self.readonly = False
+        self.deferrable = False
+        self._transaction = None
+        self._started = False
+        self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = time.time()
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+        if prepared_statement_cache_size:
+            self._prepared_statement_cache = util.LRUCache(
+                prepared_statement_cache_size
+            )
+        else:
+            self._prepared_statement_cache = None
+
+        if prepared_statement_name_func:
+            self._prepared_statement_name_func = prepared_statement_name_func
+        else:
+            self._prepared_statement_name_func = self._default_name_func
+
+    async def _check_type_cache_invalidation(self, invalidate_timestamp):
+        if invalidate_timestamp > self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof:
+            await self._connection.reload_schema_state()
+            self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = invalidate_timestamp
+
+    async def _prepare(self, operation, invalidate_timestamp):
+        await self._check_type_cache_invalidation(invalidate_timestamp)
+
+        cache = self._prepared_statement_cache
+        if cache is None:
+            prepared_stmt = await self._connection.prepare(
+                operation, name=self._prepared_statement_name_func()
+            )
+            attributes = prepared_stmt.get_attributes()
+            return prepared_stmt, attributes
+
+        # asyncpg uses a type cache for the "attributes" which seems to go
+        # stale independently of the PreparedStatement itself, so place that
+        # collection in the cache as well.
+        if operation in cache:
+            prepared_stmt, attributes, cached_timestamp = cache[operation]
+
+            # preparedstatements themselves also go stale for certain DDL
+            # changes such as size of a VARCHAR changing, so there is also
+            # a cross-connection invalidation timestamp
+            if cached_timestamp > invalidate_timestamp:
+                return prepared_stmt, attributes
+
+        prepared_stmt = await self._connection.prepare(
+            operation, name=self._prepared_statement_name_func()
+        )
+        attributes = prepared_stmt.get_attributes()
+        cache[operation] = (prepared_stmt, attributes, time.time())
+
+        return prepared_stmt, attributes
+
+    def _handle_exception(self, error):
+        if self._connection.is_closed():
+            self._transaction = None
+            self._started = False
+
+        if not isinstance(error, AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_dbapi.Error):
+            exception_mapping = self.dbapi._asyncpg_error_translate
+
+            for super_ in type(error).__mro__:
+                if super_ in exception_mapping:
+                    translated_error = exception_mapping[super_](
+                        "%s: %s" % (type(error), error)
+                    )
+                    translated_error.pgcode = translated_error.sqlstate = (
+                        getattr(error, "sqlstate", None)
+                    )
+                    raise translated_error from error
+            else:
+                raise error
+        else:
+            raise error
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self.isolation_level == "autocommit"
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        if value:
+            self.isolation_level = "autocommit"
+        else:
+            self.isolation_level = self._isolation_setting
+
+    def ping(self):
+        try:
+            _ = self.await_(self._async_ping())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _async_ping(self):
+        if self._transaction is None and self.isolation_level != "autocommit":
+            # create a tranasction explicitly to support pgbouncer
+            # transaction mode.   See #10226
+            tr = self._connection.transaction()
+            await tr.start()
+            try:
+                await self._connection.fetchrow(";")
+            finally:
+                await tr.rollback()
+        else:
+            await self._connection.fetchrow(";")
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, level):
+        if self._started:
+            self.rollback()
+        self.isolation_level = self._isolation_setting = level
+
+    async def _start_transaction(self):
+        if self.isolation_level == "autocommit":
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self._transaction = self._connection.transaction(
+                isolation=self.isolation_level,
+                readonly=self.readonly,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            )
+            await self._transaction.start()
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+        else:
+            self._started = True
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_cursor(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if self._started:
+            try:
+                self.await_(self._transaction.rollback())
+            except Exception as error:
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+            finally:
+                self._transaction = None
+                self._started = False
+
+    def commit(self):
+        if self._started:
+            try:
+                self.await_(self._transaction.commit())
+            except Exception as error:
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+            finally:
+                self._transaction = None
+                self._started = False
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.rollback()
+
+        self.await_(self._connection.close())
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        if util.concurrency.in_greenlet():
+            # in a greenlet; this is the connection was invalidated
+            # case.
+            try:
+                # try to gracefully close; see #10717
+                # timeout added in asyncpg 0.14.0 December 2017
+                self.await_(self._connection.close(timeout=2))
+            except (
+                asyncio.TimeoutError,
+                OSError,
+                self.dbapi.asyncpg.PostgresError,
+            ):
+                # in the case where we are recycling an old connection
+                # that may have already been disconnected, close() will
+                # fail with the above timeout.  in this case, terminate
+                # the connection without any further waiting.
+                # see issue #8419
+                self._connection.terminate()
+        else:
+            # not in a greenlet; this is the gc cleanup case
+            self._connection.terminate()
+        self._started = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _default_name_func():
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncpg_connection(AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, asyncpg):
+        self.asyncpg = asyncpg
+        self.paramstyle = "numeric_dollar"
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.asyncpg.connect)
+        prepared_statement_cache_size = kw.pop(
+            "prepared_statement_cache_size", 100
+        )
+        prepared_statement_name_func = kw.pop(
+            "prepared_statement_name_func", None
+        )
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncpg_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+                prepared_statement_cache_size=prepared_statement_cache_size,
+                prepared_statement_name_func=prepared_statement_name_func,
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+                prepared_statement_cache_size=prepared_statement_cache_size,
+                prepared_statement_name_func=prepared_statement_name_func,
+            )
+
+    class Error(Exception):
+        pass
+
+    class Warning(Exception):  # noqa
+        pass
+
+    class InterfaceError(Error):
+        pass
+
+    class DatabaseError(Error):
+        pass
+
+    class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class DataError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class InternalServerError(InternalError):
+        pass
+
+    class InvalidCachedStatementError(NotSupportedError):
+        def __init__(self, message):
+            super().__init__(
+                message + " (SQLAlchemy asyncpg dialect will now invalidate "
+                "all prepared caches in response to this exception)",
+            )
+
+    # pep-249 datatype placeholders.  As of SQLAlchemy 2.0 these aren't
+    # used, however the test suite looks for these in a few cases.
+    STRING = util.symbol("STRING")
+    NUMBER = util.symbol("NUMBER")
+    DATETIME = util.symbol("DATETIME")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _asyncpg_error_translate(self):
+        import asyncpg
+
+        return {
+            asyncpg.exceptions.IntegrityConstraintViolationError: self.IntegrityError,  # noqa: E501
+            asyncpg.exceptions.PostgresError: self.Error,
+            asyncpg.exceptions.SyntaxOrAccessError: self.ProgrammingError,
+            asyncpg.exceptions.InterfaceError: self.InterfaceError,
+            asyncpg.exceptions.InvalidCachedStatementError: self.InvalidCachedStatementError,  # noqa: E501
+            asyncpg.exceptions.InternalServerError: self.InternalServerError,
+        }
+
+    def Binary(self, value):
+        return value
+
+
+class PGDialect_asyncpg(PGDialect):
+    driver = "asyncpg"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+    has_terminate = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "numeric_dollar"
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_asyncpg
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_asyncpg
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_asyncpg
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.String: AsyncpgString,
+            sqltypes.ARRAY: AsyncpgARRAY,
+            BIT: AsyncpgBit,
+            CITEXT: CITEXT,
+            REGCONFIG: AsyncpgREGCONFIG,
+            sqltypes.Time: AsyncpgTime,
+            sqltypes.Date: AsyncpgDate,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: AsyncpgDateTime,
+            sqltypes.Interval: AsyncPgInterval,
+            INTERVAL: AsyncPgInterval,
+            sqltypes.Boolean: AsyncpgBoolean,
+            sqltypes.Integer: AsyncpgInteger,
+            sqltypes.BigInteger: AsyncpgBigInteger,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: AsyncpgNumeric,
+            sqltypes.Float: AsyncpgFloat,
+            sqltypes.JSON: AsyncpgJSON,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: AsyncpgByteA,
+            json.JSONB: AsyncpgJSONB,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: AsyncpgJSONPathType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: AsyncpgJSONIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: AsyncpgJSONIntIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: AsyncpgJSONStrIndexType,
+            sqltypes.Enum: AsyncPgEnum,
+            OID: AsyncpgOID,
+            REGCLASS: AsyncpgREGCLASS,
+            sqltypes.CHAR: AsyncpgCHAR,
+            ranges.AbstractSingleRange: _AsyncpgRange,
+            ranges.AbstractMultiRange: _AsyncpgMultiRange,
+        },
+    )
+    is_async = True
+    _invalidate_schema_cache_asof = 0
+
+    def _invalidate_schema_cache(self):
+        self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = time.time()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in re.findall(
+                        r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_dbapi(__import__("asyncpg"))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        return {
+            "AUTOCOMMIT": "autocommit",
+            "READ COMMITTED": "read_committed",
+            "REPEATABLE READ": "repeatable_read",
+            "SERIALIZABLE": "serializable",
+        }
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return list(self._isolation_lookup)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        dbapi_connection.set_isolation_level(self._isolation_lookup[level])
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.readonly = value
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        return connection.readonly
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.deferrable = value
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        return connection.deferrable
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.terminate()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        multihosts, multiports = self._split_multihost_from_url(url)
+
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        if multihosts:
+            assert multiports
+            if len(multihosts) == 1:
+                opts["host"] = multihosts[0]
+                if multiports[0] is not None:
+                    opts["port"] = multiports[0]
+            elif not all(multihosts):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "All hosts are required to be present"
+                    " for asyncpg multiple host URL"
+                )
+            elif not all(multiports):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "All ports are required to be present"
+                    " for asyncpg multiple host URL"
+                )
+            else:
+                opts["host"] = list(multihosts)
+                opts["port"] = list(multiports)
+        else:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "port", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "prepared_statement_cache_size", int)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.ping()
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if connection:
+            return connection._connection.is_closed()
+        else:
+            return isinstance(
+                e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError
+            ) and "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+    async def setup_asyncpg_json_codec(self, conn):
+        """set up JSON codec for asyncpg.
+
+        This occurs for all new connections and
+        can be overridden by third party dialects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.27
+
+        """
+
+        asyncpg_connection = conn._connection
+        deserializer = self._json_deserializer or _py_json.loads
+
+        def _json_decoder(bin_value):
+            return deserializer(bin_value.decode())
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "json",
+            encoder=str.encode,
+            decoder=_json_decoder,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="binary",
+        )
+
+    async def setup_asyncpg_jsonb_codec(self, conn):
+        """set up JSONB codec for asyncpg.
+
+        This occurs for all new connections and
+        can be overridden by third party dialects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.27
+
+        """
+
+        asyncpg_connection = conn._connection
+        deserializer = self._json_deserializer or _py_json.loads
+
+        def _jsonb_encoder(str_value):
+            # \x01 is the prefix for jsonb used by PostgreSQL.
+            # asyncpg requires it when format='binary'
+            return b"\x01" + str_value.encode()
+
+        deserializer = self._json_deserializer or _py_json.loads
+
+        def _jsonb_decoder(bin_value):
+            # the byte is the \x01 prefix for jsonb used by PostgreSQL.
+            # asyncpg returns it when format='binary'
+            return deserializer(bin_value[1:].decode())
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "jsonb",
+            encoder=_jsonb_encoder,
+            decoder=_jsonb_decoder,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="binary",
+        )
+
+    async def _disable_asyncpg_inet_codecs(self, conn):
+        asyncpg_connection = conn._connection
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "inet",
+            encoder=lambda s: s,
+            decoder=lambda s: s,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="text",
+        )
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "cidr",
+            encoder=lambda s: s,
+            decoder=lambda s: s,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="text",
+        )
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        """on_connect for asyncpg
+
+        A major component of this for asyncpg is to set up type decoders at the
+        asyncpg level.
+
+        See https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/623 for
+        notes on JSON/JSONB implementation.
+
+        """
+
+        super_connect = super().on_connect()
+
+        def connect(conn):
+            conn.await_(self.setup_asyncpg_json_codec(conn))
+            conn.await_(self.setup_asyncpg_jsonb_codec(conn))
+
+            if self._native_inet_types is False:
+                conn.await_(self._disable_asyncpg_inet_codecs(conn))
+            if super_connect is not None:
+                super_connect(conn)
+
+        return connect
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_asyncpg
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4aa9e42b72045701ea51a3ed99d72aa26a0a943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,5007 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql
+    :name: PostgreSQL
+    :full_support: 12, 13, 14, 15
+    :normal_support: 9.6+
+    :best_effort: 9+
+
+.. _postgresql_sequences:
+
+Sequences/SERIAL/IDENTITY
+-------------------------
+
+PostgreSQL supports sequences, and SQLAlchemy uses these as the default means
+of creating new primary key values for integer-based primary key columns. When
+creating tables, SQLAlchemy will issue the ``SERIAL`` datatype for
+integer-based primary key columns, which generates a sequence and server side
+default corresponding to the column.
+
+To specify a specific named sequence to be used for primary key generation,
+use the :func:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence` construct::
+
+    Table(
+        "sometable",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "id", Integer, Sequence("some_id_seq", start=1), primary_key=True
+        )
+    )
+
+When SQLAlchemy issues a single INSERT statement, to fulfill the contract of
+having the "last insert identifier" available, a RETURNING clause is added to
+the INSERT statement which specifies the primary key columns should be
+returned after the statement completes. The RETURNING functionality only takes
+place if PostgreSQL 8.2 or later is in use. As a fallback approach, the
+sequence, whether specified explicitly or implicitly via ``SERIAL``, is
+executed independently beforehand, the returned value to be used in the
+subsequent insert. Note that when an
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.insert()` construct is executed using
+"executemany" semantics, the "last inserted identifier" functionality does not
+apply; no RETURNING clause is emitted nor is the sequence pre-executed in this
+case.
+
+
+PostgreSQL 10 and above IDENTITY columns
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL 10 and above have a new IDENTITY feature that supersedes the use
+of SERIAL. The :class:`_schema.Identity` construct in a
+:class:`_schema.Column` can be used to control its behavior::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, Integer, Computed
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    data = Table(
+        "data",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            'id', Integer, Identity(start=42, cycle=True), primary_key=True
+        ),
+        Column('data', String)
+    )
+
+The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE data (
+        id INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 42 CYCLE),
+        data VARCHAR,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
+   in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the option of an autoincrementing
+   column.
+
+.. note::
+
+   Previous versions of SQLAlchemy did not have built-in support for rendering
+   of IDENTITY, and could use the following compilation hook to replace
+   occurrences of SERIAL with IDENTITY::
+
+       from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateColumn
+       from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+
+       @compiles(CreateColumn, 'postgresql')
+       def use_identity(element, compiler, **kw):
+           text = compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+           text = text.replace(
+               "SERIAL", "INT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY"
+            )
+           return text
+
+   Using the above, a table such as::
+
+       t = Table(
+           't', m,
+           Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+           Column('data', String)
+       )
+
+   Will generate on the backing database as::
+
+       CREATE TABLE t (
+           id INT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
+           data VARCHAR,
+           PRIMARY KEY (id)
+       )
+
+.. _postgresql_ss_cursors:
+
+Server Side Cursors
+-------------------
+
+Server-side cursor support is available for the psycopg2, asyncpg
+dialects and may also be available in others.
+
+Server side cursors are enabled on a per-statement basis by using the
+:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` connection execution
+option::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=True).execute(text("select * from table"))
+
+Note that some kinds of SQL statements may not be supported with
+server side cursors; generally, only SQL statements that return rows should be
+used with this option.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4  The dialect-level server_side_cursors flag is deprecated
+   and will be removed in a future release.  Please use the
+   :paramref:`_engine.Connection.stream_results` execution option for
+   unbuffered cursor support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+.. _postgresql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+Most SQLAlchemy dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+using the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter
+at the :func:`_sa.create_engine` level, and at the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+level via the :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+parameter.
+
+For PostgreSQL dialects, this feature works either by making use of the
+DBAPI-specific features, such as psycopg2's isolation level flags which will
+embed the isolation level setting inline with the ``"BEGIN"`` statement, or for
+DBAPIs with no direct support by emitting ``SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS
+TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` ahead of the ``"BEGIN"`` statement
+emitted by the DBAPI.   For the special AUTOCOMMIT isolation level,
+DBAPI-specific techniques are used which is typically an ``.autocommit``
+flag on the DBAPI connection object.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+        isolation_level = "REPEATABLE READ"
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        conn = conn.execution_options(
+            isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ"
+        )
+        with conn.begin():
+            # ... work with transaction
+
+There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as
+"sub-engine" objects linked to a main :class:`_engine.Engine` which each apply
+different isolation level settings.  See the discussion at
+:ref:`dbapi_autocommit` for background.
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` on most PostgreSQL dialects include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_readonly_deferrable`
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+.. _postgresql_readonly_deferrable:
+
+Setting READ ONLY / DEFERRABLE
+------------------------------
+
+Most PostgreSQL dialects support setting the "READ ONLY" and "DEFERRABLE"
+characteristics of the transaction, which is in addition to the isolation level
+setting. These two attributes can be established either in conjunction with or
+independently of the isolation level by passing the ``postgresql_readonly`` and
+``postgresql_deferrable`` flags with
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.  The example below illustrates
+passing the ``"SERIALIZABLE"`` isolation level at the same time as setting
+"READ ONLY" and "DEFERRABLE"::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        conn = conn.execution_options(
+            isolation_level="SERIALIZABLE",
+            postgresql_readonly=True,
+            postgresql_deferrable=True
+        )
+        with conn.begin():
+            #  ... work with transaction
+
+Note that some DBAPIs such as asyncpg only support "readonly" with
+SERIALIZABLE isolation.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4 added support for the ``postgresql_readonly``
+   and ``postgresql_deferrable`` execution options.
+
+.. _postgresql_reset_on_return:
+
+Temporary Table / Resource Reset for Connection Pooling
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The :class:`.QueuePool` connection pool implementation used
+by the SQLAlchemy :class:`.Engine` object includes
+:ref:`reset on return <pool_reset_on_return>` behavior that will invoke
+the DBAPI ``.rollback()`` method when connections are returned to the pool.
+While this rollback will clear out the immediate state used by the previous
+transaction, it does not cover a wider range of session-level state, including
+temporary tables as well as other server state such as prepared statement
+handles and statement caches.   The PostgreSQL database includes a variety
+of commands which may be used to reset this state, including
+``DISCARD``, ``RESET``, ``DEALLOCATE``, and ``UNLISTEN``.
+
+
+To install
+one or more of these commands as the means of performing reset-on-return,
+the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event hook may be used, as demonstrated
+in the example below. The implementation
+will end transactions in progress as well as discard temporary tables
+using the ``CLOSE``, ``RESET`` and ``DISCARD`` commands; see the PostgreSQL
+documentation for background on what each of these statements do.
+
+The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_reset_on_return` parameter
+is set to ``None`` so that the custom scheme can replace the default behavior
+completely.   The custom hook implementation calls ``.rollback()`` in any case,
+as it's usually important that the DBAPI's own tracking of commit/rollback
+will remain consistent with the state of the transaction::
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    postgresql_engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pyscopg2://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
+
+        # disable default reset-on-return scheme
+        pool_reset_on_return=None,
+    )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(postgresql_engine, "reset")
+    def _reset_postgresql(dbapi_connection, connection_record, reset_state):
+        if not reset_state.terminate_only:
+            dbapi_connection.execute("CLOSE ALL")
+            dbapi_connection.execute("RESET ALL")
+            dbapi_connection.execute("DISCARD TEMP")
+
+        # so that the DBAPI itself knows that the connection has been
+        # reset
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.0b3  Added additional state arguments to
+   the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event and additionally ensured the event
+   is invoked for all "reset" occurrences, so that it's appropriate
+   as a place for custom "reset" handlers.   Previous schemes which
+   use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkin` handler remain usable as well.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_reset_on_return` - in the :ref:`pooling_toplevel` documentation
+
+.. _postgresql_alternate_search_path:
+
+Setting Alternate Search Paths on Connect
+------------------------------------------
+
+The PostgreSQL ``search_path`` variable refers to the list of schema names
+that will be implicitly referenced when a particular table or other
+object is referenced in a SQL statement.  As detailed in the next section
+:ref:`postgresql_schema_reflection`, SQLAlchemy is generally organized around
+the concept of keeping this variable at its default value of ``public``,
+however, in order to have it set to any arbitrary name or names when connections
+are used automatically, the "SET SESSION search_path" command may be invoked
+for all connections in a pool using the following event handler, as discussed
+at :ref:`schema_set_default_connections`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@host/dbname")
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect", insert=True)
+    def set_search_path(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        existing_autocommit = dbapi_connection.autocommit
+        dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET SESSION search_path='%s'" % schema_name)
+        cursor.close()
+        dbapi_connection.autocommit = existing_autocommit
+
+The reason the recipe is complicated by use of the ``.autocommit`` DBAPI
+attribute is so that when the ``SET SESSION search_path`` directive is invoked,
+it is invoked outside of the scope of any transaction and therefore will not
+be reverted when the DBAPI connection has a rollback.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+  :ref:`schema_set_default_connections` - in the :ref:`metadata_toplevel` documentation
+
+
+
+
+.. _postgresql_schema_reflection:
+
+Remote-Schema Table Introspection and PostgreSQL search_path
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+.. admonition:: Section Best Practices Summarized
+
+    keep the ``search_path`` variable set to its default of ``public``, without
+    any other schema names. Ensure the username used to connect **does not**
+    match remote schemas, or ensure the ``"$user"`` token is **removed** from
+    ``search_path``.  For other schema names, name these explicitly
+    within :class:`_schema.Table` definitions. Alternatively, the
+    ``postgresql_ignore_search_path`` option will cause all reflected
+    :class:`_schema.Table` objects to have a :attr:`_schema.Table.schema`
+    attribute set up.
+
+The PostgreSQL dialect can reflect tables from any schema, as outlined in
+:ref:`metadata_reflection_schemas`.
+
+In all cases, the first thing SQLAlchemy does when reflecting tables is
+to **determine the default schema for the current database connection**.
+It does this using the PostgreSQL ``current_schema()``
+function, illustated below using a PostgreSQL client session (i.e. using
+the ``psql`` tool)::
+
+    test=> select current_schema();
+    current_schema
+    ----------------
+    public
+    (1 row)
+
+Above we see that on a plain install of PostgreSQL, the default schema name
+is the name ``public``.
+
+However, if your database username **matches the name of a schema**, PostgreSQL's
+default is to then **use that name as the default schema**.  Below, we log in
+using the username ``scott``.  When we create a schema named ``scott``, **it
+implicitly changes the default schema**::
+
+    test=> select current_schema();
+    current_schema
+    ----------------
+    public
+    (1 row)
+
+    test=> create schema scott;
+    CREATE SCHEMA
+    test=> select current_schema();
+    current_schema
+    ----------------
+    scott
+    (1 row)
+
+The behavior of ``current_schema()`` is derived from the
+`PostgreSQL search path
+<https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATH>`_
+variable ``search_path``, which in modern PostgreSQL versions defaults to this::
+
+    test=> show search_path;
+    search_path
+    -----------------
+    "$user", public
+    (1 row)
+
+Where above, the ``"$user"`` variable will inject the current username as the
+default schema, if one exists.   Otherwise, ``public`` is used.
+
+When a :class:`_schema.Table` object is reflected, if it is present in the
+schema indicated by the ``current_schema()`` function, **the schema name assigned
+to the ".schema" attribute of the Table is the Python "None" value**.  Otherwise, the
+".schema" attribute will be assigned the string name of that schema.
+
+With regards to tables which these :class:`_schema.Table`
+objects refer to via foreign key constraint, a decision must be made as to how
+the ``.schema`` is represented in those remote tables, in the case where that
+remote schema name is also a member of the current ``search_path``.
+
+By default, the PostgreSQL dialect mimics the behavior encouraged by
+PostgreSQL's own ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` builtin procedure.  This function
+returns a sample definition for a particular foreign key constraint,
+omitting the referenced schema name from that definition when the name is
+also in the PostgreSQL schema search path.  The interaction below
+illustrates this behavior::
+
+    test=> CREATE TABLE test_schema.referred(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> CREATE TABLE referring(
+    test(>         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    test(>         referred_id INTEGER REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id));
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> SET search_path TO public, test_schema;
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f'
+    test-> ;
+                   pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+Above, we created a table ``referred`` as a member of the remote schema
+``test_schema``, however when we added ``test_schema`` to the
+PG ``search_path`` and then asked ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` for the
+``FOREIGN KEY`` syntax, ``test_schema`` was not included in the output of
+the function.
+
+On the other hand, if we set the search path back to the typical default
+of ``public``::
+
+    test=> SET search_path TO public;
+    SET
+
+The same query against ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` now returns the fully
+schema-qualified name for us::
+
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f';
+                         pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+SQLAlchemy will by default use the return value of ``pg_get_constraintdef()``
+in order to determine the remote schema name.  That is, if our ``search_path``
+were set to include ``test_schema``, and we invoked a table
+reflection process as follows::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, create_engine, text
+    >>> engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute(text("SET search_path TO test_schema, public"))
+    ...     metadata_obj = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table('referring', metadata_obj,
+    ...                       autoload_with=conn)
+    ...
+    <sqlalchemy.engine.result.CursorResult object at 0x101612ed0>
+
+The above process would deliver to the :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables`
+collection
+``referred`` table named **without** the schema::
+
+    >>> metadata_obj.tables['referred'].schema is None
+    True
+
+To alter the behavior of reflection such that the referred schema is
+maintained regardless of the ``search_path`` setting, use the
+``postgresql_ignore_search_path`` option, which can be specified as a
+dialect-specific argument to both :class:`_schema.Table` as well as
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`::
+
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute(text("SET search_path TO test_schema, public"))
+    ...     metadata_obj = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table('referring', metadata_obj,
+    ...                       autoload_with=conn,
+    ...                       postgresql_ignore_search_path=True)
+    ...
+    <sqlalchemy.engine.result.CursorResult object at 0x1016126d0>
+
+We will now have ``test_schema.referred`` stored as schema-qualified::
+
+    >>> metadata_obj.tables['test_schema.referred'].schema
+    'test_schema'
+
+.. sidebar:: Best Practices for PostgreSQL Schema reflection
+
+    The description of PostgreSQL schema reflection behavior is complex, and
+    is the product of many years of dealing with widely varied use cases and
+    user preferences. But in fact, there's no need to understand any of it if
+    you just stick to the simplest use pattern: leave the ``search_path`` set
+    to its default of ``public`` only, never refer to the name ``public`` as
+    an explicit schema name otherwise, and refer to all other schema names
+    explicitly when building up a :class:`_schema.Table` object.  The options
+    described here are only for those users who can't, or prefer not to, stay
+    within these guidelines.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`reflection_schema_qualified_interaction` - discussion of the issue
+    from a backend-agnostic perspective
+
+    `The Schema Search Path
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATH>`_
+    - on the PostgreSQL website.
+
+INSERT/UPDATE...RETURNING
+-------------------------
+
+The dialect supports PG 8.2's ``INSERT..RETURNING``, ``UPDATE..RETURNING`` and
+``DELETE..RETURNING`` syntaxes.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` is used by default
+for single-row INSERT statements in order to fetch newly generated
+primary key identifiers.   To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause,
+use the :meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = table.insert().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\
+        values(name='foo')
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    result = table.update().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\
+        where(table.c.name=='foo').values(name='bar')
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = table.delete().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\
+        where(table.c.name=='foo')
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+.. _postgresql_insert_on_conflict:
+
+INSERT...ON CONFLICT (Upsert)
+------------------------------
+
+Starting with version 9.5, PostgreSQL allows "upserts" (update or insert) of
+rows into a table via the ``ON CONFLICT`` clause of the ``INSERT`` statement. A
+candidate row will only be inserted if that row does not violate any unique
+constraints.  In the case of a unique constraint violation, a secondary action
+can occur which can be either "DO UPDATE", indicating that the data in the
+target row should be updated, or "DO NOTHING", which indicates to silently skip
+this row.
+
+Conflicts are determined using existing unique constraints and indexes.  These
+constraints may be identified either using their name as stated in DDL,
+or they may be inferred by stating the columns and conditions that comprise
+the indexes.
+
+SQLAlchemy provides ``ON CONFLICT`` support via the PostgreSQL-specific
+:func:`_postgresql.insert()` function, which provides
+the generative methods :meth:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`
+and :meth:`~.postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_existing_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value')
+    >>> do_nothing_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(
+    ...     index_elements=['id']
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_nothing_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+    {stop}
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint='pk_my_table',
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT pk_my_table DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `INSERT .. ON CONFLICT
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-insert.html#SQL-ON-CONFLICT>`_
+    - in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+Specifying the Target
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Both methods supply the "target" of the conflict using either the
+named constraint or by column inference:
+
+* The :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements` argument
+  specifies a sequence containing string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+  objects, and/or SQL expression elements, which would identify a unique
+  index:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+    {stop}
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=[my_table.c.id],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+* When using :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements` to
+  infer an index, a partial index can be inferred by also specifying the
+  use the :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_where` parameter:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(user_email='a@b.com', data='inserted data')
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=[my_table.c.user_email],
+    ...     index_where=my_table.c.user_email.like('%@gmail.com'),
+    ...     set_=dict(data=stmt.excluded.data)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (data, user_email)
+    VALUES (%(data)s, %(user_email)s) ON CONFLICT (user_email)
+    WHERE user_email LIKE %(user_email_1)s DO UPDATE SET data = excluded.data
+
+* The :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.constraint` argument is
+  used to specify an index directly rather than inferring it.  This can be
+  the name of a UNIQUE constraint, a PRIMARY KEY constraint, or an INDEX:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint='my_table_idx_1',
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT my_table_idx_1 DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+    {stop}
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint='my_table_pk',
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT my_table_pk DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+    {stop}
+
+* The :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.constraint` argument may
+  also refer to a SQLAlchemy construct representing a constraint,
+  e.g. :class:`.UniqueConstraint`, :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`,
+  :class:`.Index`, or :class:`.ExcludeConstraint`.   In this use,
+  if the constraint has a name, it is used directly.  Otherwise, if the
+  constraint is unnamed, then inference will be used, where the expressions
+  and optional WHERE clause of the constraint will be spelled out in the
+  construct.  This use is especially convenient
+  to refer to the named or unnamed primary key of a :class:`_schema.Table`
+  using the
+  :attr:`_schema.Table.primary_key` attribute:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint=my_table.primary_key,
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+The SET Clause
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT...DO UPDATE`` is used to perform an update of the already
+existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values
+from the proposed insertion.   These values are specified using the
+:paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` parameter.  This
+parameter accepts a dictionary which consists of direct values
+for UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id='some_id', data='inserted value')
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The :meth:`_expression.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`
+    method does **not** take into
+    account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions, e.g.
+    those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+    These values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of UPDATE,
+    unless they are manually specified in the
+    :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+Updating using the Excluded INSERT Values
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias
+:attr:`~.postgresql.Insert.excluded` is available as an attribute on
+the :class:`_postgresql.Insert` object; this object is a
+:class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+which alias contains all columns of the target
+table:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value',
+    ...     author='jlh'
+    ... )
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value', author=stmt.excluded.author)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author)
+    VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s, %(author)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s, author = excluded.author
+
+Additional WHERE Criteria
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :meth:`_expression.Insert.on_conflict_do_update` method also accepts
+a WHERE clause using the :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.where`
+parameter, which will limit those rows which receive an UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value',
+    ...     author='jlh'
+    ... )
+    >>> on_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value', author=stmt.excluded.author),
+    ...     where=(my_table.c.status == 2)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(on_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author)
+    VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s, %(author)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s, author = excluded.author
+    WHERE my_table.status = %(status_1)s
+
+Skipping Rows with DO NOTHING
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT`` may be used to skip inserting a row entirely
+if any conflict with a unique or exclusion constraint occurs; below
+this is illustrated using the
+:meth:`~.postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing` method:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id='some_id', data='inserted value')
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=['id'])
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+
+If ``DO NOTHING`` is used without specifying any columns or constraint,
+it has the effect of skipping the INSERT for any unique or exclusion
+constraint violation which occurs:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id='some_id', data='inserted value')
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+
+.. _postgresql_match:
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+PostgreSQL's full text search system is available through the use of the
+:data:`.func` namespace, combined with the use of custom operators
+via the :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` method.    For simple cases with some
+degree of cross-backend compatibility, the :meth:`.Operators.match` operator
+may also be used.
+
+.. _postgresql_simple_match:
+
+Simple plain text matching with ``match()``
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :meth:`.Operators.match` operator provides for cross-compatible simple
+text matching.   For the PostgreSQL backend, it's hardcoded to generate
+an expression using the ``@@`` operator in conjunction with the
+``plainto_tsquery()`` PostgreSQL function.
+
+On the PostgreSQL dialect, an expression like the following::
+
+    select(sometable.c.text.match("search string"))
+
+would emit to the database::
+
+    SELECT text @@ plainto_tsquery('search string') FROM table
+
+Above, passing a plain string to :meth:`.Operators.match` will automatically
+make use of ``plainto_tsquery()`` to specify the type of tsquery.  This
+establishes basic database cross-compatibility for :meth:`.Operators.match`
+with other backends.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 The default tsquery generation function used by the
+   PostgreSQL dialect with :meth:`.Operators.match` is ``plainto_tsquery()``.
+
+   To render exactly what was rendered in 1.4, use the following form::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+
+        select(
+            sometable.c.text.bool_op("@@")(func.to_tsquery("search string"))
+        )
+
+   Which would emit::
+
+        SELECT text @@ to_tsquery('search string') FROM table
+
+Using PostgreSQL full text functions and operators directly
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Text search operations beyond the simple use of :meth:`.Operators.match`
+may make use of the :data:`.func` namespace to generate PostgreSQL full-text
+functions, in combination with :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` to generate
+any boolean operator.
+
+For example, the query::
+
+    select(
+        func.to_tsquery('cat').bool_op("@>")(func.to_tsquery('cat & rat'))
+    )
+
+would generate:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT to_tsquery('cat') @> to_tsquery('cat & rat')
+
+
+The :class:`_postgresql.TSVECTOR` type can provide for explicit CAST::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import TSVECTOR
+    from sqlalchemy import select, cast
+    select(cast("some text", TSVECTOR))
+
+produces a statement equivalent to::
+
+    SELECT CAST('some text' AS TSVECTOR) AS anon_1
+
+The ``func`` namespace is augmented by the PostgreSQL dialect to set up
+correct argument and return types for most full text search functions.
+These functions are used automatically by the :attr:`_sql.func` namespace
+assuming the ``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` package has been imported,
+or :func:`_sa.create_engine` has been invoked using a ``postgresql``
+dialect.  These functions are documented at:
+
+* :class:`_postgresql.to_tsvector`
+* :class:`_postgresql.to_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.plainto_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.phraseto_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.websearch_to_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.ts_headline`
+
+Specifying the "regconfig" with ``match()`` or custom operators
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL's ``plainto_tsquery()`` function accepts an optional
+"regconfig" argument that is used to instruct PostgreSQL to use a
+particular pre-computed GIN or GiST index in order to perform the search.
+When using :meth:`.Operators.match`, this additional parameter may be
+specified using the ``postgresql_regconfig`` parameter, such as::
+
+    select(mytable.c.id).where(
+        mytable.c.title.match('somestring', postgresql_regconfig='english')
+    )
+
+Which would emit::
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE mytable.title @@ plainto_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+When using other PostgreSQL search functions with :data:`.func`, the
+"regconfig" parameter may be passed directly as the initial argument::
+
+    select(mytable.c.id).where(
+        func.to_tsvector("english", mytable.c.title).bool_op("@@")(
+            func.to_tsquery("english", "somestring")
+        )
+    )
+
+produces a statement equivalent to::
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE to_tsvector('english', mytable.title) @@
+        to_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+It is recommended that you use the ``EXPLAIN ANALYZE...`` tool from
+PostgreSQL to ensure that you are generating queries with SQLAlchemy that
+take full advantage of any indexes you may have created for full text search.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Full Text Search <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html>`_ - in the PostgreSQL documentation
+
+
+FROM ONLY ...
+-------------
+
+The dialect supports PostgreSQL's ONLY keyword for targeting only a particular
+table in an inheritance hierarchy. This can be used to produce the
+``SELECT ... FROM ONLY``, ``UPDATE ONLY ...``, and ``DELETE FROM ONLY ...``
+syntaxes. It uses SQLAlchemy's hints mechanism::
+
+    # SELECT ... FROM ONLY ...
+    result = table.select().with_hint(table, 'ONLY', 'postgresql')
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+    # UPDATE ONLY ...
+    table.update(values=dict(foo='bar')).with_hint('ONLY',
+                                                   dialect_name='postgresql')
+
+    # DELETE FROM ONLY ...
+    table.delete().with_hint('ONLY', dialect_name='postgresql')
+
+
+.. _postgresql_indexes:
+
+PostgreSQL-Specific Index Options
+---------------------------------
+
+Several extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available, specific
+to the PostgreSQL dialect.
+
+Covering Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``postgresql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given
+string names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, postgresql_include=['y'])
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
+
+Note that this feature requires PostgreSQL 11 or later.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+.. _postgresql_partial_indexes:
+
+Partial Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Partial indexes add criterion to the index definition so that the index is
+applied to a subset of rows.   These can be specified on :class:`.Index`
+using the ``postgresql_where`` keyword argument::
+
+  Index('my_index', my_table.c.id, postgresql_where=my_table.c.value > 10)
+
+.. _postgresql_operator_classes:
+
+Operator Classes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows the specification of an *operator class* for each column of
+an index (see
+https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/indexes-opclass.html).
+The :class:`.Index` construct allows these to be specified via the
+``postgresql_ops`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index(
+        'my_index', my_table.c.id, my_table.c.data,
+        postgresql_ops={
+            'data': 'text_pattern_ops',
+            'id': 'int4_ops'
+        })
+
+Note that the keys in the ``postgresql_ops`` dictionaries are the
+"key" name of the :class:`_schema.Column`, i.e. the name used to access it from
+the ``.c`` collection of :class:`_schema.Table`, which can be configured to be
+different than the actual name of the column as expressed in the database.
+
+If ``postgresql_ops`` is to be used against a complex SQL expression such
+as a function call, then to apply to the column it must be given a label
+that is identified in the dictionary by name, e.g.::
+
+    Index(
+        'my_index', my_table.c.id,
+        func.lower(my_table.c.data).label('data_lower'),
+        postgresql_ops={
+            'data_lower': 'text_pattern_ops',
+            'id': 'int4_ops'
+        })
+
+Operator classes are also supported by the
+:class:`_postgresql.ExcludeConstraint` construct using the
+:paramref:`_postgresql.ExcludeConstraint.ops` parameter. See that parameter for
+details.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.21 added support for operator classes with
+   :class:`_postgresql.ExcludeConstraint`.
+
+
+Index Types
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL provides several index types: B-Tree, Hash, GiST, and GIN, as well
+as the ability for users to create their own (see
+https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/indexes-types.html). These can be
+specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_using`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, postgresql_using='gin')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX command, so it *must* be a valid index type for your
+version of PostgreSQL.
+
+.. _postgresql_index_storage:
+
+Index Storage Parameters
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows storage parameters to be set on indexes. The storage
+parameters available depend on the index method used by the index. Storage
+parameters can be specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_with``
+keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, postgresql_with={"fillfactor": 50})
+
+PostgreSQL allows to define the tablespace in which to create the index.
+The tablespace can be specified on :class:`.Index` using the
+``postgresql_tablespace`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, postgresql_tablespace='my_tablespace')
+
+Note that the same option is available on :class:`_schema.Table` as well.
+
+.. _postgresql_index_concurrently:
+
+Indexes with CONCURRENTLY
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The PostgreSQL index option CONCURRENTLY is supported by passing the
+flag ``postgresql_concurrently`` to the :class:`.Index` construct::
+
+    tbl = Table('testtbl', m, Column('data', Integer))
+
+    idx1 = Index('test_idx1', tbl.c.data, postgresql_concurrently=True)
+
+The above index construct will render DDL for CREATE INDEX, assuming
+PostgreSQL 8.2 or higher is detected or for a connection-less dialect, as::
+
+    CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY test_idx1 ON testtbl (data)
+
+For DROP INDEX, assuming PostgreSQL 9.2 or higher is detected or for
+a connection-less dialect, it will emit::
+
+    DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY test_idx1
+
+When using CONCURRENTLY, the PostgreSQL database requires that the statement
+be invoked outside of a transaction block.   The Python DBAPI enforces that
+even for a single statement, a transaction is present, so to use this
+construct, the DBAPI's "autocommit" mode must be used::
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+    table = Table(
+        "foo", metadata,
+        Column("id", String))
+    index = Index(
+        "foo_idx", table.c.id, postgresql_concurrently=True)
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        with conn.execution_options(isolation_level='AUTOCOMMIT'):
+            table.create(conn)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+.. _postgresql_index_reflection:
+
+PostgreSQL Index Reflection
+---------------------------
+
+The PostgreSQL database creates a UNIQUE INDEX implicitly whenever the
+UNIQUE CONSTRAINT construct is used.   When inspecting a table using
+:class:`_reflection.Inspector`, the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`
+and the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+will report on these
+two constructs distinctly; in the case of the index, the key
+``duplicates_constraint`` will be present in the index entry if it is
+detected as mirroring a constraint.   When performing reflection using
+``Table(..., autoload_with=engine)``, the UNIQUE INDEX is **not** returned
+in :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` when it is detected as mirroring a
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint` in the :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints` collection
+.
+
+Special Reflection Options
+--------------------------
+
+The :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+used for the PostgreSQL backend is an instance
+of :class:`.PGInspector`, which offers additional methods::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://localhost/test")
+    insp = inspect(engine)  # will be a PGInspector
+
+    print(insp.get_enums())
+
+.. autoclass:: PGInspector
+    :members:
+
+.. _postgresql_table_options:
+
+PostgreSQL Table Options
+------------------------
+
+Several options for CREATE TABLE are supported directly by the PostgreSQL
+dialect in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
+
+* ``INHERITS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_inherits="some_supertable")
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_inherits=("t1", "t2", ...))
+
+* ``ON COMMIT``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_on_commit='PRESERVE ROWS')
+
+* ``PARTITION BY``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ...,
+          postgresql_partition_by='LIST (part_column)')
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.6
+
+* ``TABLESPACE``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_tablespace='some_tablespace')
+
+  The above option is also available on the :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+* ``USING``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_using='heap')
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.26
+
+* ``WITH OIDS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_with_oids=True)
+
+* ``WITHOUT OIDS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_with_oids=False)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `PostgreSQL CREATE TABLE options
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html>`_ -
+    in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+.. _postgresql_constraint_options:
+
+PostgreSQL Constraint Options
+-----------------------------
+
+The following option(s) are supported by the PostgreSQL dialect in conjunction
+with selected constraint constructs:
+
+* ``NOT VALID``:  This option applies towards CHECK and FOREIGN KEY constraints
+  when the constraint is being added to an existing table via ALTER TABLE,
+  and has the effect that existing rows are not scanned during the ALTER
+  operation against the constraint being added.
+
+  When using a SQL migration tool such as `Alembic <https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org>`_
+  that renders ALTER TABLE constructs, the ``postgresql_not_valid`` argument
+  may be specified as an additional keyword argument within the operation
+  that creates the constraint, as in the following Alembic example::
+
+        def update():
+            op.create_foreign_key(
+                "fk_user_address",
+                "address",
+                "user",
+                ["user_id"],
+                ["id"],
+                postgresql_not_valid=True
+            )
+
+  The keyword is ultimately accepted directly by the
+  :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`, :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+  and :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` constructs; when using a tool like
+  Alembic, dialect-specific keyword arguments are passed through to
+  these constructs from the migration operation directives::
+
+       CheckConstraint("some_field IS NOT NULL", postgresql_not_valid=True)
+
+       ForeignKeyConstraint(["some_id"], ["some_table.some_id"], postgresql_not_valid=True)
+
+  .. versionadded:: 1.4.32
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+      `PostgreSQL ALTER TABLE options
+      <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-altertable.html>`_ -
+      in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+.. _postgresql_table_valued_overview:
+
+Table values, Table and Column valued functions, Row and Tuple objects
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PostgreSQL makes great use of modern SQL forms such as table-valued functions,
+tables and rows as values.   These constructs are commonly used as part
+of PostgreSQL's support for complex datatypes such as JSON, ARRAY, and other
+datatypes.  SQLAlchemy's SQL expression language has native support for
+most table-valued and row-valued forms.
+
+.. _postgresql_table_valued:
+
+Table-Valued Functions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Many PostgreSQL built-in functions are intended to be used in the FROM clause
+of a SELECT statement, and are capable of returning table rows or sets of table
+rows. A large portion of PostgreSQL's JSON functions for example such as
+``json_array_elements()``, ``json_object_keys()``, ``json_each_text()``,
+``json_each()``, ``json_to_record()``, ``json_populate_recordset()`` use such
+forms. These classes of SQL function calling forms in SQLAlchemy are available
+using the :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method in conjunction
+with :class:`_functions.Function` objects generated from the :data:`_sql.func`
+namespace.
+
+Examples from PostgreSQL's reference documentation follow below:
+
+* ``json_each()``:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(func.json_each('{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}').table_valued("key", "value"))
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT anon_1.key, anon_1.value
+    FROM json_each(:json_each_1) AS anon_1
+
+* ``json_populate_record()``:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func, literal_column
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.json_populate_record(
+    ...         literal_column("null::myrowtype"),
+    ...         '{"a":1,"b":2}'
+    ...     ).table_valued("a", "b", name="x")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT x.a, x.b
+    FROM json_populate_record(null::myrowtype, :json_populate_record_1) AS x
+
+* ``json_to_record()`` - this form uses a PostgreSQL specific form of derived
+  columns in the alias, where we may make use of :func:`_sql.column` elements with
+  types to produce them.  The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+  method produces  a :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` construct, and the method
+  :meth:`_sql.TableValuedAlias.render_derived` method sets up the derived
+  columns specification:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func, column, Integer, Text
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.json_to_record('{"a":1,"b":[1,2,3],"c":"bar"}').table_valued(
+    ...         column("a", Integer), column("b", Text), column("d", Text),
+    ...     ).render_derived(name="x", with_types=True)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT x.a, x.b, x.d
+    FROM json_to_record(:json_to_record_1) AS x(a INTEGER, b TEXT, d TEXT)
+
+* ``WITH ORDINALITY`` - part of the SQL standard, ``WITH ORDINALITY`` adds an
+  ordinal counter to the output of a function and is accepted by a limited set
+  of PostgreSQL functions including ``unnest()`` and ``generate_series()``. The
+  :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method accepts a keyword
+  parameter ``with_ordinality`` for this purpose, which accepts the string name
+  that will be applied to the "ordinality" column:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.generate_series(4, 1, -1).
+    ...     table_valued("value", with_ordinality="ordinality").
+    ...     render_derived()
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.ordinality
+    FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3)
+    WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1(value, ordinality)
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+.. _postgresql_column_valued:
+
+Column Valued Functions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Similar to the table valued function, a column valued function is present
+in the FROM clause, but delivers itself to the columns clause as a single
+scalar value.  PostgreSQL functions such as ``json_array_elements()``,
+``unnest()`` and ``generate_series()`` may use this form. Column valued functions are available using the
+:meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method of :class:`_functions.FunctionElement`:
+
+* ``json_array_elements()``:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(func.json_array_elements('["one", "two"]').column_valued("x"))
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT x
+    FROM json_array_elements(:json_array_elements_1) AS x
+
+* ``unnest()`` - in order to generate a PostgreSQL ARRAY literal, the
+  :func:`_postgresql.array` construct may be used:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(func.unnest(array([1, 2])).column_valued())
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT anon_1
+    FROM unnest(ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s]) AS anon_1
+
+  The function can of course be used against an existing table-bound column
+  that's of type :class:`_types.ARRAY`:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, ARRAY, Integer
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> t = table("t", column('value', ARRAY(Integer)))
+    >>> stmt = select(func.unnest(t.c.value).column_valued("unnested_value"))
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT unnested_value
+    FROM unnest(t.value) AS unnested_value
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`tutorial_functions_column_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+Row Types
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+Built-in support for rendering a ``ROW`` may be approximated using
+``func.ROW`` with the :attr:`_sa.func` namespace, or by using the
+:func:`_sql.tuple_` construct:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, func, tuple_
+    >>> t = table("t", column("id"), column("fk"))
+    >>> stmt = t.select().where(
+    ...     tuple_(t.c.id, t.c.fk) > (1,2)
+    ... ).where(
+    ...     func.ROW(t.c.id, t.c.fk) < func.ROW(3, 7)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT t.id, t.fk
+    FROM t
+    WHERE (t.id, t.fk) > (:param_1, :param_2) AND ROW(t.id, t.fk) < ROW(:ROW_1, :ROW_2)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `PostgreSQL Row Constructors
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS>`_
+
+    `PostgreSQL Row Constructor Comparison
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON>`_
+
+Table Types passed to Functions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL supports passing a table as an argument to a function, which is
+known as a "record" type. SQLAlchemy :class:`_sql.FromClause` objects
+such as :class:`_schema.Table` support this special form using the
+:meth:`_sql.FromClause.table_valued` method, which is comparable to the
+:meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method except that the collection
+of columns is already established by that of the :class:`_sql.FromClause`
+itself:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, func, select
+    >>> a = table( "a", column("id"), column("x"), column("y"))
+    >>> stmt = select(func.row_to_json(a.table_valued()))
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT row_to_json(a) AS row_to_json_1
+    FROM a
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import lru_cache
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import arraylib as _array
+from . import json as _json
+from . import pg_catalog
+from . import ranges as _ranges
+from .ext import _regconfig_fn
+from .ext import aggregate_order_by
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .named_types import CreateDomainType as CreateDomainType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import CreateEnumType as CreateEnumType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import DOMAIN as DOMAIN  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import DropDomainType as DropDomainType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import DropEnumType as DropEnumType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import ENUM as ENUM  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import NamedType as NamedType  # noqa: F401
+from .types import _DECIMAL_TYPES  # noqa: F401
+from .types import _FLOAT_TYPES  # noqa: F401
+from .types import _INT_TYPES  # noqa: F401
+from .types import BIT as BIT
+from .types import BYTEA as BYTEA
+from .types import CIDR as CIDR
+from .types import CITEXT as CITEXT
+from .types import INET as INET
+from .types import INTERVAL as INTERVAL
+from .types import MACADDR as MACADDR
+from .types import MACADDR8 as MACADDR8
+from .types import MONEY as MONEY
+from .types import OID as OID
+from .types import PGBit as PGBit  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGCidr as PGCidr  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGInet as PGInet  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGInterval as PGInterval  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGMacAddr as PGMacAddr  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGMacAddr8 as PGMacAddr8  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGUuid as PGUuid
+from .types import REGCLASS as REGCLASS
+from .types import REGCONFIG as REGCONFIG  # noqa: F401
+from .types import TIME as TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP as TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TSVECTOR as TSVECTOR
+from ... import exc
+from ... import schema
+from ... import select
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import characteristics
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import interfaces
+from ...engine import ObjectKind
+from ...engine import ObjectScope
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine import URL
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import bindparam
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ...types import BIGINT
+from ...types import BOOLEAN
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import DATE
+from ...types import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from ...types import FLOAT
+from ...types import INTEGER
+from ...types import NUMERIC
+from ...types import REAL
+from ...types import SMALLINT
+from ...types import TEXT
+from ...types import UUID as UUID
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+from ...util.typing import TypedDict
+
+IDX_USING = re.compile(r"^(?:btree|hash|gist|gin|[\w_]+)$", re.I)
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = {
+    "all",
+    "analyse",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "any",
+    "array",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asymmetric",
+    "both",
+    "case",
+    "cast",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "constraint",
+    "create",
+    "current_catalog",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_role",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "default",
+    "deferrable",
+    "desc",
+    "distinct",
+    "do",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "except",
+    "false",
+    "fetch",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "in",
+    "initially",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "leading",
+    "limit",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "new",
+    "not",
+    "null",
+    "of",
+    "off",
+    "offset",
+    "old",
+    "on",
+    "only",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "placing",
+    "primary",
+    "references",
+    "returning",
+    "select",
+    "session_user",
+    "some",
+    "symmetric",
+    "table",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "true",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "user",
+    "using",
+    "variadic",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "window",
+    "with",
+    "authorization",
+    "between",
+    "binary",
+    "cross",
+    "current_schema",
+    "freeze",
+    "full",
+    "ilike",
+    "inner",
+    "is",
+    "isnull",
+    "join",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "natural",
+    "notnull",
+    "outer",
+    "over",
+    "overlaps",
+    "right",
+    "similar",
+    "verbose",
+}
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.ARRAY: _array.ARRAY,
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _json.JSONPATH,
+    sqltypes.JSON: _json.JSON,
+    sqltypes.Uuid: PGUuid,
+}
+
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "_array": _array.ARRAY,
+    "hstore": HSTORE,
+    "json": _json.JSON,
+    "jsonb": _json.JSONB,
+    "int4range": _ranges.INT4RANGE,
+    "int8range": _ranges.INT8RANGE,
+    "numrange": _ranges.NUMRANGE,
+    "daterange": _ranges.DATERANGE,
+    "tsrange": _ranges.TSRANGE,
+    "tstzrange": _ranges.TSTZRANGE,
+    "int4multirange": _ranges.INT4MULTIRANGE,
+    "int8multirange": _ranges.INT8MULTIRANGE,
+    "nummultirange": _ranges.NUMMULTIRANGE,
+    "datemultirange": _ranges.DATEMULTIRANGE,
+    "tsmultirange": _ranges.TSMULTIRANGE,
+    "tstzmultirange": _ranges.TSTZMULTIRANGE,
+    "integer": INTEGER,
+    "bigint": BIGINT,
+    "smallint": SMALLINT,
+    "character varying": VARCHAR,
+    "character": CHAR,
+    '"char"': sqltypes.String,
+    "name": sqltypes.String,
+    "text": TEXT,
+    "numeric": NUMERIC,
+    "float": FLOAT,
+    "real": REAL,
+    "inet": INET,
+    "cidr": CIDR,
+    "citext": CITEXT,
+    "uuid": UUID,
+    "bit": BIT,
+    "bit varying": BIT,
+    "macaddr": MACADDR,
+    "macaddr8": MACADDR8,
+    "money": MONEY,
+    "oid": OID,
+    "regclass": REGCLASS,
+    "double precision": DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    "timestamp": TIMESTAMP,
+    "timestamp with time zone": TIMESTAMP,
+    "timestamp without time zone": TIMESTAMP,
+    "time with time zone": TIME,
+    "time without time zone": TIME,
+    "date": DATE,
+    "time": TIME,
+    "bytea": BYTEA,
+    "boolean": BOOLEAN,
+    "interval": INTERVAL,
+    "tsvector": TSVECTOR,
+}
+
+
+class PGCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    def visit_to_tsvector_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_to_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_plainto_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_phraseto_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_websearch_to_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ts_headline_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def _assert_pg_ts_ext(self, element, **kw):
+        if not isinstance(element, _regconfig_fn):
+            # other options here include trying to rewrite the function
+            # with the correct types.  however, that means we have to
+            # "un-SQL-ize" the first argument, which can't work in a
+            # generalized way. Also, parent compiler class has already added
+            # the incorrect return type to the result map.   So let's just
+            # make sure the function we want is used up front.
+
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f'Can\'t compile "{element.name}()" full text search '
+                f"function construct that does not originate from the "
+                f'"sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql" package.  '
+                f'Please ensure "import sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql" is '
+                f"called before constructing "
+                f'"sqlalchemy.func.{element.name}()" to ensure registration '
+                f"of the correct argument and return types."
+            )
+
+        return f"{element.name}{self.function_argspec(element, **kw)}"
+
+    def render_bind_cast(self, type_, dbapi_type, sqltext):
+        if dbapi_type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String and dbapi_type.length:
+            # use VARCHAR with no length for VARCHAR cast.
+            # see #9511
+            dbapi_type = sqltypes.STRINGTYPE
+        return f"""{sqltext}::{
+            self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                dbapi_type, identifier_preparer=self.preparer
+            )
+        }"""
+
+    def visit_array(self, element, **kw):
+        return "ARRAY[%s]" % self.visit_clauselist(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_slice(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s:%s" % (
+            self.process(element.start, **kw),
+            self.process(element.stop, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_bitwise_xor_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " # ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(
+        self, binary, operator, _cast_applied=False, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            not _cast_applied
+            and binary.type._type_affinity is not sqltypes.JSON
+        ):
+            kw["_cast_applied"] = True
+            return self.process(sql.cast(binary, binary.type), **kw)
+
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = True
+
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " -> " if not _cast_applied else " ->> ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(
+        self, binary, operator, _cast_applied=False, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            not _cast_applied
+            and binary.type._type_affinity is not sqltypes.JSON
+        ):
+            kw["_cast_applied"] = True
+            return self.process(sql.cast(binary, binary.type), **kw)
+
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = True
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " #> " if not _cast_applied else " #>> ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_getitem_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s[%s]" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_aggregate_order_by(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s ORDER BY %s" % (
+            self.process(element.target, **kw),
+            self.process(element.order_by, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if "postgresql_regconfig" in binary.modifiers:
+            regconfig = self.render_literal_value(
+                binary.modifiers["postgresql_regconfig"], sqltypes.STRINGTYPE
+            )
+            if regconfig:
+                return "%s @@ plainto_tsquery(%s, %s)" % (
+                    self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                    regconfig,
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                )
+        return "%s @@ plainto_tsquery(%s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_case_insensitive_operand(self, element, **kw):
+        return element.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        return "%s ILIKE %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return "%s NOT ILIKE %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def _regexp_match(self, base_op, binary, operator, kw):
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return self._generate_generic_binary(
+                binary, " %s " % base_op, **kw
+            )
+        if flags == "i":
+            return self._generate_generic_binary(
+                binary, " %s* " % base_op, **kw
+            )
+        return "%s %s CONCAT('(?', %s, ')', %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            base_op,
+            self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match("~", binary, operator, kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match("!~", binary, operator, kw)
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        string = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        pattern_replace = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+            )
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        # cast the empty set to the type we are comparing against.  if
+        # we are comparing against the null type, pick an arbitrary
+        # datatype for the empty set
+        return "SELECT %s WHERE 1!=1" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                "CAST(NULL AS %s)"
+                % self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                    INTEGER() if type_._isnull else type_
+                )
+                for type_ in element_types or [INTEGER()]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super().render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+        return value
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "string_agg%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "nextval('%s')" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += " \n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT ALL"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        if hint.upper() != "ONLY":
+            raise exc.CompileError("Unrecognized hint: %r" % hint)
+        return "ONLY " + sqltext
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        # Do not call super().get_select_precolumns because
+        # it will warn/raise when distinct on is present
+        if select._distinct or select._distinct_on:
+            if select._distinct_on:
+                return (
+                    "DISTINCT ON ("
+                    + ", ".join(
+                        [
+                            self.process(col, **kw)
+                            for col in select._distinct_on
+                        ]
+                    )
+                    + ") "
+                )
+            else:
+                return "DISTINCT "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            if select._for_update_arg.key_share:
+                tmp = " FOR KEY SHARE"
+            else:
+                tmp = " FOR SHARE"
+        elif select._for_update_arg.key_share:
+            tmp = " FOR NO KEY UPDATE"
+        else:
+            tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tables = util.OrderedSet()
+            for c in select._for_update_arg.of:
+                tables.update(sql_util.surface_selectables_only(c))
+
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(table, ashint=True, use_schema=False, **kw)
+                for table in tables
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+        if select._for_update_arg.skip_locked:
+            tmp += " SKIP LOCKED"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def visit_substring_func(self, func, **kw):
+        s = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[0], **kw)
+        start = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[1], **kw)
+        if len(func.clauses.clauses) > 2:
+            length = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[2], **kw)
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s FOR %s)" % (s, start, length)
+        else:
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s)" % (s, start)
+
+    def _on_conflict_target(self, clause, **kw):
+        if clause.constraint_target is not None:
+            # target may be a name of an Index, UniqueConstraint or
+            # ExcludeConstraint.  While there is a separate
+            # "max_identifier_length" for indexes, PostgreSQL uses the same
+            # length for all objects so we can use
+            # truncate_and_render_constraint_name
+            target_text = (
+                "ON CONSTRAINT %s"
+                % self.preparer.truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+                    clause.constraint_target
+                )
+            )
+        elif clause.inferred_target_elements is not None:
+            target_text = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                (
+                    self.preparer.quote(c)
+                    if isinstance(c, str)
+                    else self.process(c, include_table=False, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                for c in clause.inferred_target_elements
+            )
+            if clause.inferred_target_whereclause is not None:
+                target_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                    clause.inferred_target_whereclause,
+                    include_table=False,
+                    use_schema=False,
+                )
+        else:
+            target_text = ""
+
+        return target_text
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_nothing(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        if target_text:
+            return "ON CONFLICT %s DO NOTHING" % target_text
+        else:
+            return "ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING"
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_update(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        clause = on_conflict
+
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        action_set_ops = []
+
+        set_parameters = dict(clause.update_values_to_set)
+        # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+
+        insert_statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+        cols = insert_statement.table.c
+        for c in cols:
+            col_key = c.key
+
+            if col_key in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(col_key)
+            elif c in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(c)
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                value = elements.BindParameter(None, value, type_=c.type)
+
+            else:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, elements.BindParameter)
+                    and value.type._isnull
+                ):
+                    value = value._clone()
+                    value.type = c.type
+            value_text = self.process(value.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+
+            key_text = self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+            action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        # check for names that don't match columns
+        if set_parameters:
+            util.warn(
+                "Additional column names not matching "
+                "any column keys in table '%s': %s"
+                % (
+                    self.current_executable.table.name,
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in set_parameters)),
+                )
+            )
+            for k, v in set_parameters.items():
+                key_text = (
+                    self.preparer.quote(k)
+                    if isinstance(k, str)
+                    else self.process(k, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                value_text = self.process(
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, v),
+                    use_schema=False,
+                )
+                action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        action_text = ", ".join(action_set_ops)
+        if clause.update_whereclause is not None:
+            action_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                clause.update_whereclause, include_table=True, use_schema=False
+            )
+
+        return "ON CONFLICT %s DO UPDATE SET %s" % (target_text, action_text)
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the DELETE .. USING clause specific to PostgreSQL."""
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "USING " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def fetch_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # pg requires parens for non literal clauses. It's also required for
+        # bind parameters if a ::type casts is used by the driver (asyncpg),
+        # so it's easiest to just always add it
+        text = ""
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n OFFSET (%s) ROWS" % self.process(
+                select._offset_clause, **kw
+            )
+        if select._fetch_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n FETCH FIRST (%s)%s ROWS %s" % (
+                self.process(select._fetch_clause, **kw),
+                " PERCENT" if select._fetch_clause_options["percent"] else "",
+                (
+                    "WITH TIES"
+                    if select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]
+                    else "ONLY"
+                ),
+            )
+        return text
+
+
+class PGDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column)
+        impl_type = column.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.TypeDecorator):
+            impl_type = impl_type.impl
+
+        has_identity = (
+            column.identity is not None
+            and self.dialect.supports_identity_columns
+        )
+
+        if (
+            column.primary_key
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            and (
+                self.dialect.supports_smallserial
+                or not isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger)
+            )
+            and not has_identity
+            and (
+                column.default is None
+                or (
+                    isinstance(column.default, schema.Sequence)
+                    and column.default.optional
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            if isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.BigInteger):
+                colspec += " BIGSERIAL"
+            elif isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+                colspec += " SMALLSERIAL"
+            else:
+                colspec += " SERIAL"
+        else:
+            colspec += " " + self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type,
+                type_expression=column,
+                identifier_preparer=self.preparer,
+            )
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+        if has_identity:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.identity)
+
+        if not column.nullable and not has_identity:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        elif column.nullable and has_identity:
+            colspec += " NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def _define_constraint_validity(self, constraint):
+        not_valid = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"]["not_valid"]
+        return " NOT VALID" if not_valid else ""
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if constraint._type_bound:
+            typ = list(constraint.columns)[0].type
+            if (
+                isinstance(typ, sqltypes.ARRAY)
+                and isinstance(typ.item_type, sqltypes.Enum)
+                and not typ.item_type.native_enum
+            ):
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "PostgreSQL dialect cannot produce the CHECK constraint "
+                    "for ARRAY of non-native ENUM; please specify "
+                    "create_constraint=False on this Enum datatype."
+                )
+
+        text = super().visit_check_constraint(constraint)
+        text += self._define_constraint_validity(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_foreign_key_constraint(constraint)
+        text += self._define_constraint_validity(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_enum_type(self, create, **kw):
+        type_ = create.element
+
+        return "CREATE TYPE %s AS ENUM (%s)" % (
+            self.preparer.format_type(type_),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(sql.literal(e), literal_binds=True)
+                for e in type_.enums
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_enum_type(self, drop, **kw):
+        type_ = drop.element
+
+        return "DROP TYPE %s" % (self.preparer.format_type(type_))
+
+    def visit_create_domain_type(self, create, **kw):
+        domain: DOMAIN = create.element
+
+        options = []
+        if domain.collation is not None:
+            options.append(f"COLLATE {self.preparer.quote(domain.collation)}")
+        if domain.default is not None:
+            default = self.render_default_string(domain.default)
+            options.append(f"DEFAULT {default}")
+        if domain.constraint_name is not None:
+            name = self.preparer.truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+                domain.constraint_name
+            )
+            options.append(f"CONSTRAINT {name}")
+        if domain.not_null:
+            options.append("NOT NULL")
+        if domain.check is not None:
+            check = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                domain.check, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            options.append(f"CHECK ({check})")
+
+        return (
+            f"CREATE DOMAIN {self.preparer.format_type(domain)} AS "
+            f"{self.type_compiler.process(domain.data_type)} "
+            f"{' '.join(options)}"
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_domain_type(self, drop, **kw):
+        domain = drop.element
+        return f"DROP DOMAIN {self.preparer.format_type(domain)}"
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+
+        if self.dialect._supports_create_index_concurrently:
+            concurrently = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["concurrently"]
+            if concurrently:
+                text += "CONCURRENTLY "
+
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s " % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=False),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table),
+        )
+
+        using = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["using"]
+        if using:
+            text += (
+                "USING %s "
+                % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(using, IDX_USING).lower()
+            )
+
+        ops = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["ops"]
+        text += "(%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                [
+                    self.sql_compiler.process(
+                        (
+                            expr.self_group()
+                            if not isinstance(expr, expression.ColumnClause)
+                            else expr
+                        ),
+                        include_table=False,
+                        literal_binds=True,
+                    )
+                    + (
+                        (" " + ops[expr.key])
+                        if hasattr(expr, "key") and expr.key in ops
+                        else ""
+                    )
+                    for expr in index.expressions
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        includeclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["include"]
+        if includeclause:
+            inclusions = [
+                index.table.c[col] if isinstance(col, str) else col
+                for col in includeclause
+            ]
+            text += " INCLUDE (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                [preparer.quote(c.name) for c in inclusions]
+            )
+
+        nulls_not_distinct = index.dialect_options["postgresql"][
+            "nulls_not_distinct"
+        ]
+        if nulls_not_distinct is True:
+            text += " NULLS NOT DISTINCT"
+        elif nulls_not_distinct is False:
+            text += " NULLS DISTINCT"
+
+        withclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["with"]
+        if withclause:
+            text += " WITH (%s)" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        "%s = %s" % storage_parameter
+                        for storage_parameter in withclause.items()
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        tablespace_name = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["tablespace"]
+        if tablespace_name:
+            text += " TABLESPACE %s" % preparer.quote(tablespace_name)
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["where"]
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            whereclause = coercions.expect(
+                roles.DDLExpressionRole, whereclause
+            )
+
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+    def define_unique_constraint_distinct(self, constraint, **kw):
+        nulls_not_distinct = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"][
+            "nulls_not_distinct"
+        ]
+        if nulls_not_distinct is True:
+            nulls_not_distinct_param = "NULLS NOT DISTINCT "
+        elif nulls_not_distinct is False:
+            nulls_not_distinct_param = "NULLS DISTINCT "
+        else:
+            nulls_not_distinct_param = ""
+        return nulls_not_distinct_param
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        index = drop.element
+
+        text = "\nDROP INDEX "
+
+        if self.dialect._supports_drop_index_concurrently:
+            concurrently = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["concurrently"]
+            if concurrently:
+                text += "CONCURRENTLY "
+
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+
+        text += self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_exclude_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % self.preparer.format_constraint(
+                constraint
+            )
+        elements = []
+        kw["include_table"] = False
+        kw["literal_binds"] = True
+        for expr, name, op in constraint._render_exprs:
+            exclude_element = self.sql_compiler.process(expr, **kw) + (
+                (" " + constraint.ops[expr.key])
+                if hasattr(expr, "key") and expr.key in constraint.ops
+                else ""
+            )
+
+            elements.append("%s WITH %s" % (exclude_element, op))
+        text += "EXCLUDE USING %s (%s)" % (
+            self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+                constraint.using, IDX_USING
+            ).lower(),
+            ", ".join(elements),
+        )
+        if constraint.where is not None:
+            text += " WHERE (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+                constraint.where, literal_binds=True
+            )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_opts = []
+        pg_opts = table.dialect_options["postgresql"]
+
+        inherits = pg_opts.get("inherits")
+        if inherits is not None:
+            if not isinstance(inherits, (list, tuple)):
+                inherits = (inherits,)
+            table_opts.append(
+                "\n INHERITS ( "
+                + ", ".join(self.preparer.quote(name) for name in inherits)
+                + " )"
+            )
+
+        if pg_opts["partition_by"]:
+            table_opts.append("\n PARTITION BY %s" % pg_opts["partition_by"])
+
+        if pg_opts["using"]:
+            table_opts.append("\n USING %s" % pg_opts["using"])
+
+        if pg_opts["with_oids"] is True:
+            table_opts.append("\n WITH OIDS")
+        elif pg_opts["with_oids"] is False:
+            table_opts.append("\n WITHOUT OIDS")
+
+        if pg_opts["on_commit"]:
+            on_commit_options = pg_opts["on_commit"].replace("_", " ").upper()
+            table_opts.append("\n ON COMMIT %s" % on_commit_options)
+
+        if pg_opts["tablespace"]:
+            tablespace_name = pg_opts["tablespace"]
+            table_opts.append(
+                "\n TABLESPACE %s" % self.preparer.quote(tablespace_name)
+            )
+
+        return "".join(table_opts)
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        if generated.persisted is False:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "PostrgreSQL computed columns do not support 'virtual' "
+                "persistence; set the 'persisted' flag to None or True for "
+                "PostgreSQL support."
+            )
+
+        return "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s) STORED" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create, **kw):
+        prefix = None
+        if create.element.data_type is not None:
+            prefix = " AS %s" % self.type_compiler.process(
+                create.element.data_type
+            )
+
+        return super().visit_create_sequence(create, prefix=prefix, **kw)
+
+    def _can_comment_on_constraint(self, ddl_instance):
+        constraint = ddl_instance.element
+        if constraint.name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"Can't emit COMMENT ON for constraint {constraint!r}: "
+                "it has no name"
+            )
+        if constraint.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"Can't emit COMMENT ON for constraint {constraint!r}: "
+                "it has no associated table"
+            )
+
+    def visit_set_constraint_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        self._can_comment_on_constraint(create)
+        return "COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT %s ON %s IS %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_constraint(create.element),
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        self._can_comment_on_constraint(drop)
+        return "COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT %s ON %s IS NULL" % (
+            self.preparer.format_constraint(drop.element),
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+        )
+
+
+class PGTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_TSVECTOR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSVECTOR"
+
+    def visit_TSQUERY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSQUERY"
+
+    def visit_INET(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INET"
+
+    def visit_CIDR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CIDR"
+
+    def visit_CITEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CITEXT"
+
+    def visit_MACADDR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MACADDR"
+
+    def visit_MACADDR8(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MACADDR8"
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_OID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "OID"
+
+    def visit_REGCONFIG(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "REGCONFIG"
+
+    def visit_REGCLASS(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "REGCLASS"
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.precision:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision}
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(type, **kw)
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_HSTORE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "HSTORE"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSON"
+
+    def visit_JSONB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSONB"
+
+    def visit_INT4MULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT4MULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT8MULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT8MULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_NUMMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NUMMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_DATEMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATEMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSTZMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSTZMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT4RANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT4RANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT8RANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT8RANGE"
+
+    def visit_NUMRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NUMRANGE"
+
+    def visit_DATERANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATERANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSTZRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSTZRANGE"
+
+    def visit_json_int_index(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT"
+
+    def visit_json_str_index(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TEXT"
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TIMESTAMP(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_enum or not self.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return super().visit_enum(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_ENUM(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_, identifier_preparer=None, **kw):
+        if identifier_preparer is None:
+            identifier_preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        return identifier_preparer.format_type(type_)
+
+    def visit_DOMAIN(self, type_, identifier_preparer=None, **kw):
+        if identifier_preparer is None:
+            identifier_preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        return identifier_preparer.format_type(type_)
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIMESTAMP%s %s" % (
+            (
+                "(%d)" % type_.precision
+                if getattr(type_, "precision", None) is not None
+                else ""
+            ),
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE",
+        )
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIME%s %s" % (
+            (
+                "(%d)" % type_.precision
+                if getattr(type_, "precision", None) is not None
+                else ""
+            ),
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE",
+        )
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        text = "INTERVAL"
+        if type_.fields is not None:
+            text += " " + type_.fields
+        if type_.precision is not None:
+            text += " (%d)" % type_.precision
+        return text
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.varying:
+            compiled = "BIT VARYING"
+            if type_.length is not None:
+                compiled += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            compiled = "BIT(%d)" % type_.length
+        return compiled
+
+    def visit_uuid(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.native_uuid:
+            return self.visit_UUID(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return super().visit_uuid(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BYTEA(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_BYTEA(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BYTEA"
+
+    def visit_ARRAY(self, type_, **kw):
+        inner = self.process(type_.item_type, **kw)
+        return re.sub(
+            r"((?: COLLATE.*)?)$",
+            (
+                r"%s\1"
+                % (
+                    "[]"
+                    * (type_.dimensions if type_.dimensions is not None else 1)
+                )
+            ),
+            inner,
+            count=1,
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_path(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_JSONPATH(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_JSONPATH(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSONPATH"
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def _unquote_identifier(self, value):
+        if value[0] == self.initial_quote:
+            value = value[1:-1].replace(
+                self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote
+            )
+        return value
+
+    def format_type(self, type_, use_schema=True):
+        if not type_.name:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"PostgreSQL {type_.__class__.__name__} type requires a name."
+            )
+
+        name = self.quote(type_.name)
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(type_)
+
+        if (
+            not self.omit_schema
+            and use_schema
+            and effective_schema is not None
+        ):
+            name = f"{self.quote_schema(effective_schema)}.{name}"
+        return name
+
+
+class ReflectedNamedType(TypedDict):
+    """Represents a reflected named type."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Name of the type."""
+    schema: str
+    """The schema of the type."""
+    visible: bool
+    """Indicates if this type is in the current search path."""
+
+
+class ReflectedDomainConstraint(TypedDict):
+    """Represents a reflect check constraint of a domain."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Name of the constraint."""
+    check: str
+    """The check constraint text."""
+
+
+class ReflectedDomain(ReflectedNamedType):
+    """Represents a reflected enum."""
+
+    type: str
+    """The string name of the underlying data type of the domain."""
+    nullable: bool
+    """Indicates if the domain allows null or not."""
+    default: Optional[str]
+    """The string representation of the default value of this domain
+    or ``None`` if none present.
+    """
+    constraints: List[ReflectedDomainConstraint]
+    """The constraints defined in the domain, if any.
+    The constraint are in order of evaluation by postgresql.
+    """
+    collation: Optional[str]
+    """The collation for the domain."""
+
+
+class ReflectedEnum(ReflectedNamedType):
+    """Represents a reflected enum."""
+
+    labels: List[str]
+    """The labels that compose the enum."""
+
+
+class PGInspector(reflection.Inspector):
+    dialect: PGDialect
+
+    def get_table_oid(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> int:
+        """Return the OID for the given table name.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_oid(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def get_domains(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> List[ReflectedDomain]:
+        """Return a list of DOMAIN objects.
+
+        Each member is a dictionary containing these fields:
+
+            * name - name of the domain
+            * schema - the schema name for the domain.
+            * visible - boolean, whether or not this domain is visible
+              in the default search path.
+            * type - the type defined by this domain.
+            * nullable - Indicates if this domain can be ``NULL``.
+            * default - The default value of the domain or ``None`` if the
+              domain has no default.
+            * constraints - A list of dict wit the constraint defined by this
+              domain. Each element constaints two keys: ``name`` of the
+              constraint and ``check`` with the constraint text.
+
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to ``'*'`` to
+         indicate load domains for all schemas.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect._load_domains(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def get_enums(self, schema: Optional[str] = None) -> List[ReflectedEnum]:
+        """Return a list of ENUM objects.
+
+        Each member is a dictionary containing these fields:
+
+            * name - name of the enum
+            * schema - the schema name for the enum.
+            * visible - boolean, whether or not this enum is visible
+              in the default search path.
+            * labels - a list of string labels that apply to the enum.
+
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to ``'*'`` to
+         indicate load enums for all schemas.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect._load_enums(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def get_foreign_table_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of FOREIGN TABLE names.
+
+        Behavior is similar to that of
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`,
+        except that the list is limited to those tables that report a
+        ``relkind`` value of ``f``.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect._get_foreign_table_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def has_type(
+        self, type_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return if the database has the specified type in the provided
+        schema.
+
+        :param type_name: the type to check.
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to ``'*'`` to
+         check in all schemas.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_type(
+                conn, type_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            (
+                "select nextval('%s')"
+                % self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            ),
+            type_,
+        )
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.primary_key and column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
+            if column.server_default and column.server_default.has_argument:
+                # pre-execute passive defaults on primary key columns
+                return self._execute_scalar(
+                    "select %s" % column.server_default.arg, column.type
+                )
+
+            elif column.default is None or (
+                column.default.is_sequence and column.default.optional
+            ):
+                # execute the sequence associated with a SERIAL primary
+                # key column. for non-primary-key SERIAL, the ID just
+                # generates server side.
+
+                try:
+                    seq_name = column._postgresql_seq_name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    tab = column.table.name
+                    col = column.name
+                    tab = tab[0 : 29 + max(0, (29 - len(col)))]
+                    col = col[0 : 29 + max(0, (29 - len(tab)))]
+                    name = "%s_%s_seq" % (tab, col)
+                    column._postgresql_seq_name = seq_name = name
+
+                if column.table is not None:
+                    effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(
+                        column.table
+                    )
+                else:
+                    effective_schema = None
+
+                if effective_schema is not None:
+                    exc = 'select nextval(\'"%s"."%s"\')' % (
+                        effective_schema,
+                        seq_name,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    exc = "select nextval('\"%s\"')" % (seq_name,)
+
+                return self._execute_scalar(exc, column.type)
+
+        return super().get_insert_default(column)
+
+
+class PGReadOnlyConnectionCharacteristic(
+    characteristics.ConnectionCharacteristic
+):
+    transactional = True
+
+    def reset_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        dialect.set_readonly(dbapi_conn, False)
+
+    def set_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn, value):
+        dialect.set_readonly(dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    def get_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        return dialect.get_readonly(dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class PGDeferrableConnectionCharacteristic(
+    characteristics.ConnectionCharacteristic
+):
+    transactional = True
+
+    def reset_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        dialect.set_deferrable(dbapi_conn, False)
+
+    def set_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn, value):
+        dialect.set_deferrable(dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    def get_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        return dialect.get_deferrable(dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class PGDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = "postgresql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_alter = True
+    max_identifier_length = 63
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+
+    bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.RENDER_CASTS
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+    supports_native_uuid = True
+    supports_smallserial = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+    use_insertmanyvalues = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS
+    )
+
+    supports_comments = True
+    supports_constraint_comments = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    supports_identity_columns = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = PGDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = PGTypeCompiler
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext
+    inspector = PGInspector
+
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+    delete_returning_multifrom = True
+
+    connection_characteristics = (
+        default.DefaultDialect.connection_characteristics
+    )
+    connection_characteristics = connection_characteristics.union(
+        {
+            "postgresql_readonly": PGReadOnlyConnectionCharacteristic(),
+            "postgresql_deferrable": PGDeferrableConnectionCharacteristic(),
+        }
+    )
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (
+            schema.Index,
+            {
+                "using": False,
+                "include": None,
+                "where": None,
+                "ops": {},
+                "concurrently": False,
+                "with": {},
+                "tablespace": None,
+                "nulls_not_distinct": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.Table,
+            {
+                "ignore_search_path": False,
+                "tablespace": None,
+                "partition_by": None,
+                "with_oids": None,
+                "on_commit": None,
+                "inherits": None,
+                "using": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.CheckConstraint,
+            {
+                "not_valid": False,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.ForeignKeyConstraint,
+            {
+                "not_valid": False,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.UniqueConstraint,
+            {"nulls_not_distinct": None},
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    reflection_options = ("postgresql_ignore_search_path",)
+
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+    _supports_create_index_concurrently = True
+    _supports_drop_index_concurrently = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native_inet_types=None,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self._native_inet_types = native_inet_types
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/release-9-2.html#AEN116689
+        self.supports_smallserial = self.server_version_info >= (9, 2)
+
+        self._set_backslash_escapes(connection)
+
+        self._supports_drop_index_concurrently = self.server_version_info >= (
+            9,
+            2,
+        )
+        self.supports_identity_columns = self.server_version_info >= (10,)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_conn):
+        # note the generic dialect doesn't have AUTOCOMMIT, however
+        # all postgresql dialects should include AUTOCOMMIT.
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+            f"ISOLATION LEVEL {level}"
+        )
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("show transaction isolation level")
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return val.upper()
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _split_multihost_from_url(self, url: URL) -> Union[
+        Tuple[None, None],
+        Tuple[Tuple[Optional[str], ...], Tuple[Optional[int], ...]],
+    ]:
+        hosts: Optional[Tuple[Optional[str], ...]] = None
+        ports_str: Union[str, Tuple[Optional[str], ...], None] = None
+
+        integrated_multihost = False
+
+        if "host" in url.query:
+            if isinstance(url.query["host"], (list, tuple)):
+                integrated_multihost = True
+                hosts, ports_str = zip(
+                    *[
+                        token.split(":") if ":" in token else (token, None)
+                        for token in url.query["host"]
+                    ]
+                )
+
+            elif isinstance(url.query["host"], str):
+                hosts = tuple(url.query["host"].split(","))
+
+                if (
+                    "port" not in url.query
+                    and len(hosts) == 1
+                    and ":" in hosts[0]
+                ):
+                    # internet host is alphanumeric plus dots or hyphens.
+                    # this is essentially rfc1123, which refers to rfc952.
+                    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3523028/
+                    # valid-characters-of-a-hostname
+                    host_port_match = re.match(
+                        r"^([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.]*)(?:\:(\d*))?$", hosts[0]
+                    )
+                    if host_port_match:
+                        integrated_multihost = True
+                        h, p = host_port_match.group(1, 2)
+                        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                            assert isinstance(h, str)
+                            assert isinstance(p, str)
+                        hosts = (h,)
+                        ports_str = cast(
+                            "Tuple[Optional[str], ...]", (p,) if p else (None,)
+                        )
+
+        if "port" in url.query:
+            if integrated_multihost:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't mix 'multihost' formats together; use "
+                    '"host=h1,h2,h3&port=p1,p2,p3" or '
+                    '"host=h1:p1&host=h2:p2&host=h3:p3" separately'
+                )
+            if isinstance(url.query["port"], (list, tuple)):
+                ports_str = url.query["port"]
+            elif isinstance(url.query["port"], str):
+                ports_str = tuple(url.query["port"].split(","))
+
+        ports: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], ...]] = None
+
+        if ports_str:
+            try:
+                ports = tuple(int(x) if x else None for x in ports_str)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Received non-integer port arguments: {ports_str}"
+                ) from None
+
+        if ports and (
+            (not hosts and len(ports) > 1)
+            or (
+                hosts
+                and ports
+                and len(hosts) != len(ports)
+                and (len(hosts) > 1 or len(ports) > 1)
+            )
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("number of hosts and ports don't match")
+
+        if hosts is not None:
+            if ports is None:
+                ports = tuple(None for _ in hosts)
+
+        return hosts, ports  # type: ignore
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self.do_begin(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.exec_driver_sql("PREPARE TRANSACTION '%s'" % xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                # FIXME: ugly hack to get out of transaction
+                # context when committing recoverable transactions
+                # Must find out a way how to make the dbapi not
+                # open a transaction.
+                connection.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                connection.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("COMMIT PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        return connection.scalars(
+            sql.text("SELECT gid FROM pg_prepared_xacts")
+        ).all()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.exec_driver_sql("select current_schema()").scalar()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_schema(self, connection, schema, **kw):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema
+        )
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query))
+
+    def _pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+        self, query, schema, scope, pg_class_table=None
+    ):
+        if pg_class_table is None:
+            pg_class_table = pg_catalog.pg_class
+        query = query.join(
+            pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+            pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid == pg_class_table.c.relnamespace,
+        )
+
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            query = query.where(pg_class_table.c.relpersistence != "t")
+        elif scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            query = query.where(pg_class_table.c.relpersistence == "t")
+
+        if schema is None:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(pg_class_table.c.oid),
+                # ignore pg_catalog schema
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname != "pg_catalog",
+            )
+        else:
+            query = query.where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema)
+        return query
+
+    def _pg_class_relkind_condition(self, relkinds, pg_class_table=None):
+        if pg_class_table is None:
+            pg_class_table = pg_catalog.pg_class
+        # uses the any form instead of in otherwise postgresql complaings
+        # that 'IN could not convert type character to "char"'
+        return pg_class_table.c.relkind == sql.any_(_array.array(relkinds))
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _has_table_query(self, schema):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == bindparam("table_name"),
+            self._pg_class_relkind_condition(
+                pg_catalog.RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE
+            ),
+        )
+        return self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+        query = self._has_table_query(schema)
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query, {"table_name": table_name}))
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relkind == "S",
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == sequence_name,
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query))
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_type(self, connection, type_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        query = (
+            select(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname)
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnamespace,
+            )
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname == type_name)
+        )
+        if schema is None:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid),
+                # ignore pg_catalog schema
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname != "pg_catalog",
+            )
+        elif schema != "*":
+            query = query.where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema)
+
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query))
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        v = connection.exec_driver_sql("select pg_catalog.version()").scalar()
+        m = re.match(
+            r".*(?:PostgreSQL|EnterpriseDB) "
+            r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?(?:\.(\d+))?(?:\.\d+)?(?:devel|beta)?",
+            v,
+        )
+        if not m:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Could not determine version from string '%s'" % v
+            )
+        return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None])
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_oid(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Fetch the oid for schema.table_name."""
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == table_name,
+            self._pg_class_relkind_condition(
+                pg_catalog.RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE
+            ),
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+        table_oid = connection.scalar(query)
+        if table_oid is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table_name}" if schema else table_name
+            )
+        return table_oid
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        query = (
+            select(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname)
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname.not_like("pg_%"))
+            .order_by(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname)
+        )
+        return connection.scalars(query).all()
+
+    def _get_relnames_for_relkinds(self, connection, schema, relkinds, scope):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname).where(
+            self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds)
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope=scope)
+        return connection.scalars(query).all()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN,
+            scope=ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema=None,
+            relkinds=pg_catalog.RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN,
+            scope=ObjectScope.TEMPORARY,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_foreign_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection, schema, relkinds=("f",), scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW,
+            scope=ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_materialized_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW,
+            scope=ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            # NOTE: do not include temp materialzied views (that do not
+            # seem to be a thing at least up to version 14)
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW,
+            scope=ObjectScope.TEMPORARY,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection, schema, relkinds=("S",), scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        query = (
+            select(pg_catalog.pg_get_viewdef(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid))
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == view_name,
+                self._pg_class_relkind_condition(
+                    pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW + pg_catalog.RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+        res = connection.scalar(query)
+        if res is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{view_name}" if schema else view_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return res
+
+    def _value_or_raise(self, data, table, schema):
+        try:
+            return dict(data)[(schema, table)]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table}" if schema else table
+            ) from None
+
+    def _prepare_filter_names(self, filter_names):
+        if filter_names:
+            return True, {"filter_names": filter_names}
+        else:
+            return False, {}
+
+    def _kind_to_relkinds(self, kind: ObjectKind) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+        if kind is ObjectKind.ANY:
+            return pg_catalog.RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE
+        relkinds = ()
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+            relkinds += pg_catalog.RELKINDS_TABLE
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            relkinds += pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            relkinds += pg_catalog.RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW
+        return relkinds
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_columns(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _columns_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        # NOTE: the query with the default and identity options scalar
+        # subquery is faster than trying to use outer joins for them
+        generated = (
+            pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attgenerated.label("generated")
+            if self.server_version_info >= (12,)
+            else sql.null().label("generated")
+        )
+        if self.server_version_info >= (10,):
+            # join lateral performs worse (~2x slower) than a scalar_subquery
+            identity = (
+                select(
+                    sql.func.json_build_object(
+                        "always",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attidentity == "a",
+                        "start",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqstart,
+                        "increment",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqincrement,
+                        "minvalue",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqmin,
+                        "maxvalue",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqmax,
+                        "cache",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqcache,
+                        "cycle",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqcycle,
+                    )
+                )
+                .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_sequence)
+                .where(
+                    # attidentity != '' is required or it will reflect also
+                    # serial columns as identity.
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attidentity != "",
+                    pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqrelid
+                    == sql.cast(
+                        sql.cast(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_get_serial_sequence(
+                                sql.cast(
+                                    sql.cast(
+                                        pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                                        REGCLASS,
+                                    ),
+                                    TEXT,
+                                ),
+                                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname,
+                            ),
+                            REGCLASS,
+                        ),
+                        OID,
+                    ),
+                )
+                .correlate(pg_catalog.pg_attribute)
+                .scalar_subquery()
+                .label("identity_options")
+            )
+        else:
+            identity = sql.null().label("identity_options")
+
+        # join lateral performs the same as scalar_subquery here
+        default = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adbin,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adrelid,
+                )
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_attrdef)
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adrelid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adnum
+                == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.atthasdef,
+            )
+            .correlate(pg_catalog.pg_attribute)
+            .scalar_subquery()
+            .label("default")
+        )
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname.label("name"),
+                pg_catalog.format_type(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.atttypid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.atttypmod,
+                ).label("format_type"),
+                default,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnotnull.label("not_null"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.label("table_name"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description.label("comment"),
+                generated,
+                identity,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            # NOTE: postgresql support table with no user column, meaning
+            # there is no row with pg_attribute.attnum > 0. use a left outer
+            # join to avoid filtering these tables.
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum > 0,
+                    ~pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attisdropped,
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objsubid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname, pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum
+            )
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope=scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._columns_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        rows = connection.execute(query, params).mappings()
+
+        # dictionary with (name, ) if default search path or (schema, name)
+        # as keys
+        domains = {
+            ((d["schema"], d["name"]) if not d["visible"] else (d["name"],)): d
+            for d in self._load_domains(
+                connection, schema="*", info_cache=kw.get("info_cache")
+            )
+        }
+
+        # dictionary with (name, ) if default search path or (schema, name)
+        # as keys
+        enums = dict(
+            (
+                ((rec["name"],), rec)
+                if rec["visible"]
+                else ((rec["schema"], rec["name"]), rec)
+            )
+            for rec in self._load_enums(
+                connection, schema="*", info_cache=kw.get("info_cache")
+            )
+        )
+
+        columns = self._get_columns_info(rows, domains, enums, schema)
+
+        return columns.items()
+
+    _format_type_args_pattern = re.compile(r"\((.*)\)")
+    _format_type_args_delim = re.compile(r"\s*,\s*")
+    _format_array_spec_pattern = re.compile(r"((?:\[\])*)$")
+
+    def _reflect_type(
+        self,
+        format_type: Optional[str],
+        domains: dict[str, ReflectedDomain],
+        enums: dict[str, ReflectedEnum],
+        type_description: str,
+    ) -> sqltypes.TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """
+        Attempts to reconstruct a column type defined in ischema_names based
+        on the information available in the format_type.
+
+        If the `format_type` cannot be associated with a known `ischema_names`,
+        it is treated as a reference to a known PostgreSQL named `ENUM` or
+        `DOMAIN` type.
+        """
+        type_description = type_description or "unknown type"
+        if format_type is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "PostgreSQL format_type() returned NULL for %s"
+                % type_description
+            )
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+        attype_args_match = self._format_type_args_pattern.search(format_type)
+        if attype_args_match and attype_args_match.group(1):
+            attype_args = self._format_type_args_delim.split(
+                attype_args_match.group(1)
+            )
+        else:
+            attype_args = ()
+
+        match_array_dim = self._format_array_spec_pattern.search(format_type)
+        # Each "[]" in array specs corresponds to an array dimension
+        array_dim = len(match_array_dim.group(1) or "") // 2
+
+        # Remove all parameters and array specs from format_type to obtain an
+        # ischema_name candidate
+        attype = self._format_type_args_pattern.sub("", format_type)
+        attype = self._format_array_spec_pattern.sub("", attype)
+
+        schema_type = self.ischema_names.get(attype.lower(), None)
+        args, kwargs = (), {}
+
+        if attype == "numeric":
+            if len(attype_args) == 2:
+                precision, scale = map(int, attype_args)
+                args = (precision, scale)
+
+        elif attype == "double precision":
+            args = (53,)
+
+        elif attype == "integer":
+            args = ()
+
+        elif attype in ("timestamp with time zone", "time with time zone"):
+            kwargs["timezone"] = True
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                kwargs["precision"] = int(attype_args[0])
+
+        elif attype in (
+            "timestamp without time zone",
+            "time without time zone",
+            "time",
+        ):
+            kwargs["timezone"] = False
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                kwargs["precision"] = int(attype_args[0])
+
+        elif attype == "bit varying":
+            kwargs["varying"] = True
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                charlen = int(attype_args[0])
+                args = (charlen,)
+
+        elif attype.startswith("interval"):
+            schema_type = INTERVAL
+
+            field_match = re.match(r"interval (.+)", attype)
+            if field_match:
+                kwargs["fields"] = field_match.group(1)
+
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                kwargs["precision"] = int(attype_args[0])
+
+        else:
+            enum_or_domain_key = tuple(util.quoted_token_parser(attype))
+
+            if enum_or_domain_key in enums:
+                schema_type = ENUM
+                enum = enums[enum_or_domain_key]
+
+                args = tuple(enum["labels"])
+                kwargs["name"] = enum["name"]
+
+                if not enum["visible"]:
+                    kwargs["schema"] = enum["schema"]
+                args = tuple(enum["labels"])
+            elif enum_or_domain_key in domains:
+                schema_type = DOMAIN
+                domain = domains[enum_or_domain_key]
+
+                data_type = self._reflect_type(
+                    domain["type"],
+                    domains,
+                    enums,
+                    type_description="DOMAIN '%s'" % domain["name"],
+                )
+                args = (domain["name"], data_type)
+
+                kwargs["collation"] = domain["collation"]
+                kwargs["default"] = domain["default"]
+                kwargs["not_null"] = not domain["nullable"]
+                kwargs["create_type"] = False
+
+                if domain["constraints"]:
+                    # We only support a single constraint
+                    check_constraint = domain["constraints"][0]
+
+                    kwargs["constraint_name"] = check_constraint["name"]
+                    kwargs["check"] = check_constraint["check"]
+
+                if not domain["visible"]:
+                    kwargs["schema"] = domain["schema"]
+
+            else:
+                try:
+                    charlen = int(attype_args[0])
+                    args = (charlen, *attype_args[1:])
+                except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                    args = attype_args
+
+        if not schema_type:
+            util.warn(
+                "Did not recognize type '%s' of %s"
+                % (attype, type_description)
+            )
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+        data_type = schema_type(*args, **kwargs)
+        if array_dim >= 1:
+            # postgres does not preserve dimensionality or size of array types.
+            data_type = _array.ARRAY(data_type)
+
+        return data_type
+
+    def _get_columns_info(self, rows, domains, enums, schema):
+        columns = defaultdict(list)
+        for row_dict in rows:
+            # ensure that each table has an entry, even if it has no columns
+            if row_dict["name"] is None:
+                columns[(schema, row_dict["table_name"])] = (
+                    ReflectionDefaults.columns()
+                )
+                continue
+            table_cols = columns[(schema, row_dict["table_name"])]
+
+            coltype = self._reflect_type(
+                row_dict["format_type"],
+                domains,
+                enums,
+                type_description="column '%s'" % row_dict["name"],
+            )
+
+            default = row_dict["default"]
+            name = row_dict["name"]
+            generated = row_dict["generated"]
+            nullable = not row_dict["not_null"]
+
+            if isinstance(coltype, DOMAIN):
+                if not default:
+                    # domain can override the default value but
+                    # cant set it to None
+                    if coltype.default is not None:
+                        default = coltype.default
+
+                nullable = nullable and not coltype.not_null
+
+            identity = row_dict["identity_options"]
+
+            # If a zero byte or blank string depending on driver (is also
+            # absent for older PG versions), then not a generated column.
+            # Otherwise, s = stored. (Other values might be added in the
+            # future.)
+            if generated not in (None, "", b"\x00"):
+                computed = dict(
+                    sqltext=default, persisted=generated in ("s", b"s")
+                )
+                default = None
+            else:
+                computed = None
+
+            # adjust the default value
+            autoincrement = False
+            if default is not None:
+                match = re.search(r"""(nextval\(')([^']+)('.*$)""", default)
+                if match is not None:
+                    if issubclass(coltype._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer):
+                        autoincrement = True
+                    # the default is related to a Sequence
+                    if "." not in match.group(2) and schema is not None:
+                        # unconditionally quote the schema name.  this could
+                        # later be enhanced to obey quoting rules /
+                        # "quote schema"
+                        default = (
+                            match.group(1)
+                            + ('"%s"' % schema)
+                            + "."
+                            + match.group(2)
+                            + match.group(3)
+                        )
+
+            column_info = {
+                "name": name,
+                "type": coltype,
+                "nullable": nullable,
+                "default": default,
+                "autoincrement": autoincrement or identity is not None,
+                "comment": row_dict["comment"],
+            }
+            if computed is not None:
+                column_info["computed"] = computed
+            if identity is not None:
+                column_info["identity"] = identity
+
+            table_cols.append(column_info)
+
+        return columns
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _table_oids_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        oid_q = select(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid, pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname
+        ).where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        oid_q = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(oid_q, schema, scope=scope)
+
+        if has_filter_names:
+            oid_q = oid_q.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return oid_q
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("filter_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+        ("kind", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("scope", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    )
+    def _get_table_oids(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        oid_q = self._table_oids_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        result = connection.execute(oid_q, params)
+        return result.all()
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _constraint_query(self, is_unique):
+        con_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conindid,
+                sql.func.unnest(pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conkey).label(
+                    "attnum"
+                ),
+                sql.func.generate_subscripts(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conkey, 1
+                ).label("ord"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid,
+            )
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype == bindparam("contype"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")),
+            )
+            .subquery("con")
+        )
+
+        attr_sq = (
+            select(
+                con_sq.c.conrelid,
+                con_sq.c.conname,
+                con_sq.c.conindid,
+                con_sq.c.description,
+                con_sq.c.ord,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_attribute)
+            .join(
+                con_sq,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum == con_sq.c.attnum,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid == con_sq.c.conrelid,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(
+                # NOTE: restate the condition here, since pg15 otherwise
+                # seems to get confused on pscopg2 sometimes, doing
+                # a sequential scan of pg_attribute.
+                # The condition in the con_sq subquery is not actually needed
+                # in pg15, but it may be needed in older versions. Keeping it
+                # does not seems to have any inpact in any case.
+                con_sq.c.conrelid.in_(bindparam("oids"))
+            )
+            .subquery("attr")
+        )
+
+        constraint_query = (
+            select(
+                attr_sq.c.conrelid,
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    # NOTE: cast since some postgresql derivatives may
+                    # not support array_agg on the name type
+                    aggregate_order_by(
+                        attr_sq.c.attname.cast(TEXT), attr_sq.c.ord
+                    )
+                ).label("cols"),
+                attr_sq.c.conname,
+                sql.func.min(attr_sq.c.description).label("description"),
+            )
+            .group_by(attr_sq.c.conrelid, attr_sq.c.conname)
+            .order_by(attr_sq.c.conrelid, attr_sq.c.conname)
+        )
+
+        if is_unique:
+            if self.server_version_info >= (15,):
+                constraint_query = constraint_query.join(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index,
+                    attr_sq.c.conindid == pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid,
+                ).add_columns(
+                    sql.func.bool_and(
+                        pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indnullsnotdistinct
+                    ).label("indnullsnotdistinct")
+                )
+            else:
+                constraint_query = constraint_query.add_columns(
+                    sql.false().label("indnullsnotdistinct")
+                )
+        else:
+            constraint_query = constraint_query.add_columns(
+                sql.null().label("extra")
+            )
+        return constraint_query
+
+    def _reflect_constraint(
+        self, connection, contype, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        # used to reflect primary and unique constraint
+        table_oids = self._get_table_oids(
+            connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+        batches = list(table_oids)
+        is_unique = contype == "u"
+
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:3000]
+            batches[0:3000] = []
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                self._constraint_query(is_unique),
+                {"oids": [r[0] for r in batch], "contype": contype},
+            )
+
+            result_by_oid = defaultdict(list)
+            for oid, cols, constraint_name, comment, extra in result:
+                result_by_oid[oid].append(
+                    (cols, constraint_name, comment, extra)
+                )
+
+            for oid, tablename in batch:
+                for_oid = result_by_oid.get(oid, ())
+                if for_oid:
+                    for cols, constraint, comment, extra in for_oid:
+                        if is_unique:
+                            yield tablename, cols, constraint, comment, {
+                                "nullsnotdistinct": extra
+                            }
+                        else:
+                            yield tablename, cols, constraint, comment, None
+                else:
+                    yield tablename, None, None, None, None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        result = self._reflect_constraint(
+            connection, "p", schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+
+        # only a single pk can be present for each table. Return an entry
+        # even if a table has no primary key
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint
+        return (
+            (
+                (schema, table_name),
+                (
+                    {
+                        "constrained_columns": [] if cols is None else cols,
+                        "name": pk_name,
+                        "comment": comment,
+                    }
+                    if pk_name is not None
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for table_name, cols, pk_name, comment, _ in result
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        table_name,
+        schema=None,
+        postgresql_ignore_search_path=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        data = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            postgresql_ignore_search_path=postgresql_ignore_search_path,
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _foreing_key_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        pg_class_ref = pg_catalog.pg_class.alias("cls_ref")
+        pg_namespace_ref = pg_catalog.pg_namespace.alias("nsp_ref")
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+                # NOTE: avoid calling pg_get_constraintdef when not needed
+                # to speed up the query
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid.is_not(None),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid, True
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    else_=None,
+                ),
+                pg_namespace_ref.c.nspname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype == "f",
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_class_ref,
+                pg_class_ref.c.oid == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.confrelid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_namespace_ref,
+                pg_class_ref.c.relnamespace == pg_namespace_ref.c.oid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid,
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _fk_regex_pattern(self):
+        # optionally quoted token
+        qtoken = '(?:"[^"]+"|[A-Za-z0-9_]+?)'
+
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html
+        return re.compile(
+            r"FOREIGN KEY \((.*?)\) "
+            rf"REFERENCES (?:({qtoken})\.)?({qtoken})\(((?:{qtoken}(?: *, *)?)+)\)"  # noqa: E501
+            r"[\s]?(MATCH (FULL|PARTIAL|SIMPLE)+)?"
+            r"[\s]?(ON UPDATE "
+            r"(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?"
+            r"[\s]?(ON DELETE "
+            r"(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?"
+            r"[\s]?(DEFERRABLE|NOT DEFERRABLE)?"
+            r"[\s]?(INITIALLY (DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE)+)?"
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        postgresql_ignore_search_path=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._foreing_key_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        result = connection.execute(query, params)
+
+        FK_REGEX = self._fk_regex_pattern
+
+        fkeys = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys
+        for table_name, conname, condef, conschema, comment in result:
+            # ensure that each table has an entry, even if it has
+            # no foreign keys
+            if conname is None:
+                fkeys[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                continue
+            table_fks = fkeys[(schema, table_name)]
+            m = re.search(FK_REGEX, condef).groups()
+
+            (
+                constrained_columns,
+                referred_schema,
+                referred_table,
+                referred_columns,
+                _,
+                match,
+                _,
+                onupdate,
+                _,
+                ondelete,
+                deferrable,
+                _,
+                initially,
+            ) = m
+
+            if deferrable is not None:
+                deferrable = True if deferrable == "DEFERRABLE" else False
+            constrained_columns = [
+                preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                for x in re.split(r"\s*,\s*", constrained_columns)
+            ]
+
+            if postgresql_ignore_search_path:
+                # when ignoring search path, we use the actual schema
+                # provided it isn't the "default" schema
+                if conschema != self.default_schema_name:
+                    referred_schema = conschema
+                else:
+                    referred_schema = schema
+            elif referred_schema:
+                # referred_schema is the schema that we regexp'ed from
+                # pg_get_constraintdef().  If the schema is in the search
+                # path, pg_get_constraintdef() will give us None.
+                referred_schema = preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_schema)
+            elif schema is not None and schema == conschema:
+                # If the actual schema matches the schema of the table
+                # we're reflecting, then we will use that.
+                referred_schema = schema
+
+            referred_table = preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_table)
+            referred_columns = [
+                preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                for x in re.split(r"\s*,\s", referred_columns)
+            ]
+            options = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in [
+                    ("onupdate", onupdate),
+                    ("ondelete", ondelete),
+                    ("initially", initially),
+                    ("deferrable", deferrable),
+                    ("match", match),
+                ]
+                if v is not None and v != "NO ACTION"
+            }
+            fkey_d = {
+                "name": conname,
+                "constrained_columns": constrained_columns,
+                "referred_schema": referred_schema,
+                "referred_table": referred_table,
+                "referred_columns": referred_columns,
+                "options": options,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            table_fks.append(fkey_d)
+        return fkeys.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_indexes(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _index_query(self):
+        pg_class_index = pg_catalog.pg_class.alias("cls_idx")
+        # NOTE: repeating oids clause improve query performance
+
+        # subquery to get the columns
+        idx_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid,
+                sql.func.unnest(pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indkey).label("attnum"),
+                sql.func.generate_subscripts(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indkey, 1
+                ).label("ord"),
+            )
+            .where(
+                ~pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indisprimary,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")),
+            )
+            .subquery("idx")
+        )
+
+        attr_sq = (
+            select(
+                idx_sq.c.indexrelid,
+                idx_sq.c.indrelid,
+                idx_sq.c.ord,
+                # NOTE: always using pg_get_indexdef is too slow so just
+                # invoke when the element is an expression
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        idx_sq.c.attnum == 0,
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_indexdef(
+                            idx_sq.c.indexrelid, idx_sq.c.ord + 1, True
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    # NOTE: need to cast this since attname is of type "name"
+                    # that's limited to 63 bytes, while pg_get_indexdef
+                    # returns "text" so its output may get cut
+                    else_=pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname.cast(TEXT),
+                ).label("element"),
+                (idx_sq.c.attnum == 0).label("is_expr"),
+            )
+            .select_from(idx_sq)
+            .outerjoin(
+                # do not remove rows where idx_sq.c.attnum is 0
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum == idx_sq.c.attnum,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid == idx_sq.c.indrelid,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(idx_sq.c.indrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")))
+            .subquery("idx_attr")
+        )
+
+        cols_sq = (
+            select(
+                attr_sq.c.indexrelid,
+                sql.func.min(attr_sq.c.indrelid),
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    aggregate_order_by(attr_sq.c.element, attr_sq.c.ord)
+                ).label("elements"),
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    aggregate_order_by(attr_sq.c.is_expr, attr_sq.c.ord)
+                ).label("elements_is_expr"),
+            )
+            .group_by(attr_sq.c.indexrelid)
+            .subquery("idx_cols")
+        )
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= (11, 0):
+            indnkeyatts = pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indnkeyatts
+        else:
+            indnkeyatts = sql.null().label("indnkeyatts")
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= (15,):
+            nulls_not_distinct = pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indnullsnotdistinct
+        else:
+            nulls_not_distinct = sql.false().label("indnullsnotdistinct")
+
+        return (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid,
+                pg_class_index.c.relname.label("relname_index"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indisunique,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid.is_not(None).label(
+                    "has_constraint"
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indoption,
+                pg_class_index.c.reloptions,
+                pg_catalog.pg_am.c.amname,
+                # NOTE: pg_get_expr is very fast so this case has almost no
+                # performance impact
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indpred.is_not(None),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indpred,
+                            pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    else_=None,
+                ).label("filter_definition"),
+                indnkeyatts,
+                nulls_not_distinct,
+                cols_sq.c.elements,
+                cols_sq.c.elements_is_expr,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_index)
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")),
+                ~pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indisprimary,
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_class_index,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid == pg_class_index.c.oid,
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_am,
+                pg_class_index.c.relam == pg_catalog.pg_am.c.oid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                cols_sq,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid == cols_sq.c.indexrelid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conindid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype
+                    == sql.any_(_array.array(("p", "u", "x"))),
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid, pg_class_index.c.relname)
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        table_oids = self._get_table_oids(
+            connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+
+        indexes = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.indexes
+
+        batches = list(table_oids)
+
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:3000]
+            batches[0:3000] = []
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                self._index_query, {"oids": [r[0] for r in batch]}
+            ).mappings()
+
+            result_by_oid = defaultdict(list)
+            for row_dict in result:
+                result_by_oid[row_dict["indrelid"]].append(row_dict)
+
+            for oid, table_name in batch:
+                if oid not in result_by_oid:
+                    # ensure that each table has an entry, even if reflection
+                    # is skipped because not supported
+                    indexes[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                    continue
+
+                for row in result_by_oid[oid]:
+                    index_name = row["relname_index"]
+
+                    table_indexes = indexes[(schema, table_name)]
+
+                    all_elements = row["elements"]
+                    all_elements_is_expr = row["elements_is_expr"]
+                    indnkeyatts = row["indnkeyatts"]
+                    # "The number of key columns in the index, not counting any
+                    # included columns, which are merely stored and do not
+                    # participate in the index semantics"
+                    if indnkeyatts and len(all_elements) > indnkeyatts:
+                        # this is a "covering index" which has INCLUDE columns
+                        # as well as regular index columns
+                        inc_cols = all_elements[indnkeyatts:]
+                        idx_elements = all_elements[:indnkeyatts]
+                        idx_elements_is_expr = all_elements_is_expr[
+                            :indnkeyatts
+                        ]
+                        # postgresql does not support expression on included
+                        # columns as of v14: "ERROR: expressions are not
+                        # supported in included columns".
+                        assert all(
+                            not is_expr
+                            for is_expr in all_elements_is_expr[indnkeyatts:]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        idx_elements = all_elements
+                        idx_elements_is_expr = all_elements_is_expr
+                        inc_cols = []
+
+                    index = {"name": index_name, "unique": row["indisunique"]}
+                    if any(idx_elements_is_expr):
+                        index["column_names"] = [
+                            None if is_expr else expr
+                            for expr, is_expr in zip(
+                                idx_elements, idx_elements_is_expr
+                            )
+                        ]
+                        index["expressions"] = idx_elements
+                    else:
+                        index["column_names"] = idx_elements
+
+                    sorting = {}
+                    for col_index, col_flags in enumerate(row["indoption"]):
+                        col_sorting = ()
+                        # try to set flags only if they differ from PG
+                        # defaults...
+                        if col_flags & 0x01:
+                            col_sorting += ("desc",)
+                            if not (col_flags & 0x02):
+                                col_sorting += ("nulls_last",)
+                        else:
+                            if col_flags & 0x02:
+                                col_sorting += ("nulls_first",)
+                        if col_sorting:
+                            sorting[idx_elements[col_index]] = col_sorting
+                    if sorting:
+                        index["column_sorting"] = sorting
+                    if row["has_constraint"]:
+                        index["duplicates_constraint"] = index_name
+
+                    dialect_options = {}
+                    if row["reloptions"]:
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_with"] = dict(
+                            [option.split("=") for option in row["reloptions"]]
+                        )
+                    # it *might* be nice to include that this is 'btree' in the
+                    # reflection info.  But we don't want an Index object
+                    # to have a ``postgresql_using`` in it that is just the
+                    # default, so for the moment leaving this out.
+                    amname = row["amname"]
+                    if amname != "btree":
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_using"] = row["amname"]
+                    if row["filter_definition"]:
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_where"] = row[
+                            "filter_definition"
+                        ]
+                    if self.server_version_info >= (11,):
+                        # NOTE: this is legacy, this is part of
+                        # dialect_options now as of #7382
+                        index["include_columns"] = inc_cols
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_include"] = inc_cols
+                    if row["indnullsnotdistinct"]:
+                        # the default is False, so ignore it.
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_nulls_not_distinct"] = row[
+                            "indnullsnotdistinct"
+                        ]
+
+                    if dialect_options:
+                        index["dialect_options"] = dialect_options
+
+                    table_indexes.append(index)
+        return indexes.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        data = self.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        result = self._reflect_constraint(
+            connection, "u", schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+
+        # each table can have multiple unique constraints
+        uniques = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints
+        for table_name, cols, con_name, comment, options in result:
+            # ensure a list is created for each table. leave it empty if
+            # the table has no unique cosntraint
+            if con_name is None:
+                uniques[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                continue
+
+            uc_dict = {
+                "column_names": cols,
+                "name": con_name,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            if options:
+                if options["nullsnotdistinct"]:
+                    uc_dict["dialect_options"] = {
+                        "postgresql_nulls_not_distinct": options[
+                            "nullsnotdistinct"
+                        ]
+                    }
+
+            uniques[(schema, table_name)].append(uc_dict)
+        return uniques.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_table_comment(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            [table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _comment_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objsubid == 0,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._comment_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        result = connection.execute(query, params)
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.table_comment
+        return (
+            (
+                (schema, table),
+                {"text": comment} if comment is not None else default(),
+            )
+            for table, comment in result
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_check_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            [table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _check_constraint_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+                # NOTE: avoid calling pg_get_constraintdef when not needed
+                # to speed up the query
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid.is_not(None),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid, True
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    else_=None,
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype == "c",
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid,
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._check_constraint_query(
+            schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(query, params)
+
+        check_constraints = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints
+        for table_name, check_name, src, comment in result:
+            # only two cases for check_name and src: both null or both defined
+            if check_name is None and src is None:
+                check_constraints[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                continue
+            # samples:
+            # "CHECK (((a > 1) AND (a < 5)))"
+            # "CHECK (((a = 1) OR ((a > 2) AND (a < 5))))"
+            # "CHECK (((a > 1) AND (a < 5))) NOT VALID"
+            # "CHECK (some_boolean_function(a))"
+            # "CHECK (((a\n < 1)\n OR\n (a\n >= 5))\n)"
+            # "CHECK (a NOT NULL) NO INHERIT"
+            # "CHECK (a NOT NULL) NO INHERIT NOT VALID"
+
+            m = re.match(
+                r"^CHECK *\((.+)\)( NO INHERIT)?( NOT VALID)?$",
+                src,
+                flags=re.DOTALL,
+            )
+            if not m:
+                util.warn("Could not parse CHECK constraint text: %r" % src)
+                sqltext = ""
+            else:
+                sqltext = re.compile(
+                    r"^[\s\n]*\((.+)\)[\s\n]*$", flags=re.DOTALL
+                ).sub(r"\1", m.group(1))
+            entry = {
+                "name": check_name,
+                "sqltext": sqltext,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            if m:
+                do = {}
+                if " NOT VALID" in m.groups():
+                    do["not_valid"] = True
+                if " NO INHERIT" in m.groups():
+                    do["no_inherit"] = True
+                if do:
+                    entry["dialect_options"] = do
+
+            check_constraints[(schema, table_name)].append(entry)
+        return check_constraints.items()
+
+    def _pg_type_filter_schema(self, query, schema):
+        if schema is None:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid),
+                # ignore pg_catalog schema
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname != "pg_catalog",
+            )
+        elif schema != "*":
+            query = query.where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema)
+        return query
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _enum_query(self, schema):
+        lbl_agg_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumtypid,
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    aggregate_order_by(
+                        # NOTE: cast since some postgresql derivatives may
+                        # not support array_agg on the name type
+                        pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumlabel.cast(TEXT),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumsortorder,
+                    )
+                ).label("labels"),
+            )
+            .group_by(pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumtypid)
+            .subquery("lbl_agg")
+        )
+
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname.label("name"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid).label(
+                    "visible"
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname.label("schema"),
+                lbl_agg_sq.c.labels.label("labels"),
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnamespace,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                lbl_agg_sq, pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid == lbl_agg_sq.c.enumtypid
+            )
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typtype == "e")
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname, pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname
+            )
+        )
+
+        return self._pg_type_filter_schema(query, schema)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _load_enums(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_native_enum:
+            return []
+
+        result = connection.execute(self._enum_query(schema))
+
+        enums = []
+        for name, visible, schema, labels in result:
+            enums.append(
+                {
+                    "name": name,
+                    "schema": schema,
+                    "visible": visible,
+                    "labels": [] if labels is None else labels,
+                }
+            )
+        return enums
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _domain_query(self, schema):
+        con_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contypid,
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(
+                        pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid, True
+                    )
+                ).label("condefs"),
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    # NOTE: cast since some postgresql derivatives may
+                    # not support array_agg on the name type
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname.cast(TEXT)
+                ).label("connames"),
+            )
+            # The domain this constraint is on; zero if not a domain constraint
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contypid != 0)
+            .group_by(pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contypid)
+            .subquery("domain_constraints")
+        )
+
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname.label("name"),
+                pg_catalog.format_type(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typbasetype,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typtypmod,
+                ).label("attype"),
+                (~pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnotnull).label("nullable"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typdefault.label("default"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid).label(
+                    "visible"
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname.label("schema"),
+                con_sq.c.condefs,
+                con_sq.c.connames,
+                pg_catalog.pg_collation.c.collname,
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnamespace,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_collation,
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typcollation
+                == pg_catalog.pg_collation.c.oid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                con_sq,
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid == con_sq.c.contypid,
+            )
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typtype == "d")
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname, pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname
+            )
+        )
+        return self._pg_type_filter_schema(query, schema)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _load_domains(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        result = connection.execute(self._domain_query(schema))
+
+        domains: List[ReflectedDomain] = []
+        for domain in result.mappings():
+            # strip (30) from character varying(30)
+            attype = re.search(r"([^\(]+)", domain["attype"]).group(1)
+            constraints: List[ReflectedDomainConstraint] = []
+            if domain["connames"]:
+                # When a domain has multiple CHECK constraints, they will
+                # be tested in alphabetical order by name.
+                sorted_constraints = sorted(
+                    zip(domain["connames"], domain["condefs"]),
+                    key=lambda t: t[0],
+                )
+                for name, def_ in sorted_constraints:
+                    # constraint is in the form "CHECK (expression)".
+                    # remove "CHECK (" and the tailing ")".
+                    check = def_[7:-1]
+                    constraints.append({"name": name, "check": check})
+
+            domain_rec: ReflectedDomain = {
+                "name": domain["name"],
+                "schema": domain["schema"],
+                "visible": domain["visible"],
+                "type": attype,
+                "nullable": domain["nullable"],
+                "default": domain["default"],
+                "constraints": constraints,
+                "collation": domain["collname"],
+            }
+            domains.append(domain_rec)
+
+        return domains
+
+    def _set_backslash_escapes(self, connection):
+        # this method is provided as an override hook for descendant
+        # dialects (e.g. Redshift), so removing it may break them
+        std_string = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "show standard_conforming_strings"
+        ).scalar()
+        self._backslash_escapes = std_string == "off"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/dml.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de007dcf4ae49e46e4614ba2483fe9cc606ca3a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/dml.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+
+from . import ext
+from .._typing import _OnConflictConstraintT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexElementsT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexWhereT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictSetT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictWhereT
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...sql._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+from ...sql.base import _exclusive_against
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ...sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+from ...sql.dml import Insert as StandardInsert
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+from ...sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ...sql.expression import alias
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+__all__ = ("Insert", "insert")
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct a PostgreSQL-specific variant :class:`_postgresql.Insert`
+    construct.
+
+    .. container:: inherited_member
+
+        The :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.insert` function creates
+        a :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.Insert`.  This class is based
+        on the dialect-agnostic :class:`_sql.Insert` construct which may
+        be constructed using the :func:`_sql.insert` function in
+        SQLAlchemy Core.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.Insert` construct includes additional methods
+    :meth:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`,
+    :meth:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`.
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+class Insert(StandardInsert):
+    """PostgreSQL-specific implementation of INSERT.
+
+    Adds methods for PG-specific syntaxes such as ON CONFLICT.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.insert` function.
+
+    """
+
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def excluded(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Provide the ``excluded`` namespace for an ON CONFLICT statement
+
+        PG's ON CONFLICT clause allows reference to the row that would
+        be inserted, known as ``excluded``.  This attribute provides
+        all columns in this row to be referenceable.
+
+        .. tip::  The :attr:`_postgresql.Insert.excluded` attribute is an
+            instance of :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`, which provides
+            an interface the same as that of the :attr:`_schema.Table.c`
+            collection described at :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+            With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes
+            (e.g. ``stmt.excluded.some_column``), but special names and
+            dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access,
+            such as ``stmt.excluded["column name"]`` or
+            ``stmt.excluded["values"]``.   See the docstring for
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` for further examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_insert_on_conflict` - example of how
+            to use :attr:`_expression.Insert.excluded`
+
+        """
+        return alias(self.table, name="excluded").columns
+
+    _on_conflict_exclusive = _exclusive_against(
+        "_post_values_clause",
+        msgs={
+            "_post_values_clause": "This Insert construct already has "
+            "an ON CONFLICT clause established"
+        },
+    )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_update(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Specifies a DO UPDATE SET action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        Either the ``constraint`` or ``index_elements`` argument is
+        required, but only one of these can be specified.
+
+        :param constraint:
+         The name of a unique or exclusion constraint on the table,
+         or the constraint object itself if it has a .name attribute.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        :param set\_:
+         A dictionary or other mapping object
+         where the keys are either names of columns in the target table,
+         or :class:`_schema.Column` objects or other ORM-mapped columns
+         matching that of the target table, and expressions or literals
+         as values, specifying the ``SET`` actions to take.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4 The
+            :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_`
+            parameter supports :class:`_schema.Column` objects from the target
+            :class:`_schema.Table` as keys.
+
+         .. warning:: This dictionary does **not** take into account
+            Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+            e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+            These values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of
+            UPDATE, unless they are manually specified in the
+            :paramref:`.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+        :param where:
+         Optional argument. If present, can be a literal SQL
+         string or an acceptable expression for a ``WHERE`` clause
+         that restricts the rows affected by ``DO UPDATE SET``. Rows
+         not meeting the ``WHERE`` condition will not be updated
+         (effectively a ``DO NOTHING`` for those rows).
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_insert_on_conflict`
+
+        """
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoUpdate(
+            constraint, index_elements, index_where, set_, where
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_nothing(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Specifies a DO NOTHING action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        The ``constraint`` and ``index_elements`` arguments
+        are optional, but only one of these can be specified.
+
+        :param constraint:
+         The name of a unique or exclusion constraint on the table,
+         or the constraint object itself if it has a .name attribute.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_insert_on_conflict`
+
+        """
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoNothing(
+            constraint, index_elements, index_where
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class OnConflictClause(ClauseElement):
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+
+    constraint_target: Optional[str]
+    inferred_target_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT
+    inferred_target_whereclause: _OnConflictIndexWhereT
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        if constraint is not None:
+            if not isinstance(constraint, str) and isinstance(
+                constraint,
+                (schema.Constraint, ext.ExcludeConstraint),
+            ):
+                constraint = getattr(constraint, "name") or constraint
+
+        if constraint is not None:
+            if index_elements is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "'constraint' and 'index_elements' are mutually exclusive"
+                )
+
+            if isinstance(constraint, str):
+                self.constraint_target = constraint
+                self.inferred_target_elements = None
+                self.inferred_target_whereclause = None
+            elif isinstance(constraint, schema.Index):
+                index_elements = constraint.expressions
+                index_where = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"].get(
+                    "where"
+                )
+            elif isinstance(constraint, ext.ExcludeConstraint):
+                index_elements = constraint.columns
+                index_where = constraint.where
+            else:
+                index_elements = constraint.columns
+                index_where = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"].get(
+                    "where"
+                )
+
+        if index_elements is not None:
+            self.constraint_target = None
+            self.inferred_target_elements = index_elements
+            self.inferred_target_whereclause = index_where
+        elif constraint is None:
+            self.constraint_target = self.inferred_target_elements = (
+                self.inferred_target_whereclause
+            ) = None
+
+
+class OnConflictDoNothing(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_nothing"
+
+
+class OnConflictDoUpdate(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_update"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            constraint=constraint,
+            index_elements=index_elements,
+            index_where=index_where,
+        )
+
+        if (
+            self.inferred_target_elements is None
+            and self.constraint_target is None
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Either constraint or index_elements, "
+                "but not both, must be specified unless DO NOTHING"
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(set_, dict):
+            if not set_:
+                raise ValueError("set parameter dictionary must not be empty")
+        elif isinstance(set_, ColumnCollection):
+            set_ = dict(set_)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "set parameter must be a non-empty dictionary "
+                "or a ColumnCollection such as the `.c.` collection "
+                "of a Table object"
+            )
+        self.update_values_to_set = [
+            (coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, key), value)
+            for key, value in set_.items()
+        ]
+        self.update_whereclause = where
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ext.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cae7665f9fe4e7c79d19dc359c362fc363ed3052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ext.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/ext.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from . import types
+from .array import ARRAY
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import functions
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...sql.schema import ColumnCollectionConstraint
+from ...sql.sqltypes import TEXT
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+
+
+class aggregate_order_by(expression.ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a PostgreSQL aggregate order by expression.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import aggregate_order_by
+        expr = func.array_agg(aggregate_order_by(table.c.a, table.c.b.desc()))
+        stmt = select(expr)
+
+    would represent the expression::
+
+        SELECT array_agg(a ORDER BY b DESC) FROM table;
+
+    Similarly::
+
+        expr = func.string_agg(
+            table.c.a,
+            aggregate_order_by(literal_column("','"), table.c.a)
+        )
+        stmt = select(expr)
+
+    Would represent::
+
+        SELECT string_agg(a, ',' ORDER BY a) FROM table;
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2.13 - the ORDER BY argument may be multiple terms
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_functions.array_agg`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "aggregate_order_by"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("target", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("order_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, target, *order_by):
+        self.target = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, target)
+        self.type = self.target.type
+
+        _lob = len(order_by)
+        if _lob == 0:
+            raise TypeError("at least one ORDER BY element is required")
+        elif _lob == 1:
+            self.order_by = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole, order_by[0]
+            )
+        else:
+            self.order_by = elements.ClauseList(
+                *order_by, _literal_as_text_role=roles.ExpressionElementRole
+            )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.target, self.order_by
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=elements._clone, **kw):
+        self.target = clone(self.target, **kw)
+        self.order_by = clone(self.order_by, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.target._from_objects + self.order_by._from_objects
+
+
+class ExcludeConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level EXCLUDE constraint.
+
+    Defines an EXCLUDE constraint as described in the `PostgreSQL
+    documentation`__.
+
+    __ https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-EXCLUDE
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    __visit_name__ = "exclude_constraint"
+
+    where = None
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    create_drop_stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+
+    @elements._document_text_coercion(
+        "where",
+        ":class:`.ExcludeConstraint`",
+        ":paramref:`.ExcludeConstraint.where`",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, *elements, **kw):
+        r"""
+        Create an :class:`.ExcludeConstraint` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            const = ExcludeConstraint(
+                (Column('period'), '&&'),
+                (Column('group'), '='),
+                where=(Column('group') != 'some group'),
+                ops={'group': 'my_operator_class'}
+            )
+
+        The constraint is normally embedded into the :class:`_schema.Table`
+        construct
+        directly, or added later using :meth:`.append_constraint`::
+
+            some_table = Table(
+                'some_table', metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('period', TSRANGE()),
+                Column('group', String)
+            )
+
+            some_table.append_constraint(
+                ExcludeConstraint(
+                    (some_table.c.period, '&&'),
+                    (some_table.c.group, '='),
+                    where=some_table.c.group != 'some group',
+                    name='some_table_excl_const',
+                    ops={'group': 'my_operator_class'}
+                )
+            )
+
+        The exclude constraint defined in this example requires the
+        ``btree_gist`` extension, that can be created using the
+        command ``CREATE EXTENSION btree_gist;``.
+
+        :param \*elements:
+
+          A sequence of two tuples of the form ``(column, operator)`` where
+          "column" is either a :class:`_schema.Column` object, or a SQL
+          expression element (e.g. ``func.int8range(table.from, table.to)``)
+          or the name of a column as string, and "operator" is a string
+          containing the operator to use (e.g. `"&&"` or `"="`).
+
+          In order to specify a column name when a :class:`_schema.Column`
+          object is not available, while ensuring
+          that any necessary quoting rules take effect, an ad-hoc
+          :class:`_schema.Column` or :func:`_expression.column`
+          object should be used.
+          The ``column`` may also be a string SQL expression when
+          passed as :func:`_expression.literal_column` or
+          :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param using:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit USING <index_method> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint. Defaults to 'gist'.
+
+        :param where:
+          Optional SQL expression construct or literal SQL string.
+          If set, emit WHERE <predicate> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param ops:
+          Optional dictionary.  Used to define operator classes for the
+          elements; works the same way as that of the
+          :ref:`postgresql_ops <postgresql_operator_classes>`
+          parameter specified to the :class:`_schema.Index` construct.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3.21
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_operator_classes` - general description of how
+            PostgreSQL operator classes are specified.
+
+        """
+        columns = []
+        render_exprs = []
+        self.operators = {}
+
+        expressions, operators = zip(*elements)
+
+        for (expr, column, strname, add_element), operator in zip(
+            coercions.expect_col_expression_collection(
+                roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, expressions
+            ),
+            operators,
+        ):
+            if add_element is not None:
+                columns.append(add_element)
+
+            name = column.name if column is not None else strname
+
+            if name is not None:
+                # backwards compat
+                self.operators[name] = operator
+
+            render_exprs.append((expr, name, operator))
+
+        self._render_exprs = render_exprs
+
+        ColumnCollectionConstraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            *columns,
+            name=kw.get("name"),
+            deferrable=kw.get("deferrable"),
+            initially=kw.get("initially"),
+        )
+        self.using = kw.get("using", "gist")
+        where = kw.get("where")
+        if where is not None:
+            self.where = coercions.expect(roles.StatementOptionRole, where)
+
+        self.ops = kw.get("ops", {})
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table, **kw):
+        super()._set_parent(table)
+
+        self._render_exprs = [
+            (
+                expr if not isinstance(expr, str) else table.c[expr],
+                name,
+                operator,
+            )
+            for expr, name, operator in (self._render_exprs)
+        ]
+
+    def _copy(self, target_table=None, **kw):
+        elements = [
+            (
+                schema._copy_expression(expr, self.parent, target_table),
+                operator,
+            )
+            for expr, _, operator in self._render_exprs
+        ]
+        c = self.__class__(
+            *elements,
+            name=self.name,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            where=self.where,
+            using=self.using,
+        )
+        c.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return c
+
+
+def array_agg(*arg, **kw):
+    """PostgreSQL-specific form of :class:`_functions.array_agg`, ensures
+    return type is :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` and not
+    the plain :class:`_types.ARRAY`, unless an explicit ``type_``
+    is passed.
+
+    """
+    kw["_default_array_type"] = ARRAY
+    return functions.func.array_agg(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+class _regconfig_fn(functions.GenericFunction[_T]):
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        args = list(args)
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            initial_arg = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                args.pop(0),
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                type_=types.REGCONFIG,
+            )
+            initial_arg = [initial_arg]
+        else:
+            initial_arg = []
+
+        addtl_args = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+        super().__init__(*(initial_arg + addtl_args), **kwargs)
+
+
+class to_tsvector(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``to_tsvector`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSVECTOR`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.to_tsvector` will be used automatically when invoking
+    ``sqlalchemy.func.to_tsvector()``, ensuring the correct argument and return
+    type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSVECTOR
+
+
+class to_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``to_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.to_tsquery` will be used automatically when invoking
+    ``sqlalchemy.func.to_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct argument and return
+    type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class plainto_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``plainto_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.plainto_tsquery` will be used automatically when
+    invoking ``sqlalchemy.func.plainto_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct
+    argument and return type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class phraseto_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``phraseto_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.phraseto_tsquery` will be used automatically when
+    invoking ``sqlalchemy.func.phraseto_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct
+    argument and return type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class websearch_to_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``websearch_to_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.websearch_to_tsquery` will be used automatically when
+    invoking ``sqlalchemy.func.websearch_to_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct
+    argument and return type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class ts_headline(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``ts_headline`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_types.TEXT`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.ts_headline` will be used automatically when invoking
+    ``sqlalchemy.func.ts_headline()``, ensuring the correct argument and return
+    type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = TEXT
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        args = list(args)
+
+        # parse types according to
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html#TEXTSEARCH-HEADLINE
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            # invalid args; don't do anything
+            has_regconfig = False
+        elif (
+            isinstance(args[1], elements.ColumnElement)
+            and args[1].type._type_affinity is types.TSQUERY
+        ):
+            # tsquery is second argument, no regconfig argument
+            has_regconfig = False
+        else:
+            has_regconfig = True
+
+        if has_regconfig:
+            initial_arg = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                args.pop(0),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                type_=types.REGCONFIG,
+            )
+            initial_arg = [initial_arg]
+        else:
+            initial_arg = []
+
+        addtl_args = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+        super().__init__(*(initial_arg + addtl_args), **kwargs)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b7a43b6015ef2aec9d660ade8908cc9cd75600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import re
+
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import GETITEM
+from .operators import HAS_ALL
+from .operators import HAS_ANY
+from .operators import HAS_KEY
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import functions as sqlfunc
+
+
+__all__ = ("HSTORE", "hstore")
+
+
+class HSTORE(sqltypes.Indexable, sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL HSTORE type.
+
+    The :class:`.HSTORE` type stores dictionaries containing strings, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', HSTORE)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.HSTORE` provides for a wide range of operations, including:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'] == 'some value'
+
+    * Containment operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_key('some key')
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_all(['one', 'two', 'three'])
+
+    * Concatenation::
+
+        data_table.c.data + {"k1": "v1"}
+
+    For a full list of special methods see
+    :class:`.HSTORE.comparator_factory`.
+
+    .. container:: topic
+
+        **Detecting Changes in HSTORE columns when using the ORM**
+
+        For usage with the SQLAlchemy ORM, it may be desirable to combine the
+        usage of :class:`.HSTORE` with :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary now
+        part of the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension. This extension
+        will allow "in-place" changes to the dictionary, e.g. addition of new
+        keys or replacement/removal of existing keys to/from the current
+        dictionary, to produce events which will be detected by the unit of
+        work::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableDict
+
+            class MyClass(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'data_table'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(HSTORE))
+
+            my_object = session.query(MyClass).one()
+
+            # in-place mutation, requires Mutable extension
+            # in order for the ORM to detect
+            my_object.data['some_key'] = 'some value'
+
+            session.commit()
+
+        When the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is not used, the ORM
+        will not be alerted to any changes to the contents of an existing
+        dictionary, unless that dictionary value is re-assigned to the
+        HSTORE-attribute itself, thus generating a change event.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.hstore` - render the PostgreSQL ``hstore()`` function.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "HSTORE"
+    hashable = False
+    text_type = sqltypes.Text()
+
+    def __init__(self, text_type=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.HSTORE`.
+
+        :param text_type: the type that should be used for indexed values.
+         Defaults to :class:`_types.Text`.
+
+        """
+        if text_type is not None:
+            self.text_type = text_type
+
+    class Comparator(
+        sqltypes.Indexable.Comparator, sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator
+    ):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.HSTORE`."""
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(HAS_KEY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in jsonb"""
+            return self.operate(HAS_ALL, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in jsonb"""
+            return self.operate(HAS_ANY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys (or array) are a superset
+            of/contained the keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            return GETITEM, index, self.type.text_type
+
+        def defined(self, key):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a non-NULL value for
+            the key.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return _HStoreDefinedFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def delete(self, key):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns the contents of this hstore with the
+            given key deleted.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            if isinstance(key, dict):
+                key = _serialize_hstore(key)
+            return _HStoreDeleteFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def slice(self, array):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns a subset of an hstore defined by
+            array of keys.
+            """
+            return _HStoreSliceFunction(self.expr, array)
+
+        def keys(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of keys."""
+            return _HStoreKeysFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def vals(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of values."""
+            return _HStoreValsFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def array(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of alternating keys and
+            values.
+            """
+            return _HStoreArrayFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def matrix(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of [key, value] pairs."""
+            return _HStoreMatrixFunction(self.expr)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                return _serialize_hstore(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return _parse_hstore(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class hstore(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    """Construct an hstore value within a SQL expression using the
+    PostgreSQL ``hstore()`` function.
+
+    The :class:`.hstore` function accepts one or two arguments as described
+    in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array, hstore
+
+        select(hstore('key1', 'value1'))
+
+        select(
+            hstore(
+                array(['key1', 'key2', 'key3']),
+                array(['value1', 'value2', 'value3'])
+            )
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.HSTORE` - the PostgreSQL ``HSTORE`` datatype.
+
+    """
+
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = "hstore"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreDefinedFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Boolean
+    name = "defined"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreDeleteFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = "delete"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreSliceFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = "slice"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreKeysFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "akeys"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreValsFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "avals"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreArrayFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "hstore_to_array"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreMatrixFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "hstore_to_matrix"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+#
+# parsing.  note that none of this is used with the psycopg2 backend,
+# which provides its own native extensions.
+#
+
+# My best guess at the parsing rules of hstore literals, since no formal
+# grammar is given.  This is mostly reverse engineered from PG's input parser
+# behavior.
+HSTORE_PAIR_RE = re.compile(
+    r"""
+(
+  "(?P<key> (\\ . | [^"])* )"       # Quoted key
+)
+[ ]* => [ ]*    # Pair operator, optional adjoining whitespace
+(
+    (?P<value_null> NULL )          # NULL value
+  | "(?P<value> (\\ . | [^"])* )"   # Quoted value
+)
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE = re.compile(
+    r"""
+[ ]* , [ ]*
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+def _parse_error(hstore_str, pos):
+    """format an unmarshalling error."""
+
+    ctx = 20
+    hslen = len(hstore_str)
+
+    parsed_tail = hstore_str[max(pos - ctx - 1, 0) : min(pos, hslen)]
+    residual = hstore_str[min(pos, hslen) : min(pos + ctx + 1, hslen)]
+
+    if len(parsed_tail) > ctx:
+        parsed_tail = "[...]" + parsed_tail[1:]
+    if len(residual) > ctx:
+        residual = residual[:-1] + "[...]"
+
+    return "After %r, could not parse residual at position %d: %r" % (
+        parsed_tail,
+        pos,
+        residual,
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_hstore(hstore_str):
+    """Parse an hstore from its literal string representation.
+
+    Attempts to approximate PG's hstore input parsing rules as closely as
+    possible. Although currently this is not strictly necessary, since the
+    current implementation of hstore's output syntax is stricter than what it
+    accepts as input, the documentation makes no guarantees that will always
+    be the case.
+
+
+
+    """
+    result = {}
+    pos = 0
+    pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str)
+
+    while pair_match is not None:
+        key = pair_match.group("key").replace(r"\"", '"').replace("\\\\", "\\")
+        if pair_match.group("value_null"):
+            value = None
+        else:
+            value = (
+                pair_match.group("value")
+                .replace(r"\"", '"')
+                .replace("\\\\", "\\")
+            )
+        result[key] = value
+
+        pos += pair_match.end()
+
+        delim_match = HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+        if delim_match is not None:
+            pos += delim_match.end()
+
+        pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+
+    if pos != len(hstore_str):
+        raise ValueError(_parse_error(hstore_str, pos))
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _serialize_hstore(val):
+    """Serialize a dictionary into an hstore literal.  Keys and values must
+    both be strings (except None for values).
+
+    """
+
+    def esc(s, position):
+        if position == "value" and s is None:
+            return "NULL"
+        elif isinstance(s, str):
+            return '"%s"' % s.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', r"\"")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "%r in %s position is not a string." % (s, position)
+            )
+
+    return ", ".join(
+        "%s=>%s" % (esc(k, "key"), esc(v, "value")) for k, v in val.items()
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7df88dc4ef285fdfd16222b742c1d099e3ac5fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .array import array as _pg_array
+from .operators import ASTEXT
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import DELETE_PATH
+from .operators import HAS_ALL
+from .operators import HAS_ANY
+from .operators import HAS_KEY
+from .operators import JSONPATH_ASTEXT
+from .operators import PATH_EXISTS
+from .operators import PATH_MATCH
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import cast
+
+__all__ = ("JSON", "JSONB")
+
+
+class JSONPathType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _processor(self, dialect, super_proc):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                # If it's already a string assume that it's in json path
+                # format. This allows using cast with json paths literals
+                return value
+            elif value:
+                # If it's already a string assume that it's in json path
+                # format. This allows using cast with json paths literals
+                value = "{%s}" % (", ".join(map(str, value)))
+            else:
+                value = "{}"
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._processor(dialect, self.string_bind_processor(dialect))
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._processor(dialect, self.string_literal_processor(dialect))
+
+
+class JSONPATH(JSONPathType):
+    """JSON Path Type.
+
+    This is usually required to cast literal values to json path when using
+    json search like function, such as ``jsonb_path_query_array`` or
+    ``jsonb_path_exists``::
+
+        stmt = sa.select(
+            sa.func.jsonb_path_query_array(
+                table.c.jsonb_col, cast("$.address.id", JSONPATH)
+            )
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "JSONPATH"
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL JSON type.
+
+    :class:`_postgresql.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a PostgreSQL backend,
+    however base :class:`_types.JSON` datatype does not provide Python
+    accessors for PostgreSQL-specific comparison methods such as
+    :meth:`_postgresql.JSON.Comparator.astext`; additionally, to use
+    PostgreSQL ``JSONB``, the :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` datatype should
+    be used explicitly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The operators provided by the PostgreSQL version of :class:`_types.JSON`
+    include:
+
+    * Index operations (the ``->`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key']
+
+        data_table.c.data[5]
+
+
+    * Index operations returning text (the ``->>`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].astext == 'some value'
+
+      Note that equivalent functionality is available via the
+      :attr:`.JSON.Comparator.as_string` accessor.
+
+    * Index operations with CAST
+      (equivalent to ``CAST(col ->> ['some key'] AS <type>)``)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].astext.cast(Integer) == 5
+
+      Note that equivalent functionality is available via the
+      :attr:`.JSON.Comparator.as_integer` and similar accessors.
+
+    * Path index operations (the ``#>`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', 5, ..., 'key_n')]
+
+    * Path index operations returning text (the ``#>>`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', 5, ..., 'key_n')].astext == 'some value'
+
+    Index operations return an expression object whose type defaults to
+    :class:`_types.JSON` by default,
+    so that further JSON-oriented instructions
+    may be called upon the result type.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers are specified at the dialect level,
+    that is using :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  The reason for this is that when
+    using psycopg2, the DBAPI only allows serializers at the per-cursor
+    or per-connection level.   E.g.::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                                json_serializer=my_serialize_fn,
+                                json_deserializer=my_deserialize_fn
+                        )
+
+    When using the psycopg2 dialect, the json_deserializer is registered
+    against the database using ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - Core level JSON type
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.JSONB`
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    astext_type = sqltypes.Text()
+
+    def __init__(self, none_as_null=False, astext_type=None):
+        """Construct a :class:`_types.JSON` type.
+
+        :param none_as_null: if True, persist the value ``None`` as a
+         SQL NULL value, not the JSON encoding of ``null``.   Note that
+         when this flag is False, the :func:`.null` construct can still
+         be used to persist a NULL value::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import null
+             conn.execute(table.insert(), {"data": null()})
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+              :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`
+
+        :param astext_type: the type to use for the
+         :attr:`.JSON.Comparator.astext`
+         accessor on indexed attributes.  Defaults to :class:`_types.Text`.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(none_as_null=none_as_null)
+        if astext_type is not None:
+            self.astext_type = astext_type
+
+    class Comparator(sqltypes.JSON.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.JSON`."""
+
+        @property
+        def astext(self):
+            """On an indexed expression, use the "astext" (e.g. "->>")
+            conversion when rendered in SQL.
+
+            E.g.::
+
+                select(data_table.c.data['some key'].astext)
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.cast`
+
+            """
+            if isinstance(self.expr.right.type, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+                return self.expr.left.operate(
+                    JSONPATH_ASTEXT,
+                    self.expr.right,
+                    result_type=self.type.astext_type,
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.expr.left.operate(
+                    ASTEXT, self.expr.right, result_type=self.type.astext_type
+                )
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class JSONB(JSON):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL JSONB type.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` type stores arbitrary JSONB format data,
+    e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', JSONB)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` type includes all operations provided by
+    :class:`_types.JSON`, including the same behaviors for indexing
+    operations.
+    It also adds additional operators specific to JSONB, including
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.has_key`, :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.has_all`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.has_any`, :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.contains`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.contained_by`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.delete_path`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.path_exists` and
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.path_match`.
+
+    Like the :class:`_types.JSON` type, the :class:`_postgresql.JSONB`
+    type does not detect
+    in-place changes when used with the ORM, unless the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is used.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers
+    are shared with the :class:`_types.JSON` class,
+    using the ``json_serializer``
+    and ``json_deserializer`` keyword arguments.  These must be specified
+    at the dialect level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  When using
+    psycopg2, the serializers are associated with the jsonb type using
+    ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_jsonb`` on a per-connection basis,
+    in the same way that ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json`` is used
+    to register these handlers with the json type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "JSONB"
+
+    class Comparator(JSON.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.JSON`."""
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(HAS_KEY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in jsonb"""
+            return self.operate(HAS_ALL, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in jsonb"""
+            return self.operate(HAS_ANY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys (or array) are a superset
+            of/contained the keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def delete_path(self, array):
+            """JSONB expression. Deletes field or array element specified in
+            the argument array.
+
+            The input may be a list of strings that will be coerced to an
+            ``ARRAY`` or an instance of :meth:`_postgres.array`.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+            """
+            if not isinstance(array, _pg_array):
+                array = _pg_array(array)
+            right_side = cast(array, ARRAY(sqltypes.TEXT))
+            return self.operate(DELETE_PATH, right_side, result_type=JSONB)
+
+        def path_exists(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Test for presence of item given by the
+            argument JSONPath expression.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                PATH_EXISTS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def path_match(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Test if JSONPath predicate given by the
+            argument JSONPath expression matches.
+
+            Only the first item of the result is taken into account.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                PATH_MATCH, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/named_types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/named_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e4d48a36e067e8bb9f94c77ea2e3bbaac55da6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/named_types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/named_types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from ... import schema
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import type_api
+from ...sql.base import _NoArg
+from ...sql.ddl import InvokeCreateDDLBase
+from ...sql.ddl import InvokeDropDDLBase
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+
+
+class NamedType(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Base for named types."""
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+    DDLGenerator: Type[NamedTypeGenerator]
+    DDLDropper: Type[NamedTypeDropper]
+    create_type: bool
+
+    def create(self, bind, checkfirst=True, **kw):
+        """Emit ``CREATE`` DDL for this type.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type does not exist already before
+         creating.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(self.DDLGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind, checkfirst=True, **kw):
+        """Emit ``DROP`` DDL for this type.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type actually exists before dropping.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(self.DDLDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _check_for_name_in_memos(self, checkfirst, kw):
+        """Look in the 'ddl runner' for 'memos', then
+        note our name in that collection.
+
+        This to ensure a particular named type is operated
+        upon only once within any kind of create/drop
+        sequence without relying upon "checkfirst".
+
+        """
+        if not self.create_type:
+            return True
+        if "_ddl_runner" in kw:
+            ddl_runner = kw["_ddl_runner"]
+            type_name = f"pg_{self.__visit_name__}"
+            if type_name in ddl_runner.memo:
+                existing = ddl_runner.memo[type_name]
+            else:
+                existing = ddl_runner.memo[type_name] = set()
+            present = (self.schema, self.name) in existing
+            existing.add((self.schema, self.name))
+            return present
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if (
+            checkfirst
+            or (
+                not self.metadata
+                and not kw.get("_is_metadata_operation", False)
+            )
+        ) and not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if (
+            not self.metadata
+            and not kw.get("_is_metadata_operation", False)
+            and not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw)
+        ):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+
+class NamedTypeGenerator(InvokeCreateDDLBase):
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+
+    def _can_create_type(self, type_):
+        if not self.checkfirst:
+            return True
+
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(type_)
+        return not self.connection.dialect.has_type(
+            self.connection, type_.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+
+class NamedTypeDropper(InvokeDropDDLBase):
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+
+    def _can_drop_type(self, type_):
+        if not self.checkfirst:
+            return True
+
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(type_)
+        return self.connection.dialect.has_type(
+            self.connection, type_.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+
+class EnumGenerator(NamedTypeGenerator):
+    def visit_enum(self, enum):
+        if not self._can_create_type(enum):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(enum):
+            self.connection.execute(CreateEnumType(enum))
+
+
+class EnumDropper(NamedTypeDropper):
+    def visit_enum(self, enum):
+        if not self._can_drop_type(enum):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(enum):
+            self.connection.execute(DropEnumType(enum))
+
+
+class ENUM(NamedType, type_api.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes.Enum):
+    """PostgreSQL ENUM type.
+
+    This is a subclass of :class:`_types.Enum` which includes
+    support for PG's ``CREATE TYPE`` and ``DROP TYPE``.
+
+    When the builtin type :class:`_types.Enum` is used and the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.native_enum` flag is left at its default of
+    True, the PostgreSQL backend will use a :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`
+    type as the implementation, so the special create/drop rules
+    will be used.
+
+    The create/drop behavior of ENUM is necessarily intricate, due to the
+    awkward relationship the ENUM type has in relationship to the
+    parent table, in that it may be "owned" by just a single table, or
+    may be shared among many tables.
+
+    When using :class:`_types.Enum` or :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`
+    in an "inline" fashion, the ``CREATE TYPE`` and ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted
+    corresponding to when the :meth:`_schema.Table.create` and
+    :meth:`_schema.Table.drop`
+    methods are called::
+
+        table = Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('some_enum', ENUM('a', 'b', 'c', name='myenum'))
+        )
+
+        table.create(engine)  # will emit CREATE ENUM and CREATE TABLE
+        table.drop(engine)  # will emit DROP TABLE and DROP ENUM
+
+    To use a common enumerated type between multiple tables, the best
+    practice is to declare the :class:`_types.Enum` or
+    :class:`_postgresql.ENUM` independently, and associate it with the
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` object itself::
+
+        my_enum = ENUM('a', 'b', 'c', name='myenum', metadata=metadata)
+
+        t1 = Table('sometable_one', metadata,
+            Column('some_enum', myenum)
+        )
+
+        t2 = Table('sometable_two', metadata,
+            Column('some_enum', myenum)
+        )
+
+    When this pattern is used, care must still be taken at the level
+    of individual table creates.  Emitting CREATE TABLE without also
+    specifying ``checkfirst=True`` will still cause issues::
+
+        t1.create(engine) # will fail: no such type 'myenum'
+
+    If we specify ``checkfirst=True``, the individual table-level create
+    operation will check for the ``ENUM`` and create if not exists::
+
+        # will check if enum exists, and emit CREATE TYPE if not
+        t1.create(engine, checkfirst=True)
+
+    When using a metadata-level ENUM type, the type will always be created
+    and dropped if either the metadata-wide create/drop is called::
+
+        metadata.create_all(engine)  # will emit CREATE TYPE
+        metadata.drop_all(engine)  # will emit DROP TYPE
+
+    The type can also be created and dropped directly::
+
+        my_enum.create(engine)
+        my_enum.drop(engine)
+
+    """
+
+    native_enum = True
+    DDLGenerator = EnumGenerator
+    DDLDropper = EnumDropper
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *enums,
+        name: Union[str, _NoArg, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        create_type: bool = True,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Construct an :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        Arguments are the same as that of
+        :class:`_types.Enum`, but also including
+        the following parameters.
+
+        :param create_type: Defaults to True.
+         Indicates that ``CREATE TYPE`` should be
+         emitted, after optionally checking for the
+         presence of the type, when the parent
+         table is being created; and additionally
+         that ``DROP TYPE`` is called when the table
+         is dropped.    When ``False``, no check
+         will be performed and no ``CREATE TYPE``
+         or ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted, unless
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create`
+         or :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop`
+         are called directly.
+         Setting to ``False`` is helpful
+         when invoking a creation scheme to a SQL file
+         without access to the actual database -
+         the :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create` and
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop` methods can
+         be used to emit SQL to a target bind.
+
+        """
+        native_enum = kw.pop("native_enum", None)
+        if native_enum is False:
+            util.warn(
+                "the native_enum flag does not apply to the "
+                "sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ENUM datatype; this type "
+                "always refers to ENUM.   Use sqlalchemy.types.Enum for "
+                "non-native enum."
+            )
+        self.create_type = create_type
+        if name is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["name"] = name
+        super().__init__(*enums, **kw)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        super_coerced_type = super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+        if (
+            super_coerced_type._type_affinity
+            is type_api.STRINGTYPE._type_affinity
+        ):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super_coerced_type
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __test_init__(cls):
+        return cls(name="name")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, impl, **kw):
+        """Produce a PostgreSQL native :class:`_postgresql.ENUM` from plain
+        :class:`.Enum`.
+
+        """
+        kw.setdefault("validate_strings", impl.validate_strings)
+        kw.setdefault("name", impl.name)
+        kw.setdefault("schema", impl.schema)
+        kw.setdefault("inherit_schema", impl.inherit_schema)
+        kw.setdefault("metadata", impl.metadata)
+        kw.setdefault("_create_events", False)
+        kw.setdefault("values_callable", impl.values_callable)
+        kw.setdefault("omit_aliases", impl._omit_aliases)
+        kw.setdefault("_adapted_from", impl)
+        if type_api._is_native_for_emulated(impl.__class__):
+            kw.setdefault("create_type", impl.create_type)
+
+        return cls(**kw)
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``CREATE TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        PostgreSQL CREATE TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type does not exist already before
+         creating.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        super().create(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``DROP TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        PostgreSQL DROP TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type actually exists before dropping.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        super().drop(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        """dont return dbapi.STRING for ENUM in PostgreSQL, since that's
+        a different type"""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class DomainGenerator(NamedTypeGenerator):
+    def visit_DOMAIN(self, domain):
+        if not self._can_create_type(domain):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(domain):
+            self.connection.execute(CreateDomainType(domain))
+
+
+class DomainDropper(NamedTypeDropper):
+    def visit_DOMAIN(self, domain):
+        if not self._can_drop_type(domain):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(domain):
+            self.connection.execute(DropDomainType(domain))
+
+
+class DOMAIN(NamedType, sqltypes.SchemaType):
+    r"""Represent the DOMAIN PostgreSQL type.
+
+    A domain is essentially a data type with optional constraints
+    that restrict the allowed set of values. E.g.::
+
+        PositiveInt = DOMAIN(
+            "pos_int", Integer, check="VALUE > 0", not_null=True
+        )
+
+        UsPostalCode = DOMAIN(
+            "us_postal_code",
+            Text,
+            check="VALUE ~ '^\d{5}$' OR VALUE ~ '^\d{5}-\d{4}$'"
+        )
+
+    See the `PostgreSQL documentation`__ for additional details
+
+    __ https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createdomain.html
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    DDLGenerator = DomainGenerator
+    DDLDropper = DomainDropper
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOMAIN"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data_type: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+        *,
+        collation: Optional[str] = None,
+        default: Union[elements.TextClause, str, None] = None,
+        constraint_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        not_null: Optional[bool] = None,
+        check: Union[elements.TextClause, str, None] = None,
+        create_type: bool = True,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a DOMAIN.
+
+        :param name: the name of the domain
+        :param data_type: The underlying data type of the domain.
+          This can include array specifiers.
+        :param collation: An optional collation for the domain.
+          If no collation is specified, the underlying data type's default
+          collation is used. The underlying type must be collatable if
+          ``collation`` is specified.
+        :param default: The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value for
+          columns of the domain data type. The default should be a string
+          or a :func:`_expression.text` value.
+          If no default value is specified, then the default value is
+          the null value.
+        :param constraint_name: An optional name for a constraint.
+          If not specified, the backend generates a name.
+        :param not_null: Values of this domain are prevented from being null.
+          By default domain are allowed to be null. If not specified
+          no nullability clause will be emitted.
+        :param check: CHECK clause specify integrity constraint or test
+          which values of the domain must satisfy. A constraint must be
+          an expression producing a Boolean result that can use the key
+          word VALUE to refer to the value being tested.
+          Differently from PostgreSQL, only a single check clause is
+          currently allowed in SQLAlchemy.
+        :param schema: optional schema name
+        :param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` object which
+         this :class:`_postgresql.DOMAIN` will be directly associated
+        :param create_type: Defaults to True.
+         Indicates that ``CREATE TYPE`` should be emitted, after optionally
+         checking for the presence of the type, when the parent table is
+         being created; and additionally that ``DROP TYPE`` is called
+         when the table is dropped.
+
+        """
+        self.data_type = type_api.to_instance(data_type)
+        self.default = default
+        self.collation = collation
+        self.constraint_name = constraint_name
+        self.not_null = bool(not_null)
+        if check is not None:
+            check = coercions.expect(roles.DDLExpressionRole, check)
+        self.check = check
+        self.create_type = create_type
+        super().__init__(name=name, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __test_init__(cls):
+        return cls("name", sqltypes.Integer)
+
+    def adapt(self, impl, **kw):
+        if self.default:
+            kw["default"] = self.default
+        if self.constraint_name is not None:
+            kw["constraint_name"] = self.constraint_name
+        if self.not_null:
+            kw["not_null"] = self.not_null
+        if self.check is not None:
+            kw["check"] = str(self.check)
+        if self.create_type:
+            kw["create_type"] = self.create_type
+
+        return super().adapt(impl, **kw)
+
+
+class CreateEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "create_enum_type"
+
+
+class DropEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_enum_type"
+
+
+class CreateDomainType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE DOMAIN statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_domain_type"
+
+
+class DropDomainType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP DOMAIN statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_domain_type"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/operators.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/operators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d7428bff79d790bc1f1bdccc8b0531a99d9936e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/operators.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/operators.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from ...sql import operators
+
+
+_getitem_precedence = operators._PRECEDENCE[operators.json_getitem_op]
+_eq_precedence = operators._PRECEDENCE[operators.eq]
+
+# JSON + JSONB
+ASTEXT = operators.custom_op(
+    "->>",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
+
+JSONPATH_ASTEXT = operators.custom_op(
+    "#>>",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
+
+# JSONB + HSTORE
+HAS_KEY = operators.custom_op(
+    "?",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+HAS_ALL = operators.custom_op(
+    "?&",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+HAS_ANY = operators.custom_op(
+    "?|",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# JSONB
+DELETE_PATH = operators.custom_op(
+    "#-",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
+
+PATH_EXISTS = operators.custom_op(
+    "@?",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+PATH_MATCH = operators.custom_op(
+    "@@",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# JSONB + ARRAY + HSTORE + RANGE
+CONTAINS = operators.custom_op(
+    "@>",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+CONTAINED_BY = operators.custom_op(
+    "<@",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# ARRAY + RANGE
+OVERLAP = operators.custom_op(
+    "&&",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# RANGE
+STRICTLY_LEFT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    "<<", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+STRICTLY_RIGHT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    ">>", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+NOT_EXTEND_RIGHT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    "&<", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+NOT_EXTEND_LEFT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    "&>", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+ADJACENT_TO = operators.custom_op(
+    "-|-", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+# HSTORE
+GETITEM = operators.custom_op(
+    "->",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d83257781a6ff568052aa75226163b609575be07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pg8000
+    :name: pg8000
+    :dbapi: pg8000
+    :connectstring: postgresql+pg8000://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/pg8000/
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4  The pg8000 dialect has been updated for version
+   1.16.6 and higher, and is again part of SQLAlchemy's continuous integration
+   with full feature support.
+
+.. _pg8000_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+pg8000 will encode / decode string values between it and the server using the
+PostgreSQL ``client_encoding`` parameter; by default this is the value in
+the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
+Typically, this can be changed to ``utf-8``, as a more useful default::
+
+    #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+                                 # encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+The ``client_encoding`` can be overridden for a session by executing the SQL:
+
+SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'utf8';
+
+SQLAlchemy will execute this SQL on all new connections based on the value
+passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://user:pass@host/dbname", client_encoding='utf8')
+
+.. _pg8000_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+---------------
+
+pg8000 accepts a Python ``SSLContext`` object which may be specified using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary::
+
+    import ssl
+    ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199/test",
+        connect_args={"ssl_context": ssl_context},
+    )
+
+If the server uses an automatically-generated certificate that is self-signed
+or does not match the host name (as seen from the client), it may also be
+necessary to disable hostname checking::
+
+    import ssl
+    ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    ssl_context.check_hostname = False
+    ssl_context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199/test",
+        connect_args={"ssl_context": ssl_context},
+    )
+
+.. _pg8000_isolation_level:
+
+pg8000 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+The pg8000 dialect offers the same isolation level settings as that
+of the :ref:`psycopg2 <psycopg2_isolation_level>` dialect:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+import decimal
+import re
+
+from . import ranges
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .pg_catalog import _SpaceVector
+from .pg_catalog import OIDVECTOR
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql.elements import quoted_name
+
+
+class _PGString(sqltypes.String):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+                )
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+
+
+class _PGFloat(_PGNumeric, sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNumericNoBind(_PGNumeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        raise NotImplementedError("should not be here")
+
+
+class _PGJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONPathType(JSONPathType):
+    pass
+
+    # DBAPI type 1009
+
+
+class _PGEnum(ENUM):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.UNKNOWN
+
+
+class _PGInterval(INTERVAL):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, interval, **kw):
+        return _PGInterval(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+
+class _PGTimeStamp(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTime(sqltypes.Time):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGSmallInteger(sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNullType(sqltypes.NullType):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGARRAY(PGARRAY):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGOIDVECTOR(_SpaceVector, OIDVECTOR):
+    pass
+
+
+class _Pg8000Range(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        pg8000_Range = dialect.dbapi.Range
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = pg8000_Range(
+                    value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value.lower,
+                    value.upper,
+                    bounds=value.bounds,
+                    empty=value.is_empty,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _Pg8000MultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        pg8000_Range = dialect.dbapi.Range
+
+        def to_multirange(value):
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                mr = []
+                for v in value:
+                    if isinstance(v, ranges.Range):
+                        mr.append(
+                            pg8000_Range(v.lower, v.upper, v.bounds, v.empty)
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        mr.append(v)
+                return mr
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return to_multirange
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_multirange(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return ranges.MultiRange(
+                    ranges.Range(
+                        v.lower, v.upper, bounds=v.bounds, empty=v.is_empty
+                    )
+                    for v in value
+                )
+
+        return to_multirange
+
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pg8000(PGExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:], hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+        return ServerSideCursor(self._dbapi_connection.cursor(), ident)
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if not self.compiled:
+            return
+
+
+class ServerSideCursor:
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, cursor, ident):
+        self.ident = ident
+        self.cursor = cursor
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self.cursor.connection
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self.cursor.description
+
+    def execute(self, operation, args=(), stream=None):
+        op = "DECLARE " + self.ident + " NO SCROLL CURSOR FOR " + operation
+        self.cursor.execute(op, args, stream=stream)
+        return self
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, param_sets):
+        self.cursor.executemany(operation, param_sets)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        self.cursor.execute("FETCH FORWARD 1 FROM " + self.ident)
+        return self.cursor.fetchone()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, num=None):
+        if num is None:
+            return self.fetchall()
+        else:
+            self.cursor.execute(
+                "FETCH FORWARD " + str(int(num)) + " FROM " + self.ident
+            )
+            return self.cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        self.cursor.execute("FETCH FORWARD ALL FROM " + self.ident)
+        return self.cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.cursor.execute("CLOSE " + self.ident)
+        self.cursor.close()
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *sizes):
+        self.cursor.setinputsizes(*sizes)
+
+    def setoutputsize(self, size, column=None):
+        pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_pg8000(PGCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+            + " %% "
+            + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        PGIdentifierPreparer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._double_percents = False
+
+
+class PGDialect_pg8000(PGDialect):
+    driver = "pg8000"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pg8000
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_pg8000
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    # reversed as of pg8000 1.16.6.  1.16.5 and lower
+    # are no longer compatible
+    description_encoding = None
+    # description_encoding = "use_encoding"
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.String: _PGString,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumericNoBind,
+            sqltypes.Float: _PGFloat,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+            sqltypes.Boolean: _PGBoolean,
+            sqltypes.NullType: _PGNullType,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            CITEXT: CITEXT,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _PGJSONPathType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: _PGJSONIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: _PGJSONIntIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: _PGJSONStrIndexType,
+            sqltypes.Interval: _PGInterval,
+            INTERVAL: _PGInterval,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+            sqltypes.Date: _PGDate,
+            sqltypes.Time: _PGTime,
+            sqltypes.Integer: _PGInteger,
+            sqltypes.SmallInteger: _PGSmallInteger,
+            sqltypes.BigInteger: _PGBigInteger,
+            sqltypes.Enum: _PGEnum,
+            sqltypes.ARRAY: _PGARRAY,
+            OIDVECTOR: _PGOIDVECTOR,
+            ranges.INT4RANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.INT8RANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.NUMRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.DATERANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.TSRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.TSTZRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.INT4MULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.INT8MULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.NUMMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.DATEMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.TSMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.TSTZMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, client_encoding=None, **kwargs):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+
+        if self._dbapi_version < (1, 16, 6):
+            raise NotImplementedError("pg8000 1.16.6 or greater is required")
+
+        if self._native_inet_types:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "The pg8000 dialect does not fully implement "
+                "ipaddress type handling; INET is supported by default, "
+                "CIDR is not"
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in re.findall(
+                        r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("pg8000")
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        if "port" in opts:
+            opts["port"] = int(opts["port"])
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError) and "network error" in str(
+            e
+        ):
+            # new as of pg8000 1.19.0 for broken connections
+            return True
+
+        # connection was closed normally
+        return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        level = level.replace("_", " ")
+
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+            cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+                f"ISOLATION LEVEL {level}"
+            )
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION %s"
+                % ("READ ONLY" if value else "READ WRITE")
+            )
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute("show transaction_read_only")
+            val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+        return val == "on"
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION %s"
+                % ("DEFERRABLE" if value else "NOT DEFERRABLE")
+            )
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute("show transaction_deferrable")
+            val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+        return val == "on"
+
+    def _set_client_encoding(self, dbapi_connection, client_encoding):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(
+            f"""SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO '{
+                client_encoding.replace("'", "''")
+            }'"""
+        )
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_begin((0, xid, ""))
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        connection.connection.tpc_rollback((0, xid, ""))
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        connection.connection.tpc_commit((0, xid, ""))
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        return [row[1] for row in connection.connection.tpc_recover()]
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        fns = []
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            conn.py_types[quoted_name] = conn.py_types[str]
+
+        fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self._set_client_encoding(conn, self.client_encoding)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self._native_inet_types is False:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                # inet
+                conn.register_in_adapter(869, lambda s: s)
+
+                # cidr
+                conn.register_in_adapter(650, lambda s: s)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self._json_deserializer:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                # json
+                conn.register_in_adapter(114, self._json_deserializer)
+
+                # jsonb
+                conn.register_in_adapter(3802, self._json_deserializer)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if len(fns) > 0:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(conn)
+
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+        return ";"
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pg8000
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f8bfa9e6ac3c1abb65b1eaaa52ea24cbe11139c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .types import OID
+from .types import REGCLASS
+from ... import Column
+from ... import func
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Table
+from ...types import BigInteger
+from ...types import Boolean
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import Float
+from ...types import Integer
+from ...types import SmallInteger
+from ...types import String
+from ...types import Text
+from ...types import TypeDecorator
+
+
+# types
+class NAME(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = String(64, collation="C")
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class PG_NODE_TREE(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = Text(collation="C")
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class INT2VECTOR(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = ARRAY(SmallInteger)
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class OIDVECTOR(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = ARRAY(OID)
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class _SpaceVector:
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            return [int(p) for p in value.split(" ")]
+
+        return process
+
+
+REGPROC = REGCLASS  # seems an alias
+
+# functions
+_pg_cat = func.pg_catalog
+quote_ident = _pg_cat.quote_ident
+pg_table_is_visible = _pg_cat.pg_table_is_visible
+pg_type_is_visible = _pg_cat.pg_type_is_visible
+pg_get_viewdef = _pg_cat.pg_get_viewdef
+pg_get_serial_sequence = _pg_cat.pg_get_serial_sequence
+format_type = _pg_cat.format_type
+pg_get_expr = _pg_cat.pg_get_expr
+pg_get_constraintdef = _pg_cat.pg_get_constraintdef
+pg_get_indexdef = _pg_cat.pg_get_indexdef
+
+# constants
+RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN = ("r", "p")
+RELKINDS_TABLE = RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN + ("f",)
+RELKINDS_VIEW = ("v",)
+RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW = ("m",)
+RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE = RELKINDS_TABLE + RELKINDS_VIEW + RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW
+
+# tables
+pg_catalog_meta = MetaData(schema="pg_catalog")
+
+pg_namespace = Table(
+    "pg_namespace",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID),
+    Column("nspname", NAME),
+    Column("nspowner", OID),
+)
+
+pg_class = Table(
+    "pg_class",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("relname", NAME),
+    Column("relnamespace", OID),
+    Column("reltype", OID),
+    Column("reloftype", OID),
+    Column("relowner", OID),
+    Column("relam", OID),
+    Column("relfilenode", OID),
+    Column("reltablespace", OID),
+    Column("relpages", Integer),
+    Column("reltuples", Float),
+    Column("relallvisible", Integer, info={"server_version": (9, 2)}),
+    Column("reltoastrelid", OID),
+    Column("relhasindex", Boolean),
+    Column("relisshared", Boolean),
+    Column("relpersistence", CHAR, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("relkind", CHAR),
+    Column("relnatts", SmallInteger),
+    Column("relchecks", SmallInteger),
+    Column("relhasrules", Boolean),
+    Column("relhastriggers", Boolean),
+    Column("relhassubclass", Boolean),
+    Column("relrowsecurity", Boolean),
+    Column("relforcerowsecurity", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 5)}),
+    Column("relispopulated", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("relreplident", CHAR, info={"server_version": (9, 4)}),
+    Column("relispartition", Boolean, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+    Column("relrewrite", OID, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("reloptions", ARRAY(Text)),
+)
+
+pg_type = Table(
+    "pg_type",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("typname", NAME),
+    Column("typnamespace", OID),
+    Column("typowner", OID),
+    Column("typlen", SmallInteger),
+    Column("typbyval", Boolean),
+    Column("typtype", CHAR),
+    Column("typcategory", CHAR),
+    Column("typispreferred", Boolean),
+    Column("typisdefined", Boolean),
+    Column("typdelim", CHAR),
+    Column("typrelid", OID),
+    Column("typelem", OID),
+    Column("typarray", OID),
+    Column("typinput", REGPROC),
+    Column("typoutput", REGPROC),
+    Column("typreceive", REGPROC),
+    Column("typsend", REGPROC),
+    Column("typmodin", REGPROC),
+    Column("typmodout", REGPROC),
+    Column("typanalyze", REGPROC),
+    Column("typalign", CHAR),
+    Column("typstorage", CHAR),
+    Column("typnotnull", Boolean),
+    Column("typbasetype", OID),
+    Column("typtypmod", Integer),
+    Column("typndims", Integer),
+    Column("typcollation", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("typdefault", Text),
+)
+
+pg_index = Table(
+    "pg_index",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("indexrelid", OID),
+    Column("indrelid", OID),
+    Column("indnatts", SmallInteger),
+    Column("indnkeyatts", SmallInteger, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("indisunique", Boolean),
+    Column("indnullsnotdistinct", Boolean, info={"server_version": (15,)}),
+    Column("indisprimary", Boolean),
+    Column("indisexclusion", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("indimmediate", Boolean),
+    Column("indisclustered", Boolean),
+    Column("indisvalid", Boolean),
+    Column("indcheckxmin", Boolean),
+    Column("indisready", Boolean),
+    Column("indislive", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),  # 9.3
+    Column("indisreplident", Boolean),
+    Column("indkey", INT2VECTOR),
+    Column("indcollation", OIDVECTOR, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),  # 9.1
+    Column("indclass", OIDVECTOR),
+    Column("indoption", INT2VECTOR),
+    Column("indexprs", PG_NODE_TREE),
+    Column("indpred", PG_NODE_TREE),
+)
+
+pg_attribute = Table(
+    "pg_attribute",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("attrelid", OID),
+    Column("attname", NAME),
+    Column("atttypid", OID),
+    Column("attstattarget", Integer),
+    Column("attlen", SmallInteger),
+    Column("attnum", SmallInteger),
+    Column("attndims", Integer),
+    Column("attcacheoff", Integer),
+    Column("atttypmod", Integer),
+    Column("attbyval", Boolean),
+    Column("attstorage", CHAR),
+    Column("attalign", CHAR),
+    Column("attnotnull", Boolean),
+    Column("atthasdef", Boolean),
+    Column("atthasmissing", Boolean, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("attidentity", CHAR, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+    Column("attgenerated", CHAR, info={"server_version": (12,)}),
+    Column("attisdropped", Boolean),
+    Column("attislocal", Boolean),
+    Column("attinhcount", Integer),
+    Column("attcollation", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+)
+
+pg_constraint = Table(
+    "pg_constraint",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID),  # 9.3
+    Column("conname", NAME),
+    Column("connamespace", OID),
+    Column("contype", CHAR),
+    Column("condeferrable", Boolean),
+    Column("condeferred", Boolean),
+    Column("convalidated", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("conrelid", OID),
+    Column("contypid", OID),
+    Column("conindid", OID),
+    Column("conparentid", OID, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("confrelid", OID),
+    Column("confupdtype", CHAR),
+    Column("confdeltype", CHAR),
+    Column("confmatchtype", CHAR),
+    Column("conislocal", Boolean),
+    Column("coninhcount", Integer),
+    Column("connoinherit", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 2)}),
+    Column("conkey", ARRAY(SmallInteger)),
+    Column("confkey", ARRAY(SmallInteger)),
+)
+
+pg_sequence = Table(
+    "pg_sequence",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("seqrelid", OID),
+    Column("seqtypid", OID),
+    Column("seqstart", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqincrement", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqmax", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqmin", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqcache", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqcycle", Boolean),
+    info={"server_version": (10,)},
+)
+
+pg_attrdef = Table(
+    "pg_attrdef",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("adrelid", OID),
+    Column("adnum", SmallInteger),
+    Column("adbin", PG_NODE_TREE),
+)
+
+pg_description = Table(
+    "pg_description",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("objoid", OID),
+    Column("classoid", OID),
+    Column("objsubid", Integer),
+    Column("description", Text(collation="C")),
+)
+
+pg_enum = Table(
+    "pg_enum",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("enumtypid", OID),
+    Column("enumsortorder", Float(), info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("enumlabel", NAME),
+)
+
+pg_am = Table(
+    "pg_am",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("amname", NAME),
+    Column("amhandler", REGPROC, info={"server_version": (9, 6)}),
+    Column("amtype", CHAR, info={"server_version": (9, 6)}),
+)
+
+pg_collation = Table(
+    "pg_collation",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("collname", NAME),
+    Column("collnamespace", OID),
+    Column("collowner", OID),
+    Column("collprovider", CHAR, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+    Column("collisdeterministic", Boolean, info={"server_version": (12,)}),
+    Column("collencoding", Integer),
+    Column("collcollate", Text),
+    Column("collctype", Text),
+    Column("colliculocale", Text),
+    Column("collicurules", Text, info={"server_version": (16,)}),
+    Column("collversion", Text, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/provision.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7bf4dcf864e56d3dbf130696f754424dd431928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/provision.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import time
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import text
+from ...testing import warn_test_suite
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import prepare_for_drop_tables
+from ...testing.provision import set_default_schema_on_connection
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import upsert
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("postgresql")
+def _pg_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    template_db = cfg.options.postgresql_templatedb
+
+    with eng.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT").begin() as conn:
+        if not template_db:
+            template_db = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                "select current_database()"
+            ).scalar()
+
+        attempt = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                    "CREATE DATABASE %s TEMPLATE %s" % (ident, template_db)
+                )
+            except exc.OperationalError as err:
+                attempt += 1
+                if attempt >= 3:
+                    raise
+                if "accessed by other users" in str(err):
+                    log.info(
+                        "Waiting to create %s, URI %r, "
+                        "template DB %s is in use sleeping for .5",
+                        ident,
+                        eng.url,
+                        template_db,
+                    )
+                    time.sleep(0.5)
+            except:
+                raise
+            else:
+                break
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("postgresql")
+def _pg_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        with conn.begin():
+            conn.execute(
+                text(
+                    "select pg_terminate_backend(pid) from pg_stat_activity "
+                    "where usename=current_user and pid != pg_backend_pid() "
+                    "and datname=:dname"
+                ),
+                dict(dname=ident),
+            )
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s" % ident)
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("postgresql")
+def _postgresql_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {"prefixes": ["TEMPORARY"]}
+
+
+@set_default_schema_on_connection.for_db("postgresql")
+def _postgresql_set_default_schema_on_connection(
+    cfg, dbapi_connection, schema_name
+):
+    existing_autocommit = dbapi_connection.autocommit
+    dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+    cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+    cursor.execute("SET SESSION search_path='%s'" % schema_name)
+    cursor.close()
+    dbapi_connection.autocommit = existing_autocommit
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables.for_db("postgresql")
+def drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        for xid in conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "select gid from pg_prepared_xacts"
+        ).scalars():
+            conn.execute("ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables.for_db("postgresql")
+def drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        for enum in inspector.get_enums("*"):
+            conn.execute(
+                postgresql.DropEnumType(
+                    postgresql.ENUM(name=enum["name"], schema=enum["schema"])
+                )
+            )
+
+
+@prepare_for_drop_tables.for_db("postgresql")
+def prepare_for_drop_tables(config, connection):
+    """Ensure there are no locks on the current username/database."""
+
+    result = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+        "select pid, state, wait_event_type, query "
+        # "select pg_terminate_backend(pid), state, wait_event_type "
+        "from pg_stat_activity where "
+        "usename=current_user "
+        "and datname=current_database() and state='idle in transaction' "
+        "and pid != pg_backend_pid()"
+    )
+    rows = result.all()  # noqa
+    if rows:
+        warn_test_suite(
+            "PostgreSQL may not be able to DROP tables due to "
+            "idle in transaction: %s"
+            % ("; ".join(row._mapping["query"] for row in rows))
+        )
+
+
+@upsert.for_db("postgresql")
+def _upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+
+    stmt = insert(table)
+
+    table_pk = inspect(table).selectable
+
+    if set_lambda:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+            index_elements=table_pk.primary_key, set_=set_lambda(stmt.excluded)
+        )
+    else:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+
+    stmt = stmt.returning(
+        *returning, sort_by_parameter_order=sort_by_parameter_order
+    )
+    return stmt
+
+
+_extensions = [
+    ("citext", (13,)),
+    ("hstore", (13,)),
+]
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("postgresql")
+def _create_citext_extension(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        for extension, min_version in _extensions:
+            if conn.dialect.server_version_info >= min_version:
+                conn.execute(
+                    text(f"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS {extension}")
+                )
+                conn.commit()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab78267e786181b459a11233a817f5839a477061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,781 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg
+    :name: psycopg (a.k.a. psycopg 3)
+    :dbapi: psycopg
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/psycopg/
+
+``psycopg`` is the package and module name for version 3 of the ``psycopg``
+database driver, formerly known as ``psycopg2``.  This driver is different
+enough from its ``psycopg2`` predecessor that SQLAlchemy supports it
+via a totally separate dialect; support for ``psycopg2`` is expected to remain
+for as long as that package continues to function for modern Python versions,
+and also remains the default dialect for the ``postgresql://`` dialect
+series.
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``psycopg`` dialect provides both a sync and an async
+implementation under the same dialect name. The proper version is
+selected depending on how the engine is created:
+
+* calling :func:`_sa.create_engine` with ``postgresql+psycopg://...`` will
+  automatically select the sync version, e.g.::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    sync_engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+* calling :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` with
+  ``postgresql+psycopg://...`` will automatically select the async version,
+  e.g.::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+psycopg://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+The asyncio version of the dialect may also be specified explicitly using the
+``psycopg_async`` suffix, as::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+psycopg_async://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_psycopg2` - The SQLAlchemy ``psycopg``
+    dialect shares most of its behavior with the ``psycopg2`` dialect.
+    Further documentation is available there.
+
+Using a different Cursor class
+------------------------------
+
+One of the differences between ``psycopg`` and the older ``psycopg2``
+is how bound parameters are handled: ``psycopg2`` would bind them
+client side, while ``psycopg`` by default will bind them server side.
+
+It's possible to configure ``psycopg`` to do client side binding by
+specifying the ``cursor_factory`` to be ``ClientCursor`` when creating
+the engine::
+
+    from psycopg import ClientCursor
+
+    client_side_engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg://...",
+        connect_args={"cursor_factory": ClientCursor},
+    )
+
+Similarly when using an async engine the ``AsyncClientCursor`` can be
+specified::
+
+    from psycopg import AsyncClientCursor
+
+    client_side_engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg://...",
+        connect_args={"cursor_factory": AsyncClientCursor},
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Client-side-binding cursors <https://www.psycopg.org/psycopg3/docs/advanced/cursors.html#client-side-binding-cursors>`_
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import ranges
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGDialect_common_psycopg
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import REGCONFIG
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Iterable
+
+    from psycopg import AsyncConnection
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql")
+
+
+class _PGString(sqltypes.String):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGREGCONFIG(REGCONFIG):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._make_bind_processor(None, dialect._psycopg_Json)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._make_bind_processor(None, dialect._psycopg_Jsonb)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONPathType(JSONPathType):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGInterval(INTERVAL):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTimeStamp(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTime(sqltypes.Time):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGSmallInteger(sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNullType(sqltypes.NullType):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PsycopgRange(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        psycopg_Range = cast(PGDialect_psycopg, dialect)._psycopg_Range
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = psycopg_Range(
+                    value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value._lower,
+                    value._upper,
+                    bounds=value._bounds if value._bounds else "[)",
+                    empty=not value._bounds,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _PsycopgMultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        psycopg_Range = cast(PGDialect_psycopg, dialect)._psycopg_Range
+        psycopg_Multirange = cast(
+            PGDialect_psycopg, dialect
+        )._psycopg_Multirange
+
+        NoneType = type(None)
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, (str, NoneType, psycopg_Multirange)):
+                return value
+
+            return psycopg_Multirange(
+                [
+                    psycopg_Range(
+                        element.lower,
+                        element.upper,
+                        element.bounds,
+                        element.empty,
+                    )
+                    for element in cast("Iterable[ranges.Range]", value)
+                ]
+            )
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return ranges.MultiRange(
+                    ranges.Range(
+                        elem._lower,
+                        elem._upper,
+                        bounds=elem._bounds if elem._bounds else "[)",
+                        empty=not elem._bounds,
+                    )
+                    for elem in value
+                )
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_psycopg(_PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_psycopg(PGCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+def _log_notices(diagnostic):
+    logger.info("%s: %s", diagnostic.severity, diagnostic.message_primary)
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg(_PGDialect_common_psycopg):
+    driver = "psycopg"
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_psycopg
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg
+    psycopg_version = (0, 0)
+
+    _has_native_hstore = True
+    _psycopg_adapters_map = None
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        _PGDialect_common_psycopg.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.String: _PGString,
+            REGCONFIG: _PGREGCONFIG,
+            JSON: _PGJSON,
+            CITEXT: CITEXT,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _PGJSONPathType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: _PGJSONIntIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: _PGJSONStrIndexType,
+            sqltypes.Interval: _PGInterval,
+            INTERVAL: _PGInterval,
+            sqltypes.Date: _PGDate,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+            sqltypes.Time: _PGTime,
+            sqltypes.Integer: _PGInteger,
+            sqltypes.SmallInteger: _PGSmallInteger,
+            sqltypes.BigInteger: _PGBigInteger,
+            ranges.AbstractSingleRange: _PsycopgRange,
+            ranges.AbstractMultiRange: _PsycopgMultiRange,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        if self.dbapi:
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                self.psycopg_version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+
+            if self.psycopg_version < (3, 0, 2):
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "psycopg version 3.0.2 or higher is required."
+                )
+
+            from psycopg.adapt import AdaptersMap
+
+            self._psycopg_adapters_map = adapters_map = AdaptersMap(
+                self.dbapi.adapters
+            )
+
+            if self._native_inet_types is False:
+                import psycopg.types.string
+
+                adapters_map.register_loader(
+                    "inet", psycopg.types.string.TextLoader
+                )
+                adapters_map.register_loader(
+                    "cidr", psycopg.types.string.TextLoader
+                )
+
+            if self._json_deserializer:
+                from psycopg.types.json import set_json_loads
+
+                set_json_loads(self._json_deserializer, adapters_map)
+
+            if self._json_serializer:
+                from psycopg.types.json import set_json_dumps
+
+                set_json_dumps(self._json_serializer, adapters_map)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        # see https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg/issues/83
+        cargs, cparams = super().create_connect_args(url)
+
+        if self._psycopg_adapters_map:
+            cparams["context"] = self._psycopg_adapters_map
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+            cparams["client_encoding"] = self.client_encoding
+        return cargs, cparams
+
+    def _type_info_fetch(self, connection, name):
+        from psycopg.types import TypeInfo
+
+        return TypeInfo.fetch(connection.connection.driver_connection, name)
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+
+        # PGDialect.initialize() checks server version for <= 8.2 and sets
+        # this flag to False if so
+        if not self.insert_returning:
+            self.insert_executemany_returning = False
+
+        # HSTORE can't be registered until we have a connection so that
+        # we can look up its OID, so we set up this adapter in
+        # initialize()
+        if self.use_native_hstore:
+            info = self._type_info_fetch(connection, "hstore")
+            self._has_native_hstore = info is not None
+            if self._has_native_hstore:
+                from psycopg.types.hstore import register_hstore
+
+                # register the adapter for connections made subsequent to
+                # this one
+                register_hstore(info, self._psycopg_adapters_map)
+
+                # register the adapter for this connection
+                register_hstore(info, connection.connection)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg
+
+        return psycopg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_async_dialect_cls(cls, url):
+        return PGDialectAsync_psycopg
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        return {
+            "READ COMMITTED": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.READ_COMMITTED,
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.READ_UNCOMMITTED,
+            "REPEATABLE READ": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.REPEATABLE_READ,
+            "SERIALIZABLE": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.SERIALIZABLE,
+        }
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Json(self):
+        from psycopg.types import json
+
+        return json.Json
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Jsonb(self):
+        from psycopg.types import json
+
+        return json.Jsonb
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_TransactionStatus(self):
+        from psycopg.pq import TransactionStatus
+
+        return TransactionStatus
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Range(self):
+        from psycopg.types.range import Range
+
+        return Range
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Multirange(self):
+        from psycopg.types.multirange import Multirange
+
+        return Multirange
+
+    def _do_isolation_level(self, connection, autocommit, isolation_level):
+        connection.autocommit = autocommit
+        connection.isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        status_before = dbapi_connection.info.transaction_status
+        value = super().get_isolation_level(dbapi_connection)
+
+        # don't rely on psycopg providing enum symbols, compare with
+        # eq/ne
+        if status_before == self._psycopg_TransactionStatus.IDLE:
+            dbapi_connection.rollback()
+        return value
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            self._do_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_connection, autocommit=True, isolation_level=None
+            )
+        else:
+            self._do_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_connection,
+                autocommit=False,
+                isolation_level=self._isolation_lookup[level],
+            )
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.read_only = value
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        return connection.read_only
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        def notices(conn):
+            conn.add_notice_handler(_log_notices)
+
+        fns = [notices]
+
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        # fns always has the notices function
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            for fn in fns:
+                fn(conn)
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error) and connection is not None:
+            if connection.closed or connection.broken:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _do_prepared_twophase(self, connection, command, recover=False):
+        dbapi_conn = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        if (
+            recover
+            # don't rely on psycopg providing enum symbols, compare with
+            # eq/ne
+            or dbapi_conn.info.transaction_status
+            != self._psycopg_TransactionStatus.IDLE
+        ):
+            dbapi_conn.rollback()
+        before_autocommit = dbapi_conn.autocommit
+        try:
+            if not before_autocommit:
+                self._do_autocommit(dbapi_conn, True)
+            dbapi_conn.execute(command)
+        finally:
+            if not before_autocommit:
+                self._do_autocommit(dbapi_conn, before_autocommit)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            self._do_prepared_twophase(
+                connection, f"ROLLBACK PREPARED '{xid}'", recover=recover
+            )
+        else:
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            self._do_prepared_twophase(
+                connection, f"COMMIT PREPARED '{xid}'", recover=recover
+            )
+        else:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+        return ";"
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor:
+    __slots__ = ("_cursor", "await_", "_rows")
+
+    _psycopg_ExecStatus = None
+
+    def __init__(self, cursor, await_) -> None:
+        self._cursor = cursor
+        self.await_ = await_
+        self._rows = []
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._cursor, name)
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows.clear()
+        # Normal cursor just call _close() in a non-sync way.
+        self._cursor._close()
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None, **kw):
+        result = self.await_(self._cursor.execute(query, params, **kw))
+        # sqlalchemy result is not async, so need to pull all rows here
+        res = self._cursor.pgresult
+
+        # don't rely on psycopg providing enum symbols, compare with
+        # eq/ne
+        if res and res.status == self._psycopg_ExecStatus.TUPLES_OK:
+            rows = self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+            if not isinstance(rows, list):
+                self._rows = list(rows)
+            else:
+                self._rows = rows
+        return result
+
+    def executemany(self, query, params_seq):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.executemany(query, params_seq))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # TODO: try to avoid pop(0) on a list
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.pop(0)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            # TODO: try to avoid pop(0) on a list
+            return self._rows.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self._cursor.arraysize
+
+        retval = self._rows[0:size]
+        self._rows = self._rows[size:]
+        return retval
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = self._rows
+        self._rows = []
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_psycopg_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor):
+    def execute(self, query, params=None, **kw):
+        self.await_(self._cursor.execute(query, params, **kw))
+        return self
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=0):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        iterator = self._cursor.__aiter__()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                yield self.await_(iterator.__anext__())
+            except StopAsyncIteration:
+                break
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_psycopg_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    _connection: AsyncConnection
+    __slots__ = ()
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+
+    def __init__(self, connection) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._connection, name)
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None, **kw):
+        cursor = self.await_(self._connection.execute(query, params, **kw))
+        return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor(cursor, self.await_)
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kw):
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(*args, **kw)
+        if hasattr(cursor, "name"):
+            return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_ss_cursor(cursor, self.await_)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor(cursor, self.await_)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.close())
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self.set_autocommit(value)
+
+    def set_autocommit(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_autocommit(value))
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_isolation_level(value))
+
+    def set_read_only(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_read_only(value))
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_deferrable(value))
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_psycopg_connection(AsyncAdapt_psycopg_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class PsycopgAdaptDBAPI:
+    def __init__(self, psycopg) -> None:
+        self.psycopg = psycopg
+
+        for k, v in self.psycopg.__dict__.items():
+            if k != "connect":
+                self.__dict__[k] = v
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop(
+            "async_creator_fn", self.psycopg.AsyncConnection.connect
+        )
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_psycopg_connection(
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_connection(
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+
+
+class PGDialectAsync_psycopg(PGDialect_psycopg):
+    is_async = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg
+        from psycopg.pq import ExecStatus
+
+        AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor._psycopg_ExecStatus = ExecStatus
+
+        return PsycopgAdaptDBAPI(psycopg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def _type_info_fetch(self, connection, name):
+        from psycopg.types import TypeInfo
+
+        adapted = connection.connection
+        return adapted.await_(TypeInfo.fetch(adapted.driver_connection, name))
+
+    def _do_isolation_level(self, connection, autocommit, isolation_level):
+        connection.set_autocommit(autocommit)
+        connection.set_isolation_level(isolation_level)
+
+    def _do_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        connection.set_autocommit(value)
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.set_read_only(value)
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.set_deferrable(value)
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg
+dialect_async = PGDialectAsync_psycopg
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7140a1d7e6b65d5d926b5f7c642a7daf4ed5a028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,876 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2
+    :name: psycopg2
+    :dbapi: psycopg2
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/psycopg2/
+
+.. _psycopg2_toplevel:
+
+psycopg2 Connect Arguments
+--------------------------
+
+Keyword arguments that are specific to the SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect
+may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine()`, and include the following:
+
+
+* ``isolation_level``: This option, available for all PostgreSQL dialects,
+  includes the ``AUTOCOMMIT`` isolation level when using the psycopg2
+  dialect.   This option sets the **default** isolation level for the
+  connection that is set immediately upon connection to the database before
+  the connection is pooled.  This option is generally superseded by the more
+  modern :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+  execution option, detailed at :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+
+* ``client_encoding``: sets the client encoding in a libpq-agnostic way,
+  using psycopg2's ``set_client_encoding()`` method.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_unicode`
+
+
+* ``executemany_mode``, ``executemany_batch_page_size``,
+  ``executemany_values_page_size``: Allows use of psycopg2
+  extensions for optimizing "executemany"-style queries.  See the referenced
+  section below for details.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_executemany_mode`
+
+.. tip::
+
+    The above keyword arguments are **dialect** keyword arguments, meaning
+    that they are passed as explicit keyword arguments to :func:`_sa.create_engine()`::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+            isolation_level="SERIALIZABLE",
+        )
+
+    These should not be confused with **DBAPI** connect arguments, which
+    are passed as part of the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args`
+    dictionary and/or are passed in the URL query string, as detailed in
+    the section :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`.
+
+.. _psycopg2_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+---------------
+
+The psycopg2 module has a connection argument named ``sslmode`` for
+controlling its behavior regarding secure (SSL) connections. The default is
+``sslmode=prefer``; it will attempt an SSL connection and if that fails it
+will fall back to an unencrypted connection. ``sslmode=require`` may be used
+to ensure that only secure connections are established.  Consult the
+psycopg2 / libpq documentation for further options that are available.
+
+Note that ``sslmode`` is specific to psycopg2 so it is included in the
+connection URI::
+
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199:5432/test?sslmode=require"
+    )
+
+
+Unix Domain Connections
+------------------------
+
+psycopg2 supports connecting via Unix domain connections.   When the ``host``
+portion of the URL is omitted, SQLAlchemy passes ``None`` to psycopg2,
+which specifies Unix-domain communication rather than TCP/IP communication::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname")
+
+By default, the socket file used is to connect to a Unix-domain socket
+in ``/tmp``, or whatever socket directory was specified when PostgreSQL
+was built.  This value can be overridden by passing a pathname to psycopg2,
+using ``host`` as an additional keyword argument::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=/var/lib/postgresql")
+
+.. warning::  The format accepted here allows for a hostname in the main URL
+   in addition to the "host" query string argument.  **When using this URL
+   format, the initial host is silently ignored**.  That is, this URL::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@myhost1/dbname?host=myhost2")
+
+   Above, the hostname ``myhost1`` is **silently ignored and discarded.**  The
+   host which is connected is the ``myhost2`` host.
+
+   This is to maintain some degree of compatibility with PostgreSQL's own URL
+   format which has been tested to behave the same way and for which tools like
+   PifPaf hardcode two hostnames.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `PQconnectdbParams \
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQCONNECTDBPARAMS>`_
+
+.. _psycopg2_multi_host:
+
+Specifying multiple fallback hosts
+-----------------------------------
+
+psycopg2 supports multiple connection points in the connection string.
+When the ``host`` parameter is used multiple times in the query section of
+the URL, SQLAlchemy will create a single string of the host and port
+information provided to make the connections.  Tokens may consist of
+``host::port`` or just ``host``; in the latter case, the default port
+is selected by libpq.  In the example below, three host connections
+are specified, for ``HostA::PortA``, ``HostB`` connecting to the default port,
+and ``HostC::PortC``::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA:PortA&host=HostB&host=HostC:PortC"
+    )
+
+As an alternative, libpq query string format also may be used; this specifies
+``host`` and ``port`` as single query string arguments with comma-separated
+lists - the default port can be chosen by indicating an empty value
+in the comma separated list::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA,HostB,HostC&port=PortA,,PortC"
+    )
+
+With either URL style, connections to each host is attempted based on a
+configurable strategy, which may be configured using the libpq
+``target_session_attrs`` parameter.  Per libpq this defaults to ``any``
+which indicates a connection to each host is then attempted until a connection is successful.
+Other strategies include ``primary``, ``prefer-standby``, etc.  The complete
+list is documented by PostgreSQL at
+`libpq connection strings <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING>`_.
+
+For example, to indicate two hosts using the ``primary`` strategy::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA:PortA&host=HostB&host=HostC:PortC&target_session_attrs=primary"
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4.40 Port specification in psycopg2 multiple host format
+   is repaired, previously ports were not correctly interpreted in this context.
+   libpq comma-separated format is also now supported.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.20 Support for multiple hosts in PostgreSQL connection
+   string.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `libpq connection strings <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING>`_ - please refer
+    to this section in the libpq documentation for complete background on multiple host support.
+
+
+Empty DSN Connections / Environment Variable Connections
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+The psycopg2 DBAPI can connect to PostgreSQL by passing an empty DSN to the
+libpq client library, which by default indicates to connect to a localhost
+PostgreSQL database that is open for "trust" connections.  This behavior can be
+further tailored using a particular set of environment variables which are
+prefixed with ``PG_...``, which are  consumed by ``libpq`` to take the place of
+any or all elements of the connection string.
+
+For this form, the URL can be passed without any elements other than the
+initial scheme::
+
+    engine = create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://')
+
+In the above form, a blank "dsn" string is passed to the ``psycopg2.connect()``
+function which in turn represents an empty DSN passed to libpq.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.2 support for parameter-less connections with psycopg2.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Environment Variables\
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-envars.html>`_ -
+    PostgreSQL documentation on how to use ``PG_...``
+    environment variables for connections.
+
+.. _psycopg2_execution_options:
+
+Per-Statement/Connection Execution Options
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The following DBAPI-specific options are respected when used with
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`,
+:meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+:meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`,
+in addition to those not specific to DBAPIs:
+
+* ``isolation_level`` - Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan
+  of a :class:`_engine.Connection` (can only be set on a connection,
+  not a statement
+  or query).   See :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`.
+
+* ``stream_results`` - Enable or disable usage of psycopg2 server side
+  cursors - this feature makes use of "named" cursors in combination with
+  special result handling methods so that result rows are not fully buffered.
+  Defaults to False, meaning cursors are buffered by default.
+
+* ``max_row_buffer`` - when using ``stream_results``, an integer value that
+  specifies the maximum number of rows to buffer at a time.  This is
+  interpreted by the :class:`.BufferedRowCursorResult`, and if omitted the
+  buffer will grow to ultimately store 1000 rows at a time.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The ``max_row_buffer`` size can now be greater than
+     1000, and the buffer will grow to that size.
+
+.. _psycopg2_batch_mode:
+
+.. _psycopg2_executemany_mode:
+
+Psycopg2 Fast Execution Helpers
+-------------------------------
+
+Modern versions of psycopg2 include a feature known as
+`Fast Execution Helpers \
+<https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#fast-execution-helpers>`_, which
+have been shown in benchmarking to improve psycopg2's executemany()
+performance, primarily with INSERT statements, by at least
+an order of magnitude.
+
+SQLAlchemy implements a native form of the "insert many values"
+handler that will rewrite a single-row INSERT statement to accommodate for
+many values at once within an extended VALUES clause; this handler is
+equivalent to psycopg2's ``execute_values()`` handler; an overview of this
+feature and its configuration are at :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0 Replaced psycopg2's ``execute_values()`` fast execution
+   helper with a native SQLAlchemy mechanism known as
+   :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`.
+
+The psycopg2 dialect retains the ability to use the psycopg2-specific
+``execute_batch()`` feature, although it is not expected that this is a widely
+used feature.  The use of this extension may be enabled using the
+``executemany_mode`` flag which may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@host/dbname",
+        executemany_mode='values_plus_batch')
+
+
+Possible options for ``executemany_mode`` include:
+
+* ``values_only`` - this is the default value.  SQLAlchemy's native
+  :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` handler is used for qualifying
+  INSERT statements, assuming
+  :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.use_insertmanyvalues` is left at
+  its default value of ``True``.  This handler rewrites simple
+  INSERT statements to include multiple VALUES clauses so that many
+  parameter sets can be inserted with one statement.
+
+* ``'values_plus_batch'``- SQLAlchemy's native
+  :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` handler is used for qualifying
+  INSERT statements, assuming
+  :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.use_insertmanyvalues` is left at its default
+  value of ``True``. Then, psycopg2's ``execute_batch()`` handler is used for
+  qualifying UPDATE and DELETE statements when executed with multiple parameter
+  sets. When using this mode, the :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`
+  attribute will not contain a value for executemany-style executions against
+  UPDATE and DELETE statements.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Removed the ``'batch'`` and ``'None'`` options
+   from psycopg2 ``executemany_mode``.  Control over batching for INSERT
+   statements is now configured via the
+   :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.use_insertmanyvalues` engine-level parameter.
+
+The term "qualifying statements" refers to the statement being executed
+being a Core :func:`_expression.insert`, :func:`_expression.update`
+or :func:`_expression.delete` construct, and **not** a plain textual SQL
+string or one constructed using :func:`_expression.text`.  It also may **not** be
+a special "extension" statement such as an "ON CONFLICT" "upsert" statement.
+When using the ORM, all insert/update/delete statements used by the ORM flush process
+are qualifying.
+
+The "page size" for the psycopg2 "batch" strategy can be affected
+by using the ``executemany_batch_page_size`` parameter, which defaults to
+100.
+
+For the "insertmanyvalues" feature, the page size can be controlled using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.insertmanyvalues_page_size` parameter,
+which defaults to 1000.  An example of modifying both parameters
+is below::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@host/dbname",
+        executemany_mode='values_plus_batch',
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size=5000, executemany_batch_page_size=500)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` - background on "insertmanyvalues"
+
+    :ref:`tutorial_multiple_parameters` - General information on using the
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`
+    object to execute statements in such a way as to make
+    use of the DBAPI ``.executemany()`` method.
+
+
+.. _psycopg2_unicode:
+
+Unicode with Psycopg2
+----------------------
+
+The psycopg2 DBAPI driver supports Unicode data transparently.
+
+The client character encoding can be controlled for the psycopg2 dialect
+in the following ways:
+
+* For PostgreSQL 9.1 and above, the ``client_encoding`` parameter may be
+  passed in the database URL; this parameter is consumed by the underlying
+  ``libpq`` PostgreSQL client library::
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?client_encoding=utf8")
+
+  Alternatively, the above ``client_encoding`` value may be passed using
+  :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` for programmatic establishment with
+  ``libpq``::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname",
+        connect_args={'client_encoding': 'utf8'}
+    )
+
+* For all PostgreSQL versions, psycopg2 supports a client-side encoding
+  value that will be passed to database connections when they are first
+  established.  The SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect supports this using the
+  ``client_encoding`` parameter passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+      engine = create_engine(
+          "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname",
+          client_encoding="utf8"
+      )
+
+  .. tip:: The above ``client_encoding`` parameter admittedly is very similar
+      in appearance to usage of the parameter within the
+      :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary; the difference
+      above is that the parameter is consumed by psycopg2 and is
+      passed to the database connection using ``SET client_encoding TO
+      'utf8'``; in the previously mentioned style, the parameter is instead
+      passed through psycopg2 and consumed by the ``libpq`` library.
+
+* A common way to set up client encoding with PostgreSQL databases is to
+  ensure it is configured within the server-side postgresql.conf file;
+  this is the recommended way to set encoding for a server that is
+  consistently of one encoding in all databases::
+
+    # postgresql.conf file
+
+    # client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+                                 # encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+
+
+Transactions
+------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect fully supports SAVEPOINT and two-phase commit operations.
+
+.. _psycopg2_isolation_level:
+
+Psycopg2 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+As discussed in :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`,
+all PostgreSQL dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via the ``isolation_level`` parameter passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+,
+as well as the ``isolation_level`` argument used by
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.  When using the psycopg2 dialect
+, these
+options make use of psycopg2's ``set_isolation_level()`` connection method,
+rather than emitting a PostgreSQL directive; this is because psycopg2's
+API-level setting is always emitted at the start of each transaction in any
+case.
+
+The psycopg2 dialect supports these constants for isolation level:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+
+NOTICE logging
+---------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect will log PostgreSQL NOTICE messages
+via the ``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` logger.  When this logger
+is set to the ``logging.INFO`` level, notice messages will be logged::
+
+    import logging
+
+    logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql').setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+Above, it is assumed that logging is configured externally.  If this is not
+the case, configuration such as ``logging.basicConfig()`` must be utilized::
+
+    import logging
+
+    logging.basicConfig()   # log messages to stdout
+    logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql').setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Logging HOWTO <https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging.html>`_ - on the python.org website
+
+.. _psycopg2_hstore:
+
+HSTORE type
+------------
+
+The ``psycopg2`` DBAPI includes an extension to natively handle marshalling of
+the HSTORE type.   The SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect will enable this extension
+by default when psycopg2 version 2.4 or greater is used, and
+it is detected that the target database has the HSTORE type set up for use.
+In other words, when the dialect makes the first
+connection, a sequence like the following is performed:
+
+1. Request the available HSTORE oids using
+   ``psycopg2.extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids()``.
+   If this function returns a list of HSTORE identifiers, we then determine
+   that the ``HSTORE`` extension is present.
+   This function is **skipped** if the version of psycopg2 installed is
+   less than version 2.4.
+
+2. If the ``use_native_hstore`` flag is at its default of ``True``, and
+   we've detected that ``HSTORE`` oids are available, the
+   ``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is invoked for all
+   connections.
+
+The ``register_hstore()`` extension has the effect of **all Python
+dictionaries being accepted as parameters regardless of the type of target
+column in SQL**. The dictionaries are converted by this extension into a
+textual HSTORE expression.  If this behavior is not desired, disable the
+use of the hstore extension by setting ``use_native_hstore`` to ``False`` as
+follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                use_native_hstore=False)
+
+The ``HSTORE`` type is **still supported** when the
+``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is not used.  It merely
+means that the coercion between Python dictionaries and the HSTORE
+string format, on both the parameter side and the result side, will take
+place within SQLAlchemy's own marshalling logic, and not that of ``psycopg2``
+which may be more performant.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import cast
+
+from . import ranges
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGDialect_common_psycopg
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...util import FastIntFlag
+from ...util import parse_user_argument_for_enum
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql")
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _Psycopg2Range(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "none"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        psycopg2_Range = getattr(
+            cast(PGDialect_psycopg2, dialect)._psycopg2_extras,
+            self._psycopg2_range_cls,
+        )
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = psycopg2_Range(
+                    value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value._lower,
+                    value._upper,
+                    bounds=value._bounds if value._bounds else "[)",
+                    empty=not value._bounds,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _Psycopg2NumericRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "NumericRange"
+
+
+class _Psycopg2DateRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "DateRange"
+
+
+class _Psycopg2DateTimeRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "DateTimeRange"
+
+
+class _Psycopg2DateTimeTZRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "DateTimeTZRange"
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_psycopg2(_PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg):
+    _psycopg2_fetched_rows = None
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        self._log_notices(self.cursor)
+
+    def _log_notices(self, cursor):
+        # check also that notices is an iterable, after it's already
+        # established that we will be iterating through it.  This is to get
+        # around test suites such as SQLAlchemy's using a Mock object for
+        # cursor
+        if not cursor.connection.notices or not isinstance(
+            cursor.connection.notices, collections_abc.Iterable
+        ):
+            return
+
+        for notice in cursor.connection.notices:
+            # NOTICE messages have a
+            # newline character at the end
+            logger.info(notice.rstrip())
+
+        cursor.connection.notices[:] = []
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+class ExecutemanyMode(FastIntFlag):
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES = 0
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH = 1
+
+
+(
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES,
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH,
+) = ExecutemanyMode.__members__.values()
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2(_PGDialect_common_psycopg):
+    driver = "psycopg2"
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+    # set to true based on psycopg2 version
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg2
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2
+    psycopg2_version = (0, 0)
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = False
+
+    _has_native_hstore = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        _PGDialect_common_psycopg.colspecs,
+        {
+            JSON: _PGJSON,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            ranges.INT4RANGE: _Psycopg2NumericRange,
+            ranges.INT8RANGE: _Psycopg2NumericRange,
+            ranges.NUMRANGE: _Psycopg2NumericRange,
+            ranges.DATERANGE: _Psycopg2DateRange,
+            ranges.TSRANGE: _Psycopg2DateTimeRange,
+            ranges.TSTZRANGE: _Psycopg2DateTimeTZRange,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        executemany_mode="values_only",
+        executemany_batch_page_size=100,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        _PGDialect_common_psycopg.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        if self._native_inet_types:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "The psycopg2 dialect does not implement "
+                "ipaddress type handling; native_inet_types cannot be set "
+                "to ``True`` when using this dialect."
+            )
+
+        # Parse executemany_mode argument, allowing it to be only one of the
+        # symbol names
+        self.executemany_mode = parse_user_argument_for_enum(
+            executemany_mode,
+            {
+                EXECUTEMANY_VALUES: ["values_only"],
+                EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH: ["values_plus_batch"],
+            },
+            "executemany_mode",
+        )
+
+        self.executemany_batch_page_size = executemany_batch_page_size
+
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                self.psycopg2_version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+
+            if self.psycopg2_version < (2, 7):
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "psycopg2 version 2.7 or higher is required."
+                )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+        self._has_native_hstore = (
+            self.use_native_hstore
+            and self._hstore_oids(connection.connection.dbapi_connection)
+            is not None
+        )
+
+        self.supports_sane_multi_rowcount = (
+            self.executemany_mode is not EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg2
+
+        return psycopg2
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extensions(cls):
+        from psycopg2 import extensions
+
+        return extensions
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extras(cls):
+        from psycopg2 import extras
+
+        return extras
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        extensions = self._psycopg2_extensions
+        return {
+            "AUTOCOMMIT": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT,
+            "READ COMMITTED": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED,
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
+            "REPEATABLE READ": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_REPEATABLE_READ,
+            "SERIALIZABLE": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE,
+        }
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        dbapi_connection.set_isolation_level(self._isolation_lookup[level])
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.readonly = value
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        return connection.readonly
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.deferrable = value
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        return connection.deferrable
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        extras = self._psycopg2_extras
+
+        fns = []
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                dbapi_conn.set_client_encoding(self.client_encoding)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                extras.register_uuid(None, dbapi_conn)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_hstore:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                hstore_oids = self._hstore_oids(dbapi_conn)
+                if hstore_oids is not None:
+                    oid, array_oid = hstore_oids
+                    kw = {"oid": oid}
+                    kw["array_oid"] = array_oid
+                    extras.register_hstore(dbapi_conn, **kw)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self._json_deserializer:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                extras.register_default_json(
+                    dbapi_conn, loads=self._json_deserializer
+                )
+                extras.register_default_jsonb(
+                    dbapi_conn, loads=self._json_deserializer
+                )
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if fns:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(dbapi_conn)
+
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if self.executemany_mode is EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH:
+            if self.executemany_batch_page_size:
+                kwargs = {"page_size": self.executemany_batch_page_size}
+            else:
+                kwargs = {}
+            self._psycopg2_extras.execute_batch(
+                cursor, statement, parameters, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_begin(xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+
+    def _do_twophase(self, dbapi_conn, operation, xid, recover=False):
+        if recover:
+            if dbapi_conn.status != self._psycopg2_extensions.STATUS_READY:
+                dbapi_conn.rollback()
+            operation(xid)
+        else:
+            operation()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        dbapi_conn = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        self._do_twophase(
+            dbapi_conn, dbapi_conn.tpc_rollback, xid, recover=recover
+        )
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        dbapi_conn = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        self._do_twophase(
+            dbapi_conn, dbapi_conn.tpc_commit, xid, recover=recover
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _hstore_oids(self, dbapi_connection):
+        extras = self._psycopg2_extras
+        oids = extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids(dbapi_connection)
+        if oids is not None and oids[0]:
+            return oids[0:2]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            # check the "closed" flag.  this might not be
+            # present on old psycopg2 versions.   Also,
+            # this flag doesn't actually help in a lot of disconnect
+            # situations, so don't rely on it.
+            if getattr(connection, "closed", False):
+                return True
+
+            # checks based on strings.  in the case that .closed
+            # didn't cut it, fall back onto these.
+            str_e = str(e).partition("\n")[0]
+            for msg in [
+                # these error messages from libpq: interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+                # and interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c.
+                "terminating connection",
+                "closed the connection",
+                "connection not open",
+                "could not receive data from server",
+                "could not send data to server",
+                # psycopg2 client errors, psycopg2/connection.h,
+                # psycopg2/cursor.h
+                "connection already closed",
+                "cursor already closed",
+                # not sure where this path is originally from, it may
+                # be obsolete.   It really says "losed", not "closed".
+                "losed the connection unexpectedly",
+                # these can occur in newer SSL
+                "connection has been closed unexpectedly",
+                "SSL error: decryption failed or bad record mac",
+                "SSL SYSCALL error: Bad file descriptor",
+                "SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected",
+                "SSL SYSCALL error: Operation timed out",
+                "SSL SYSCALL error: Bad address",
+            ]:
+                idx = str_e.find(msg)
+                if idx >= 0 and '"' not in str_e[:idx]:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aab78d2f0f23738d4c35d3f95e122e32574f1e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2cffi
+    :name: psycopg2cffi
+    :dbapi: psycopg2cffi
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2cffi://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/psycopg2cffi/
+
+``psycopg2cffi`` is an adaptation of ``psycopg2``, using CFFI for the C
+layer. This makes it suitable for use in e.g. PyPy. Documentation
+is as per ``psycopg2``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2`
+
+"""  # noqa
+from .psycopg2 import PGDialect_psycopg2
+from ... import util
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2cffi(PGDialect_psycopg2):
+    driver = "psycopg2cffi"
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    # psycopg2cffi's first release is 2.5.0, but reports
+    # __version__ as 2.4.4.  Subsequent releases seem to have
+    # fixed this.
+
+    FEATURE_VERSION_MAP = dict(
+        native_json=(2, 4, 4),
+        native_jsonb=(2, 7, 1),
+        sane_multi_rowcount=(2, 4, 4),
+        array_oid=(2, 4, 4),
+        hstore_adapter=(2, 4, 4),
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("psycopg2cffi")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extensions(cls):
+        root = __import__("psycopg2cffi", fromlist=["extensions"])
+        return root.extensions
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extras(cls):
+        root = __import__("psycopg2cffi", fromlist=["extras"])
+        return root.extras
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2cffi
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19905108e13b5c658d1f915e9af341a983d462c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1029 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from datetime import date
+from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import timedelta
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .operators import ADJACENT_TO
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import NOT_EXTEND_LEFT_OF
+from .operators import NOT_EXTEND_RIGHT_OF
+from .operators import OVERLAP
+from .operators import STRICTLY_LEFT_OF
+from .operators import STRICTLY_RIGHT_OF
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ...util import py310
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ...sql.type_api import _TE
+    from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngineMixin
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_BoundsType = Literal["()", "[)", "(]", "[]"]
+
+if py310:
+    dc_slots = {"slots": True}
+    dc_kwonly = {"kw_only": True}
+else:
+    dc_slots = {}
+    dc_kwonly = {}
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **dc_slots)
+class Range(Generic[_T]):
+    """Represent a PostgreSQL range.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        r = Range(10, 50, bounds="()")
+
+    The calling style is similar to that of psycopg and psycopg2, in part
+    to allow easier migration from previous SQLAlchemy versions that used
+    these objects directly.
+
+    :param lower: Lower bound value, or None
+    :param upper: Upper bound value, or None
+    :param bounds: keyword-only, optional string value that is one of
+     ``"()"``, ``"[)"``, ``"(]"``, ``"[]"``.  Defaults to ``"[)"``.
+    :param empty: keyword-only, optional bool indicating this is an "empty"
+     range
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    lower: Optional[_T] = None
+    """the lower bound"""
+
+    upper: Optional[_T] = None
+    """the upper bound"""
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        bounds: _BoundsType = dataclasses.field(default="[)")
+        empty: bool = dataclasses.field(default=False)
+    else:
+        bounds: _BoundsType = dataclasses.field(default="[)", **dc_kwonly)
+        empty: bool = dataclasses.field(default=False, **dc_kwonly)
+
+    if not py310:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            lower: Optional[_T] = None,
+            upper: Optional[_T] = None,
+            *,
+            bounds: _BoundsType = "[)",
+            empty: bool = False,
+        ):
+            # no __slots__ either so we can update dict
+            self.__dict__.update(
+                {
+                    "lower": lower,
+                    "upper": upper,
+                    "bounds": bounds,
+                    "empty": empty,
+                }
+            )
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.empty
+
+    @property
+    def isempty(self) -> bool:
+        "A synonym for the 'empty' attribute."
+
+        return self.empty
+
+    @property
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        "A synonym for the 'empty' attribute."
+
+        return self.empty
+
+    @property
+    def lower_inc(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the lower bound is inclusive."""
+
+        return self.bounds[0] == "["
+
+    @property
+    def lower_inf(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this range is non-empty and lower bound is
+        infinite."""
+
+        return not self.empty and self.lower is None
+
+    @property
+    def upper_inc(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the upper bound is inclusive."""
+
+        return self.bounds[1] == "]"
+
+    @property
+    def upper_inf(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this range is non-empty and the upper bound is
+        infinite."""
+
+        return not self.empty and self.upper is None
+
+    @property
+    def __sa_type_engine__(self) -> AbstractSingleRange[_T]:
+        return AbstractSingleRange()
+
+    def _contains_value(self, value: _T) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this range contains the given value."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            return False
+
+        if self.lower is None:
+            return self.upper is None or (
+                value < self.upper
+                if self.bounds[1] == ")"
+                else value <= self.upper
+            )
+
+        if self.upper is None:
+            return (  # type: ignore
+                value > self.lower
+                if self.bounds[0] == "("
+                else value >= self.lower
+            )
+
+        return (  # type: ignore
+            value > self.lower
+            if self.bounds[0] == "("
+            else value >= self.lower
+        ) and (
+            value < self.upper
+            if self.bounds[1] == ")"
+            else value <= self.upper
+        )
+
+    def _get_discrete_step(self) -> Any:
+        "Determine the “step” for this range, if it is a discrete one."
+
+        # See
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/rangetypes.html#RANGETYPES-DISCRETE
+        # for the rationale
+
+        if isinstance(self.lower, int) or isinstance(self.upper, int):
+            return 1
+        elif isinstance(self.lower, datetime) or isinstance(
+            self.upper, datetime
+        ):
+            # This is required, because a `isinstance(datetime.now(), date)`
+            # is True
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(self.lower, date) or isinstance(self.upper, date):
+            return timedelta(days=1)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _compare_edges(
+        self,
+        value1: Optional[_T],
+        bound1: str,
+        value2: Optional[_T],
+        bound2: str,
+        only_values: bool = False,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Compare two range bounds.
+
+        Return -1, 0 or 1 respectively when `value1` is less than,
+        equal to or greater than `value2`.
+
+        When `only_value` is ``True``, do not consider the *inclusivity*
+        of the edges, just their values.
+        """
+
+        value1_is_lower_bound = bound1 in {"[", "("}
+        value2_is_lower_bound = bound2 in {"[", "("}
+
+        # Infinite edges are equal when they are on the same side,
+        # otherwise a lower edge is considered less than the upper end
+        if value1 is value2 is None:
+            if value1_is_lower_bound == value2_is_lower_bound:
+                return 0
+            else:
+                return -1 if value1_is_lower_bound else 1
+        elif value1 is None:
+            return -1 if value1_is_lower_bound else 1
+        elif value2 is None:
+            return 1 if value2_is_lower_bound else -1
+
+        # Short path for trivial case
+        if bound1 == bound2 and value1 == value2:
+            return 0
+
+        value1_inc = bound1 in {"[", "]"}
+        value2_inc = bound2 in {"[", "]"}
+        step = self._get_discrete_step()
+
+        if step is not None:
+            # "Normalize" the two edges as '[)', to simplify successive
+            # logic when the range is discrete: otherwise we would need
+            # to handle the comparison between ``(0`` and ``[1`` that
+            # are equal when dealing with integers while for floats the
+            # former is lesser than the latter
+
+            if value1_is_lower_bound:
+                if not value1_inc:
+                    value1 += step
+                    value1_inc = True
+            else:
+                if value1_inc:
+                    value1 += step
+                    value1_inc = False
+            if value2_is_lower_bound:
+                if not value2_inc:
+                    value2 += step
+                    value2_inc = True
+            else:
+                if value2_inc:
+                    value2 += step
+                    value2_inc = False
+
+        if value1 < value2:  # type: ignore
+            return -1
+        elif value1 > value2:  # type: ignore
+            return 1
+        elif only_values:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            # Neither one is infinite but are equal, so we
+            # need to consider the respective inclusive/exclusive
+            # flag
+
+            if value1_inc and value2_inc:
+                return 0
+            elif not value1_inc and not value2_inc:
+                if value1_is_lower_bound == value2_is_lower_bound:
+                    return 0
+                else:
+                    return 1 if value1_is_lower_bound else -1
+            elif not value1_inc:
+                return 1 if value1_is_lower_bound else -1
+            elif not value2_inc:
+                return -1 if value2_is_lower_bound else 1
+            else:
+                return 0
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        """Compare this range to the `other` taking into account
+        bounds inclusivity, returning ``True`` if they are equal.
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(other, Range):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        if self.empty and other.empty:
+            return True
+        elif self.empty != other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        return (
+            self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) == 0
+            and self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) == 0
+        )
+
+    def contained_by(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is a contained by `other`."
+
+        # Any range contains the empty one
+        if self.empty:
+            return True
+
+        # An empty range does not contain any range except the empty one
+        if other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) < 0:
+            return False
+
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def contains(self, value: Union[_T, Range[_T]]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range contains `value`."
+
+        if isinstance(value, Range):
+            return value.contained_by(self)
+        else:
+            return self._contains_value(value)
+
+    def overlaps(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range overlaps with `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges never overlap with any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        # Check whether this lower bound is contained in the other range
+        if (
+            self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) >= 0
+            and self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, oupper, oupper_b) <= 0
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        # Check whether other lower bound is contained in this range
+        if (
+            self._compare_edges(olower, olower_b, slower, slower_b) >= 0
+            and self._compare_edges(olower, olower_b, supper, supper_b) <= 0
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def strictly_left_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is completely to the left of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+
+        # Check whether this upper edge is less than other's lower end
+        return self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, olower, olower_b) < 0
+
+    __lshift__ = strictly_left_of
+
+    def strictly_right_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is completely to the right of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        # Check whether this lower edge is greater than other's upper end
+        return self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0
+
+    __rshift__ = strictly_right_of
+
+    def not_extend_left_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this does not extend to the left of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+
+        # Check whether this lower edge is not less than other's lower end
+        return self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) >= 0
+
+    def not_extend_right_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this does not extend to the right of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        # Check whether this upper edge is not greater than other's upper end
+        return self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) <= 0
+
+    def _upper_edge_adjacent_to_lower(
+        self,
+        value1: Optional[_T],
+        bound1: str,
+        value2: Optional[_T],
+        bound2: str,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Determine whether an upper bound is immediately successive to a
+        lower bound."""
+
+        # Since we need a peculiar way to handle the bounds inclusivity,
+        # just do a comparison by value here
+        res = self._compare_edges(value1, bound1, value2, bound2, True)
+        if res == -1:
+            step = self._get_discrete_step()
+            if step is None:
+                return False
+            if bound1 == "]":
+                if bound2 == "[":
+                    return value1 == value2 - step  # type: ignore
+                else:
+                    return value1 == value2
+            else:
+                if bound2 == "[":
+                    return value1 == value2
+                else:
+                    return value1 == value2 - step  # type: ignore
+        elif res == 0:
+            # Cover cases like [0,0] -|- [1,] and [0,2) -|- (1,3]
+            if (
+                bound1 == "]"
+                and bound2 == "["
+                or bound1 == ")"
+                and bound2 == "("
+            ):
+                step = self._get_discrete_step()
+                if step is not None:
+                    return True
+            return (
+                bound1 == ")"
+                and bound2 == "["
+                or bound1 == "]"
+                and bound2 == "("
+            )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def adjacent_to(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is adjacent to the `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are not adjacent to any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        return self._upper_edge_adjacent_to_lower(
+            supper, supper_b, olower, olower_b
+        ) or self._upper_edge_adjacent_to_lower(
+            oupper, oupper_b, slower, slower_b
+        )
+
+    def union(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        """Compute the union of this range with the `other`.
+
+        This raises a ``ValueError`` exception if the two ranges are
+        "disjunct", that is neither adjacent nor overlapping.
+        """
+
+        # Empty ranges are "additive identities"
+        if self.empty:
+            return other
+        if other.empty:
+            return self
+
+        if not self.overlaps(other) and not self.adjacent_to(other):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Adding non-overlapping and non-adjacent"
+                " ranges is not implemented"
+            )
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) < 0:
+            rlower = slower
+            rlower_b = slower_b
+        else:
+            rlower = olower
+            rlower_b = olower_b
+
+        if self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0:
+            rupper = supper
+            rupper_b = supper_b
+        else:
+            rupper = oupper
+            rupper_b = oupper_b
+
+        return Range(
+            rlower, rupper, bounds=cast(_BoundsType, rlower_b + rupper_b)
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def difference(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        """Compute the difference between this range and the `other`.
+
+        This raises a ``ValueError`` exception if the two ranges are
+        "disjunct", that is neither adjacent nor overlapping.
+        """
+
+        # Subtracting an empty range is a no-op
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return self
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        sl_vs_ol = self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b)
+        su_vs_ou = self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b)
+        if sl_vs_ol < 0 and su_vs_ou > 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Subtracting a strictly inner range is not implemented"
+            )
+
+        sl_vs_ou = self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, oupper, oupper_b)
+        su_vs_ol = self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, olower, olower_b)
+
+        # If the ranges do not overlap, result is simply the first
+        if sl_vs_ou > 0 or su_vs_ol < 0:
+            return self
+
+        # If this range is completely contained by the other, result is empty
+        if sl_vs_ol >= 0 and su_vs_ou <= 0:
+            return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+
+        # If this range extends to the left of the other and ends in its
+        # middle
+        if sl_vs_ol <= 0 and su_vs_ol >= 0 and su_vs_ou <= 0:
+            rupper_b = ")" if olower_b == "[" else "]"
+            if (
+                slower_b != "["
+                and rupper_b != "]"
+                and self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, rupper_b)
+                == 0
+            ):
+                return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+            else:
+                return Range(
+                    slower,
+                    olower,
+                    bounds=cast(_BoundsType, slower_b + rupper_b),
+                )
+
+        # If this range starts in the middle of the other and extends to its
+        # right
+        if sl_vs_ol >= 0 and su_vs_ou >= 0 and sl_vs_ou <= 0:
+            rlower_b = "(" if oupper_b == "]" else "["
+            if (
+                rlower_b != "["
+                and supper_b != "]"
+                and self._compare_edges(oupper, rlower_b, supper, supper_b)
+                == 0
+            ):
+                return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+            else:
+                return Range(
+                    oupper,
+                    supper,
+                    bounds=cast(_BoundsType, rlower_b + supper_b),
+                )
+
+        assert False, f"Unhandled case computing {self} - {other}"
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        """Compute the intersection of this range with the `other`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+        """
+        if self.empty or other.empty or not self.overlaps(other):
+            return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) < 0:
+            rlower = olower
+            rlower_b = olower_b
+        else:
+            rlower = slower
+            rlower_b = slower_b
+
+        if self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0:
+            rupper = oupper
+            rupper_b = oupper_b
+        else:
+            rupper = supper
+            rupper_b = supper_b
+
+        return Range(
+            rlower,
+            rupper,
+            bounds=cast(_BoundsType, rlower_b + rupper_b),
+        )
+
+    def __mul__(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._stringify()
+
+    def _stringify(self) -> str:
+        if self.empty:
+            return "empty"
+
+        l, r = self.lower, self.upper
+        l = "" if l is None else l  # type: ignore
+        r = "" if r is None else r  # type: ignore
+
+        b0, b1 = cast("Tuple[str, str]", self.bounds)
+
+        return f"{b0}{l},{r}{b1}"
+
+
+class MultiRange(List[Range[_T]]):
+    """Represents a multirange sequence.
+
+    This list subclass is an utility to allow automatic type inference of
+    the proper multi-range SQL type depending on the single range values.
+    This is useful when operating on literal multi-ranges::
+
+        import sqlalchemy as sa
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import MultiRange, Range
+
+        value = literal(MultiRange([Range(2, 4)]))
+
+        select(tbl).where(tbl.c.value.op("@")(MultiRange([Range(-3, 7)])))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.26
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        - :ref:`postgresql_multirange_list_use`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def __sa_type_engine__(self) -> AbstractMultiRange[_T]:
+        return AbstractMultiRange()
+
+
+class AbstractRange(sqltypes.TypeEngine[_T]):
+    """Base class for single and multi Range SQL types."""
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Dynamically adapt a range type to an abstract impl.
+
+        For example ``INT4RANGE().adapt(_Psycopg2NumericRange)`` should
+        produce a type that will have ``_Psycopg2NumericRange`` behaviors
+        and also render as ``INT4RANGE`` in SQL and DDL.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            issubclass(cls, (AbstractSingleRangeImpl, AbstractMultiRangeImpl))
+            and cls is not self.__class__
+        ):
+            # two ways to do this are:  1. create a new type on the fly
+            # or 2. have AbstractRangeImpl(visit_name) constructor and a
+            # visit_abstract_range_impl() method in the PG compiler.
+            # I'm choosing #1 as the resulting type object
+            # will then make use of the same mechanics
+            # as if we had made all these sub-types explicitly, and will
+            # also look more obvious under pdb etc.
+            # The adapt() operation here is cached per type-class-per-dialect,
+            # so is not much of a performance concern
+            visit_name = self.__visit_name__
+            return type(  # type: ignore
+                f"{visit_name}RangeImpl",
+                (cls, self.__class__),
+                {"__visit_name__": visit_name},
+            )()
+        else:
+            return super().adapt(cls)
+
+    class comparator_factory(TypeEngine.Comparator[Range[Any]]):
+        """Define comparison operations for range types."""
+
+        def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the right hand operand,
+            which can be an element or a range, is contained within the
+            column.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(CONTAINS, other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is contained
+            within the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(CONTAINED_BY, other)
+
+        def overlaps(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column overlaps
+            (has points in common with) the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(OVERLAP, other)
+
+        def strictly_left_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            left of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(STRICTLY_LEFT_OF, other)
+
+        __lshift__ = strictly_left_of
+
+        def strictly_right_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            right of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(STRICTLY_RIGHT_OF, other)
+
+        __rshift__ = strictly_right_of
+
+        def not_extend_right_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend right of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(NOT_EXTEND_RIGHT_OF, other)
+
+        def not_extend_left_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend left of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(NOT_EXTEND_LEFT_OF, other)
+
+        def adjacent_to(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            is adjacent to the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(ADJACENT_TO, other)
+
+        def union(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Range expression. Returns the union of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contiguous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(operators.add, other)
+
+        def difference(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Range expression. Returns the union of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contiguous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(operators.sub, other)
+
+        def intersection(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Range[_T]]:
+            """Range expression. Returns the intersection of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contiguous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(operators.mul, other)
+
+
+class AbstractSingleRange(AbstractRange[Range[_T]]):
+    """Base for PostgreSQL RANGE types.
+
+    These are types that return a single :class:`_postgresql.Range` object.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `PostgreSQL range functions <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-range.html>`_
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Range[Any]) -> Any:
+        spec = value.lower if value.lower is not None else value.upper
+
+        if isinstance(spec, int):
+            # pg is unreasonably picky here: the query
+            # "select 1::INTEGER <@ '[1, 4)'::INT8RANGE" raises
+            # "operator does not exist: integer <@ int8range" as of pg 16
+            if _is_int32(value):
+                return INT4RANGE()
+            else:
+                return INT8RANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, (Decimal, float)):
+            return NUMRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, datetime):
+            return TSRANGE() if not spec.tzinfo else TSTZRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, date):
+            return DATERANGE()
+        else:
+            # empty Range, SQL datatype can't be determined here
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+
+class AbstractSingleRangeImpl(AbstractSingleRange[_T]):
+    """Marker for AbstractSingleRange that will apply a subclass-specific
+    adaptation"""
+
+
+class AbstractMultiRange(AbstractRange[Sequence[Range[_T]]]):
+    """Base for PostgreSQL MULTIRANGE types.
+
+    these are types that return a sequence of :class:`_postgresql.Range`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Sequence[Range[Any]]) -> Any:
+        if not value:
+            # empty MultiRange, SQL datatype can't be determined here
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+        first = value[0]
+        spec = first.lower if first.lower is not None else first.upper
+
+        if isinstance(spec, int):
+            # pg is unreasonably picky here: the query
+            # "select 1::INTEGER <@ '{[1, 4),[6,19)}'::INT8MULTIRANGE" raises
+            # "operator does not exist: integer <@ int8multirange" as of pg 16
+            if all(_is_int32(r) for r in value):
+                return INT4MULTIRANGE()
+            else:
+                return INT8MULTIRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, (Decimal, float)):
+            return NUMMULTIRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, datetime):
+            return TSMULTIRANGE() if not spec.tzinfo else TSTZMULTIRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, date):
+            return DATEMULTIRANGE()
+        else:
+            # empty Range, SQL datatype can't be determined here
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+
+class AbstractMultiRangeImpl(AbstractMultiRange[_T]):
+    """Marker for AbstractMultiRange that will apply a subclass-specific
+    adaptation"""
+
+
+class INT4RANGE(AbstractSingleRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT4RANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT4RANGE"
+
+
+class INT8RANGE(AbstractSingleRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT8RANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT8RANGE"
+
+
+class NUMRANGE(AbstractSingleRange[Decimal]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL NUMRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMRANGE"
+
+
+class DATERANGE(AbstractSingleRange[date]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL DATERANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATERANGE"
+
+
+class TSRANGE(AbstractSingleRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSRANGE"
+
+
+class TSTZRANGE(AbstractSingleRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSTZRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSTZRANGE"
+
+
+class INT4MULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT4MULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT4MULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class INT8MULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT8MULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT8MULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class NUMMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[Decimal]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL NUMMULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class DATEMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[date]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL DATEMULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATEMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class TSMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class TSTZMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSTZRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSTZMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+_max_int_32 = 2**31 - 1
+_min_int_32 = -(2**31)
+
+
+def _is_int32(r: Range[int]) -> bool:
+    return (r.lower is None or _min_int_32 <= r.lower <= _max_int_32) and (
+        r.upper is None or _min_int_32 <= r.upper <= _max_int_32
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ea7bb4d233e12208b1a62308073c38a7474e205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime as dt
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import type_api
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_DECIMAL_TYPES = (1231, 1700)
+_FLOAT_TYPES = (700, 701, 1021, 1022)
+_INT_TYPES = (20, 21, 23, 26, 1005, 1007, 1016)
+
+
+class PGUuid(sqltypes.UUID[sqltypes._UUID_RETURN]):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+    render_literal_cast = True
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __init__(
+            self: PGUuid[_python_UUID], as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __init__(
+            self: PGUuid[str], as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True) -> None: ...
+
+
+class BYTEA(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = "BYTEA"
+
+
+class INET(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "INET"
+
+
+PGInet = INET
+
+
+class CIDR(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "CIDR"
+
+
+PGCidr = CIDR
+
+
+class MACADDR(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "MACADDR"
+
+
+PGMacAddr = MACADDR
+
+
+class MACADDR8(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "MACADDR8"
+
+
+PGMacAddr8 = MACADDR8
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    r"""Provide the PostgreSQL MONEY type.
+
+    Depending on driver, result rows using this type may return a
+    string value which includes currency symbols.
+
+    For this reason, it may be preferable to provide conversion to a
+    numerically-based currency datatype using :class:`_types.TypeDecorator`::
+
+        import re
+        import decimal
+        from sqlalchemy import Dialect
+        from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+        class NumericMoney(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = MONEY
+
+            def process_result_value(
+                self, value: Any, dialect: Dialect
+            ) -> None:
+                if value is not None:
+                    # adjust this for the currency and numeric
+                    m = re.match(r"\$([\d.]+)", value)
+                    if m:
+                        value = decimal.Decimal(m.group(1))
+                return value
+
+    Alternatively, the conversion may be applied as a CAST using
+    the :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.column_expression` method as follows::
+
+        import decimal
+        from sqlalchemy import cast
+        from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+        class NumericMoney(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = MONEY
+
+            def column_expression(self, column: Any):
+                return cast(column, Numeric())
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MONEY"
+
+
+class OID(sqltypes.TypeEngine[int]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL OID type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "OID"
+
+
+class REGCONFIG(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL REGCONFIG type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REGCONFIG"
+
+
+class TSQUERY(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL TSQUERY type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSQUERY"
+
+
+class REGCLASS(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL REGCLASS type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.7
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REGCLASS"
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, timezone: bool = False, precision: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a TIMESTAMP.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean value if timezone present, default False
+        :param precision: optional integer precision value
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    """PostgreSQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIME"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, timezone: bool = False, precision: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a TIME.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean value if timezone present, default False
+        :param precision: optional integer precision value
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class INTERVAL(type_api.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes._AbstractInterval):
+    """PostgreSQL INTERVAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INTERVAL"
+    native = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, precision: Optional[int] = None, fields: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct an INTERVAL.
+
+        :param precision: optional integer precision value
+        :param fields: string fields specifier.  allows storage of fields
+         to be limited, such as ``"YEAR"``, ``"MONTH"``, ``"DAY TO HOUR"``,
+         etc.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.fields = fields
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(
+        cls, interval: sqltypes.Interval, **kw: Any  # type: ignore[override]
+    ) -> INTERVAL:
+        return INTERVAL(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[sqltypes.Interval]:
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype: bool = False) -> sqltypes.Interval:
+        return sqltypes.Interval(native=True, second_precision=self.precision)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[dt.timedelta]:
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[dt.timedelta]]:
+        def process(value: dt.timedelta) -> str:
+            return f"make_interval(secs=>{value.total_seconds()})"
+
+        return process
+
+
+PGInterval = INTERVAL
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine[int]):
+    __visit_name__ = "BIT"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, length: Optional[int] = None, varying: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        if varying:
+            # BIT VARYING can be unlimited-length, so no default
+            self.length = length
+        else:
+            # BIT without VARYING defaults to length 1
+            self.length = length or 1
+        self.varying = varying
+
+
+PGBit = BIT
+
+
+class TSVECTOR(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """The :class:`_postgresql.TSVECTOR` type implements the PostgreSQL
+    text search type TSVECTOR.
+
+    It can be used to do full text queries on natural language
+    documents.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_match`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSVECTOR"
+
+
+class CITEXT(sqltypes.TEXT):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL CITEXT type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.7
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CITEXT"
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return self
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..838d772207036810d889309dbfb71d5e6a5be3fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from . import aiosqlite  # noqa
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import pysqlcipher  # noqa
+from . import pysqlite  # noqa
+from .base import BLOB
+from .base import BOOLEAN
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import DECIMAL
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import JSON
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import TIME
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import insert
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = dialect = pysqlite.dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BLOB",
+    "BOOLEAN",
+    "CHAR",
+    "DATE",
+    "DATETIME",
+    "DECIMAL",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "JSON",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "TEXT",
+    "TIME",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "REAL",
+    "Insert",
+    "insert",
+    "dialect",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3981774e0f692ca1fa7eaf9f62cf99f5d37b973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: sqlite+aiosqlite
+    :name: aiosqlite
+    :dbapi: aiosqlite
+    :connectstring: sqlite+aiosqlite:///file_path
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/aiosqlite/
+
+The aiosqlite dialect provides support for the SQLAlchemy asyncio interface
+running on top of pysqlite.
+
+aiosqlite is a wrapper around pysqlite that uses a background thread for
+each connection.   It does not actually use non-blocking IO, as SQLite
+databases are not socket-based.  However it does provide a working asyncio
+interface that's useful for testing and prototyping purposes.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aiosqlite dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///filename")
+
+The URL passes through all arguments to the ``pysqlite`` driver, so all
+connection arguments are the same as they are for that of :ref:`pysqlite`.
+
+.. _aiosqlite_udfs:
+
+User-Defined Functions
+----------------------
+
+aiosqlite extends pysqlite to support async, so we can create our own user-defined functions (UDFs)
+in Python and use them directly in SQLite queries as described here: :ref:`pysqlite_udfs`.
+
+.. _aiosqlite_serializable:
+
+Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL (asyncio version)
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Similarly to pysqlite, aiosqlite does not support SAVEPOINT feature.
+
+The solution is similar to :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`. This is achieved by the event listeners in async::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///myfile.db")
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
+    def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # disable aiosqlite's emitting of the BEGIN statement entirely.
+        # also stops it from emitting COMMIT before any DDL.
+        dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        # emit our own BEGIN
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+
+.. warning:: When using the above recipe, it is advised to not use the
+   :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` setting on
+   :class:`_engine.Connection` and :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+   with the SQLite driver,
+   as this function necessarily will also alter the ".isolation_level" setting.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import asyncio
+from functools import partial
+
+from .base import SQLiteExecutionContext
+from .pysqlite import SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_cursor:
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "description",
+        "await_",
+        "_rows",
+        "arraysize",
+        "rowcount",
+        "lastrowid",
+    )
+
+    server_side = False
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+        self.arraysize = 1
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self.description = None
+        self._rows = []
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows[:] = []
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        try:
+            _cursor = self.await_(self._connection.cursor())
+
+            if parameters is None:
+                self.await_(_cursor.execute(operation))
+            else:
+                self.await_(_cursor.execute(operation, parameters))
+
+            if _cursor.description:
+                self.description = _cursor.description
+                self.lastrowid = self.rowcount = -1
+
+                if not self.server_side:
+                    self._rows = self.await_(_cursor.fetchall())
+            else:
+                self.description = None
+                self.lastrowid = _cursor.lastrowid
+                self.rowcount = _cursor.rowcount
+
+            if not self.server_side:
+                self.await_(_cursor.close())
+            else:
+                self._cursor = _cursor
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        try:
+            _cursor = self.await_(self._connection.cursor())
+            self.await_(_cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters))
+            self.description = None
+            self.lastrowid = _cursor.lastrowid
+            self.rowcount = _cursor.rowcount
+            self.await_(_cursor.close())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.pop(0)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        retval = self._rows[0:size]
+        self._rows[:] = self._rows[size:]
+        return retval
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = self._rows[:]
+        self._rows[:] = []
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_cursor):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = "_cursor"
+
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._cursor = None
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi",)
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+
+    @property
+    def isolation_level(self):
+        return self._connection.isolation_level
+
+    @isolation_level.setter
+    def isolation_level(self, value):
+        # aiosqlite's isolation_level setter works outside the Thread
+        # that it's supposed to, necessitating setting check_same_thread=False.
+        # for improved stability, we instead invent our own awaitable version
+        # using aiosqlite's async queue directly.
+
+        def set_iso(connection, value):
+            connection.isolation_level = value
+
+        function = partial(set_iso, self._connection._conn, value)
+        future = asyncio.get_event_loop().create_future()
+
+        self._connection._tx.put_nowait((future, function))
+
+        try:
+            return self.await_(future)
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def create_function(self, *args, **kw):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.create_function(*args, **kw))
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_cursor(self)
+
+    def execute(self, *args, **kw):
+        return self.await_(self._connection.execute(*args, **kw))
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.close())
+        except ValueError:
+            # this is undocumented for aiosqlite, that ValueError
+            # was raised if .close() was called more than once, which is
+            # both not customary for DBAPI and is also not a DBAPI.Error
+            # exception. This is now fixed in aiosqlite via my PR
+            # https://github.com/omnilib/aiosqlite/pull/238, so we can be
+            # assured this will not become some other kind of exception,
+            # since it doesn't raise anymore.
+
+            pass
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def _handle_exception(self, error):
+        if (
+            isinstance(error, ValueError)
+            and error.args[0] == "no active connection"
+        ):
+            raise self.dbapi.sqlite.OperationalError(
+                "no active connection"
+            ) from error
+        else:
+            raise error
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_aiosqlite_connection(AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, aiosqlite, sqlite):
+        self.aiosqlite = aiosqlite
+        self.sqlite = sqlite
+        self.paramstyle = "qmark"
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "Error",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "sqlite_version",
+            "sqlite_version_info",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.aiosqlite, name))
+
+        for name in ("PARSE_COLNAMES", "PARSE_DECLTYPES"):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.sqlite, name))
+
+        for name in ("Binary",):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.sqlite, name))
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", None)
+        if creator_fn:
+            connection = creator_fn(*arg, **kw)
+        else:
+            connection = self.aiosqlite.connect(*arg, **kw)
+            # it's a Thread.   you'll thank us later
+            connection.daemon = True
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_aiosqlite_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(connection),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(connection),
+            )
+
+
+class SQLiteExecutionContext_aiosqlite(SQLiteExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(server_side=True)
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_aiosqlite(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    driver = "aiosqlite"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    is_async = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = SQLiteExecutionContext_aiosqlite
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_dbapi(
+            __import__("aiosqlite"), __import__("sqlite3")
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        if cls._is_url_file_db(url):
+            return pool.NullPool
+        else:
+            return pool.StaticPool
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(
+            e, self.dbapi.OperationalError
+        ) and "no active connection" in str(e):
+            return True
+
+        return super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor)
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_aiosqlite
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84ae2d89bd88ae9a976285f839ccf0625233219b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2782 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite
+    :name: SQLite
+    :full_support: 3.36.0
+    :normal_support: 3.12+
+    :best_effort: 3.7.16+
+
+.. _sqlite_datetime:
+
+Date and Time Types
+-------------------
+
+SQLite does not have built-in DATE, TIME, or DATETIME types, and pysqlite does
+not provide out of the box functionality for translating values between Python
+`datetime` objects and a SQLite-supported format. SQLAlchemy's own
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` and related types provide date formatting
+and parsing functionality when SQLite is used. The implementation classes are
+:class:`_sqlite.DATETIME`, :class:`_sqlite.DATE` and :class:`_sqlite.TIME`.
+These types represent dates and times as ISO formatted strings, which also
+nicely support ordering. There's no reliance on typical "libc" internals for
+these functions so historical dates are fully supported.
+
+Ensuring Text affinity
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The DDL rendered for these types is the standard ``DATE``, ``TIME``
+and ``DATETIME`` indicators.    However, custom storage formats can also be
+applied to these types.   When the
+storage format is detected as containing no alpha characters, the DDL for
+these types is rendered as ``DATE_CHAR``, ``TIME_CHAR``, and ``DATETIME_CHAR``,
+so that the column continues to have textual affinity.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Type Affinity <https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html#affinity>`_ -
+    in the SQLite documentation
+
+.. _sqlite_autoincrement:
+
+SQLite Auto Incrementing Behavior
+----------------------------------
+
+Background on SQLite's autoincrement is at: https://sqlite.org/autoinc.html
+
+Key concepts:
+
+* SQLite has an implicit "auto increment" feature that takes place for any
+  non-composite primary-key column that is specifically created using
+  "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY" for the type + primary key.
+
+* SQLite also has an explicit "AUTOINCREMENT" keyword, that is **not**
+  equivalent to the implicit autoincrement feature; this keyword is not
+  recommended for general use.  SQLAlchemy does not render this keyword
+  unless a special SQLite-specific directive is used (see below).  However,
+  it still requires that the column's type is named "INTEGER".
+
+Using the AUTOINCREMENT Keyword
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To specifically render the AUTOINCREMENT keyword on the primary key column
+when rendering DDL, add the flag ``sqlite_autoincrement=True`` to the Table
+construct::
+
+    Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            sqlite_autoincrement=True)
+
+Allowing autoincrement behavior SQLAlchemy types other than Integer/INTEGER
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+SQLite's typing model is based on naming conventions.  Among other things, this
+means that any type name which contains the substring ``"INT"`` will be
+determined to be of "integer affinity".  A type named ``"BIGINT"``,
+``"SPECIAL_INT"`` or even ``"XYZINTQPR"``, will be considered by SQLite to be
+of "integer" affinity.  However, **the SQLite autoincrement feature, whether
+implicitly or explicitly enabled, requires that the name of the column's type
+is exactly the string "INTEGER"**.  Therefore, if an application uses a type
+like :class:`.BigInteger` for a primary key, on SQLite this type will need to
+be rendered as the name ``"INTEGER"`` when emitting the initial ``CREATE
+TABLE`` statement in order for the autoincrement behavior to be available.
+
+One approach to achieve this is to use :class:`.Integer` on SQLite
+only using :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`::
+
+    table = Table(
+        "my_table", metadata,
+        Column("id", BigInteger().with_variant(Integer, "sqlite"), primary_key=True)
+    )
+
+Another is to use a subclass of :class:`.BigInteger` that overrides its DDL
+name to be ``INTEGER`` when compiled against SQLite::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import BigInteger
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    class SLBigInteger(BigInteger):
+        pass
+
+    @compiles(SLBigInteger, 'sqlite')
+    def bi_c(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+    @compiles(SLBigInteger)
+    def bi_c(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_BIGINT(element, **kw)
+
+
+    table = Table(
+        "my_table", metadata,
+        Column("id", SLBigInteger(), primary_key=True)
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`
+
+    :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+
+    `Datatypes In SQLite Version 3 <https://sqlite.org/datatype3.html>`_
+
+.. _sqlite_concurrency:
+
+Database Locking Behavior / Concurrency
+---------------------------------------
+
+SQLite is not designed for a high level of write concurrency. The database
+itself, being a file, is locked completely during write operations within
+transactions, meaning exactly one "connection" (in reality a file handle)
+has exclusive access to the database during this period - all other
+"connections" will be blocked during this time.
+
+The Python DBAPI specification also calls for a connection model that is
+always in a transaction; there is no ``connection.begin()`` method,
+only ``connection.commit()`` and ``connection.rollback()``, upon which a
+new transaction is to be begun immediately.  This may seem to imply
+that the SQLite driver would in theory allow only a single filehandle on a
+particular database file at any time; however, there are several
+factors both within SQLite itself as well as within the pysqlite driver
+which loosen this restriction significantly.
+
+However, no matter what locking modes are used, SQLite will still always
+lock the database file once a transaction is started and DML (e.g. INSERT,
+UPDATE, DELETE) has at least been emitted, and this will block
+other transactions at least at the point that they also attempt to emit DML.
+By default, the length of time on this block is very short before it times out
+with an error.
+
+This behavior becomes more critical when used in conjunction with the
+SQLAlchemy ORM.  SQLAlchemy's :class:`.Session` object by default runs
+within a transaction, and with its autoflush model, may emit DML preceding
+any SELECT statement.   This may lead to a SQLite database that locks
+more quickly than is expected.   The locking mode of SQLite and the pysqlite
+driver can be manipulated to some degree, however it should be noted that
+achieving a high degree of write-concurrency with SQLite is a losing battle.
+
+For more information on SQLite's lack of write concurrency by design, please
+see
+`Situations Where Another RDBMS May Work Better - High Concurrency
+<https://www.sqlite.org/whentouse.html>`_ near the bottom of the page.
+
+The following subsections introduce areas that are impacted by SQLite's
+file-based architecture and additionally will usually require workarounds to
+work when using the pysqlite driver.
+
+.. _sqlite_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level / Autocommit
+----------------------------------------
+
+SQLite supports "transaction isolation" in a non-standard way, along two
+axes.  One is that of the
+`PRAGMA read_uncommitted <https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted>`_
+instruction.   This setting can essentially switch SQLite between its
+default mode of ``SERIALIZABLE`` isolation, and a "dirty read" isolation
+mode normally referred to as ``READ UNCOMMITTED``.
+
+SQLAlchemy ties into this PRAGMA statement using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter of
+:func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+Valid values for this parameter when used with SQLite are ``"SERIALIZABLE"``
+and ``"READ UNCOMMITTED"`` corresponding to a value of 0 and 1, respectively.
+SQLite defaults to ``SERIALIZABLE``, however its behavior is impacted by
+the pysqlite driver's default behavior.
+
+When using the pysqlite driver, the ``"AUTOCOMMIT"`` isolation level is also
+available, which will alter the pysqlite connection using the ``.isolation_level``
+attribute on the DBAPI connection and set it to None for the duration
+of the setting.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.16 added support for SQLite AUTOCOMMIT isolation level
+   when using the pysqlite / sqlite3 SQLite driver.
+
+
+The other axis along which SQLite's transactional locking is impacted is
+via the nature of the ``BEGIN`` statement used.   The three varieties
+are "deferred", "immediate", and "exclusive", as described at
+`BEGIN TRANSACTION <https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_.   A straight
+``BEGIN`` statement uses the "deferred" mode, where the database file is
+not locked until the first read or write operation, and read access remains
+open to other transactions until the first write operation.  But again,
+it is critical to note that the pysqlite driver interferes with this behavior
+by *not even emitting BEGIN* until the first write operation.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's transactional scope is impacted by unresolved
+    issues in the pysqlite driver, which defers BEGIN statements to a greater
+    degree than is often feasible. See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    or :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable` for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE...RETURNING
+---------------------------------
+
+The SQLite dialect supports SQLite 3.35's  ``INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE..RETURNING``
+syntax.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` may be used
+automatically in some cases in order to fetch newly generated identifiers in
+place of the traditional approach of using ``cursor.lastrowid``, however
+``cursor.lastrowid`` is currently still preferred for simple single-statement
+cases for its better performance.
+
+To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause, use the
+:meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.insert().
+        values(name='foo').
+        returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.update().
+        where(table.c.name=='foo').
+        values(name='bar').
+        returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.delete().
+        where(table.c.name=='foo').
+        returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  Added support for SQLite RETURNING
+
+SAVEPOINT Support
+----------------------------
+
+SQLite supports SAVEPOINTs, which only function once a transaction is
+begun.   SQLAlchemy's SAVEPOINT support is available using the
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method at the Core level, and
+:meth:`.Session.begin_nested` at the ORM level.   However, SAVEPOINTs
+won't work at all with pysqlite unless workarounds are taken.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's SAVEPOINT feature is impacted by unresolved
+    issues in the pysqlite and aiosqlite drivers, which defer BEGIN statements
+    to a greater degree than is often feasible. See the sections
+    :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` and :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+Transactional DDL
+----------------------------
+
+The SQLite database supports transactional :term:`DDL` as well.
+In this case, the pysqlite driver is not only failing to start transactions,
+it also is ending any existing transaction when DDL is detected, so again,
+workarounds are required.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's transactional DDL is impacted by unresolved issues
+    in the pysqlite driver, which fails to emit BEGIN and additionally
+    forces a COMMIT to cancel any transaction when DDL is encountered.
+    See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+.. _sqlite_foreign_keys:
+
+Foreign Key Support
+-------------------
+
+SQLite supports FOREIGN KEY syntax when emitting CREATE statements for tables,
+however by default these constraints have no effect on the operation of the
+table.
+
+Constraint checking on SQLite has three prerequisites:
+
+* At least version 3.6.19 of SQLite must be in use
+* The SQLite library must be compiled *without* the SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  or SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER symbols enabled.
+* The ``PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON`` statement must be emitted on all
+  connections before use -- including the initial call to
+  :meth:`sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+SQLAlchemy allows for the ``PRAGMA`` statement to be emitted automatically for
+new connections through the usage of events::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    @event.listens_for(Engine, "connect")
+    def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        cursor.close()
+
+.. warning::
+
+    When SQLite foreign keys are enabled, it is **not possible**
+    to emit CREATE or DROP statements for tables that contain
+    mutually-dependent foreign key constraints;
+    to emit the DDL for these tables requires that ALTER TABLE be used to
+    create or drop these constraints separately, for which SQLite has
+    no support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite Foreign Key Support <https://www.sqlite.org/foreignkeys.html>`_
+    - on the SQLite web site.
+
+    :ref:`event_toplevel` - SQLAlchemy event API.
+
+    :ref:`use_alter` - more information on SQLAlchemy's facilities for handling
+     mutually-dependent foreign key constraints.
+
+.. _sqlite_on_conflict_ddl:
+
+ON CONFLICT support for constraints
+-----------------------------------
+
+.. seealso:: This section describes the :term:`DDL` version of "ON CONFLICT" for
+   SQLite, which occurs within a CREATE TABLE statement.  For "ON CONFLICT" as
+   applied to an INSERT statement, see :ref:`sqlite_on_conflict_insert`.
+
+SQLite supports a non-standard DDL clause known as ON CONFLICT which can be applied
+to primary key, unique, check, and not null constraints.   In DDL, it is
+rendered either within the "CONSTRAINT" clause or within the column definition
+itself depending on the location of the target constraint.    To render this
+clause within DDL, the extension parameter ``sqlite_on_conflict`` can be
+specified with a string conflict resolution algorithm within the
+:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
+:class:`.CheckConstraint` objects.  Within the :class:`_schema.Column` object,
+there
+are individual parameters ``sqlite_on_conflict_not_null``,
+``sqlite_on_conflict_primary_key``, ``sqlite_on_conflict_unique`` which each
+correspond to the three types of relevant constraint types that can be
+indicated from a :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `ON CONFLICT <https://www.sqlite.org/lang_conflict.html>`_ - in the SQLite
+    documentation
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+The ``sqlite_on_conflict`` parameters accept a  string argument which is just
+the resolution name to be chosen, which on SQLite can be one of ROLLBACK,
+ABORT, FAIL, IGNORE, and REPLACE.   For example, to add a UNIQUE constraint
+that specifies the IGNORE algorithm::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        'some_table', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', Integer),
+        UniqueConstraint('id', 'data', sqlite_on_conflict='IGNORE')
+    )
+
+The above renders CREATE TABLE DDL as::
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        data INTEGER,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id),
+        UNIQUE (id, data) ON CONFLICT IGNORE
+    )
+
+
+When using the :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique`
+flag to add a UNIQUE constraint
+to a single column, the ``sqlite_on_conflict_unique`` parameter can
+be added to the :class:`_schema.Column` as well, which will be added to the
+UNIQUE constraint in the DDL::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        'some_table', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', Integer, unique=True,
+               sqlite_on_conflict_unique='IGNORE')
+    )
+
+rendering::
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        data INTEGER,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id),
+        UNIQUE (data) ON CONFLICT IGNORE
+    )
+
+To apply the FAIL algorithm for a NOT NULL constraint,
+``sqlite_on_conflict_not_null`` is used::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        'some_table', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', Integer, nullable=False,
+               sqlite_on_conflict_not_null='FAIL')
+    )
+
+this renders the column inline ON CONFLICT phrase::
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        data INTEGER NOT NULL ON CONFLICT FAIL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+
+Similarly, for an inline primary key, use ``sqlite_on_conflict_primary_key``::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        'some_table', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+               sqlite_on_conflict_primary_key='FAIL')
+    )
+
+SQLAlchemy renders the PRIMARY KEY constraint separately, so the conflict
+resolution algorithm is applied to the constraint itself::
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id) ON CONFLICT FAIL
+    )
+
+.. _sqlite_on_conflict_insert:
+
+INSERT...ON CONFLICT (Upsert)
+-----------------------------------
+
+.. seealso:: This section describes the :term:`DML` version of "ON CONFLICT" for
+   SQLite, which occurs within an INSERT statement.  For "ON CONFLICT" as
+   applied to a CREATE TABLE statement, see :ref:`sqlite_on_conflict_ddl`.
+
+From version 3.24.0 onwards, SQLite supports "upserts" (update or insert)
+of rows into a table via the ``ON CONFLICT`` clause of the ``INSERT``
+statement. A candidate row will only be inserted if that row does not violate
+any unique or primary key constraints. In the case of a unique constraint violation, a
+secondary action can occur which can be either "DO UPDATE", indicating that
+the data in the target row should be updated, or "DO NOTHING", which indicates
+to silently skip this row.
+
+Conflicts are determined using columns that are part of existing unique
+constraints and indexes.  These constraints are identified by stating the
+columns and conditions that comprise the indexes.
+
+SQLAlchemy provides ``ON CONFLICT`` support via the SQLite-specific
+:func:`_sqlite.insert()` function, which provides
+the generative methods :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`
+and :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert
+
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_existing_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value')
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?{stop}
+
+    >>> do_nothing_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(
+    ...     index_elements=['id']
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_nothing_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Upsert
+    <https://sqlite.org/lang_UPSERT.html>`_
+    - in the SQLite documentation.
+
+
+Specifying the Target
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Both methods supply the "target" of the conflict using column inference:
+
+* The :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements` argument
+  specifies a sequence containing string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+  objects, and/or SQL expression elements, which would identify a unique index
+  or unique constraint.
+
+* When using :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements`
+  to infer an index, a partial index can be inferred by also specifying the
+  :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_where` parameter:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(user_email='a@b.com', data='inserted data')
+
+        >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+        ...     index_elements=[my_table.c.user_email],
+        ...     index_where=my_table.c.user_email.like('%@gmail.com'),
+        ...     set_=dict(data=stmt.excluded.data)
+        ...     )
+
+        >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+        {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (data, user_email) VALUES (?, ?)
+        ON CONFLICT (user_email)
+        WHERE user_email LIKE '%@gmail.com'
+        DO UPDATE SET data = excluded.data
+
+The SET Clause
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT...DO UPDATE`` is used to perform an update of the already
+existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values
+from the proposed insertion. These values are specified using the
+:paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` parameter.  This
+parameter accepts a dictionary which consists of direct values
+for UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id='some_id', data='inserted value')
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value')
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update` method does **not** take
+    into account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+    e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`. These
+    values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of UPDATE, unless
+    they are manually specified in the
+    :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+Updating using the Excluded INSERT Values
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias
+:attr:`~.sqlite.Insert.excluded` is available as an attribute on
+the :class:`_sqlite.Insert` object; this object creates an "excluded." prefix
+on a column, that informs the DO UPDATE to update the row with the value that
+would have been inserted had the constraint not failed:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value',
+    ...     author='jlh'
+    ... )
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value', author=stmt.excluded.author)
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?, author = excluded.author
+
+Additional WHERE Criteria
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update` method also accepts
+a WHERE clause using the :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.where`
+parameter, which will limit those rows which receive an UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id='some_id',
+    ...     data='inserted value',
+    ...     author='jlh'
+    ... )
+
+    >>> on_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=['id'],
+    ...     set_=dict(data='updated value', author=stmt.excluded.author),
+    ...     where=(my_table.c.status == 2)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(on_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?, author = excluded.author
+    WHERE my_table.status = ?
+
+
+Skipping Rows with DO NOTHING
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT`` may be used to skip inserting a row entirely
+if any conflict with a unique constraint occurs; below this is illustrated
+using the :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing` method:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id='some_id', data='inserted value')
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=['id'])
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?) ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+
+
+If ``DO NOTHING`` is used without specifying any columns or constraint,
+it has the effect of skipping the INSERT for any unique violation which
+occurs:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id='some_id', data='inserted value')
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+
+.. _sqlite_type_reflection:
+
+Type Reflection
+---------------
+
+SQLite types are unlike those of most other database backends, in that
+the string name of the type usually does not correspond to a "type" in a
+one-to-one fashion.  Instead, SQLite links per-column typing behavior
+to one of five so-called "type affinities" based on a string matching
+pattern for the type.
+
+SQLAlchemy's reflection process, when inspecting types, uses a simple
+lookup table to link the keywords returned to provided SQLAlchemy types.
+This lookup table is present within the SQLite dialect as it is for all
+other dialects.  However, the SQLite dialect has a different "fallback"
+routine for when a particular type name is not located in the lookup map;
+it instead implements the SQLite "type affinity" scheme located at
+https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+The provided typemap will make direct associations from an exact string
+name match for the following types:
+
+:class:`_types.BIGINT`, :class:`_types.BLOB`,
+:class:`_types.BOOLEAN`, :class:`_types.BOOLEAN`,
+:class:`_types.CHAR`, :class:`_types.DATE`,
+:class:`_types.DATETIME`, :class:`_types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`_types.DECIMAL`, :class:`_types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`_types.INTEGER`, :class:`_types.INTEGER`,
+:class:`_types.NUMERIC`, :class:`_types.REAL`,
+:class:`_types.SMALLINT`, :class:`_types.TEXT`,
+:class:`_types.TIME`, :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP`,
+:class:`_types.VARCHAR`, :class:`_types.NVARCHAR`,
+:class:`_types.NCHAR`
+
+When a type name does not match one of the above types, the "type affinity"
+lookup is used instead:
+
+* :class:`_types.INTEGER` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``INT``
+* :class:`_types.TEXT` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``CHAR``, ``CLOB`` or ``TEXT``
+* :class:`_types.NullType` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``BLOB``
+* :class:`_types.REAL` is returned if the type name includes the string
+  ``REAL``, ``FLOA`` or ``DOUB``.
+* Otherwise, the :class:`_types.NUMERIC` type is used.
+
+.. _sqlite_partial_index:
+
+Partial Indexes
+---------------
+
+A partial index, e.g. one which uses a WHERE clause, can be specified
+with the DDL system using the argument ``sqlite_where``::
+
+    tbl = Table('testtbl', m, Column('data', Integer))
+    idx = Index('test_idx1', tbl.c.data,
+                sqlite_where=and_(tbl.c.data > 5, tbl.c.data < 10))
+
+The index will be rendered at create time as::
+
+    CREATE INDEX test_idx1 ON testtbl (data)
+    WHERE data > 5 AND data < 10
+
+.. _sqlite_dotted_column_names:
+
+Dotted Column Names
+-------------------
+
+Using table or column names that explicitly have periods in them is
+**not recommended**.   While this is generally a bad idea for relational
+databases in general, as the dot is a syntactically significant character,
+the SQLite driver up until version **3.10.0** of SQLite has a bug which
+requires that SQLAlchemy filter out these dots in result sets.
+
+The bug, entirely outside of SQLAlchemy, can be illustrated thusly::
+
+    import sqlite3
+
+    assert sqlite3.sqlite_version_info < (3, 10, 0), "bug is fixed in this version"
+
+    conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+    cursor = conn.cursor()
+
+    cursor.execute("create table x (a integer, b integer)")
+    cursor.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 1)")
+    cursor.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (2, 2)")
+
+    cursor.execute("select x.a, x.b from x")
+    assert [c[0] for c in cursor.description] == ['a', 'b']
+
+    cursor.execute('''
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+    ''')
+    assert [c[0] for c in cursor.description] == ['a', 'b'], \
+        [c[0] for c in cursor.description]
+
+The second assertion fails::
+
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "test.py", line 19, in <module>
+        [c[0] for c in cursor.description]
+    AssertionError: ['x.a', 'x.b']
+
+Where above, the driver incorrectly reports the names of the columns
+including the name of the table, which is entirely inconsistent vs.
+when the UNION is not present.
+
+SQLAlchemy relies upon column names being predictable in how they match
+to the original statement, so the SQLAlchemy dialect has no choice but
+to filter these out::
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    eng = create_engine("sqlite://")
+    conn = eng.connect()
+
+    conn.exec_driver_sql("create table x (a integer, b integer)")
+    conn.exec_driver_sql("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 1)")
+    conn.exec_driver_sql("insert into x (a, b) values (2, 2)")
+
+    result = conn.exec_driver_sql("select x.a, x.b from x")
+    assert result.keys() == ["a", "b"]
+
+    result = conn.exec_driver_sql('''
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+    ''')
+    assert result.keys() == ["a", "b"]
+
+Note that above, even though SQLAlchemy filters out the dots, *both
+names are still addressable*::
+
+    >>> row = result.first()
+    >>> row["a"]
+    1
+    >>> row["x.a"]
+    1
+    >>> row["b"]
+    1
+    >>> row["x.b"]
+    1
+
+Therefore, the workaround applied by SQLAlchemy only impacts
+:meth:`_engine.CursorResult.keys` and :meth:`.Row.keys()` in the public API. In
+the very specific case where an application is forced to use column names that
+contain dots, and the functionality of :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.keys` and
+:meth:`.Row.keys()` is required to return these dotted names unmodified,
+the ``sqlite_raw_colnames`` execution option may be provided, either on a
+per-:class:`_engine.Connection` basis::
+
+    result = conn.execution_options(sqlite_raw_colnames=True).exec_driver_sql('''
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+    ''')
+    assert result.keys() == ["x.a", "x.b"]
+
+or on a per-:class:`_engine.Engine` basis::
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite://", execution_options={"sqlite_raw_colnames": True})
+
+When using the per-:class:`_engine.Engine` execution option, note that
+**Core and ORM queries that use UNION may not function properly**.
+
+SQLite-specific table options
+-----------------------------
+
+One option for CREATE TABLE is supported directly by the SQLite
+dialect in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
+
+* ``WITHOUT ROWID``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., sqlite_with_rowid=False)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite CREATE TABLE options
+    <https://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html>`_
+
+
+.. _sqlite_include_internal:
+
+Reflecting internal schema tables
+----------------------------------
+
+Reflection methods that return lists of tables will omit so-called
+"SQLite internal schema object" names, which are considered by SQLite
+as any object name that is prefixed with ``sqlite_``.  An example of
+such an object is the ``sqlite_sequence`` table that's generated when
+the ``AUTOINCREMENT`` column parameter is used.   In order to return
+these objects, the parameter ``sqlite_include_internal=True`` may be
+passed to methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` or
+:meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  Added the ``sqlite_include_internal=True`` parameter.
+   Previously, these tables were not ignored by SQLAlchemy reflection
+   methods.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The ``sqlite_include_internal`` parameter does not refer to the
+    "system" tables that are present in schemas such as ``sqlite_master``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite Internal Schema Objects <https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#intschema>`_ - in the SQLite
+    documentation.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import numbers
+import re
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import sql
+from ... import text
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import ColumnElement
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...types import BLOB  # noqa
+from ...types import BOOLEAN  # noqa
+from ...types import CHAR  # noqa
+from ...types import DECIMAL  # noqa
+from ...types import FLOAT  # noqa
+from ...types import INTEGER  # noqa
+from ...types import NUMERIC  # noqa
+from ...types import REAL  # noqa
+from ...types import SMALLINT  # noqa
+from ...types import TEXT  # noqa
+from ...types import TIMESTAMP  # noqa
+from ...types import VARCHAR  # noqa
+
+
+class _SQliteJson(JSON):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        default_processor = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+        def process(value):
+            try:
+                return default_processor(value)
+            except TypeError:
+                if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _DateTimeMixin:
+    _reg = None
+    _storage_format = None
+
+    def __init__(self, storage_format=None, regexp=None, **kw):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        if regexp is not None:
+            self._reg = re.compile(regexp)
+        if storage_format is not None:
+            self._storage_format = storage_format
+
+    @property
+    def format_is_text_affinity(self):
+        """return True if the storage format will automatically imply
+        a TEXT affinity.
+
+        If the storage format contains no non-numeric characters,
+        it will imply a NUMERIC storage format on SQLite; in this case,
+        the type will generate its DDL as DATE_CHAR, DATETIME_CHAR,
+        TIME_CHAR.
+
+        """
+        spec = self._storage_format % {
+            "year": 0,
+            "month": 0,
+            "day": 0,
+            "hour": 0,
+            "minute": 0,
+            "second": 0,
+            "microsecond": 0,
+        }
+        return bool(re.search(r"[^0-9]", spec))
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if issubclass(cls, _DateTimeMixin):
+            if self._storage_format:
+                kw["storage_format"] = self._storage_format
+            if self._reg:
+                kw["regexp"] = self._reg
+        return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        bp = self.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            return "'%s'" % bp(value)
+
+        return process
+
+
+class DATETIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    r"""Represent a Python datetime object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d %(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        2021-03-15 12:05:57.105542
+
+    The incoming storage format is by default parsed using the
+    Python ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` is used for default
+       datetime string parsing.
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATETIME
+
+        dt = DATETIME(storage_format="%(year)04d/%(month)02d/%(day)02d "
+                                     "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d",
+                      regexp=r"(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+) (\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)"
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows, replacing the use of ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` to parse incoming
+     strings. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python datetime() constructor as keyword arguments.
+     Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the datetime() constructor
+     is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    _storage_format = (
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop("truncate_microseconds", False)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert "storage_format" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only "
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            )
+            assert "regexp" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only one of "
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            )
+            self._storage_format = (
+                "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+                "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+            )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_datetime = datetime.datetime
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format_ = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_datetime):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "year": value.year,
+                    "month": value.month,
+                    "day": value.day,
+                    "hour": value.hour,
+                    "minute": value.minute,
+                    "second": value.second,
+                    "microsecond": value.microsecond,
+                }
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "year": value.year,
+                    "month": value.month,
+                    "day": value.day,
+                    "hour": 0,
+                    "minute": 0,
+                    "second": 0,
+                    "microsecond": 0,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "SQLite DateTime type only accepts Python "
+                    "datetime and date objects as input."
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.datetime
+            )
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime
+
+
+class DATE(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Date):
+    r"""Represent a Python date object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        2011-03-15
+
+    The incoming storage format is by default parsed using the
+    Python ``date.fromisoformat()`` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``date.fromisoformat()`` is used for default
+       date string parsing.
+
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATE
+
+        d = DATE(
+                storage_format="%(month)02d/%(day)02d/%(year)04d",
+                regexp=re.compile("(?P<month>\d+)/(?P<day>\d+)/(?P<year>\d+)")
+            )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the
+     dict with keys year, month, and day.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to
+     incoming result rows, replacing the use of ``date.fromisoformat()`` to
+     parse incoming strings. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting
+     match dict is applied to the Python date() constructor as keyword
+     arguments. Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the date()
+     constructor is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format_ = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "year": value.year,
+                    "month": value.month,
+                    "day": value.day,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "SQLite Date type only accepts Python "
+                    "date objects as input."
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.date
+            )
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_date
+
+
+class TIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Time):
+    r"""Represent a Python time object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        12:05:57.10558
+
+    The incoming storage format is by default parsed using the
+    Python ``time.fromisoformat()`` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``time.fromisoformat()`` is used for default
+       time string parsing.
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import TIME
+
+        t = TIME(storage_format="%(hour)02d-%(minute)02d-"
+                                "%(second)02d-%(microsecond)06d",
+                 regexp=re.compile("(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(?:-(\d+))?")
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows, replacing the use of ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` to parse incoming
+     strings. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python time() constructor as keyword arguments. Otherwise,
+     if positional groups are used, the time() constructor is called with
+     positional arguments via ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop("truncate_microseconds", False)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert "storage_format" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only "
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            )
+            assert "regexp" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only one of "
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            )
+            self._storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_time = datetime.time
+        format_ = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_time):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "hour": value.hour,
+                    "minute": value.minute,
+                    "second": value.second,
+                    "microsecond": value.microsecond,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "SQLite Time type only accepts Python "
+                    "time objects as input."
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.time
+            )
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_time
+
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Date: DATE,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATETIME,
+    sqltypes.JSON: _SQliteJson,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: JSONIndexType,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: JSONPathType,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "BIGINT": sqltypes.BIGINT,
+    "BLOB": sqltypes.BLOB,
+    "BOOL": sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    "BOOLEAN": sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    "CHAR": sqltypes.CHAR,
+    "DATE": sqltypes.DATE,
+    "DATE_CHAR": sqltypes.DATE,
+    "DATETIME": sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    "DATETIME_CHAR": sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    "DOUBLE": sqltypes.DOUBLE,
+    "DECIMAL": sqltypes.DECIMAL,
+    "FLOAT": sqltypes.FLOAT,
+    "INT": sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    "INTEGER": sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    "JSON": JSON,
+    "NUMERIC": sqltypes.NUMERIC,
+    "REAL": sqltypes.REAL,
+    "SMALLINT": sqltypes.SMALLINT,
+    "TEXT": sqltypes.TEXT,
+    "TIME": sqltypes.TIME,
+    "TIME_CHAR": sqltypes.TIME,
+    "TIMESTAMP": sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
+    "VARCHAR": sqltypes.VARCHAR,
+    "NVARCHAR": sqltypes.NVARCHAR,
+    "NCHAR": sqltypes.NCHAR,
+}
+
+
+class SQLiteCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            "month": "%m",
+            "day": "%d",
+            "year": "%Y",
+            "second": "%S",
+            "hour": "%H",
+            "doy": "%j",
+            "minute": "%M",
+            "epoch": "%s",
+            "dow": "%w",
+            "week": "%W",
+        },
+    )
+
+    def visit_truediv_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+            + " / "
+            + "(%s + 0.0)" % self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_localtimestamp_func(self, func, **kw):
+        return 'DATETIME(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, "localtime")'
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "length%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "group_concat%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.supports_cast:
+            return super().visit_cast(cast, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.process(cast.clause, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        try:
+            return "CAST(STRFTIME('%s', %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
+                self.extract_map[extract.field],
+                self.process(extract.expr, **kw),
+            )
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "%s is not a valid extract argument." % extract.field
+            ) from err
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self,
+        stmt,
+        returning_cols,
+        *,
+        populate_result_map,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        kw["include_table"] = False
+        return super().returning_clause(
+            stmt, returning_cols, populate_result_map=populate_result_map, **kw
+        )
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(sql.literal(-1))
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        else:
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(sql.literal(0), **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # sqlite has no "FOR UPDATE" AFAICT
+        return ""
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s IS NOT %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s IS %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            expr = "JSON_QUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s))"
+        else:
+            expr = "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)"
+
+        return expr % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            expr = "JSON_QUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s))"
+        else:
+            expr = "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)"
+
+        return expr % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_op_expr(self, type_, expand_op, **kw):
+        # slightly old SQLite versions don't seem to be able to handle
+        # the empty set impl
+        return self.visit_empty_set_expr(type_)
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        return "SELECT %s FROM (SELECT %s) WHERE 1!=1" % (
+            ", ".join("1" for type_ in element_types or [INTEGER()]),
+            ", ".join("1" for type_ in element_types or [INTEGER()]),
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " REGEXP ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " NOT REGEXP ", **kw)
+
+    def _on_conflict_target(self, clause, **kw):
+        if clause.constraint_target is not None:
+            target_text = "(%s)" % clause.constraint_target
+        elif clause.inferred_target_elements is not None:
+            target_text = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                (
+                    self.preparer.quote(c)
+                    if isinstance(c, str)
+                    else self.process(c, include_table=False, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                for c in clause.inferred_target_elements
+            )
+            if clause.inferred_target_whereclause is not None:
+                target_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                    clause.inferred_target_whereclause,
+                    include_table=False,
+                    use_schema=False,
+                    literal_binds=True,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            target_text = ""
+
+        return target_text
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_nothing(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        if target_text:
+            return "ON CONFLICT %s DO NOTHING" % target_text
+        else:
+            return "ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING"
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_update(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        clause = on_conflict
+
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        action_set_ops = []
+
+        set_parameters = dict(clause.update_values_to_set)
+        # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+
+        insert_statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+        cols = insert_statement.table.c
+        for c in cols:
+            col_key = c.key
+
+            if col_key in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(col_key)
+            elif c in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(c)
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                value = elements.BindParameter(None, value, type_=c.type)
+
+            else:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, elements.BindParameter)
+                    and value.type._isnull
+                ):
+                    value = value._clone()
+                    value.type = c.type
+            value_text = self.process(value.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+
+            key_text = self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+            action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        # check for names that don't match columns
+        if set_parameters:
+            util.warn(
+                "Additional column names not matching "
+                "any column keys in table '%s': %s"
+                % (
+                    self.current_executable.table.name,
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in set_parameters)),
+                )
+            )
+            for k, v in set_parameters.items():
+                key_text = (
+                    self.preparer.quote(k)
+                    if isinstance(k, str)
+                    else self.process(k, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                value_text = self.process(
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, v),
+                    use_schema=False,
+                )
+                action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        action_text = ", ".join(action_set_ops)
+        if clause.update_whereclause is not None:
+            action_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                clause.update_whereclause, include_table=True, use_schema=False
+            )
+
+        return "ON CONFLICT %s DO UPDATE SET %s" % (target_text, action_text)
+
+
+class SQLiteDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        coltype = self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+            column.type, type_expression=column
+        )
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + coltype
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            if isinstance(column.server_default.arg, ColumnElement):
+                default = "(" + default + ")"
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+
+            on_conflict_clause = column.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+                "on_conflict_not_null"
+            ]
+            if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+                colspec += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        if column.primary_key:
+            if (
+                column.autoincrement is True
+                and len(column.table.primary_key.columns) != 1
+            ):
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "SQLite does not support autoincrement for "
+                    "composite primary keys"
+                )
+
+            if (
+                column.table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["autoincrement"]
+                and len(column.table.primary_key.columns) == 1
+                and issubclass(column.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer)
+                and not column.foreign_keys
+            ):
+                colspec += " PRIMARY KEY"
+
+                on_conflict_clause = column.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+                    "on_conflict_primary_key"
+                ]
+                if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+                    colspec += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+                colspec += " AUTOINCREMENT"
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        # for columns with sqlite_autoincrement=True,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY constraint can only be inline
+        # with the column itself.
+        if len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            c = list(constraint)[0]
+            if (
+                c.primary_key
+                and c.table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["autoincrement"]
+                and issubclass(c.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer)
+                and not c.foreign_keys
+            ):
+                return None
+
+        text = super().visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
+
+        on_conflict_clause = constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+            "on_conflict"
+        ]
+        if on_conflict_clause is None and len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            on_conflict_clause = list(constraint)[0].dialect_options["sqlite"][
+                "on_conflict_primary_key"
+            ]
+
+        if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+            text += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_unique_constraint(constraint)
+
+        on_conflict_clause = constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+            "on_conflict"
+        ]
+        if on_conflict_clause is None and len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            col1 = list(constraint)[0]
+            if isinstance(col1, schema.SchemaItem):
+                on_conflict_clause = list(constraint)[0].dialect_options[
+                    "sqlite"
+                ]["on_conflict_unique"]
+
+        if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+            text += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_check_constraint(constraint)
+
+        on_conflict_clause = constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+            "on_conflict"
+        ]
+
+        if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+            text += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_column_check_constraint(constraint)
+
+        if constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"]["on_conflict"] is not None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "SQLite does not support on conflict clause for "
+                "column check constraint"
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        local_table = constraint.elements[0].parent.table
+        remote_table = constraint.elements[0].column.table
+
+        if local_table.schema != remote_table.schema:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().visit_foreign_key_constraint(constraint)
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table, use_schema=False)
+
+    def visit_create_index(
+        self, create, include_schema=False, include_table_schema=True, **kw
+    ):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table, use_schema=False),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            ),
+        )
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["sqlite"]["where"]
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        if table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["with_rowid"] is False:
+            return "\n WITHOUT ROWID"
+        return ""
+
+
+class SQLiteTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin)
+            or type_.format_is_text_affinity
+        ):
+            return super().visit_DATETIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin)
+            or type_.format_is_text_affinity
+        ):
+            return super().visit_DATE(type_)
+        else:
+            return "DATE_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin)
+            or type_.format_is_text_affinity
+        ):
+            return super().visit_TIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return "TIME_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        # note this name provides NUMERIC affinity, not TEXT.
+        # should not be an issue unless the JSON value consists of a single
+        # numeric value.   JSONTEXT can be used if this case is required.
+        return "JSON"
+
+
+class SQLiteIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = {
+        "add",
+        "after",
+        "all",
+        "alter",
+        "analyze",
+        "and",
+        "as",
+        "asc",
+        "attach",
+        "autoincrement",
+        "before",
+        "begin",
+        "between",
+        "by",
+        "cascade",
+        "case",
+        "cast",
+        "check",
+        "collate",
+        "column",
+        "commit",
+        "conflict",
+        "constraint",
+        "create",
+        "cross",
+        "current_date",
+        "current_time",
+        "current_timestamp",
+        "database",
+        "default",
+        "deferrable",
+        "deferred",
+        "delete",
+        "desc",
+        "detach",
+        "distinct",
+        "drop",
+        "each",
+        "else",
+        "end",
+        "escape",
+        "except",
+        "exclusive",
+        "exists",
+        "explain",
+        "false",
+        "fail",
+        "for",
+        "foreign",
+        "from",
+        "full",
+        "glob",
+        "group",
+        "having",
+        "if",
+        "ignore",
+        "immediate",
+        "in",
+        "index",
+        "indexed",
+        "initially",
+        "inner",
+        "insert",
+        "instead",
+        "intersect",
+        "into",
+        "is",
+        "isnull",
+        "join",
+        "key",
+        "left",
+        "like",
+        "limit",
+        "match",
+        "natural",
+        "not",
+        "notnull",
+        "null",
+        "of",
+        "offset",
+        "on",
+        "or",
+        "order",
+        "outer",
+        "plan",
+        "pragma",
+        "primary",
+        "query",
+        "raise",
+        "references",
+        "reindex",
+        "rename",
+        "replace",
+        "restrict",
+        "right",
+        "rollback",
+        "row",
+        "select",
+        "set",
+        "table",
+        "temp",
+        "temporary",
+        "then",
+        "to",
+        "transaction",
+        "trigger",
+        "true",
+        "union",
+        "unique",
+        "update",
+        "using",
+        "vacuum",
+        "values",
+        "view",
+        "virtual",
+        "when",
+        "where",
+    }
+
+
+class SQLiteExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _preserve_raw_colnames(self):
+        return (
+            not self.dialect._broken_dotted_colnames
+            or self.execution_options.get("sqlite_raw_colnames", False)
+        )
+
+    def _translate_colname(self, colname):
+        # TODO: detect SQLite version 3.10.0 or greater;
+        # see [ticket:3633]
+
+        # adjust for dotted column names.  SQLite
+        # in the case of UNION may store col names as
+        # "tablename.colname", or if using an attached database,
+        # "database.tablename.colname", in cursor.description
+        if not self._preserve_raw_colnames and "." in colname:
+            return colname.split(".")[-1], colname
+        else:
+            return colname, None
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = "sqlite"
+    supports_alter = False
+
+    # SQlite supports "DEFAULT VALUES" but *does not* support
+    # "VALUES (DEFAULT)"
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_default_metavalue = False
+
+    # sqlite issue:
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/93421
+    # note this parameter is no longer used by the ORM or default dialect
+    # see #9414
+    supports_sane_rowcount_returning = False
+
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_cast = True
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    use_insertmanyvalues = True
+    tuple_in_values = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = True
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+    delete_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+    """dialect supports INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax"""
+
+    default_metavalue_token = "NULL"
+    """for INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the
+    parenthesis."""
+
+    default_paramstyle = "qmark"
+    execution_ctx_cls = SQLiteExecutionContext
+    statement_compiler = SQLiteCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = SQLiteDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = SQLiteTypeCompiler
+    preparer = SQLiteIdentifierPreparer
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (
+            sa_schema.Table,
+            {
+                "autoincrement": False,
+                "with_rowid": True,
+            },
+        ),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {"where": None}),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Column,
+            {
+                "on_conflict_primary_key": None,
+                "on_conflict_not_null": None,
+                "on_conflict_unique": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (sa_schema.Constraint, {"on_conflict": None}),
+    ]
+
+    _broken_fk_pragma_quotes = False
+    _broken_dotted_colnames = False
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        _json_serializer=(
+            "1.3.7",
+            "The _json_serializer argument to the SQLite dialect has "
+            "been renamed to the correct name of json_serializer.  The old "
+            "argument name will be removed in a future release.",
+        ),
+        _json_deserializer=(
+            "1.3.7",
+            "The _json_deserializer argument to the SQLite dialect has "
+            "been renamed to the correct name of json_deserializer.  The old "
+            "argument name will be removed in a future release.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native_datetime=False,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        _json_serializer=None,
+        _json_deserializer=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        if _json_serializer:
+            json_serializer = _json_serializer
+        if _json_deserializer:
+            json_deserializer = _json_deserializer
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+
+        # this flag used by pysqlite dialect, and perhaps others in the
+        # future, to indicate the driver is handling date/timestamp
+        # conversions (and perhaps datetime/time as well on some hypothetical
+        # driver ?)
+        self.native_datetime = native_datetime
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            if self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 7, 16):
+                util.warn(
+                    "SQLite version %s is older than 3.7.16, and will not "
+                    "support right nested joins, as are sometimes used in "
+                    "more complex ORM scenarios.  SQLAlchemy 1.4 and above "
+                    "no longer tries to rewrite these joins."
+                    % (self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info,)
+                )
+
+            # NOTE: python 3.7 on fedora for me has SQLite 3.34.1.  These
+            # version checks are getting very stale.
+            self._broken_dotted_colnames = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (
+                3,
+                10,
+                0,
+            )
+            self.supports_default_values = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (
+                3,
+                3,
+                8,
+            )
+            self.supports_cast = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 2, 3)
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = (
+                # https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_7_11.html
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info
+                >= (3, 7, 11)
+            )
+            # see https://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/ticket/2568
+            # as well as https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/600482d161
+            self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (
+                3,
+                6,
+                14,
+            )
+
+            if self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 35) or util.pypy:
+                self.update_returning = self.delete_returning = (
+                    self.insert_returning
+                ) = False
+
+            if self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 32, 0):
+                # https://www.sqlite.org/limits.html
+                self.insertmanyvalues_max_parameters = 999
+
+    _isolation_lookup = util.immutabledict(
+        {"READ UNCOMMITTED": 1, "SERIALIZABLE": 0}
+    )
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return list(self._isolation_lookup)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        isolation_level = self._isolation_lookup[level]
+
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(f"PRAGMA read_uncommitted = {isolation_level}")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA read_uncommitted")
+        res = cursor.fetchone()
+        if res:
+            value = res[0]
+        else:
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/changes.html#version_3_3_3
+            # "Optional READ UNCOMMITTED isolation (instead of the
+            # default isolation level of SERIALIZABLE) and
+            # table level locking when database connections
+            # share a common cache.""
+            # pre-SQLite 3.3.0 default to 0
+            value = 0
+        cursor.close()
+        if value == 0:
+            return "SERIALIZABLE"
+        elif value == 1:
+            return "READ UNCOMMITTED"
+        else:
+            assert False, "Unknown isolation level %s" % value
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = "PRAGMA database_list"
+        dl = connection.exec_driver_sql(s)
+
+        return [db[1] for db in dl if db[1] != "temp"]
+
+    def _format_schema(self, schema, table_name):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            name = f"{qschema}.{table_name}"
+        else:
+            name = table_name
+        return name
+
+    def _sqlite_main_query(
+        self,
+        table: str,
+        type_: str,
+        schema: Optional[str],
+        sqlite_include_internal: bool,
+    ):
+        main = self._format_schema(schema, table)
+        if not sqlite_include_internal:
+            filter_table = " AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite~_%' ESCAPE '~'"
+        else:
+            filter_table = ""
+        query = (
+            f"SELECT name FROM {main} "
+            f"WHERE type='{type_}'{filter_table} "
+            "ORDER BY name"
+        )
+        return query
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, connection, schema=None, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_master", "table", schema, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(
+        self, connection, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_temp_master", "table", None, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_view_names(
+        self, connection, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_temp_master", "view", None, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        if schema is not None and schema not in self.get_schema_names(
+            connection, **kw
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        info = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "table_info", table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+        return bool(info)
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return "main"
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, connection, schema=None, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_master", "view", schema, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = f"{qschema}.sqlite_master"
+            s = ("SELECT sql FROM %s WHERE name = ? AND type='view'") % (
+                master,
+            )
+            rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (view_name,))
+        else:
+            try:
+                s = (
+                    "SELECT sql FROM "
+                    " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                    "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                    "WHERE name = ? "
+                    "AND type='view'"
+                )
+                rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (view_name,))
+            except exc.DBAPIError:
+                s = (
+                    "SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = ? "
+                    "AND type='view'"
+                )
+                rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (view_name,))
+
+        result = rs.fetchall()
+        if result:
+            return result[0].sql
+        else:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{view_name}" if schema else view_name
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        pragma = "table_info"
+        # computed columns are threaded as hidden, they require table_xinfo
+        if self.server_version_info >= (3, 31):
+            pragma = "table_xinfo"
+        info = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, pragma, table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+        columns = []
+        tablesql = None
+        for row in info:
+            name = row[1]
+            type_ = row[2].upper()
+            nullable = not row[3]
+            default = row[4]
+            primary_key = row[5]
+            hidden = row[6] if pragma == "table_xinfo" else 0
+
+            # hidden has value 0 for normal columns, 1 for hidden columns,
+            # 2 for computed virtual columns and 3 for computed stored columns
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/069351b85f9a706f60d3e98fbc8aaf40c374356b967c0464aede30ead3d9d18b
+            if hidden == 1:
+                continue
+
+            generated = bool(hidden)
+            persisted = hidden == 3
+
+            if tablesql is None and generated:
+                tablesql = self._get_table_sql(
+                    connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+                )
+
+            columns.append(
+                self._get_column_info(
+                    name,
+                    type_,
+                    nullable,
+                    default,
+                    primary_key,
+                    generated,
+                    persisted,
+                    tablesql,
+                )
+            )
+        if columns:
+            return columns
+        elif not self.has_table(connection, table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table_name}" if schema else table_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.columns()
+
+    def _get_column_info(
+        self,
+        name,
+        type_,
+        nullable,
+        default,
+        primary_key,
+        generated,
+        persisted,
+        tablesql,
+    ):
+        if generated:
+            # the type of a column "cc INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS (1 + 42)"
+            # somehow is "INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS"
+            type_ = re.sub("generated", "", type_, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            type_ = re.sub("always", "", type_, flags=re.IGNORECASE).strip()
+
+        coltype = self._resolve_type_affinity(type_)
+
+        if default is not None:
+            default = str(default)
+
+        colspec = {
+            "name": name,
+            "type": coltype,
+            "nullable": nullable,
+            "default": default,
+            "primary_key": primary_key,
+        }
+        if generated:
+            sqltext = ""
+            if tablesql:
+                pattern = r"[^,]*\s+AS\s+\(([^,]*)\)\s*(?:virtual|stored)?"
+                match = re.search(
+                    re.escape(name) + pattern, tablesql, re.IGNORECASE
+                )
+                if match:
+                    sqltext = match.group(1)
+            colspec["computed"] = {"sqltext": sqltext, "persisted": persisted}
+        return colspec
+
+    def _resolve_type_affinity(self, type_):
+        """Return a data type from a reflected column, using affinity rules.
+
+        SQLite's goal for universal compatibility introduces some complexity
+        during reflection, as a column's defined type might not actually be a
+        type that SQLite understands - or indeed, my not be defined *at all*.
+        Internally, SQLite handles this with a 'data type affinity' for each
+        column definition, mapping to one of 'TEXT', 'NUMERIC', 'INTEGER',
+        'REAL', or 'NONE' (raw bits). The algorithm that determines this is
+        listed in https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+        This method allows SQLAlchemy to support that algorithm, while still
+        providing access to smarter reflection utilities by recognizing
+        column definitions that SQLite only supports through affinity (like
+        DATE and DOUBLE).
+
+        """
+        match = re.match(r"([\w ]+)(\(.*?\))?", type_)
+        if match:
+            coltype = match.group(1)
+            args = match.group(2)
+        else:
+            coltype = ""
+            args = ""
+
+        if coltype in self.ischema_names:
+            coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+        elif "INT" in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.INTEGER
+        elif "CHAR" in coltype or "CLOB" in coltype or "TEXT" in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.TEXT
+        elif "BLOB" in coltype or not coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NullType
+        elif "REAL" in coltype or "FLOA" in coltype or "DOUB" in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.REAL
+        else:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NUMERIC
+
+        if args is not None:
+            args = re.findall(r"(\d+)", args)
+            try:
+                coltype = coltype(*[int(a) for a in args])
+            except TypeError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Could not instantiate type %s with "
+                    "reflected arguments %s; using no arguments."
+                    % (coltype, args)
+                )
+                coltype = coltype()
+        else:
+            coltype = coltype()
+
+        return coltype
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        constraint_name = None
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(connection, table_name, schema=schema)
+        if table_data:
+            PK_PATTERN = r"CONSTRAINT (\w+) PRIMARY KEY"
+            result = re.search(PK_PATTERN, table_data, re.I)
+            constraint_name = result.group(1) if result else None
+
+        cols = self.get_columns(connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        # consider only pk columns. This also avoids sorting the cached
+        # value returned by get_columns
+        cols = [col for col in cols if col.get("primary_key", 0) > 0]
+        cols.sort(key=lambda col: col.get("primary_key"))
+        pkeys = [col["name"] for col in cols]
+
+        if pkeys:
+            return {"constrained_columns": pkeys, "name": constraint_name}
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # sqlite makes this *extremely difficult*.
+        # First, use the pragma to get the actual FKs.
+        pragma_fks = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "foreign_key_list", table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+
+        fks = {}
+
+        for row in pragma_fks:
+            (numerical_id, rtbl, lcol, rcol) = (row[0], row[2], row[3], row[4])
+
+            if not rcol:
+                # no referred column, which means it was not named in the
+                # original DDL.  The referred columns of the foreign key
+                # constraint are therefore the primary key of the referred
+                # table.
+                try:
+                    referred_pk = self.get_pk_constraint(
+                        connection, rtbl, schema=schema, **kw
+                    )
+                    referred_columns = referred_pk["constrained_columns"]
+                except exc.NoSuchTableError:
+                    # ignore not existing parents
+                    referred_columns = []
+            else:
+                # note we use this list only if this is the first column
+                # in the constraint.  for subsequent columns we ignore the
+                # list and append "rcol" if present.
+                referred_columns = []
+
+            if self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes:
+                rtbl = re.sub(r"^[\"\[`\']|[\"\]`\']$", "", rtbl)
+
+            if numerical_id in fks:
+                fk = fks[numerical_id]
+            else:
+                fk = fks[numerical_id] = {
+                    "name": None,
+                    "constrained_columns": [],
+                    "referred_schema": schema,
+                    "referred_table": rtbl,
+                    "referred_columns": referred_columns,
+                    "options": {},
+                }
+                fks[numerical_id] = fk
+
+            fk["constrained_columns"].append(lcol)
+
+            if rcol:
+                fk["referred_columns"].append(rcol)
+
+        def fk_sig(constrained_columns, referred_table, referred_columns):
+            return (
+                tuple(constrained_columns)
+                + (referred_table,)
+                + tuple(referred_columns)
+            )
+
+        # then, parse the actual SQL and attempt to find DDL that matches
+        # the names as well.   SQLite saves the DDL in whatever format
+        # it was typed in as, so need to be liberal here.
+
+        keys_by_signature = {
+            fk_sig(
+                fk["constrained_columns"],
+                fk["referred_table"],
+                fk["referred_columns"],
+            ): fk
+            for fk in fks.values()
+        }
+
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(connection, table_name, schema=schema)
+
+        def parse_fks():
+            if table_data is None:
+                # system tables, etc.
+                return
+
+            # note that we already have the FKs from PRAGMA above.  This whole
+            # regexp thing is trying to locate additional detail about the
+            # FKs, namely the name of the constraint and other options.
+            # so parsing the columns is really about matching it up to what
+            # we already have.
+            FK_PATTERN = (
+                r"(?:CONSTRAINT (\w+) +)?"
+                r"FOREIGN KEY *\( *(.+?) *\) +"
+                r'REFERENCES +(?:(?:"(.+?)")|([a-z0-9_]+)) *\( *((?:(?:"[^"]+"|[a-z0-9_]+) *(?:, *)?)+)\) *'  # noqa: E501
+                r"((?:ON (?:DELETE|UPDATE) "
+                r"(?:SET NULL|SET DEFAULT|CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION) *)*)"
+                r"((?:NOT +)?DEFERRABLE)?"
+                r"(?: +INITIALLY +(DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE))?"
+            )
+            for match in re.finditer(FK_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                (
+                    constraint_name,
+                    constrained_columns,
+                    referred_quoted_name,
+                    referred_name,
+                    referred_columns,
+                    onupdatedelete,
+                    deferrable,
+                    initially,
+                ) = match.group(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+                constrained_columns = list(
+                    self._find_cols_in_sig(constrained_columns)
+                )
+                if not referred_columns:
+                    referred_columns = constrained_columns
+                else:
+                    referred_columns = list(
+                        self._find_cols_in_sig(referred_columns)
+                    )
+                referred_name = referred_quoted_name or referred_name
+                options = {}
+
+                for token in re.split(r" *\bON\b *", onupdatedelete.upper()):
+                    if token.startswith("DELETE"):
+                        ondelete = token[6:].strip()
+                        if ondelete and ondelete != "NO ACTION":
+                            options["ondelete"] = ondelete
+                    elif token.startswith("UPDATE"):
+                        onupdate = token[6:].strip()
+                        if onupdate and onupdate != "NO ACTION":
+                            options["onupdate"] = onupdate
+
+                if deferrable:
+                    options["deferrable"] = "NOT" not in deferrable.upper()
+                if initially:
+                    options["initially"] = initially.upper()
+
+                yield (
+                    constraint_name,
+                    constrained_columns,
+                    referred_name,
+                    referred_columns,
+                    options,
+                )
+
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for (
+            constraint_name,
+            constrained_columns,
+            referred_name,
+            referred_columns,
+            options,
+        ) in parse_fks():
+            sig = fk_sig(constrained_columns, referred_name, referred_columns)
+            if sig not in keys_by_signature:
+                util.warn(
+                    "WARNING: SQL-parsed foreign key constraint "
+                    "'%s' could not be located in PRAGMA "
+                    "foreign_keys for table %s" % (sig, table_name)
+                )
+                continue
+            key = keys_by_signature.pop(sig)
+            key["name"] = constraint_name
+            key["options"] = options
+            fkeys.append(key)
+        # assume the remainders are the unnamed, inline constraints, just
+        # use them as is as it's extremely difficult to parse inline
+        # constraints
+        fkeys.extend(keys_by_signature.values())
+        if fkeys:
+            return fkeys
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys()
+
+    def _find_cols_in_sig(self, sig):
+        for match in re.finditer(r'(?:"(.+?)")|([a-z0-9_]+)', sig, re.I):
+            yield match.group(1) or match.group(2)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        auto_index_by_sig = {}
+        for idx in self.get_indexes(
+            connection,
+            table_name,
+            schema=schema,
+            include_auto_indexes=True,
+            **kw,
+        ):
+            if not idx["name"].startswith("sqlite_autoindex"):
+                continue
+            sig = tuple(idx["column_names"])
+            auto_index_by_sig[sig] = idx
+
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw
+        )
+        unique_constraints = []
+
+        def parse_uqs():
+            if table_data is None:
+                return
+            UNIQUE_PATTERN = r'(?:CONSTRAINT "?(.+?)"? +)?UNIQUE *\((.+?)\)'
+            INLINE_UNIQUE_PATTERN = (
+                r'(?:(".+?")|(?:[\[`])?([a-z0-9_]+)(?:[\]`])?) '
+                r"+[a-z0-9_ ]+? +UNIQUE"
+            )
+
+            for match in re.finditer(UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                name, cols = match.group(1, 2)
+                yield name, list(self._find_cols_in_sig(cols))
+
+            # we need to match inlines as well, as we seek to differentiate
+            # a UNIQUE constraint from a UNIQUE INDEX, even though these
+            # are kind of the same thing :)
+            for match in re.finditer(INLINE_UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                cols = list(
+                    self._find_cols_in_sig(match.group(1) or match.group(2))
+                )
+                yield None, cols
+
+        for name, cols in parse_uqs():
+            sig = tuple(cols)
+            if sig in auto_index_by_sig:
+                auto_index_by_sig.pop(sig)
+                parsed_constraint = {"name": name, "column_names": cols}
+                unique_constraints.append(parsed_constraint)
+        # NOTE: auto_index_by_sig might not be empty here,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY may have an entry.
+        if unique_constraints:
+            return unique_constraints
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        CHECK_PATTERN = r"(?:CONSTRAINT (.+) +)?" r"CHECK *\( *(.+) *\),? *"
+        cks = []
+        # NOTE: we aren't using re.S here because we actually are
+        # taking advantage of each CHECK constraint being all on one
+        # line in the table definition in order to delineate.  This
+        # necessarily makes assumptions as to how the CREATE TABLE
+        # was emitted.
+
+        for match in re.finditer(CHECK_PATTERN, table_data or "", re.I):
+            name = match.group(1)
+
+            if name:
+                name = re.sub(r'^"|"$', "", name)
+
+            cks.append({"sqltext": match.group(2), "name": name})
+        cks.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        if cks:
+            return cks
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        pragma_indexes = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "index_list", table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+        indexes = []
+
+        # regular expression to extract the filter predicate of a partial
+        # index. this could fail to extract the predicate correctly on
+        # indexes created like
+        #   CREATE INDEX i ON t (col || ') where') WHERE col <> ''
+        # but as this function does not support expression-based indexes
+        # this case does not occur.
+        partial_pred_re = re.compile(r"\)\s+where\s+(.+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+
+        if schema:
+            schema_expr = "%s." % self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(
+                schema
+            )
+        else:
+            schema_expr = ""
+
+        include_auto_indexes = kw.pop("include_auto_indexes", False)
+        for row in pragma_indexes:
+            # ignore implicit primary key index.
+            # https://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users@sqlite.org/msg30517.html
+            if not include_auto_indexes and row[1].startswith(
+                "sqlite_autoindex"
+            ):
+                continue
+            indexes.append(
+                dict(
+                    name=row[1],
+                    column_names=[],
+                    unique=row[2],
+                    dialect_options={},
+                )
+            )
+
+            # check partial indexes
+            if len(row) >= 5 and row[4]:
+                s = (
+                    "SELECT sql FROM %(schema)ssqlite_master "
+                    "WHERE name = ? "
+                    "AND type = 'index'" % {"schema": schema_expr}
+                )
+                rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (row[1],))
+                index_sql = rs.scalar()
+                predicate_match = partial_pred_re.search(index_sql)
+                if predicate_match is None:
+                    # unless the regex is broken this case shouldn't happen
+                    # because we know this is a partial index, so the
+                    # definition sql should match the regex
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Failed to look up filter predicate of "
+                        "partial index %s" % row[1]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    predicate = predicate_match.group(1)
+                    indexes[-1]["dialect_options"]["sqlite_where"] = text(
+                        predicate
+                    )
+
+        # loop thru unique indexes to get the column names.
+        for idx in list(indexes):
+            pragma_index = self._get_table_pragma(
+                connection, "index_info", idx["name"], schema=schema
+            )
+
+            for row in pragma_index:
+                if row[2] is None:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Skipped unsupported reflection of "
+                        "expression-based index %s" % idx["name"]
+                    )
+                    indexes.remove(idx)
+                    break
+                else:
+                    idx["column_names"].append(row[2])
+
+        indexes.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        if indexes:
+            return indexes
+        elif not self.has_table(connection, table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table_name}" if schema else table_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.indexes()
+
+    def _is_sys_table(self, table_name):
+        return table_name in {
+            "sqlite_schema",
+            "sqlite_master",
+            "sqlite_temp_schema",
+            "sqlite_temp_master",
+        }
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_table_sql(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema:
+            schema_expr = "%s." % (
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            )
+        else:
+            schema_expr = ""
+        try:
+            s = (
+                "SELECT sql FROM "
+                " (SELECT * FROM %(schema)ssqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                "  SELECT * FROM %(schema)ssqlite_temp_master) "
+                "WHERE name = ? "
+                "AND type in ('table', 'view')" % {"schema": schema_expr}
+            )
+            rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (table_name,))
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            s = (
+                "SELECT sql FROM %(schema)ssqlite_master "
+                "WHERE name = ? "
+                "AND type in ('table', 'view')" % {"schema": schema_expr}
+            )
+            rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (table_name,))
+        value = rs.scalar()
+        if value is None and not self._is_sys_table(table_name):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(f"{schema_expr}{table_name}")
+        return value
+
+    def _get_table_pragma(self, connection, pragma, table_name, schema=None):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            statements = [f"PRAGMA {quote(schema)}."]
+        else:
+            # because PRAGMA looks in all attached databases if no schema
+            # given, need to specify "main" schema, however since we want
+            # 'temp' tables in the same namespace as 'main', need to run
+            # the PRAGMA twice
+            statements = ["PRAGMA main.", "PRAGMA temp."]
+
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        for statement in statements:
+            statement = f"{statement}{pragma}({qtable})"
+            cursor = connection.exec_driver_sql(statement)
+            if not cursor._soft_closed:
+                # work around SQLite issue whereby cursor.description
+                # is blank when PRAGMA returns no rows:
+                # https://www.sqlite.org/cvstrac/tktview?tn=1884
+                result = cursor.fetchall()
+            else:
+                result = []
+            if result:
+                return result
+        else:
+            return []
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/dml.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bbec9adcc8f5472a1d36e67f2ae6756ee935fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/dml.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexElementsT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexWhereT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictSetT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictWhereT
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+from ...sql.base import _exclusive_against
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ...sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+from ...sql.dml import Insert as StandardInsert
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+from ...sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ...sql.expression import alias
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+__all__ = ("Insert", "insert")
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct a sqlite-specific variant :class:`_sqlite.Insert`
+    construct.
+
+    .. container:: inherited_member
+
+        The :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.insert` function creates
+        a :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.Insert`.  This class is based
+        on the dialect-agnostic :class:`_sql.Insert` construct which may
+        be constructed using the :func:`_sql.insert` function in
+        SQLAlchemy Core.
+
+    The :class:`_sqlite.Insert` construct includes additional methods
+    :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`,
+    :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`.
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+class Insert(StandardInsert):
+    """SQLite-specific implementation of INSERT.
+
+    Adds methods for SQLite-specific syntaxes such as ON CONFLICT.
+
+    The :class:`_sqlite.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.insert` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sqlite_on_conflict_insert`
+
+    """
+
+    stringify_dialect = "sqlite"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def excluded(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Provide the ``excluded`` namespace for an ON CONFLICT statement
+
+        SQLite's ON CONFLICT clause allows reference to the row that would
+        be inserted, known as ``excluded``.  This attribute provides
+        all columns in this row to be referenceable.
+
+        .. tip::  The :attr:`_sqlite.Insert.excluded` attribute is an instance
+            of :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`, which provides an
+            interface the same as that of the :attr:`_schema.Table.c`
+            collection described at :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+            With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes
+            (e.g. ``stmt.excluded.some_column``), but special names and
+            dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access,
+            such as ``stmt.excluded["column name"]`` or
+            ``stmt.excluded["values"]``.  See the docstring for
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` for further examples.
+
+        """
+        return alias(self.table, name="excluded").columns
+
+    _on_conflict_exclusive = _exclusive_against(
+        "_post_values_clause",
+        msgs={
+            "_post_values_clause": "This Insert construct already has "
+            "an ON CONFLICT clause established"
+        },
+    )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_update(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Specifies a DO UPDATE SET action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index or unique constraint.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        :param set\_:
+         A dictionary or other mapping object
+         where the keys are either names of columns in the target table,
+         or :class:`_schema.Column` objects or other ORM-mapped columns
+         matching that of the target table, and expressions or literals
+         as values, specifying the ``SET`` actions to take.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4 The
+            :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_`
+            parameter supports :class:`_schema.Column` objects from the target
+            :class:`_schema.Table` as keys.
+
+         .. warning:: This dictionary does **not** take into account
+            Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+            e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+            These values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of
+            UPDATE, unless they are manually specified in the
+            :paramref:`.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+        :param where:
+         Optional argument. If present, can be a literal SQL
+         string or an acceptable expression for a ``WHERE`` clause
+         that restricts the rows affected by ``DO UPDATE SET``. Rows
+         not meeting the ``WHERE`` condition will not be updated
+         (effectively a ``DO NOTHING`` for those rows).
+
+        """
+
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoUpdate(
+            index_elements, index_where, set_, where
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_nothing(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Specifies a DO NOTHING action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index or unique constraint.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        """
+
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoNothing(
+            index_elements, index_where
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class OnConflictClause(ClauseElement):
+    stringify_dialect = "sqlite"
+
+    constraint_target: None
+    inferred_target_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT
+    inferred_target_whereclause: _OnConflictIndexWhereT
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        if index_elements is not None:
+            self.constraint_target = None
+            self.inferred_target_elements = index_elements
+            self.inferred_target_whereclause = index_where
+        else:
+            self.constraint_target = self.inferred_target_elements = (
+                self.inferred_target_whereclause
+            ) = None
+
+
+class OnConflictDoNothing(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_nothing"
+
+
+class OnConflictDoUpdate(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_update"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            index_elements=index_elements,
+            index_where=index_where,
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(set_, dict):
+            if not set_:
+                raise ValueError("set parameter dictionary must not be empty")
+        elif isinstance(set_, ColumnCollection):
+            set_ = dict(set_)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "set parameter must be a non-empty dictionary "
+                "or a ColumnCollection such as the `.c.` collection "
+                "of a Table object"
+            )
+        self.update_values_to_set = [
+            (coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, key), value)
+            for key, value in set_.items()
+        ]
+        self.update_whereclause = where
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/json.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48b8834aee9dbef40ff0731a121ab31282503343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/json.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """SQLite JSON type.
+
+    SQLite supports JSON as of version 3.9 through its JSON1_ extension. Note
+    that JSON1_ is a
+    `loadable extension <https://www.sqlite.org/loadext.html>`_ and as such
+    may not be available, or may require run-time loading.
+
+    :class:`_sqlite.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a SQLite backend.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The :class:`_sqlite.JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values
+    as well as the core index operations provided by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype, by adapting the operations to render the ``JSON_EXTRACT``
+    function wrapped in the ``JSON_QUOTE`` function at the database level.
+    Extracted values are quoted in order to ensure that the results are
+    always JSON string values.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+    .. _JSON1: https://www.sqlite.org/json1.html
+
+    """
+
+
+# Note: these objects currently match exactly those of MySQL, however since
+# these are not generalizable to all JSON implementations, remain separately
+# implemented for each dialect.
+class _FormatTypeMixin:
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSONIndexType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            value = "$[%s]" % value
+        else:
+            value = '$."%s"' % value
+        return value
+
+
+class JSONPathType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        return "$%s" % (
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    "[%s]" % elem if isinstance(elem, int) else '."%s"' % elem
+                    for elem in value
+                ]
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/provision.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2251002fbe6cc13f25549444f81a44c7dabb73ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/provision.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import os
+import re
+
+from ... import exc
+from ...engine import url as sa_url
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import follower_url_from_main
+from ...testing.provision import generate_driver_url
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import run_reap_dbs
+from ...testing.provision import stop_test_class_outside_fixtures
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import upsert
+
+
+# TODO: I can't get this to build dynamically with pytest-xdist procs
+_drivernames = {
+    "pysqlite",
+    "aiosqlite",
+    "pysqlcipher",
+    "pysqlite_numeric",
+    "pysqlite_dollar",
+}
+
+
+def _format_url(url, driver, ident):
+    """given a sqlite url + desired driver + ident, make a canonical
+    URL out of it
+
+    """
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+
+    if driver is None:
+        driver = url.get_driver_name()
+
+    filename = url.database
+
+    needs_enc = driver == "pysqlcipher"
+    name_token = None
+
+    if filename and filename != ":memory:":
+        assert "test_schema" not in filename
+        tokens = re.split(r"[_\.]", filename)
+
+        new_filename = f"{driver}"
+
+        for token in tokens:
+            if token in _drivernames:
+                if driver is None:
+                    driver = token
+                continue
+            elif token in ("db", "enc"):
+                continue
+            elif name_token is None:
+                name_token = token.strip("_")
+
+        assert name_token, f"sqlite filename has no name token: {url.database}"
+
+        new_filename = f"{name_token}_{driver}"
+        if ident:
+            new_filename += f"_{ident}"
+        new_filename += ".db"
+        if needs_enc:
+            new_filename += ".enc"
+        url = url.set(database=new_filename)
+
+    if needs_enc:
+        url = url.set(password="test")
+
+    url = url.set(drivername="sqlite+%s" % (driver,))
+
+    return url
+
+
+@generate_driver_url.for_db("sqlite")
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    url = _format_url(url, driver, None)
+
+    try:
+        url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return url
+
+
+@follower_url_from_main.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    return _format_url(url, None, ident)
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    if follower_ident:
+        attach_path = f"{follower_ident}_{engine.driver}_test_schema.db"
+    else:
+        attach_path = f"{engine.driver}_test_schema.db"
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # use file DBs in all cases, memory acts kind of strangely
+        # as an attached
+
+        # NOTE!  this has to be done *per connection*.  New sqlite connection,
+        # as we get with say, QueuePool, the attaches are gone.
+        # so schemes to delete those attached files have to be done at the
+        # filesystem level and not rely upon what attachments are in a
+        # particular SQLite connection
+        dbapi_connection.execute(
+            f'ATTACH DATABASE "{attach_path}" AS test_schema'
+        )
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "engine_disposed")
+    def dispose(engine):
+        """most databases should be dropped using
+        stop_test_class_outside_fixtures
+
+        however a few tests like AttachedDBTest might not get triggered on
+        that main hook
+
+        """
+
+        if os.path.exists(attach_path):
+            os.remove(attach_path)
+
+        filename = engine.url.database
+
+        if filename and filename != ":memory:" and os.path.exists(filename):
+            os.remove(filename)
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    pass
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    _drop_dbs_w_ident(eng.url.database, eng.driver, ident)
+
+
+def _drop_dbs_w_ident(databasename, driver, ident):
+    for path in os.listdir("."):
+        fname, ext = os.path.split(path)
+        if ident in fname and ext in [".db", ".db.enc"]:
+            log.info("deleting SQLite database file: %s", path)
+            os.remove(path)
+
+
+@stop_test_class_outside_fixtures.for_db("sqlite")
+def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, db, cls):
+    db.dispose()
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {"prefixes": ["TEMPORARY"]}
+
+
+@run_reap_dbs.for_db("sqlite")
+def _reap_sqlite_dbs(url, idents):
+    log.info("db reaper connecting to %r", url)
+    log.info("identifiers in file: %s", ", ".join(idents))
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    for ident in idents:
+        for drivername in _drivernames:
+            _drop_dbs_w_ident(url.database, drivername, ident)
+
+
+@upsert.for_db("sqlite")
+def _upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert
+
+    stmt = insert(table)
+
+    if set_lambda:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(set_=set_lambda(stmt.excluded))
+    else:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+
+    stmt = stmt.returning(
+        *returning, sort_by_parameter_order=sort_by_parameter_order
+    )
+    return stmt
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9af8610c318074264ef3f35286563afacde603b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlcipher
+    :name: pysqlcipher
+    :dbapi: sqlcipher 3 or pysqlcipher
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlcipher://:passphrase@/file_path[?kdf_iter=<iter>]
+
+    Dialect for support of DBAPIs that make use of the
+    `SQLCipher <https://www.zetetic.net/sqlcipher>`_ backend.
+
+
+Driver
+------
+
+Current dialect selection logic is:
+
+* If the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.module` parameter supplies a DBAPI module,
+  that module is used.
+* Otherwise for Python 3, choose https://pypi.org/project/sqlcipher3/
+* If not available, fall back to https://pypi.org/project/pysqlcipher3/
+* For Python 2, https://pypi.org/project/pysqlcipher/ is used.
+
+.. warning:: The ``pysqlcipher3`` and ``pysqlcipher`` DBAPI drivers are no
+   longer maintained; the ``sqlcipher3`` driver as of this writing appears
+   to be current.  For future compatibility, any pysqlcipher-compatible DBAPI
+   may be used as follows::
+
+        import sqlcipher_compatible_driver
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        e = create_engine(
+            "sqlite+pysqlcipher://:password@/dbname.db",
+            module=sqlcipher_compatible_driver
+        )
+
+These drivers make use of the SQLCipher engine. This system essentially
+introduces new PRAGMA commands to SQLite which allows the setting of a
+passphrase and other encryption parameters, allowing the database file to be
+encrypted.
+
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The format of the connect string is in every way the same as that
+of the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite` driver, except that the
+"password" field is now accepted, which should contain a passphrase::
+
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@/foo.db')
+
+For an absolute file path, two leading slashes should be used for the
+database name::
+
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@//path/to/foo.db')
+
+A selection of additional encryption-related pragmas supported by SQLCipher
+as documented at https://www.zetetic.net/sqlcipher/sqlcipher-api/ can be passed
+in the query string, and will result in that PRAGMA being called for each
+new connection.  Currently, ``cipher``, ``kdf_iter``
+``cipher_page_size`` and ``cipher_use_hmac`` are supported::
+
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@/foo.db?cipher=aes-256-cfb&kdf_iter=64000')
+
+.. warning:: Previous versions of sqlalchemy did not take into consideration
+   the encryption-related pragmas passed in the url string, that were silently
+   ignored. This may cause errors when opening files saved by a
+   previous sqlalchemy version if the encryption options do not match.
+
+
+Pooling Behavior
+----------------
+
+The driver makes a change to the default pool behavior of pysqlite
+as described in :ref:`pysqlite_threading_pooling`.   The pysqlcipher driver
+has been observed to be significantly slower on connection than the
+pysqlite driver, most likely due to the encryption overhead, so the
+dialect here defaults to using the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`
+implementation,
+instead of the :class:`.NullPool` pool used by pysqlite.  As always, the pool
+implementation is entirely configurable using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass` parameter; the :class:`.
+StaticPool` may
+be more feasible for single-threaded use, or :class:`.NullPool` may be used
+to prevent unencrypted connections from being held open for long periods of
+time, at the expense of slower startup time for new connections.
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from .pysqlite import SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+from ... import pool
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    driver = "pysqlcipher"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    pragmas = ("kdf_iter", "cipher", "cipher_page_size", "cipher_use_hmac")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        try:
+            import sqlcipher3 as sqlcipher
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return sqlcipher
+
+        from pysqlcipher3 import dbapi2 as sqlcipher
+
+        return sqlcipher
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def on_connect_url(self, url):
+        super_on_connect = super().on_connect_url(url)
+
+        # pull the info we need from the URL early.  Even though URL
+        # is immutable, we don't want any in-place changes to the URL
+        # to affect things
+        passphrase = url.password or ""
+        url_query = dict(url.query)
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            cursor = conn.cursor()
+            cursor.execute('pragma key="%s"' % passphrase)
+            for prag in self.pragmas:
+                value = url_query.get(prag, None)
+                if value is not None:
+                    cursor.execute('pragma %s="%s"' % (prag, value))
+            cursor.close()
+
+            if super_on_connect:
+                super_on_connect(conn)
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        plain_url = url._replace(password=None)
+        plain_url = plain_url.difference_update_query(self.pragmas)
+        return super().create_connect_args(plain_url)
+
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1031da537c83542c90fd0d85a1dac1eef8200851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlite
+    :name: pysqlite
+    :dbapi: sqlite3
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlite:///file_path
+    :url: https://docs.python.org/library/sqlite3.html
+
+    Note that ``pysqlite`` is the same driver as the ``sqlite3``
+    module included with the Python distribution.
+
+Driver
+------
+
+The ``sqlite3`` Python DBAPI is standard on all modern Python versions;
+for cPython and Pypy, no additional installation is necessary.
+
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The file specification for the SQLite database is taken as the "database"
+portion of the URL.  Note that the format of a SQLAlchemy url is::
+
+    driver://user:pass@host/database
+
+This means that the actual filename to be used starts with the characters to
+the **right** of the third slash.   So connecting to a relative filepath
+looks like::
+
+    # relative path
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:///path/to/database.db')
+
+An absolute path, which is denoted by starting with a slash, means you
+need **four** slashes::
+
+    # absolute path
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:////path/to/database.db')
+
+To use a Windows path, regular drive specifications and backslashes can be
+used. Double backslashes are probably needed::
+
+    # absolute path on Windows
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:///C:\\path\\to\\database.db')
+
+To use sqlite ``:memory:`` database specify it as the filename using
+``sqlite://:memory:``. It's also the default if no filepath is
+present, specifying only ``sqlite://`` and nothing else::
+
+    # in-memory database
+    e = create_engine('sqlite://:memory:')
+    # also in-memory database
+    e2 = create_engine('sqlite://')
+
+.. _pysqlite_uri_connections:
+
+URI Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Modern versions of SQLite support an alternative system of connecting using a
+`driver level URI <https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_, which has the  advantage
+that additional driver-level arguments can be passed including options such as
+"read only".   The Python sqlite3 driver supports this mode under modern Python
+3 versions.   The SQLAlchemy pysqlite driver supports this mode of use by
+specifying "uri=true" in the URL query string.  The SQLite-level "URI" is kept
+as the "database" portion of the SQLAlchemy url (that is, following a slash)::
+
+    e = create_engine("sqlite:///file:path/to/database?mode=ro&uri=true")
+
+.. note::  The "uri=true" parameter must appear in the **query string**
+   of the URL.  It will not currently work as expected if it is only
+   present in the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args`
+   parameter dictionary.
+
+The logic reconciles the simultaneous presence of SQLAlchemy's query string and
+SQLite's query string by separating out the parameters that belong to the
+Python sqlite3 driver vs. those that belong to the SQLite URI.  This is
+achieved through the use of a fixed list of parameters known to be accepted by
+the Python side of the driver.  For example, to include a URL that indicates
+the Python sqlite3 "timeout" and "check_same_thread" parameters, along with the
+SQLite "mode" and "nolock" parameters, they can all be passed together on the
+query string::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "sqlite:///file:path/to/database?"
+        "check_same_thread=true&timeout=10&mode=ro&nolock=1&uri=true"
+    )
+
+Above, the pysqlite / sqlite3 DBAPI would be passed arguments as::
+
+    sqlite3.connect(
+        "file:path/to/database?mode=ro&nolock=1",
+        check_same_thread=True, timeout=10, uri=True
+    )
+
+Regarding future parameters added to either the Python or native drivers. new
+parameter names added to the SQLite URI scheme should be automatically
+accommodated by this scheme.  New parameter names added to the Python driver
+side can be accommodated by specifying them in the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary,
+until dialect support is
+added by SQLAlchemy.   For the less likely case that the native SQLite driver
+adds a new parameter name that overlaps with one of the existing, known Python
+driver parameters (such as "timeout" perhaps), SQLAlchemy's dialect would
+require adjustment for the URL scheme to continue to support this.
+
+As is always the case for all SQLAlchemy dialects, the entire "URL" process
+can be bypassed in :func:`_sa.create_engine` through the use of the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator`
+parameter which allows for a custom callable
+that creates a Python sqlite3 driver level connection directly.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.9
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Uniform Resource Identifiers <https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_ - in
+    the SQLite documentation
+
+.. _pysqlite_regexp:
+
+Regular Expression Support
+---------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+Support for the :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_match` operator is provided
+using Python's re.search_ function.  SQLite itself does not include a working
+regular expression operator; instead, it includes a non-implemented placeholder
+operator ``REGEXP`` that calls a user-defined function that must be provided.
+
+SQLAlchemy's implementation makes use of the pysqlite create_function_ hook
+as follows::
+
+
+    def regexp(a, b):
+        return re.search(a, b) is not None
+
+    sqlite_connection.create_function(
+        "regexp", 2, regexp,
+    )
+
+There is currently no support for regular expression flags as a separate
+argument, as these are not supported by SQLite's REGEXP operator, however these
+may be included inline within the regular expression string.  See `Python regular expressions`_ for
+details.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Python regular expressions`_: Documentation for Python's regular expression syntax.
+
+.. _create_function: https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Connection.create_function
+
+.. _re.search: https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html#re.search
+
+.. _Python regular expressions: https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html#re.search
+
+
+
+Compatibility with sqlite3 "native" date and datetime types
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+The pysqlite driver includes the sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES and
+sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES options, which have the effect of any column
+or expression explicitly cast as "date" or "timestamp" will be converted
+to a Python date or datetime object.  The date and datetime types provided
+with the pysqlite dialect are not currently compatible with these options,
+since they render the ISO date/datetime including microseconds, which
+pysqlite's driver does not.   Additionally, SQLAlchemy does not at
+this time automatically render the "cast" syntax required for the
+freestanding functions "current_timestamp" and "current_date" to return
+datetime/date types natively.   Unfortunately, pysqlite
+does not provide the standard DBAPI types in ``cursor.description``,
+leaving SQLAlchemy with no way to detect these types on the fly
+without expensive per-row type checks.
+
+Keeping in mind that pysqlite's parsing option is not recommended,
+nor should be necessary, for use with SQLAlchemy, usage of PARSE_DECLTYPES
+can be forced if one configures "native_datetime=True" on create_engine()::
+
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://',
+        connect_args={'detect_types':
+            sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES},
+        native_datetime=True
+    )
+
+With this flag enabled, the DATE and TIMESTAMP types (but note - not the
+DATETIME or TIME types...confused yet ?) will not perform any bind parameter
+or result processing. Execution of "func.current_date()" will return a string.
+"func.current_timestamp()" is registered as returning a DATETIME type in
+SQLAlchemy, so this function still receives SQLAlchemy-level result
+processing.
+
+.. _pysqlite_threading_pooling:
+
+Threading/Pooling Behavior
+---------------------------
+
+The ``sqlite3`` DBAPI by default prohibits the use of a particular connection
+in a thread which is not the one in which it was created.  As SQLite has
+matured, it's behavior under multiple threads has improved, and even includes
+options for memory only databases to be used in multiple threads.
+
+The thread prohibition is known as "check same thread" and may be controlled
+using the ``sqlite3`` parameter ``check_same_thread``, which will disable or
+enable this check. SQLAlchemy's default behavior here is to set
+``check_same_thread`` to ``False`` automatically whenever a file-based database
+is in use, to establish compatibility with the default pool class
+:class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``pysqlite`` DBAPI establishes the connection pool differently
+based on the kind of SQLite database that's requested:
+
+* When a ``:memory:`` SQLite database is specified, the dialect by default
+  will use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`. This pool maintains a single
+  connection per thread, so that all access to the engine within the current
+  thread use the same ``:memory:`` database - other threads would access a
+  different ``:memory:`` database.  The ``check_same_thread`` parameter
+  defaults to ``True``.
+* When a file-based database is specified, the dialect will use
+  :class:`.QueuePool` as the source of connections.   at the same time,
+  the ``check_same_thread`` flag is set to False by default unless overridden.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+    SQLite file database engines now use :class:`.QueuePool` by default.
+    Previously, :class:`.NullPool` were used.  The :class:`.NullPool` class
+    may be used by specifying it via the
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass` parameter.
+
+Disabling Connection Pooling for File Databases
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pooling may be disabled for a file based database by specifying the
+:class:`.NullPool` implementation for the :func:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass`
+parameter::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import NullPool
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db", poolclass=NullPool)
+
+It's been observed that the :class:`.NullPool` implementation incurs an
+extremely small performance overhead for repeated checkouts due to the lack of
+connection re-use implemented by :class:`.QueuePool`.  However, it still
+may be beneficial to use this class if the application is experiencing
+issues with files being locked.
+
+Using a Memory Database in Multiple Threads
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To use a ``:memory:`` database in a multithreaded scenario, the same
+connection object must be shared among threads, since the database exists
+only within the scope of that connection.   The
+:class:`.StaticPool` implementation will maintain a single connection
+globally, and the ``check_same_thread`` flag can be passed to Pysqlite
+as ``False``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://',
+                        connect_args={'check_same_thread':False},
+                        poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that using a ``:memory:`` database in multiple threads requires a recent
+version of SQLite.
+
+Using Temporary Tables with SQLite
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Due to the way SQLite deals with temporary tables, if you wish to use a
+temporary table in a file-based SQLite database across multiple checkouts
+from the connection pool, such as when using an ORM :class:`.Session` where
+the temporary table should continue to remain after :meth:`.Session.commit` or
+:meth:`.Session.rollback` is called, a pool which maintains a single
+connection must be used.   Use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` if the scope is
+only needed within the current thread, or :class:`.StaticPool` is scope is
+needed within multiple threads for this case::
+
+    # maintain the same connection per thread
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import SingletonThreadPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db',
+                        poolclass=SingletonThreadPool)
+
+
+    # maintain the same connection across all threads
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db',
+                        poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` should be configured for the number
+of threads that are to be used; beyond that number, connections will be
+closed out in a non deterministic way.
+
+
+Dealing with Mixed String / Binary Columns
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+The SQLite database is weakly typed, and as such it is possible when using
+binary values, which in Python are represented as ``b'some string'``, that a
+particular SQLite database can have data values within different rows where
+some of them will be returned as a ``b''`` value by the Pysqlite driver, and
+others will be returned as Python strings, e.g. ``''`` values.   This situation
+is not known to occur if the SQLAlchemy :class:`.LargeBinary` datatype is used
+consistently, however if a particular SQLite database has data that was
+inserted using the Pysqlite driver directly, or when using the SQLAlchemy
+:class:`.String` type which was later changed to :class:`.LargeBinary`, the
+table will not be consistently readable because SQLAlchemy's
+:class:`.LargeBinary` datatype does not handle strings so it has no way of
+"encoding" a value that is in string format.
+
+To deal with a SQLite table that has mixed string / binary data in the
+same column, use a custom type that will check each row individually::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+    class MixedBinary(TypeDecorator):
+        impl = String
+        cache_ok = True
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                value = bytes(value, 'utf-8')
+            elif value is not None:
+                value = bytes(value)
+
+            return value
+
+Then use the above ``MixedBinary`` datatype in the place where
+:class:`.LargeBinary` would normally be used.
+
+.. _pysqlite_serializable:
+
+Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the section :ref:`sqlite_concurrency`, we refer to the pysqlite
+driver's assortment of issues that prevent several features of SQLite
+from working correctly.  The pysqlite DBAPI driver has several
+long-standing bugs which impact the correctness of its transactional
+behavior.   In its default mode of operation, SQLite features such as
+SERIALIZABLE isolation, transactional DDL, and SAVEPOINT support are
+non-functional, and in order to use these features, workarounds must
+be taken.
+
+The issue is essentially that the driver attempts to second-guess the user's
+intent, failing to start transactions and sometimes ending them prematurely, in
+an effort to minimize the SQLite databases's file locking behavior, even
+though SQLite itself uses "shared" locks for read-only activities.
+
+SQLAlchemy chooses to not alter this behavior by default, as it is the
+long-expected behavior of the pysqlite driver; if and when the pysqlite
+driver attempts to repair these issues, that will be more of a driver towards
+defaults for SQLAlchemy.
+
+The good news is that with a few events, we can implement transactional
+support fully, by disabling pysqlite's feature entirely and emitting BEGIN
+ourselves. This is achieved using two event listeners::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db")
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # disable pysqlite's emitting of the BEGIN statement entirely.
+        # also stops it from emitting COMMIT before any DDL.
+        dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        # emit our own BEGIN
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+
+.. warning:: When using the above recipe, it is advised to not use the
+   :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` setting on
+   :class:`_engine.Connection` and :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+   with the SQLite driver,
+   as this function necessarily will also alter the ".isolation_level" setting.
+
+
+Above, we intercept a new pysqlite connection and disable any transactional
+integration.   Then, at the point at which SQLAlchemy knows that transaction
+scope is to begin, we emit ``"BEGIN"`` ourselves.
+
+When we take control of ``"BEGIN"``, we can also control directly SQLite's
+locking modes, introduced at
+`BEGIN TRANSACTION <https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_,
+by adding the desired locking mode to our ``"BEGIN"``::
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN EXCLUSIVE")
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `BEGIN TRANSACTION <https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_ -
+    on the SQLite site
+
+    `sqlite3 SELECT does not BEGIN a transaction <https://bugs.python.org/issue9924>`_ -
+    on the Python bug tracker
+
+    `sqlite3 module breaks transactions and potentially corrupts data <https://bugs.python.org/issue10740>`_ -
+    on the Python bug tracker
+
+.. _pysqlite_udfs:
+
+User-Defined Functions
+----------------------
+
+pysqlite supports a `create_function() <https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Connection.create_function>`_
+method that allows us to create our own user-defined functions (UDFs) in Python and use them directly in SQLite queries.
+These functions are registered with a specific DBAPI Connection.
+
+SQLAlchemy uses connection pooling with file-based SQLite databases, so we need to ensure that the UDF is attached to the
+connection when it is created. That is accomplished with an event listener::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+
+
+    def udf():
+        return "udf-ok"
+
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///./db_file")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def connect(conn, rec):
+        conn.create_function("udf", 0, udf)
+
+
+    for i in range(5):
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            print(conn.scalar(text("SELECT UDF()")))
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import math
+import os
+import re
+
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import SQLiteDialect
+from ... import exc
+from ... import pool
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp(DATETIME):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteDate(DATE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlite(SQLiteDialect):
+    default_paramstyle = "qmark"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        SQLiteDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Date: _SQLite_pysqliteDate,
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp,
+        },
+    )
+
+    description_encoding = None
+
+    driver = "pysqlite"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite
+
+        return sqlite
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _is_url_file_db(cls, url):
+        if (url.database and url.database != ":memory:") and (
+            url.query.get("mode", None) != "memory"
+        ):
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        if cls._is_url_file_db(url):
+            return pool.QueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info
+
+    _isolation_lookup = SQLiteDialect._isolation_lookup.union(
+        {
+            "AUTOCOMMIT": None,
+        }
+    )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.isolation_level = ""
+            return super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        def regexp(a, b):
+            if b is None:
+                return None
+            return re.search(a, b) is not None
+
+        if util.py38 and self._get_server_version_info(None) >= (3, 9):
+            # sqlite must be greater than 3.8.3 for deterministic=True
+            # https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Connection.create_function
+            # the check is more conservative since there were still issues
+            # with following 3.8 sqlite versions
+            create_func_kw = {"deterministic": True}
+        else:
+            create_func_kw = {}
+
+        def set_regexp(dbapi_connection):
+            dbapi_connection.create_function(
+                "regexp", 2, regexp, **create_func_kw
+            )
+
+        def floor_func(dbapi_connection):
+            # NOTE: floor is optionally present in sqlite 3.35+ , however
+            # as it is normally non-present we deliver floor() unconditionally
+            # for now.
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/lang_mathfunc.html
+            dbapi_connection.create_function(
+                "floor", 1, math.floor, **create_func_kw
+            )
+
+        fns = [set_regexp, floor_func]
+
+        def connect(conn):
+            for fn in fns:
+                fn(conn)
+
+        return connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        if url.username or url.password or url.host or url.port:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid SQLite URL: %s\n"
+                "Valid SQLite URL forms are:\n"
+                " sqlite:///:memory: (or, sqlite://)\n"
+                " sqlite:///relative/path/to/file.db\n"
+                " sqlite:////absolute/path/to/file.db" % (url,)
+            )
+
+        # theoretically, this list can be augmented, at least as far as
+        # parameter names accepted by sqlite3/pysqlite, using
+        # inspect.getfullargspec().  for the moment this seems like overkill
+        # as these parameters don't change very often, and as always,
+        # parameters passed to connect_args will always go to the
+        # sqlite3/pysqlite driver.
+        pysqlite_args = [
+            ("uri", bool),
+            ("timeout", float),
+            ("isolation_level", str),
+            ("detect_types", int),
+            ("check_same_thread", bool),
+            ("cached_statements", int),
+        ]
+        opts = url.query
+        pysqlite_opts = {}
+        for key, type_ in pysqlite_args:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, key, type_, dest=pysqlite_opts)
+
+        if pysqlite_opts.get("uri", False):
+            uri_opts = dict(opts)
+            # here, we are actually separating the parameters that go to
+            # sqlite3/pysqlite vs. those that go the SQLite URI.  What if
+            # two names conflict?  again, this seems to be not the case right
+            # now, and in the case that new names are added to
+            # either side which overlap, again the sqlite3/pysqlite parameters
+            # can be passed through connect_args instead of in the URL.
+            # If SQLite native URIs add a parameter like "timeout" that
+            # we already have listed here for the python driver, then we need
+            # to adjust for that here.
+            for key, type_ in pysqlite_args:
+                uri_opts.pop(key, None)
+            filename = url.database
+            if uri_opts:
+                # sorting of keys is for unit test support
+                filename += "?" + (
+                    "&".join(
+                        "%s=%s" % (key, uri_opts[key])
+                        for key in sorted(uri_opts)
+                    )
+                )
+        else:
+            filename = url.database or ":memory:"
+            if filename != ":memory:":
+                filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
+
+        pysqlite_opts.setdefault(
+            "check_same_thread", not self._is_url_file_db(url)
+        )
+
+        return ([filename], pysqlite_opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return isinstance(
+            e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError
+        ) and "Cannot operate on a closed database." in str(e)
+
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+
+
+class _SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_numeric(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    """numeric dialect for testing only
+
+    internal use only.  This dialect is **NOT** supported by SQLAlchemy
+    and may change at any time.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    default_paramstyle = "numeric"
+    driver = "pysqlite_numeric"
+
+    _first_bind = ":1"
+    _not_in_statement_regexp = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("paramstyle", "numeric")
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        arg, opts = super().create_connect_args(url)
+        opts["factory"] = self._fix_sqlite_issue_99953()
+        return arg, opts
+
+    def _fix_sqlite_issue_99953(self):
+        import sqlite3
+
+        first_bind = self._first_bind
+        if self._not_in_statement_regexp:
+            nis = self._not_in_statement_regexp
+
+            def _test_sql(sql):
+                m = nis.search(sql)
+                assert not m, f"Found {nis.pattern!r} in {sql!r}"
+
+        else:
+
+            def _test_sql(sql):
+                pass
+
+        def _numeric_param_as_dict(parameters):
+            if parameters:
+                assert isinstance(parameters, tuple)
+                return {
+                    str(idx): value for idx, value in enumerate(parameters, 1)
+                }
+            else:
+                return ()
+
+        class SQLiteFix99953Cursor(sqlite3.Cursor):
+            def execute(self, sql, parameters=()):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = _numeric_param_as_dict(parameters)
+                return super().execute(sql, parameters)
+
+            def executemany(self, sql, parameters):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = [
+                        _numeric_param_as_dict(p) for p in parameters
+                    ]
+                return super().executemany(sql, parameters)
+
+        class SQLiteFix99953Connection(sqlite3.Connection):
+            def cursor(self, factory=None):
+                if factory is None:
+                    factory = SQLiteFix99953Cursor
+                return super().cursor(factory=factory)
+
+            def execute(self, sql, parameters=()):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = _numeric_param_as_dict(parameters)
+                return super().execute(sql, parameters)
+
+            def executemany(self, sql, parameters):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = [
+                        _numeric_param_as_dict(p) for p in parameters
+                    ]
+                return super().executemany(sql, parameters)
+
+        return SQLiteFix99953Connection
+
+
+class _SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_dollar(_SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_numeric):
+    """numeric dialect that uses $ for testing only
+
+    internal use only.  This dialect is **NOT** supported by SQLAlchemy
+    and may change at any time.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    default_paramstyle = "numeric_dollar"
+    driver = "pysqlite_dollar"
+
+    _first_bind = "$1"
+    _not_in_statement_regexp = re.compile(r"[^\d]:\d+")
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("paramstyle", "numeric_dollar")
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/type_migration_guidelines.txt b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/type_migration_guidelines.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb1b0e5dae07037565db359f98238cc506a6cfbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/type_migration_guidelines.txt	
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+Rules for Migrating TypeEngine classes to 0.6
+---------------------------------------------
+
+1. the TypeEngine classes are used for:
+
+    a. Specifying behavior which needs to occur for bind parameters
+    or result row columns.
+
+    b. Specifying types that are entirely specific to the database
+    in use and have no analogue in the sqlalchemy.types package.
+
+    c. Specifying types where there is an analogue in sqlalchemy.types,
+    but the database in use takes vendor-specific flags for those
+    types.
+
+    d. If a TypeEngine class doesn't provide any of this, it should be
+    *removed* from the dialect.
+
+2. the TypeEngine classes are *no longer* used for generating DDL.  Dialects
+now have a TypeCompiler subclass which uses the same visit_XXX model as
+other compilers.
+
+3. the "ischema_names" and "colspecs" dictionaries are now required members on
+the Dialect class.
+
+4. The names of types within dialects are now important.   If a dialect-specific type
+is a subclass of an existing generic type and is only provided for bind/result behavior, 
+the current mixed case naming can remain, i.e. _PGNumeric for Numeric - in this case, 
+end users would never need to use _PGNumeric directly.   However, if a dialect-specific 
+type is specifying a type *or* arguments that are not present generically, it should
+match the real name of the type on that backend, in uppercase.  E.g. postgresql.INET,
+mysql.ENUM, postgresql.ARRAY.
+
+Or follow this handy flowchart:
+
+    is the type meant to provide bind/result                  is the type the same name as an
+    behavior to a generic type (i.e. MixedCase)  ---- no ---> UPPERCASE type in types.py ?
+    type in types.py ?                                          |                     |
+                    |                                           no                    yes
+                   yes                                          |                     |
+                    |                                           |             does your type need special
+                    |                                           +<--- yes --- behavior or arguments ?
+                    |                                           |                               |
+                    |                                           |                              no
+           name the type using                                  |                               |
+           _MixedCase, i.e.                                     v                               V
+           _OracleBoolean. it                          name the type                        don't make a
+           stays private to the dialect                identically as that                  type, make sure the dialect's
+           and is invoked *only* via                   within the DB,                       base.py imports the types.py
+           the colspecs dict.                          using UPPERCASE                      UPPERCASE name into its namespace
+                    |                                  (i.e. BIT, NCHAR, INTERVAL).
+                    |                                  Users can import it.
+                    |                                       |
+                    v                                       v
+           subclass the closest                        is the name of this type
+           MixedCase type types.py,                    identical to an UPPERCASE
+           i.e.                        <--- no ------- name in types.py ?
+           class _DateTime(types.DateTime),
+           class DATETIME2(types.DateTime),                   |
+           class BIT(types.TypeEngine).                      yes
+                                                              |
+                                                              v
+                                                        the type should
+                                                        subclass the
+                                                        UPPERCASE
+                                                        type in types.py
+                                                        (i.e. class BLOB(types.BLOB))
+
+
+Example 1.   pysqlite needs bind/result processing for the DateTime type in types.py, 
+which applies to all DateTimes and subclasses.   It's named _SLDateTime and 
+subclasses types.DateTime.
+
+Example 2.  MS-SQL has a TIME type which takes a non-standard "precision" argument
+that is rendered within DDL.   So it's named TIME in the MS-SQL dialect's base.py, 
+and subclasses types.TIME.  Users can then say mssql.TIME(precision=10).
+
+Example 3.  MS-SQL dialects also need special bind/result processing for date 
+But its DATE type doesn't render DDL differently than that of a plain 
+DATE, i.e. it takes no special arguments.  Therefore we are just adding behavior
+to types.Date, so it's named _MSDate in the MS-SQL dialect's base.py, and subclasses
+types.Date.
+
+Example 4.  MySQL has a SET type, there's no analogue for this in types.py. So
+MySQL names it SET in the dialect's base.py, and it subclasses types.String, since 
+it ultimately deals with strings.
+
+Example 5.  PostgreSQL has a DATETIME type.  The DBAPIs handle dates correctly,
+and no special arguments are used in PG's DDL beyond what types.py provides.
+PostgreSQL dialect therefore imports types.DATETIME into its base.py.
+
+Ideally one should be able to specify a schema using names imported completely from a 
+dialect, all matching the real name on that backend:
+
+   from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import base as pg
+
+   t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+              Column('id', pg.INTEGER, primary_key=True),
+              Column('name', pg.VARCHAR(300)),
+              Column('inetaddr', pg.INET)
+   )
+
+where above, the INTEGER and VARCHAR types are ultimately from sqlalchemy.types, 
+but the PG dialect makes them available in its own namespace.
+
+5. "colspecs" now is a dictionary of generic or uppercased types from sqlalchemy.types
+linked to types specified in the dialect.   Again, if a type in the dialect does not
+specify any special behavior for bind_processor() or result_processor() and does not
+indicate a special type only available in this database, it must be *removed* from the 
+module and from this dictionary.
+
+6. "ischema_names" indicates string descriptions of types as returned from the database
+linked to TypeEngine classes.
+
+    a. The string name should be matched to the most specific type possible within
+    sqlalchemy.types, unless there is no matching type within sqlalchemy.types in which
+    case it points to a dialect type.   *It doesn't matter* if the dialect has its 
+    own subclass of that type with special bind/result behavior - reflect to the types.py
+    UPPERCASE type as much as possible.   With very few exceptions, all types
+    should reflect to an UPPERCASE type.
+
+    b. If the dialect contains a matching dialect-specific type that takes extra arguments 
+    which the generic one does not, then point to the dialect-specific type.  E.g.
+    mssql.VARCHAR takes a "collation" parameter which should be preserved.
+
+5. DDL, or what was formerly issued by "get_col_spec()", is now handled exclusively by
+a subclass of compiler.GenericTypeCompiler.
+
+    a. your TypeCompiler class will receive generic and uppercase types from 
+    sqlalchemy.types.  Do not assume the presence of dialect-specific attributes on
+    these types. 
+
+    b. the visit_UPPERCASE methods on GenericTypeCompiler should *not* be overridden with
+    methods that produce a different DDL name.   Uppercase types don't do any kind of 
+    "guessing" - if visit_TIMESTAMP is called, the DDL should render as TIMESTAMP in
+    all cases, regardless of whether or not that type is legal on the backend database.
+
+    c. the visit_UPPERCASE methods *should* be overridden with methods that add additional
+    arguments and flags to those types.
+
+    d. the visit_lowercase methods are overridden to provide an interpretation of a generic 
+    type.  E.g.  visit_large_binary() might be overridden to say "return self.visit_BIT(type_)".
+
+    e. visit_lowercase methods should *never* render strings directly - it should always
+    be via calling a visit_UPPERCASE() method.
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c524f67695a61a7e9a07bba3e65c442758ccc13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# engine/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL connections, SQL execution and high-level DB-API interface.
+
+The engine package defines the basic components used to interface
+DB-API modules with higher-level statement construction,
+connection-management, execution and result contexts.  The primary
+"entry point" class into this package is the Engine and its public
+constructor ``create_engine()``.
+
+"""
+
+from . import events as events
+from . import util as util
+from .base import Connection as Connection
+from .base import Engine as Engine
+from .base import NestedTransaction as NestedTransaction
+from .base import RootTransaction as RootTransaction
+from .base import Transaction as Transaction
+from .base import TwoPhaseTransaction as TwoPhaseTransaction
+from .create import create_engine as create_engine
+from .create import create_pool_from_url as create_pool_from_url
+from .create import engine_from_config as engine_from_config
+from .cursor import CursorResult as CursorResult
+from .cursor import ResultProxy as ResultProxy
+from .interfaces import AdaptedConnection as AdaptedConnection
+from .interfaces import BindTyping as BindTyping
+from .interfaces import Compiled as Compiled
+from .interfaces import Connectable as Connectable
+from .interfaces import ConnectArgsType as ConnectArgsType
+from .interfaces import ConnectionEventsTarget as ConnectionEventsTarget
+from .interfaces import CreateEnginePlugin as CreateEnginePlugin
+from .interfaces import Dialect as Dialect
+from .interfaces import ExceptionContext as ExceptionContext
+from .interfaces import ExecutionContext as ExecutionContext
+from .interfaces import TypeCompiler as TypeCompiler
+from .mock import create_mock_engine as create_mock_engine
+from .reflection import Inspector as Inspector
+from .reflection import ObjectKind as ObjectKind
+from .reflection import ObjectScope as ObjectScope
+from .result import ChunkedIteratorResult as ChunkedIteratorResult
+from .result import FilterResult as FilterResult
+from .result import FrozenResult as FrozenResult
+from .result import IteratorResult as IteratorResult
+from .result import MappingResult as MappingResult
+from .result import MergedResult as MergedResult
+from .result import Result as Result
+from .result import result_tuple as result_tuple
+from .result import ScalarResult as ScalarResult
+from .result import TupleResult as TupleResult
+from .row import BaseRow as BaseRow
+from .row import Row as Row
+from .row import RowMapping as RowMapping
+from .url import make_url as make_url
+from .url import URL as URL
+from .util import connection_memoize as connection_memoize
+from ..sql import ddl as ddl
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_processors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_processors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa7b97eaaa303aa3cc3c7dc9d27c439653435d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_processors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# engine/_py_processors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Gaetan de Menten gdementen@gmail.com
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""defines generic type conversion functions, as used in bind and result
+processors.
+
+They all share one common characteristic: None is passed through unchanged.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+from datetime import date as date_cls
+from datetime import datetime as datetime_cls
+from datetime import time as time_cls
+from decimal import Decimal
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+
+_DT = TypeVar(
+    "_DT", bound=Union[datetime.datetime, datetime.time, datetime.date]
+)
+
+
+def str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+    regexp: typing.Pattern[str], type_: Callable[..., _DT]
+) -> Callable[[Optional[str]], Optional[_DT]]:
+    rmatch = regexp.match
+    # Even on python2.6 datetime.strptime is both slower than this code
+    # and it does not support microseconds.
+    has_named_groups = bool(regexp.groupindex)
+
+    def process(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[_DT]:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            try:
+                m = rmatch(value)
+            except TypeError as err:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't parse %s string '%r' "
+                    "- value is not a string." % (type_.__name__, value)
+                ) from err
+
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't parse %s string: "
+                    "'%s'" % (type_.__name__, value)
+                )
+            if has_named_groups:
+                groups = m.groupdict(0)
+                return type_(
+                    **dict(
+                        list(
+                            zip(
+                                iter(groups.keys()),
+                                list(map(int, iter(groups.values()))),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                return type_(*list(map(int, m.groups(0))))
+
+    return process
+
+
+def to_decimal_processor_factory(
+    target_class: Type[Decimal], scale: int
+) -> Callable[[Optional[float]], Optional[Decimal]]:
+    fstring = "%%.%df" % scale
+
+    def process(value: Optional[float]) -> Optional[Decimal]:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return target_class(fstring % value)
+
+    return process
+
+
+def to_float(value: Optional[Union[int, float]]) -> Optional[float]:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return float(value)
+
+
+def to_str(value: Optional[Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return str(value)
+
+
+def int_to_boolean(value: Optional[int]) -> Optional[bool]:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return bool(value)
+
+
+def str_to_datetime(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
+    if value is not None:
+        dt_value = datetime_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    else:
+        dt_value = None
+    return dt_value
+
+
+def str_to_time(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.time]:
+    if value is not None:
+        dt_value = time_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    else:
+        dt_value = None
+    return dt_value
+
+
+def str_to_date(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.date]:
+    if value is not None:
+        dt_value = date_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    else:
+        dt_value = None
+    return dt_value
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_row.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_row.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1a3f335b36b73b54f4e26eceb2b47297dea5d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_row.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# engine/_py_row.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .result import _KeyType
+    from .result import _ProcessorsType
+    from .result import _RawRowType
+    from .result import _TupleGetterType
+    from .result import ResultMetaData
+
+MD_INDEX = 0  # integer index in cursor.description
+
+
+class BaseRow:
+    __slots__ = ("_parent", "_data", "_key_to_index")
+
+    _parent: ResultMetaData
+    _key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int]
+    _data: _RawRowType
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: ResultMetaData,
+        processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType],
+        key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int],
+        data: _RawRowType,
+    ):
+        """Row objects are constructed by CursorResult objects."""
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_parent", parent)
+
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_key_to_index", key_to_index)
+
+        if processors:
+            object.__setattr__(
+                self,
+                "_data",
+                tuple(
+                    [
+                        proc(value) if proc else value
+                        for proc, value in zip(processors, data)
+                    ]
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "_data", tuple(data))
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Callable[..., BaseRow], Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            rowproxy_reconstructor,
+            (self.__class__, self.__getstate__()),
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"_parent": self._parent, "_data": self._data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        parent = state["_parent"]
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_parent", parent)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_data", state["_data"])
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_key_to_index", parent._key_to_index)
+
+    def _values_impl(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def _get_by_key_impl_mapping(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self._data[self._key_to_index[key]]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self._parent._key_not_found(key, False)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self._data[self._key_to_index[name]]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self._parent._key_not_found(name, True)
+
+    def _to_tuple_instance(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return self._data
+
+
+# This reconstructor is necessary so that pickles with the Cy extension or
+# without use the same Binary format.
+def rowproxy_reconstructor(
+    cls: Type[BaseRow], state: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> BaseRow:
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__setstate__(state)
+    return obj
+
+
+def tuplegetter(*indexes: int) -> _TupleGetterType:
+    if len(indexes) != 1:
+        for i in range(1, len(indexes)):
+            if indexes[i - 1] != indexes[i] - 1:
+                return operator.itemgetter(*indexes)
+    # slice form is faster but returns a list if input is list
+    return operator.itemgetter(slice(indexes[0], indexes[-1] + 1))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ff86b26927de05ce81043efdacdcad989a0153c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# engine/_py_util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+
+from .. import exc
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+
+
+_no_tuple: Tuple[Any, ...] = ()
+
+
+def _distill_params_20(
+    params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams],
+) -> _CoreMultiExecuteParams:
+    if params is None:
+        return _no_tuple
+    # Assume list is more likely than tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list) or isinstance(params, tuple):
+        # collections_abc.MutableSequence): # avoid abc.__instancecheck__
+        if params and not isinstance(params[0], (tuple, Mapping)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries"
+            )
+
+        return params
+    elif isinstance(params, dict) or isinstance(
+        # only do immutabledict or abc.__instancecheck__ for Mapping after
+        # we've checked for plain dictionaries and would otherwise raise
+        params,
+        Mapping,
+    ):
+        return [params]
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or list expected for parameters")
+
+
+def _distill_raw_params(
+    params: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams],
+) -> _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams:
+    if params is None:
+        return _no_tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list):
+        # collections_abc.MutableSequence): # avoid abc.__instancecheck__
+        if params and not isinstance(params[0], (tuple, Mapping)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries"
+            )
+
+        return params
+    elif isinstance(params, (tuple, dict)) or isinstance(
+        # only do abc.__instancecheck__ for Mapping after we've checked
+        # for plain dictionaries and would otherwise raise
+        params,
+        Mapping,
+    ):
+        # cast("Union[List[Mapping[str, Any]], Tuple[Any, ...]]", [params])
+        return [params]  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or sequence expected for parameters")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1755d46b8402ed14a5d1189b550296d41d79c5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3373 @@
+# engine/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Defines :class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .interfaces import BindTyping
+from .interfaces import ConnectionEventsTarget
+from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+from .interfaces import ExceptionContext
+from .interfaces import ExecuteStyle
+from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+from .interfaces import IsolationLevel
+from .util import _distill_params_20
+from .util import _distill_raw_params
+from .util import TransactionalContext
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import compiler
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import CursorResult
+    from . import ScalarResult
+    from .interfaces import _AnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _AnyMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from .interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from .reflection import Inspector  # noqa
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+    from ..log import _EchoFlagType
+    from ..pool import _ConnectionFairy
+    from ..pool import Pool
+    from ..pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.compiler import Compiled
+    from ..sql.ddl import ExecutableDDLElement
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaDropper
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaGenerator
+    from ..sql.functions import FunctionElement
+    from ..sql.schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from ..sql.schema import HasSchemaAttr
+    from ..sql.schema import SchemaItem
+    from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_EMPTY_EXECUTION_OPTS: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+NO_OPTIONS: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+
+class Connection(ConnectionEventsTarget, inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]):
+    """Provides high-level functionality for a wrapped DB-API connection.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.Connection` object is procured by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` method of the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    object, and provides services for execution of SQL statements as well
+    as transaction control.
+
+    The Connection object is **not** thread-safe. While a Connection can be
+    shared among threads using properly synchronized access, it is still
+    possible that the underlying DBAPI connection may not support shared
+    access between threads. Check the DBAPI documentation for details.
+
+    The Connection object represents a single DBAPI connection checked out
+    from the connection pool. In this state, the connection pool has no
+    affect upon the connection, including its expiration or timeout state.
+    For the connection pool to properly manage connections, connections
+    should be returned to the connection pool (i.e. ``connection.close()``)
+    whenever the connection is not in use.
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Connection
+
+    """
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+
+    _sqla_logger_namespace = "sqlalchemy.engine.Connection"
+
+    # used by sqlalchemy.engine.util.TransactionalContext
+    _trans_context_manager: Optional[TransactionalContext] = None
+
+    # legacy as of 2.0, should be eventually deprecated and
+    # removed.  was used in the "pre_ping" recipe that's been in the docs
+    # a long time
+    should_close_with_result = False
+
+    _dbapi_connection: Optional[PoolProxiedConnection]
+
+    _execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+
+    _transaction: Optional[RootTransaction]
+    _nested_transaction: Optional[NestedTransaction]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        engine: Engine,
+        connection: Optional[PoolProxiedConnection] = None,
+        _has_events: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _allow_revalidate: bool = True,
+        _allow_autobegin: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new Connection."""
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.dialect = dialect = engine.dialect
+
+        if connection is None:
+            try:
+                self._dbapi_connection = engine.raw_connection()
+            except dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error as err:
+                Connection._handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+                    err, dialect, engine
+                )
+                raise
+        else:
+            self._dbapi_connection = connection
+
+        self._transaction = self._nested_transaction = None
+        self.__savepoint_seq = 0
+        self.__in_begin = False
+
+        self.__can_reconnect = _allow_revalidate
+        self._allow_autobegin = _allow_autobegin
+        self._echo = self.engine._should_log_info()
+
+        if _has_events is None:
+            # if _has_events is sent explicitly as False,
+            # then don't join the dispatch of the engine; we don't
+            # want to handle any of the engine's events in that case.
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(engine.dispatch)
+        self._has_events = _has_events or (
+            _has_events is None and engine._has_events
+        )
+
+        self._execution_options = engine._execution_options
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.engine_connect(self)
+
+    # this can be assigned differently via
+    # characteristics.LoggingTokenCharacteristic
+    _message_formatter: Any = None
+
+    def _log_info(self, message: str, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        fmt = self._message_formatter
+
+        if fmt:
+            message = fmt(message)
+
+        if log.STACKLEVEL:
+            kw["stacklevel"] = 1 + log.STACKLEVEL_OFFSET
+
+        self.engine.logger.info(message, *arg, **kw)
+
+    def _log_debug(self, message: str, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        fmt = self._message_formatter
+
+        if fmt:
+            message = fmt(message)
+
+        if log.STACKLEVEL:
+            kw["stacklevel"] = 1 + log.STACKLEVEL_OFFSET
+
+        self.engine.logger.debug(message, *arg, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _schema_translate_map(self) -> Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType]:
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = (
+            self._execution_options.get("schema_translate_map", None)
+        )
+
+        return schema_translate_map
+
+    def schema_for_object(self, obj: HasSchemaAttr) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the schema name for the given schema item taking into
+        account current schema translate map.
+
+        """
+
+        name = obj.schema
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = (
+            self._execution_options.get("schema_translate_map", None)
+        )
+
+        if (
+            schema_translate_map
+            and name in schema_translate_map
+            and obj._use_schema_map
+        ):
+            return schema_translate_map[name]
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Connection:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> Connection: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Connection: ...
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Connection:
+        r"""Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect
+        during execution.
+
+        This method modifies this :class:`_engine.Connection` **in-place**;
+        the return value is the same :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        upon which the method is called.   Note that this is in contrast
+        to the behavior of the ``execution_options`` methods on other
+        objects such as :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options` and
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options`.  The rationale is that many
+        such execution options necessarily modify the state of the base
+        DBAPI connection in any case so there is no feasible means of
+        keeping the effect of such an option localized to a "sub" connection.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+           method, in contrast to other objects with this method, modifies
+           the connection in-place without creating copy of it.
+
+        As discussed elsewhere, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+        method accepts any arbitrary parameters including user defined names.
+        All parameters given are consumable in a number of ways including
+        by using the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_execution_options` method.
+        See the examples at :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options`
+        and :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`.
+
+        The keywords that are currently recognized by SQLAlchemy itself
+        include all those listed under :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+        as well as others that are specific to :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        :param compiled_cache: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+          A dictionary where :class:`.Compiled` objects
+          will be cached when the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+          compiles a clause
+          expression into a :class:`.Compiled` object.  This dictionary will
+          supersede the statement cache that may be configured on the
+          :class:`_engine.Engine` itself.   If set to None, caching
+          is disabled, even if the engine has a configured cache size.
+
+          Note that the ORM makes use of its own "compiled" caches for
+          some operations, including flush operations.  The caching
+          used by the ORM internally supersedes a cache dictionary
+          specified here.
+
+        :param logging_token: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`, :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          Adds the specified string token surrounded by brackets in log
+          messages logged by the connection, i.e. the logging that's enabled
+          either via the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.echo` flag or via the
+          ``logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.engine")`` logger. This allows a
+          per-connection or per-sub-engine token to be available which is
+          useful for debugging concurrent connection scenarios.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging_tokens` - usage example
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.logging_name` - adds a name to the
+            name used by the Python logger object itself.
+
+        :param isolation_level: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+          Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan of this
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+          Valid values include those string
+          values accepted by the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+          parameter passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  These levels are
+          semi-database specific; see individual dialect documentation for
+          valid levels.
+
+          The isolation level option applies the isolation level by emitting
+          statements on the DBAPI connection, and **necessarily affects the
+          original Connection object overall**. The isolation level will remain
+          at the given setting until explicitly changed, or when the DBAPI
+          connection itself is :term:`released` to the connection pool, i.e. the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.close` method is called, at which time an
+          event handler will emit additional statements on the DBAPI connection
+          in order to revert the isolation level change.
+
+          .. note:: The ``isolation_level`` execution option may only be
+             established before the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is
+             called, as well as before any SQL statements are emitted which
+             would otherwise trigger "autobegin", or directly after a call to
+             :meth:`_engine.Connection.commit` or
+             :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback`. A database cannot change the
+             isolation level on a transaction in progress.
+
+          .. note:: The ``isolation_level`` execution option is implicitly
+             reset if the :class:`_engine.Connection` is invalidated, e.g. via
+             the :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` method, or if a
+             disconnection error occurs. The new connection produced after the
+             invalidation will **not** have the selected isolation level
+             re-applied to it automatically.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+                - view current actual level
+
+        :param no_parameters: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          When ``True``, if the final parameter
+          list or dictionary is totally empty, will invoke the
+          statement on the cursor as ``cursor.execute(statement)``,
+          not passing the parameter collection at all.
+          Some DBAPIs such as psycopg2 and mysql-python consider
+          percent signs as significant only when parameters are
+          present; this option allows code to generate SQL
+          containing percent signs (and possibly other characters)
+          that is neutral regarding whether it's executed by the DBAPI
+          or piped into a script that's later invoked by
+          command line tools.
+
+        :param stream_results: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          Indicate to the dialect that results should be
+          "streamed" and not pre-buffered, if possible.  For backends
+          such as PostgreSQL, MySQL and MariaDB, this indicates the use of
+          a "server side cursor" as opposed to a client side cursor.
+          Other backends such as that of Oracle may already use server
+          side cursors by default.
+
+          The usage of
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` is
+          usually combined with setting a fixed number of rows to to be fetched
+          in batches, to allow for efficient iteration of database rows while
+          at the same time not loading all result rows into memory at once;
+          this can be configured on a :class:`_engine.Result` object using the
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method, after execution has
+          returned a new :class:`_engine.Result`.   If
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` is not used,
+          the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+          mode of operation will instead use a dynamically sized buffer
+          which buffers sets of rows at a time, growing on each batch
+          based on a fixed growth size up until a limit which may
+          be configured using the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.max_row_buffer`
+          parameter.
+
+          When using the ORM to fetch ORM mapped objects from a result,
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` should always be used with
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`,
+          so that the ORM does not fetch all rows into new ORM objects at once.
+
+          For typical use, the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per` execution
+          option should be preferred, which sets up both
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` and
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` at once. This option is supported
+          both at a core level by :class:`_engine.Connection` as well as by the
+          ORM :class:`_engine.Session`; the latter is described at
+          :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - background on
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.max_row_buffer`
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+            describing the ORM version of ``yield_per``
+
+        :param max_row_buffer: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.  Sets a maximum
+          buffer size to use when the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+          execution option is used on a backend that supports server side
+          cursors.  The default value if not specified is 1000.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+
+        :param yield_per: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.  Integer value applied which will
+          set the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+          execution option and invoke :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`
+          automatically at once.  Allows equivalent functionality as
+          is present when using this parameter with the ORM.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.40
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - background and examples
+            on using server side cursors with Core.
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+            describing the ORM version of ``yield_per``
+
+        :param insertmanyvalues_page_size: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+            :class:`_engine.Engine`. Number of rows to format into an
+            INSERT statement when the statement uses "insertmanyvalues" mode,
+            which is a paged form of bulk insert that is used for many backends
+            when using :term:`executemany` execution typically in conjunction
+            with RETURNING. Defaults to 1000. May also be modified on a
+            per-engine basis using the
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.insertmanyvalues_page_size` parameter.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :param schema_translate_map: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`, :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          A dictionary mapping schema names to schema names, that will be
+          applied to the :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema` element of each
+          :class:`_schema.Table`
+          encountered when SQL or DDL expression elements
+          are compiled into strings; the resulting schema name will be
+          converted based on presence in the map of the original name.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`schema_translating`
+
+        :param preserve_rowcount: Boolean; when True, the ``cursor.rowcount``
+          attribute will be unconditionally memoized within the result and
+          made available via the :attr:`.CursorResult.rowcount` attribute.
+          Normally, this attribute is only preserved for UPDATE and DELETE
+          statements.  Using this option, the DBAPIs rowcount value can
+          be accessed for other kinds of statements such as INSERT and SELECT,
+          to the degree that the DBAPI supports these statements.  See
+          :attr:`.CursorResult.rowcount` for notes regarding the behavior
+          of this attribute.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0.28
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_execution_options`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - documentation on all
+            ORM-specific execution options
+
+        """  # noqa
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.set_connection_execution_options(self, opt)
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(opt)
+        self.dialect.set_connection_execution_options(self, opt)
+        return self
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+    @property
+    def _still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+        return (
+            pool_proxied_connection is not None
+            and pool_proxied_connection.is_valid
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this connection is closed."""
+
+        return self._dbapi_connection is None and not self.__can_reconnect
+
+    @property
+    def invalidated(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this connection was invalidated.
+
+        This does not indicate whether or not the connection was
+        invalidated at the pool level, however
+
+        """
+
+        # prior to 1.4, "invalid" was stored as a state independent of
+        # "closed", meaning an invalidated connection could be "closed",
+        # the _dbapi_connection would be None and closed=True, yet the
+        # "invalid" flag would stay True.  This meant that there were
+        # three separate states (open/valid, closed/valid, closed/invalid)
+        # when there is really no reason for that; a connection that's
+        # "closed" does not need to be "invalid".  So the state is now
+        # represented by the two facts alone.
+
+        pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+        return pool_proxied_connection is None and self.__can_reconnect
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """The underlying DB-API connection managed by this Connection.
+
+        This is a SQLAlchemy connection-pool proxied connection
+        which then has the attribute
+        :attr:`_pool._ConnectionFairy.dbapi_connection` that refers to the
+        actual driver connection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._dbapi_connection is None:
+            try:
+                return self._revalidate_connection()
+            except (exc.PendingRollbackError, exc.ResourceClosedError):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        else:
+            return self._dbapi_connection
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self) -> IsolationLevel:
+        """Return the current **actual** isolation level that's present on
+        the database within the scope of this connection.
+
+        This attribute will perform a live SQL operation against the database
+        in order to procure the current isolation level, so the value returned
+        is the actual level on the underlying DBAPI connection regardless of
+        how this state was set. This will be one of the four actual isolation
+        modes ``READ UNCOMMITTED``, ``READ COMMITTED``, ``REPEATABLE READ``,
+        ``SERIALIZABLE``. It will **not** include the ``AUTOCOMMIT`` isolation
+        level setting. Third party dialects may also feature additional
+        isolation level settings.
+
+        .. note::  This method **will not report** on the ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+          isolation level, which is a separate :term:`dbapi` setting that's
+          independent of **actual** isolation level.  When ``AUTOCOMMIT`` is
+          in use, the database connection still has a "traditional" isolation
+          mode in effect, that is typically one of the four values
+          ``READ UNCOMMITTED``, ``READ COMMITTED``, ``REPEATABLE READ``,
+          ``SERIALIZABLE``.
+
+        Compare to the :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+        accessor which returns the isolation level that is present on the
+        database at initial connection time.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+        """
+        dbapi_connection = self.connection.dbapi_connection
+        assert dbapi_connection is not None
+        try:
+            return self.dialect.get_isolation_level(dbapi_connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    @property
+    def default_isolation_level(self) -> Optional[IsolationLevel]:
+        """The initial-connection time isolation level associated with the
+        :class:`_engine.Dialect` in use.
+
+        This value is independent of the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` and
+        :paramref:`.Engine.execution_options.isolation_level` execution
+        options, and is determined by the :class:`_engine.Dialect` when the
+        first connection is created, by performing a SQL query against the
+        database for the current isolation level before any additional commands
+        have been emitted.
+
+        Calling this accessor does not invoke any new SQL queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current actual isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_isolation_level
+
+    def _invalid_transaction(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.PendingRollbackError(
+            "Can't reconnect until invalid %stransaction is rolled "
+            "back.  Please rollback() fully before proceeding"
+            % ("savepoint " if self._nested_transaction is not None else ""),
+            code="8s2b",
+        )
+
+    def _revalidate_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        if self.__can_reconnect and self.invalidated:
+            if self._transaction is not None:
+                self._invalid_transaction()
+            self._dbapi_connection = self.engine.raw_connection()
+            return self._dbapi_connection
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`_engine.Connection`, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data here will follow along with the DBAPI connection including
+        after it is returned to the connection pool and used again
+        in subsequent instances of :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.connection.info
+
+    def invalidate(self, exception: Optional[BaseException] = None) -> None:
+        """Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with
+        this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        An attempt will be made to close the underlying DBAPI connection
+        immediately; however if this operation fails, the error is logged
+        but not raised.  The connection is then discarded whether or not
+        close() succeeded.
+
+        Upon the next use (where "use" typically means using the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method or similar),
+        this :class:`_engine.Connection` will attempt to
+        procure a new DBAPI connection using the services of the
+        :class:`_pool.Pool` as a source of connectivity (e.g.
+        a "reconnection").
+
+        If a transaction was in progress (e.g. the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method has been called) when
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` method is called, at the DBAPI
+        level all state associated with this transaction is lost, as
+        the DBAPI connection is closed.  The :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        will not allow a reconnection to proceed until the
+        :class:`.Transaction` object is ended, by calling the
+        :meth:`.Transaction.rollback` method; until that point, any attempt at
+        continuing to use the :class:`_engine.Connection` will raise an
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+        This is to prevent applications from accidentally
+        continuing an ongoing transactional operations despite the
+        fact that the transaction has been lost due to an
+        invalidation.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` method,
+        just like auto-invalidation,
+        will at the connection pool level invoke the
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.invalidate` event.
+
+        :param exception: an optional ``Exception`` instance that's the
+         reason for the invalidation.  is passed along to event handlers
+         and logging functions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.invalidated:
+            return
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+            assert pool_proxied_connection is not None
+            pool_proxied_connection.invalidate(exception)
+
+        self._dbapi_connection = None
+
+    def detach(self) -> None:
+        """Detach the underlying DB-API connection from its connection pool.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                conn.detach()
+                conn.execute(text("SET search_path TO schema1, schema2"))
+
+                # work with connection
+
+            # connection is fully closed (since we used "with:", can
+            # also call .close())
+
+        This :class:`_engine.Connection` instance will remain usable.
+        When closed
+        (or exited from a context manager context as above),
+        the DB-API connection will be literally closed and not
+        returned to its originating pool.
+
+        This method can be used to insulate the rest of an application
+        from a modified state on a connection (such as a transaction
+        isolation level or similar).
+
+        """
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+        pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+        if pool_proxied_connection is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't detach an invalidated Connection"
+            )
+        pool_proxied_connection.detach()
+
+    def _autobegin(self) -> None:
+        if self._allow_autobegin and not self.__in_begin:
+            self.begin()
+
+    def begin(self) -> RootTransaction:
+        """Begin a transaction prior to autobegin occurring.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                with conn.begin() as trans:
+                    conn.execute(table.insert(), {"username": "sandy"})
+
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`_engine.RootTransaction`.
+        This object represents the "scope" of the transaction,
+        which completes when either the :meth:`_engine.Transaction.rollback`
+        or :meth:`_engine.Transaction.commit` method is called; the object
+        also works as a context manager as illustrated above.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method begins a
+        transaction that normally will be begun in any case when the connection
+        is first used to execute a statement.  The reason this method might be
+        used would be to invoke the :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.begin`
+        event at a specific time, or to organize code within the scope of a
+        connection checkout in terms of context managed blocks, such as::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                with conn.begin():
+                    conn.execute(...)
+                    conn.execute(...)
+
+                with conn.begin():
+                    conn.execute(...)
+                    conn.execute(...)
+
+        The above code is not  fundamentally any different in its behavior than
+        the following code  which does not use
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`; the below style is known
+        as "commit as you go" style::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.commit()
+
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.commit()
+
+        From a database point of view, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+        method does not emit any SQL or change the state of the underlying
+        DBAPI connection in any way; the Python DBAPI does not have any
+        concept of explicit transaction begin.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_working_with_transactions` - in the
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` - use a SAVEPOINT
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase` -
+            use a two phase /XID transaction
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.begin` - context manager available from
+            :class:`_engine.Engine`
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            self._transaction = RootTransaction(self)
+            return self._transaction
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This connection has already initialized a SQLAlchemy "
+                "Transaction() object via begin() or autobegin; can't "
+                "call begin() here unless rollback() or commit() "
+                "is called first."
+            )
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> NestedTransaction:
+        """Begin a nested transaction (i.e. SAVEPOINT) and return a transaction
+        handle that controls the scope of the SAVEPOINT.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.begin() as connection:
+                with connection.begin_nested():
+                    connection.execute(table.insert(), {"username": "sandy"})
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction`, which includes transactional
+        methods :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.commit` and
+        :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.rollback`; for a nested transaction,
+        these methods correspond to the operations "RELEASE SAVEPOINT <name>"
+        and "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT <name>". The name of the savepoint is local
+        to the :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` object and is generated
+        automatically. Like any other :class:`_engine.Transaction`, the
+        :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` may be used as a context manager as
+        illustrated above which will "release" or "rollback" corresponding to
+        if the operation within the block were successful or raised an
+        exception.
+
+        Nested transactions require SAVEPOINT support in the underlying
+        database, else the behavior is undefined. SAVEPOINT is commonly used to
+        run operations within a transaction that may fail, while continuing the
+        outer transaction. E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import exc
+
+            with engine.begin() as connection:
+                trans = connection.begin_nested()
+                try:
+                    connection.execute(table.insert(), {"username": "sandy"})
+                    trans.commit()
+                except exc.IntegrityError:  # catch for duplicate username
+                    trans.rollback()  # rollback to savepoint
+
+                # outer transaction continues
+                connection.execute( ... )
+
+        If :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` is called without first
+        calling :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` or
+        :meth:`_engine.Engine.begin`, the :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        will "autobegin" the outer transaction first. This outer transaction
+        may be committed using "commit-as-you-go" style, e.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as connection:  # begin() wasn't called
+
+                with connection.begin_nested(): will auto-"begin()" first
+                    connection.execute( ... )
+                # savepoint is released
+
+                connection.execute( ... )
+
+                # explicitly commit outer transaction
+                connection.commit()
+
+                # can continue working with connection here
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` will now participate
+            in the connection "autobegin" behavior that is new as of
+            2.0 / "future" style connections in 1.4.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+
+            :ref:`session_begin_nested` - ORM support for SAVEPOINT
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            self._autobegin()
+
+        return NestedTransaction(self)
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, xid: Optional[Any] = None) -> TwoPhaseTransaction:
+        """Begin a two-phase or XA transaction and return a transaction
+        handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`,
+        which in addition to the methods provided by
+        :class:`.Transaction`, also provides a
+        :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` method.
+
+        :param xid: the two phase transaction id.  If not supplied, a
+          random id will be generated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._transaction is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot start a two phase transaction when a transaction "
+                "is already in progress."
+            )
+        if xid is None:
+            xid = self.engine.dialect.create_xid()
+        return TwoPhaseTransaction(self, xid)
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method commits the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect, assuming
+        the connection is in a non-invalidated state.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`_engine.Connection.commit` method only acts upon
+          the primary database transaction that is linked to the
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` object.  It does not operate upon a
+          SAVEPOINT that would have been invoked from the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method; for control of a
+          SAVEPOINT, call :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.commit` on the
+          :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` that is returned by the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method itself.
+
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction:
+            self._transaction.commit()
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method rolls back the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect.  If a
+        transaction was started and the connection is in an invalidated state,
+        the transaction is cleared using this method.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback` method only acts
+          upon the primary database transaction that is linked to the
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` object.  It does not operate upon a
+          SAVEPOINT that would have been invoked from the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method; for control of a
+          SAVEPOINT, call :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.rollback` on the
+          :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` that is returned by the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method itself.
+
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction:
+            self._transaction.rollback()
+
+    def recover_twophase(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return self.engine.dialect.do_recover_twophase(self)
+
+    def rollback_prepared(self, xid: Any, recover: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def commit_prepared(self, xid: Any, recover: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+        return self._transaction is not None and self._transaction.is_active
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+        return (
+            self._nested_transaction is not None
+            and self._nested_transaction.is_active
+        )
+
+    def _is_autocommit_isolation(self) -> bool:
+        opt_iso = self._execution_options.get("isolation_level", None)
+        return bool(
+            opt_iso == "AUTOCOMMIT"
+            or (
+                opt_iso is None
+                and self.engine.dialect._on_connect_isolation_level
+                == "AUTOCOMMIT"
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _get_required_transaction(self) -> RootTransaction:
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("connection is not in a transaction")
+        return trans
+
+    def _get_required_nested_transaction(self) -> NestedTransaction:
+        trans = self._nested_transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "connection is not in a nested transaction"
+            )
+        return trans
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[RootTransaction]:
+        """Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self._transaction
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[NestedTransaction]:
+        """Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self._nested_transaction
+
+    def _begin_impl(self, transaction: RootTransaction) -> None:
+        if self._echo:
+            if self._is_autocommit_isolation():
+                self._log_info(
+                    "BEGIN (implicit; DBAPI should not BEGIN due to "
+                    "autocommit mode)"
+                )
+            else:
+                self._log_info("BEGIN (implicit)")
+
+        self.__in_begin = True
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin(self)
+
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin(self.connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        finally:
+            self.__in_begin = False
+
+    def _rollback_impl(self) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback(self)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            if self._echo:
+                if self._is_autocommit_isolation():
+                    self._log_info(
+                        "ROLLBACK using DBAPI connection.rollback(), "
+                        "DBAPI should ignore due to autocommit mode"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._log_info("ROLLBACK")
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback(self.connection)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _commit_impl(self) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit(self)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            if self._is_autocommit_isolation():
+                self._log_info(
+                    "COMMIT using DBAPI connection.commit(), "
+                    "DBAPI should ignore due to autocommit mode"
+                )
+            else:
+                self._log_info("COMMIT")
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_commit(self.connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _savepoint_impl(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.savepoint(self, name)
+
+        if name is None:
+            self.__savepoint_seq += 1
+            name = "sa_savepoint_%s" % self.__savepoint_seq
+        self.engine.dialect.do_savepoint(self, name)
+        return name
+
+    def _rollback_to_savepoint_impl(self, name: str) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_savepoint(self, name, None)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, name)
+
+    def _release_savepoint_impl(self, name: str) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.release_savepoint(self, name, None)
+
+        self.engine.dialect.do_release_savepoint(self, name)
+
+    def _begin_twophase_impl(self, transaction: TwoPhaseTransaction) -> None:
+        if self._echo:
+            self._log_info("BEGIN TWOPHASE (implicit)")
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+
+        self.__in_begin = True
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        finally:
+            self.__in_begin = False
+
+    def _prepare_twophase_impl(self, xid: Any) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+
+        assert isinstance(self._transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _rollback_twophase_impl(self, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self._transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(
+                    self, xid, is_prepared
+                )
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _commit_twophase_impl(self, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        assert isinstance(self._transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This results in a release of the underlying database
+        resources, that is, the DBAPI connection referenced
+        internally. The DBAPI connection is typically restored
+        back to the connection-holding :class:`_pool.Pool` referenced
+        by the :class:`_engine.Engine` that produced this
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`. Any transactional state present on
+        the DBAPI connection is also unconditionally released via
+        the DBAPI connection's ``rollback()`` method, regardless
+        of any :class:`.Transaction` object that may be
+        outstanding with regards to this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This has the effect of also calling :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback`
+        if any transaction is in place.
+
+        After :meth:`_engine.Connection.close` is called, the
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` is permanently in a closed state,
+        and will allow no further operations.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._transaction:
+            self._transaction.close()
+            skip_reset = True
+        else:
+            skip_reset = False
+
+        if self._dbapi_connection is not None:
+            conn = self._dbapi_connection
+
+            # as we just closed the transaction, close the connection
+            # pool connection without doing an additional reset
+            if skip_reset:
+                cast("_ConnectionFairy", conn)._close_special(
+                    transaction_reset=True
+                )
+            else:
+                conn.close()
+
+            # There is a slight chance that conn.close() may have
+            # triggered an invalidation here in which case
+            # _dbapi_connection would already be None, however usually
+            # it will be non-None here and in a "closed" state.
+            self._dbapi_connection = None
+        self.__can_reconnect = False
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar object.
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        :return: a scalar Python value representing the first column of the
+         first row returned.
+
+        """
+        distilled_parameters = _distill_params_20(parameters)
+        try:
+            meth = statement._execute_on_scalar
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(statement) from err
+        else:
+            return meth(
+                self,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                execution_options or NO_OPTIONS,
+            )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Executes and returns a scalar result set, which yields scalar values
+        from the first column of each row.
+
+        This method is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`
+        to receive a :class:`_result.Result` object, then invoking the
+        :meth:`_result.Result.scalars` method to produce a
+        :class:`_result.ScalarResult` instance.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_result.ScalarResult`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+
+        return self.execute(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        ).scalars()
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a
+        :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+        :param statement: The statement to be executed.  This is always
+         an object that is in both the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` and
+         :class:`_expression.Executable` hierarchies, including:
+
+         * :class:`_expression.Select`
+         * :class:`_expression.Insert`, :class:`_expression.Update`,
+           :class:`_expression.Delete`
+         * :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+           :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+         * :class:`_schema.DDL` and objects which inherit from
+           :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement`
+
+        :param parameters: parameters which will be bound into the statement.
+         This may be either a dictionary of parameter names to values,
+         or a mutable sequence (e.g. a list) of dictionaries.  When a
+         list of dictionaries is passed, the underlying statement execution
+         will make use of the DBAPI ``cursor.executemany()`` method.
+         When a single dictionary is passed, the DBAPI ``cursor.execute()``
+         method will be used.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        distilled_parameters = _distill_params_20(parameters)
+        try:
+            meth = statement._execute_on_connection
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(statement) from err
+        else:
+            return meth(
+                self,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                execution_options or NO_OPTIONS,
+            )
+
+    def _execute_function(
+        self,
+        func: FunctionElement[Any],
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a sql.FunctionElement object."""
+
+        return self._execute_clauseelement(
+            func.select(), distilled_parameters, execution_options
+        )
+
+    def _execute_default(
+        self,
+        default: DefaultGenerator,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a schema.ColumnDefault object."""
+
+        execution_options = self._execution_options.merge_with(
+            execution_options
+        )
+
+        event_multiparams: Optional[_CoreMultiExecuteParams]
+        event_params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams]
+
+        # note for event handlers, the "distilled parameters" which is always
+        # a list of dicts is broken out into separate "multiparams" and
+        # "params" collections, which allows the handler to distinguish
+        # between an executemany and execute style set of parameters.
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            (
+                default,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                default, distilled_parameters, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            event_multiparams = event_params = None
+
+        try:
+            conn = self._dbapi_connection
+            if conn is None:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            dialect = self.dialect
+            ctx = dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_default(
+                dialect, self, conn, execution_options
+            )
+        except (exc.PendingRollbackError, exc.ResourceClosedError):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+        ret = ctx._exec_default(None, default, None)
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                default,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+                ret,
+            )
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_ddl(
+        self,
+        ddl: ExecutableDDLElement,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a schema.DDL object."""
+
+        exec_opts = ddl._execution_options.merge_with(
+            self._execution_options, execution_options
+        )
+
+        event_multiparams: Optional[_CoreMultiExecuteParams]
+        event_params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            (
+                ddl,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                ddl, distilled_parameters, exec_opts
+            )
+        else:
+            event_multiparams = event_params = None
+
+        schema_translate_map = exec_opts.get("schema_translate_map", None)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        compiled = ddl.compile(
+            dialect=dialect, schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map
+        )
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_ddl,
+            compiled,
+            None,
+            exec_opts,
+            compiled,
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                ddl,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                exec_opts,
+                ret,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def _invoke_before_exec_event(
+        self,
+        elem: Any,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Any,
+        _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+    ]:
+        event_multiparams: _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+        event_params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+
+        if len(distilled_params) == 1:
+            event_multiparams, event_params = [], distilled_params[0]
+        else:
+            event_multiparams, event_params = distilled_params, {}
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+            elem, event_multiparams, event_params = fn(
+                self,
+                elem,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+            )
+
+        if event_multiparams:
+            distilled_params = list(event_multiparams)
+            if event_params:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Event handler can't return non-empty multiparams "
+                    "and params at the same time"
+                )
+        elif event_params:
+            distilled_params = [event_params]
+        else:
+            distilled_params = []
+
+        return elem, distilled_params, event_multiparams, event_params
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(
+        self,
+        elem: Executable,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a sql.ClauseElement object."""
+
+        execution_options = elem._execution_options.merge_with(
+            self._execution_options, execution_options
+        )
+
+        has_events = self._has_events or self.engine._has_events
+        if has_events:
+            (
+                elem,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                elem, distilled_parameters, execution_options
+            )
+
+        if distilled_parameters:
+            # ensure we don't retain a link to the view object for keys()
+            # which links to the values, which we don't want to cache
+            keys = sorted(distilled_parameters[0])
+            for_executemany = len(distilled_parameters) > 1
+        else:
+            keys = []
+            for_executemany = False
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        schema_translate_map = execution_options.get(
+            "schema_translate_map", None
+        )
+
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = execution_options.get(
+            "compiled_cache", self.engine._compiled_cache
+        )
+
+        compiled_sql, extracted_params, cache_hit = elem._compile_w_cache(
+            dialect=dialect,
+            compiled_cache=compiled_cache,
+            column_keys=keys,
+            for_executemany=for_executemany,
+            schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+            linting=self.dialect.compiler_linting | compiler.WARN_LINTING,
+        )
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled_sql,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            execution_options,
+            compiled_sql,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            elem,
+            extracted_params,
+            cache_hit=cache_hit,
+        )
+        if has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                elem,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+                ret,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_compiled(
+        self,
+        compiled: Compiled,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter = _EMPTY_EXECUTION_OPTS,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a sql.Compiled object.
+
+        TODO: why do we have this?   likely deprecate or remove
+
+        """
+
+        execution_options = compiled.execution_options.merge_with(
+            self._execution_options, execution_options
+        )
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            (
+                compiled,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                compiled, distilled_parameters, execution_options
+            )
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            execution_options,
+            compiled,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                compiled,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+                ret,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def exec_driver_sql(
+        self,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a string SQL statement on the DBAPI cursor directly,
+        without any SQL compilation steps.
+
+        This can be used to pass any string directly to the
+        ``cursor.execute()`` method of the DBAPI in use.
+
+        :param statement: The statement str to be executed.   Bound parameters
+         must use the underlying DBAPI's paramstyle, such as "qmark",
+         "pyformat", "format", etc.
+
+        :param parameters: represent bound parameter values to be used in the
+         execution.  The format is one of:   a dictionary of named parameters,
+         a tuple of positional parameters, or a list containing either
+         dictionaries or tuples for multiple-execute support.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+         E.g. multiple dictionaries::
+
+
+             conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (%(id)s, %(value)s)",
+                 [{"id":1, "value":"v1"}, {"id":2, "value":"v2"}]
+             )
+
+         Single dictionary::
+
+             conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (%(id)s, %(value)s)",
+                 dict(id=1, value="v1")
+             )
+
+         Single tuple::
+
+             conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (?, ?)",
+                 (1, 'v1')
+             )
+
+         .. note:: The :meth:`_engine.Connection.exec_driver_sql` method does
+             not participate in the
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_execute` and
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_execute` events.   To
+             intercept calls to :meth:`_engine.Connection.exec_driver_sql`, use
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` and
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_cursor_execute`.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :pep:`249`
+
+        """
+
+        distilled_parameters = _distill_raw_params(parameters)
+
+        execution_options = self._execution_options.merge_with(
+            execution_options
+        )
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_statement,
+            statement,
+            None,
+            execution_options,
+            statement,
+            distilled_parameters,
+        )
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_context(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        constructor: Callable[..., ExecutionContext],
+        statement: Union[str, Compiled],
+        parameters: Optional[_AnyMultiExecuteParams],
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Create an :class:`.ExecutionContext` and execute, returning
+        a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`."""
+
+        if execution_options:
+            yp = execution_options.get("yield_per", None)
+            if yp:
+                execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                    {"stream_results": True, "max_row_buffer": yp}
+                )
+        try:
+            conn = self._dbapi_connection
+            if conn is None:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            context = constructor(
+                dialect, self, conn, execution_options, *args, **kw
+            )
+        except (exc.PendingRollbackError, exc.ResourceClosedError):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, str(statement), parameters, None, None
+            )
+
+        if (
+            self._transaction
+            and not self._transaction.is_active
+            or (
+                self._nested_transaction
+                and not self._nested_transaction.is_active
+            )
+        ):
+            self._invalid_transaction()
+
+        elif self._trans_context_manager:
+            TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(self)
+
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            self._autobegin()
+
+        context.pre_exec()
+
+        if context.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES:
+            return self._exec_insertmany_context(dialect, context)
+        else:
+            return self._exec_single_context(
+                dialect, context, statement, parameters
+            )
+
+    def _exec_single_context(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+        statement: Union[str, Compiled],
+        parameters: Optional[_AnyMultiExecuteParams],
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """continue the _execute_context() method for a single DBAPI
+        cursor.execute() or cursor.executemany() call.
+
+        """
+        if dialect.bind_typing is BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES:
+            generic_setinputsizes = context._prepare_set_input_sizes()
+
+            if generic_setinputsizes:
+                try:
+                    dialect.do_set_input_sizes(
+                        context.cursor, generic_setinputsizes, context
+                    )
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                        e, str(statement), parameters, None, context
+                    )
+
+        cursor, str_statement, parameters = (
+            context.cursor,
+            context.statement,
+            context.parameters,
+        )
+
+        effective_parameters: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams]
+
+        if not context.executemany:
+            effective_parameters = parameters[0]
+        else:
+            effective_parameters = parameters
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                str_statement, effective_parameters = fn(
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    str_statement,
+                    effective_parameters,
+                    context,
+                    context.executemany,
+                )
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self._log_info(str_statement)
+
+            stats = context._get_cache_stats()
+
+            if not self.engine.hide_parameters:
+                self._log_info(
+                    "[%s] %r",
+                    stats,
+                    sql_util._repr_params(
+                        effective_parameters,
+                        batches=10,
+                        ismulti=context.executemany,
+                    ),
+                )
+            else:
+                self._log_info(
+                    "[%s] [SQL parameters hidden due to hide_parameters=True]",
+                    stats,
+                )
+
+        evt_handled: bool = False
+        try:
+            if context.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY:
+                effective_parameters = cast(
+                    "_CoreMultiExecuteParams", effective_parameters
+                )
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_executemany:
+                        if fn(
+                            cursor,
+                            str_statement,
+                            effective_parameters,
+                            context,
+                        ):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_executemany(
+                        cursor,
+                        str_statement,
+                        effective_parameters,
+                        context,
+                    )
+            elif not effective_parameters and context.no_parameters:
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute_no_params:
+                        if fn(cursor, str_statement, context):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute_no_params(
+                        cursor, str_statement, context
+                    )
+            else:
+                effective_parameters = cast(
+                    "_CoreSingleExecuteParams", effective_parameters
+                )
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
+                        if fn(
+                            cursor,
+                            str_statement,
+                            effective_parameters,
+                            context,
+                        ):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute(
+                        cursor, str_statement, effective_parameters, context
+                    )
+
+            if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+                self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    str_statement,
+                    effective_parameters,
+                    context,
+                    context.executemany,
+                )
+
+            context.post_exec()
+
+            result = context._setup_result_proxy()
+
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, str_statement, effective_parameters, cursor, context
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _exec_insertmany_context(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """continue the _execute_context() method for an "insertmanyvalues"
+        operation, which will invoke DBAPI
+        cursor.execute() one or more times with individual log and
+        event hook calls.
+
+        """
+
+        if dialect.bind_typing is BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES:
+            generic_setinputsizes = context._prepare_set_input_sizes()
+        else:
+            generic_setinputsizes = None
+
+        cursor, str_statement, parameters = (
+            context.cursor,
+            context.statement,
+            context.parameters,
+        )
+
+        effective_parameters = parameters
+
+        engine_events = self._has_events or self.engine._has_events
+        if self.dialect._has_events:
+            do_execute_dispatch: Iterable[Any] = (
+                self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute
+            )
+        else:
+            do_execute_dispatch = ()
+
+        if self._echo:
+            stats = context._get_cache_stats() + " (insertmanyvalues)"
+
+        preserve_rowcount = context.execution_options.get(
+            "preserve_rowcount", False
+        )
+        rowcount = 0
+
+        for imv_batch in dialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+            cursor,
+            str_statement,
+            effective_parameters,
+            generic_setinputsizes,
+            context,
+        ):
+            if imv_batch.processed_setinputsizes:
+                try:
+                    dialect.do_set_input_sizes(
+                        context.cursor,
+                        imv_batch.processed_setinputsizes,
+                        context,
+                    )
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                        e,
+                        sql_util._long_statement(imv_batch.replaced_statement),
+                        imv_batch.replaced_parameters,
+                        None,
+                        context,
+                    )
+
+            sub_stmt = imv_batch.replaced_statement
+            sub_params = imv_batch.replaced_parameters
+
+            if engine_events:
+                for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                    sub_stmt, sub_params = fn(
+                        self,
+                        cursor,
+                        sub_stmt,
+                        sub_params,
+                        context,
+                        True,
+                    )
+
+            if self._echo:
+                self._log_info(sql_util._long_statement(sub_stmt))
+
+                imv_stats = f""" {imv_batch.batchnum}/{
+                            imv_batch.total_batches
+                } ({
+                    'ordered'
+                    if imv_batch.rows_sorted else 'unordered'
+                }{
+                    '; batch not supported'
+                    if imv_batch.is_downgraded
+                    else ''
+                })"""
+
+                if imv_batch.batchnum == 1:
+                    stats += imv_stats
+                else:
+                    stats = f"insertmanyvalues{imv_stats}"
+
+                if not self.engine.hide_parameters:
+                    self._log_info(
+                        "[%s] %r",
+                        stats,
+                        sql_util._repr_params(
+                            sub_params,
+                            batches=10,
+                            ismulti=False,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._log_info(
+                        "[%s] [SQL parameters hidden due to "
+                        "hide_parameters=True]",
+                        stats,
+                    )
+
+            try:
+                for fn in do_execute_dispatch:
+                    if fn(
+                        cursor,
+                        sub_stmt,
+                        sub_params,
+                        context,
+                    ):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    dialect.do_execute(
+                        cursor,
+                        sub_stmt,
+                        sub_params,
+                        context,
+                    )
+
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                    e,
+                    sql_util._long_statement(sub_stmt),
+                    sub_params,
+                    cursor,
+                    context,
+                    is_sub_exec=True,
+                )
+
+            if engine_events:
+                self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    str_statement,
+                    effective_parameters,
+                    context,
+                    context.executemany,
+                )
+
+            if preserve_rowcount:
+                rowcount += imv_batch.current_batch_size
+
+        try:
+            context.post_exec()
+
+            if preserve_rowcount:
+                context._rowcount = rowcount  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+            result = context._setup_result_proxy()
+
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, str_statement, effective_parameters, cursor, context
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _cursor_execute(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPISingleExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute a statement + params on the given cursor.
+
+        Adds appropriate logging and exception handling.
+
+        This method is used by DefaultDialect for special-case
+        executions, such as for sequences and column defaults.
+        The path of statement execution in the majority of cases
+        terminates at _execute_context().
+
+        """
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                statement, parameters = fn(
+                    self, cursor, statement, parameters, context, False
+                )
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self._log_info(statement)
+            self._log_info("[raw sql] %r", parameters)
+        try:
+            for fn in (
+                ()
+                if not self.dialect._has_events
+                else self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute
+            ):
+                if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.dialect.do_execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, statement, parameters, cursor, context
+            )
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(
+                self, cursor, statement, parameters, context, False
+            )
+
+    def _safe_close_cursor(self, cursor: DBAPICursor) -> None:
+        """Close the given cursor, catching exceptions
+        and turning into log warnings.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            cursor.close()
+        except Exception:
+            # log the error through the connection pool's logger.
+            self.engine.pool.logger.error(
+                "Error closing cursor", exc_info=True
+            )
+
+    _reentrant_error = False
+    _is_disconnect = False
+
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception(
+        self,
+        e: BaseException,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        parameters: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        is_sub_exec: bool = False,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        is_exit_exception = util.is_exit_exception(e)
+
+        if not self._is_disconnect:
+            self._is_disconnect = (
+                isinstance(e, self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error)
+                and not self.closed
+                and self.dialect.is_disconnect(
+                    e,
+                    self._dbapi_connection if not self.invalidated else None,
+                    cursor,
+                )
+            ) or (is_exit_exception and not self.closed)
+
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = not is_exit_exception
+
+        ismulti: bool = (
+            not is_sub_exec and context.executemany
+            if context is not None
+            else False
+        )
+        if self._reentrant_error:
+            raise exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                e,
+                self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error,
+                hide_parameters=self.engine.hide_parameters,
+                dialect=self.dialect,
+                ismulti=ismulti,
+            ).with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+        self._reentrant_error = True
+        try:
+            # non-DBAPI error - if we already got a context,
+            # or there's no string statement, don't wrap it
+            should_wrap = isinstance(e, self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error) or (
+                statement is not None
+                and context is None
+                and not is_exit_exception
+            )
+
+            if should_wrap:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    cast(Exception, e),
+                    self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error,
+                    hide_parameters=self.engine.hide_parameters,
+                    connection_invalidated=self._is_disconnect,
+                    dialect=self.dialect,
+                    ismulti=ismulti,
+                )
+            else:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+            newraise = None
+
+            if (self.dialect._has_events) and not self._execution_options.get(
+                "skip_user_error_events", False
+            ):
+                ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                    e,
+                    sqlalchemy_exception,
+                    self.engine,
+                    self.dialect,
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    context,
+                    self._is_disconnect,
+                    invalidate_pool_on_disconnect,
+                    False,
+                )
+
+                for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.handle_error:
+                    try:
+                        # handler returns an exception;
+                        # call next handler in a chain
+                        per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                        if per_fn is not None:
+                            ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                    except Exception as _raised:
+                        # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                        newraise = _raised
+                        break
+
+                if self._is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                    self._is_disconnect = ctx.is_disconnect
+                    if sqlalchemy_exception:
+                        sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = (
+                            ctx.is_disconnect
+                        )
+
+                # set up potentially user-defined value for
+                # invalidate pool.
+                invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = (
+                    ctx.invalidate_pool_on_disconnect
+                )
+
+            if should_wrap and context:
+                context.handle_dbapi_exception(e)
+
+            if not self._is_disconnect:
+                if cursor:
+                    self._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+                # "autorollback" was mostly relevant in 1.x series.
+                # It's very unlikely to reach here, as the connection
+                # does autobegin so when we are here, we are usually
+                # in an explicit / semi-explicit transaction.
+                # however we have a test which manufactures this
+                # scenario in any case using an event handler.
+                # test/engine/test_execute.py-> test_actual_autorollback
+                if not self.in_transaction():
+                    self._rollback_impl()
+
+            if newraise:
+                raise newraise.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+            elif should_wrap:
+                assert sqlalchemy_exception is not None
+                raise sqlalchemy_exception.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+            else:
+                assert exc_info[1] is not None
+                raise exc_info[1].with_traceback(exc_info[2])
+        finally:
+            del self._reentrant_error
+            if self._is_disconnect:
+                del self._is_disconnect
+                if not self.invalidated:
+                    dbapi_conn_wrapper = self._dbapi_connection
+                    assert dbapi_conn_wrapper is not None
+                    if invalidate_pool_on_disconnect:
+                        self.engine.pool._invalidate(dbapi_conn_wrapper, e)
+                    self.invalidate(e)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+        cls,
+        e: BaseException,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        engine: Optional[Engine] = None,
+        is_disconnect: Optional[bool] = None,
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect: bool = True,
+        is_pre_ping: bool = False,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        if is_disconnect is None:
+            is_disconnect = isinstance(
+                e, dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error
+            ) and dialect.is_disconnect(e, None, None)
+
+        should_wrap = isinstance(e, dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error)
+
+        if should_wrap:
+            sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                None,
+                None,
+                cast(Exception, e),
+                dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error,
+                hide_parameters=(
+                    engine.hide_parameters if engine is not None else False
+                ),
+                connection_invalidated=is_disconnect,
+                dialect=dialect,
+            )
+        else:
+            sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+        newraise = None
+
+        if dialect._has_events:
+            ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                e,
+                sqlalchemy_exception,
+                engine,
+                dialect,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                is_disconnect,
+                invalidate_pool_on_disconnect,
+                is_pre_ping,
+            )
+            for fn in dialect.dispatch.handle_error:
+                try:
+                    # handler returns an exception;
+                    # call next handler in a chain
+                    per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                    if per_fn is not None:
+                        ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                except Exception as _raised:
+                    # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                    newraise = _raised
+                    break
+
+            if sqlalchemy_exception and is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = is_disconnect = (
+                    ctx.is_disconnect
+                )
+
+        if newraise:
+            raise newraise.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+        elif should_wrap:
+            assert sqlalchemy_exception is not None
+            raise sqlalchemy_exception.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+        else:
+            assert exc_info[1] is not None
+            raise exc_info[1].with_traceback(exc_info[2])
+
+    def _run_ddl_visitor(
+        self,
+        visitorcallable: Type[Union[SchemaGenerator, SchemaDropper]],
+        element: SchemaItem,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """run a DDL visitor.
+
+        This method is only here so that the MockConnection can change the
+        options given to the visitor so that "checkfirst" is skipped.
+
+        """
+        visitorcallable(self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+
+class ExceptionContextImpl(ExceptionContext):
+    """Implement the :class:`.ExceptionContext` interface."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "connection",
+        "engine",
+        "dialect",
+        "cursor",
+        "statement",
+        "parameters",
+        "original_exception",
+        "sqlalchemy_exception",
+        "chained_exception",
+        "execution_context",
+        "is_disconnect",
+        "invalidate_pool_on_disconnect",
+        "is_pre_ping",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception: BaseException,
+        sqlalchemy_exception: Optional[exc.StatementError],
+        engine: Optional[Engine],
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Optional[Connection],
+        cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams],
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        is_disconnect: bool,
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect: bool,
+        is_pre_ping: bool,
+    ):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.sqlalchemy_exception = sqlalchemy_exception
+        self.original_exception = exception
+        self.execution_context = context
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.is_disconnect = is_disconnect
+        self.invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = invalidate_pool_on_disconnect
+        self.is_pre_ping = is_pre_ping
+
+
+class Transaction(TransactionalContext):
+    """Represent a database transaction in progress.
+
+    The :class:`.Transaction` object is procured by
+    calling the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method of
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+        connection = engine.connect()
+        trans = connection.begin()
+        connection.execute(text("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)"))
+        trans.commit()
+
+    The object provides :meth:`.rollback` and :meth:`.commit`
+    methods in order to control transaction boundaries.  It
+    also implements a context manager interface so that
+    the Python ``with`` statement can be used with the
+    :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method::
+
+        with connection.begin():
+            connection.execute(text("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)"))
+
+    The Transaction object is **not** threadsafe.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase`
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested`
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Transaction
+    """  # noqa
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_root: bool = False
+    is_active: bool
+    connection: Connection
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _deactivated_from_connection(self) -> bool:
+        """True if this transaction is totally deactivated from the connection
+        and therefore can no longer affect its state.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_rollback(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_commit(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_active and not self.connection.invalidated
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit
+        nesting, the transaction will rollback().  Otherwise, the
+        method returns.
+
+        This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of
+        an enclosing transaction.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            self._do_close()
+        finally:
+            assert not self.is_active
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        The implementation of this may vary based on the type of transaction in
+        use:
+
+        * For a simple database transaction (e.g. :class:`.RootTransaction`),
+          it corresponds to a ROLLBACK.
+
+        * For a :class:`.NestedTransaction`, it corresponds to a
+          "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT" operation.
+
+        * For a :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`, DBAPI-specific methods for two
+          phase transactions may be used.
+
+
+        """
+        try:
+            self._do_rollback()
+        finally:
+            assert not self.is_active
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        The implementation of this may vary based on the type of transaction in
+        use:
+
+        * For a simple database transaction (e.g. :class:`.RootTransaction`),
+          it corresponds to a COMMIT.
+
+        * For a :class:`.NestedTransaction`, it corresponds to a
+          "RELEASE SAVEPOINT" operation.
+
+        * For a :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`, DBAPI-specific methods for two
+          phase transactions may be used.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            self._do_commit()
+        finally:
+            assert not self.is_active
+
+    def _get_subject(self) -> Connection:
+        return self.connection
+
+    def _transaction_is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_active
+
+    def _transaction_is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return not self._deactivated_from_connection
+
+    def _rollback_can_be_called(self) -> bool:
+        # for RootTransaction / NestedTransaction, it's safe to call
+        # rollback() even if the transaction is deactive and no warnings
+        # will be emitted.  tested in
+        # test_transaction.py -> test_no_rollback_in_deactive(?:_savepoint)?
+        return True
+
+
+class RootTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent the "root" transaction on a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    This corresponds to the current "BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK" that's occurring
+    for the :class:`_engine.Connection`. The :class:`_engine.RootTransaction`
+    is created by calling upon the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method, and
+    remains associated with the :class:`_engine.Connection` throughout its
+    active span. The current :class:`_engine.RootTransaction` in use is
+    accessible via the :attr:`_engine.Connection.get_transaction` method of
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    In :term:`2.0 style` use, the :class:`_engine.Connection` also employs
+    "autobegin" behavior that will create a new
+    :class:`_engine.RootTransaction` whenever a connection in a
+    non-transactional state is used to emit commands on the DBAPI connection.
+    The scope of the :class:`_engine.RootTransaction` in 2.0 style
+    use can be controlled using the :meth:`_engine.Connection.commit` and
+    :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback` methods.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_root = True
+
+    __slots__ = ("connection", "is_active")
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection):
+        assert connection._transaction is None
+        if connection._trans_context_manager:
+            TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(connection)
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._connection_begin_impl()
+        connection._transaction = self
+
+        self.is_active = True
+
+    def _deactivate_from_connection(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_active:
+            assert self.connection._transaction is self
+            self.is_active = False
+
+        elif self.connection._transaction is not self:
+            util.warn("transaction already deassociated from connection")
+
+    @property
+    def _deactivated_from_connection(self) -> bool:
+        return self.connection._transaction is not self
+
+    def _connection_begin_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._begin_impl(self)
+
+    def _connection_rollback_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._rollback_impl()
+
+    def _connection_commit_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._commit_impl()
+
+    def _close_impl(self, try_deactivate: bool = False) -> None:
+        try:
+            if self.is_active:
+                self._connection_rollback_impl()
+
+            if self.connection._nested_transaction:
+                self.connection._nested_transaction._cancel()
+        finally:
+            if self.is_active or try_deactivate:
+                self._deactivate_from_connection()
+            if self.connection._transaction is self:
+                self.connection._transaction = None
+
+        assert not self.is_active
+        assert self.connection._transaction is not self
+
+    def _do_close(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl()
+
+    def _do_rollback(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl(try_deactivate=True)
+
+    def _do_commit(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_active:
+            assert self.connection._transaction is self
+
+            try:
+                self._connection_commit_impl()
+            finally:
+                # whether or not commit succeeds, cancel any
+                # nested transactions, make this transaction "inactive"
+                # and remove it as a reset agent
+                if self.connection._nested_transaction:
+                    self.connection._nested_transaction._cancel()
+
+                self._deactivate_from_connection()
+
+            # ...however only remove as the connection's current transaction
+            # if commit succeeded.  otherwise it stays on so that a rollback
+            # needs to occur.
+            self.connection._transaction = None
+        else:
+            if self.connection._transaction is self:
+                self.connection._invalid_transaction()
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+
+        assert not self.is_active
+        assert self.connection._transaction is not self
+
+
+class NestedTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent a 'nested', or SAVEPOINT transaction.
+
+    The :class:`.NestedTransaction` object is created by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method of
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    When using :class:`.NestedTransaction`, the semantics of "begin" /
+    "commit" / "rollback" are as follows:
+
+    * the "begin" operation corresponds to the "BEGIN SAVEPOINT" command, where
+      the savepoint is given an explicit name that is part of the state
+      of this object.
+
+    * The :meth:`.NestedTransaction.commit` method corresponds to a
+      "RELEASE SAVEPOINT" operation, using the savepoint identifier associated
+      with this :class:`.NestedTransaction`.
+
+    * The :meth:`.NestedTransaction.rollback` method corresponds to a
+      "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT" operation, using the savepoint identifier
+      associated with this :class:`.NestedTransaction`.
+
+    The rationale for mimicking the semantics of an outer transaction in
+    terms of savepoints so that code may deal with a "savepoint" transaction
+    and an "outer" transaction in an agnostic way.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_begin_nested` - ORM version of the SAVEPOINT API.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("connection", "is_active", "_savepoint", "_previous_nested")
+
+    _savepoint: str
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection):
+        assert connection._transaction is not None
+        if connection._trans_context_manager:
+            TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(connection)
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._savepoint = self.connection._savepoint_impl()
+        self.is_active = True
+        self._previous_nested = connection._nested_transaction
+        connection._nested_transaction = self
+
+    def _deactivate_from_connection(self, warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        if self.connection._nested_transaction is self:
+            self.connection._nested_transaction = self._previous_nested
+        elif warn:
+            util.warn(
+                "nested transaction already deassociated from connection"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _deactivated_from_connection(self) -> bool:
+        return self.connection._nested_transaction is not self
+
+    def _cancel(self) -> None:
+        # called by RootTransaction when the outer transaction is
+        # committed, rolled back, or closed to cancel all savepoints
+        # without any action being taken
+        self.is_active = False
+        self._deactivate_from_connection()
+        if self._previous_nested:
+            self._previous_nested._cancel()
+
+    def _close_impl(
+        self, deactivate_from_connection: bool, warn_already_deactive: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            if (
+                self.is_active
+                and self.connection._transaction
+                and self.connection._transaction.is_active
+            ):
+                self.connection._rollback_to_savepoint_impl(self._savepoint)
+        finally:
+            self.is_active = False
+
+            if deactivate_from_connection:
+                self._deactivate_from_connection(warn=warn_already_deactive)
+
+        assert not self.is_active
+        if deactivate_from_connection:
+            assert self.connection._nested_transaction is not self
+
+    def _do_close(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl(True, False)
+
+    def _do_rollback(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl(True, True)
+
+    def _do_commit(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_active:
+            try:
+                self.connection._release_savepoint_impl(self._savepoint)
+            finally:
+                # nested trans becomes inactive on failed release
+                # unconditionally.  this prevents it from trying to
+                # emit SQL when it rolls back.
+                self.is_active = False
+
+            # but only de-associate from connection if it succeeded
+            self._deactivate_from_connection()
+        else:
+            if self.connection._nested_transaction is self:
+                self.connection._invalid_transaction()
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This nested transaction is inactive"
+                )
+
+
+class TwoPhaseTransaction(RootTransaction):
+    """Represent a two-phase transaction.
+
+    A new :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` object may be procured
+    using the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase` method.
+
+    The interface is the same as that of :class:`.Transaction`
+    with the addition of the :meth:`prepare` method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("xid", "_is_prepared")
+
+    xid: Any
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection, xid: Any):
+        self._is_prepared = False
+        self.xid = xid
+        super().__init__(connection)
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """Prepare this :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`.
+
+        After a PREPARE, the transaction can be committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self.is_active:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+        self.connection._prepare_twophase_impl(self.xid)
+        self._is_prepared = True
+
+    def _connection_begin_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._begin_twophase_impl(self)
+
+    def _connection_rollback_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._rollback_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+    def _connection_commit_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._commit_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+
+class Engine(
+    ConnectionEventsTarget, log.Identified, inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]
+):
+    """
+    Connects a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` and
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` together to provide a
+    source of database connectivity and behavior.
+
+    An :class:`_engine.Engine` object is instantiated publicly using the
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+        :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+
+    _compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType]
+
+    _execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = _EMPTY_EXECUTION_OPTS
+    _has_events: bool = False
+    _connection_cls: Type[Connection] = Connection
+    _sqla_logger_namespace: str = "sqlalchemy.engine.Engine"
+    _is_future: bool = False
+
+    _schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None
+    _option_cls: Type[OptionEngine]
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    pool: Pool
+    url: URL
+    hide_parameters: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool: Pool,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        url: URL,
+        logging_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        echo: Optional[_EchoFlagType] = None,
+        query_cache_size: int = 500,
+        execution_options: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.pool = pool
+        self.url = url
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = logging_name
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.hide_parameters = hide_parameters
+        if query_cache_size != 0:
+            self._compiled_cache = util.LRUCache(
+                query_cache_size, size_alert=self._lru_size_alert
+            )
+        else:
+            self._compiled_cache = None
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        if execution_options:
+            self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def _lru_size_alert(self, cache: util.LRUCache[Any, Any]) -> None:
+        if self._should_log_info():
+            self.logger.info(
+                "Compiled cache size pruning from %d items to %d.  "
+                "Increase cache size to reduce the frequency of pruning.",
+                len(cache),
+                cache.capacity,
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def engine(self) -> Engine:
+        """Returns this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        Used for legacy schemes that accept :class:`.Connection` /
+        :class:`.Engine` objects within the same variable.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def clear_compiled_cache(self) -> None:
+        """Clear the compiled cache associated with the dialect.
+
+        This applies **only** to the built-in cache that is established
+        via the :paramref:`_engine.create_engine.query_cache_size` parameter.
+        It will not impact any dictionary caches that were passed via the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.compiled_cache` parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        if self._compiled_cache:
+            self._compiled_cache.clear()
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        r"""Update the default execution_options dictionary
+        of this :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        The given keys/values in \**opt are added to the
+        default execution options that will be used for
+        all connections.  The initial contents of this dictionary
+        can be sent via the ``execution_options`` parameter
+        to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+        """
+        self.dispatch.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(opt)
+        self.dialect.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> OptionEngine: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> OptionEngine: ...
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> OptionEngine:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.Engine` that will provide
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` objects with the given execution options.
+
+        The returned :class:`_engine.Engine` remains related to the original
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` in that it shares the same connection pool and
+        other state:
+
+        * The :class:`_pool.Pool` used by the new :class:`_engine.Engine`
+          is the
+          same instance.  The :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose`
+          method will replace
+          the connection pool instance for the parent engine as well
+          as this one.
+        * Event listeners are "cascaded" - meaning, the new
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`
+          inherits the events of the parent, and new events can be associated
+          with the new :class:`_engine.Engine` individually.
+        * The logging configuration and logging_name is copied from the parent
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        The intent of the :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options` method is
+        to implement schemes where multiple :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        objects refer to the same connection pool, but are differentiated
+        by options that affect some execution-level behavior for each
+        engine.    One such example is breaking into separate "reader" and
+        "writer" :class:`_engine.Engine` instances, where one
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        has a lower :term:`isolation level` setting configured or is even
+        transaction-disabled using "autocommit".  An example of this
+        configuration is at :ref:`dbapi_autocommit_multiple`.
+
+        Another example is one that
+        uses a custom option ``shard_id`` which is consumed by an event
+        to change the current schema on a database connection::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import event
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+
+            primary_engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://")
+            shard1 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard1")
+            shard2 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard2")
+
+            shards = {"default": "base", "shard_1": "db1", "shard_2": "db2"}
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute")
+            def _switch_shard(conn, cursor, stmt,
+                    params, context, executemany):
+                shard_id = conn.get_execution_options().get('shard_id', "default")
+                current_shard = conn.info.get("current_shard", None)
+
+                if current_shard != shard_id:
+                    cursor.execute("use %s" % shards[shard_id])
+                    conn.info["current_shard"] = shard_id
+
+        The above recipe illustrates two :class:`_engine.Engine` objects that
+        will each serve as factories for :class:`_engine.Connection` objects
+        that have pre-established "shard_id" execution options present. A
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event handler
+        then interprets this execution option to emit a MySQL ``use`` statement
+        to switch databases before a statement execution, while at the same
+        time keeping track of which database we've established using the
+        :attr:`_engine.Connection.info` dictionary.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+            - update execution options
+            on a :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.update_execution_options`
+            - update the execution
+            options for a given :class:`_engine.Engine` in place.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.get_execution_options`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self._option_cls(self, opt)
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """String name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.name
+
+    @property
+    def driver(self) -> str:
+        """Driver name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.driver
+
+    echo = log.echo_property()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Engine(%r)" % (self.url,)
+
+    def dispose(self, close: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the connection pool used by this
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        A new connection pool is created immediately after the old one has been
+        disposed. The previous connection pool is disposed either actively, by
+        closing out all currently checked-in connections in that pool, or
+        passively, by losing references to it but otherwise not closing any
+        connections. The latter strategy is more appropriate for an initializer
+        in a forked Python process.
+
+        :param close: if left at its default of ``True``, has the
+         effect of fully closing all **currently checked in**
+         database connections.  Connections that are still checked out
+         will **not** be closed, however they will no longer be associated
+         with this :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         so when they are closed individually, eventually the
+         :class:`_pool.Pool` which they are associated with will
+         be garbage collected and they will be closed out fully, if
+         not already closed on checkin.
+
+         If set to ``False``, the previous connection pool is de-referenced,
+         and otherwise not touched in any way.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.33  Added the :paramref:`.Engine.dispose.close`
+            parameter to allow the replacement of a connection pool in a child
+            process without interfering with the connections used by the parent
+            process.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_disposal`
+
+            :ref:`pooling_multiprocessing`
+
+        """
+        if close:
+            self.pool.dispose()
+        self.pool = self.pool.recreate()
+        self.dispatch.engine_disposed(self)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _optional_conn_ctx_manager(
+        self, connection: Optional[Connection] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[Connection]:
+        if connection is None:
+            with self.connect() as conn:
+                yield conn
+        else:
+            yield connection
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def begin(self) -> Iterator[Connection]:
+        """Return a context manager delivering a :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        with a :class:`.Transaction` established.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.begin() as conn:
+                conn.execute(
+                    text("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)")
+                )
+                conn.execute(text("my_special_procedure(5)"))
+
+        Upon successful operation, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is committed.  If an error is raised, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is rolled back.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` - procure a
+            :class:`_engine.Connection` from
+            an :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` - start a :class:`.Transaction`
+            for a particular :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+        with self.connect() as conn:
+            with conn.begin():
+                yield conn
+
+    def _run_ddl_visitor(
+        self,
+        visitorcallable: Type[Union[SchemaGenerator, SchemaDropper]],
+        element: SchemaItem,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        with self.begin() as conn:
+            conn._run_ddl_visitor(visitorcallable, element, **kwargs)
+
+    def connect(self) -> Connection:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+        The :class:`_engine.Connection` acts as a Python context manager, so
+        the typical use of this method looks like::
+
+            with engine.connect() as connection:
+                connection.execute(text("insert into table values ('foo')"))
+                connection.commit()
+
+        Where above, after the block is completed, the connection is "closed"
+        and its underlying DBAPI resources are returned to the connection pool.
+        This also has the effect of rolling back any transaction that
+        was explicitly begun or was begun via autobegin, and will
+        emit the :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.rollback` event if one was
+        started and is still in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.begin`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self)
+
+    def raw_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return a "raw" DBAPI connection from the connection pool.
+
+        The returned object is a proxied version of the DBAPI
+        connection object used by the underlying driver in use.
+        The object will have all the same behavior as the real DBAPI
+        connection, except that its ``close()`` method will result in the
+        connection being returned to the pool, rather than being closed
+        for real.
+
+        This method provides direct DBAPI connection access for
+        special situations when the API provided by
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        is not needed.   When a :class:`_engine.Connection` object is already
+        present, the DBAPI connection is available using
+        the :attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` accessor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+        return self.pool.connect()
+
+
+class OptionEngineMixin(log.Identified):
+    _sa_propagate_class_events = False
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+    _compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType]
+    dialect: Dialect
+    pool: Pool
+    url: URL
+    hide_parameters: bool
+    echo: log.echo_property
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, proxied: Engine, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    ):
+        self._proxied = proxied
+        self.url = proxied.url
+        self.dialect = proxied.dialect
+        self.logging_name = proxied.logging_name
+        self.echo = proxied.echo
+        self._compiled_cache = proxied._compiled_cache
+        self.hide_parameters = proxied.hide_parameters
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=self.echo)
+
+        # note: this will propagate events that are assigned to the parent
+        # engine after this OptionEngine is created.   Since we share
+        # the events of the parent we also disallow class-level events
+        # to apply to the OptionEngine class directly.
+        #
+        # the other way this can work would be to transfer existing
+        # events only, using:
+        # self.dispatch._update(proxied.dispatch)
+        #
+        # that might be more appropriate however it would be a behavioral
+        # change for logic that assigns events to the parent engine and
+        # would like it to take effect for the already-created sub-engine.
+        self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(proxied.dispatch)
+
+        self._execution_options = proxied._execution_options
+        self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # https://github.com/python/typing/discussions/1095
+
+        @property
+        def pool(self) -> Pool:
+            return self._proxied.pool
+
+        @pool.setter
+        def pool(self, pool: Pool) -> None:
+            self._proxied.pool = pool
+
+        @property
+        def _has_events(self) -> bool:
+            return self._proxied._has_events or self.__dict__.get(
+                "_has_events", False
+            )
+
+        @_has_events.setter
+        def _has_events(self, value: bool) -> None:
+            self.__dict__["_has_events"] = value
+
+
+class OptionEngine(OptionEngineMixin, Engine):
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        Engine.update_execution_options(self, **opt)
+
+
+Engine._option_cls = OptionEngine
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/characteristics.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/characteristics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c01ba14d82508cfe72cb49099d15b85b8d9882d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/characteristics.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# engine/characteristics.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Connection
+    from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+
+
+class ConnectionCharacteristic(abc.ABC):
+    """An abstract base for an object that can set, get and reset a
+    per-connection characteristic, typically one that gets reset when the
+    connection is returned to the connection pool.
+
+    transaction isolation is the canonical example, and the
+    ``IsolationLevelCharacteristic`` implementation provides this for the
+    ``DefaultDialect``.
+
+    The ``ConnectionCharacteristic`` class should call upon the ``Dialect`` for
+    the implementation of each method.   The object exists strictly to serve as
+    a dialect visitor that can be placed into the
+    ``DefaultDialect.connection_characteristics`` dictionary where it will take
+    effect for calls to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` and
+    related APIs.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    transactional: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def reset_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reset the characteristic on the DBAPI connection to its default
+        value."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def set_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """set characteristic on the DBAPI connection to a given value."""
+
+    def set_connection_characteristic(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        conn: Connection,
+        dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection,
+        value: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """set characteristic on the :class:`_engine.Connection` to a given
+        value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.30 - added to support elements that are local
+           to the :class:`_engine.Connection` itself.
+
+        """
+        self.set_characteristic(dialect, dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, get the current value of the
+        characteristic.
+
+        """
+
+    def get_connection_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, conn: Connection, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, get the current value of the
+        characteristic.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.30 - added to support elements that are local
+           to the :class:`_engine.Connection` itself.
+
+        """
+        return self.get_characteristic(dialect, dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class IsolationLevelCharacteristic(ConnectionCharacteristic):
+    """Manage the isolation level on a DBAPI connection"""
+
+    transactional: ClassVar[bool] = True
+
+    def reset_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        dialect.reset_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+
+    def set_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        dialect._assert_and_set_isolation_level(dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    def get_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        return dialect.get_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class LoggingTokenCharacteristic(ConnectionCharacteristic):
+    """Manage the 'logging_token' option of a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.30
+
+    """
+
+    transactional: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    def reset_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def set_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_connection_characteristic(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        conn: Connection,
+        dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection,
+        value: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if value:
+            conn._message_formatter = lambda msg: "[%s] %s" % (value, msg)
+        else:
+            del conn._message_formatter
+
+    def get_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_connection_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, conn: Connection, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        return conn._execution_options.get("logging_token", None)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70f644b06c9be32d324dd201efa466f892a2f029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+# engine/create.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base
+from . import url as _url
+from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+from .mock import create_mock_engine
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..pool import _AdhocProxiedConnection
+from ..pool import ConnectionPoolEntry
+from ..sql import compiler
+from ..util import immutabledict
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import _ParamStyle
+    from .interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..log import _EchoFlagType
+    from ..pool import _CreatorFnType
+    from ..pool import _CreatorWRecFnType
+    from ..pool import _ResetStyleArgType
+    from ..pool import Pool
+    from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+
+@overload
+def create_engine(
+    url: Union[str, URL],
+    *,
+    connect_args: Dict[Any, Any] = ...,
+    convert_unicode: bool = ...,
+    creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType] = ...,
+    echo: _EchoFlagType = ...,
+    echo_pool: _EchoFlagType = ...,
+    enable_from_linting: bool = ...,
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = ...,
+    future: Literal[True],
+    hide_parameters: bool = ...,
+    implicit_returning: Literal[True] = ...,
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+    isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+    json_deserializer: Callable[..., Any] = ...,
+    json_serializer: Callable[..., Any] = ...,
+    label_length: Optional[int] = ...,
+    logging_name: str = ...,
+    max_identifier_length: Optional[int] = ...,
+    max_overflow: int = ...,
+    module: Optional[Any] = ...,
+    paramstyle: Optional[_ParamStyle] = ...,
+    pool: Optional[Pool] = ...,
+    poolclass: Optional[Type[Pool]] = ...,
+    pool_logging_name: str = ...,
+    pool_pre_ping: bool = ...,
+    pool_size: int = ...,
+    pool_recycle: int = ...,
+    pool_reset_on_return: Optional[_ResetStyleArgType] = ...,
+    pool_timeout: float = ...,
+    pool_use_lifo: bool = ...,
+    plugins: List[str] = ...,
+    query_cache_size: int = ...,
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = ...,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def create_engine(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@util.deprecated_params(
+    strategy=(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.strategy` keyword is deprecated, "
+        "and the only argument accepted is 'mock'; please use "
+        ":func:`.create_mock_engine` going forward.  For general "
+        "customization of create_engine which may have been accomplished "
+        "using strategies, see :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin`.",
+    ),
+    empty_in_strategy=(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.empty_in_strategy` keyword is "
+        "deprecated, and no longer has any effect.  All IN expressions "
+        "are now rendered using "
+        'the "expanding parameter" strategy which renders a set of bound'
+        'expressions, or an "empty set" SELECT, at statement execution'
+        "time.",
+    ),
+    implicit_returning=(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.implicit_returning` parameter "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. ",
+    ),
+)
+def create_engine(url: Union[str, _url.URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Engine:
+    """Create a new :class:`_engine.Engine` instance.
+
+    The standard calling form is to send the :ref:`URL <database_urls>` as the
+    first positional argument, usually a string
+    that indicates database dialect and connection arguments::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Please review :ref:`database_urls` for general guidelines in composing
+        URL strings.  In particular, special characters, such as those often
+        part of passwords, must be URL encoded to be properly parsed.
+
+    Additional keyword arguments may then follow it which
+    establish various options on the resulting :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    and its underlying :class:`.Dialect` and :class:`_pool.Pool`
+    constructs::
+
+        engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
+                                    pool_recycle=3600, echo=True)
+
+    The string form of the URL is
+    ``dialect[+driver]://user:password@host/dbname[?key=value..]``, where
+    ``dialect`` is a database name such as ``mysql``, ``oracle``,
+    ``postgresql``, etc., and ``driver`` the name of a DBAPI, such as
+    ``psycopg2``, ``pyodbc``, ``cx_oracle``, etc.  Alternatively,
+    the URL can be an instance of :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`.
+
+    ``**kwargs`` takes a wide variety of options which are routed
+    towards their appropriate components.  Arguments may be specific to
+    the :class:`_engine.Engine`, the underlying :class:`.Dialect`,
+    as well as the
+    :class:`_pool.Pool`.  Specific dialects also accept keyword arguments that
+    are unique to that dialect.   Here, we describe the parameters
+    that are common to most :func:`_sa.create_engine()` usage.
+
+    Once established, the newly resulting :class:`_engine.Engine` will
+    request a connection from the underlying :class:`_pool.Pool` once
+    :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` is called, or a method which depends on it
+    such as :meth:`_engine.Engine.execute` is invoked.   The
+    :class:`_pool.Pool` in turn
+    will establish the first actual DBAPI connection when this request
+    is received.   The :func:`_sa.create_engine` call itself does **not**
+    establish any actual DBAPI connections directly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+        :doc:`/dialects/index`
+
+        :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    :param connect_args: a dictionary of options which will be
+        passed directly to the DBAPI's ``connect()`` method as
+        additional keyword arguments.  See the example
+        at :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`.
+
+    :param creator: a callable which returns a DBAPI connection.
+        This creation function will be passed to the underlying
+        connection pool and will be used to create all new database
+        connections. Usage of this function causes connection
+        parameters specified in the URL argument to be bypassed.
+
+        This hook is not as flexible as the newer
+        :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.do_connect` hook which allows complete
+        control over how a connection is made to the database, given the full
+        set of URL arguments and state beforehand.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.do_connect` - event hook that allows
+            full control over DBAPI connection mechanics.
+
+            :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`
+
+    :param echo=False: if True, the Engine will log all statements
+        as well as a ``repr()`` of their parameter lists to the default log
+        handler, which defaults to ``sys.stdout`` for output.   If set to the
+        string ``"debug"``, result rows will be printed to the standard output
+        as well. The ``echo`` attribute of ``Engine`` can be modified at any
+        time to turn logging on and off; direct control of logging is also
+        available using the standard Python ``logging`` module.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+
+    :param echo_pool=False: if True, the connection pool will log
+        informational output such as when connections are invalidated
+        as well as when connections are recycled to the default log handler,
+        which defaults to ``sys.stdout`` for output.   If set to the string
+        ``"debug"``, the logging will include pool checkouts and checkins.
+        Direct control of logging is also available using the standard Python
+        ``logging`` module.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+
+    :param empty_in_strategy:   No longer used; SQLAlchemy now uses
+        "empty set" behavior for IN in all cases.
+
+    :param enable_from_linting: defaults to True.  Will emit a warning
+        if a given SELECT statement is found to have un-linked FROM elements
+        which would cause a cartesian product.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`change_4737`
+
+    :param execution_options: Dictionary execution options which will
+        be applied to all connections.  See
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+    :param future: Use the 2.0 style :class:`_engine.Engine` and
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` API.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 2.0, this parameter is present for backwards
+        compatibility only and must remain at its default value of ``True``.
+
+        The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.future` parameter will be
+        deprecated in a subsequent 2.x release and eventually removed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 All :class:`_engine.Engine` objects are
+           "future" style engines and there is no longer a ``future=False``
+           mode of operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`migration_20_toplevel`
+
+    :param hide_parameters: Boolean, when set to True, SQL statement parameters
+        will not be displayed in INFO logging nor will they be formatted into
+        the string representation of :class:`.StatementError` objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+    :param implicit_returning=True:  Legacy parameter that may only be set
+        to True. In SQLAlchemy 2.0, this parameter does nothing. In order to
+        disable "implicit returning" for statements invoked by the ORM,
+        configure this on a per-table basis using the
+        :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning` parameter.
+
+
+    :param insertmanyvalues_page_size: number of rows to format into an
+     INSERT statement when the statement uses "insertmanyvalues" mode, which is
+     a paged form of bulk insert that is used for many backends when using
+     :term:`executemany` execution typically in conjunction with RETURNING.
+     Defaults to 1000, but may also be subject to dialect-specific limiting
+     factors which may override this value on a per-statement basis.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_page_size`
+
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.insertmanyvalues_page_size`
+
+    :param isolation_level: optional string name of an isolation level
+        which will be set on all new connections unconditionally.
+        Isolation levels are typically some subset of the string names
+        ``"SERIALIZABLE"``, ``"REPEATABLE READ"``,
+        ``"READ COMMITTED"``, ``"READ UNCOMMITTED"`` and ``"AUTOCOMMIT"``
+        based on backend.
+
+        The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter is
+        in contrast to the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+        execution option, which may be set on an individual
+        :class:`.Connection`, as well as the same parameter passed to
+        :meth:`.Engine.execution_options`, where it may be used to create
+        multiple engines with different isolation levels that share a common
+        connection pool and dialect.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 The
+           :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+           parameter has been generalized to work on all dialects which support
+           the concept of isolation level, and is provided as a more succinct,
+           up front configuration switch in contrast to the execution option
+           which is more of an ad-hoc programmatic option.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+    :param json_deserializer: for dialects that support the
+        :class:`_types.JSON`
+        datatype, this is a Python callable that will convert a JSON string
+        to a Python object.  By default, the Python ``json.loads`` function is
+        used.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.7  The SQLite dialect renamed this from
+           ``_json_deserializer``.
+
+    :param json_serializer: for dialects that support the :class:`_types.JSON`
+        datatype, this is a Python callable that will render a given object
+        as JSON.   By default, the Python ``json.dumps`` function is used.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.7  The SQLite dialect renamed this from
+           ``_json_serializer``.
+
+
+    :param label_length=None: optional integer value which limits
+        the size of dynamically generated column labels to that many
+        characters. If less than 6, labels are generated as
+        "_(counter)". If ``None``, the value of
+        ``dialect.max_identifier_length``, which may be affected via the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` parameter,
+        is used instead.   The value of
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.label_length`
+        may not be larger than that of
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identfier_length`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length`
+
+    :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+        the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+        "sqlalchemy.engine" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the
+        object's id.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.logging_token`
+
+    :param max_identifier_length: integer; override the max_identifier_length
+        determined by the dialect.  if ``None`` or zero, has no effect.  This
+        is the database's configured maximum number of characters that may be
+        used in a SQL identifier such as a table name, column name, or label
+        name. All dialects determine this value automatically, however in the
+        case of a new database version for which this value has changed but
+        SQLAlchemy's dialect has not been adjusted, the value may be passed
+        here.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.9
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.label_length`
+
+    :param max_overflow=10: the number of connections to allow in
+        connection pool "overflow", that is connections that can be
+        opened above and beyond the pool_size setting, which defaults
+        to five. this is only used with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param module=None: reference to a Python module object (the module
+        itself, not its string name).  Specifies an alternate DBAPI module to
+        be used by the engine's dialect.  Each sub-dialect references a
+        specific DBAPI which will be imported before first connect.  This
+        parameter causes the import to be bypassed, and the given module to
+        be used instead. Can be used for testing of DBAPIs as well as to
+        inject "mock" DBAPI implementations into the :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    :param paramstyle=None: The `paramstyle <https://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#paramstyle>`_
+        to use when rendering bound parameters.  This style defaults to the
+        one recommended by the DBAPI itself, which is retrieved from the
+        ``.paramstyle`` attribute of the DBAPI.  However, most DBAPIs accept
+        more than one paramstyle, and in particular it may be desirable
+        to change a "named" paramstyle into a "positional" one, or vice versa.
+        When this attribute is passed, it should be one of the values
+        ``"qmark"``, ``"numeric"``, ``"named"``, ``"format"`` or
+        ``"pyformat"``, and should correspond to a parameter style known
+        to be supported by the DBAPI in use.
+
+    :param pool=None: an already-constructed instance of
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`, such as a
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` instance. If non-None, this
+        pool will be used directly as the underlying connection pool
+        for the engine, bypassing whatever connection parameters are
+        present in the URL argument. For information on constructing
+        connection pools manually, see :ref:`pooling_toplevel`.
+
+    :param poolclass=None: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`
+        subclass, which will be used to create a connection pool
+        instance using the connection parameters given in the URL. Note
+        this differs from ``pool`` in that you don't actually
+        instantiate the pool in this case, you just indicate what type
+        of pool to be used.
+
+    :param pool_logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+       the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+       "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+       id.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+    :param pool_pre_ping: boolean, if True will enable the connection pool
+        "pre-ping" feature that tests connections for liveness upon
+        each checkout.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects_pessimistic`
+
+    :param pool_size=5: the number of connections to keep open
+        inside the connection pool. This used with
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` as
+        well as :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.SingletonThreadPool`.  With
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`, a ``pool_size`` setting
+        of 0 indicates no limit; to disable pooling, set ``poolclass`` to
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool` instead.
+
+    :param pool_recycle=-1: this setting causes the pool to recycle
+        connections after the given number of seconds has passed. It
+        defaults to -1, or no timeout. For example, setting to 3600
+        means connections will be recycled after one hour. Note that
+        MySQL in particular will disconnect automatically if no
+        activity is detected on a connection for eight hours (although
+        this is configurable with the MySQLDB connection itself and the
+        server configuration as well).
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_setting_recycle`
+
+    :param pool_reset_on_return='rollback': set the
+        :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` parameter of the underlying
+        :class:`_pool.Pool` object, which can be set to the values
+        ``"rollback"``, ``"commit"``, or ``None``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_reset_on_return`
+
+    :param pool_timeout=30: number of seconds to wait before giving
+        up on getting a connection from the pool. This is only used
+        with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`. This can be a float but is
+        subject to the limitations of Python time functions which may not be
+        reliable in the tens of milliseconds.
+
+        .. note: don't use 30.0 above, it seems to break with the :param tag
+
+    :param pool_use_lifo=False: use LIFO (last-in-first-out) when retrieving
+        connections from :class:`.QueuePool` instead of FIFO
+        (first-in-first-out). Using LIFO, a server-side timeout scheme can
+        reduce the number of connections used during non- peak   periods of
+        use.   When planning for server-side timeouts, ensure that a recycle or
+        pre-ping strategy is in use to gracefully   handle stale connections.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_use_lifo`
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects`
+
+    :param plugins: string list of plugin names to load.  See
+        :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin` for background.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.3
+
+    :param query_cache_size: size of the cache used to cache the SQL string
+     form of queries.  Set to zero to disable caching.
+
+     The cache is pruned of its least recently used items when its size reaches
+     N * 1.5.  Defaults to 500, meaning the cache will always store at least
+     500 SQL statements when filled, and will grow up to 750 items at which
+     point it is pruned back down to 500 by removing the 250 least recently
+     used items.
+
+     Caching is accomplished on a per-statement basis by generating a
+     cache key that represents the statement's structure, then generating
+     string SQL for the current dialect only if that key is not present
+     in the cache.   All statements support caching, however some features
+     such as an INSERT with a large set of parameters will intentionally
+     bypass the cache.   SQL logging will indicate statistics for each
+     statement whether or not it were pull from the cache.
+
+     .. note:: some ORM functions related to unit-of-work persistence as well
+        as some attribute loading strategies will make use of individual
+        per-mapper caches outside of the main cache.
+
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    :param use_insertmanyvalues: True by default, use the "insertmanyvalues"
+     execution style for INSERT..RETURNING statements by default.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    if "strategy" in kwargs:
+        strat = kwargs.pop("strategy")
+        if strat == "mock":
+            # this case is deprecated
+            return create_mock_engine(url, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("unknown strategy: %r" % strat)
+
+    kwargs.pop("empty_in_strategy", None)
+
+    # create url.URL object
+    u = _url.make_url(url)
+
+    u, plugins, kwargs = u._instantiate_plugins(kwargs)
+
+    entrypoint = u._get_entrypoint()
+    _is_async = kwargs.pop("_is_async", False)
+    if _is_async:
+        dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_async_dialect_cls(u)
+    else:
+        dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_dialect_cls(u)
+
+    if kwargs.pop("_coerce_config", False):
+
+        def pop_kwarg(key: str, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Any:
+            value = kwargs.pop(key, default)
+            if key in dialect_cls.engine_config_types:
+                value = dialect_cls.engine_config_types[key](value)
+            return value
+
+    else:
+        pop_kwarg = kwargs.pop  # type: ignore
+
+    dialect_args = {}
+    # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+    for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+        if k in kwargs:
+            dialect_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+    dbapi = kwargs.pop("module", None)
+    if dbapi is None:
+        dbapi_args = {}
+
+        if "import_dbapi" in dialect_cls.__dict__:
+            dbapi_meth = dialect_cls.import_dbapi
+
+        elif hasattr(dialect_cls, "dbapi") and inspect.ismethod(
+            dialect_cls.dbapi
+        ):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The dbapi() classmethod on dialect classes has been "
+                "renamed to import_dbapi().  Implement an import_dbapi() "
+                f"classmethod directly on class {dialect_cls} to remove this "
+                "warning; the old .dbapi() classmethod may be maintained for "
+                "backwards compatibility.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            dbapi_meth = dialect_cls.dbapi
+        else:
+            dbapi_meth = dialect_cls.import_dbapi
+
+        for k in util.get_func_kwargs(dbapi_meth):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                dbapi_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+        dbapi = dbapi_meth(**dbapi_args)
+
+    dialect_args["dbapi"] = dbapi
+
+    dialect_args.setdefault("compiler_linting", compiler.NO_LINTING)
+    enable_from_linting = kwargs.pop("enable_from_linting", True)
+    if enable_from_linting:
+        dialect_args["compiler_linting"] ^= compiler.COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS
+
+    for plugin in plugins:
+        plugin.handle_dialect_kwargs(dialect_cls, dialect_args)
+
+    # create dialect
+    dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+    # assemble connection arguments
+    (cargs_tup, cparams) = dialect.create_connect_args(u)
+    cparams.update(pop_kwarg("connect_args", {}))
+
+    if "async_fallback" in cparams and util.asbool(cparams["async_fallback"]):
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "The async_fallback dialect argument is deprecated and will be "
+            "removed in SQLAlchemy 2.1.",
+            "2.0",
+        )
+
+    cargs = list(cargs_tup)  # allow mutability
+
+    # look for existing pool or create
+    pool = pop_kwarg("pool", None)
+    if pool is None:
+
+        def connect(
+            connection_record: Optional[ConnectionPoolEntry] = None,
+        ) -> DBAPIConnection:
+            if dialect._has_events:
+                for fn in dialect.dispatch.do_connect:
+                    connection = cast(
+                        DBAPIConnection,
+                        fn(dialect, connection_record, cargs, cparams),
+                    )
+                    if connection is not None:
+                        return connection
+
+            return dialect.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+        creator = pop_kwarg("creator", connect)
+
+        poolclass = pop_kwarg("poolclass", None)
+        if poolclass is None:
+            poolclass = dialect.get_dialect_pool_class(u)
+        pool_args = {"dialect": dialect}
+
+        # consume pool arguments from kwargs, translating a few of
+        # the arguments
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(poolclass):
+            tk = _pool_translate_kwargs.get(k, k)
+            if tk in kwargs:
+                pool_args[k] = pop_kwarg(tk)
+
+        for plugin in plugins:
+            plugin.handle_pool_kwargs(poolclass, pool_args)
+
+        pool = poolclass(creator, **pool_args)
+    else:
+        pool._dialect = dialect
+
+    if (
+        hasattr(pool, "_is_asyncio")
+        and pool._is_asyncio is not dialect.is_async
+    ):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Pool class {pool.__class__.__name__} cannot be "
+            f"used with {'non-' if not dialect.is_async else ''}"
+            "asyncio engine",
+            code="pcls",
+        )
+
+    # create engine.
+    if not pop_kwarg("future", True):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "The 'future' parameter passed to "
+            "create_engine() may only be set to True."
+        )
+
+    engineclass = base.Engine
+
+    engine_args = {}
+    for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(engineclass):
+        if k in kwargs:
+            engine_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+    # internal flags used by the test suite for instrumenting / proxying
+    # engines with mocks etc.
+    _initialize = kwargs.pop("_initialize", True)
+
+    # all kwargs should be consumed
+    if kwargs:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Invalid argument(s) %s sent to create_engine(), "
+            "using configuration %s/%s/%s.  Please check that the "
+            "keyword arguments are appropriate for this combination "
+            "of components."
+            % (
+                ",".join("'%s'" % k for k in kwargs),
+                dialect.__class__.__name__,
+                pool.__class__.__name__,
+                engineclass.__name__,
+            )
+        )
+
+    engine = engineclass(pool, dialect, u, **engine_args)
+
+    if _initialize:
+        do_on_connect = dialect.on_connect_url(u)
+        if do_on_connect:
+
+            def on_connect(
+                dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+                connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+            ) -> None:
+                assert do_on_connect is not None
+                do_on_connect(dbapi_connection)
+
+            event.listen(pool, "connect", on_connect)
+
+        builtin_on_connect = dialect._builtin_onconnect()
+        if builtin_on_connect:
+            event.listen(pool, "connect", builtin_on_connect)
+
+        def first_connect(
+            dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+            connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        ) -> None:
+            c = base.Connection(
+                engine,
+                connection=_AdhocProxiedConnection(
+                    dbapi_connection, connection_record
+                ),
+                _has_events=False,
+                # reconnecting will be a reentrant condition, so if the
+                # connection goes away, Connection is then closed
+                _allow_revalidate=False,
+                # dont trigger the autobegin sequence
+                # within the up front dialect checks
+                _allow_autobegin=False,
+            )
+            c._execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+            try:
+                dialect.initialize(c)
+            finally:
+                # note that "invalidated" and "closed" are mutually
+                # exclusive in 1.4 Connection.
+                if not c.invalidated and not c.closed:
+                    # transaction is rolled back otherwise, tested by
+                    # test/dialect/postgresql/test_dialect.py
+                    # ::MiscBackendTest::test_initial_transaction_state
+                    dialect.do_rollback(c.connection)
+
+        # previously, the "first_connect" event was used here, which was then
+        # scaled back if the "on_connect" handler were present.  now,
+        # since "on_connect" is virtually always present, just use
+        # "connect" event with once_unless_exception in all cases so that
+        # the connection event flow is consistent in all cases.
+        event.listen(
+            pool, "connect", first_connect, _once_unless_exception=True
+        )
+
+    dialect_cls.engine_created(engine)
+    if entrypoint is not dialect_cls:
+        entrypoint.engine_created(engine)
+
+    for plugin in plugins:
+        plugin.engine_created(engine)
+
+    return engine
+
+
+def engine_from_config(
+    configuration: Dict[str, Any], prefix: str = "sqlalchemy.", **kwargs: Any
+) -> Engine:
+    """Create a new Engine instance using a configuration dictionary.
+
+    The dictionary is typically produced from a config file.
+
+    The keys of interest to ``engine_from_config()`` should be prefixed, e.g.
+    ``sqlalchemy.url``, ``sqlalchemy.echo``, etc.  The 'prefix' argument
+    indicates the prefix to be searched for.  Each matching key (after the
+    prefix is stripped) is treated as though it were the corresponding keyword
+    argument to a :func:`_sa.create_engine` call.
+
+    The only required key is (assuming the default prefix) ``sqlalchemy.url``,
+    which provides the :ref:`database URL <database_urls>`.
+
+    A select set of keyword arguments will be "coerced" to their
+    expected type based on string values.    The set of arguments
+    is extensible per-dialect using the ``engine_config_types`` accessor.
+
+    :param configuration: A dictionary (typically produced from a config file,
+        but this is not a requirement).  Items whose keys start with the value
+        of 'prefix' will have that prefix stripped, and will then be passed to
+        :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+    :param prefix: Prefix to match and then strip from keys
+        in 'configuration'.
+
+    :param kwargs: Each keyword argument to ``engine_from_config()`` itself
+        overrides the corresponding item taken from the 'configuration'
+        dictionary.  Keyword arguments should *not* be prefixed.
+
+    """
+
+    options = {
+        key[len(prefix) :]: configuration[key]
+        for key in configuration
+        if key.startswith(prefix)
+    }
+    options["_coerce_config"] = True
+    options.update(kwargs)
+    url = options.pop("url")
+    return create_engine(url, **options)
+
+
+@overload
+def create_pool_from_url(
+    url: Union[str, URL],
+    *,
+    poolclass: Optional[Type[Pool]] = ...,
+    logging_name: str = ...,
+    pre_ping: bool = ...,
+    size: int = ...,
+    recycle: int = ...,
+    reset_on_return: Optional[_ResetStyleArgType] = ...,
+    timeout: float = ...,
+    use_lifo: bool = ...,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Pool: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def create_pool_from_url(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Pool: ...
+
+
+def create_pool_from_url(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Pool:
+    """Create a pool instance from the given url.
+
+    If ``poolclass`` is not provided the pool class used
+    is selected using the dialect specified in the URL.
+
+    The arguments passed to :func:`_sa.create_pool_from_url` are
+    identical to the pool argument passed to the :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+    function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+    """
+
+    for key in _pool_translate_kwargs:
+        if key in kwargs:
+            kwargs[_pool_translate_kwargs[key]] = kwargs.pop(key)
+
+    engine = create_engine(url, **kwargs, _initialize=False)
+    return engine.pool
+
+
+_pool_translate_kwargs = immutabledict(
+    {
+        "logging_name": "pool_logging_name",
+        "echo": "echo_pool",
+        "timeout": "pool_timeout",
+        "recycle": "pool_recycle",
+        "events": "pool_events",  # deprecated
+        "reset_on_return": "pool_reset_on_return",
+        "pre_ping": "pool_pre_ping",
+        "use_lifo": "pool_use_lifo",
+    }
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/cursor.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/cursor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e64ec36217f2673228e91b57d890e067d787ebc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/cursor.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2181 @@
+# engine/cursor.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Define cursor-specific result set constructs including
+:class:`.CursorResult`."""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import functools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .result import IteratorResult
+from .result import MergedResult
+from .result import Result
+from .result import ResultMetaData
+from .result import SimpleResultMetaData
+from .result import tuplegetter
+from .row import Row
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import elements
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..sql.compiler import ResultColumnsEntry
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_NAME
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_OBJECTS
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_RENDERED_NAME
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_TYPE
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import compat
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Connection
+    from .default import DefaultExecutionContext
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPICursorDescription
+    from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+    from .result import _KeyIndexType
+    from .result import _KeyMapRecType
+    from .result import _KeyMapType
+    from .result import _KeyType
+    from .result import _ProcessorsType
+    from .result import _TupleGetterType
+    from ..sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+# metadata entry tuple indexes.
+# using raw tuple is faster than namedtuple.
+# these match up to the positions in
+# _CursorKeyMapRecType
+MD_INDEX: Literal[0] = 0
+"""integer index in cursor.description
+
+"""
+
+MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX: Literal[1] = 1
+"""integer index in compiled._result_columns"""
+
+MD_OBJECTS: Literal[2] = 2
+"""other string keys and ColumnElement obj that can match.
+
+This comes from compiler.RM_OBJECTS / compiler.ResultColumnsEntry.objects
+
+"""
+
+MD_LOOKUP_KEY: Literal[3] = 3
+"""string key we usually expect for key-based lookup
+
+this comes from compiler.RM_NAME / compiler.ResultColumnsEntry.name
+"""
+
+
+MD_RENDERED_NAME: Literal[4] = 4
+"""name that is usually in cursor.description
+
+this comes from compiler.RENDERED_NAME / compiler.ResultColumnsEntry.keyname
+"""
+
+
+MD_PROCESSOR: Literal[5] = 5
+"""callable to process a result value into a row"""
+
+MD_UNTRANSLATED: Literal[6] = 6
+"""raw name from cursor.description"""
+
+
+_CursorKeyMapRecType = Tuple[
+    Optional[int],  # MD_INDEX, None means the record is ambiguously named
+    int,  # MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX
+    List[Any],  # MD_OBJECTS
+    str,  # MD_LOOKUP_KEY
+    str,  # MD_RENDERED_NAME
+    Optional["_ResultProcessorType[Any]"],  # MD_PROCESSOR
+    Optional[str],  # MD_UNTRANSLATED
+]
+
+_CursorKeyMapType = Mapping["_KeyType", _CursorKeyMapRecType]
+
+# same as _CursorKeyMapRecType except the MD_INDEX value is definitely
+# not None
+_NonAmbigCursorKeyMapRecType = Tuple[
+    int,
+    int,
+    List[Any],
+    str,
+    str,
+    Optional["_ResultProcessorType[Any]"],
+    str,
+]
+
+
+class CursorResultMetaData(ResultMetaData):
+    """Result metadata for DBAPI cursors."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_keymap",
+        "_processors",
+        "_keys",
+        "_keymap_by_result_column_idx",
+        "_tuplefilter",
+        "_translated_indexes",
+        "_safe_for_cache",
+        "_unpickled",
+        "_key_to_index",
+        # don't need _unique_filters support here for now.  Can be added
+        # if a need arises.
+    )
+
+    _keymap: _CursorKeyMapType
+    _processors: _ProcessorsType
+    _keymap_by_result_column_idx: Optional[Dict[int, _KeyMapRecType]]
+    _unpickled: bool
+    _safe_for_cache: bool
+    _translated_indexes: Optional[List[int]]
+
+    returns_rows: ClassVar[bool] = True
+
+    def _has_key(self, key: Any) -> bool:
+        return key in self._keymap
+
+    def _for_freeze(self) -> ResultMetaData:
+        return SimpleResultMetaData(
+            self._keys,
+            extra=[self._keymap[key][MD_OBJECTS] for key in self._keys],
+        )
+
+    def _make_new_metadata(
+        self,
+        *,
+        unpickled: bool,
+        processors: _ProcessorsType,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        keymap: _KeyMapType,
+        tuplefilter: Optional[_TupleGetterType],
+        translated_indexes: Optional[List[int]],
+        safe_for_cache: bool,
+        keymap_by_result_column_idx: Any,
+    ) -> CursorResultMetaData:
+        new_obj = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        new_obj._unpickled = unpickled
+        new_obj._processors = processors
+        new_obj._keys = keys
+        new_obj._keymap = keymap
+        new_obj._tuplefilter = tuplefilter
+        new_obj._translated_indexes = translated_indexes
+        new_obj._safe_for_cache = safe_for_cache
+        new_obj._keymap_by_result_column_idx = keymap_by_result_column_idx
+        new_obj._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(keymap, MD_INDEX)
+        return new_obj
+
+    def _remove_processors(self) -> CursorResultMetaData:
+        assert not self._tuplefilter
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=[None] * len(self._processors),
+            tuplefilter=None,
+            translated_indexes=None,
+            keymap={
+                key: value[0:5] + (None,) + value[6:]
+                for key, value in self._keymap.items()
+            },
+            keys=self._keys,
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx=self._keymap_by_result_column_idx,
+        )
+
+    def _splice_horizontally(
+        self, other: CursorResultMetaData
+    ) -> CursorResultMetaData:
+        assert not self._tuplefilter
+
+        keymap = dict(self._keymap)
+        offset = len(self._keys)
+        keymap.update(
+            {
+                key: (
+                    # int index should be None for ambiguous key
+                    (
+                        value[0] + offset
+                        if value[0] is not None and key not in keymap
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                    value[1] + offset,
+                    *value[2:],
+                )
+                for key, value in other._keymap.items()
+            }
+        )
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=self._processors + other._processors,  # type: ignore
+            tuplefilter=None,
+            translated_indexes=None,
+            keys=self._keys + other._keys,  # type: ignore
+            keymap=keymap,
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx={
+                metadata_entry[MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in keymap.values()
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> ResultMetaData:
+        recs = list(self._metadata_for_keys(keys))
+
+        indexes = [rec[MD_INDEX] for rec in recs]
+        new_keys: List[str] = [rec[MD_LOOKUP_KEY] for rec in recs]
+
+        if self._translated_indexes:
+            indexes = [self._translated_indexes[idx] for idx in indexes]
+        tup = tuplegetter(*indexes)
+        new_recs = [(index,) + rec[1:] for index, rec in enumerate(recs)]
+
+        keymap = {rec[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]: rec for rec in new_recs}
+        # TODO: need unit test for:
+        # result = connection.execute("raw sql, no columns").scalars()
+        # without the "or ()" it's failing because MD_OBJECTS is None
+        keymap.update(
+            (e, new_rec)
+            for new_rec in new_recs
+            for e in new_rec[MD_OBJECTS] or ()
+        )
+
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=self._processors,
+            keys=new_keys,
+            tuplefilter=tup,
+            translated_indexes=indexes,
+            keymap=keymap,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx=self._keymap_by_result_column_idx,
+        )
+
+    def _adapt_to_context(self, context: ExecutionContext) -> ResultMetaData:
+        """When using a cached Compiled construct that has a _result_map,
+        for a new statement that used the cached Compiled, we need to ensure
+        the keymap has the Column objects from our new statement as keys.
+        So here we rewrite keymap with new entries for the new columns
+        as matched to those of the cached statement.
+
+        """
+
+        if not context.compiled or not context.compiled._result_columns:
+            return self
+
+        compiled_statement = context.compiled.statement
+        invoked_statement = context.invoked_statement
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(invoked_statement, elements.ClauseElement)
+
+        if compiled_statement is invoked_statement:
+            return self
+
+        assert invoked_statement is not None
+
+        # this is the most common path for Core statements when
+        # caching is used.  In ORM use, this codepath is not really used
+        # as the _result_disable_adapt_to_context execution option is
+        # set by the ORM.
+
+        # make a copy and add the columns from the invoked statement
+        # to the result map.
+
+        keymap_by_position = self._keymap_by_result_column_idx
+
+        if keymap_by_position is None:
+            # first retrival from cache, this map will not be set up yet,
+            # initialize lazily
+            keymap_by_position = self._keymap_by_result_column_idx = {
+                metadata_entry[MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in self._keymap.values()
+            }
+
+        assert not self._tuplefilter
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            keymap=compat.dict_union(
+                self._keymap,
+                {
+                    new: keymap_by_position[idx]
+                    for idx, new in enumerate(
+                        invoked_statement._all_selected_columns
+                    )
+                    if idx in keymap_by_position
+                },
+            ),
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=self._processors,
+            tuplefilter=None,
+            translated_indexes=None,
+            keys=self._keys,
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx=self._keymap_by_result_column_idx,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: CursorResult[Any],
+        cursor_description: _DBAPICursorDescription,
+    ):
+        context = parent.context
+        self._tuplefilter = None
+        self._translated_indexes = None
+        self._safe_for_cache = self._unpickled = False
+
+        if context.result_column_struct:
+            (
+                result_columns,
+                cols_are_ordered,
+                textual_ordered,
+                ad_hoc_textual,
+                loose_column_name_matching,
+            ) = context.result_column_struct
+            num_ctx_cols = len(result_columns)
+        else:
+            result_columns = cols_are_ordered = (  # type: ignore
+                num_ctx_cols
+            ) = ad_hoc_textual = loose_column_name_matching = (
+                textual_ordered
+            ) = False
+
+        # merge cursor.description with the column info
+        # present in the compiled structure, if any
+        raw = self._merge_cursor_description(
+            context,
+            cursor_description,
+            result_columns,
+            num_ctx_cols,
+            cols_are_ordered,
+            textual_ordered,
+            ad_hoc_textual,
+            loose_column_name_matching,
+        )
+
+        # processors in key order which are used when building up
+        # a row
+        self._processors = [
+            metadata_entry[MD_PROCESSOR] for metadata_entry in raw
+        ]
+
+        # this is used when using this ResultMetaData in a Core-only cache
+        # retrieval context.  it's initialized on first cache retrieval
+        # when the _result_disable_adapt_to_context execution option
+        # (which the ORM generally sets) is not set.
+        self._keymap_by_result_column_idx = None
+
+        # for compiled SQL constructs, copy additional lookup keys into
+        # the key lookup map, such as Column objects, labels,
+        # column keys and other names
+        if num_ctx_cols:
+            # keymap by primary string...
+            by_key = {
+                metadata_entry[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in raw
+            }
+
+            if len(by_key) != num_ctx_cols:
+                # if by-primary-string dictionary smaller than
+                # number of columns, assume we have dupes; (this check
+                # is also in place if string dictionary is bigger, as
+                # can occur when '*' was used as one of the compiled columns,
+                # which may or may not be suggestive of dupes), rewrite
+                # dupe records with "None" for index which results in
+                # ambiguous column exception when accessed.
+                #
+                # this is considered to be the less common case as it is not
+                # common to have dupe column keys in a SELECT statement.
+                #
+                # new in 1.4: get the complete set of all possible keys,
+                # strings, objects, whatever, that are dupes across two
+                # different records, first.
+                index_by_key: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
+                dupes = set()
+                for metadata_entry in raw:
+                    for key in (metadata_entry[MD_RENDERED_NAME],) + (
+                        metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS] or ()
+                    ):
+                        idx = metadata_entry[MD_INDEX]
+                        # if this key has been associated with more than one
+                        # positional index, it's a dupe
+                        if index_by_key.setdefault(key, idx) != idx:
+                            dupes.add(key)
+
+                # then put everything we have into the keymap excluding only
+                # those keys that are dupes.
+                self._keymap = {
+                    obj_elem: metadata_entry
+                    for metadata_entry in raw
+                    if metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                    for obj_elem in metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                    if obj_elem not in dupes
+                }
+
+                # then for the dupe keys, put the "ambiguous column"
+                # record into by_key.
+                by_key.update(
+                    {
+                        key: (None, None, [], key, key, None, None)
+                        for key in dupes
+                    }
+                )
+
+            else:
+                # no dupes - copy secondary elements from compiled
+                # columns into self._keymap.  this is the most common
+                # codepath for Core / ORM statement executions before the
+                # result metadata is cached
+                self._keymap = {
+                    obj_elem: metadata_entry
+                    for metadata_entry in raw
+                    if metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                    for obj_elem in metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                }
+            # update keymap with primary string names taking
+            # precedence
+            self._keymap.update(by_key)
+        else:
+            # no compiled objects to map, just create keymap by primary string
+            self._keymap = {
+                metadata_entry[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in raw
+            }
+
+        # update keymap with "translated" names.  In SQLAlchemy this is a
+        # sqlite only thing, and in fact impacting only extremely old SQLite
+        # versions unlikely to be present in modern Python versions.
+        # however, the pyhive third party dialect is
+        # also using this hook, which means others still might use it as well.
+        # I dislike having this awkward hook here but as long as we need
+        # to use names in cursor.description in some cases we need to have
+        # some hook to accomplish this.
+        if not num_ctx_cols and context._translate_colname:
+            self._keymap.update(
+                {
+                    metadata_entry[MD_UNTRANSLATED]: self._keymap[
+                        metadata_entry[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]
+                    ]
+                    for metadata_entry in raw
+                    if metadata_entry[MD_UNTRANSLATED]
+                }
+            )
+
+        self._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(self._keymap, MD_INDEX)
+
+    def _merge_cursor_description(
+        self,
+        context,
+        cursor_description,
+        result_columns,
+        num_ctx_cols,
+        cols_are_ordered,
+        textual_ordered,
+        ad_hoc_textual,
+        loose_column_name_matching,
+    ):
+        """Merge a cursor.description with compiled result column information.
+
+        There are at least four separate strategies used here, selected
+        depending on the type of SQL construct used to start with.
+
+        The most common case is that of the compiled SQL expression construct,
+        which generated the column names present in the raw SQL string and
+        which has the identical number of columns as were reported by
+        cursor.description.  In this case, we assume a 1-1 positional mapping
+        between the entries in cursor.description and the compiled object.
+        This is also the most performant case as we disregard extracting /
+        decoding the column names present in cursor.description since we
+        already have the desired name we generated in the compiled SQL
+        construct.
+
+        The next common case is that of the completely raw string SQL,
+        such as passed to connection.execute().  In this case we have no
+        compiled construct to work with, so we extract and decode the
+        names from cursor.description and index those as the primary
+        result row target keys.
+
+        The remaining fairly common case is that of the textual SQL
+        that includes at least partial column information; this is when
+        we use a :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` construct.
+        This construct may have
+        unordered or ordered column information.  In the ordered case, we
+        merge the cursor.description and the compiled construct's information
+        positionally, and warn if there are additional description names
+        present, however we still decode the names in cursor.description
+        as we don't have a guarantee that the names in the columns match
+        on these.   In the unordered case, we match names in cursor.description
+        to that of the compiled construct based on name matching.
+        In both of these cases, the cursor.description names and the column
+        expression objects and names are indexed as result row target keys.
+
+        The final case is much less common, where we have a compiled
+        non-textual SQL expression construct, but the number of columns
+        in cursor.description doesn't match what's in the compiled
+        construct.  We make the guess here that there might be textual
+        column expressions in the compiled construct that themselves include
+        a comma in them causing them to split.  We do the same name-matching
+        as with textual non-ordered columns.
+
+        The name-matched system of merging is the same as that used by
+        SQLAlchemy for all cases up through the 0.9 series.   Positional
+        matching for compiled SQL expressions was introduced in 1.0 as a
+        major performance feature, and positional matching for textual
+        :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` objects in 1.1.
+        As name matching is no longer
+        a common case, it was acceptable to factor it into smaller generator-
+        oriented methods that are easier to understand, but incur slightly
+        more performance overhead.
+
+        """
+
+        if (
+            num_ctx_cols
+            and cols_are_ordered
+            and not textual_ordered
+            and num_ctx_cols == len(cursor_description)
+        ):
+            self._keys = [elem[0] for elem in result_columns]
+            # pure positional 1-1 case; doesn't need to read
+            # the names from cursor.description
+
+            # most common case for Core and ORM
+
+            # this metadata is safe to cache because we are guaranteed
+            # to have the columns in the same order for new executions
+            self._safe_for_cache = True
+            return [
+                (
+                    idx,
+                    idx,
+                    rmap_entry[RM_OBJECTS],
+                    rmap_entry[RM_NAME],
+                    rmap_entry[RM_RENDERED_NAME],
+                    context.get_result_processor(
+                        rmap_entry[RM_TYPE],
+                        rmap_entry[RM_RENDERED_NAME],
+                        cursor_description[idx][1],
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                )
+                for idx, rmap_entry in enumerate(result_columns)
+            ]
+        else:
+            # name-based or text-positional cases, where we need
+            # to read cursor.description names
+
+            if textual_ordered or (
+                ad_hoc_textual and len(cursor_description) == num_ctx_cols
+            ):
+                self._safe_for_cache = True
+                # textual positional case
+                raw_iterator = self._merge_textual_cols_by_position(
+                    context, cursor_description, result_columns
+                )
+            elif num_ctx_cols:
+                # compiled SQL with a mismatch of description cols
+                # vs. compiled cols, or textual w/ unordered columns
+                # the order of columns can change if the query is
+                # against a "select *", so not safe to cache
+                self._safe_for_cache = False
+                raw_iterator = self._merge_cols_by_name(
+                    context,
+                    cursor_description,
+                    result_columns,
+                    loose_column_name_matching,
+                )
+            else:
+                # no compiled SQL, just a raw string, order of columns
+                # can change for "select *"
+                self._safe_for_cache = False
+                raw_iterator = self._merge_cols_by_none(
+                    context, cursor_description
+                )
+
+            return [
+                (
+                    idx,
+                    ridx,
+                    obj,
+                    cursor_colname,
+                    cursor_colname,
+                    context.get_result_processor(
+                        mapped_type, cursor_colname, coltype
+                    ),
+                    untranslated,
+                )
+                for (
+                    idx,
+                    ridx,
+                    cursor_colname,
+                    mapped_type,
+                    coltype,
+                    obj,
+                    untranslated,
+                ) in raw_iterator
+            ]
+
+    def _colnames_from_description(self, context, cursor_description):
+        """Extract column names and data types from a cursor.description.
+
+        Applies unicode decoding, column translation, "normalization",
+        and case sensitivity rules to the names based on the dialect.
+
+        """
+
+        dialect = context.dialect
+        translate_colname = context._translate_colname
+        normalize_name = (
+            dialect.normalize_name if dialect.requires_name_normalize else None
+        )
+        untranslated = None
+
+        self._keys = []
+
+        for idx, rec in enumerate(cursor_description):
+            colname = rec[0]
+            coltype = rec[1]
+
+            if translate_colname:
+                colname, untranslated = translate_colname(colname)
+
+            if normalize_name:
+                colname = normalize_name(colname)
+
+            self._keys.append(colname)
+
+            yield idx, colname, untranslated, coltype
+
+    def _merge_textual_cols_by_position(
+        self, context, cursor_description, result_columns
+    ):
+        num_ctx_cols = len(result_columns)
+
+        if num_ctx_cols > len(cursor_description):
+            util.warn(
+                "Number of columns in textual SQL (%d) is "
+                "smaller than number of columns requested (%d)"
+                % (num_ctx_cols, len(cursor_description))
+            )
+        seen = set()
+
+        for (
+            idx,
+            colname,
+            untranslated,
+            coltype,
+        ) in self._colnames_from_description(context, cursor_description):
+            if idx < num_ctx_cols:
+                ctx_rec = result_columns[idx]
+                obj = ctx_rec[RM_OBJECTS]
+                ridx = idx
+                mapped_type = ctx_rec[RM_TYPE]
+                if obj[0] in seen:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Duplicate column expression requested "
+                        "in textual SQL: %r" % obj[0]
+                    )
+                seen.add(obj[0])
+            else:
+                mapped_type = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+                obj = None
+                ridx = None
+            yield idx, ridx, colname, mapped_type, coltype, obj, untranslated
+
+    def _merge_cols_by_name(
+        self,
+        context,
+        cursor_description,
+        result_columns,
+        loose_column_name_matching,
+    ):
+        match_map = self._create_description_match_map(
+            result_columns, loose_column_name_matching
+        )
+        mapped_type: TypeEngine[Any]
+
+        for (
+            idx,
+            colname,
+            untranslated,
+            coltype,
+        ) in self._colnames_from_description(context, cursor_description):
+            try:
+                ctx_rec = match_map[colname]
+            except KeyError:
+                mapped_type = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+                obj = None
+                result_columns_idx = None
+            else:
+                obj = ctx_rec[1]
+                mapped_type = ctx_rec[2]
+                result_columns_idx = ctx_rec[3]
+            yield (
+                idx,
+                result_columns_idx,
+                colname,
+                mapped_type,
+                coltype,
+                obj,
+                untranslated,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_description_match_map(
+        cls,
+        result_columns: List[ResultColumnsEntry],
+        loose_column_name_matching: bool = False,
+    ) -> Dict[
+        Union[str, object], Tuple[str, Tuple[Any, ...], TypeEngine[Any], int]
+    ]:
+        """when matching cursor.description to a set of names that are present
+        in a Compiled object, as is the case with TextualSelect, get all the
+        names we expect might match those in cursor.description.
+        """
+
+        d: Dict[
+            Union[str, object],
+            Tuple[str, Tuple[Any, ...], TypeEngine[Any], int],
+        ] = {}
+        for ridx, elem in enumerate(result_columns):
+            key = elem[RM_RENDERED_NAME]
+            if key in d:
+                # conflicting keyname - just add the column-linked objects
+                # to the existing record.  if there is a duplicate column
+                # name in the cursor description, this will allow all of those
+                # objects to raise an ambiguous column error
+                e_name, e_obj, e_type, e_ridx = d[key]
+                d[key] = e_name, e_obj + elem[RM_OBJECTS], e_type, ridx
+            else:
+                d[key] = (elem[RM_NAME], elem[RM_OBJECTS], elem[RM_TYPE], ridx)
+
+            if loose_column_name_matching:
+                # when using a textual statement with an unordered set
+                # of columns that line up, we are expecting the user
+                # to be using label names in the SQL that match to the column
+                # expressions.  Enable more liberal matching for this case;
+                # duplicate keys that are ambiguous will be fixed later.
+                for r_key in elem[RM_OBJECTS]:
+                    d.setdefault(
+                        r_key,
+                        (elem[RM_NAME], elem[RM_OBJECTS], elem[RM_TYPE], ridx),
+                    )
+        return d
+
+    def _merge_cols_by_none(self, context, cursor_description):
+        for (
+            idx,
+            colname,
+            untranslated,
+            coltype,
+        ) in self._colnames_from_description(context, cursor_description):
+            yield (
+                idx,
+                None,
+                colname,
+                sqltypes.NULLTYPE,
+                coltype,
+                None,
+                untranslated,
+            )
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _key_fallback(
+            self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: bool = True
+        ) -> Optional[NoReturn]:
+            if raiseerr:
+                if self._unpickled and isinstance(key, elements.ColumnElement):
+                    raise exc.NoSuchColumnError(
+                        "Row was unpickled; lookup by ColumnElement "
+                        "is unsupported"
+                    ) from err
+                else:
+                    raise exc.NoSuchColumnError(
+                        "Could not locate column in row for column '%s'"
+                        % util.string_or_unprintable(key)
+                    ) from err
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def _raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(self, rec):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Ambiguous column name '%s' in "
+            "result set column descriptions" % rec[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]
+        )
+
+    def _index_for_key(self, key: Any, raiseerr: bool = True) -> Optional[int]:
+        # TODO: can consider pre-loading ints and negative ints
+        # into _keymap - also no coverage here
+        if isinstance(key, int):
+            key = self._keys[key]
+
+        try:
+            rec = self._keymap[key]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            x = self._key_fallback(key, ke, raiseerr)
+            assert x is None
+            return None
+
+        index = rec[0]
+
+        if index is None:
+            self._raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(rec)
+        return index
+
+    def _indexes_for_keys(self, keys):
+        try:
+            return [self._keymap[key][0] for key in keys]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            # ensure it raises
+            CursorResultMetaData._key_fallback(self, ke.args[0], ke)
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[Any]
+    ) -> Iterator[_NonAmbigCursorKeyMapRecType]:
+        for key in keys:
+            if int in key.__class__.__mro__:
+                key = self._keys[key]
+
+            try:
+                rec = self._keymap[key]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                # ensure it raises
+                CursorResultMetaData._key_fallback(self, ke.args[0], ke)
+
+            index = rec[MD_INDEX]
+
+            if index is None:
+                self._raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(rec)
+
+            yield cast(_NonAmbigCursorKeyMapRecType, rec)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # TODO: consider serializing this as SimpleResultMetaData
+        return {
+            "_keymap": {
+                key: (
+                    rec[MD_INDEX],
+                    rec[MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX],
+                    [],
+                    key,
+                    rec[MD_RENDERED_NAME],
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                )
+                for key, rec in self._keymap.items()
+                if isinstance(key, (str, int))
+            },
+            "_keys": self._keys,
+            "_translated_indexes": self._translated_indexes,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self._processors = [None for _ in range(len(state["_keys"]))]
+        self._keymap = state["_keymap"]
+        self._keymap_by_result_column_idx = None
+        self._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(self._keymap, MD_INDEX)
+        self._keys = state["_keys"]
+        self._unpickled = True
+        if state["_translated_indexes"]:
+            self._translated_indexes = cast(
+                "List[int]", state["_translated_indexes"]
+            )
+            self._tuplefilter = tuplegetter(*self._translated_indexes)
+        else:
+            self._translated_indexes = self._tuplefilter = None
+
+
+class ResultFetchStrategy:
+    """Define a fetching strategy for a result object.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    alternate_cursor_description: Optional[_DBAPICursorDescription] = None
+
+    def soft_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def hard_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def yield_per(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        num: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        return
+
+    def fetchone(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        hard_close: bool = False,
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fetchmany(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fetchall(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_exception(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        err: BaseException,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise err
+
+
+class NoCursorFetchStrategy(ResultFetchStrategy):
+    """Cursor strategy for a result that has no open cursor.
+
+    There are two varieties of this strategy, one for DQL and one for
+    DML (and also DDL), each of which represent a result that had a cursor
+    but no longer has one.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def soft_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        pass
+
+    def hard_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        pass
+
+    def fetchone(self, result, dbapi_cursor, hard_close=False):
+        return self._non_result(result, None)
+
+    def fetchmany(self, result, dbapi_cursor, size=None):
+        return self._non_result(result, [])
+
+    def fetchall(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        return self._non_result(result, [])
+
+    def _non_result(self, result, default, err=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class NoCursorDQLFetchStrategy(NoCursorFetchStrategy):
+    """Cursor strategy for a DQL result that has no open cursor.
+
+    This is a result set that can return rows, i.e. for a SELECT, or for an
+    INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE that includes RETURNING. However it is in the state
+    where the cursor is closed and no rows remain available.  The owning result
+    object may or may not be "hard closed", which determines if the fetch
+    methods send empty results or raise for closed result.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _non_result(self, result, default, err=None):
+        if result.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError(
+                "This result object is closed."
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return default
+
+
+_NO_CURSOR_DQL = NoCursorDQLFetchStrategy()
+
+
+class NoCursorDMLFetchStrategy(NoCursorFetchStrategy):
+    """Cursor strategy for a DML result that has no open cursor.
+
+    This is a result set that does not return rows, i.e. for an INSERT,
+    UPDATE, DELETE that does not include RETURNING.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _non_result(self, result, default, err=None):
+        # we only expect to have a _NoResultMetaData() here right now.
+        assert not result._metadata.returns_rows
+        result._metadata._we_dont_return_rows(err)
+
+
+_NO_CURSOR_DML = NoCursorDMLFetchStrategy()
+
+
+class CursorFetchStrategy(ResultFetchStrategy):
+    """Call fetch methods from a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    Alternate versions of this class may instead buffer the rows from
+    cursors or not use cursors at all.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def soft_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        result.cursor_strategy = _NO_CURSOR_DQL
+
+    def hard_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        result.cursor_strategy = _NO_CURSOR_DQL
+
+    def handle_exception(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        err: BaseException,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        result.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+            err, None, None, dbapi_cursor, result.context
+        )
+
+    def yield_per(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        num: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        result.cursor_strategy = BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+            dbapi_cursor,
+            {"max_row_buffer": num},
+            initial_buffer=collections.deque(),
+            growth_factor=0,
+        )
+
+    def fetchone(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        hard_close: bool = False,
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            row = dbapi_cursor.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                result._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+            return row
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+    def fetchmany(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            if size is None:
+                l = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany()
+            else:
+                l = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(size)
+
+            if not l:
+                result._soft_close()
+            return l
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+    def fetchall(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            rows = dbapi_cursor.fetchall()
+            result._soft_close()
+            return rows
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+
+_DEFAULT_FETCH = CursorFetchStrategy()
+
+
+class BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(CursorFetchStrategy):
+    """A cursor fetch strategy with row buffering behavior.
+
+    This strategy buffers the contents of a selection of rows
+    before ``fetchone()`` is called.  This is to allow the results of
+    ``cursor.description`` to be available immediately, when
+    interfacing with a DB-API that requires rows to be consumed before
+    this information is available (currently psycopg2, when used with
+    server-side cursors).
+
+    The pre-fetching behavior fetches only one row initially, and then
+    grows its buffer size by a fixed amount with each successive need
+    for additional rows up the ``max_row_buffer`` size, which defaults
+    to 1000::
+
+        with psycopg2_engine.connect() as conn:
+
+            result = conn.execution_options(
+                stream_results=True, max_row_buffer=50
+                ).execute(text("select * from table"))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 ``max_row_buffer`` may now exceed 1000 rows.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`psycopg2_execution_options`
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_max_row_buffer", "_rowbuffer", "_bufsize", "_growth_factor")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi_cursor,
+        execution_options,
+        growth_factor=5,
+        initial_buffer=None,
+    ):
+        self._max_row_buffer = execution_options.get("max_row_buffer", 1000)
+
+        if initial_buffer is not None:
+            self._rowbuffer = initial_buffer
+        else:
+            self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(1))
+        self._growth_factor = growth_factor
+
+        if growth_factor:
+            self._bufsize = min(self._max_row_buffer, self._growth_factor)
+        else:
+            self._bufsize = self._max_row_buffer
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(cls, result):
+        return BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+            result.cursor,
+            result.context.execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        """this is currently used only by fetchone()."""
+
+        size = self._bufsize
+        try:
+            if size < 1:
+                new_rows = dbapi_cursor.fetchall()
+            else:
+                new_rows = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(size)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+        if not new_rows:
+            return
+        self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(new_rows)
+        if self._growth_factor and size < self._max_row_buffer:
+            self._bufsize = min(
+                self._max_row_buffer, size * self._growth_factor
+            )
+
+    def yield_per(self, result, dbapi_cursor, num):
+        self._growth_factor = 0
+        self._max_row_buffer = self._bufsize = num
+
+    def soft_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().soft_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def hard_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().hard_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def fetchone(self, result, dbapi_cursor, hard_close=False):
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows(result, dbapi_cursor)
+            if not self._rowbuffer:
+                try:
+                    result._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+                return None
+        return self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, result, dbapi_cursor, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+        rb = self._rowbuffer
+        lb = len(rb)
+        close = False
+        if size > lb:
+            try:
+                new = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(size - lb)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+            else:
+                if not new:
+                    # defer closing since it may clear the row buffer
+                    close = True
+                else:
+                    rb.extend(new)
+
+        res = [rb.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rb)))]
+        if close:
+            result._soft_close()
+        return res
+
+    def fetchall(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        try:
+            ret = list(self._rowbuffer) + list(dbapi_cursor.fetchall())
+            self._rowbuffer.clear()
+            result._soft_close()
+            return ret
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+
+class FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(CursorFetchStrategy):
+    """A cursor strategy that buffers rows fully upon creation.
+
+    Used for operations where a result is to be delivered
+    after the database conversation can not be continued,
+    such as MSSQL INSERT...OUTPUT after an autocommit.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_rowbuffer", "alternate_cursor_description")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, dbapi_cursor, alternate_description=None, initial_buffer=None
+    ):
+        self.alternate_cursor_description = alternate_description
+        if initial_buffer is not None:
+            self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(initial_buffer)
+        else:
+            self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(dbapi_cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def yield_per(self, result, dbapi_cursor, num):
+        pass
+
+    def soft_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().soft_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def hard_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().hard_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def fetchone(self, result, dbapi_cursor, hard_close=False):
+        if self._rowbuffer:
+            return self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+        else:
+            result._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, result, dbapi_cursor, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+        rb = self._rowbuffer
+        rows = [rb.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rb)))]
+        if not rows:
+            result._soft_close()
+        return rows
+
+    def fetchall(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        ret = self._rowbuffer
+        self._rowbuffer = collections.deque()
+        result._soft_close()
+        return ret
+
+
+class _NoResultMetaData(ResultMetaData):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    returns_rows = False
+
+    def _we_dont_return_rows(self, err=None):
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError(
+            "This result object does not return rows. "
+            "It has been closed automatically."
+        ) from err
+
+    def _index_for_key(self, keys, raiseerr):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(self, key):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def _keymap(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def _key_to_index(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def _processors(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def keys(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+
+_NO_RESULT_METADATA = _NoResultMetaData()
+
+
+def null_dml_result() -> IteratorResult[Any]:
+    it: IteratorResult[Any] = IteratorResult(_NoResultMetaData(), iter([]))
+    it._soft_close()
+    return it
+
+
+class CursorResult(Result[_T]):
+    """A Result that is representing state from a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :class:`.CursorResult``
+       class replaces the previous :class:`.ResultProxy` interface.
+       This classes are based on the :class:`.Result` calling API
+       which provides an updated usage model and calling facade for
+       SQLAlchemy Core and SQLAlchemy ORM.
+
+    Returns database rows via the :class:`.Row` class, which provides
+    additional API features and behaviors on top of the raw data returned by
+    the DBAPI.   Through the use of filters such as the :meth:`.Result.scalars`
+    method, other kinds of objects may also be returned.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - introductory material for accessing
+        :class:`_engine.CursorResult` and :class:`.Row` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "context",
+        "dialect",
+        "cursor",
+        "cursor_strategy",
+        "_echo",
+        "connection",
+    )
+
+    _metadata: Union[CursorResultMetaData, _NoResultMetaData]
+    _no_result_metadata = _NO_RESULT_METADATA
+    _soft_closed: bool = False
+    closed: bool = False
+    _is_cursor = True
+
+    context: DefaultExecutionContext
+    dialect: Dialect
+    cursor_strategy: ResultFetchStrategy
+    connection: Connection
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        context: DefaultExecutionContext,
+        cursor_strategy: ResultFetchStrategy,
+        cursor_description: Optional[_DBAPICursorDescription],
+    ):
+        self.context = context
+        self.dialect = context.dialect
+        self.cursor = context.cursor
+        self.cursor_strategy = cursor_strategy
+        self.connection = context.root_connection
+        self._echo = echo = (
+            self.connection._echo and context.engine._should_log_debug()
+        )
+
+        if cursor_description is not None:
+            # inline of Result._row_getter(), set up an initial row
+            # getter assuming no transformations will be called as this
+            # is the most common case
+
+            metadata = self._init_metadata(context, cursor_description)
+
+            _make_row: Any
+            _make_row = functools.partial(
+                Row,
+                metadata,
+                metadata._effective_processors,
+                metadata._key_to_index,
+            )
+
+            if context._num_sentinel_cols:
+                sentinel_filter = operator.itemgetter(
+                    slice(-context._num_sentinel_cols)
+                )
+
+                def _sliced_row(raw_data):
+                    return _make_row(sentinel_filter(raw_data))
+
+                sliced_row = _sliced_row
+            else:
+                sliced_row = _make_row
+
+            if echo:
+                log = self.context.connection._log_debug
+
+                def _log_row(row):
+                    log("Row %r", sql_util._repr_row(row))
+                    return row
+
+                self._row_logging_fn = _log_row
+
+                def _make_row_2(row):
+                    return _log_row(sliced_row(row))
+
+                make_row = _make_row_2
+            else:
+                make_row = sliced_row
+            self._set_memoized_attribute("_row_getter", make_row)
+
+        else:
+            assert context._num_sentinel_cols == 0
+            self._metadata = self._no_result_metadata
+
+    def _init_metadata(self, context, cursor_description):
+        if context.compiled:
+            compiled = context.compiled
+
+            if compiled._cached_metadata:
+                metadata = compiled._cached_metadata
+            else:
+                metadata = CursorResultMetaData(self, cursor_description)
+                if metadata._safe_for_cache:
+                    compiled._cached_metadata = metadata
+
+            # result rewrite/ adapt step.  this is to suit the case
+            # when we are invoked against a cached Compiled object, we want
+            # to rewrite the ResultMetaData to reflect the Column objects
+            # that are in our current SQL statement object, not the one
+            # that is associated with the cached Compiled object.
+            # the Compiled object may also tell us to not
+            # actually do this step; this is to support the ORM where
+            # it is to produce a new Result object in any case, and will
+            # be using the cached Column objects against this database result
+            # so we don't want to rewrite them.
+            #
+            # Basically this step suits the use case where the end user
+            # is using Core SQL expressions and is accessing columns in the
+            # result row using row._mapping[table.c.column].
+            if (
+                not context.execution_options.get(
+                    "_result_disable_adapt_to_context", False
+                )
+                and compiled._result_columns
+                and context.cache_hit is context.dialect.CACHE_HIT
+                and compiled.statement is not context.invoked_statement
+            ):
+                metadata = metadata._adapt_to_context(context)
+
+            self._metadata = metadata
+
+        else:
+            self._metadata = metadata = CursorResultMetaData(
+                self, cursor_description
+            )
+        if self._echo:
+            context.connection._log_debug(
+                "Col %r", tuple(x[0] for x in cursor_description)
+            )
+        return metadata
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard=False):
+        """Soft close this :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+        This releases all DBAPI cursor resources, but leaves the
+        CursorResult "open" from a semantic perspective, meaning the
+        fetchXXX() methods will continue to return empty results.
+
+        This method is called automatically when:
+
+        * all result rows are exhausted using the fetchXXX() methods.
+        * cursor.description is None.
+
+        This method is **not public**, but is documented in order to clarify
+        the "autoclose" process used.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+
+
+        """
+
+        if (not hard and self._soft_closed) or (hard and self.closed):
+            return
+
+        if hard:
+            self.closed = True
+            self.cursor_strategy.hard_close(self, self.cursor)
+        else:
+            self.cursor_strategy.soft_close(self, self.cursor)
+
+        if not self._soft_closed:
+            cursor = self.cursor
+            self.cursor = None  # type: ignore
+            self.connection._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+            self._soft_closed = True
+
+    @property
+    def inserted_primary_key_rows(self):
+        """Return the value of
+        :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+        as a row contained within a list; some dialects may support a
+        multiple row form as well.
+
+        .. note:: As indicated below, in current SQLAlchemy versions this
+           accessor is only useful beyond what's already supplied by
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` when using the
+           :ref:`postgresql_psycopg2` dialect.   Future versions hope to
+           generalize this feature to more dialects.
+
+        This accessor is added to support dialects that offer the feature
+        that is currently implemented by the :ref:`psycopg2_executemany_mode`
+        feature, currently **only the psycopg2 dialect**, which provides
+        for many rows to be INSERTed at once while still retaining the
+        behavior of being able to return server-generated primary key values.
+
+        * **When using the psycopg2 dialect, or other dialects that may support
+          "fast executemany" style inserts in upcoming releases** : When
+          invoking an INSERT statement while passing a list of rows as the
+          second argument to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, this accessor
+          will then provide a list of rows, where each row contains the primary
+          key value for each row that was INSERTed.
+
+        * **When using all other dialects / backends that don't yet support
+          this feature**: This accessor is only useful for **single row INSERT
+          statements**, and returns the same information as that of the
+          :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` within a
+          single-element list. When an INSERT statement is executed in
+          conjunction with a list of rows to be INSERTed, the list will contain
+          one row per row inserted in the statement, however it will contain
+          ``None`` for any server-generated values.
+
+        Future releases of SQLAlchemy will further generalize the
+        "fast execution helper" feature of psycopg2 to suit other dialects,
+        thus allowing this accessor to be of more general use.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() expression construct."
+            )
+        elif self.context._is_explicit_returning:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't call inserted_primary_key "
+                "when returning() "
+                "is used."
+            )
+        return self.context.inserted_primary_key_rows
+
+    @property
+    def inserted_primary_key(self):
+        """Return the primary key for the row just inserted.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`_result.Row` object representing
+        a named tuple of primary key values in the order in which the
+        primary key columns are configured in the source
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.8 - the
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+           value is now a named tuple via the :class:`_result.Row` class,
+           rather than a plain tuple.
+
+        This accessor only applies to single row :func:`_expression.insert`
+        constructs which did not explicitly specify
+        :meth:`_expression.Insert.returning`.    Support for multirow inserts,
+        while not yet available for most backends, would be accessed using
+        the :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` accessor.
+
+        Note that primary key columns which specify a server_default clause, or
+        otherwise do not qualify as "autoincrement" columns (see the notes at
+        :class:`_schema.Column`), and were generated using the database-side
+        default, will appear in this list as ``None`` unless the backend
+        supports "returning" and the insert statement executed with the
+        "implicit returning" enabled.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.context.executemany:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This statement was an executemany call; if primary key "
+                "returning is supported, please "
+                "use .inserted_primary_key_rows."
+            )
+
+        ikp = self.inserted_primary_key_rows
+        if ikp:
+            return ikp[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def last_updated_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of updated parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an update() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an update() expression construct."
+            )
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    def last_inserted_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of inserted parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() expression construct."
+            )
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    @property
+    def returned_defaults_rows(self):
+        """Return a list of rows each containing the values of default
+        columns that were fetched using
+        the :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` feature.
+
+        The return value is a list of :class:`.Row` objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self.context.returned_default_rows
+
+    def splice_horizontally(self, other):
+        """Return a new :class:`.CursorResult` that "horizontally splices"
+        together the rows of this :class:`.CursorResult` with that of another
+        :class:`.CursorResult`.
+
+        .. tip::  This method is for the benefit of the SQLAlchemy ORM and is
+           not intended for general use.
+
+        "horizontally splices" means that for each row in the first and second
+        result sets, a new row that concatenates the two rows together is
+        produced, which then becomes the new row.  The incoming
+        :class:`.CursorResult` must have the identical number of rows.  It is
+        typically expected that the two result sets come from the same sort
+        order as well, as the result rows are spliced together based on their
+        position in the result.
+
+        The expected use case here is so that multiple INSERT..RETURNING
+        statements (which definitely need to be sorted) against different
+        tables can produce a single result that looks like a JOIN of those two
+        tables.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            r1 = connection.execute(
+                users.insert().returning(
+                    users.c.user_name,
+                    users.c.user_id,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=True
+                ),
+                user_values
+            )
+
+            r2 = connection.execute(
+                addresses.insert().returning(
+                    addresses.c.address_id,
+                    addresses.c.address,
+                    addresses.c.user_id,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=True
+                ),
+                address_values
+            )
+
+            rows = r1.splice_horizontally(r2).all()
+            assert (
+                rows ==
+                [
+                    ("john", 1, 1, "foo@bar.com", 1),
+                    ("jack", 2, 2, "bar@bat.com", 2),
+                ]
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.CursorResult.splice_vertically`
+
+
+        """
+
+        clone = self._generate()
+        total_rows = [
+            tuple(r1) + tuple(r2)
+            for r1, r2 in zip(
+                list(self._raw_row_iterator()),
+                list(other._raw_row_iterator()),
+            )
+        ]
+
+        clone._metadata = clone._metadata._splice_horizontally(other._metadata)
+
+        clone.cursor_strategy = FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+            None,
+            initial_buffer=total_rows,
+        )
+        clone._reset_memoizations()
+        return clone
+
+    def splice_vertically(self, other):
+        """Return a new :class:`.CursorResult` that "vertically splices",
+        i.e. "extends", the rows of this :class:`.CursorResult` with that of
+        another :class:`.CursorResult`.
+
+        .. tip::  This method is for the benefit of the SQLAlchemy ORM and is
+           not intended for general use.
+
+        "vertically splices" means the rows of the given result are appended to
+        the rows of this cursor result. The incoming :class:`.CursorResult`
+        must have rows that represent the identical list of columns in the
+        identical order as they are in this :class:`.CursorResult`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.CursorResult.splice_horizontally`
+
+        """
+        clone = self._generate()
+        total_rows = list(self._raw_row_iterator()) + list(
+            other._raw_row_iterator()
+        )
+
+        clone.cursor_strategy = FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+            None,
+            initial_buffer=total_rows,
+        )
+        clone._reset_memoizations()
+        return clone
+
+    def _rewind(self, rows):
+        """rewind this result back to the given rowset.
+
+        this is used internally for the case where an :class:`.Insert`
+        construct combines the use of
+        :meth:`.Insert.return_defaults` along with the
+        "supplemental columns" feature.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.context.connection._log_debug(
+                "CursorResult rewound %d row(s)", len(rows)
+            )
+
+        # the rows given are expected to be Row objects, so we
+        # have to clear out processors which have already run on these
+        # rows
+        self._metadata = cast(
+            CursorResultMetaData, self._metadata
+        )._remove_processors()
+
+        self.cursor_strategy = FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+            None,
+            # TODO: if these are Row objects, can we save on not having to
+            # re-make new Row objects out of them a second time?  is that
+            # what's actually happening right now?  maybe look into this
+            initial_buffer=rows,
+        )
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def returned_defaults(self):
+        """Return the values of default columns that were fetched using
+        the :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` feature.
+
+        The value is an instance of :class:`.Row`, or ``None``
+        if :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` was not used or if the
+        backend does not support RETURNING.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.context.executemany:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This statement was an executemany call; if return defaults "
+                "is supported, please use .returned_defaults_rows."
+            )
+
+        rows = self.context.returned_default_rows
+        if rows:
+            return rows[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        """Return ``lastrow_has_defaults()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.context.lastrow_has_defaults()
+
+    def postfetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``postfetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct."
+            )
+        return self.context.postfetch_cols
+
+    def prefetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``prefetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct."
+            )
+        return self.context.prefetch_cols
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_multi_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def rowcount(self) -> int:
+        """Return the 'rowcount' for this result.
+
+        The primary purpose of 'rowcount' is to report the number of rows
+        matched by the WHERE criterion of an UPDATE or DELETE statement
+        executed once (i.e. for a single parameter set), which may then be
+        compared to the number of rows expected to be updated or deleted as a
+        means of asserting data integrity.
+
+        This attribute is transferred from the ``cursor.rowcount`` attribute
+        of the DBAPI before the cursor is closed, to support DBAPIs that
+        don't make this value available after cursor close.   Some DBAPIs may
+        offer meaningful values for other kinds of statements, such as INSERT
+        and SELECT statements as well.  In order to retrieve ``cursor.rowcount``
+        for these statements, set the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+        execution option to True, which will cause the ``cursor.rowcount``
+        value to be unconditionally memoized before any results are returned
+        or the cursor is closed, regardless of statement type.
+
+        For cases where the DBAPI does not support rowcount for a particular
+        kind of statement and/or execution, the returned value will be ``-1``,
+        which is delivered directly from the DBAPI and is part of :pep:`249`.
+        All DBAPIs should support rowcount for single-parameter-set
+        UPDATE and DELETE statements, however.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           Notes regarding :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`:
+
+
+           * This attribute returns the number of rows *matched*,
+             which is not necessarily the same as the number of rows
+             that were actually *modified*. For example, an UPDATE statement
+             may have no net change on a given row if the SET values
+             given are the same as those present in the row already.
+             Such a row would be matched but not modified.
+             On backends that feature both styles, such as MySQL,
+             rowcount is configured to return the match
+             count in all cases.
+
+           * :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` in the default case is
+             *only* useful in conjunction with an UPDATE or DELETE statement,
+             and only with a single set of parameters. For other kinds of
+             statements, SQLAlchemy will not attempt to pre-memoize the value
+             unless the
+             :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+             execution option is used.  Note that contrary to :pep:`249`, many
+             DBAPIs do not support rowcount values for statements that are not
+             UPDATE or DELETE, particularly when rows are being returned which
+             are not fully pre-buffered.   DBAPIs that dont support rowcount
+             for a particular kind of statement should return the value ``-1``
+             for such statements.
+
+           * :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` may not be meaningful
+             when executing a single statement with multiple parameter sets
+             (i.e. an :term:`executemany`). Most DBAPIs do not sum "rowcount"
+             values across multiple parameter sets and will return ``-1``
+             when accessed.
+
+           * SQLAlchemy's :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` feature does support
+             a correct population of :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`
+             when the :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+             execution option is set to True.
+
+           * Statements that use RETURNING may not support rowcount, returning
+             a ``-1`` value instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_update_delete_rowcount` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        try:
+            return self.context.rowcount
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.cursor_strategy.handle_exception(self, self.cursor, e)
+            raise  # not called
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        """Return the 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI cursor.
+
+        This is a DBAPI specific method and is only functional
+        for those backends which support it, for statements
+        where it is appropriate.  It's behavior is not
+        consistent across backends.
+
+        Usage of this method is normally unnecessary when
+        using insert() expression constructs; the
+        :attr:`~CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute provides a
+        tuple of primary key values for a newly inserted row,
+        regardless of database backend.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.context.get_lastrowid()
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.cursor_strategy.handle_exception(self, self.cursor, e)
+
+    @property
+    def returns_rows(self):
+        """True if this :class:`_engine.CursorResult` returns zero or more
+        rows.
+
+        I.e. if it is legal to call the methods
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchone`,
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchmany`
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchall`.
+
+        Overall, the value of :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returns_rows` should
+        always be synonymous with whether or not the DBAPI cursor had a
+        ``.description`` attribute, indicating the presence of result columns,
+        noting that a cursor that returns zero rows still has a
+        ``.description`` if a row-returning statement was emitted.
+
+        This attribute should be True for all results that are against
+        SELECT statements, as well as for DML statements INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+        that use RETURNING.   For INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements that were
+        not using RETURNING, the value will usually be False, however
+        there are some dialect-specific exceptions to this, such as when
+        using the MSSQL / pyodbc dialect a SELECT is emitted inline in
+        order to retrieve an inserted primary key value.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._metadata.returns_rows
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self):
+        """True if this :class:`_engine.CursorResult` is the result
+        of a executing an expression language compiled
+        :func:`_expression.insert` construct.
+
+        When True, this implies that the
+        :attr:`inserted_primary_key` attribute is accessible,
+        assuming the statement did not include
+        a user defined "returning" construct.
+
+        """
+        return self.context.isinsert
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self):
+        fetchone = self.cursor_strategy.fetchone
+
+        while True:
+            row = fetchone(self, self.cursor)
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            yield row
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self, hard_close=False):
+        return self.cursor_strategy.fetchone(self, self.cursor, hard_close)
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        return self.cursor_strategy.fetchall(self, self.cursor)
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        return self.cursor_strategy.fetchmany(self, self.cursor, size)
+
+    def _raw_row_iterator(self):
+        return self._fetchiter_impl()
+
+    def merge(self, *others: Result[Any]) -> MergedResult[Any]:
+        merged_result = super().merge(*others)
+        if self.context._has_rowcount:
+            merged_result.rowcount = sum(
+                cast("CursorResult[Any]", result).rowcount
+                for result in (self,) + others
+            )
+        return merged_result
+
+    def close(self) -> Any:
+        """Close this :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+        This closes out the underlying DBAPI cursor corresponding to the
+        statement execution, if one is still present.  Note that the DBAPI
+        cursor is automatically released when the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+        exhausts all available rows.  :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close` is
+        generally an optional method except in the case when discarding a
+        :class:`_engine.CursorResult` that still has additional rows pending
+        for fetch.
+
+        After this method is called, it is no longer valid to call upon
+        the fetch methods, which will raise a :class:`.ResourceClosedError`
+        on subsequent use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._soft_close(hard=True)
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        self._yield_per = num
+        self.cursor_strategy.yield_per(self, self.cursor, num)
+        return self
+
+
+ResultProxy = CursorResult
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e80e4aa1c499e27442b5abb14d8dcadd517eacc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2348 @@
+# engine/default.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Default implementations of per-dialect sqlalchemy.engine classes.
+
+These are semi-private implementation classes which are only of importance
+to database dialect authors; dialects will usually use the classes here
+as the base class for their own corresponding classes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import operator
+import random
+import re
+from time import perf_counter
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableSequence
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import characteristics
+from . import cursor as _cursor
+from . import interfaces
+from .base import Connection
+from .interfaces import CacheStats
+from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+from .interfaces import Dialect
+from .interfaces import ExecuteStyle
+from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+from .reflection import ObjectKind
+from .reflection import ObjectScope
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import pool
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import compiler
+from ..sql import dml
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import type_api
+from ..sql._typing import is_tuple_type
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.compiler import DDLCompiler
+from ..sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+from ..sql.elements import quoted_name
+from ..util.typing import Final
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import ModuleType
+
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .cursor import ResultFetchStrategy
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPICursorDescription
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ParamStyle
+    from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+    from .interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from .row import Row
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..event import _ListenerFnType
+    from ..pool import Pool
+    from ..pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql.compiler import Compiled
+    from ..sql.compiler import Linting
+    from ..sql.compiler import ResultColumnsEntry
+    from ..sql.dml import DMLState
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from ..sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+    from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+# When we're handed literal SQL, ensure it's a SELECT query
+SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE = re.compile(r"\s*SELECT", re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+(
+    CACHE_HIT,
+    CACHE_MISS,
+    CACHING_DISABLED,
+    NO_CACHE_KEY,
+    NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT,
+) = list(CacheStats)
+
+
+class DefaultDialect(Dialect):
+    """Default implementation of Dialect"""
+
+    statement_compiler = compiler.SQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = compiler.DDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = compiler.GenericTypeCompiler
+
+    preparer = compiler.IdentifierPreparer
+    supports_alter = True
+    supports_comments = False
+    supports_constraint_comments = False
+    inline_comments = False
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    div_is_floordiv = True
+
+    bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.NONE
+
+    include_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]] = None
+    exclude_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]] = None
+
+    # the first value we'd get for an autoincrement column.
+    default_sequence_base = 1
+
+    # most DBAPIs happy with this for execute().
+    # not cx_oracle.
+    execute_sequence_format = tuple
+
+    supports_schemas = True
+    supports_views = True
+    supports_sequences = False
+    sequences_optional = False
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = False
+    supports_identity_columns = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+    favor_returning_over_lastrowid = False
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = False
+    update_returning = False
+    delete_returning = False
+    update_returning_multifrom = False
+    delete_returning_multifrom = False
+    insert_returning = False
+
+    cte_follows_insert = False
+
+    supports_native_enum = False
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    supports_native_uuid = False
+    returns_native_bytes = False
+
+    non_native_boolean_check_constraint = True
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = True
+
+    tuple_in_values = False
+
+    connection_characteristics = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "isolation_level": characteristics.IsolationLevelCharacteristic(),
+            "logging_token": characteristics.LoggingTokenCharacteristic(),
+        }
+    )
+
+    engine_config_types: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "pool_timeout": util.asint,
+            "echo": util.bool_or_str("debug"),
+            "echo_pool": util.bool_or_str("debug"),
+            "pool_recycle": util.asint,
+            "pool_size": util.asint,
+            "max_overflow": util.asint,
+            "future": util.asbool,
+        }
+    )
+
+    # if the NUMERIC type
+    # returns decimal.Decimal.
+    # *not* the FLOAT type however.
+    supports_native_decimal = False
+
+    name = "default"
+
+    # length at which to truncate
+    # any identifier.
+    max_identifier_length = 9999
+    _user_defined_max_identifier_length: Optional[int] = None
+
+    isolation_level: Optional[str] = None
+
+    # sub-categories of max_identifier_length.
+    # currently these accommodate for MySQL which allows alias names
+    # of 255 but DDL names only of 64.
+    max_index_name_length: Optional[int] = None
+    max_constraint_name_length: Optional[int] = None
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    colspecs: MutableMapping[Type[TypeEngine[Any]], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]] = {}
+    default_paramstyle = "named"
+
+    supports_default_values = False
+    """dialect supports INSERT... DEFAULT VALUES syntax"""
+
+    supports_default_metavalue = False
+    """dialect supports INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax"""
+
+    default_metavalue_token = "DEFAULT"
+    """for INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the
+    parenthesis."""
+
+    # not sure if this is a real thing but the compiler will deliver it
+    # if this is the only flag enabled.
+    supports_empty_insert = True
+    """dialect supports INSERT () VALUES ()"""
+
+    supports_multivalues_insert = False
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = False
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning: bool = False
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel: InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.NOT_SUPPORTED
+    )
+
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = 1000
+    insertmanyvalues_max_parameters = 32700
+
+    supports_is_distinct_from = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = False
+
+    server_side_cursors = False
+
+    # extra record-level locking features (#4860)
+    supports_for_update_of = False
+
+    server_version_info = None
+
+    default_schema_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    # indicates symbol names are
+    # UPPERCASEd if they are case insensitive
+    # within the database.
+    # if this is True, the methods normalize_name()
+    # and denormalize_name() must be provided.
+    requires_name_normalize = False
+
+    is_async = False
+
+    has_terminate = False
+
+    # TODO: this is not to be part of 2.0.  implement rudimentary binary
+    # literals for SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL only within
+    # _Binary.literal_processor
+    _legacy_binary_type_literal_encoding = "utf-8"
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        empty_in_strategy=(
+            "1.4",
+            "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.empty_in_strategy` keyword is "
+            "deprecated, and no longer has any effect.  All IN expressions "
+            "are now rendered using "
+            'the "expanding parameter" strategy which renders a set of bound'
+            'expressions, or an "empty set" SELECT, at statement execution'
+            "time.",
+        ),
+        server_side_cursors=(
+            "1.4",
+            "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.server_side_cursors` parameter "
+            "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  Please "
+            "use the "
+            ":paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` "
+            "parameter.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        paramstyle: Optional[_ParamStyle] = None,
+        isolation_level: Optional[IsolationLevel] = None,
+        dbapi: Optional[ModuleType] = None,
+        implicit_returning: Literal[True] = True,
+        supports_native_boolean: Optional[bool] = None,
+        max_identifier_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        label_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: Union[_NoArg, int] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        use_insertmanyvalues: Optional[bool] = None,
+        # util.deprecated_params decorator cannot render the
+        # Linting.NO_LINTING constant
+        compiler_linting: Linting = int(compiler.NO_LINTING),  # type: ignore
+        server_side_cursors: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        if server_side_cursors:
+            if not self.supports_server_side_cursors:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Dialect %s does not support server side cursors" % self
+                )
+            else:
+                self.server_side_cursors = True
+
+        if getattr(self, "use_setinputsizes", False):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The dialect-level use_setinputsizes attribute is "
+                "deprecated.  Please use "
+                "bind_typing = BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            self.bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
+
+        self.positional = False
+        self._ischema = None
+
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+
+        if paramstyle is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = paramstyle
+        elif self.dbapi is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = self.dbapi.paramstyle
+        else:
+            self.paramstyle = self.default_paramstyle
+        self.positional = self.paramstyle in (
+            "qmark",
+            "format",
+            "numeric",
+            "numeric_dollar",
+        )
+        self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(self)
+        self._on_connect_isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+        legacy_tt_callable = getattr(self, "type_compiler", None)
+        if legacy_tt_callable is not None:
+            tt_callable = cast(
+                Type[compiler.GenericTypeCompiler],
+                self.type_compiler,
+            )
+        else:
+            tt_callable = self.type_compiler_cls
+
+        self.type_compiler_instance = self.type_compiler = tt_callable(self)
+
+        if supports_native_boolean is not None:
+            self.supports_native_boolean = supports_native_boolean
+
+        self._user_defined_max_identifier_length = max_identifier_length
+        if self._user_defined_max_identifier_length:
+            self.max_identifier_length = (
+                self._user_defined_max_identifier_length
+            )
+        self.label_length = label_length
+        self.compiler_linting = compiler_linting
+
+        if use_insertmanyvalues is not None:
+            self.use_insertmanyvalues = use_insertmanyvalues
+
+        if insertmanyvalues_page_size is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self.insertmanyvalues_page_size = insertmanyvalues_page_size
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "full_returning is deprecated, please use insert_returning, "
+        "update_returning, delete_returning",
+    )
+    def full_returning(self):
+        return (
+            self.insert_returning
+            and self.update_returning
+            and self.delete_returning
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def insert_executemany_returning(self):
+        """Default implementation for insert_executemany_returning, if not
+        otherwise overridden by the specific dialect.
+
+        The default dialect determines "insert_executemany_returning" is
+        available if the dialect in use has opted into using the
+        "use_insertmanyvalues" feature. If they haven't opted into that, then
+        this attribute is False, unless the dialect in question overrides this
+        and provides some other implementation (such as the Oracle dialect).
+
+        """
+        return self.insert_returning and self.use_insertmanyvalues
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order(self):
+        """Default implementation for
+        insert_executemany_returning_deterministic_order, if not otherwise
+        overridden by the specific dialect.
+
+        The default dialect determines "insert_executemany_returning" can have
+        deterministic order only if the dialect in use has opted into using the
+        "use_insertmanyvalues" feature, which implements deterministic ordering
+        using client side sentinel columns only by default.  The
+        "insertmanyvalues" feature also features alternate forms that can
+        use server-generated PK values as "sentinels", but those are only
+        used if the :attr:`.Dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel`
+        bitflag enables those alternate SQL forms, which are disabled
+        by default.
+
+        If the dialect in use hasn't opted into that, then this attribute is
+        False, unless the dialect in question overrides this and provides some
+        other implementation (such as the Oracle dialect).
+
+        """
+        return self.insert_returning and self.use_insertmanyvalues
+
+    update_executemany_returning = False
+    delete_executemany_returning = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def loaded_dbapi(self) -> ModuleType:
+        if self.dbapi is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Dialect {self} does not have a Python DBAPI established "
+                "and cannot be used for actual database interaction"
+            )
+        return self.dbapi
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _bind_typing_render_casts(self):
+        return self.bind_typing is interfaces.BindTyping.RENDER_CASTS
+
+    def _ensure_has_table_connection(self, arg):
+        if not isinstance(arg, Connection):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The argument passed to Dialect.has_table() should be a "
+                "%s, got %s. "
+                "Additionally, the Dialect.has_table() method is for "
+                "internal dialect "
+                "use only; please use "
+                "``inspect(some_engine).has_table(<tablename>>)`` "
+                "for public API use." % (Connection, type(arg))
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _supports_statement_cache(self):
+        ssc = self.__class__.__dict__.get("supports_statement_cache", None)
+        if ssc is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Dialect %s:%s will not make use of SQL compilation caching "
+                "as it does not set the 'supports_statement_cache' attribute "
+                "to ``True``.  This can have "
+                "significant performance implications including some "
+                "performance degradations in comparison to prior SQLAlchemy "
+                "versions.  Dialect maintainers should seek to set this "
+                "attribute to True after appropriate development and testing "
+                "for SQLAlchemy 1.4 caching support.   Alternatively, this "
+                "attribute may be set to False which will disable this "
+                "warning." % (self.name, self.driver),
+                code="cprf",
+            )
+
+        return bool(ssc)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _type_memos(self):
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @property
+    def dialect_description(self):
+        return self.name + "+" + self.driver
+
+    @property
+    def supports_sane_rowcount_returning(self):
+        """True if this dialect supports sane rowcount even if RETURNING is
+        in use.
+
+        For dialects that don't support RETURNING, this is synonymous with
+        ``supports_sane_rowcount``.
+
+        """
+        return self.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url: URL) -> Type[Pool]:
+        return getattr(cls, "poolclass", pool.QueuePool)
+
+    def get_dialect_pool_class(self, url: URL) -> Type[Pool]:
+        return self.get_pool_class(url)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_provisioning(cls):
+        package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
+        try:
+            __import__(package + ".provision")
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+    def _builtin_onconnect(self) -> Optional[_ListenerFnType]:
+        if self._on_connect_isolation_level is not None:
+
+            def builtin_connect(dbapi_conn, conn_rec):
+                self._assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+                    dbapi_conn, self._on_connect_isolation_level
+                )
+
+            return builtin_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        try:
+            self.server_version_info = self._get_server_version_info(
+                connection
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.server_version_info = None
+        try:
+            self.default_schema_name = self._get_default_schema_name(
+                connection
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_schema_name = None
+
+        try:
+            self.default_isolation_level = self.get_default_isolation_level(
+                connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_isolation_level = None
+
+        if not self._user_defined_max_identifier_length:
+            max_ident_length = self._check_max_identifier_length(connection)
+            if max_ident_length:
+                self.max_identifier_length = max_ident_length
+
+        if (
+            self.label_length
+            and self.label_length > self.max_identifier_length
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Label length of %d is greater than this dialect's"
+                " maximum identifier length of %d"
+                % (self.label_length, self.max_identifier_length)
+            )
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        # inherits the docstring from interfaces.Dialect.on_connect
+        return None
+
+    def _check_max_identifier_length(self, connection):
+        """Perform a connection / server version specific check to determine
+        the max_identifier_length.
+
+        If the dialect's class level max_identifier_length should be used,
+        can return None.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.9
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def get_default_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or
+        a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.
+
+        May be overridden by subclasses in order to provide a
+        "fallback" isolation level for databases that cannot reliably
+        retrieve the actual isolation level.
+
+        By default, calls the :meth:`_engine.Interfaces.get_isolation_level`
+        method, propagating any exceptions raised.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.22
+
+        """
+        return self.get_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+
+    def type_descriptor(self, typeobj):
+        """Provide a database-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` object, given
+        the generic object which comes from the types module.
+
+        This method looks for a dictionary called
+        ``colspecs`` as a class or instance-level variable,
+        and passes on to :func:`_types.adapt_type`.
+
+        """
+        return type_api.adapt_type(typeobj, self.colspecs)
+
+    def has_index(self, connection, table_name, index_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.has_table(connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw):
+            return False
+        for idx in self.get_indexes(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw
+        ):
+            if idx["name"] == index_name:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def has_schema(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema_name: str, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        return schema_name in self.get_schema_names(connection, **kw)
+
+    def validate_identifier(self, ident):
+        if len(ident) > self.max_identifier_length:
+            raise exc.IdentifierError(
+                "Identifier '%s' exceeds maximum length of %d characters"
+                % (ident, self.max_identifier_length)
+            )
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
+        # inherits the docstring from interfaces.Dialect.connect
+        return self.loaded_dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        # inherits the docstring from interfaces.Dialect.create_connect_args
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(
+        self, engine: Engine, opts: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        supported_names = set(self.connection_characteristics).intersection(
+            opts
+        )
+        if supported_names:
+            characteristics: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(
+                (name, opts[name]) for name in supported_names
+            )
+
+            @event.listens_for(engine, "engine_connect")
+            def set_connection_characteristics(connection):
+                self._set_connection_characteristics(
+                    connection, characteristics
+                )
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(
+        self, connection: Connection, opts: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        supported_names = set(self.connection_characteristics).intersection(
+            opts
+        )
+        if supported_names:
+            characteristics: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(
+                (name, opts[name]) for name in supported_names
+            )
+            self._set_connection_characteristics(connection, characteristics)
+
+    def _set_connection_characteristics(self, connection, characteristics):
+        characteristic_values = [
+            (name, self.connection_characteristics[name], value)
+            for name, value in characteristics.items()
+        ]
+
+        if connection.in_transaction():
+            trans_objs = [
+                (name, obj)
+                for name, obj, _ in characteristic_values
+                if obj.transactional
+            ]
+            if trans_objs:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This connection has already initialized a SQLAlchemy "
+                    "Transaction() object via begin() or autobegin; "
+                    "%s may not be altered unless rollback() or commit() "
+                    "is called first."
+                    % (", ".join(name for name, obj in trans_objs))
+                )
+
+        dbapi_connection = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        for _, characteristic, value in characteristic_values:
+            characteristic.set_connection_characteristic(
+                self, connection, dbapi_connection, value
+            )
+        connection.connection._connection_record.finalize_callback.append(
+            functools.partial(self._reset_characteristics, characteristics)
+        )
+
+    def _reset_characteristics(self, characteristics, dbapi_connection):
+        for characteristic_name in characteristics:
+            characteristic = self.connection_characteristics[
+                characteristic_name
+            ]
+            characteristic.reset_characteristic(self, dbapi_connection)
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
+        pass
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection):
+        self.do_close(dbapi_connection)
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+        return str(expression.select(1).compile(dialect=self))
+
+    def _do_ping_w_event(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return self.do_ping(dbapi_connection)
+        except self.loaded_dbapi.Error as err:
+            is_disconnect = self.is_disconnect(err, dbapi_connection, None)
+
+            if self._has_events:
+                try:
+                    Connection._handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+                        err,
+                        self,
+                        is_disconnect=is_disconnect,
+                        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect=False,
+                        is_pre_ping=True,
+                    )
+                except exc.StatementError as new_err:
+                    is_disconnect = new_err.connection_invalidated
+
+            if is_disconnect:
+                return False
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        cursor = None
+
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(self._dialect_specific_select_one)
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+        return True
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """Create a random two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  Its format is unspecified.
+        """
+
+        return "_sa_%032x" % random.randint(0, 2**128)
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.SavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.RollbackToSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.ReleaseSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        self, cursor, statement, parameters, generic_setinputsizes, context
+    ):
+        context = cast(DefaultExecutionContext, context)
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, context.compiled)
+
+        _composite_sentinel_proc: Sequence[
+            Optional[_ResultProcessorType[Any]]
+        ] = ()
+        _scalar_sentinel_proc: Optional[_ResultProcessorType[Any]] = None
+        _sentinel_proc_initialized: bool = False
+
+        compiled_parameters = context.compiled_parameters
+
+        imv = compiled._insertmanyvalues
+        assert imv is not None
+
+        is_returning: Final[bool] = bool(compiled.effective_returning)
+        batch_size = context.execution_options.get(
+            "insertmanyvalues_page_size", self.insertmanyvalues_page_size
+        )
+
+        if compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            schema_translate_map = context.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+        else:
+            schema_translate_map = None
+
+        if is_returning:
+            result: Optional[List[Any]] = []
+            context._insertmanyvalues_rows = result
+
+            sort_by_parameter_order = imv.sort_by_parameter_order
+
+        else:
+            sort_by_parameter_order = False
+            result = None
+
+        for imv_batch in compiled._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            compiled_parameters,
+            generic_setinputsizes,
+            batch_size,
+            sort_by_parameter_order,
+            schema_translate_map,
+        ):
+            yield imv_batch
+
+            if is_returning:
+
+                rows = context.fetchall_for_returning(cursor)
+
+                # I would have thought "is_returning: Final[bool]"
+                # would have assured this but pylance thinks not
+                assert result is not None
+
+                if imv.num_sentinel_columns and not imv_batch.is_downgraded:
+                    composite_sentinel = imv.num_sentinel_columns > 1
+                    if imv.implicit_sentinel:
+                        # for implicit sentinel, which is currently single-col
+                        # integer autoincrement, do a simple sort.
+                        assert not composite_sentinel
+                        result.extend(
+                            sorted(rows, key=operator.itemgetter(-1))
+                        )
+                        continue
+
+                    # otherwise, create dictionaries to match up batches
+                    # with parameters
+                    assert imv.sentinel_param_keys
+                    assert imv.sentinel_columns
+
+                    _nsc = imv.num_sentinel_columns
+
+                    if not _sentinel_proc_initialized:
+                        if composite_sentinel:
+                            _composite_sentinel_proc = [
+                                col.type._cached_result_processor(
+                                    self, cursor_desc[1]
+                                )
+                                for col, cursor_desc in zip(
+                                    imv.sentinel_columns,
+                                    cursor.description[-_nsc:],
+                                )
+                            ]
+                        else:
+                            _scalar_sentinel_proc = (
+                                imv.sentinel_columns[0]
+                            ).type._cached_result_processor(
+                                self, cursor.description[-1][1]
+                            )
+                        _sentinel_proc_initialized = True
+
+                    rows_by_sentinel: Union[
+                        Dict[Tuple[Any, ...], Any],
+                        Dict[Any, Any],
+                    ]
+                    if composite_sentinel:
+                        rows_by_sentinel = {
+                            tuple(
+                                (proc(val) if proc else val)
+                                for val, proc in zip(
+                                    row[-_nsc:], _composite_sentinel_proc
+                                )
+                            ): row
+                            for row in rows
+                        }
+                    elif _scalar_sentinel_proc:
+                        rows_by_sentinel = {
+                            _scalar_sentinel_proc(row[-1]): row for row in rows
+                        }
+                    else:
+                        rows_by_sentinel = {row[-1]: row for row in rows}
+
+                    if len(rows_by_sentinel) != len(imv_batch.batch):
+                        # see test_insert_exec.py::
+                        # IMVSentinelTest::test_sentinel_incorrect_rowcount
+                        # for coverage / demonstration
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            f"Sentinel-keyed result set did not produce "
+                            f"correct number of rows {len(imv_batch.batch)}; "
+                            "produced "
+                            f"{len(rows_by_sentinel)}.  Please ensure the "
+                            "sentinel column is fully unique and populated in "
+                            "all cases."
+                        )
+
+                    try:
+                        ordered_rows = [
+                            rows_by_sentinel[sentinel_keys]
+                            for sentinel_keys in imv_batch.sentinel_values
+                        ]
+                    except KeyError as ke:
+                        # see test_insert_exec.py::
+                        # IMVSentinelTest::test_sentinel_cant_match_keys
+                        # for coverage / demonstration
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            f"Can't match sentinel values in result set to "
+                            f"parameter sets; key {ke.args[0]!r} was not "
+                            "found. "
+                            "There may be a mismatch between the datatype "
+                            "passed to the DBAPI driver vs. that which it "
+                            "returns in a result row.  Ensure the given "
+                            "Python value matches the expected result type "
+                            "*exactly*, taking care to not rely upon implicit "
+                            "conversions which may occur such as when using "
+                            "strings in place of UUID or integer values, etc. "
+                        ) from ke
+
+                    result.extend(ordered_rows)
+
+                else:
+                    result.extend(rows)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return False
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _gen_allowed_isolation_levels(self, dbapi_conn):
+        try:
+            raw_levels = list(self.get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_conn))
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            return None
+        else:
+            normalized_levels = [
+                level.replace("_", " ").upper() for level in raw_levels
+            ]
+            if raw_levels != normalized_levels:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Dialect {self.name!r} get_isolation_level_values() "
+                    f"method should return names as UPPERCASE using spaces, "
+                    f"not underscores; got "
+                    f"{sorted(set(raw_levels).difference(normalized_levels))}"
+                )
+            return tuple(normalized_levels)
+
+    def _assert_and_set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn, level):
+        level = level.replace("_", " ").upper()
+
+        _allowed_isolation_levels = self._gen_allowed_isolation_levels(
+            dbapi_conn
+        )
+        if (
+            _allowed_isolation_levels
+            and level not in _allowed_isolation_levels
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Invalid value {level!r} for isolation_level. "
+                f"Valid isolation levels for {self.name!r} are "
+                f"{', '.join(_allowed_isolation_levels)}"
+            )
+
+        self.set_isolation_level(dbapi_conn, level)
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        if self._on_connect_isolation_level is not None:
+            assert (
+                self._on_connect_isolation_level == "AUTOCOMMIT"
+                or self._on_connect_isolation_level
+                == self.default_isolation_level
+            )
+            self._assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_conn, self._on_connect_isolation_level
+            )
+        else:
+            assert self.default_isolation_level is not None
+            self._assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_conn,
+                self.default_isolation_level,
+            )
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+
+        name_lower = name.lower()
+        name_upper = name.upper()
+
+        if name_upper == name_lower:
+            # name has no upper/lower conversion, e.g. non-european characters.
+            # return unchanged
+            return name
+        elif name_upper == name and not (
+            self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes
+        )(name_lower):
+            # name is all uppercase and doesn't require quoting; normalize
+            # to all lower case
+            return name_lower
+        elif name_lower == name:
+            # name is all lower case, which if denormalized means we need to
+            # force quoting on it
+            return quoted_name(name, quote=True)
+        else:
+            # name is mixed case, means it will be quoted in SQL when used
+            # later, no normalizes
+            return name
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+
+        name_lower = name.lower()
+        name_upper = name.upper()
+
+        if name_upper == name_lower:
+            # name has no upper/lower conversion, e.g. non-european characters.
+            # return unchanged
+            return name
+        elif name_lower == name and not (
+            self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes
+        )(name_lower):
+            name = name_upper
+        return name
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection
+
+    def _overrides_default(self, method):
+        return (
+            getattr(type(self), method).__code__
+            is not getattr(DefaultDialect, method).__code__
+        )
+
+    def _default_multi_reflect(
+        self,
+        single_tbl_method,
+        connection,
+        kind,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        names_fns = []
+        temp_names_fns = []
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+            names_fns.append(self.get_table_names)
+            temp_names_fns.append(self.get_temp_table_names)
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            names_fns.append(self.get_view_names)
+            temp_names_fns.append(self.get_temp_view_names)
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            names_fns.append(self.get_materialized_view_names)
+            # no temp materialized view at the moment
+            # temp_names_fns.append(self.get_temp_materialized_view_names)
+
+        unreflectable = kw.pop("unreflectable", {})
+
+        if (
+            filter_names
+            and scope is ObjectScope.ANY
+            and kind is ObjectKind.ANY
+        ):
+            # if names are given and no qualification on type of table
+            # (i.e. the Table(..., autoload) case), take the names as given,
+            # don't run names queries. If a table does not exit
+            # NoSuchTableError is raised and it's skipped
+
+            # this also suits the case for mssql where we can reflect
+            # individual temp tables but there's no temp_names_fn
+            names = filter_names
+        else:
+            names = []
+            name_kw = {"schema": schema, **kw}
+            fns = []
+            if ObjectScope.DEFAULT in scope:
+                fns.extend(names_fns)
+            if ObjectScope.TEMPORARY in scope:
+                fns.extend(temp_names_fns)
+
+            for fn in fns:
+                try:
+                    names.extend(fn(connection, **name_kw))
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+
+        if filter_names:
+            filter_names = set(filter_names)
+
+        # iterate over all the tables/views and call the single table method
+        for table in names:
+            if not filter_names or table in filter_names:
+                key = (schema, table)
+                try:
+                    yield (
+                        key,
+                        single_tbl_method(
+                            connection, table, schema=schema, **kw
+                        ),
+                    )
+                except exc.UnreflectableTableError as err:
+                    if key not in unreflectable:
+                        unreflectable[key] = err
+                except exc.NoSuchTableError:
+                    pass
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_table_options, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_columns(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(self.get_columns, connection, **kw)
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_pk_constraint, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_foreign_keys, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(self.get_indexes, connection, **kw)
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_unique_constraints, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_check_constraints, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_table_comment, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class StrCompileDialect(DefaultDialect):
+    statement_compiler = compiler.StrSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = compiler.DDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = compiler.StrSQLTypeCompiler
+    preparer = compiler.IdentifierPreparer
+
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_identity_columns = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = False
+
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = True
+
+
+class DefaultExecutionContext(ExecutionContext):
+    isinsert = False
+    isupdate = False
+    isdelete = False
+    is_crud = False
+    is_text = False
+    isddl = False
+
+    execute_style: ExecuteStyle = ExecuteStyle.EXECUTE
+
+    compiled: Optional[Compiled] = None
+    result_column_struct: Optional[
+        Tuple[List[ResultColumnsEntry], bool, bool, bool, bool]
+    ] = None
+    returned_default_rows: Optional[Sequence[Row[Any]]] = None
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    cursor_fetch_strategy = _cursor._DEFAULT_FETCH
+
+    invoked_statement: Optional[Executable] = None
+
+    _is_implicit_returning = False
+    _is_explicit_returning = False
+    _is_supplemental_returning = False
+    _is_server_side = False
+
+    _soft_closed = False
+
+    _rowcount: Optional[int] = None
+
+    # a hook for SQLite's translation of
+    # result column names
+    # NOTE: pyhive is using this hook, can't remove it :(
+    _translate_colname: Optional[Callable[[str], str]] = None
+
+    _expanded_parameters: Mapping[str, List[str]] = util.immutabledict()
+    """used by set_input_sizes().
+
+    This collection comes from ``ExpandedState.parameter_expansion``.
+
+    """
+
+    cache_hit = NO_CACHE_KEY
+
+    root_connection: Connection
+    _dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection
+    dialect: Dialect
+    unicode_statement: str
+    cursor: DBAPICursor
+    compiled_parameters: List[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]
+    parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]]
+
+    _empty_dict_params = cast("Mapping[str, Any]", util.EMPTY_DICT)
+
+    _insertmanyvalues_rows: Optional[List[Tuple[Any, ...]]] = None
+    _num_sentinel_cols: int = 0
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_ddl(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled_ddl: DDLCompiler,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for an ExecutableDDLElement
+        construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+
+        self.compiled = compiled = compiled_ddl
+        self.isddl = True
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        self.unicode_statement = str(compiled)
+        if compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            schema_translate_map = self.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+
+            rst = compiled.preparer._render_schema_translates
+            self.unicode_statement = rst(
+                self.unicode_statement, schema_translate_map
+            )
+
+        self.statement = self.unicode_statement
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        self.compiled_parameters = []
+
+        if dialect.positional:
+            self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [self._empty_dict_params]
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiled(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled: SQLCompiler,
+        parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        invoked_statement: Executable,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]],
+        cache_hit: CacheStats = CacheStats.CACHING_DISABLED,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for a Compiled construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+        self.extracted_parameters = extracted_parameters
+        self.invoked_statement = invoked_statement
+        self.compiled = compiled
+        self.cache_hit = cache_hit
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        self.result_column_struct = (
+            compiled._result_columns,
+            compiled._ordered_columns,
+            compiled._textual_ordered_columns,
+            compiled._ad_hoc_textual,
+            compiled._loose_column_name_matching,
+        )
+
+        self.isinsert = ii = compiled.isinsert
+        self.isupdate = iu = compiled.isupdate
+        self.isdelete = id_ = compiled.isdelete
+        self.is_text = compiled.isplaintext
+
+        if ii or iu or id_:
+            dml_statement = compiled.compile_state.statement  # type: ignore
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(dml_statement, UpdateBase)
+            self.is_crud = True
+            self._is_explicit_returning = ier = bool(dml_statement._returning)
+            self._is_implicit_returning = iir = bool(
+                compiled.implicit_returning
+            )
+            if iir and dml_statement._supplemental_returning:
+                self._is_supplemental_returning = True
+
+            # dont mix implicit and explicit returning
+            assert not (iir and ier)
+
+            if (ier or iir) and compiled.for_executemany:
+                if ii and not self.dialect.insert_executemany_returning:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "INSERT..RETURNING when executemany is used"
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    ii
+                    and dml_statement._sort_by_parameter_order
+                    and not self.dialect.insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order  # noqa: E501
+                ):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "INSERT..RETURNING with deterministic row ordering "
+                        "when executemany is used"
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    ii
+                    and self.dialect.use_insertmanyvalues
+                    and not compiled._insertmanyvalues
+                ):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        'Statement does not have "insertmanyvalues" '
+                        "enabled, can't use INSERT..RETURNING with "
+                        "executemany in this case."
+                    )
+                elif iu and not self.dialect.update_executemany_returning:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "UPDATE..RETURNING when executemany is used"
+                    )
+                elif id_ and not self.dialect.delete_executemany_returning:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "DELETE..RETURNING when executemany is used"
+                    )
+
+        if not parameters:
+            self.compiled_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters,
+                    escape_names=False,
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.compiled_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    m,
+                    escape_names=False,
+                    _group_number=grp,
+                    extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters,
+                )
+                for grp, m in enumerate(parameters)
+            ]
+
+            if len(parameters) > 1:
+                if self.isinsert and compiled._insertmanyvalues:
+                    self.execute_style = ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES
+
+                    imv = compiled._insertmanyvalues
+                    if imv.sentinel_columns is not None:
+                        self._num_sentinel_cols = imv.num_sentinel_columns
+                else:
+                    self.execute_style = ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY
+
+        self.unicode_statement = compiled.string
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+
+        if self.compiled.insert_prefetch or self.compiled.update_prefetch:
+            self._process_execute_defaults()
+
+        processors = compiled._bind_processors
+
+        flattened_processors: Mapping[
+            str, _BindProcessorType[Any]
+        ] = processors  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        if compiled.literal_execute_params or compiled.post_compile_params:
+            if self.executemany:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'literal_execute' or 'expanding' parameters can't be "
+                    "used with executemany()"
+                )
+
+            expanded_state = compiled._process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+                self.compiled_parameters[0]
+            )
+
+            # re-assign self.unicode_statement
+            self.unicode_statement = expanded_state.statement
+
+            self._expanded_parameters = expanded_state.parameter_expansion
+
+            flattened_processors = dict(processors)  # type: ignore
+            flattened_processors.update(expanded_state.processors)
+            positiontup = expanded_state.positiontup
+        elif compiled.positional:
+            positiontup = self.compiled.positiontup
+        else:
+            positiontup = None
+
+        if compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            schema_translate_map = self.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+            rst = compiled.preparer._render_schema_translates
+            self.unicode_statement = rst(
+                self.unicode_statement, schema_translate_map
+            )
+
+        # final self.unicode_statement is now assigned, encode if needed
+        # by dialect
+        self.statement = self.unicode_statement
+
+        # Convert the dictionary of bind parameter values
+        # into a dict or list to be sent to the DBAPI's
+        # execute() or executemany() method.
+
+        if compiled.positional:
+            core_positional_parameters: MutableSequence[Sequence[Any]] = []
+            assert positiontup is not None
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                l_param: List[Any] = [
+                    (
+                        flattened_processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                        if key in flattened_processors
+                        else compiled_params[key]
+                    )
+                    for key in positiontup
+                ]
+                core_positional_parameters.append(
+                    dialect.execute_sequence_format(l_param)
+                )
+
+            self.parameters = core_positional_parameters
+        else:
+            core_dict_parameters: MutableSequence[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+            escaped_names = compiled.escaped_bind_names
+
+            # note that currently, "expanded" parameters will be present
+            # in self.compiled_parameters in their quoted form.   This is
+            # slightly inconsistent with the approach taken as of
+            # #8056 where self.compiled_parameters is meant to contain unquoted
+            # param names.
+            d_param: Dict[str, Any]
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                if escaped_names:
+                    d_param = {
+                        escaped_names.get(key, key): (
+                            flattened_processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                            if key in flattened_processors
+                            else compiled_params[key]
+                        )
+                        for key in compiled_params
+                    }
+                else:
+                    d_param = {
+                        key: (
+                            flattened_processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                            if key in flattened_processors
+                            else compiled_params[key]
+                        )
+                        for key in compiled_params
+                    }
+
+                core_dict_parameters.append(d_param)
+
+            self.parameters = core_dict_parameters
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_statement(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for a string SQL statement."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+        self.is_text = True
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        if not parameters:
+            if self.dialect.positional:
+                self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+            else:
+                self.parameters = [self._empty_dict_params]
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dialect.execute_sequence_format):
+            self.parameters = parameters
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dict):
+            self.parameters = parameters
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [
+                dialect.execute_sequence_format(p) for p in parameters
+            ]
+
+        if len(parameters) > 1:
+            self.execute_style = ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY
+
+        self.statement = self.unicode_statement = statement
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_default(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for a ColumnDefault construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    def _get_cache_stats(self) -> str:
+        if self.compiled is None:
+            return "raw sql"
+
+        now = perf_counter()
+
+        ch = self.cache_hit
+
+        gen_time = self.compiled._gen_time
+        assert gen_time is not None
+
+        if ch is NO_CACHE_KEY:
+            return "no key %.5fs" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is CACHE_HIT:
+            return "cached since %.4gs ago" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is CACHE_MISS:
+            return "generated in %.5fs" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is CACHING_DISABLED:
+            if "_cache_disable_reason" in self.execution_options:
+                return "caching disabled (%s) %.5fs " % (
+                    self.execution_options["_cache_disable_reason"],
+                    now - gen_time,
+                )
+            else:
+                return "caching disabled %.5fs" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT:
+            return "dialect %s+%s does not support caching %.5fs" % (
+                self.dialect.name,
+                self.dialect.driver,
+                now - gen_time,
+            )
+        else:
+            return "unknown"
+
+    @property
+    def executemany(self):
+        return self.execute_style in (
+            ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY,
+            ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES,
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def identifier_preparer(self):
+        if self.compiled:
+            return self.compiled.preparer
+        elif "schema_translate_map" in self.execution_options:
+            return self.dialect.identifier_preparer._with_schema_translate(
+                self.execution_options["schema_translate_map"]
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def engine(self):
+        return self.root_connection.engine
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def postfetch_cols(self) -> Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.compiled, SQLCompiler)
+        return self.compiled.postfetch
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def prefetch_cols(self) -> Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.compiled, SQLCompiler)
+        if self.isinsert:
+            return self.compiled.insert_prefetch
+        elif self.isupdate:
+            return self.compiled.update_prefetch
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def no_parameters(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get("no_parameters", False)
+
+    def _execute_scalar(self, stmt, type_, parameters=None):
+        """Execute a string statement on the current cursor, returning a
+        scalar result.
+
+        Used to fire off sequences, default phrases, and "select lastrowid"
+        types of statements individually or in the context of a parent INSERT
+        or UPDATE statement.
+
+        """
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+
+        if "schema_translate_map" in self.execution_options:
+            schema_translate_map = self.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+
+            rst = self.identifier_preparer._render_schema_translates
+            stmt = rst(stmt, schema_translate_map)
+
+        if not parameters:
+            if self.dialect.positional:
+                parameters = self.dialect.execute_sequence_format()
+            else:
+                parameters = {}
+
+        conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor, stmt, parameters, context=self)
+        row = self.cursor.fetchone()
+        if row is not None:
+            r = row[0]
+        else:
+            r = None
+        if type_ is not None:
+            # apply type post processors to the result
+            proc = type_._cached_result_processor(
+                self.dialect, self.cursor.description[0][1]
+            )
+            if proc:
+                return proc(r)
+        return r
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self.root_connection
+
+    def _use_server_side_cursor(self):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors:
+            return False
+
+        if self.dialect.server_side_cursors:
+            # this is deprecated
+            use_server_side = self.execution_options.get(
+                "stream_results", True
+            ) and (
+                self.compiled
+                and isinstance(self.compiled.statement, expression.Selectable)
+                or (
+                    (
+                        not self.compiled
+                        or isinstance(
+                            self.compiled.statement, expression.TextClause
+                        )
+                    )
+                    and self.unicode_statement
+                    and SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE.match(self.unicode_statement)
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            use_server_side = self.execution_options.get(
+                "stream_results", False
+            )
+
+        return use_server_side
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        if (
+            # inlining initial preference checks for SS cursors
+            self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors
+            and (
+                self.execution_options.get("stream_results", False)
+                or (
+                    self.dialect.server_side_cursors
+                    and self._use_server_side_cursor()
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            self._is_server_side = True
+            return self.create_server_side_cursor()
+        else:
+            self._is_server_side = False
+            return self.create_default_cursor()
+
+    def fetchall_for_returning(self, cursor):
+        return cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def create_default_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_out_parameter_values(self, names):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This dialect does not support OUT parameters"
+        )
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_result_processor(self, type_, colname, coltype):
+        """Return a 'result processor' for a given type as present in
+        cursor.description.
+
+        This has a default implementation that dialects can override
+        for context-sensitive result type handling.
+
+        """
+        return type_._cached_result_processor(self.dialect, coltype)
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        """return self.cursor.lastrowid, or equivalent, after an INSERT.
+
+        This may involve calling special cursor functions, issuing a new SELECT
+        on the cursor (or a new one), or returning a stored value that was
+        calculated within post_exec().
+
+        This function will only be called for dialects which support "implicit"
+        primary key generation, keep preexecute_autoincrement_sequences set to
+        False, and when no explicit id value was bound to the statement.
+
+        The function is called once for an INSERT statement that would need to
+        return the last inserted primary key for those dialects that make use
+        of the lastrowid concept.  In these cases, it is called directly after
+        :meth:`.ExecutionContext.post_exec`.
+
+        """
+        return self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        pass
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def rowcount(self) -> int:
+        if self._rowcount is not None:
+            return self._rowcount
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def _has_rowcount(self):
+        return self._rowcount is not None
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    def _setup_result_proxy(self):
+        exec_opt = self.execution_options
+
+        if self._rowcount is None and exec_opt.get("preserve_rowcount", False):
+            self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+
+        if self.is_crud or self.is_text:
+            result = self._setup_dml_or_text_result()
+            yp = sr = False
+        else:
+            yp = exec_opt.get("yield_per", None)
+            sr = self._is_server_side or exec_opt.get("stream_results", False)
+            strategy = self.cursor_fetch_strategy
+            if sr and strategy is _cursor._DEFAULT_FETCH:
+                strategy = _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor, self.execution_options
+                )
+            cursor_description: _DBAPICursorDescription = (
+                strategy.alternate_cursor_description
+                or self.cursor.description
+            )
+            if cursor_description is None:
+                strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DQL
+
+            result = _cursor.CursorResult(self, strategy, cursor_description)
+
+        compiled = self.compiled
+
+        if (
+            compiled
+            and not self.isddl
+            and cast(SQLCompiler, compiled).has_out_parameters
+        ):
+            self._setup_out_parameters(result)
+
+        self._soft_closed = result._soft_closed
+
+        if yp:
+            result = result.yield_per(yp)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _setup_out_parameters(self, result):
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        out_bindparams = [
+            (param, name)
+            for param, name in compiled.bind_names.items()
+            if param.isoutparam
+        ]
+        out_parameters = {}
+
+        for bindparam, raw_value in zip(
+            [param for param, name in out_bindparams],
+            self.get_out_parameter_values(
+                [name for param, name in out_bindparams]
+            ),
+        ):
+            type_ = bindparam.type
+            impl_type = type_.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+            dbapi_type = impl_type.get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.loaded_dbapi)
+            result_processor = impl_type.result_processor(
+                self.dialect, dbapi_type
+            )
+            if result_processor is not None:
+                raw_value = result_processor(raw_value)
+            out_parameters[bindparam.key] = raw_value
+
+        result.out_parameters = out_parameters
+
+    def _setup_dml_or_text_result(self):
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        strategy: ResultFetchStrategy = self.cursor_fetch_strategy
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if (
+                self.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES
+                and compiled.effective_returning
+            ):
+                strategy = _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    initial_buffer=self._insertmanyvalues_rows,
+                    # maintain alt cursor description if set by the
+                    # dialect, e.g. mssql preserves it
+                    alternate_description=(
+                        strategy.alternate_cursor_description
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            if compiled.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                self.inserted_primary_key_rows = (
+                    self._setup_ins_pk_from_lastrowid()
+                )
+            # else if not self._is_implicit_returning,
+            # the default inserted_primary_key_rows accessor will
+            # return an "empty" primary key collection when accessed.
+
+        if self._is_server_side and strategy is _cursor._DEFAULT_FETCH:
+            strategy = _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+                self.cursor, self.execution_options
+            )
+
+        if strategy is _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML:
+            cursor_description = None
+        else:
+            cursor_description = (
+                strategy.alternate_cursor_description
+                or self.cursor.description
+            )
+
+        if cursor_description is None:
+            strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML
+        elif self._num_sentinel_cols:
+            assert self.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES
+            # strip out the sentinel columns from cursor description
+            # a similar logic is done to the rows only in CursorResult
+            cursor_description = cursor_description[
+                0 : -self._num_sentinel_cols
+            ]
+
+        result: _cursor.CursorResult[Any] = _cursor.CursorResult(
+            self, strategy, cursor_description
+        )
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if self._is_implicit_returning:
+                rows = result.all()
+
+                self.returned_default_rows = rows
+
+                self.inserted_primary_key_rows = (
+                    self._setup_ins_pk_from_implicit_returning(result, rows)
+                )
+
+                # test that it has a cursor metadata that is accurate. the
+                # first row will have been fetched and current assumptions
+                # are that the result has only one row, until executemany()
+                # support is added here.
+                assert result._metadata.returns_rows
+
+                # Insert statement has both return_defaults() and
+                # returning().  rewind the result on the list of rows
+                # we just used.
+                if self._is_supplemental_returning:
+                    result._rewind(rows)
+                else:
+                    result._soft_close()
+            elif not self._is_explicit_returning:
+                result._soft_close()
+
+                # we assume here the result does not return any rows.
+                # *usually*, this will be true.  However, some dialects
+                # such as that of MSSQL/pyodbc need to SELECT a post fetch
+                # function so this is not necessarily true.
+                # assert not result.returns_rows
+
+        elif self._is_implicit_returning:
+            rows = result.all()
+
+            if rows:
+                self.returned_default_rows = rows
+            self._rowcount = len(rows)
+
+            if self._is_supplemental_returning:
+                result._rewind(rows)
+            else:
+                result._soft_close()
+
+            # test that it has a cursor metadata that is accurate.
+            # the rows have all been fetched however.
+            assert result._metadata.returns_rows
+
+        elif not result._metadata.returns_rows:
+            # no results, get rowcount
+            # (which requires open cursor on some drivers)
+            if self._rowcount is None:
+                self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+            result._soft_close()
+        elif self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            if self._rowcount is None:
+                self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+        return result
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def inserted_primary_key_rows(self):
+        # if no specific "get primary key" strategy was set up
+        # during execution, return a "default" primary key based
+        # on what's in the compiled_parameters and nothing else.
+        return self._setup_ins_pk_from_empty()
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_lastrowid(self):
+        getter = cast(
+            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+        )._inserted_primary_key_from_lastrowid_getter
+        lastrowid = self.get_lastrowid()
+        return [getter(lastrowid, self.compiled_parameters[0])]
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_empty(self):
+        getter = cast(
+            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+        )._inserted_primary_key_from_lastrowid_getter
+        return [getter(None, param) for param in self.compiled_parameters]
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_implicit_returning(self, result, rows):
+        if not rows:
+            return []
+
+        getter = cast(
+            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+        )._inserted_primary_key_from_returning_getter
+        compiled_params = self.compiled_parameters
+
+        return [
+            getter(row, param) for row, param in zip(rows, compiled_params)
+        ]
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        return (self.isinsert or self.isupdate) and bool(
+            cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled).postfetch
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]]]:
+        """Given a cursor and ClauseParameters, prepare arguments
+        in order to call the appropriate
+        style of ``setinputsizes()`` on the cursor, using DB-API types
+        from the bind parameter's ``TypeEngine`` objects.
+
+        This method only called by those dialects which set
+        the :attr:`.Dialect.bind_typing` attribute to
+        :attr:`.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES`.   cx_Oracle is the only DBAPI
+        that requires setinputsizes(), pyodbc offers it as an option.
+
+        Prior to SQLAlchemy 2.0, the setinputsizes() approach was also used
+        for pg8000 and asyncpg, which has been changed to inline rendering
+        of casts.
+
+        """
+        if self.isddl or self.is_text:
+            return None
+
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        inputsizes = compiled._get_set_input_sizes_lookup()
+
+        if inputsizes is None:
+            return None
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        # all of the rest of this... cython?
+
+        if dialect._has_events:
+            inputsizes = dict(inputsizes)
+            dialect.dispatch.do_setinputsizes(
+                inputsizes, self.cursor, self.statement, self.parameters, self
+            )
+
+        if compiled.escaped_bind_names:
+            escaped_bind_names = compiled.escaped_bind_names
+        else:
+            escaped_bind_names = None
+
+        if dialect.positional:
+            items = [
+                (key, compiled.binds[key])
+                for key in compiled.positiontup or ()
+            ]
+        else:
+            items = [
+                (key, bindparam)
+                for bindparam, key in compiled.bind_names.items()
+            ]
+
+        generic_inputsizes: List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]] = []
+        for key, bindparam in items:
+            if bindparam in compiled.literal_execute_params:
+                continue
+
+            if key in self._expanded_parameters:
+                if is_tuple_type(bindparam.type):
+                    num = len(bindparam.type.types)
+                    dbtypes = inputsizes[bindparam]
+                    generic_inputsizes.extend(
+                        (
+                            (
+                                escaped_bind_names.get(paramname, paramname)
+                                if escaped_bind_names is not None
+                                else paramname
+                            ),
+                            dbtypes[idx % num],
+                            bindparam.type.types[idx % num],
+                        )
+                        for idx, paramname in enumerate(
+                            self._expanded_parameters[key]
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    dbtype = inputsizes.get(bindparam, None)
+                    generic_inputsizes.extend(
+                        (
+                            (
+                                escaped_bind_names.get(paramname, paramname)
+                                if escaped_bind_names is not None
+                                else paramname
+                            ),
+                            dbtype,
+                            bindparam.type,
+                        )
+                        for paramname in self._expanded_parameters[key]
+                    )
+            else:
+                dbtype = inputsizes.get(bindparam, None)
+
+                escaped_name = (
+                    escaped_bind_names.get(key, key)
+                    if escaped_bind_names is not None
+                    else key
+                )
+
+                generic_inputsizes.append(
+                    (escaped_name, dbtype, bindparam.type)
+                )
+
+        return generic_inputsizes
+
+    def _exec_default(self, column, default, type_):
+        if default.is_sequence:
+            return self.fire_sequence(default, type_)
+        elif default.is_callable:
+            # this codepath is not normally used as it's inlined
+            # into _process_execute_defaults
+            self.current_column = column
+            return default.arg(self)
+        elif default.is_clause_element:
+            return self._exec_default_clause_element(column, default, type_)
+        else:
+            # this codepath is not normally used as it's inlined
+            # into _process_execute_defaults
+            return default.arg
+
+    def _exec_default_clause_element(self, column, default, type_):
+        # execute a default that's a complete clause element.  Here, we have
+        # to re-implement a miniature version of the compile->parameters->
+        # cursor.execute() sequence, since we don't want to modify the state
+        # of the connection  / result in progress or create new connection/
+        # result objects etc.
+        # .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        if not default._arg_is_typed:
+            default_arg = expression.type_coerce(default.arg, type_)
+        else:
+            default_arg = default.arg
+        compiled = expression.select(default_arg).compile(dialect=self.dialect)
+        compiled_params = compiled.construct_params()
+        processors = compiled._bind_processors
+        if compiled.positional:
+            parameters = self.dialect.execute_sequence_format(
+                [
+                    (
+                        processors[key](compiled_params[key])  # type: ignore
+                        if key in processors
+                        else compiled_params[key]
+                    )
+                    for key in compiled.positiontup or ()
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            parameters = {
+                key: (
+                    processors[key](compiled_params[key])  # type: ignore
+                    if key in processors
+                    else compiled_params[key]
+                )
+                for key in compiled_params
+            }
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            str(compiled), type_, parameters=parameters
+        )
+
+    current_parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None
+    """A dictionary of parameters applied to the current row.
+
+    This attribute is only available in the context of a user-defined default
+    generation function, e.g. as described at :ref:`context_default_functions`.
+    It consists of a dictionary which includes entries for each column/value
+    pair that is to be part of the INSERT or UPDATE statement. The keys of the
+    dictionary will be the key value of each :class:`_schema.Column`,
+    which is usually
+    synonymous with the name.
+
+    Note that the :attr:`.DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters` attribute
+    does not accommodate for the "multi-values" feature of the
+    :meth:`_expression.Insert.values` method.  The
+    :meth:`.DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters` method should be
+    preferred.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters`
+
+        :ref:`context_default_functions`
+
+    """
+
+    def get_current_parameters(self, isolate_multiinsert_groups=True):
+        """Return a dictionary of parameters applied to the current row.
+
+        This method can only be used in the context of a user-defined default
+        generation function, e.g. as described at
+        :ref:`context_default_functions`. When invoked, a dictionary is
+        returned which includes entries for each column/value pair that is part
+        of the INSERT or UPDATE statement. The keys of the dictionary will be
+        the key value of each :class:`_schema.Column`,
+        which is usually synonymous
+        with the name.
+
+        :param isolate_multiinsert_groups=True: indicates that multi-valued
+         INSERT constructs created using :meth:`_expression.Insert.values`
+         should be
+         handled by returning only the subset of parameters that are local
+         to the current column default invocation.   When ``False``, the
+         raw parameters of the statement are returned including the
+         naming convention used in the case of multi-valued INSERT.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2  added
+           :meth:`.DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters`
+           which provides more functionality over the existing
+           :attr:`.DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters`
+           attribute.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters`
+
+            :ref:`context_default_functions`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            parameters = self.current_parameters
+            column = self.current_column
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "get_current_parameters() can only be invoked in the "
+                "context of a Python side column default function"
+            )
+        else:
+            assert column is not None
+            assert parameters is not None
+        compile_state = cast(
+            "DMLState", cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled).compile_state
+        )
+        assert compile_state is not None
+        if (
+            isolate_multiinsert_groups
+            and dml.isinsert(compile_state)
+            and compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+        ):
+            if column._is_multiparam_column:
+                index = column.index + 1
+                d = {column.original.key: parameters[column.key]}
+            else:
+                d = {column.key: parameters[column.key]}
+                index = 0
+            assert compile_state._dict_parameters is not None
+            keys = compile_state._dict_parameters.keys()
+            d.update(
+                (key, parameters["%s_m%d" % (key, index)]) for key in keys
+            )
+            return d
+        else:
+            return parameters
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.default is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column, column.default, column.type)
+
+    def get_update_default(self, column):
+        if column.onupdate is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column, column.onupdate, column.type)
+
+    def _process_execute_defaults(self):
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        key_getter = compiled._within_exec_param_key_getter
+
+        sentinel_counter = 0
+
+        if compiled.insert_prefetch:
+            prefetch_recs = [
+                (
+                    c,
+                    key_getter(c),
+                    c._default_description_tuple,
+                    self.get_insert_default,
+                )
+                for c in compiled.insert_prefetch
+            ]
+        elif compiled.update_prefetch:
+            prefetch_recs = [
+                (
+                    c,
+                    key_getter(c),
+                    c._onupdate_description_tuple,
+                    self.get_update_default,
+                )
+                for c in compiled.update_prefetch
+            ]
+        else:
+            prefetch_recs = []
+
+        for param in self.compiled_parameters:
+            self.current_parameters = param
+
+            for (
+                c,
+                param_key,
+                (arg, is_scalar, is_callable, is_sentinel),
+                fallback,
+            ) in prefetch_recs:
+                if is_sentinel:
+                    param[param_key] = sentinel_counter
+                    sentinel_counter += 1
+                elif is_scalar:
+                    param[param_key] = arg
+                elif is_callable:
+                    self.current_column = c
+                    param[param_key] = arg(self)
+                else:
+                    val = fallback(c)
+                    if val is not None:
+                        param[param_key] = val
+
+        del self.current_parameters
+
+
+DefaultDialect.execution_ctx_cls = DefaultExecutionContext
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/events.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26bca521308f470e324185ea706ebe917753b767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/events.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,951 @@
+# engine/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import Connection
+from .base import Engine
+from .interfaces import ConnectionEventsTarget
+from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+from .interfaces import Dialect
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import ExceptionContext
+    from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+    from .result import Result
+    from ..pool import ConnectionPoolEntry
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+
+
+class ConnectionEvents(event.Events[ConnectionEventsTarget]):
+    """Available events for
+    :class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well as the names of
+    members that are passed to listener functions.
+
+    An event listener can be associated with any
+    :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    class or instance, such as an :class:`_engine.Engine`, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event, create_engine
+
+        def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context,
+                                                        executemany):
+            log.info("Received statement: %s", statement)
+
+        engine = create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test')
+        event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", before_cursor_execute)
+
+    or with a specific :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            @event.listens_for(conn, 'before_cursor_execute')
+            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                                            context, executemany):
+                log.info("Received statement: %s", statement)
+
+    When the methods are called with a `statement` parameter, such as in
+    :meth:`.after_cursor_execute` or :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`,
+    the statement is the exact SQL string that was prepared for transmission
+    to the DBAPI ``cursor`` in the connection's :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    The :meth:`.before_execute` and :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+    events can also be established with the ``retval=True`` flag, which
+    allows modification of the statement and parameters to be sent
+    to the database.  The :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` event is
+    particularly useful here to add ad-hoc string transformations, such
+    as comments, to all executions::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+        def comment_sql_calls(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                                            context, executemany):
+            statement = statement + " -- some comment"
+            return statement, parameters
+
+    .. note:: :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents` can be established on any
+       combination of :class:`_engine.Engine`, :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+       as well
+       as instances of each of those classes.  Events across all
+       four scopes will fire off for a given instance of
+       :class:`_engine.Connection`.  However, for performance reasons, the
+       :class:`_engine.Connection` object determines at instantiation time
+       whether or not its parent :class:`_engine.Engine` has event listeners
+       established.   Event listeners added to the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+       class or to an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`
+       *after* the instantiation
+       of a dependent :class:`_engine.Connection` instance will usually
+       *not* be available on that :class:`_engine.Connection` instance.
+       The newly
+       added listeners will instead take effect for
+       :class:`_engine.Connection`
+       instances created subsequent to those event listeners being
+       established on the parent :class:`_engine.Engine` class or instance.
+
+    :param retval=False: Applies to the :meth:`.before_execute` and
+      :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` events only.  When True, the
+      user-defined event function must have a return value, which
+      is a tuple of parameters that replace the given statement
+      and parameters.  See those methods for a description of
+      specific return arguments.
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = ConnectionEventsTarget
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[ConnectionEventsTarget, Type[ConnectionEventsTarget]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[ConnectionEventsTarget, Type[ConnectionEventsTarget]]]:
+        default_dispatch = super()._accept_with(target, identifier)
+        if default_dispatch is None and hasattr(
+            target, "_no_async_engine_events"
+        ):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+
+        return default_dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: event._EventKey[ConnectionEventsTarget],
+        *,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            event_key.dispatch_target,
+            event_key.identifier,
+            event_key._listen_fn,
+        )
+        target._has_events = True
+
+        if not retval:
+            if identifier == "before_execute":
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_execute(  # type: ignore
+                    conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
+                ):
+                    orig_fn(
+                        conn,
+                        clauseelement,
+                        multiparams,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                    )
+                    return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+                fn = wrap_before_execute
+            elif identifier == "before_cursor_execute":
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_cursor_execute(  # type: ignore
+                    conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+                ):
+                    orig_fn(
+                        conn,
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        parameters,
+                        context,
+                        executemany,
+                    )
+                    return statement, parameters
+
+                fn = wrap_before_cursor_execute
+        elif retval and identifier not in (
+            "before_execute",
+            "before_cursor_execute",
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Only the 'before_execute', "
+                "'before_cursor_execute' and 'handle_error' engine "
+                "event listeners accept the 'retval=True' "
+                "argument."
+            )
+        event_key.with_wrapper(fn).base_listen()
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "1.4",
+        ["conn", "clauseelement", "multiparams", "params"],
+        lambda conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options: (
+            conn,
+            clauseelement,
+            multiparams,
+            params,
+        ),
+    )
+    def before_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        clauseelement: Executable,
+        multiparams: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> Optional[
+        Tuple[Executable, _CoreMultiExecuteParams, _CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+    ]:
+        """Intercept high level execute() events, receiving uncompiled
+        SQL constructs and other objects prior to rendering into SQL.
+
+        This event is good for debugging SQL compilation issues as well
+        as early manipulation of the parameters being sent to the database,
+        as the parameter lists will be in a consistent format here.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``clauseelement``, ``multiparams``, and ``params``
+        arguments should be returned as a three-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_execute(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+                # do something with clauseelement, multiparams, params
+                return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+        :param execution_options: dictionary of execution
+         options passed along with the statement, if any.  This is a merge
+         of all options that will be used, including those of the statement,
+         the connection, and those passed in to the method itself for
+         the 2.0 style of execution.
+
+         .. versionadded: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "1.4",
+        ["conn", "clauseelement", "multiparams", "params", "result"],
+        lambda conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options, result: (  # noqa
+            conn,
+            clauseelement,
+            multiparams,
+            params,
+            result,
+        ),
+    )
+    def after_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        clauseelement: Executable,
+        multiparams: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        result: Result[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept high level execute() events after execute.
+
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+        :param execution_options: dictionary of execution
+         options passed along with the statement, if any.  This is a merge
+         of all options that will be used, including those of the statement,
+         the connection, and those passed in to the method itself for
+         the 2.0 style of execution.
+
+         .. versionadded: 1.4
+
+        :param result: :class:`_engine.CursorResult` generated by the
+         execution.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_cursor_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        executemany: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams]]:
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events before execution,
+        receiving the string SQL statement and DBAPI-specific parameter list to
+        be invoked against a cursor.
+
+        This event is a good choice for logging as well as late modifications
+        to the SQL string.  It's less ideal for parameter modifications except
+        for those which are specific to a target backend.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``statement`` and ``parameters`` arguments should be
+        returned as a two-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                            parameters, context, executemany):
+                # do something with statement, parameters
+                return statement, parameters
+
+        See the example at :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as to be passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.before_execute`
+
+            :meth:`.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_cursor_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        executemany: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events after execution.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object.  Will have results pending
+         if the statement was a SELECT, but these should not be consumed
+         as they will be needed by the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "2.0", ["conn", "branch"], converter=lambda conn: (conn, False)
+    )
+    def engine_connect(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept the creation of a new :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This event is called typically as the direct result of calling
+        the :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` method.
+
+        It differs from the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` method, which
+        refers to the actual connection to a database at the DBAPI level;
+        a DBAPI connection may be pooled and reused for many operations.
+        In contrast, this event refers only to the production of a higher level
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` wrapper around such a DBAPI connection.
+
+        It also differs from the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout` event
+        in that it is specific to the :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
+        not the
+        DBAPI connection that :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout` deals with,
+        although
+        this DBAPI connection is available here via the
+        :attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` attribute.
+        But note there can in fact
+        be multiple :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`
+        events within the lifespan
+        of a single :class:`_engine.Connection` object, if that
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        is invalidated and re-established.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`
+            the lower-level pool checkout event
+            for an individual DBAPI connection
+
+        """
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(
+        self, conn: Connection, opts: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        This method is called after the new :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        has been
+        produced, with the newly updated execution options collection, but
+        before the :class:`.Dialect` has acted upon any of those new options.
+
+        Note that this method is not called when a new
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        is produced which is inheriting execution options from its parent
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`; to intercept this condition, use the
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` event.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method.
+         This dictionary may be modified in place to affect the ultimate
+         options which take effect.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 the ``opts`` dictionary may be modified
+            in place.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.set_engine_execution_options`
+            - event
+            which is called when :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+            is called.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(
+        self, engine: Engine, opts: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options` method produces a shallow
+        copy of the :class:`_engine.Engine` which stores the new options.
+        That new
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` is passed here.
+        A particular application of this
+        method is to add a :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect`
+        event
+        handler to the given :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        which will perform some per-
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` task specific to these execution options.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`_engine.Engine` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method.
+         This dictionary may be modified in place to affect the ultimate
+         options which take effect.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 the ``opts`` dictionary may be modified
+            in place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.set_connection_execution_options`
+            - event
+            which is called when :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+            is
+            called.
+
+        """
+
+    def engine_disposed(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose` method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose` method instructs the engine to
+        "dispose" of it's connection pool (e.g. :class:`_pool.Pool`), and
+        replaces it with a new one.  Disposing of the old pool has the
+        effect that existing checked-in connections are closed.  The new
+        pool does not establish any new connections until it is first used.
+
+        This event can be used to indicate that resources related to the
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` should also be cleaned up,
+        keeping in mind that the
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        can still be used for new requests in which case
+        it re-acquires connection resources.
+
+        """
+
+    def begin(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept begin() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept rollback() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_pool.Pool` also "auto-rolls back"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to its default value of ``'rollback'``.
+        To intercept this
+        rollback, use the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset`
+
+        """
+
+    def commit(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept commit() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_pool.Pool` may also "auto-commit"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to the value ``'commit'``.  To intercept this
+        commit, use the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        """
+
+    def savepoint(self, conn: Connection, name: str) -> None:
+        """Intercept savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback_savepoint(
+        self, conn: Connection, name: str, context: None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept rollback_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: not used
+
+        """
+        # TODO: deprecate "context"
+
+    def release_savepoint(
+        self, conn: Connection, name: str, context: None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept release_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: not used
+
+        """
+        # TODO: deprecate "context"
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, conn: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Intercept begin_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+
+        """
+
+    def prepare_twophase(self, conn: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Intercept prepare_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        """
+
+    def rollback_twophase(
+        self, conn: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept rollback_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+    def commit_twophase(
+        self, conn: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept commit_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+
+class DialectEvents(event.Events[Dialect]):
+    """event interface for execution-replacement functions.
+
+    These events allow direct instrumentation and replacement
+    of key dialect functions which interact with the DBAPI.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :class:`.DialectEvents` hooks should be considered **semi-public**
+        and experimental.
+        These hooks are not for general use and are only for those situations
+        where intricate re-statement of DBAPI mechanics must be injected onto
+        an existing dialect.  For general-use statement-interception events,
+        please use the :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents` interface.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_execute`
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_execute`
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = Dialect
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: event._EventKey[Dialect],
+        *,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+        target._has_events = True
+        event_key.base_listen()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[Engine, Type[Engine], Dialect, Type[Dialect]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Dialect, Type[Dialect]]]:
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Dialect
+            elif issubclass(target, Dialect):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.dialect
+        elif isinstance(target, Dialect):
+            return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Connection) and identifier == "handle_error":
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The handle_error() event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0 is "
+                "established on the Dialect, and may only be applied to the "
+                "Engine as a whole or to a specific Dialect as a whole, "
+                "not on a per-Connection basis."
+            )
+        elif hasattr(target, "_no_async_engine_events"):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def handle_error(
+        self, exception_context: ExceptionContext
+    ) -> Optional[BaseException]:
+        r"""Intercept all exceptions processed by the
+        :class:`_engine.Dialect`, typically but not limited to those
+        emitted within the scope of a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 the :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` event
+           is moved to the :class:`.DialectEvents` class, moved from the
+           :class:`.ConnectionEvents` class, so that it may also participate in
+           the "pre ping" operation configured with the
+           :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter. The event
+           remains registered by using the :class:`_engine.Engine` as the event
+           target, however note that using the :class:`_engine.Connection` as
+           an event target for :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` is no longer
+           supported.
+
+        This includes all exceptions emitted by the DBAPI as well as
+        within SQLAlchemy's statement invocation process, including
+        encoding errors and other statement validation errors.  Other areas
+        in which the event is invoked include transaction begin and end,
+        result row fetching, cursor creation.
+
+        Note that :meth:`.handle_error` may support new kinds of exceptions
+        and new calling scenarios at *any time*.  Code which uses this
+        event must expect new calling patterns to be present in minor
+        releases.
+
+        To support the wide variety of members that correspond to an exception,
+        as well as to allow extensibility of the event without backwards
+        incompatibility, the sole argument received is an instance of
+        :class:`.ExceptionContext`.   This object contains data members
+        representing detail about the exception.
+
+        Use cases supported by this hook include:
+
+        * read-only, low-level exception handling for logging and
+          debugging purposes
+        * Establishing whether a DBAPI connection error message indicates
+          that the database connection needs to be reconnected, including
+          for the "pre_ping" handler used by **some** dialects
+        * Establishing or disabling whether a connection or the owning
+          connection pool is invalidated or expired in response to a
+          specific exception
+        * exception re-writing
+
+        The hook is called while the cursor from the failed operation
+        (if any) is still open and accessible.   Special cleanup operations
+        can be called on this cursor; SQLAlchemy will attempt to close
+        this cursor subsequent to this hook being invoked.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 2.0, the "pre_ping" handler enabled using the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter will also
+        participate in the :meth:`.handle_error` process, **for those dialects
+        that rely upon disconnect codes to detect database liveness**. Note
+        that some dialects such as psycopg, psycopg2, and most MySQL dialects
+        make use of a native ``ping()`` method supplied by the DBAPI which does
+        not make use of disconnect codes.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0 The :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error`
+           event hook participates in connection pool "pre-ping" operations.
+           Within this usage, the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine` attribute
+           will be ``None``, however the :class:`.Dialect` in use is always
+           available via the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.dialect` attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.5 Added :attr:`.ExceptionContext.is_pre_ping`
+           attribute which will be set to ``True`` when the
+           :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` event hook is triggered within
+           a connection pool pre-ping operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.5 An issue was repaired that allows for the
+           PostgreSQL ``psycopg`` and ``psycopg2`` drivers, as well as all
+           MySQL drivers, to properly participate in the
+           :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` event hook during
+           connection pool "pre-ping" operations; previously, the
+           implementation was non-working for these drivers.
+
+
+        A handler function has two options for replacing
+        the SQLAlchemy-constructed exception into one that is user
+        defined.   It can either raise this new exception directly, in
+        which case all further event listeners are bypassed and the
+        exception will be raised, after appropriate cleanup as taken
+        place::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error")
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if isinstance(context.original_exception,
+                    psycopg2.OperationalError) and \
+                    "failed" in str(context.original_exception):
+                    raise MySpecialException("failed operation")
+
+        .. warning::  Because the
+           :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error`
+           event specifically provides for exceptions to be re-thrown as
+           the ultimate exception raised by the failed statement,
+           **stack traces will be misleading** if the user-defined event
+           handler itself fails and throws an unexpected exception;
+           the stack trace may not illustrate the actual code line that
+           failed!  It is advised to code carefully here and use
+           logging and/or inline debugging if unexpected exceptions are
+           occurring.
+
+        Alternatively, a "chained" style of event handling can be
+        used, by configuring the handler with the ``retval=True``
+        modifier and returning the new exception instance from the
+        function.  In this case, event handling will continue onto the
+        next handler.   The "chained" exception is available using
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.chained_exception`::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if context.chained_exception is not None and \
+                    "special" in context.chained_exception.message:
+                    return MySpecialException("failed",
+                        cause=context.chained_exception)
+
+        Handlers that return ``None`` may be used within the chain; when
+        a handler returns ``None``, the previous exception instance,
+        if any, is maintained as the current exception that is passed onto the
+        next handler.
+
+        When a custom exception is raised or returned, SQLAlchemy raises
+        this new exception as-is, it is not wrapped by any SQLAlchemy
+        object.  If the exception is not a subclass of
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError`,
+        certain features may not be available; currently this includes
+        the ORM's feature of adding a detail hint about "autoflush" to
+        exceptions raised within the autoflush process.
+
+        :param context: an :class:`.ExceptionContext` object.  See this
+         class for details on all available members.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_new_disconnect_codes`
+
+        """
+
+    def do_connect(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        conn_rec: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        cargs: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        cparams: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Optional[DBAPIConnection]:
+        """Receive connection arguments before a connection is made.
+
+        This event is useful in that it allows the handler to manipulate the
+        cargs and/or cparams collections that control how the DBAPI
+        ``connect()`` function will be called. ``cargs`` will always be a
+        Python list that can be mutated in-place, and ``cparams`` a Python
+        dictionary that may also be mutated::
+
+            e = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user@host/dbname")
+
+            @event.listens_for(e, 'do_connect')
+            def receive_do_connect(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+                cparams["password"] = "some_password"
+
+        The event hook may also be used to override the call to ``connect()``
+        entirely, by returning a non-``None`` DBAPI connection object::
+
+            e = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user@host/dbname")
+
+            @event.listens_for(e, 'do_connect')
+            def receive_do_connect(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+                return psycopg2.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`
+
+        """
+
+    def do_executemany(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Optional[Literal[True]]:
+        """Receive a cursor to have executemany() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(
+        self, cursor: DBAPICursor, statement: str, context: ExecutionContext
+    ) -> Optional[Literal[True]]:
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() with no parameters called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPISingleExecuteParams,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Optional[Literal[True]]:
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_setinputsizes(
+        self,
+        inputsizes: Dict[BindParameter[Any], Any],
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive the setinputsizes dictionary for possible modification.
+
+        This event is emitted in the case where the dialect makes use of the
+        DBAPI ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` method which passes information about
+        parameter binding for a particular statement.   The given
+        ``inputsizes`` dictionary will contain :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        as keys, linked to DBAPI-specific type objects as values; for
+        parameters that are not bound, they are added to the dictionary with
+        ``None`` as the value, which means the parameter will not be included
+        in the ultimate setinputsizes call.   The event may be used to inspect
+        and/or log the datatypes that are being bound, as well as to modify the
+        dictionary in place.  Parameters can be added, modified, or removed
+        from this dictionary.   Callers will typically want to inspect the
+        :attr:`.BindParameter.type` attribute of the given bind objects in
+        order to make decisions about the DBAPI object.
+
+        After the event, the ``inputsizes`` dictionary is converted into
+        an appropriate datastructure to be passed to ``cursor.setinputsizes``;
+        either a list for a positional bound parameter execution style,
+        or a dictionary of string parameter keys to DBAPI type objects for
+        a named bound parameter execution style.
+
+        The setinputsizes hook overall is only used for dialects which include
+        the flag ``use_setinputsizes=True``.  Dialects which use this
+        include cx_Oracle, pg8000, asyncpg, and pyodbc dialects.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            For use with pyodbc, the ``use_setinputsizes`` flag
+            must be passed to the dialect, e.g.::
+
+                create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://...", use_setinputsizes=True)
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                  :ref:`mssql_pyodbc_setinputsizes`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.9
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`cx_oracle_setinputsizes`
+
+        """
+        pass
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65cd5d85a89143cb5f3f3a24597d636584b906be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3395 @@
+# engine/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define core interfaces used by the engine system."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..pool import Pool
+from ..pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+from ..sql.compiler import Compiled as Compiled
+from ..sql.compiler import Compiled  # noqa
+from ..sql.compiler import TypeCompiler as TypeCompiler
+from ..sql.compiler import TypeCompiler  # noqa
+from ..util import immutabledict
+from ..util.concurrency import await_only
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import NotRequired
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Connection
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .cursor import CursorResult
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..event import _ListenerFnType
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+    from ..exc import StatementError
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql.compiler import _InsertManyValuesBatch
+    from ..sql.compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from ..sql.compiler import IdentifierPreparer
+    from ..sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+    from ..sql.compiler import Linting
+    from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from ..sql.schema import SchemaItem
+    from ..sql.schema import Sequence as Sequence_SchemaItem
+    from ..sql.sqltypes import Integer
+    from ..sql.type_api import _TypeMemoDict
+    from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+ConnectArgsType = Tuple[Sequence[str], MutableMapping[str, Any]]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+
+
+class CacheStats(Enum):
+    CACHE_HIT = 0
+    CACHE_MISS = 1
+    CACHING_DISABLED = 2
+    NO_CACHE_KEY = 3
+    NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT = 4
+
+
+class ExecuteStyle(Enum):
+    """indicates the :term:`DBAPI` cursor method that will be used to invoke
+    a statement."""
+
+    EXECUTE = 0
+    """indicates cursor.execute() will be used"""
+
+    EXECUTEMANY = 1
+    """indicates cursor.executemany() will be used."""
+
+    INSERTMANYVALUES = 2
+    """indicates cursor.execute() will be used with an INSERT where the
+    VALUES expression will be expanded to accommodate for multiple
+    parameter sets
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """
+
+
+class DBAPIConnection(Protocol):
+    """protocol representing a :pep:`249` database connection.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `Connection Objects <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#connection-objects>`_
+        - in :pep:`249`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def close(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def commit(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor: ...
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None: ...
+
+    autocommit: bool
+
+
+class DBAPIType(Protocol):
+    """protocol representing a :pep:`249` database type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `Type Objects <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#type-objects>`_
+        - in :pep:`249`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+
+class DBAPICursor(Protocol):
+    """protocol representing a :pep:`249` database cursor.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `Cursor Objects <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#cursor-objects>`_
+        - in :pep:`249`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @property
+    def description(
+        self,
+    ) -> _DBAPICursorDescription:
+        """The description attribute of the Cursor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            `cursor.description <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#description>`_
+            - in :pep:`249`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self) -> int: ...
+
+    arraysize: int
+
+    lastrowid: int
+
+    def close(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        operation: Any,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams] = None,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def executemany(
+        self,
+        operation: Any,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: int = ...) -> Sequence[Any]: ...
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[Any]: ...
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, sizes: Sequence[Any]) -> None: ...
+
+    def setoutputsize(self, size: Any, column: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def callproc(
+        self, procname: str, parameters: Sequence[Any] = ...
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def nextset(self) -> Optional[bool]: ...
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...
+
+
+_CoreSingleExecuteParams = Mapping[str, Any]
+_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams = MutableMapping[str, Any]
+_CoreMultiExecuteParams = Sequence[_CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+_CoreAnyExecuteParams = Union[
+    _CoreMultiExecuteParams, _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+]
+
+_DBAPISingleExecuteParams = Union[Sequence[Any], _CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+
+_DBAPIMultiExecuteParams = Union[
+    Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+]
+_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams = Union[
+    _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams, _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+]
+_DBAPICursorDescription = Sequence[
+    Tuple[
+        str,
+        "DBAPIType",
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[bool],
+    ]
+]
+
+_AnySingleExecuteParams = _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+_AnyMultiExecuteParams = _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+_AnyExecuteParams = _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+
+CompiledCacheType = MutableMapping[Any, "Compiled"]
+SchemaTranslateMapType = Mapping[Optional[str], Optional[str]]
+
+_ImmutableExecuteOptions = immutabledict[str, Any]
+
+_ParamStyle = Literal[
+    "qmark", "numeric", "named", "format", "pyformat", "numeric_dollar"
+]
+
+_GenericSetInputSizesType = List[Tuple[str, Any, "TypeEngine[Any]"]]
+
+IsolationLevel = Literal[
+    "SERIALIZABLE",
+    "REPEATABLE READ",
+    "READ COMMITTED",
+    "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+    "AUTOCOMMIT",
+]
+
+
+class _CoreKnownExecutionOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType]
+    logging_token: str
+    isolation_level: IsolationLevel
+    no_parameters: bool
+    stream_results: bool
+    max_row_buffer: int
+    yield_per: int
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int
+    schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType]
+    preserve_rowcount: bool
+
+
+_ExecuteOptions = immutabledict[str, Any]
+CoreExecuteOptionsParameter = Union[
+    _CoreKnownExecutionOptions, Mapping[str, Any]
+]
+
+
+class ReflectedIdentity(TypedDict):
+    """represent the reflected IDENTITY structure of a column, corresponding
+    to the :class:`_schema.Identity` construct.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedIdentity` structure is part of the
+    :class:`.ReflectedColumn` structure, which is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns` method.
+
+    """
+
+    always: bool
+    """type of identity column"""
+
+    on_null: bool
+    """indicates ON NULL"""
+
+    start: int
+    """starting index of the sequence"""
+
+    increment: int
+    """increment value of the sequence"""
+
+    minvalue: int
+    """the minimum value of the sequence."""
+
+    maxvalue: int
+    """the maximum value of the sequence."""
+
+    nominvalue: bool
+    """no minimum value of the sequence."""
+
+    nomaxvalue: bool
+    """no maximum value of the sequence."""
+
+    cycle: bool
+    """allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+    or minvalue has been reached."""
+
+    cache: Optional[int]
+    """number of future values in the
+    sequence which are calculated in advance."""
+
+    order: bool
+    """if true, renders the ORDER keyword."""
+
+
+class ReflectedComputed(TypedDict):
+    """Represent the reflected elements of a computed column, corresponding
+    to the :class:`_schema.Computed` construct.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedComputed` structure is part of the
+    :class:`.ReflectedColumn` structure, which is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns` method.
+
+    """
+
+    sqltext: str
+    """the expression used to generate this column returned
+    as a string SQL expression"""
+
+    persisted: NotRequired[bool]
+    """indicates if the value is stored in the table or computed on demand"""
+
+
+class ReflectedColumn(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    a :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedColumn` structure is returned by the
+    :class:`.Inspector.get_columns` method.
+
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """column name"""
+
+    type: TypeEngine[Any]
+    """column type represented as a :class:`.TypeEngine` instance."""
+
+    nullable: bool
+    """boolean flag if the column is NULL or NOT NULL"""
+
+    default: Optional[str]
+    """column default expression as a SQL string"""
+
+    autoincrement: NotRequired[bool]
+    """database-dependent autoincrement flag.
+
+    This flag indicates if the column has a database-side "autoincrement"
+    flag of some kind.   Within SQLAlchemy, other kinds of columns may
+    also act as an "autoincrement" column without necessarily having
+    such a flag on them.
+
+    See :paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` for more background on
+    "autoincrement".
+
+    """
+
+    comment: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    """comment for the column, if present.
+    Only some dialects return this key
+    """
+
+    computed: NotRequired[ReflectedComputed]
+    """indicates that this column is computed by the database.
+    Only some dialects return this key.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.16 - added support for computed reflection.
+    """
+
+    identity: NotRequired[ReflectedIdentity]
+    """indicates this column is an IDENTITY column.
+    Only some dialects return this key.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 - added support for identity column reflection.
+    """
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this reflected
+    object"""
+
+
+class ReflectedConstraint(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.Constraint`
+
+    A base class for all constraints
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """constraint name"""
+
+    comment: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    """comment for the constraint, if present"""
+
+
+class ReflectedCheckConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.CheckConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_check_constraints` method.
+
+    """
+
+    sqltext: str
+    """the check constraint's SQL expression"""
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this check constraint
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+    """
+
+
+class ReflectedUniqueConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.UniqueConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints` method.
+
+    """
+
+    column_names: List[str]
+    """column names which comprise the unique constraint"""
+
+    duplicates_index: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    "Indicates if this unique constraint duplicates an index with this name"
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this unique
+    constraint"""
+
+
+class ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_pk_constraint` method.
+
+    """
+
+    constrained_columns: List[str]
+    """column names which comprise the primary key"""
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this primary key"""
+
+
+class ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint` structure is returned by
+    the :meth:`.Inspector.get_foreign_keys` method.
+
+    """
+
+    constrained_columns: List[str]
+    """local column names which comprise the foreign key"""
+
+    referred_schema: Optional[str]
+    """schema name of the table being referred"""
+
+    referred_table: str
+    """name of the table being referred"""
+
+    referred_columns: List[str]
+    """referred column names that correspond to ``constrained_columns``"""
+
+    options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional options detected for this foreign key constraint"""
+
+
+class ReflectedIndex(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.Index`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedIndex` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes` method.
+
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """index name"""
+
+    column_names: List[Optional[str]]
+    """column names which the index references.
+    An element of this list is ``None`` if it's an expression and is
+    returned in the ``expressions`` list.
+    """
+
+    expressions: NotRequired[List[str]]
+    """Expressions that compose the index. This list, when present, contains
+    both plain column names (that are also in ``column_names``) and
+    expressions (that are ``None`` in ``column_names``).
+    """
+
+    unique: bool
+    """whether or not the index has a unique flag"""
+
+    duplicates_constraint: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    "Indicates if this index mirrors a constraint with this name"
+
+    include_columns: NotRequired[List[str]]
+    """columns to include in the INCLUDE clause for supporting databases.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+        Legacy value, will be replaced with
+        ``index_dict["dialect_options"]["<dialect name>_include"]``
+
+    """
+
+    column_sorting: NotRequired[Dict[str, Tuple[str]]]
+    """optional dict mapping column names or expressions to tuple of sort
+    keywords, which may include ``asc``, ``desc``, ``nulls_first``,
+    ``nulls_last``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.5
+    """
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this index"""
+
+
+class ReflectedTableComment(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected comment corresponding to
+    the :attr:`_schema.Table.comment` attribute.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedTableComment` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_comment` method.
+
+    """
+
+    text: Optional[str]
+    """text of the comment"""
+
+
+class BindTyping(Enum):
+    """Define different methods of passing typing information for
+    bound parameters in a statement to the database driver.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    NONE = 1
+    """No steps are taken to pass typing information to the database driver.
+
+    This is the default behavior for databases such as SQLite, MySQL / MariaDB,
+    SQL Server.
+
+    """
+
+    SETINPUTSIZES = 2
+    """Use the pep-249 setinputsizes method.
+
+    This is only implemented for DBAPIs that support this method and for which
+    the SQLAlchemy dialect has the appropriate infrastructure for that
+    dialect set up.   Current dialects include cx_Oracle as well as
+    optional support for SQL Server using pyodbc.
+
+    When using setinputsizes, dialects also have a means of only using the
+    method for certain datatypes using include/exclude lists.
+
+    When SETINPUTSIZES is used, the :meth:`.Dialect.do_set_input_sizes` method
+    is called for each statement executed which has bound parameters.
+
+    """
+
+    RENDER_CASTS = 3
+    """Render casts or other directives in the SQL string.
+
+    This method is used for all PostgreSQL dialects, including asyncpg,
+    pg8000, psycopg, psycopg2.   Dialects which implement this can choose
+    which kinds of datatypes are explicitly cast in SQL statements and which
+    aren't.
+
+    When RENDER_CASTS is used, the compiler will invoke the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast` method for the rendered
+    string representation of each :class:`.BindParameter` object whose
+    dialect-level type sets the :attr:`.TypeEngine.render_bind_cast` attribute.
+
+    The :meth:`.SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast` is also used to render casts
+    for one form of "insertmanyvalues" query, when both
+    :attr:`.InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT` and
+    :attr:`.InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS` are set,
+    where the casts are applied to the intermediary columns e.g.
+    "INSERT INTO t (a, b, c) SELECT p0::TYP, p1::TYP, p2::TYP "
+    "FROM (VALUES (?, ?), (?, ?), ...)".
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10 - :meth:`.SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast` is now
+       used within some elements of the "insertmanyvalues" implementation.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+VersionInfoType = Tuple[Union[int, str], ...]
+TableKey = Tuple[Optional[str], str]
+
+
+class Dialect(EventTarget):
+    """Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.
+
+    Any aspect of metadata definition, SQL query generation,
+    execution, result-set handling, or anything else which varies
+    between databases is defined under the general category of the
+    Dialect.  The Dialect acts as a factory for other
+    database-specific object implementations including
+    ExecutionContext, Compiled, DefaultGenerator, and TypeEngine.
+
+    .. note:: Third party dialects should not subclass :class:`.Dialect`
+       directly.  Instead, subclass :class:`.default.DefaultDialect` or
+       descendant class.
+
+    """
+
+    CACHE_HIT = CacheStats.CACHE_HIT
+    CACHE_MISS = CacheStats.CACHE_MISS
+    CACHING_DISABLED = CacheStats.CACHING_DISABLED
+    NO_CACHE_KEY = CacheStats.NO_CACHE_KEY
+    NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT = CacheStats.NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Dialect]
+
+    name: str
+    """identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view
+      (i.e. 'sqlite')
+    """
+
+    driver: str
+    """identifying name for the dialect's DBAPI"""
+
+    dialect_description: str
+
+    dbapi: Optional[ModuleType]
+    """A reference to the DBAPI module object itself.
+
+    SQLAlchemy dialects import DBAPI modules using the classmethod
+    :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi`. The rationale is so that any dialect
+    module can be imported and used to generate SQL statements without the
+    need for the actual DBAPI driver to be installed.  Only when an
+    :class:`.Engine` is constructed using :func:`.create_engine` does the
+    DBAPI get imported; at that point, the creation process will assign
+    the DBAPI module to this attribute.
+
+    Dialects should therefore implement :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi`
+    which will import the necessary module and return it, and then refer
+    to ``self.dbapi`` in dialect code in order to refer to the DBAPI module
+    contents.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: The :attr:`.Dialect.dbapi` attribute is exclusively
+       used as the per-:class:`.Dialect`-instance reference to the DBAPI
+       module.   The previous not-fully-documented ``.Dialect.dbapi()``
+       classmethod is deprecated and replaced by :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi`.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def loaded_dbapi(self) -> ModuleType:
+        """same as .dbapi, but is never None; will raise an error if no
+        DBAPI was set up.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    positional: bool
+    """True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional."""
+
+    paramstyle: str
+    """the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple
+      paramstyles).
+    """
+
+    compiler_linting: Linting
+
+    statement_compiler: Type[SQLCompiler]
+    """a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL statements"""
+
+    ddl_compiler: Type[DDLCompiler]
+    """a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile DDL statements"""
+
+    type_compiler_cls: ClassVar[Type[TypeCompiler]]
+    """a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL type objects
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    type_compiler_instance: TypeCompiler
+    """instance of a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL type
+    objects
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    type_compiler: Any
+    """legacy; this is a TypeCompiler class at the class level, a
+    TypeCompiler instance at the instance level.
+
+    Refer to type_compiler_instance instead.
+
+    """
+
+    preparer: Type[IdentifierPreparer]
+    """a :class:`.IdentifierPreparer` class used to
+    quote identifiers.
+    """
+
+    identifier_preparer: IdentifierPreparer
+    """This element will refer to an instance of :class:`.IdentifierPreparer`
+    once a :class:`.DefaultDialect` has been constructed.
+
+    """
+
+    server_version_info: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    """a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.
+
+    This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is
+    typically populated during the initial connection to the database.
+    """
+
+    default_schema_name: Optional[str]
+    """the name of the default schema.  This value is only available for
+    supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the
+    initial connection to the database.
+
+    """
+
+    # NOTE: this does not take into effect engine-level isolation level.
+    # not clear if this should be changed, seems like it should
+    default_isolation_level: Optional[IsolationLevel]
+    """the isolation that is implicitly present on new connections"""
+
+    # create_engine()  -> isolation_level  currently goes here
+    _on_connect_isolation_level: Optional[IsolationLevel]
+
+    execution_ctx_cls: Type[ExecutionContext]
+    """a :class:`.ExecutionContext` class used to handle statement execution"""
+
+    execute_sequence_format: Union[
+        Type[Tuple[Any, ...]], Type[Tuple[List[Any]]]
+    ]
+    """either the 'tuple' or 'list' type, depending on what cursor.execute()
+    accepts for the second argument (they vary)."""
+
+    supports_alter: bool
+    """``True`` if the database supports ``ALTER TABLE`` - used only for
+    generating foreign key constraints in certain circumstances
+    """
+
+    max_identifier_length: int
+    """The maximum length of identifier names."""
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors: bool
+    """indicates if the dialect supports server side cursors"""
+
+    server_side_cursors: bool
+    """deprecated; indicates if the dialect should attempt to use server
+    side cursors by default"""
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount: bool
+    """Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements.
+    """
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount: bool
+    """Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements when executed via
+      executemany.
+    """
+
+    supports_empty_insert: bool
+    """dialect supports INSERT () VALUES (), i.e. a plain INSERT with no
+    columns in it.
+
+    This is not usually supported; an "empty" insert is typically
+    suited using either "INSERT..DEFAULT VALUES" or
+    "INSERT ... (col) VALUES (DEFAULT)".
+
+    """
+
+    supports_default_values: bool
+    """dialect supports INSERT... DEFAULT VALUES syntax"""
+
+    supports_default_metavalue: bool
+    """dialect supports INSERT...(col) VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax.
+
+    Most databases support this in some way, e.g. SQLite supports it using
+    ``VALUES (NULL)``.    MS SQL Server supports the syntax also however
+    is the only included dialect where we have this disabled, as
+    MSSQL does not support the field for the IDENTITY column, which is
+    usually where we like to make use of the feature.
+
+    """
+
+    default_metavalue_token: str = "DEFAULT"
+    """for INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the
+    parenthesis.
+
+    E.g. for SQLite this is the keyword "NULL".
+
+    """
+
+    supports_multivalues_insert: bool
+    """Target database supports INSERT...VALUES with multiple value
+    sets, i.e. INSERT INTO table (cols) VALUES (...), (...), (...), ...
+
+    """
+
+    insert_executemany_returning: bool
+    """dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing
+    INSERT...RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used.
+
+    """
+
+    insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order: bool
+    """dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing
+    INSERT...RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used
+    along with the :paramref:`_dml.Insert.returning.sort_by_parameter_order`
+    parameter being set.
+
+    """
+
+    update_executemany_returning: bool
+    """dialect supports UPDATE..RETURNING with executemany."""
+
+    delete_executemany_returning: bool
+    """dialect supports DELETE..RETURNING with executemany."""
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool
+    """if True, indicates "insertmanyvalues" functionality should be used
+    to allow for ``insert_executemany_returning`` behavior, if possible.
+
+    In practice, setting this to True means:
+
+    if ``supports_multivalues_insert``, ``insert_returning`` and
+    ``use_insertmanyvalues`` are all True, the SQL compiler will produce
+    an INSERT that will be interpreted by the :class:`.DefaultDialect`
+    as an :attr:`.ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` execution that allows
+    for INSERT of many rows with RETURNING by rewriting a single-row
+    INSERT statement to have multiple VALUES clauses, also executing
+    the statement multiple times for a series of batches when large numbers
+    of rows are given.
+
+    The parameter is False for the default dialect, and is set to
+    True for SQLAlchemy internal dialects SQLite, MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL,
+    SQL Server.   It remains at False for Oracle, which provides native
+    "executemany with RETURNING" support and also does not support
+    ``supports_multivalues_insert``.    For MySQL/MariaDB, those MySQL
+    dialects that don't support RETURNING will not report
+    ``insert_executemany_returning`` as True.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning: bool
+    """if True, and use_insertmanyvalues is also True, INSERT statements
+    that don't include RETURNING will also use "insertmanyvalues".
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel: InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+    """Options indicating the database supports a form of bulk INSERT where
+    the autoincrement integer primary key can be reliably used as an ordering
+    for INSERTed rows.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_returning_order`
+
+    """
+
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int
+    """Number of rows to render into an individual INSERT..VALUES() statement
+    for :attr:`.ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` executions.
+
+    The default dialect defaults this to 1000.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.insertmanyvalues_page_size` -
+        execution option available on :class:`_engine.Connection`, statements
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    insertmanyvalues_max_parameters: int
+    """Alternate to insertmanyvalues_page_size, will additionally limit
+    page size based on number of parameters total in the statement.
+
+
+    """
+
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences: bool
+    """True if 'implicit' primary key functions must be executed separately
+      in order to get their value, if RETURNING is not used.
+
+      This is currently oriented towards PostgreSQL when the
+      ``implicit_returning=False`` parameter is used on a :class:`.Table`
+      object.
+
+    """
+
+    insert_returning: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with INSERT
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    update_returning: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    update_returning_multifrom: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE..FROM
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    delete_returning: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    delete_returning_multifrom: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE..FROM
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    favor_returning_over_lastrowid: bool
+    """for backends that support both a lastrowid and a RETURNING insert
+    strategy, favor RETURNING for simple single-int pk inserts.
+
+    cursor.lastrowid tends to be more performant on most backends.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_identity_columns: bool
+    """target database supports IDENTITY"""
+
+    cte_follows_insert: bool
+    """target database, when given a CTE with an INSERT statement, needs
+    the CTE to be below the INSERT"""
+
+    colspecs: MutableMapping[Type[TypeEngine[Any]], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]]
+    """A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped
+      to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class.  This
+      dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the
+      dialect instance itself.
+    """
+
+    supports_sequences: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar."""
+
+    sequences_optional: bool
+    """If True, indicates if the :paramref:`_schema.Sequence.optional`
+      parameter on the :class:`_schema.Sequence` construct
+      should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to
+      dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow PostgreSQL
+      SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on
+      other backends.
+    """
+
+    default_sequence_base: int
+    """the default value that will be rendered as the "START WITH" portion of
+    a CREATE SEQUENCE DDL statement.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_native_enum: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct.
+      This will prevent :class:`_types.Enum` from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used in "native" mode.
+    """
+
+    supports_native_boolean: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct.
+      This will prevent :class:`_types.Boolean` from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used.
+    """
+
+    supports_native_decimal: bool
+    """indicates if Decimal objects are handled and returned for precision
+    numeric types, or if floats are returned"""
+
+    supports_native_uuid: bool
+    """indicates if Python UUID() objects are handled natively by the
+    driver for SQL UUID datatypes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    returns_native_bytes: bool
+    """indicates if Python bytes() objects are returned natively by the
+    driver for SQL "binary" datatypes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.11
+
+    """
+
+    construct_arguments: Optional[
+        List[Tuple[Type[Union[SchemaItem, ClauseElement]], Mapping[str, Any]]]
+    ] = None
+    """Optional set of argument specifiers for various SQLAlchemy
+    constructs, typically schema items.
+
+    To implement, establish as a series of tuples, as in::
+
+        construct_arguments = [
+            (schema.Index, {
+                "using": False,
+                "where": None,
+                "ops": None
+            })
+        ]
+
+    If the above construct is established on the PostgreSQL dialect,
+    the :class:`.Index` construct will now accept the keyword arguments
+    ``postgresql_using``, ``postgresql_where``, nad ``postgresql_ops``.
+    Any other argument specified to the constructor of :class:`.Index`
+    which is prefixed with ``postgresql_`` will raise :class:`.ArgumentError`.
+
+    A dialect which does not include a ``construct_arguments`` member will
+    not participate in the argument validation system.  For such a dialect,
+    any argument name is accepted by all participating constructs, within
+    the namespace of arguments prefixed with that dialect name.  The rationale
+    here is so that third-party dialects that haven't yet implemented this
+    feature continue to function in the old way.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DialectKWArgs` - implementing base class which consumes
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+
+    """
+
+    reflection_options: Sequence[str] = ()
+    """Sequence of string names indicating keyword arguments that can be
+    established on a :class:`.Table` object which will be passed as
+    "reflection options" when using :paramref:`.Table.autoload_with`.
+
+    Current example is "oracle_resolve_synonyms" in the Oracle dialect.
+
+    """
+
+    dbapi_exception_translation_map: Mapping[str, str] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    """A dictionary of names that will contain as values the names of
+       pep-249 exceptions ("IntegrityError", "OperationalError", etc)
+       keyed to alternate class names, to support the case where a
+       DBAPI has exception classes that aren't named as they are
+       referred to (e.g. IntegrityError = MyException).   In the vast
+       majority of cases this dictionary is empty.
+    """
+
+    supports_comments: bool
+    """Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL on tables and columns."""
+
+    inline_comments: bool
+    """Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL that's inline with the
+    definition of a Table or Column.  If False, this implies that ALTER must
+    be used to set table and column comments."""
+
+    supports_constraint_comments: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports comment DDL on constraints.
+
+    .. versionadded: 2.0
+    """
+
+    _has_events = False
+
+    supports_statement_cache: bool = True
+    """indicates if this dialect supports caching.
+
+    All dialects that are compatible with statement caching should set this
+    flag to True directly on each dialect class and subclass that supports
+    it.  SQLAlchemy tests that this flag is locally present on each dialect
+    subclass before it will use statement caching.  This is to provide
+    safety for legacy or new dialects that are not yet fully tested to be
+    compliant with SQL statement caching.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.5
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_thirdparty_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    _supports_statement_cache: bool
+    """internal evaluation for supports_statement_cache"""
+
+    bind_typing = BindTyping.NONE
+    """define a means of passing typing information to the database and/or
+    driver for bound parameters.
+
+    See :class:`.BindTyping` for values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_async: bool
+    """Whether or not this dialect is intended for asyncio use."""
+
+    has_terminate: bool
+    """Whether or not this dialect has a separate "terminate" implementation
+    that does not block or require awaiting."""
+
+    engine_config_types: Mapping[str, Any]
+    """a mapping of string keys that can be in an engine config linked to
+    type conversion functions.
+
+    """
+
+    label_length: Optional[int]
+    """optional user-defined max length for SQL labels"""
+
+    include_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]]
+    """set of DBAPI type objects that should be included in
+    automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.
+
+    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES
+
+    """
+
+    exclude_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]]
+    """set of DBAPI type objects that should be excluded in
+    automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.
+
+    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES
+
+    """
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label: bool
+    """target database supports ORDER BY <labelname>, where <labelname>
+    refers to a label in the columns clause of the SELECT"""
+
+    div_is_floordiv: bool
+    """target database treats the / division operator as "floor division" """
+
+    tuple_in_values: bool
+    """target database supports tuple IN, i.e. (x, y) IN ((q, p), (r, z))"""
+
+    _bind_typing_render_casts: bool
+
+    _type_memos: MutableMapping[TypeEngine[Any], _TypeMemoDict]
+
+    def _builtin_onconnect(self) -> Optional[_ListenerFnType]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        """Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.
+
+        Given a :class:`.URL` object, returns a tuple
+        consisting of a ``(*args, **kwargs)`` suitable to send directly
+        to the dbapi's connect function.   The arguments are sent to the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.connect` method which then runs the DBAPI-level
+        ``connect()`` function.
+
+        The method typically makes use of the
+        :meth:`.URL.translate_connect_args`
+        method in order to generate a dictionary of options.
+
+        The default implementation is::
+
+            def create_connect_args(self, url):
+                opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+                opts.update(url.query)
+                return ([], opts)
+
+        :param url: a :class:`.URL` object
+
+        :return: a tuple of ``(*args, **kwargs)`` which will be passed to the
+         :meth:`.Dialect.connect` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.URL.translate_connect_args`
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls) -> ModuleType:
+        """Import the DBAPI module that is used by this dialect.
+
+        The Python module object returned here will be assigned as an
+        instance variable to a constructed dialect under the name
+        ``.dbapi``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi` class
+           method is renamed from the previous method ``.Dialect.dbapi()``,
+           which would be replaced at dialect instantiation time by the
+           DBAPI module itself, thus using the same name in two different ways.
+           If a ``.Dialect.dbapi()`` classmethod is present on a third-party
+           dialect, it will be used and a deprecation warning will be emitted.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def type_descriptor(cls, typeobj: TypeEngine[_T]) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Transform a generic type to a dialect-specific type.
+
+        Dialect classes will usually use the
+        :func:`_types.adapt_type` function in the types module to
+        accomplish this.
+
+        The returned result is cached *per dialect class* so can
+        contain no dialect-instance state.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        """Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a
+        connection.
+
+        Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or
+        other properties.
+
+        The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object,
+        with full capabilities.
+
+        The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via
+        super().
+
+        .. note:: as of SQLAlchemy 1.4, this method is called **before**
+           any :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` hooks are called.
+
+        """
+
+        pass
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _overrides_default(self, method_name: str) -> bool: ...
+
+    def get_columns(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        """Return information about columns in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return column
+        information as a list of dictionaries
+        corresponding to the :class:`.ReflectedColumn` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]]:
+        """Return information about columns in all tables in the
+        given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_columns`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        """Return information about the primary key constraint on
+        table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return primary
+        key information as a dictionary corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_pk_constraint`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]]:
+        """Return information about primary key constraints in
+        all tables in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return foreign
+        key information as a list of dicts corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_foreign_keys`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]]:
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of table names for ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_table_names`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of temporary table names on the given connection,
+        if supported by the underlying backend.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_temp_table_names`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all non-materialized view names available in the
+        database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_view_names`.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all materialized view names available in the
+        database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_sequence_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all sequence names available in the database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_sequence_names`.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of temporary view names on the given connection,
+        if supported by the underlying backend.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_temp_view_names`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection: Connection, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all schema names available in the database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_schema_names`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        view_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return plain or materialized view definition.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_view_definition`.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``view_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return the view
+        definition.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_indexes(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        """Return information about indexes in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return index
+        information as a list of dictionaries corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedIndex` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]]:
+        """Return information about indexes in in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_indexes`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding
+        to the :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]]:
+        """Return information about unique constraints in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return
+        check constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding
+        to the :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_check_constraints`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]]:
+        """Return information about check constraints in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_options(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a dictionary of options specified when ``table_name``
+        was created.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_table_options`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the
+        given schema were created.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_multi_table_options`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_comment(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        r"""Return the "comment" for the table identified by ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return
+        table comment information as a dictionary corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedTableComment` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_comment`.
+
+        :raise: ``NotImplementedError`` for dialects that don't support
+         comments.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, ReflectedTableComment]]:
+        """Return information about the table comment in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_multi_table_comment`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as
+        case insensitive.
+
+        This method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier
+        for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.
+
+        This method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_table(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """For internal dialect use, check the existence of a particular table
+        or view in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object, a string table_name and
+        optional schema name, return True if the given table exists in the
+        database, False otherwise.
+
+        This method serves as the underlying implementation of the
+        public facing :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method, and is also used
+        internally to implement the "checkfirst" behavior for methods like
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.create` and :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        .. note:: This method is used internally by SQLAlchemy, and is
+           published so that third-party dialects may provide an
+           implementation. It is **not** the public API for checking for table
+           presence. Please use the :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0:: :meth:`_engine.Dialect.has_table` now
+           formally supports checking for additional table-like objects:
+
+           * any type of views (plain or materialized)
+           * temporary tables of any kind
+
+           Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and
+           different dialects would vary in their behavior.   The dialect
+           testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types,
+           and dialects to the degree that the backing database supports views
+           or temporary tables should seek to support locating these objects
+           for full compliance.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_index(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        index_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object, a string
+        ``table_name`` and string index name, return ``True`` if an index of
+        the given name on the given table exists, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        The :class:`.DefaultDialect` implements this in terms of the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.has_table` and :meth:`.Dialect.get_indexes` methods,
+        however dialects can implement a more performant version.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.has_index`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_sequence(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        sequence_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object and a string
+        `sequence_name`, return ``True`` if the given sequence exists in
+        the database, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.has_sequence`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_schema(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema_name: str, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check the existence of a particular schema name in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object, a string
+        ``schema_name``, return ``True`` if a schema of the
+        given exists, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        The :class:`.DefaultDialect` implements this by checking
+        the presence of ``schema_name`` among the schemas returned by
+        :meth:`.Dialect.get_schema_names`,
+        however dialects can implement a more performant version.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.has_schema`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection: Connection) -> Any:
+        """Retrieve the server version info from the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "server_version_info" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection: Connection) -> str:
+        """Return the string name of the currently selected schema from
+        the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "default_schema_name" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.begin()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        The DBAPI has no dedicated "begin" method and it is expected
+        that transactions are implicit.  This hook is provided for those
+        DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.rollback()``, given
+        a DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.commit()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()`` that tries as
+        much as possible to not block, given a DBAPI
+        connection.
+
+        In the vast majority of cases this just calls .close(), however
+        for some asyncio dialects may call upon different API features.
+
+        This hook is called by the :class:`_pool.Pool`
+        when a connection is being recycled or has been invalidated.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.41
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()``, given a DBAPI
+        connection.
+
+        This hook is called by the :class:`_pool.Pool`
+        when a connection has been
+        detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal
+        capacity of the pool.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_ping_w_event(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        """ping the DBAPI connection and return True if the connection is
+        usable."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        list_of_tuples: _GenericSetInputSizesType,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """invoke the cursor.setinputsizes() method with appropriate arguments
+
+        This hook is called if the :attr:`.Dialect.bind_typing` attribute is
+        set to the
+        :attr:`.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES` value.
+        Parameter data is passed in a list of tuples (paramname, dbtype,
+        sqltype), where ``paramname`` is the key of the parameter in the
+        statement, ``dbtype`` is the DBAPI datatype and ``sqltype`` is the
+        SQLAlchemy type. The order of tuples is in the correct parameter order.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  - setinputsizes mode is now enabled by
+           setting :attr:`.Dialect.bind_typing` to
+           :attr:`.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES`.  Dialects which accept
+           a ``use_setinputsizes`` parameter should set this value
+           appropriately.
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_xid(self) -> Any:
+        """Create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(),
+        do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase().  Its format is
+        unspecified.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection: Connection, name: str) -> None:
+        """Create a savepoint with the given name.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(
+        self, connection: Connection, name: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection: Connection, name: str) -> None:
+        """Release the named savepoint on a connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        xid: Any,
+        is_prepared: bool = True,
+        recover: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        xid: Any,
+        is_prepared: bool = True,
+        recover: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection: Connection) -> List[Any]:
+        """Recover list of uncommitted prepared two phase transaction
+        identifiers on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        generic_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType],
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Iterator[_InsertManyValuesBatch]:
+        """convert executemany parameters for an INSERT into an iterator
+        of statement/single execute values, used by the insertmanyvalues
+        feature.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_executemany(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.executemany(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams],
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement)``.
+
+        The parameter collection should not be sent.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_disconnect(
+        self,
+        e: Exception,
+        connection: Optional[Union[PoolProxiedConnection, DBAPIConnection]],
+        cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid
+        connection"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs: Any, **cparams: Any) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        r"""Establish a connection using this dialect's DBAPI.
+
+        The default implementation of this method is::
+
+            def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
+                return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+        The ``*cargs, **cparams`` parameters are generated directly
+        from this dialect's :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
+
+        This method may be used for dialects that need to perform programmatic
+        per-connection steps when a new connection is procured from the
+        DBAPI.
+
+
+        :param \*cargs: positional parameters returned from the
+         :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method
+
+        :param \*\*cparams: keyword parameters returned from the
+         :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
+
+        :return: a DBAPI connection, typically from the :pep:`249` module
+         level ``.connect()`` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args`
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.on_connect`
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def on_connect_url(self, url: URL) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        This method is a new hook that supersedes the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` method when implemented by a
+        dialect.   When not implemented by a dialect, it invokes the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` method directly to maintain
+        compatibility with existing dialects.   There is no deprecation
+        for :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` expected.
+
+        The callable should accept a single argument "conn" which is the
+        DBAPI connection itself.  The inner callable has no
+        return value.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+                # ...
+
+                def on_connect_url(self, url):
+                    def do_on_connect(connection):
+                        connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")
+
+                    return do_on_connect
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.
+
+        This method differs from :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` in that
+        it is passed the :class:`_engine.URL` object that's relevant to the
+        connect args.  Normally the only way to get this is from the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` hook is to look on the
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` itself, however this URL object may have been
+        replaced by plugins.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The default implementation of
+            :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect_url` is to invoke the
+            :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` method. Therefore if a dialect
+            implements this method, the :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect`
+            method **will not be called** unless the overriding dialect calls
+            it directly from here.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.3 added :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect_url`
+           which normally calls into :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect`.
+
+        :param url: a :class:`_engine.URL` object representing the
+         :class:`_engine.URL` that was passed to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
+
+        :return: a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an
+         argument, or None.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect`
+
+        """
+        return self.on_connect()
+
+    def on_connect(self) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        The callable should accept a single argument "conn" which is the
+        DBAPI connection itself.  The inner callable has no
+        return value.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+                # ...
+
+                def on_connect(self):
+                    def do_on_connect(connection):
+                        connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")
+
+                    return do_on_connect
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.
+
+        The "do_on_connect" callable is invoked by using the
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` event
+        hook, then unwrapping the DBAPI connection and passing it into the
+        callable.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the on_connect hook is no longer called twice
+           for the first connection of a dialect.  The on_connect hook is still
+           called before the :meth:`_engine.Dialect.initialize` method however.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.3 the on_connect hook is invoked from a new
+           method on_connect_url that passes the URL that was used to create
+           the connect args.   Dialects can implement on_connect_url instead
+           of on_connect if they need the URL object that was used for the
+           connection in order to get additional context.
+
+        If None is returned, no event listener is generated.
+
+        :return: a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an
+         argument, or None.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.connect` - allows the DBAPI ``connect()`` sequence
+            itself to be controlled.
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.on_connect_url` - supersedes
+            :meth:`.Dialect.on_connect` to also receive the
+            :class:`_engine.URL` object in context.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
+        most typical use cases.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current level
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection, level: IsolationLevel
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
+        most typical use cases.
+
+        If the dialect also implements the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.get_isolation_level_values` method, then the given
+        level is guaranteed to be one of the string names within that sequence,
+        and the method will not need to anticipate a lookup failure.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current level
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> IsolationLevel:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level.
+
+        When working with a :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
+        the corresponding
+        DBAPI connection may be procured using the
+        :attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` accessor.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level facilities;
+        these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current level
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_default_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> IsolationLevel:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or
+        a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.
+
+        This method may only raise NotImplementedError and
+        **must not raise any other exception**, as it is used implicitly upon
+        first connect.
+
+        The method **must return a value** for a dialect that supports
+        isolation level settings, as this level is what will be reverted
+        towards when a per-connection isolation level change is made.
+
+        The method defaults to using the :meth:`.Dialect.get_isolation_level`
+        method unless overridden by a dialect.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.22
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(
+        self, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> List[IsolationLevel]:
+        """return a sequence of string isolation level names that are accepted
+        by this dialect.
+
+        The available names should use the following conventions:
+
+        * use UPPERCASE names.   isolation level methods will accept lowercase
+          names but these are normalized into UPPERCASE before being passed
+          along to the dialect.
+        * separate words should be separated by spaces, not underscores, e.g.
+          ``REPEATABLE READ``.  isolation level names will have underscores
+          converted to spaces before being passed along to the dialect.
+        * The names for the four standard isolation names to the extent that
+          they are supported by the backend should be ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+          ``READ COMMITTED``, ``REPEATABLE READ``, ``SERIALIZABLE``
+        * if the dialect supports an autocommit option it should be provided
+          using the isolation level name ``AUTOCOMMIT``.
+        * Other isolation modes may also be present, provided that they
+          are named in UPPERCASE and use spaces not underscores.
+
+        This function is used so that the default dialect can check that
+        a given isolation level parameter is valid, else raises an
+        :class:`_exc.ArgumentError`.
+
+        A DBAPI connection is passed to the method, in the unlikely event that
+        the dialect needs to interrogate the connection itself to determine
+        this list, however it is expected that most backends will return
+        a hardcoded list of values.  If the dialect supports "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        that value should also be present in the sequence returned.
+
+        The method raises ``NotImplementedError`` by default.  If a dialect
+        does not implement this method, then the default dialect will not
+        perform any checking on a given isolation level value before passing
+        it onto the :meth:`.Dialect.set_isolation_level` method.  This is
+        to allow backwards-compatibility with third party dialects that may
+        not yet be implementing this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, level: IsolationLevel
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_dialect_cls(cls, url: URL) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Given a URL, return the :class:`.Dialect` that will be used.
+
+        This is a hook that allows an external plugin to provide functionality
+        around an existing dialect, by allowing the plugin to be loaded
+        from the url based on an entrypoint, and then the plugin returns
+        the actual dialect to be used.
+
+        By default this just returns the cls.
+
+        """
+        return cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_async_dialect_cls(cls, url: URL) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Given a URL, return the :class:`.Dialect` that will be used by
+        an async engine.
+
+        By default this is an alias of :meth:`.Dialect.get_dialect_cls` and
+        just returns the cls. It may be used if a dialect provides
+        both a sync and async version under the same name, like the
+        ``psycopg`` driver.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.get_dialect_cls`
+
+        """
+        return cls.get_dialect_cls(url)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_provisioning(cls) -> None:
+        """set up the provision.py module for this dialect.
+
+        For dialects that include a provision.py module that sets up
+        provisioning followers, this method should initiate that process.
+
+        A typical implementation would be::
+
+            @classmethod
+            def load_provisioning(cls):
+                __import__("mydialect.provision")
+
+        The default method assumes a module named ``provision.py`` inside
+        the owning package of the current dialect, based on the ``__module__``
+        attribute::
+
+            @classmethod
+            def load_provisioning(cls):
+                package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
+                try:
+                    __import__(package + ".provision")
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def engine_created(cls, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        """A convenience hook called before returning the final
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        If the dialect returned a different class from the
+        :meth:`.get_dialect_cls`
+        method, then the hook is called on both classes, first on
+        the dialect class returned by the :meth:`.get_dialect_cls` method and
+        then on the class on which the method was called.
+
+        The hook should be used by dialects and/or wrappers to apply special
+        events to the engine or its components.   In particular, it allows
+        a dialect-wrapping class to apply dialect-level events.
+
+        """
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection: DBAPIConnection) -> Any:
+        """Returns the connection object as returned by the external driver
+        package.
+
+        For normal dialects that use a DBAPI compliant driver this call
+        will just return the ``connection`` passed as argument.
+        For dialects that instead adapt a non DBAPI compliant driver, like
+        when adapting an asyncio driver, this call will return the
+        connection-like object as returned by the driver.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(
+        self, engine: Engine, opts: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish execution options for a given engine.
+
+        This is implemented by :class:`.DefaultDialect` to establish
+        event hooks for new :class:`.Connection` instances created
+        by the given :class:`.Engine` which will then invoke the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.set_connection_execution_options` method for that
+        connection.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(
+        self, connection: Connection, opts: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish execution options for a given connection.
+
+        This is implemented by :class:`.DefaultDialect` in order to implement
+        the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+        execution option.  Dialects can intercept various execution options
+        which may need to modify state on a particular DBAPI connection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_dialect_pool_class(self, url: URL) -> Type[Pool]:
+        """return a Pool class to use for a given URL"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class CreateEnginePlugin:
+    """A set of hooks intended to augment the construction of an
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` object based on entrypoint names in a URL.
+
+    The purpose of :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` is to allow third-party
+    systems to apply engine, pool and dialect level event listeners without
+    the need for the target application to be modified; instead, the plugin
+    names can be added to the database URL.  Target applications for
+    :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` include:
+
+    * connection and SQL performance tools, e.g. which use events to track
+      number of checkouts and/or time spent with statements
+
+    * connectivity plugins such as proxies
+
+    A rudimentary :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` that attaches a logger
+    to an :class:`_engine.Engine` object might look like::
+
+
+        import logging
+
+        from sqlalchemy.engine import CreateEnginePlugin
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        class LogCursorEventsPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
+            def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
+                # consume the parameter "log_cursor_logging_name" from the
+                # URL query
+                logging_name = url.query.get("log_cursor_logging_name", "log_cursor")
+
+                self.log = logging.getLogger(logging_name)
+
+            def update_url(self, url):
+                "update the URL to one that no longer includes our parameters"
+                return url.difference_update_query(["log_cursor_logging_name"])
+
+            def engine_created(self, engine):
+                "attach an event listener after the new Engine is constructed"
+                event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", self._log_event)
+
+
+            def _log_event(
+                self,
+                conn,
+                cursor,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                context,
+                executemany):
+
+                self.log.info("Plugin logged cursor event: %s", statement)
+
+
+
+    Plugins are registered using entry points in a similar way as that
+    of dialects::
+
+        entry_points={
+            'sqlalchemy.plugins': [
+                'log_cursor_plugin = myapp.plugins:LogCursorEventsPlugin'
+            ]
+
+    A plugin that uses the above names would be invoked from a database
+    URL as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?"
+            "plugin=log_cursor_plugin&log_cursor_logging_name=mylogger"
+        )
+
+    The ``plugin`` URL parameter supports multiple instances, so that a URL
+    may specify multiple plugins; they are loaded in the order stated
+    in the URL::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+          "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?"
+          "plugin=plugin_one&plugin=plugin_twp&plugin=plugin_three")
+
+    The plugin names may also be passed directly to :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+    using the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.plugins` argument::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+          "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+          plugins=["myplugin"])
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.3  plugin names can also be specified
+       to :func:`_sa.create_engine` as a list
+
+    A plugin may consume plugin-specific arguments from the
+    :class:`_engine.URL` object as well as the ``kwargs`` dictionary, which is
+    the dictionary of arguments passed to the :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+    call.  "Consuming" these arguments includes that they must be removed
+    when the plugin initializes, so that the arguments are not passed along
+    to the :class:`_engine.Dialect` constructor, where they will raise an
+    :class:`_exc.ArgumentError` because they are not known by the dialect.
+
+    As of version 1.4 of SQLAlchemy, arguments should continue to be consumed
+    from the ``kwargs`` dictionary directly, by removing the values with a
+    method such as ``dict.pop``. Arguments from the :class:`_engine.URL` object
+    should be consumed by implementing the
+    :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method, returning a new copy
+    of the :class:`_engine.URL` with plugin-specific parameters removed::
+
+        class MyPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
+            def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
+                self.my_argument_one = url.query['my_argument_one']
+                self.my_argument_two = url.query['my_argument_two']
+                self.my_argument_three = kwargs.pop('my_argument_three', None)
+
+            def update_url(self, url):
+                return url.difference_update_query(
+                    ["my_argument_one", "my_argument_two"]
+                )
+
+    Arguments like those illustrated above would be consumed from a
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine` call such as::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+          "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?"
+          "plugin=myplugin&my_argument_one=foo&my_argument_two=bar",
+          my_argument_three='bat'
+        )
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now immutable; a
+        :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` that needs to alter the
+        :class:`_engine.URL` should implement the newly added
+        :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method, which
+        is invoked after the plugin is constructed.
+
+        For migration, construct the plugin in the following way, checking
+        for the existence of the :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url`
+        method to detect which version is running::
+
+            class MyPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
+                def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
+                    if hasattr(CreateEnginePlugin, "update_url"):
+                        # detect the 1.4 API
+                        self.my_argument_one = url.query['my_argument_one']
+                        self.my_argument_two = url.query['my_argument_two']
+                    else:
+                        # detect the 1.3 and earlier API - mutate the
+                        # URL directly
+                        self.my_argument_one = url.query.pop('my_argument_one')
+                        self.my_argument_two = url.query.pop('my_argument_two')
+
+                    self.my_argument_three = kwargs.pop('my_argument_three', None)
+
+                def update_url(self, url):
+                    # this method is only called in the 1.4 version
+                    return url.difference_update_query(
+                        ["my_argument_one", "my_argument_two"]
+                    )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`change_5526` - overview of the :class:`_engine.URL` change which
+            also includes notes regarding :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin`.
+
+
+    When the engine creation process completes and produces the
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` object, it is again passed to the plugin via the
+    :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.engine_created` hook.  In this hook, additional
+    changes can be made to the engine, most typically involving setup of
+    events (e.g. those defined in :ref:`core_event_toplevel`).
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(self, url: URL, kwargs: Dict[str, Any]):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin`.
+
+        The plugin object is instantiated individually for each call
+        to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  A single :class:`_engine.
+        Engine` will be
+        passed to the :meth:`.CreateEnginePlugin.engine_created` method
+        corresponding to this URL.
+
+        :param url: the :class:`_engine.URL` object.  The plugin may inspect
+         the :class:`_engine.URL` for arguments.  Arguments used by the
+         plugin should be removed, by returning an updated :class:`_engine.URL`
+         from the :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method.
+
+         .. versionchanged::  1.4
+
+            The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now immutable, so a
+            :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` that needs to alter the
+            :class:`_engine.URL` object should implement the
+            :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method.
+
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments passed to
+         :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+        """
+        self.url = url
+
+    def update_url(self, url: URL) -> URL:
+        """Update the :class:`_engine.URL`.
+
+        A new :class:`_engine.URL` should be returned.   This method is
+        typically used to consume configuration arguments from the
+        :class:`_engine.URL` which must be removed, as they will not be
+        recognized by the dialect.  The
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query` method is available
+        to remove these arguments.   See the docstring at
+        :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` for an example.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_dialect_kwargs(
+        self, dialect_cls: Type[Dialect], dialect_args: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """parse and modify dialect kwargs"""
+
+    def handle_pool_kwargs(
+        self, pool_cls: Type[Pool], pool_args: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """parse and modify pool kwargs"""
+
+    def engine_created(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        """Receive the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        object when it is fully constructed.
+
+        The plugin may make additional changes to the engine, such as
+        registering engine or connection pool events.
+
+        """
+
+
+class ExecutionContext:
+    """A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single
+    execution.
+
+    """
+
+    engine: Engine
+    """engine which the Connection is associated with"""
+
+    connection: Connection
+    """Connection object which can be freely used by default value
+      generators to execute SQL.  This Connection should reference the
+      same underlying connection/transactional resources of
+      root_connection."""
+
+    root_connection: Connection
+    """Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext."""
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    """dialect which created this ExecutionContext."""
+
+    cursor: DBAPICursor
+    """DB-API cursor procured from the connection"""
+
+    compiled: Optional[Compiled]
+    """if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object
+      being executed"""
+
+    statement: str
+    """string version of the statement to be executed.  Is either
+      passed to the constructor, or must be created from the
+      sql.Compiled object by the time pre_exec() has completed."""
+
+    invoked_statement: Optional[Executable]
+    """The Executable statement object that was given in the first place.
+
+    This should be structurally equivalent to compiled.statement, but not
+    necessarily the same object as in a caching scenario the compiled form
+    will have been extracted from the cache.
+
+    """
+
+    parameters: _AnyMultiExecuteParams
+    """bind parameters passed to the execute() or exec_driver_sql() methods.
+
+    These are always stored as a list of parameter entries.  A single-element
+    list corresponds to a ``cursor.execute()`` call and a multiple-element
+    list corresponds to ``cursor.executemany()``, except in the case
+    of :attr:`.ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` which will use
+    ``cursor.execute()`` one or more times.
+
+    """
+
+    no_parameters: bool
+    """True if the execution style does not use parameters"""
+
+    isinsert: bool
+    """True if the statement is an INSERT."""
+
+    isupdate: bool
+    """True if the statement is an UPDATE."""
+
+    execute_style: ExecuteStyle
+    """the style of DBAPI cursor method that will be used to execute
+    a statement.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    executemany: bool
+    """True if the context has a list of more than one parameter set.
+
+    Historically this attribute links to whether ``cursor.execute()`` or
+    ``cursor.executemany()`` will be used.  It also can now mean that
+    "insertmanyvalues" may be used which indicates one or more
+    ``cursor.execute()`` calls.
+
+    """
+
+    prefetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]]
+    """a list of Column objects for which a client-side default
+      was fired off.  Applies to inserts and updates."""
+
+    postfetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]]
+    """a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or
+      inline SQL expression value was fired off.  Applies to inserts
+      and updates."""
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+    """Execution options associated with the current statement execution"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_ddl(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled_ddl: DDLCompiler,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiled(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled: SQLCompiler,
+        parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        invoked_statement: Executable,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]],
+        cache_hit: CacheStats = CacheStats.CACHING_DISABLED,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_statement(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_default(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _exec_default(
+        self,
+        column: Optional[Column[Any]],
+        default: DefaultGenerator,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]],
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _prepare_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_cache_stats(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _setup_result_proxy(self) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq: Sequence_SchemaItem, type_: Integer) -> int:
+        """given a :class:`.Sequence`, invoke it and return the next int
+        value"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor:
+        """Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext's
+        connection.
+
+        Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of
+        connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG
+        "server side" cursor.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self) -> None:
+        """Called before an execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `statement` and `parameters` datamembers must be
+        initialized after this statement is complete.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_out_parameter_values(
+        self, out_param_names: Sequence[str]
+    ) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a sequence of OUT parameter values from a cursor.
+
+        For dialects that support OUT parameters, this method will be called
+        when there is a :class:`.SQLCompiler` object which has the
+        :attr:`.SQLCompiler.has_out_parameters` flag set.  This flag in turn
+        will be set to True if the statement itself has :class:`.BindParameter`
+        objects that have the ``.isoutparam`` flag set which are consumed by
+        the :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam` method.  If the dialect
+        compiler produces :class:`.BindParameter` objects with ``.isoutparam``
+        set which are not handled by :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam`, it
+        should set this flag explicitly.
+
+        The list of names that were rendered for each bound parameter
+        is passed to the method.  The method should then return a sequence of
+        values corresponding to the list of parameter objects. Unlike in
+        previous SQLAlchemy versions, the values can be the **raw values** from
+        the DBAPI; the execution context will apply the appropriate type
+        handler based on what's present in self.compiled.binds and update the
+        values.  The processed dictionary will then be made available via the
+        ``.out_parameters`` collection on the result object.  Note that
+        SQLAlchemy 1.4 has multiple kinds of result object as part of the 2.0
+        transition.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - added
+           :meth:`.ExecutionContext.get_out_parameter_values`, which is invoked
+           automatically by the :class:`.DefaultExecutionContext` when there
+           are :class:`.BindParameter` objects with the ``.isoutparam`` flag
+           set.  This replaces the practice of setting out parameters within
+           the now-removed ``get_result_proxy()`` method.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def post_exec(self) -> None:
+        """Called after the execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `last_insert_ids`, `last_inserted_params`, etc.
+        datamembers should be available after this method completes.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e: BaseException) -> None:
+        """Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result
+        fetch, etc."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained
+        inlined or database-side defaults.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_rowcount(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Return the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` value, or in some
+        cases an interpreted value.
+
+        See :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` for details on this.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fetchall_for_returning(self, cursor: DBAPICursor) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """For a RETURNING result, deliver cursor.fetchall() from the
+        DBAPI cursor.
+
+        This is a dialect-specific hook for dialects that have special
+        considerations when calling upon the rows delivered for a
+        "RETURNING" statement.   Default implementation is
+        ``cursor.fetchall()``.
+
+        This hook is currently used only by the :term:`insertmanyvalues`
+        feature.   Dialects that don't set ``use_insertmanyvalues=True``
+        don't need to consider this hook.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ConnectionEventsTarget(EventTarget):
+    """An object which can accept events from :class:`.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+    Includes :class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+
+
+Connectable = ConnectionEventsTarget
+
+
+class ExceptionContext:
+    """Encapsulate information about an error condition in progress.
+
+    This object exists solely to be passed to the
+    :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error` event,
+    supporting an interface that
+    can be extended without backwards-incompatibility.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    """The :class:`_engine.Dialect` in use.
+
+    This member is present for all invocations of the event hook.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    connection: Optional[Connection]
+    """The :class:`_engine.Connection` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member is present, except in the case of a failure when
+    first connecting.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine`
+
+
+    """
+
+    engine: Optional[Engine]
+    """The :class:`_engine.Engine` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member is present in all cases except for when handling an error
+    within the connection pool "pre-ping" process.
+
+    """
+
+    cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    """The DBAPI cursor object.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    statement: Optional[str]
+    """String SQL statement that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams]
+    """Parameter collection that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    original_exception: BaseException
+    """The exception object which was caught.
+
+    This member is always present.
+
+    """
+
+    sqlalchemy_exception: Optional[StatementError]
+    """The :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError` which wraps the original,
+    and will be raised if exception handling is not circumvented by the event.
+
+    May be None, as not all exception types are wrapped by SQLAlchemy.
+    For DBAPI-level exceptions that subclass the dbapi's Error class, this
+    field will always be present.
+
+    """
+
+    chained_exception: Optional[BaseException]
+    """The exception that was returned by the previous handler in the
+    exception chain, if any.
+
+    If present, this exception will be the one ultimately raised by
+    SQLAlchemy unless a subsequent handler replaces it.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    execution_context: Optional[ExecutionContext]
+    """The :class:`.ExecutionContext` corresponding to the execution
+    operation in progress.
+
+    This is present for statement execution operations, but not for
+    operations such as transaction begin/end.  It also is not present when
+    the exception was raised before the :class:`.ExecutionContext`
+    could be constructed.
+
+    Note that the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.statement` and
+    :attr:`.ExceptionContext.parameters` members may represent a
+    different value than that of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+    potentially in the case where a
+    :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event or similar
+    modified the statement/parameters to be sent.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    is_disconnect: bool
+    """Represent whether the exception as occurred represents a "disconnect"
+    condition.
+
+    This flag will always be True or False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error` handler.
+
+    SQLAlchemy will defer to this flag in order to determine whether or not
+    the connection should be invalidated subsequently.    That is, by
+    assigning to this flag, a "disconnect" event which then results in
+    a connection and pool invalidation can be invoked or prevented by
+    changing this flag.
+
+
+    .. note:: The pool "pre_ping" handler enabled using the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter does **not**
+        consult this event before deciding if the "ping" returned false,
+        as opposed to receiving an unhandled error.   For this use case, the
+        :ref:`legacy recipe based on engine_connect() may be used
+        <pool_disconnects_pessimistic_custom>`.  A future API allow more
+        comprehensive customization of the "disconnect" detection mechanism
+        across all functions.
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool_on_disconnect: bool
+    """Represent whether all connections in the pool should be invalidated
+    when a "disconnect" condition is in effect.
+
+    Setting this flag to False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error`
+    event will have the effect such
+    that the full collection of connections in the pool will not be
+    invalidated during a disconnect; only the current connection that is the
+    subject of the error will actually be invalidated.
+
+    The purpose of this flag is for custom disconnect-handling schemes where
+    the invalidation of other connections in the pool is to be performed
+    based on other conditions, or even on a per-connection basis.
+
+    """
+
+    is_pre_ping: bool
+    """Indicates if this error is occurring within the "pre-ping" step
+    performed when :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` is set to
+    ``True``.  In this mode, the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine` attribute
+    will be ``None``.  The dialect in use is accessible via the
+    :attr:`.ExceptionContext.dialect` attribute.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.5
+
+    """
+
+
+class AdaptedConnection:
+    """Interface of an adapted connection object to support the DBAPI protocol.
+
+    Used by asyncio dialects to provide a sync-style pep-249 facade on top
+    of the asyncio connection/cursor API provided by the driver.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_connection",)
+
+    _connection: Any
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Any:
+        """The connection object as returned by the driver after a connect."""
+        return self._connection
+
+    def run_async(self, fn: Callable[[Any], Awaitable[_T]]) -> _T:
+        """Run the awaitable returned by the given function, which is passed
+        the raw asyncio driver connection.
+
+        This is used to invoke awaitable-only methods on the driver connection
+        within the context of a "synchronous" method, like a connection
+        pool event handler.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            engine = create_async_engine(...)
+
+            @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
+            def register_custom_types(dbapi_connection, ...):
+                dbapi_connection.run_async(
+                    lambda connection: connection.set_type_codec(
+                        'MyCustomType', encoder, decoder, ...
+                    )
+                )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.30
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_events_run_async`
+
+        """
+        return await_only(fn(self._connection))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<AdaptedConnection %s>" % self._connection
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/mock.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a31629092e40937b971cb6ac7d16533b671b5491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/mock.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# engine/mock.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from operator import attrgetter
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import url as _url
+from .. import util
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..sql.base import Executable
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaDropper
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaGenerator
+    from ..sql.schema import HasSchemaAttr
+    from ..sql.schema import SchemaItem
+
+
+class MockConnection:
+    def __init__(self, dialect: Dialect, execute: Callable[..., Any]):
+        self._dialect = dialect
+        self._execute_impl = execute
+
+    engine: Engine = cast(Any, property(lambda s: s))
+    dialect: Dialect = cast(Any, property(attrgetter("_dialect")))
+    name: str = cast(Any, property(lambda s: s._dialect.name))
+
+    def connect(self, **kwargs: Any) -> MockConnection:
+        return self
+
+    def schema_for_object(self, obj: HasSchemaAttr) -> Optional[str]:
+        return obj.schema
+
+    def execution_options(self, **kw: Any) -> MockConnection:
+        return self
+
+    def _run_ddl_visitor(
+        self,
+        visitorcallable: Type[Union[SchemaGenerator, SchemaDropper]],
+        element: SchemaItem,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        kwargs["checkfirst"] = False
+        visitorcallable(self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        obj: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return self._execute_impl(obj, parameters)
+
+
+def create_mock_engine(
+    url: Union[str, URL], executor: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> MockConnection:
+    """Create a "mock" engine used for echoing DDL.
+
+    This is a utility function used for debugging or storing the output of DDL
+    sequences as generated by :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`
+    and related methods.
+
+    The function accepts a URL which is used only to determine the kind of
+    dialect to be used, as well as an "executor" callable function which
+    will receive a SQL expression object and parameters, which can then be
+    echoed or otherwise printed.   The executor's return value is not handled,
+    nor does the engine allow regular string statements to be invoked, and
+    is therefore only useful for DDL that is sent to the database without
+    receiving any results.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_mock_engine
+
+        def dump(sql, *multiparams, **params):
+            print(sql.compile(dialect=engine.dialect))
+
+        engine = create_mock_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://', dump)
+        metadata.create_all(engine, checkfirst=False)
+
+    :param url: A string URL which typically needs to contain only the
+     database backend name.
+
+    :param executor: a callable which receives the arguments ``sql``,
+     ``*multiparams`` and ``**params``.  The ``sql`` parameter is typically
+     an instance of :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`, which can then be compiled
+     into a string using :meth:`.ExecutableDDLElement.compile`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :func:`.create_mock_engine` function replaces
+       the previous "mock" engine strategy used with
+       :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_ddl_as_string`
+
+    """
+
+    # create url.URL object
+    u = _url.make_url(url)
+
+    dialect_cls = u.get_dialect()
+
+    dialect_args = {}
+    # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+    for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+        if k in kw:
+            dialect_args[k] = kw.pop(k)
+
+    # create dialect
+    dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+    return MockConnection(dialect, executor)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/processors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/processors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..231b0c345ed07efd6c0a581a230c1afa460b7318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/processors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# engine/processors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Gaetan de Menten gdementen@gmail.com
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""defines generic type conversion functions, as used in bind and result
+processors.
+
+They all share one common characteristic: None is passed through unchanged.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from ._py_processors import str_to_datetime_processor_factory  # noqa
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_processors import int_to_boolean as int_to_boolean
+    from ._py_processors import str_to_date as str_to_date
+    from ._py_processors import str_to_datetime as str_to_datetime
+    from ._py_processors import str_to_time as str_to_time
+    from ._py_processors import (
+        to_decimal_processor_factory as to_decimal_processor_factory,
+    )
+    from ._py_processors import to_float as to_float
+    from ._py_processors import to_str as to_str
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (
+        DecimalResultProcessor,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401
+        int_to_boolean as int_to_boolean,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        str_to_date as str_to_date,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401
+        str_to_datetime as str_to_datetime,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        str_to_time as str_to_time,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        to_float as to_float,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        to_str as to_str,
+    )
+
+    def to_decimal_processor_factory(target_class, scale):
+        # Note that the scale argument is not taken into account for integer
+        # values in the C implementation while it is in the Python one.
+        # For example, the Python implementation might return
+        # Decimal('5.00000') whereas the C implementation will
+        # return Decimal('5'). These are equivalent of course.
+        return DecimalResultProcessor(target_class, "%%.%df" % scale).process
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f77d6a11f7b0c55e7848512fc2cf12d6eb8822b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2089 @@
+# engine/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.
+
+Usage Notes:
+
+Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
+methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.
+
+1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
+   reasons:
+
+   * They're both standard types that can be serialized.
+   * Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
+   * Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
+     with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).
+
+2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
+   use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
+   'name' attribute..
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import auto
+from enum import Flag
+from enum import unique
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import Connection
+from .base import Engine
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
+from ..sql.cache_key import _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args
+from ..sql.elements import TextClause
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import final
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedCheckConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedColumn
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedIndex
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedTableComment
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedUniqueConstraint
+    from .interfaces import TableKey
+
+_R = TypeVar("_R")
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def cache(
+    fn: Callable[..., _R],
+    self: Dialect,
+    con: Connection,
+    *args: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _R:
+    info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
+    if info_cache is None:
+        return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+    exclude = {"info_cache", "unreflectable"}
+    key = (
+        fn.__name__,
+        tuple(a for a in args if isinstance(a, str)),
+        tuple((k, v) for k, v in kw.items() if k not in exclude),
+    )
+    ret: _R = info_cache.get(key)
+    if ret is None:
+        ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        info_cache[key] = ret
+    return ret
+
+
+def flexi_cache(
+    *traverse_args: Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], Callable[..., _R]]:
+    @util.decorator
+    def go(
+        fn: Callable[..., _R],
+        self: Dialect,
+        con: Connection,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _R:
+        info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
+        if info_cache is None:
+            return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        key = _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args((fn.__name__,), traverse_args, args)
+        ret: _R = info_cache.get(key)
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+            info_cache[key] = ret
+        return ret
+
+    return go
+
+
+@unique
+class ObjectKind(Flag):
+    """Enumerator that indicates which kind of object to return when calling
+    the ``get_multi`` methods.
+
+    This is a Flag enum, so custom combinations can be passed. For example,
+    to reflect tables and plain views ``ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.VIEW``
+    may be used.
+
+    .. note::
+      Not all dialect may support all kind of object. If a dialect does
+      not support a particular object an empty dict is returned.
+      In case a dialect supports an object, but the requested method
+      is not applicable for the specified kind the default value
+      will be returned for each reflected object. For example reflecting
+      check constraints of view return a dict with all the views with
+      empty lists as values.
+    """
+
+    TABLE = auto()
+    "Reflect table objects"
+    VIEW = auto()
+    "Reflect plain view objects"
+    MATERIALIZED_VIEW = auto()
+    "Reflect materialized view object"
+
+    ANY_VIEW = VIEW | MATERIALIZED_VIEW
+    "Reflect any kind of view objects"
+    ANY = TABLE | VIEW | MATERIALIZED_VIEW
+    "Reflect all type of objects"
+
+
+@unique
+class ObjectScope(Flag):
+    """Enumerator that indicates which scope to use when calling
+    the ``get_multi`` methods.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT = auto()
+    "Include default scope"
+    TEMPORARY = auto()
+    "Include only temp scope"
+    ANY = DEFAULT | TEMPORARY
+    "Include both default and temp scope"
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Inspector(inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]):
+    """Performs database schema inspection.
+
+    The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
+    consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
+    fetched metadata.
+
+    A :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object is usually created via the
+    :func:`_sa.inspect` function, which may be passed an
+    :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    or a :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
+        engine = create_engine('...')
+        insp = inspect(engine)
+
+    Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` associated
+    with the engine may opt to return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+    subclass that
+    provides additional methods specific to the dialect's target database.
+
+    """
+
+    bind: Union[Engine, Connection]
+    engine: Engine
+    _op_context_requires_connect: bool
+    dialect: Dialect
+    info_cache: Dict[Any, Any]
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The __init__() method on :class:`_reflection.Inspector` "
+        "is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":func:`.sqlalchemy.inspect` "
+        "function on an :class:`_engine.Engine` or "
+        ":class:`_engine.Connection` "
+        "in order to "
+        "acquire an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, bind: Union[Engine, Connection]):
+        """Initialize a new :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`_reflection.Inspector`, see
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.from_engine`
+
+        """
+        self._init_legacy(bind)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls, init: Callable[..., Any], bind: Union[Engine, Connection]
+    ) -> Inspector:
+        if hasattr(bind.dialect, "inspector"):
+            cls = bind.dialect.inspector
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        init(self, bind)
+        return self
+
+    def _init_legacy(self, bind: Union[Engine, Connection]) -> None:
+        if hasattr(bind, "exec_driver_sql"):
+            self._init_connection(bind)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        else:
+            self._init_engine(bind)
+
+    def _init_engine(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        self.bind = self.engine = engine
+        engine.connect().close()
+        self._op_context_requires_connect = True
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    def _init_connection(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        self.bind = connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+        self._op_context_requires_connect = False
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    def clear_cache(self) -> None:
+        """reset the cache for this :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        Inspection methods that have data cached will emit SQL queries
+        when next called to get new data.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self.info_cache.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The from_engine() method on :class:`_reflection.Inspector` "
+        "is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":func:`.sqlalchemy.inspect` "
+        "function on an :class:`_engine.Engine` or "
+        ":class:`_engine.Connection` "
+        "in order to "
+        "acquire an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.",
+    )
+    def from_engine(cls, bind: Engine) -> Inspector:
+        """Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
+        engine or connection.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`
+         or :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine`.
+
+        This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
+        :class:`_reflection.Inspector` in that the
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
+        provide a dialect-specific :class:`_reflection.Inspector` instance,
+        which may
+        provide additional methods.
+
+        See the example at :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(cls._init_legacy, bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Engine)
+    def _engine_insp(bind: Engine) -> Inspector:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return Inspector._construct(Inspector._init_engine, bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Connection)
+    def _connection_insp(bind: Connection) -> Inspector:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return Inspector._construct(Inspector._init_connection, bind)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _operation_context(self) -> Generator[Connection, None, None]:
+        """Return a context that optimizes for multiple operations on a single
+        transaction.
+
+        This essentially allows connect()/close() to be called if we detected
+        that we're against an :class:`_engine.Engine` and not a
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+        conn: Connection
+        if self._op_context_requires_connect:
+            conn = self.bind.connect()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        else:
+            conn = self.bind  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        try:
+            yield conn
+        finally:
+            if self._op_context_requires_connect:
+                conn.close()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _inspection_context(self) -> Generator[Inspector, None, None]:
+        """Return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+        from this one that will run all
+        operations on a single connection.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            sub_insp = self._construct(self.__class__._init_connection, conn)
+            sub_insp.info_cache = self.info_cache
+            yield sub_insp
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
+        for the current engine's database user.
+
+        E.g. this is typically ``public`` for PostgreSQL and ``dbo``
+        for SQL Server.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all schema names.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_schema_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all table names within a particular schema.
+
+        The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
+        Views are instead returned using the
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_view_names` and/or
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`
+        methods.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
+         database's default schema is
+         used, else the named schema is searched.  If the database does not
+         support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
+         passed as ``None``.  For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_table(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a table, view, or temporary
+        table of the given name.
+
+        :param table_name: name of the table to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method
+           replaces the :meth:`_engine.Engine.has_table` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0:: :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` now formally
+           supports checking for additional table-like objects:
+
+           * any type of views (plain or materialized)
+           * temporary tables of any kind
+
+           Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and
+           different dialects would vary in their behavior.   The dialect
+           testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types
+           and should be supported by all SQLAlchemy-included dialects.
+           Support among third party dialects may be lagging, however.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_table(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, sequence_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a sequence with the given name.
+
+        :param sequence_name: name of the sequence to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                conn, sequence_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_index(
+        self,
+        table_name: str,
+        index_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.
+
+        :param table_name: the name of the table the index belongs to
+        :param index_name: the name of the index to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_index(
+                conn,
+                table_name,
+                index_name,
+                schema,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def has_schema(self, schema_name: str, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a schema with the given name.
+
+        :param schema_name: name of the schema to check
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_schema(
+                conn, schema_name, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[Optional[str], List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]]:
+        r"""Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names in
+        referred to within a particular schema.
+
+        This will yield 2-tuples of
+        ``(tablename, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ...])``
+        consisting of table names in CREATE order grouped with the foreign key
+        constraint names that are not detected as belonging to a cycle.
+        The final element
+        will be ``(None, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ..])``
+        which will consist of remaining
+        foreign key constraint names that would require a separate CREATE
+        step after-the-fact, based on dependencies between tables.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints` - similar method which works
+            with an already-given :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        """
+
+        return [
+            (
+                table_key[1] if table_key else None,
+                [(tname, fks) for (_, tname), fks in fk_collection],
+            )
+            for (
+                table_key,
+                fk_collection,
+            ) in self.sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+                consider_schemas=(schema,)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+        self,
+        consider_schemas: Collection[Optional[str]] = (None,),
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[
+        Tuple[
+            Optional[Tuple[Optional[str], str]],
+            List[Tuple[Tuple[Optional[str], str], Optional[str]]],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        r"""Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names
+        referred to within multiple schemas.
+
+        This method may be compared to
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`, which
+        works on one schema at a time; here, the method is a generalization
+        that will consider multiple schemas at once including that it will
+        resolve for cross-schema foreign keys.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        SchemaTab = Tuple[Optional[str], str]
+
+        tuples: Set[Tuple[SchemaTab, SchemaTab]] = set()
+        remaining_fkcs: Set[Tuple[SchemaTab, Optional[str]]] = set()
+        fknames_for_table: Dict[SchemaTab, Set[Optional[str]]] = {}
+        tnames: List[SchemaTab] = []
+
+        for schname in consider_schemas:
+            schema_fkeys = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(schname, **kw)
+            tnames.extend(schema_fkeys)
+            for (_, tname), fkeys in schema_fkeys.items():
+                fknames_for_table[(schname, tname)] = {
+                    fk["name"] for fk in fkeys
+                }
+                for fkey in fkeys:
+                    if (
+                        tname != fkey["referred_table"]
+                        or schname != fkey["referred_schema"]
+                    ):
+                        tuples.add(
+                            (
+                                (
+                                    fkey["referred_schema"],
+                                    fkey["referred_table"],
+                                ),
+                                (schname, tname),
+                            )
+                        )
+        try:
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+            edge: Tuple[SchemaTab, SchemaTab]
+            for edge in err.edges:
+                tuples.remove(edge)
+                remaining_fkcs.update(
+                    (edge[1], fkc) for fkc in fknames_for_table[edge[1]]
+                )
+
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        ret: List[
+            Tuple[Optional[SchemaTab], List[Tuple[SchemaTab, Optional[str]]]]
+        ]
+        ret = [
+            (
+                (schname, tname),
+                [
+                    ((schname, tname), fk)
+                    for fk in fknames_for_table[(schname, tname)].difference(
+                        name for _, name in remaining_fkcs
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+            for (schname, tname) in candidate_sort
+        ]
+        return ret + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return a list of temporary table names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only Oracle, PostgreSQL and SQLite implements it.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_temp_table_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return a list of temporary view names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only PostgreSQL and SQLite implements it.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_temp_view_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_table_options(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        r"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
+        given name was created.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL and Oracle
+        tables.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dict with the table options. The returned keys depend on the
+         dialect in use. Each one is prefixed with the dialect name.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_table_options`
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_options(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        r"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the
+        given schema were created.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL and Oracle
+        tables.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if options of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries with the table options.
+         The returned keys in each dict depend on the
+         dialect in use. Each one is prefixed with the dialect name.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_table_options`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            res = self.dialect.get_multi_table_options(
+                conn,
+                schema=schema,
+                filter_names=filter_names,
+                kind=kind,
+                scope=scope,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            return dict(res)
+
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all non-materialized view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  For those dialects that previously included
+           the names of materialized views in this list (currently PostgreSQL),
+           this method no longer returns the names of materialized views.
+           the :meth:`.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names` method should
+           be used instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_view_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all materialized view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_view_names`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_materialized_view_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_sequence_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all sequence names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_sequence_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self, view_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        r"""Return definition for the plain or materialized view called
+        ``view_name``.
+
+        :param view_name: Name of the view.
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
+                conn, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_columns(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        r"""Return information about columns in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
+        return column information as a list of :class:`.ReflectedColumn`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: list of dictionaries, each representing the definition of
+         a database column.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_columns`.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+        if col_defs:
+            self._instantiate_types([col_defs])
+        return col_defs
+
+    def _instantiate_types(
+        self, data: Iterable[List[ReflectedColumn]]
+    ) -> None:
+        # make this easy and only return instances for coltype
+        for col_defs in data:
+            for col_def in col_defs:
+                coltype = col_def["type"]
+                if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
+                    col_def["type"] = coltype()
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]:
+        r"""Return information about columns in all objects in the given
+        schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of :class:`.ReflectedColumn`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if columns of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a database column.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_columns`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            table_col_defs = dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_columns(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+        self._instantiate_types(table_col_defs.values())
+        return table_col_defs
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        r"""Return information about primary key constraint in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name``, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary representing the definition of
+         a primary key constraint.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about primary key constraints in
+        all tables in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if primary keys of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a primary key constraint.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_pk_constraint`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about foreign_keys in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name``, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        foreign key information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         a foreign key definition.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about foreign_keys in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if foreign keys of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing
+         a foreign key definition.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_foreign_keys`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_indexes(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        r"""Return information about indexes in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        index information as a list of :class:`.ReflectedIndex`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an index.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_indexes`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_indexes(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]:
+        r"""Return information about indexes in in all objects
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of :class:`.ReflectedIndex`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if indexes of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an index.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_indexes`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_indexes(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an unique constraint.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if constraints of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an unique constraint.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_table_comment(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        r"""Return information about the table comment for ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
+        return table comment information as a :class:`.ReflectedTableComment`.
+
+        Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
+        comments.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary, with the table comment.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_table_comment`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_comment(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, ReflectedTableComment]:
+        r"""Return information about the table comment in all objects
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a :class:`.ReflectedTableComment`.
+
+        Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
+        comments.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if comments of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries, representing the
+         table comments.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_table_comment`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_table_comment(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        check constraint information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a check constraints.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_check_constraints(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if constraints of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a check constraints.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_check_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_check_constraints(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def reflect_table(
+        self,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str] = (),
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[sa_schema.Table]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: Optional[_ReflectionInfo] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a :class:`_schema.Table` object, load its internal
+        constructs based on introspection.
+
+        This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
+        table reflection.  Direct usage is like::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
+            from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+            engine = create_engine('...')
+            meta = MetaData()
+            user_table = Table('user', meta)
+            insp = inspect(engine)
+            insp.reflect_table(user_table, None)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 Renamed from ``reflecttable`` to
+           ``reflect_table``
+
+        :param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
+        :param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
+          in the reflection process.  If ``None``, all columns are reflected.
+
+        """
+
+        if _extend_on is not None:
+            if table in _extend_on:
+                return
+            else:
+                _extend_on.add(table)
+
+        dialect = self.bind.dialect
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            schema = conn.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        table_name = table.name
+
+        # get table-level arguments that are specifically
+        # intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
+        # these are unconditionally passed to related Table
+        # objects
+        reflection_options = {
+            k: table.dialect_kwargs.get(k)
+            for k in dialect.reflection_options
+            if k in table.dialect_kwargs
+        }
+
+        table_key = (schema, table_name)
+        if _reflect_info is None or table_key not in _reflect_info.columns:
+            _reflect_info = self._get_reflection_info(
+                schema,
+                filter_names=[table_name],
+                kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+                scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                **table.dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+        if table_key in _reflect_info.unreflectable:
+            raise _reflect_info.unreflectable[table_key]
+
+        if table_key not in _reflect_info.columns:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+
+        # reflect table options, like mysql_engine
+        if _reflect_info.table_options:
+            tbl_opts = _reflect_info.table_options.get(table_key)
+            if tbl_opts:
+                # add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
+                # returned them
+                table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)
+
+        found_table = False
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]] = {}
+
+        for col_d in _reflect_info.columns[table_key]:
+            found_table = True
+
+            self._reflect_column(
+                table,
+                col_d,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                cols_by_orig_name,
+            )
+
+        # NOTE: support tables/views with no columns
+        if not found_table and not self.has_table(table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+
+        self._reflect_pk(
+            _reflect_info, table_key, table, cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_fk(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            resolve_fks,
+            _extend_on,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_indexes(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_unique_constraints(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_check_constraints(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_table_comment(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+    def _reflect_column(
+        self,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        col_d: ReflectedColumn,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        orig_name = col_d["name"]
+
+        table.metadata.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+        table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+
+        # fetch name again as column_reflect is allowed to
+        # change it
+        name = col_d["name"]
+        if (include_columns and name not in include_columns) or (
+            exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns
+        ):
+            return
+
+        coltype = col_d["type"]
+
+        col_kw = {
+            k: col_d[k]  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+            for k in [
+                "nullable",
+                "autoincrement",
+                "quote",
+                "info",
+                "key",
+                "comment",
+            ]
+            if k in col_d
+        }
+
+        if "dialect_options" in col_d:
+            col_kw.update(col_d["dialect_options"])
+
+        colargs = []
+        default: Any
+        if col_d.get("default") is not None:
+            default_text = col_d["default"]
+            assert default_text is not None
+            if isinstance(default_text, TextClause):
+                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    default_text, _reflected=True
+                )
+            elif not isinstance(default_text, sa_schema.FetchedValue):
+                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    sql.text(default_text), _reflected=True
+                )
+            else:
+                default = default_text
+            colargs.append(default)
+
+        if "computed" in col_d:
+            computed = sa_schema.Computed(**col_d["computed"])
+            colargs.append(computed)
+
+        if "identity" in col_d:
+            identity = sa_schema.Identity(**col_d["identity"])
+            colargs.append(identity)
+
+        cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = sa_schema.Column(
+            name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw
+        )
+
+        if col.key in table.primary_key:
+            col.primary_key = True
+        table.append_column(col, replace_existing=True)
+
+    def _reflect_pk(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        pk_cons = _reflect_info.pk_constraint.get(table_key)
+        if pk_cons:
+            pk_cols = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[pk]
+                for pk in pk_cons["constrained_columns"]
+                if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
+            ]
+
+            # update pk constraint name and comment
+            table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get("name")
+            table.primary_key.comment = pk_cons.get("comment", None)
+
+            # tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
+            # its column collection
+            table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)
+
+    def _reflect_fk(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        resolve_fks: bool,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[sa_schema.Table]],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        fkeys = _reflect_info.foreign_keys.get(table_key, [])
+        for fkey_d in fkeys:
+            conname = fkey_d["name"]
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_columns = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[c].key if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
+                for c in fkey_d["constrained_columns"]
+            ]
+
+            if (
+                exclude_columns
+                and set(constrained_columns).intersection(exclude_columns)
+                or (
+                    include_columns
+                    and set(constrained_columns).difference(include_columns)
+                )
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            referred_schema = fkey_d["referred_schema"]
+            referred_table = fkey_d["referred_table"]
+            referred_columns = fkey_d["referred_columns"]
+            refspec = []
+            if referred_schema is not None:
+                if resolve_fks:
+                    sa_schema.Table(
+                        referred_table,
+                        table.metadata,
+                        schema=referred_schema,
+                        autoload_with=self.bind,
+                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                        _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                        **reflection_options,
+                    )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(
+                        ".".join([referred_schema, referred_table, column])
+                    )
+            else:
+                if resolve_fks:
+                    sa_schema.Table(
+                        referred_table,
+                        table.metadata,
+                        autoload_with=self.bind,
+                        schema=sa_schema.BLANK_SCHEMA,
+                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                        _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                        **reflection_options,
+                    )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
+            if "options" in fkey_d:
+                options = fkey_d["options"]
+            else:
+                options = {}
+
+            try:
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                        constrained_columns,
+                        refspec,
+                        conname,
+                        link_to_name=True,
+                        comment=fkey_d.get("comment"),
+                        **options,
+                    )
+                )
+            except exc.ConstraintColumnNotFoundError:
+                util.warn(
+                    f"On reflected table {table.name}, skipping reflection of "
+                    "foreign key constraint "
+                    f"{conname}; one or more subject columns within "
+                    f"name(s) {', '.join(constrained_columns)} are not "
+                    "present in the table"
+                )
+
+    _index_sort_exprs = {
+        "asc": operators.asc_op,
+        "desc": operators.desc_op,
+        "nulls_first": operators.nulls_first_op,
+        "nulls_last": operators.nulls_last_op,
+    }
+
+    def _reflect_indexes(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        # Indexes
+        indexes = _reflect_info.indexes.get(table_key, [])
+        for index_d in indexes:
+            name = index_d["name"]
+            columns = index_d["column_names"]
+            expressions = index_d.get("expressions")
+            column_sorting = index_d.get("column_sorting", {})
+            unique = index_d["unique"]
+            flavor = index_d.get("type", "index")
+            dialect_options = index_d.get("dialect_options", {})
+
+            duplicates = index_d.get("duplicates_constraint")
+            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            idx_element: Any
+            idx_elements = []
+            for index, c in enumerate(columns):
+                if c is None:
+                    if not expressions:
+                        util.warn(
+                            f"Skipping {flavor} {name!r} because key "
+                            f"{index + 1} reflected as None but no "
+                            "'expressions' were returned"
+                        )
+                        break
+                    idx_element = sql.text(expressions[index])
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name:
+                            idx_element = cols_by_orig_name[c]
+                        else:
+                            idx_element = table.c[c]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        util.warn(
+                            f"{flavor} key {c!r} was not located in "
+                            f"columns for table {table.name!r}"
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    for option in column_sorting.get(c, ()):
+                        if option in self._index_sort_exprs:
+                            op = self._index_sort_exprs[option]
+                            idx_element = op(idx_element)
+                idx_elements.append(idx_element)
+            else:
+                sa_schema.Index(
+                    name,
+                    *idx_elements,
+                    _table=table,
+                    unique=unique,
+                    **dialect_options,
+                )
+
+    def _reflect_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        constraints = _reflect_info.unique_constraints.get(table_key, [])
+        # Unique Constraints
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            conname = const_d["name"]
+            columns = const_d["column_names"]
+            comment = const_d.get("comment")
+            duplicates = const_d.get("duplicates_index")
+            dialect_options = const_d.get("dialect_options", {})
+            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_cols = []
+            for c in columns:
+                try:
+                    constrained_col = (
+                        cols_by_orig_name[c]
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name
+                        else table.c[c]
+                    )
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "unique constraint key '%s' was not located in "
+                        "columns for table '%s'" % (c, table.name)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    constrained_cols.append(constrained_col)
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa_schema.UniqueConstraint(
+                    *constrained_cols,
+                    name=conname,
+                    comment=comment,
+                    **dialect_options,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def _reflect_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        constraints = _reflect_info.check_constraints.get(table_key, [])
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            table.append_constraint(sa_schema.CheckConstraint(**const_d))
+
+    def _reflect_table_comment(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        comment_dict = _reflect_info.table_comment.get(table_key)
+        if comment_dict:
+            table.comment = comment_dict["text"]
+
+    def _get_reflection_info(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        available: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: Optional[_ReflectionInfo] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _ReflectionInfo:
+        kw["schema"] = schema
+
+        if filter_names and available and len(filter_names) > 100:
+            fraction = len(filter_names) / len(available)
+        else:
+            fraction = None
+
+        unreflectable: Dict[TableKey, exc.UnreflectableTableError]
+        kw["unreflectable"] = unreflectable = {}
+
+        has_result: bool = True
+
+        def run(
+            meth: Any,
+            *,
+            optional: bool = False,
+            check_filter_names_from_meth: bool = False,
+        ) -> Any:
+            nonlocal has_result
+            # simple heuristic to improve reflection performance if a
+            # dialect implements multi_reflection:
+            # if more than 50% of the tables in the db are in filter_names
+            # load all the tables, since it's most likely faster to avoid
+            # a filter on that many tables.
+            if (
+                fraction is None
+                or fraction <= 0.5
+                or not self.dialect._overrides_default(meth.__name__)
+            ):
+                _fn = filter_names
+            else:
+                _fn = None
+            try:
+                if has_result:
+                    res = meth(filter_names=_fn, **kw)
+                    if check_filter_names_from_meth and not res:
+                        # method returned no result data.
+                        # skip any future call methods
+                        has_result = False
+                else:
+                    res = {}
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                if not optional:
+                    raise
+                res = {}
+            return res
+
+        info = _ReflectionInfo(
+            columns=run(
+                self.get_multi_columns, check_filter_names_from_meth=True
+            ),
+            pk_constraint=run(self.get_multi_pk_constraint),
+            foreign_keys=run(self.get_multi_foreign_keys),
+            indexes=run(self.get_multi_indexes),
+            unique_constraints=run(
+                self.get_multi_unique_constraints, optional=True
+            ),
+            table_comment=run(self.get_multi_table_comment, optional=True),
+            check_constraints=run(
+                self.get_multi_check_constraints, optional=True
+            ),
+            table_options=run(self.get_multi_table_options, optional=True),
+            unreflectable=unreflectable,
+        )
+        if _reflect_info:
+            _reflect_info.update(info)
+            return _reflect_info
+        else:
+            return info
+
+
+@final
+class ReflectionDefaults:
+    """provides blank default values for reflection methods."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def columns(cls) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pk_constraint(cls) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        return {
+            "name": None,
+            "constrained_columns": [],
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def foreign_keys(cls) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def indexes(cls) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unique_constraints(cls) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_constraints(cls) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def table_options(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def table_comment(cls) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        return {"text": None}
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _ReflectionInfo:
+    columns: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]
+    pk_constraint: Dict[TableKey, Optional[ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]]
+    foreign_keys: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]
+    indexes: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]
+    # optionals
+    unique_constraints: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]
+    table_comment: Dict[TableKey, Optional[ReflectedTableComment]]
+    check_constraints: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]
+    table_options: Dict[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]
+    unreflectable: Dict[TableKey, exc.UnreflectableTableError]
+
+    def update(self, other: _ReflectionInfo) -> None:
+        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
+            ov = getattr(other, k)
+            if ov is not None:
+                if v is None:
+                    setattr(self, k, ov)
+                else:
+                    v.update(ov)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6df5c07d38f11d40ebdaa2d1c5afcf2772c26ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2382 @@
+# engine/result.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define generic result set constructs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .row import Row
+from .row import RowMapping
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..sql.base import HasMemoized
+from ..sql.base import InPlaceGenerative
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util import NONE_SET
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_row import tuplegetter as tuplegetter
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.resultproxy import tuplegetter as tuplegetter
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+
+_KeyType = Union[str, "Column[Any]"]
+_KeyIndexType = Union[str, "Column[Any]", int]
+
+# is overridden in cursor using _CursorKeyMapRecType
+_KeyMapRecType = Any
+
+_KeyMapType = Mapping[_KeyType, _KeyMapRecType]
+
+
+_RowData = Union[Row[Any], RowMapping, Any]
+"""A generic form of "row" that accommodates for the different kinds of
+"rows" that different result objects return, including row, row mapping, and
+scalar values"""
+
+_RawRowType = Tuple[Any, ...]
+"""represents the kind of row we get from a DBAPI cursor"""
+
+_R = TypeVar("_R", bound=_RowData)
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+_InterimRowType = Union[_R, _RawRowType]
+"""a catchall "anything" kind of return type that can be applied
+across all the result types
+
+"""
+
+_InterimSupportsScalarsRowType = Union[Row[Any], Any]
+
+_ProcessorsType = Sequence[Optional["_ResultProcessorType[Any]"]]
+_TupleGetterType = Callable[[Sequence[Any]], Sequence[Any]]
+_UniqueFilterType = Callable[[Any], Any]
+_UniqueFilterStateType = Tuple[Set[Any], Optional[_UniqueFilterType]]
+
+
+class ResultMetaData:
+    """Base for metadata about result rows."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _tuplefilter: Optional[_TupleGetterType] = None
+    _translated_indexes: Optional[Sequence[int]] = None
+    _unique_filters: Optional[Sequence[Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None
+    _keymap: _KeyMapType
+    _keys: Sequence[str]
+    _processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType]
+    _key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int]
+
+    @property
+    def keys(self) -> RMKeyView:
+        return RMKeyView(self)
+
+    def _has_key(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _for_freeze(self) -> ResultMetaData:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: Literal[True] = ...
+    ) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self,
+        key: Any,
+        err: Optional[Exception],
+        raiseerr: Literal[False] = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: bool = ...
+    ) -> Optional[NoReturn]: ...
+
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[NoReturn]:
+        assert raiseerr
+        raise KeyError(key) from err
+
+    def _raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(
+        self, rec: _KeyMapRecType
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "ambiguous column name logic is implemented for "
+            "CursorResultMetaData"
+        )
+
+    def _index_for_key(
+        self, key: _KeyIndexType, raiseerr: bool
+    ) -> Optional[int]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _indexes_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]
+    ) -> Sequence[int]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]
+    ) -> Iterator[_KeyMapRecType]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> ResultMetaData:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _getter(
+        self, key: Any, raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]]:
+        index = self._index_for_key(key, raiseerr)
+
+        if index is not None:
+            return operator.itemgetter(index)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _row_as_tuple_getter(
+        self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]
+    ) -> _TupleGetterType:
+        indexes = self._indexes_for_keys(keys)
+        return tuplegetter(*indexes)
+
+    def _make_key_to_index(
+        self, keymap: Mapping[_KeyType, Sequence[Any]], index: int
+    ) -> Mapping[_KeyType, int]:
+        return {
+            key: rec[index]
+            for key, rec in keymap.items()
+            if rec[index] is not None
+        }
+
+    def _key_not_found(self, key: Any, attr_error: bool) -> NoReturn:
+        if key in self._keymap:
+            # the index must be none in this case
+            self._raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(self._keymap[key])
+        else:
+            # unknown key
+            if attr_error:
+                try:
+                    self._key_fallback(key, None)
+                except KeyError as ke:
+                    raise AttributeError(ke.args[0]) from ke
+            else:
+                self._key_fallback(key, None)
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_processors(self) -> Optional[_ProcessorsType]:
+        if not self._processors or NONE_SET.issuperset(self._processors):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._processors
+
+
+class RMKeyView(typing.KeysView[Any]):
+    __slots__ = ("_parent", "_keys")
+
+    _parent: ResultMetaData
+    _keys: Sequence[str]
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: ResultMetaData):
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._keys = [k for k in parent._keys if k is not None]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._keys)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "{0.__class__.__name__}({0._keys!r})".format(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self._keys)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            return False
+
+        # note this also includes special key fallback behaviors
+        # which also don't seem to be tested in test_resultset right now
+        return self._parent._has_key(item)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) == list(self)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) != list(self)
+
+
+class SimpleResultMetaData(ResultMetaData):
+    """result metadata for in-memory collections."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_keys",
+        "_keymap",
+        "_processors",
+        "_tuplefilter",
+        "_translated_indexes",
+        "_unique_filters",
+        "_key_to_index",
+    )
+
+    _keys: Sequence[str]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        extra: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None,
+        _processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType] = None,
+        _tuplefilter: Optional[_TupleGetterType] = None,
+        _translated_indexes: Optional[Sequence[int]] = None,
+        _unique_filters: Optional[Sequence[Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._keys = list(keys)
+        self._tuplefilter = _tuplefilter
+        self._translated_indexes = _translated_indexes
+        self._unique_filters = _unique_filters
+        if extra:
+            recs_names = [
+                (
+                    (name,) + (extras if extras else ()),
+                    (index, name, extras),
+                )
+                for index, (name, extras) in enumerate(zip(self._keys, extra))
+            ]
+        else:
+            recs_names = [
+                ((name,), (index, name, ()))
+                for index, name in enumerate(self._keys)
+            ]
+
+        self._keymap = {key: rec for keys, rec in recs_names for key in keys}
+
+        self._processors = _processors
+
+        self._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(self._keymap, 0)
+
+    def _has_key(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return key in self._keymap
+
+    def _for_freeze(self) -> ResultMetaData:
+        unique_filters = self._unique_filters
+        if unique_filters and self._tuplefilter:
+            unique_filters = self._tuplefilter(unique_filters)
+
+        # TODO: are we freezing the result with or without uniqueness
+        # applied?
+        return SimpleResultMetaData(
+            self._keys,
+            extra=[self._keymap[key][2] for key in self._keys],
+            _unique_filters=unique_filters,
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "_keys": self._keys,
+            "_translated_indexes": self._translated_indexes,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        if state["_translated_indexes"]:
+            _translated_indexes = state["_translated_indexes"]
+            _tuplefilter = tuplegetter(*_translated_indexes)
+        else:
+            _translated_indexes = _tuplefilter = None
+        self.__init__(  # type: ignore
+            state["_keys"],
+            _translated_indexes=_translated_indexes,
+            _tuplefilter=_tuplefilter,
+        )
+
+    def _index_for_key(self, key: Any, raiseerr: bool = True) -> int:
+        if int in key.__class__.__mro__:
+            key = self._keys[key]
+        try:
+            rec = self._keymap[key]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            rec = self._key_fallback(key, ke, raiseerr)
+
+        return rec[0]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _indexes_for_keys(self, keys: Sequence[Any]) -> Sequence[int]:
+        return [self._keymap[key][0] for key in keys]
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[Any]
+    ) -> Iterator[_KeyMapRecType]:
+        for key in keys:
+            if int in key.__class__.__mro__:
+                key = self._keys[key]
+
+            try:
+                rec = self._keymap[key]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                rec = self._key_fallback(key, ke, True)
+
+            yield rec
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys: Sequence[Any]) -> ResultMetaData:
+        try:
+            metadata_for_keys = [
+                self._keymap[
+                    self._keys[key] if int in key.__class__.__mro__ else key
+                ]
+                for key in keys
+            ]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            self._key_fallback(ke.args[0], ke, True)
+
+        indexes: Sequence[int]
+        new_keys: Sequence[str]
+        extra: Sequence[Any]
+        indexes, new_keys, extra = zip(*metadata_for_keys)
+
+        if self._translated_indexes:
+            indexes = [self._translated_indexes[idx] for idx in indexes]
+
+        tup = tuplegetter(*indexes)
+
+        new_metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(
+            new_keys,
+            extra=extra,
+            _tuplefilter=tup,
+            _translated_indexes=indexes,
+            _processors=self._processors,
+            _unique_filters=self._unique_filters,
+        )
+
+        return new_metadata
+
+
+def result_tuple(
+    fields: Sequence[str], extra: Optional[Any] = None
+) -> Callable[[Iterable[Any]], Row[Any]]:
+    parent = SimpleResultMetaData(fields, extra)
+    return functools.partial(
+        Row, parent, parent._effective_processors, parent._key_to_index
+    )
+
+
+# a symbol that indicates to internal Result methods that
+# "no row is returned".  We can't use None for those cases where a scalar
+# filter is applied to rows.
+class _NoRow(Enum):
+    _NO_ROW = 0
+
+
+_NO_ROW = _NoRow._NO_ROW
+
+
+class ResultInternal(InPlaceGenerative, Generic[_R]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _real_result: Optional[Result[Any]] = None
+    _generate_rows: bool = True
+    _row_logging_fn: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+
+    _unique_filter_state: Optional[_UniqueFilterStateType] = None
+    _post_creational_filter: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+    _is_cursor = False
+
+    _metadata: ResultMetaData
+
+    _source_supports_scalars: bool
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(
+        self, hard_close: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _row_getter(self) -> Optional[Callable[..., _R]]:
+        real_result: Result[Any] = (
+            self._real_result
+            if self._real_result
+            else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+        )
+
+        if real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            if not self._generate_rows:
+                return None
+            else:
+                _proc = Row
+
+                def process_row(
+                    metadata: ResultMetaData,
+                    processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType],
+                    key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int],
+                    scalar_obj: Any,
+                ) -> Row[Any]:
+                    return _proc(
+                        metadata, processors, key_to_index, (scalar_obj,)
+                    )
+
+        else:
+            process_row = Row  # type: ignore
+
+        metadata = self._metadata
+
+        key_to_index = metadata._key_to_index
+        processors = metadata._effective_processors
+        tf = metadata._tuplefilter
+
+        if tf and not real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            if processors:
+                processors = tf(processors)
+
+            _make_row_orig: Callable[..., _R] = functools.partial(  # type: ignore  # noqa E501
+                process_row, metadata, processors, key_to_index
+            )
+
+            fixed_tf = tf
+
+            def make_row(row: _InterimRowType[Row[Any]]) -> _R:
+                return _make_row_orig(fixed_tf(row))
+
+        else:
+            make_row = functools.partial(  # type: ignore
+                process_row, metadata, processors, key_to_index
+            )
+
+        if real_result._row_logging_fn:
+            _log_row = real_result._row_logging_fn
+            _make_row = make_row
+
+            def make_row(row: _InterimRowType[Row[Any]]) -> _R:
+                return _log_row(_make_row(row))  # type: ignore
+
+        return make_row
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _iterator_getter(self) -> Callable[..., Iterator[_R]]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            def iterrows(self: Result[Any]) -> Iterator[_R]:
+                for raw_row in self._fetchiter_impl():
+                    obj: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                        make_row(raw_row) if make_row else raw_row
+                    )
+                    hashed = strategy(obj) if strategy else obj
+                    if hashed in uniques:
+                        continue
+                    uniques.add(hashed)
+                    if post_creational_filter:
+                        obj = post_creational_filter(obj)
+                    yield obj  # type: ignore
+
+        else:
+
+            def iterrows(self: Result[Any]) -> Iterator[_R]:
+                for raw_row in self._fetchiter_impl():
+                    row: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                        make_row(raw_row) if make_row else raw_row
+                    )
+                    if post_creational_filter:
+                        row = post_creational_filter(row)
+                    yield row  # type: ignore
+
+        return iterrows
+
+    def _raw_all_rows(self) -> List[_R]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+        assert make_row is not None
+        rows = self._fetchall_impl()
+        return [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+
+    def _allrows(self) -> List[_R]:
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        rows = self._fetchall_impl()
+        made_rows: List[_InterimRowType[_R]]
+        if make_row:
+            made_rows = [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+        else:
+            made_rows = rows  # type: ignore
+
+        interim_rows: List[_R]
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            interim_rows = [
+                made_row  # type: ignore
+                for made_row, sig_row in [
+                    (
+                        made_row,
+                        strategy(made_row) if strategy else made_row,
+                    )
+                    for made_row in made_rows
+                ]
+                if sig_row not in uniques and not uniques.add(sig_row)  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            ]
+        else:
+            interim_rows = made_rows  # type: ignore
+
+        if post_creational_filter:
+            interim_rows = [
+                post_creational_filter(row) for row in interim_rows
+            ]
+        return interim_rows
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _onerow_getter(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[..., Union[Literal[_NoRow._NO_ROW], _R]]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            def onerow(self: Result[Any]) -> Union[_NoRow, _R]:
+                _onerow = self._fetchone_impl
+                while True:
+                    row = _onerow()
+                    if row is None:
+                        return _NO_ROW
+                    else:
+                        obj: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                            make_row(row) if make_row else row
+                        )
+                        hashed = strategy(obj) if strategy else obj
+                        if hashed in uniques:
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            uniques.add(hashed)
+                        if post_creational_filter:
+                            obj = post_creational_filter(obj)
+                        return obj  # type: ignore
+
+        else:
+
+            def onerow(self: Result[Any]) -> Union[_NoRow, _R]:
+                row = self._fetchone_impl()
+                if row is None:
+                    return _NO_ROW
+                else:
+                    interim_row: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                        make_row(row) if make_row else row
+                    )
+                    if post_creational_filter:
+                        interim_row = post_creational_filter(interim_row)
+                    return interim_row  # type: ignore
+
+        return onerow
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _manyrow_getter(self) -> Callable[..., List[_R]]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            def filterrows(
+                make_row: Optional[Callable[..., _R]],
+                rows: List[Any],
+                strategy: Optional[Callable[[List[Any]], Any]],
+                uniques: Set[Any],
+            ) -> List[_R]:
+                if make_row:
+                    rows = [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+
+                if strategy:
+                    made_rows = (
+                        (made_row, strategy(made_row)) for made_row in rows
+                    )
+                else:
+                    made_rows = ((made_row, made_row) for made_row in rows)
+                return [
+                    made_row
+                    for made_row, sig_row in made_rows
+                    if sig_row not in uniques and not uniques.add(sig_row)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                ]
+
+            def manyrows(
+                self: ResultInternal[_R], num: Optional[int]
+            ) -> List[_R]:
+                collect: List[_R] = []
+
+                _manyrows = self._fetchmany_impl
+
+                if num is None:
+                    # if None is passed, we don't know the default
+                    # manyrows number, DBAPI has this as cursor.arraysize
+                    # different DBAPIs / fetch strategies may be different.
+                    # do a fetch to find what the number is.  if there are
+                    # only fewer rows left, then it doesn't matter.
+                    real_result = (
+                        self._real_result
+                        if self._real_result
+                        else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+                    )
+                    if real_result._yield_per:
+                        num_required = num = real_result._yield_per
+                    else:
+                        rows = _manyrows(num)
+                        num = len(rows)
+                        assert make_row is not None
+                        collect.extend(
+                            filterrows(make_row, rows, strategy, uniques)
+                        )
+                        num_required = num - len(collect)
+                else:
+                    num_required = num
+
+                assert num is not None
+
+                while num_required:
+                    rows = _manyrows(num_required)
+                    if not rows:
+                        break
+
+                    collect.extend(
+                        filterrows(make_row, rows, strategy, uniques)
+                    )
+                    num_required = num - len(collect)
+
+                if post_creational_filter:
+                    collect = [post_creational_filter(row) for row in collect]
+                return collect
+
+        else:
+
+            def manyrows(
+                self: ResultInternal[_R], num: Optional[int]
+            ) -> List[_R]:
+                if num is None:
+                    real_result = (
+                        self._real_result
+                        if self._real_result
+                        else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+                    )
+                    num = real_result._yield_per
+
+                rows: List[_InterimRowType[Any]] = self._fetchmany_impl(num)
+                if make_row:
+                    rows = [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+                if post_creational_filter:
+                    rows = [post_creational_filter(row) for row in rows]
+                return rows  # type: ignore
+
+        return manyrows
+
+    @overload
+    def _only_one_row(
+        self,
+        raise_for_second_row: bool,
+        raise_for_none: Literal[True],
+        scalar: bool,
+    ) -> _R: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _only_one_row(
+        self,
+        raise_for_second_row: bool,
+        raise_for_none: bool,
+        scalar: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[_R]: ...
+
+    def _only_one_row(
+        self,
+        raise_for_second_row: bool,
+        raise_for_none: bool,
+        scalar: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[_R]:
+        onerow = self._fetchone_impl
+
+        row: Optional[_InterimRowType[Any]] = onerow(hard_close=True)
+        if row is None:
+            if raise_for_none:
+                raise exc.NoResultFound(
+                    "No row was found when one was required"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        if scalar and self._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._generate_rows = False
+            make_row = None
+        else:
+            make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        try:
+            row = make_row(row) if make_row else row
+        except:
+            self._soft_close(hard=True)
+            raise
+
+        if raise_for_second_row:
+            if self._unique_filter_state:
+                # for no second row but uniqueness, need to essentially
+                # consume the entire result :(
+                uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+                existing_row_hash = strategy(row) if strategy else row
+
+                while True:
+                    next_row: Any = onerow(hard_close=True)
+                    if next_row is None:
+                        next_row = _NO_ROW
+                        break
+
+                    try:
+                        next_row = make_row(next_row) if make_row else next_row
+
+                        if strategy:
+                            assert next_row is not _NO_ROW
+                            if existing_row_hash == strategy(next_row):
+                                continue
+                        elif row == next_row:
+                            continue
+                        # here, we have a row and it's different
+                        break
+                    except:
+                        self._soft_close(hard=True)
+                        raise
+            else:
+                next_row = onerow(hard_close=True)
+                if next_row is None:
+                    next_row = _NO_ROW
+
+            if next_row is not _NO_ROW:
+                self._soft_close(hard=True)
+                raise exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                    "Multiple rows were found when exactly one was required"
+                    if raise_for_none
+                    else "Multiple rows were found when one or none "
+                    "was required"
+                )
+        else:
+            next_row = _NO_ROW
+            # if we checked for second row then that would have
+            # closed us :)
+            self._soft_close(hard=True)
+
+        if not scalar:
+            post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+            if post_creational_filter:
+                row = post_creational_filter(row)
+
+        if scalar and make_row:
+            return row[0]  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return row  # type: ignore
+
+    def _iter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_R]:
+        return self._iterator_getter(self)
+
+    def _next_impl(self) -> _R:
+        row = self._onerow_getter(self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    @_generative
+    def _column_slices(self, indexes: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> Self:
+        real_result = (
+            self._real_result
+            if self._real_result
+            else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+        )
+
+        if not real_result._source_supports_scalars or len(indexes) != 1:
+            self._metadata = self._metadata._reduce(indexes)
+
+        assert self._generate_rows
+
+        return self
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _unique_strategy(self) -> _UniqueFilterStateType:
+        assert self._unique_filter_state is not None
+        uniques, strategy = self._unique_filter_state
+
+        real_result = (
+            self._real_result
+            if self._real_result is not None
+            else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+        )
+
+        if not strategy and self._metadata._unique_filters:
+            if (
+                real_result._source_supports_scalars
+                and not self._generate_rows
+            ):
+                strategy = self._metadata._unique_filters[0]
+            else:
+                filters = self._metadata._unique_filters
+                if self._metadata._tuplefilter:
+                    filters = self._metadata._tuplefilter(filters)
+
+                strategy = operator.methodcaller("_filter_on_values", filters)
+        return uniques, strategy
+
+
+class _WithKeys:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _metadata: ResultMetaData
+
+    # used mainly to share documentation on the keys method.
+    def keys(self) -> RMKeyView:
+        """Return an iterable view which yields the string keys that would
+        be represented by each :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        The keys can represent the labels of the columns returned by a core
+        statement or the names of the orm classes returned by an orm
+        execution.
+
+        The view also can be tested for key containment using the Python
+        ``in`` operator, which will test both for the string keys represented
+        in the view, as well as for alternate keys such as column objects.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 a key view object is returned rather than a
+           plain list.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._metadata.keys
+
+
+class Result(_WithKeys, ResultInternal[Row[_TP]]):
+    """Represent a set of database results.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4  The :class:`_engine.Result` object provides a
+       completely updated usage model and calling facade for SQLAlchemy
+       Core and SQLAlchemy ORM.   In Core, it forms the basis of the
+       :class:`_engine.CursorResult` object which replaces the previous
+       :class:`_engine.ResultProxy` interface.   When using the ORM, a
+       higher level object called :class:`_engine.ChunkedIteratorResult`
+       is normally used.
+
+    .. note:: In SQLAlchemy 1.4 and above, this object is
+       used for ORM results returned by :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`, which can
+       yield instances of ORM mapped objects either individually or within
+       tuple-like rows. Note that the :class:`_engine.Result` object does not
+       deduplicate instances or rows automatically as is the case with the
+       legacy :class:`_orm.Query` object. For in-Python de-duplication of
+       instances or rows, use the :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` modifier
+       method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_fetching_rows` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_metadata", "__dict__")
+
+    _row_logging_fn: Optional[Callable[[Row[Any]], Row[Any]]] = None
+
+    _source_supports_scalars: bool = False
+
+    _yield_per: Optional[int] = None
+
+    _attributes: util.immutabledict[Any, Any] = util.immutabledict()
+
+    def __init__(self, cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData):
+        self._metadata = cursor_metadata
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """close this :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        The behavior of this method is implementation specific, and is
+        not implemented by default.    The method should generally end
+        the resources in use by the result object and also cause any
+        subsequent iteration or row fetching to raise
+        :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.27 - ``.close()`` was previously not generally
+           available for all :class:`_engine.Result` classes, instead only
+           being available on the :class:`_engine.CursorResult` returned for
+           Core statement executions. As most other result objects, namely the
+           ones used by the ORM, are proxying a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+           in any case, this allows the underlying cursor result to be closed
+           from the outside facade for the case when the ORM query is using
+           the ``yield_per`` execution option where it does not immediately
+           exhaust and autoclose the database cursor.
+
+        """
+        self._soft_close(hard=True)
+
+    @property
+    def _soft_closed(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """return ``True`` if this :class:`_engine.Result` reports .closed
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        """Configure the row-fetching strategy to fetch ``num`` rows at a time.
+
+        This impacts the underlying behavior of the result when iterating over
+        the result object, or otherwise making use of  methods such as
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchone` that return one row at a time.   Data
+        from the underlying cursor or other data source will be buffered up to
+        this many rows in memory, and the buffered collection will then be
+        yielded out one row at a time or as many rows are requested. Each time
+        the buffer clears, it will be refreshed to this many rows or as many
+        rows remain if fewer remain.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method is generally used in
+        conjunction with the
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+        execution option, which will allow the database dialect in use to make
+        use of a server side cursor, if the DBAPI supports a specific "server
+        side cursor" mode separate from its default mode of operation.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            Consider using the
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+            execution option, which will simultaneously set
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+            to ensure the use of server side cursors, as well as automatically
+            invoke the :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method to establish
+            a fixed row buffer size at once.
+
+            The :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+            execution option is available for ORM operations, with
+            :class:`_orm.Session`-oriented use described at
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per`. The Core-only version which works
+            with :class:`_engine.Connection` is new as of SQLAlchemy 1.4.40.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param num: number of rows to fetch each time the buffer is refilled.
+         If set to a value below 1, fetches all rows for the next buffer.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - describes Core behavior for
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._yield_per = num
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        When this filter is applied with no arguments, the rows or objects
+        returned will filtered such that each row is returned uniquely. The
+        algorithm used to determine this uniqueness is by default the Python
+        hashing identity of the whole tuple.   In some cases a specialized
+        per-entity hashing scheme may be used, such as when using the ORM, a
+        scheme is applied which  works against the primary key identity of
+        returned objects.
+
+        The unique filter is applied **after all other filters**, which means
+        if the columns returned have been refined using a method such as the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` or :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+        method, the uniquing is applied to **only the column or columns
+        returned**.   This occurs regardless of the order in which these
+        methods have been called upon the :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        The unique filter also changes the calculus used for methods like
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` and :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions`.
+        When using :meth:`_engine.Result.unique`, these methods will continue
+        to yield the number of rows or objects requested, after uniquing
+        has been applied.  However, this necessarily impacts the buffering
+        behavior of the underlying cursor or datasource, such that multiple
+        underlying calls to ``cursor.fetchmany()`` may be necessary in order
+        to accumulate enough objects in order to provide a unique collection
+        of the requested size.
+
+        :param strategy: a callable that will be applied to rows or objects
+         being iterated, which should return an object that represents the
+         unique value of the row.   A Python ``set()`` is used to store
+         these identities.   If not passed, a default uniqueness strategy
+         is used which may have been assembled by the source of this
+         :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row.
+
+        This method may be used to limit the columns returned as well
+        as to reorder them.   The given list of expressions are normally
+        a series of integers or string key names.   They may also be
+        appropriate :class:`.ColumnElement` objects which correspond to
+        a given statement construct.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  Due to a bug in 1.4, the
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` method had an incorrect behavior
+           where calling upon the method with just one index would cause the
+           :class:`_engine.Result` object to yield scalar values rather than
+           :class:`_engine.Row` objects.   In version 2.0, this behavior
+           has been corrected such that calling upon
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` with a single index will
+           produce a :class:`_engine.Result` object that continues
+           to yield :class:`_engine.Row` objects, which include
+           only a single column.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            statement = select(table.c.x, table.c.y, table.c.z)
+            result = connection.execute(statement)
+
+            for z, y in result.columns('z', 'y'):
+                # ...
+
+
+        Example of using the column objects from the statement itself::
+
+            for z, y in result.columns(
+                    statement.selected_columns.c.z,
+                    statement.selected_columns.c.y
+            ):
+                # ...
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param \*col_expressions: indicates columns to be returned.  Elements
+         may be integer row indexes, string column names, or appropriate
+         :class:`.ColumnElement` objects corresponding to a select construct.
+
+        :return: this :class:`_engine.Result` object with the modifications
+         given.
+
+        """
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self: Result[Tuple[_T]], index: Literal[0]
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Return a :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> result = conn.execute(text("select int_id from table"))
+            >>> result.scalars().all()
+            [1, 2, 3]
+
+        When results are fetched from the :class:`_engine.ScalarResult`
+        filtering object, the single column-row that would be returned by the
+        :class:`_engine.Result` is instead returned as the column's value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param index: integer or row key indicating the column to be fetched
+         from each row, defaults to ``0`` indicating the first column.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` filtering object referring
+         to this :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        return ScalarResult(self, index)
+
+    def _getter(
+        self, key: _KeyIndexType, raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]]:
+        """return a callable that will retrieve the given key from a
+        :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        """
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "can't use this function in 'only scalars' mode"
+            )
+        return self._metadata._getter(key, raiseerr)
+
+    def _tuple_getter(self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> _TupleGetterType:
+        """return a callable that will retrieve the given keys from a
+        :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        """
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "can't use this function in 'only scalars' mode"
+            )
+        return self._metadata._row_as_tuple_getter(keys)
+
+    def mappings(self) -> MappingResult:
+        """Apply a mappings filter to returned rows, returning an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.MappingResult`.
+
+        When this filter is applied, fetching rows will return
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` objects instead of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_engine.MappingResult` filtering object
+         referring to this :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+
+        return MappingResult(self)
+
+    @property
+    def t(self) -> TupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        The :attr:`_engine.Result.t` attribute is a synonym for
+        calling the :meth:`_engine.Result.tuples` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    def tuples(self) -> TupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        This method returns the same :class:`_engine.Result` object
+        at runtime,
+        however annotates as returning a :class:`_engine.TupleResult` object
+        that will indicate to :pep:`484` typing tools that plain typed
+        ``Tuple`` instances are returned rather than rows.  This allows
+        tuple unpacking and ``__getitem__`` access of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects to by typed, for those cases where the statement invoked
+        itself included typing information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: the :class:`_engine.TupleResult` type at typing time.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Result.t` - shorter synonym
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Row._t` - :class:`_engine.Row` version
+
+        """
+
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    def _raw_row_iterator(self) -> Iterator[_RowData]:
+        """Return a safe iterator that yields raw row data.
+
+        This is used by the :meth:`_engine.Result.merge` method
+        to merge multiple compatible results together.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Row[_TP]]:
+        return self._iter_impl()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        return self._next_impl()
+
+    def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[Sequence[Row[_TP]]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of rows of the size given.
+
+        Each list will be of the size given, excluding the last list to
+        be yielded, which may have a small number of rows.  No empty
+        lists will be yielded.
+
+        The result object is automatically closed when the iterator
+        is fully consumed.
+
+        Note that the backend driver will usually buffer the entire result
+        ahead of time unless the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` execution
+        option is used indicating that the driver should not pre-buffer
+        results, if possible.   Not all drivers support this option and
+        the option is silently ignored for those who do not.
+
+        When using the ORM, the :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` method
+        is typically more effective from a memory perspective when it is
+        combined with use of the
+        :ref:`yield_per execution option <orm_queryguide_yield_per>`,
+        which instructs both the DBAPI driver to use server side cursors,
+        if available, as well as instructs the ORM loading internals to only
+        build a certain amount of ORM objects from a result at a time before
+        yielding them out.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param size: indicate the maximum number of rows to be present
+         in each list yielded.  If None, makes use of the value set by
+         the :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`, method, if it were called,
+         or the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+         execution option, which is equivalent in this regard.  If
+         yield_per weren't set, it makes use of the
+         :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` default, which may be backend
+         specific and not well defined.
+
+        :return: iterator of lists
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = getter(self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.Result.all` method."""
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch one row.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns None.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch the first row of a result only, use the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.first` method.  To iterate through all
+        rows, iterate the :class:`_engine.Result` object directly.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object if no filters are applied,
+         or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        row = self._onerow_getter(self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch many rows.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns an empty sequence.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch rows in groups, use the :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions`
+        method.
+
+        :return: a sequence of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._manyrow_getter(self, size)
+
+    def all(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return all rows in a sequence.
+
+        Closes the result set after invocation.   Subsequent invocations
+        will return an empty sequence.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: a sequence of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - How to stream a large result set
+            without loading it completely in python.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch the first row or ``None`` if no row is present.
+
+        Closes the result set and discards remaining rows.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` method,
+           or combine :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.first`.
+
+           Additionally, in contrast to the behavior of the legacy  ORM
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.first` method, **no limit is applied** to the
+           SQL query which was invoked to produce this
+           :class:`_engine.Result`;
+           for a DBAPI driver that buffers results in memory before yielding
+           rows, all rows will be sent to the Python process and all but
+           the first row will be discarded.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`migration_20_unify_select`
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object, or None
+         if no rows remain.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the result has no rows.
+        Raises :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+        if multiple rows are returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row` or ``None`` if no row
+         is available.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.first`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_engine.Result.one`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=True
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one_or_none(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or ``None``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=True
+        )
+
+    def one(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        """Return exactly one row or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises :class:`.NoResultFound` if the result returns no
+        rows, or :class:`.MultipleResultsFound` if multiple rows
+        would be returned.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one` method, or combine
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.one`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`, :class:`.NoResultFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.first`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(self) -> Any:
+        """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result set.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+        No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+        After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+        e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+        method will have been called.
+
+        :return: a Python scalar value, or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=True
+        )
+
+    def freeze(self) -> FrozenResult[_TP]:
+        """Return a callable object that will produce copies of this
+        :class:`_engine.Result` when invoked.
+
+        The callable object returned is an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`.
+
+        This is used for result set caching.  The method must be called
+        on the result when it has been unconsumed, and calling the method
+        will consume the result fully.   When the :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`
+        is retrieved from a cache, it can be called any number of times where
+        it will produce a new :class:`_engine.Result` object each time
+        against its stored set of rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - example usage within the
+            ORM to implement a result-set cache.
+
+        """
+
+        return FrozenResult(self)
+
+    def merge(self, *others: Result[Any]) -> MergedResult[_TP]:
+        """Merge this :class:`_engine.Result` with other compatible result
+        objects.
+
+        The object returned is an instance of :class:`_engine.MergedResult`,
+        which will be composed of iterators from the given result
+        objects.
+
+        The new result will use the metadata from this result object.
+        The subsequent result objects must be against an identical
+        set of result / cursor metadata, otherwise the behavior is
+        undefined.
+
+        """
+        return MergedResult(self._metadata, (self,) + others)
+
+
+class FilterResult(ResultInternal[_R]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_engine.Result` that returns objects other than
+    :class:`_engine.Row` objects, such as dictionaries or scalar objects.
+
+    :class:`_engine.FilterResult` is the common base for additional result
+    APIs including :class:`_engine.MappingResult`,
+    :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` and :class:`_engine.AsyncResult`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_real_result",
+        "_post_creational_filter",
+        "_metadata",
+        "_unique_filter_state",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    _post_creational_filter: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+
+    _real_result: Result[Any]
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self._real_result.__exit__(type_, value, traceback)
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        """Configure the row-fetching strategy to fetch ``num`` rows at a time.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.FilterResult.yield_per` method is a pass through
+        to the :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method.  See that method's
+        documentation for usage notes.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.40 - added :meth:`_engine.FilterResult.yield_per`
+           so that the method is available on all result set implementations
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - describes Core behavior for
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._real_result = self._real_result.yield_per(num)
+        return self
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._real_result._soft_close(hard=hard)
+
+    @property
+    def _soft_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._real_result._soft_closed
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the underlying :class:`_engine.Result` reports
+        closed
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        return self._real_result.closed
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`_engine.FilterResult`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        self._real_result.close()
+
+    @property
+    def _attributes(self) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+        return self._real_result._attributes
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchiter_impl()
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(
+        self, hard_close: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchone_impl(hard_close=hard_close)
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchall_impl()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchmany_impl(size=size)
+
+
+class ScalarResult(FilterResult[_R]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_engine.Result` that returns scalar values
+    rather than :class:`_row.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` method.
+
+    A special limitation of :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` is that it has
+    no ``fetchone()`` method; since the semantics of ``fetchone()`` are that
+    the ``None`` value indicates no more results, this is not compatible
+    with :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` since there is no way to distinguish
+    between ``None`` as a row value versus ``None`` as an indicator.  Use
+    ``next(result)`` to receive values individually.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = False
+
+    _post_creational_filter: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, real_result: Result[Any], index: _KeyIndexType):
+        self._real_result = real_result
+
+        if real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata
+            self._post_creational_filter = None
+        else:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata._reduce([index])
+            self._post_creational_filter = operator.itemgetter(0)
+
+        self._unique_filter_state = real_result._unique_filter_state
+
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_engine.ScalarResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def partitions(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Iterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = getter(self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.all` method."""
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Fetch many objects.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._manyrow_getter(self, size)
+
+    def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Return all scalar values in a sequence.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.all` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_R]:
+        return self._iter_impl()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> _R:
+        return self._next_impl()
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.first` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one(self) -> _R:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=False
+        )
+
+
+class TupleResult(FilterResult[_R], util.TypingOnly):
+    """A :class:`_engine.Result` that's typed as returning plain
+    Python tuples instead of rows.
+
+    Since :class:`_engine.Row` acts like a tuple in every way already,
+    this class is a typing only class, regular :class:`_engine.Result` is
+    still used at runtime.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def partitions(
+            self, size: Optional[int] = None
+        ) -> Iterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+            """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def fetchone(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch one tuple.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchone` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+            objects, are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.all` method."""
+            ...
+
+        def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """Fetch many objects.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:  # noqa: A001
+            """Return all scalar values in a sequence.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.all` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_R]: ...
+
+        def __next__(self) -> _R: ...
+
+        def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.first` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def one(self) -> _R:
+            """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one(self: TupleResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+            """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.Result.one`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one_or_none(
+            self: TupleResult[Tuple[_T]],
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+        def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+            """Return exactly one or no scalar result.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar(self: TupleResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        def scalar(self) -> Any:
+            """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result
+            set.
+
+            Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+            No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+            After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+            e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+            method will have been called.
+
+            :return: a Python scalar value , or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+
+class MappingResult(_WithKeys, FilterResult[RowMapping]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_engine.Result` that returns dictionary values
+    rather than :class:`_engine.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.MappingResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.mappings` method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = True
+
+    _post_creational_filter = operator.attrgetter("_mapping")
+
+    def __init__(self, result: Result[Any]):
+        self._real_result = result
+        self._unique_filter_state = result._unique_filter_state
+        self._metadata = result._metadata
+        if result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = self._metadata._reduce([0])
+
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_engine.MappingResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row."""
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[Sequence[RowMapping]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = getter(self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.MappingResult.all` method."""
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch one object.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchone` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        row = self._onerow_getter(self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch many objects.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._manyrow_getter(self, size)
+
+    def all(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Return all scalar values in a sequence.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.all` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[RowMapping]:
+        return self._iter_impl()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> RowMapping:
+        return self._next_impl()
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.first` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one(self) -> RowMapping:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=False
+        )
+
+
+class FrozenResult(Generic[_TP]):
+    """Represents a :class:`_engine.Result` object in a "frozen" state suitable
+    for caching.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.FrozenResult` object is returned from the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.freeze` method of any :class:`_engine.Result`
+    object.
+
+    A new iterable :class:`_engine.Result` object is generated from a fixed
+    set of data each time the :class:`_engine.FrozenResult` is invoked as
+    a callable::
+
+
+        result = connection.execute(query)
+
+        frozen = result.freeze()
+
+        unfrozen_result_one = frozen()
+
+        for row in unfrozen_result_one:
+            print(row)
+
+        unfrozen_result_two = frozen()
+        rows = unfrozen_result_two.all()
+
+        # ... etc
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - example usage within the
+        ORM to implement a result-set cache.
+
+        :func:`_orm.loading.merge_frozen_result` - ORM function to merge
+        a frozen result back into a :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+    """
+
+    data: Sequence[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, result: Result[_TP]):
+        self.metadata = result._metadata._for_freeze()
+        self._source_supports_scalars = result._source_supports_scalars
+        self._attributes = result._attributes
+
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            self.data = list(result._raw_row_iterator())
+        else:
+            self.data = result.fetchall()
+
+    def rewrite_rows(self) -> Sequence[Sequence[Any]]:
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            return [[elem] for elem in self.data]
+        else:
+            return [list(row) for row in self.data]
+
+    def with_new_rows(
+        self, tuple_data: Sequence[Row[_TP]]
+    ) -> FrozenResult[_TP]:
+        fr = FrozenResult.__new__(FrozenResult)
+        fr.metadata = self.metadata
+        fr._attributes = self._attributes
+        fr._source_supports_scalars = self._source_supports_scalars
+
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            fr.data = [d[0] for d in tuple_data]
+        else:
+            fr.data = tuple_data
+        return fr
+
+    def __call__(self) -> Result[_TP]:
+        result: IteratorResult[_TP] = IteratorResult(
+            self.metadata, iter(self.data)
+        )
+        result._attributes = self._attributes
+        result._source_supports_scalars = self._source_supports_scalars
+        return result
+
+
+class IteratorResult(Result[_TP]):
+    """A :class:`_engine.Result` that gets data from a Python iterator of
+    :class:`_engine.Row` objects or similar row-like data.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    _hard_closed = False
+    _soft_closed = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData,
+        iterator: Iterator[_InterimSupportsScalarsRowType],
+        raw: Optional[Result[Any]] = None,
+        _source_supports_scalars: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self._metadata = cursor_metadata
+        self.iterator = iterator
+        self.raw = raw
+        self._source_supports_scalars = _source_supports_scalars
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`_engine.IteratorResult` has
+        been closed
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        return self._hard_closed
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if hard:
+            self._hard_closed = True
+        if self.raw is not None:
+            self.raw._soft_close(hard=hard, **kw)
+        self.iterator = iter([])
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self._soft_closed = True
+
+    def _raise_hard_closed(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This result object is closed.")
+
+    def _raw_row_iterator(self) -> Iterator[_RowData]:
+        return self.iterator
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_InterimSupportsScalarsRowType]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+        return self.iterator
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(
+        self, hard_close: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+
+        row = next(self.iterator, _NO_ROW)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            self._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+        try:
+            return list(self.iterator)
+        finally:
+            self._soft_close()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+
+        return list(itertools.islice(self.iterator, 0, size))
+
+
+def null_result() -> IteratorResult[Any]:
+    return IteratorResult(SimpleResultMetaData([]), iter([]))
+
+
+class ChunkedIteratorResult(IteratorResult[_TP]):
+    """An :class:`_engine.IteratorResult` that works from an
+    iterator-producing callable.
+
+    The given ``chunks`` argument is a function that is given a number of rows
+    to return in each chunk, or ``None`` for all rows.  The function should
+    then return an un-consumed iterator of lists, each list of the requested
+    size.
+
+    The function can be called at any time again, in which case it should
+    continue from the same result set but adjust the chunk size as given.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData,
+        chunks: Callable[
+            [Optional[int]], Iterator[Sequence[_InterimRowType[_R]]]
+        ],
+        source_supports_scalars: bool = False,
+        raw: Optional[Result[Any]] = None,
+        dynamic_yield_per: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self._metadata = cursor_metadata
+        self.chunks = chunks
+        self._source_supports_scalars = source_supports_scalars
+        self.raw = raw
+        self.iterator = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.chunks(None))
+        self.dynamic_yield_per = dynamic_yield_per
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        # TODO: this throws away the iterator which may be holding
+        # onto a chunk.   the yield_per cannot be changed once any
+        # rows have been fetched.   either find a way to enforce this,
+        # or we can't use itertools.chain and will instead have to
+        # keep track.
+
+        self._yield_per = num
+        self.iterator = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.chunks(num))
+        return self
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super()._soft_close(hard=hard, **kw)
+        self.chunks = lambda size: []  # type: ignore
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self.dynamic_yield_per:
+            self.iterator = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.chunks(size))
+        return super()._fetchmany_impl(size=size)
+
+
+class MergedResult(IteratorResult[_TP]):
+    """A :class:`_engine.Result` that is merged from any number of
+    :class:`_engine.Result` objects.
+
+    Returned by the :meth:`_engine.Result.merge` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    closed = False
+    rowcount: Optional[int]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData, results: Sequence[Result[_TP]]
+    ):
+        self._results = results
+        super().__init__(
+            cursor_metadata,
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                r._raw_row_iterator() for r in results
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._unique_filter_state = results[0]._unique_filter_state
+        self._yield_per = results[0]._yield_per
+
+        # going to try something w/ this in next rev
+        self._source_supports_scalars = results[0]._source_supports_scalars
+
+        self._attributes = self._attributes.merge_with(
+            *[r._attributes for r in results]
+        )
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        for r in self._results:
+            r._soft_close(hard=hard, **kw)
+        if hard:
+            self.closed = True
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/row.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/row.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a82c84652e20d781250f79c2001eaeefaa97fb6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/row.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# engine/row.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define row constructs including :class:`.Row`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..util import deprecated
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_row import BaseRow as BaseRow
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.resultproxy import BaseRow as BaseRow
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .result import _KeyType
+    from .result import _ProcessorsType
+    from .result import RMKeyView
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+
+class Row(BaseRow, Sequence[Any], Generic[_TP]):
+    """Represent a single result row.
+
+    The :class:`.Row` object represents a row of a database result.  It is
+    typically associated in the 1.x series of SQLAlchemy with the
+    :class:`_engine.CursorResult` object, however is also used by the ORM for
+    tuple-like results as of SQLAlchemy 1.4.
+
+    The :class:`.Row` object seeks to act as much like a Python named
+    tuple as possible.   For mapping (i.e. dictionary) behavior on a row,
+    such as testing for containment of keys, refer to the :attr:`.Row._mapping`
+    attribute.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - includes examples of selecting
+        rows from SELECT statements.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        Renamed ``RowProxy`` to :class:`.Row`. :class:`.Row` is no longer a
+        "proxy" object in that it contains the final form of data within it,
+        and now acts mostly like a named tuple. Mapping-like functionality is
+        moved to the :attr:`.Row._mapping` attribute. See
+        :ref:`change_4710_core` for background on this change.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name: str) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
+
+    def _tuple(self) -> _TP:
+        """Return a 'tuple' form of this :class:`.Row`.
+
+        At runtime, this method returns "self"; the :class:`.Row` object is
+        already a named tuple. However, at the typing level, if this
+        :class:`.Row` is typed, the "tuple" return type will be a :pep:`484`
+        ``Tuple`` datatype that contains typing information about individual
+        elements, supporting typed unpacking and attribute access.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.19 - The :meth:`.Row._tuple` method supersedes
+           the previous :meth:`.Row.tuple` method, which is now underscored
+           to avoid name conflicts with column names in the same way as other
+           named-tuple methods on :class:`.Row`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._t` - shorthand attribute notation
+
+            :meth:`.Result.tuples`
+
+
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    @deprecated(
+        "2.0.19",
+        "The :meth:`.Row.tuple` method is deprecated in favor of "
+        ":meth:`.Row._tuple`; all :class:`.Row` "
+        "methods and library-level attributes are intended to be underscored "
+        "to avoid name conflicts.  Please use :meth:`Row._tuple`.",
+    )
+    def tuple(self) -> _TP:
+        """Return a 'tuple' form of this :class:`.Row`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self._tuple()
+
+    @property
+    def _t(self) -> _TP:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`.Row._tuple`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.19 - The :attr:`.Row._t` attribute supersedes
+           the previous :attr:`.Row.t` attribute, which is now underscored
+           to avoid name conflicts with column names in the same way as other
+           named-tuple methods on :class:`.Row`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Result.t`
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated(
+        "2.0.19",
+        "The :attr:`.Row.t` attribute is deprecated in favor of "
+        ":attr:`.Row._t`; all :class:`.Row` "
+        "methods and library-level attributes are intended to be underscored "
+        "to avoid name conflicts.  Please use :attr:`Row._t`.",
+    )
+    def t(self) -> _TP:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`.Row._tuple`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self._t
+
+    @property
+    def _mapping(self) -> RowMapping:
+        """Return a :class:`.RowMapping` for this :class:`.Row`.
+
+        This object provides a consistent Python mapping (i.e. dictionary)
+        interface for the data contained within the row.   The :class:`.Row`
+        by itself behaves like a named tuple.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._fields`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return RowMapping(self._parent, None, self._key_to_index, self._data)
+
+    def _filter_on_values(
+        self, processor: Optional[_ProcessorsType]
+    ) -> Row[Any]:
+        return Row(self._parent, processor, self._key_to_index, self._data)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _special_name_accessor(name: str) -> Any:
+            """Handle ambiguous names such as "count" and "index" """
+
+            @property
+            def go(self: Row) -> Any:
+                if self._parent._has_key(name):
+                    return self.__getattr__(name)
+                else:
+
+                    def meth(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                        return getattr(collections_abc.Sequence, name)(
+                            self, *arg, **kw
+                        )
+
+                    return meth
+
+            return go
+
+        count = _special_name_accessor("count")
+        index = _special_name_accessor("index")
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: Any) -> bool:
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def _op(self, other: Any, op: Callable[[Any, Any], bool]) -> bool:
+        return (
+            op(self._to_tuple_instance(), other._to_tuple_instance())
+            if isinstance(other, Row)
+            else op(self._to_tuple_instance(), other)
+        )
+
+    __hash__ = BaseRow.__hash__
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Any: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[Any]: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> Any: ...
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.lt)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.le)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.ge)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.gt)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.eq)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.ne)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(sql_util._repr_row(self))
+
+    @property
+    def _fields(self) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+        """Return a tuple of string keys as represented by this
+        :class:`.Row`.
+
+        The keys can represent the labels of the columns returned by a core
+        statement or the names of the orm classes returned by an orm
+        execution.
+
+        This attribute is analogous to the Python named tuple ``._fields``
+        attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._mapping`
+
+        """
+        return tuple([k for k in self._parent.keys if k is not None])
+
+    def _asdict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a new dict which maps field names to their corresponding
+        values.
+
+        This method is analogous to the Python named tuple ``._asdict()``
+        method, and works by applying the ``dict()`` constructor to the
+        :attr:`.Row._mapping` attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._mapping`
+
+        """
+        return dict(self._mapping)
+
+
+BaseRowProxy = BaseRow
+RowProxy = Row
+
+
+class ROMappingView(ABC):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _items: Sequence[Any]
+    _mapping: Mapping["_KeyType", Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, mapping: Mapping["_KeyType", Any], items: Sequence[Any]
+    ):
+        self._mapping = mapping  # type: ignore[misc]
+        self._items = items  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._items)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "{0.__class__.__name__}({0._mapping!r})".format(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self._items)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self._items
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) == list(self)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) != list(self)
+
+
+class ROMappingKeysValuesView(
+    ROMappingView, typing.KeysView["_KeyType"], typing.ValuesView[Any]
+):
+    __slots__ = ("_items",)  # mapping slot is provided by KeysView
+
+
+class ROMappingItemsView(ROMappingView, typing.ItemsView["_KeyType", Any]):
+    __slots__ = ("_items",)  # mapping slot is provided by ItemsView
+
+
+class RowMapping(BaseRow, typing.Mapping["_KeyType", Any]):
+    """A ``Mapping`` that maps column names and objects to :class:`.Row`
+    values.
+
+    The :class:`.RowMapping` is available from a :class:`.Row` via the
+    :attr:`.Row._mapping` attribute, as well as from the iterable interface
+    provided by the :class:`.MappingResult` object returned by the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.mappings` method.
+
+    :class:`.RowMapping` supplies Python mapping (i.e. dictionary) access to
+    the  contents of the row.   This includes support for testing of
+    containment of specific keys (string column names or objects), as well
+    as iteration of keys, values, and items::
+
+        for row in result:
+            if 'a' in row._mapping:
+                print("Column 'a': %s" % row._mapping['a'])
+
+            print("Column b: %s" % row._mapping[table.c.b])
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 The :class:`.RowMapping` object replaces the
+       mapping-like access previously provided by a database result row,
+       which now seeks to behave mostly like a named tuple.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> Any: ...
+
+    else:
+        __getitem__ = BaseRow._get_by_key_impl_mapping
+
+    def _values_impl(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return list(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return (k for k in self._parent.keys if k is not None)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return self._parent._has_key(key)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(dict(self))
+
+    def items(self) -> ROMappingItemsView:
+        """Return a view of key/value tuples for the elements in the
+        underlying :class:`.Row`.
+
+        """
+        return ROMappingItemsView(
+            self, [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+        )
+
+    def keys(self) -> RMKeyView:
+        """Return a view of 'keys' for string column names represented
+        by the underlying :class:`.Row`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._parent.keys
+
+    def values(self) -> ROMappingKeysValuesView:
+        """Return a view of values for the values represented in the
+        underlying :class:`.Row`.
+
+        """
+        return ROMappingKeysValuesView(self, self._values_impl())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e355815bcf6f597951a2d4b3e8abf43ccab20b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# engine/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Deprecated mock engine strategy used by Alembic.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .mock import MockConnection  # noqa
+
+
+class MockEngineStrategy:
+    MockConnection = MockConnection
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ee3ce661399950f3589fbfd36e50f120050312f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,910 @@
+# engine/url.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL` class which encapsulates
+information about a database connection specification.
+
+The URL object is created automatically when
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine` is called with a string
+argument; alternatively, the URL is a public-facing construct which can
+be used directly and is also accepted directly by ``create_engine()``.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+from urllib.parse import parse_qsl
+from urllib.parse import quote
+from urllib.parse import quote_plus
+from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+from .interfaces import Dialect
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..dialects import plugins
+from ..dialects import registry
+
+
+class URL(NamedTuple):
+    """
+    Represent the components of a URL used to connect to a database.
+
+    URLs are typically constructed from a fully formatted URL string, where the
+    :func:`.make_url` function is used internally by the
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine` function in order to parse the URL string into
+    its individual components, which are then used to construct a new
+    :class:`.URL` object. When parsing from a formatted URL string, the parsing
+    format generally follows
+    `RFC-1738 <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt>`_, with some exceptions.
+
+    A :class:`_engine.URL` object may also be produced directly, either by
+    using the :func:`.make_url` function with a fully formed URL string, or
+    by using the :meth:`_engine.URL.create` constructor in order
+    to construct a :class:`_engine.URL` programmatically given individual
+    fields. The resulting :class:`.URL` object may be passed directly to
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine` in place of a string argument, which will bypass
+    the usage of :func:`.make_url` within the engine's creation process.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now an immutable object.  To
+        create a URL, use the :func:`_engine.make_url` or
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.create` function / method.  To modify
+        a :class:`_engine.URL`, use methods like
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.set` and
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict` to return a new
+        :class:`_engine.URL` object with modifications.   See notes for this
+        change at :ref:`change_5526`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`database_urls`
+
+    :class:`_engine.URL` contains the following attributes:
+
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername`: database backend and driver name, such as
+      ``postgresql+psycopg2``
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.username`: username string
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.password`: password string
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.host`: string hostname
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.port`: integer port number
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.database`: string database name
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.query`: an immutable mapping representing the query
+      string.  contains strings for keys and either strings or tuples of
+      strings for values.
+
+
+    """
+
+    drivername: str
+    """database backend and driver name, such as
+    ``postgresql+psycopg2``
+
+    """
+
+    username: Optional[str]
+    "username string"
+
+    password: Optional[str]
+    """password, which is normally a string but may also be any
+    object that has a ``__str__()`` method."""
+
+    host: Optional[str]
+    """hostname or IP number.  May also be a data source name for some
+    drivers."""
+
+    port: Optional[int]
+    """integer port number"""
+
+    database: Optional[str]
+    """database name"""
+
+    query: util.immutabledict[str, Union[Tuple[str, ...], str]]
+    """an immutable mapping representing the query string.  contains strings
+       for keys and either strings or tuples of strings for values, e.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt")
+            >>> url.query
+            immutabledict({'alt_host': ('host1', 'host2'), 'ssl_cipher': '/path/to/crt'})
+
+         To create a mutable copy of this mapping, use the ``dict`` constructor::
+
+            mutable_query_opts = dict(url.query)
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+          :attr:`_engine.URL.normalized_query` - normalizes all values into sequences
+          for consistent processing
+
+          Methods for altering the contents of :attr:`_engine.URL.query`:
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_string`
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_pairs`
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        drivername: str,
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        database: Optional[str] = None,
+        query: Mapping[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Create a new :class:`_engine.URL` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`database_urls`
+
+        :param drivername: the name of the database backend. This name will
+          correspond to a module in sqlalchemy/databases or a third party
+          plug-in.
+        :param username: The user name.
+        :param password: database password.  Is typically a string, but may
+          also be an object that can be stringified with ``str()``.
+
+          .. note:: The password string should **not** be URL encoded when
+             passed as an argument to :meth:`_engine.URL.create`; the string
+             should contain the password characters exactly as they would be
+             typed.
+
+          .. note::  A password-producing object will be stringified only
+             **once** per :class:`_engine.Engine` object.  For dynamic password
+             generation per connect, see :ref:`engines_dynamic_tokens`.
+
+        :param host: The name of the host.
+        :param port: The port number.
+        :param database: The database name.
+        :param query: A dictionary of string keys to string values to be passed
+          to the dialect and/or the DBAPI upon connect.   To specify non-string
+          parameters to a Python DBAPI directly, use the
+          :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` parameter to
+          :func:`_sa.create_engine`.   See also
+          :attr:`_engine.URL.normalized_query` for a dictionary that is
+          consistently string->list of string.
+        :return: new :class:`_engine.URL` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+            The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now an **immutable named
+            tuple**.  In addition, the ``query`` dictionary is also immutable.
+            To create a URL, use the :func:`_engine.url.make_url` or
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.create` function/ method.  To modify a
+            :class:`_engine.URL`, use the :meth:`_engine.URL.set` and
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query` methods.
+
+        """
+
+        return cls(
+            cls._assert_str(drivername, "drivername"),
+            cls._assert_none_str(username, "username"),
+            password,
+            cls._assert_none_str(host, "host"),
+            cls._assert_port(port),
+            cls._assert_none_str(database, "database"),
+            cls._str_dict(query),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_port(cls, port: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
+        if port is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            return int(port)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise TypeError("Port argument must be an integer or None")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_str(cls, v: str, paramname: str) -> str:
+        if not isinstance(v, str):
+            raise TypeError("%s must be a string" % paramname)
+        return v
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_none_str(
+        cls, v: Optional[str], paramname: str
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        if v is None:
+            return v
+
+        return cls._assert_str(v, paramname)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _str_dict(
+        cls,
+        dict_: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[Tuple[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]]],
+                Mapping[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ) -> util.immutabledict[str, Union[Tuple[str, ...], str]]:
+        if dict_ is None:
+            return util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+        @overload
+        def _assert_value(
+            val: str,
+        ) -> str: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def _assert_value(
+            val: Sequence[str],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]: ...
+
+        def _assert_value(
+            val: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]:
+            if isinstance(val, str):
+                return val
+            elif isinstance(val, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                return tuple(_assert_value(elem) for elem in val)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Query dictionary values must be strings or "
+                    "sequences of strings"
+                )
+
+        def _assert_str(v: str) -> str:
+            if not isinstance(v, str):
+                raise TypeError("Query dictionary keys must be strings")
+            return v
+
+        dict_items: Iterable[Tuple[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]]]
+        if isinstance(dict_, collections_abc.Sequence):
+            dict_items = dict_
+        else:
+            dict_items = dict_.items()
+
+        return util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                _assert_str(key): _assert_value(
+                    value,
+                )
+                for key, value in dict_items
+            }
+        )
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        drivername: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        database: Optional[str] = None,
+        query: Optional[Mapping[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = None,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with modifications.
+
+        Values are used if they are non-None.  To set a value to ``None``
+        explicitly, use the :meth:`_engine.URL._replace` method adapted
+        from ``namedtuple``.
+
+        :param drivername: new drivername
+        :param username: new username
+        :param password: new password
+        :param host: new hostname
+        :param port: new port
+        :param query: new query parameters, passed a dict of string keys
+         referring to string or sequence of string values.  Fully
+         replaces the previous list of arguments.
+
+        :return: new :class:`_engine.URL` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+        """
+
+        kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if drivername is not None:
+            kw["drivername"] = drivername
+        if username is not None:
+            kw["username"] = username
+        if password is not None:
+            kw["password"] = password
+        if host is not None:
+            kw["host"] = host
+        if port is not None:
+            kw["port"] = port
+        if database is not None:
+            kw["database"] = database
+        if query is not None:
+            kw["query"] = query
+
+        return self._assert_replace(**kw)
+
+    def _assert_replace(self, **kw: Any) -> URL:
+        """argument checks before calling _replace()"""
+
+        if "drivername" in kw:
+            self._assert_str(kw["drivername"], "drivername")
+        for name in "username", "host", "database":
+            if name in kw:
+                self._assert_none_str(kw[name], name)
+        if "port" in kw:
+            self._assert_port(kw["port"])
+        if "query" in kw:
+            kw["query"] = self._str_dict(kw["query"])
+
+        return self._replace(**kw)
+
+    def update_query_string(
+        self, query_string: str, append: bool = False
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with the :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+        parameter dictionary updated by the given query string.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")
+            >>> url = url.update_query_string("alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt")
+            >>> str(url)
+            'postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt'
+
+        :param query_string: a URL escaped query string, not including the
+         question mark.
+
+        :param append: if True, parameters in the existing query string will
+         not be removed; new parameters will be in addition to those present.
+         If left at its default of False, keys present in the given query
+         parameters will replace those of the existing query string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.update_query_pairs(parse_qsl(query_string), append=append)
+
+    def update_query_pairs(
+        self,
+        key_value_pairs: Iterable[Tuple[str, Union[str, List[str]]]],
+        append: bool = False,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with the
+        :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+        parameter dictionary updated by the given sequence of key/value pairs
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")
+            >>> url = url.update_query_pairs([("alt_host", "host1"), ("alt_host", "host2"), ("ssl_cipher", "/path/to/crt")])
+            >>> str(url)
+            'postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt'
+
+        :param key_value_pairs: A sequence of tuples containing two strings
+         each.
+
+        :param append: if True, parameters in the existing query string will
+         not be removed; new parameters will be in addition to those present.
+         If left at its default of False, keys present in the given query
+         parameters will replace those of the existing query string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.set`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        existing_query = self.query
+        new_keys: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = {}
+
+        for key, value in key_value_pairs:
+            if key in new_keys:
+                new_keys[key] = util.to_list(new_keys[key])
+                cast("List[str]", new_keys[key]).append(cast(str, value))
+            else:
+                new_keys[key] = (
+                    list(value) if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) else value
+                )
+
+        new_query: Mapping[str, Union[str, Sequence[str]]]
+        if append:
+            new_query = {}
+
+            for k in new_keys:
+                if k in existing_query:
+                    new_query[k] = tuple(
+                        util.to_list(existing_query[k])
+                        + util.to_list(new_keys[k])
+                    )
+                else:
+                    new_query[k] = new_keys[k]
+
+            new_query.update(
+                {
+                    k: existing_query[k]
+                    for k in set(existing_query).difference(new_keys)
+                }
+            )
+        else:
+            new_query = self.query.union(
+                {
+                    k: tuple(v) if isinstance(v, list) else v
+                    for k, v in new_keys.items()
+                }
+            )
+        return self.set(query=new_query)
+
+    def update_query_dict(
+        self,
+        query_parameters: Mapping[str, Union[str, List[str]]],
+        append: bool = False,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with the
+        :attr:`_engine.URL.query` parameter dictionary updated by the given
+        dictionary.
+
+        The dictionary typically contains string keys and string values.
+        In order to represent a query parameter that is expressed multiple
+        times, pass a sequence of string values.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")
+            >>> url = url.update_query_dict({"alt_host": ["host1", "host2"], "ssl_cipher": "/path/to/crt"})
+            >>> str(url)
+            'postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt'
+
+
+        :param query_parameters: A dictionary with string keys and values
+         that are either strings, or sequences of strings.
+
+        :param append: if True, parameters in the existing query string will
+         not be removed; new parameters will be in addition to those present.
+         If left at its default of False, keys present in the given query
+         parameters will replace those of the existing query string.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_string`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_pairs`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.set`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.update_query_pairs(query_parameters.items(), append=append)
+
+    def difference_update_query(self, names: Iterable[str]) -> URL:
+        """
+        Remove the given names from the :attr:`_engine.URL.query` dictionary,
+        returning the new :class:`_engine.URL`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            url = url.difference_update_query(['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        Equivalent to using :meth:`_engine.URL.set` as follows::
+
+            url = url.set(
+                query={
+                    key: url.query[key]
+                    for key in set(url.query).difference(['foo', 'bar'])
+                }
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.set`
+
+        """
+
+        if not set(names).intersection(self.query):
+            return self
+
+        return URL(
+            self.drivername,
+            self.username,
+            self.password,
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            self.database,
+            util.immutabledict(
+                {
+                    key: self.query[key]
+                    for key in set(self.query).difference(names)
+                }
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def normalized_query(self) -> Mapping[str, Sequence[str]]:
+        """Return the :attr:`_engine.URL.query` dictionary with values normalized
+        into sequences.
+
+        As the :attr:`_engine.URL.query` dictionary may contain either
+        string values or sequences of string values to differentiate between
+        parameters that are specified multiple times in the query string,
+        code that needs to handle multiple parameters generically will wish
+        to use this attribute so that all parameters present are presented
+        as sequences.   Inspiration is from Python's ``urllib.parse.parse_qs``
+        function.  E.g.::
+
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt")
+            >>> url.query
+            immutabledict({'alt_host': ('host1', 'host2'), 'ssl_cipher': '/path/to/crt'})
+            >>> url.normalized_query
+            immutabledict({'alt_host': ('host1', 'host2'), 'ssl_cipher': ('/path/to/crt',)})
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                k: (v,) if not isinstance(v, tuple) else v
+                for k, v in self.query.items()
+            }
+        )
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_engine.URL.__to_string__ method is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":meth:`_engine.URL.render_as_string` method.",
+    )
+    def __to_string__(self, hide_password: bool = True) -> str:
+        """Render this :class:`_engine.URL` object as a string.
+
+        :param hide_password: Defaults to True.   The password is not shown
+         in the string unless this is set to False.
+
+        """
+        return self.render_as_string(hide_password=hide_password)
+
+    def render_as_string(self, hide_password: bool = True) -> str:
+        """Render this :class:`_engine.URL` object as a string.
+
+        This method is used when the ``__str__()`` or ``__repr__()``
+        methods are used.   The method directly includes additional options.
+
+        :param hide_password: Defaults to True.   The password is not shown
+         in the string unless this is set to False.
+
+        """
+        s = self.drivername + "://"
+        if self.username is not None:
+            s += quote(self.username, safe=" +")
+            if self.password is not None:
+                s += ":" + (
+                    "***"
+                    if hide_password
+                    else quote(str(self.password), safe=" +")
+                )
+            s += "@"
+        if self.host is not None:
+            if ":" in self.host:
+                s += f"[{self.host}]"
+            else:
+                s += self.host
+        if self.port is not None:
+            s += ":" + str(self.port)
+        if self.database is not None:
+            s += "/" + self.database
+        if self.query:
+            keys = list(self.query)
+            keys.sort()
+            s += "?" + "&".join(
+                f"{quote_plus(k)}={quote_plus(element)}"
+                for k in keys
+                for element in util.to_list(self.query[k])
+            )
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return self.render_as_string()
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> URL:
+        return self.__class__.create(
+            self.drivername,
+            self.username,
+            self.password,
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            self.database,
+            # note this is an immutabledict of str-> str / tuple of str,
+            # also fully immutable.  does not require deepcopy
+            self.query,
+        )
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: Any) -> URL:
+        return self.__copy__()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(str(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, URL)
+            and self.drivername == other.drivername
+            and self.username == other.username
+            and self.password == other.password
+            and self.host == other.host
+            and self.database == other.database
+            and self.query == other.query
+            and self.port == other.port
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self == other
+
+    def get_backend_name(self) -> str:
+        """Return the backend name.
+
+        This is the name that corresponds to the database backend in
+        use, and is the portion of the :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername`
+        that is to the left of the plus sign.
+
+        """
+        if "+" not in self.drivername:
+            return self.drivername
+        else:
+            return self.drivername.split("+")[0]
+
+    def get_driver_name(self) -> str:
+        """Return the backend name.
+
+        This is the name that corresponds to the DBAPI driver in
+        use, and is the portion of the :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername`
+        that is to the right of the plus sign.
+
+        If the :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername` does not include a plus sign,
+        then the default :class:`_engine.Dialect` for this :class:`_engine.URL`
+        is imported in order to get the driver name.
+
+        """
+
+        if "+" not in self.drivername:
+            return self.get_dialect().driver
+        else:
+            return self.drivername.split("+")[1]
+
+    def _instantiate_plugins(
+        self, kwargs: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> Tuple[URL, List[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        plugin_names = util.to_list(self.query.get("plugin", ()))
+        plugin_names += kwargs.get("plugins", [])
+
+        kwargs = dict(kwargs)
+
+        loaded_plugins = [
+            plugins.load(plugin_name)(self, kwargs)
+            for plugin_name in plugin_names
+        ]
+
+        u = self.difference_update_query(["plugin", "plugins"])
+
+        for plugin in loaded_plugins:
+            new_u = plugin.update_url(u)
+            if new_u is not None:
+                u = new_u
+
+        kwargs.pop("plugins", None)
+
+        return u, loaded_plugins, kwargs
+
+    def _get_entrypoint(self) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Return the "entry point" dialect class.
+
+        This is normally the dialect itself except in the case when the
+        returned class implements the get_dialect_cls() method.
+
+        """
+        if "+" not in self.drivername:
+            name = self.drivername
+        else:
+            name = self.drivername.replace("+", ".")
+        cls = registry.load(name)
+        # check for legacy dialects that
+        # would return a module with 'dialect' as the
+        # actual class
+        if (
+            hasattr(cls, "dialect")
+            and isinstance(cls.dialect, type)
+            and issubclass(cls.dialect, Dialect)
+        ):
+            return cls.dialect
+        else:
+            return cast("Type[Dialect]", cls)
+
+    def get_dialect(self, _is_async: bool = False) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Return the SQLAlchemy :class:`_engine.Dialect` class corresponding
+        to this URL's driver name.
+
+        """
+        entrypoint = self._get_entrypoint()
+        if _is_async:
+            dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_async_dialect_cls(self)
+        else:
+            dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_dialect_cls(self)
+        return dialect_cls
+
+    def translate_connect_args(
+        self, names: Optional[List[str]] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        r"""Translate url attributes into a dictionary of connection arguments.
+
+        Returns attributes of this url (`host`, `database`, `username`,
+        `password`, `port`) as a plain dictionary.  The attribute names are
+        used as the keys by default.  Unset or false attributes are omitted
+        from the final dictionary.
+
+        :param \**kw: Optional, alternate key names for url attributes.
+
+        :param names: Deprecated.  Same purpose as the keyword-based alternate
+            names, but correlates the name to the original positionally.
+        """
+
+        if names is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The `URL.translate_connect_args.name`s parameter is "
+                "deprecated. Please pass the "
+                "alternate names as kw arguments.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+
+        translated = {}
+        attribute_names = ["host", "database", "username", "password", "port"]
+        for sname in attribute_names:
+            if names:
+                name = names.pop(0)
+            elif sname in kw:
+                name = kw[sname]
+            else:
+                name = sname
+            if name is not None and getattr(self, sname, False):
+                if sname == "password":
+                    translated[name] = str(getattr(self, sname))
+                else:
+                    translated[name] = getattr(self, sname)
+
+        return translated
+
+
+def make_url(name_or_url: Union[str, URL]) -> URL:
+    """Given a string, produce a new URL instance.
+
+    The format of the URL generally follows `RFC-1738
+    <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt>`_, with some exceptions, including
+    that underscores, and not dashes or periods, are accepted within the
+    "scheme" portion.
+
+    If a :class:`.URL` object is passed, it is returned as is.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`database_urls`
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(name_or_url, str):
+        return _parse_url(name_or_url)
+    elif not isinstance(name_or_url, URL) and not hasattr(
+        name_or_url, "_sqla_is_testing_if_this_is_a_mock_object"
+    ):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Expected string or URL object, got {name_or_url!r}"
+        )
+    else:
+        return name_or_url
+
+
+def _parse_url(name: str) -> URL:
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r"""
+            (?P<name>[\w\+]+)://
+            (?:
+                (?P<username>[^:/]*)
+                (?::(?P<password>[^@]*))?
+            @)?
+            (?:
+                (?:
+                    \[(?P<ipv6host>[^/\?]+)\] |
+                    (?P<ipv4host>[^/:\?]+)
+                )?
+                (?::(?P<port>[^/\?]*))?
+            )?
+            (?:/(?P<database>[^\?]*))?
+            (?:\?(?P<query>.*))?
+            """,
+        re.X,
+    )
+
+    m = pattern.match(name)
+    if m is not None:
+        components = m.groupdict()
+        query: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]]
+        if components["query"] is not None:
+            query = {}
+
+            for key, value in parse_qsl(components["query"]):
+                if key in query:
+                    query[key] = util.to_list(query[key])
+                    cast("List[str]", query[key]).append(value)
+                else:
+                    query[key] = value
+        else:
+            query = None
+        components["query"] = query
+
+        if components["username"] is not None:
+            components["username"] = unquote(components["username"])
+
+        if components["password"] is not None:
+            components["password"] = unquote(components["password"])
+
+        ipv4host = components.pop("ipv4host")
+        ipv6host = components.pop("ipv6host")
+        components["host"] = ipv4host or ipv6host
+        name = components.pop("name")
+
+        if components["port"]:
+            components["port"] = int(components["port"])
+
+        return URL.create(name, **components)  # type: ignore
+
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Could not parse SQLAlchemy URL from string '%s'" % name
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6da2e3c916ac2c71603c519dc5ccca6b555c57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# engine/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_util import _distill_params_20 as _distill_params_20
+    from ._py_util import _distill_raw_params as _distill_raw_params
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401
+        _distill_params_20 as _distill_params_20,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401
+        _distill_raw_params as _distill_raw_params,
+    )
+
+_C = TypeVar("_C", bound=Callable[[], Any])
+
+
+def connection_memoize(key: str) -> Callable[[_C], _C]:
+    """Decorator, memoize a function in a connection.info stash.
+
+    Only applicable to functions which take no arguments other than a
+    connection.  The memo will be stored in ``connection.info[key]``.
+    """
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def decorated(fn, self, connection):  # type: ignore
+        connection = connection.connect()
+        try:
+            return connection.info[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            connection.info[key] = val = fn(self, connection)
+            return val
+
+    return decorated
+
+
+class _TConsSubject(Protocol):
+    _trans_context_manager: Optional[TransactionalContext]
+
+
+class TransactionalContext:
+    """Apply Python context manager behavior to transaction objects.
+
+    Performs validation to ensure the subject of the transaction is not
+    used if the transaction were ended prematurely.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_outer_trans_ctx", "_trans_subject", "__weakref__")
+
+    _trans_subject: Optional[_TConsSubject]
+
+    def _transaction_is_active(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _transaction_is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _rollback_can_be_called(self) -> bool:
+        """indicates the object is in a state that is known to be acceptable
+        for rollback() to be called.
+
+        This does not necessarily mean rollback() will succeed or not raise
+        an error, just that there is currently no state detected that indicates
+        rollback() would fail or emit warnings.
+
+        It also does not mean that there's a transaction in progress, as
+        it is usually safe to call rollback() even if no transaction is
+        present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.28
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_subject(self) -> _TConsSubject:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _trans_ctx_check(cls, subject: _TConsSubject) -> None:
+        trans_context = subject._trans_context_manager
+        if trans_context:
+            if not trans_context._transaction_is_active():
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't operate on closed transaction inside context "
+                    "manager.  Please complete the context manager "
+                    "before emitting further commands."
+                )
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        subject = self._get_subject()
+
+        # none for outer transaction, may be non-None for nested
+        # savepoint, legacy nesting cases
+        trans_context = subject._trans_context_manager
+        self._outer_trans_ctx = trans_context
+
+        self._trans_subject = subject
+        subject._trans_context_manager = self
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        subject = getattr(self, "_trans_subject", None)
+
+        # simplistically we could assume that
+        # "subject._trans_context_manager is self".  However, any calling
+        # code that is manipulating __exit__ directly would break this
+        # assumption.  alembic context manager
+        # is an example of partial use that just calls __exit__ and
+        # not __enter__ at the moment.  it's safe to assume this is being done
+        # in the wild also
+        out_of_band_exit = (
+            subject is None or subject._trans_context_manager is not self
+        )
+
+        if type_ is None and self._transaction_is_active():
+            try:
+                self.commit()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    if self._rollback_can_be_called():
+                        self.rollback()
+            finally:
+                if not out_of_band_exit:
+                    assert subject is not None
+                    subject._trans_context_manager = self._outer_trans_ctx
+                self._trans_subject = self._outer_trans_ctx = None
+        else:
+            try:
+                if not self._transaction_is_active():
+                    if not self._transaction_is_closed():
+                        self.close()
+                else:
+                    if self._rollback_can_be_called():
+                        self.rollback()
+            finally:
+                if not out_of_band_exit:
+                    assert subject is not None
+                    subject._trans_context_manager = self._outer_trans_ctx
+                self._trans_subject = self._outer_trans_ctx = None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46c4c5d839953ea0226303a1b78ae6946ff626d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# event/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .api import CANCEL as CANCEL
+from .api import contains as contains
+from .api import listen as listen
+from .api import listens_for as listens_for
+from .api import NO_RETVAL as NO_RETVAL
+from .api import remove as remove
+from .attr import _InstanceLevelDispatch as _InstanceLevelDispatch
+from .attr import RefCollection as RefCollection
+from .base import _Dispatch as _Dispatch
+from .base import _DispatchCommon as _DispatchCommon
+from .base import dispatcher as dispatcher
+from .base import Events as Events
+from .legacy import _legacy_signature as _legacy_signature
+from .registry import _EventKey as _EventKey
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType as _ListenerFnType
+from .registry import EventTarget as EventTarget
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a264cf8040e8b3f1b78ceeb664574bb979012e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# event/api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Public API functions for the event system.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+
+from .base import _registrars
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _EventKey
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+
+CANCEL = util.symbol("CANCEL")
+NO_RETVAL = util.symbol("NO_RETVAL")
+
+
+def _event_key(
+    target: _ET, identifier: str, fn: _ListenerFnType
+) -> _EventKey[_ET]:
+    for evt_cls in _registrars[identifier]:
+        tgt = evt_cls._accept_with(target, identifier)
+        if tgt is not None:
+            return _EventKey(target, identifier, fn, tgt)
+    else:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "No such event '%s' for target '%s'" % (identifier, target)
+        )
+
+
+def listen(
+    target: Any, identifier: str, fn: Callable[..., Any], *args: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> None:
+    """Register a listener function for the given target.
+
+    The :func:`.listen` function is part of the primary interface for the
+    SQLAlchemy event system, documented at :ref:`event_toplevel`.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (
+                table.name,
+                list(const.columns)[0].name
+            )
+        event.listen(
+                UniqueConstraint,
+                "after_parent_attach",
+                unique_constraint_name)
+
+    :param bool insert: The default behavior for event handlers is to append
+      the decorated user defined function to an internal list of registered
+      event listeners upon discovery. If a user registers a function with
+      ``insert=True``, SQLAlchemy will insert (prepend) the function to the
+      internal list upon discovery. This feature is not typically used or
+      recommended by the SQLAlchemy maintainers, but is provided to ensure
+      certain user defined functions can run before others, such as when
+      :ref:`Changing the sql_mode in MySQL <mysql_sql_mode>`.
+
+    :param bool named: When using named argument passing, the names listed in
+      the function argument specification will be used as keys in the
+      dictionary.
+      See :ref:`event_named_argument_styles`.
+
+    :param bool once: Private/Internal API usage. Deprecated.  This parameter
+      would provide that an event function would run only once per given
+      target. It does not however imply automatic de-registration of the
+      listener function; associating an arbitrarily high number of listeners
+      without explicitly removing them will cause memory to grow unbounded even
+      if ``once=True`` is specified.
+
+    :param bool propagate: The ``propagate`` kwarg is available when working
+      with ORM instrumentation and mapping events.
+      See :class:`_ormevent.MapperEvents` and
+      :meth:`_ormevent.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured` for examples.
+
+    :param bool retval: This flag applies only to specific event listeners,
+      each of which includes documentation explaining when it should be used.
+      By default, no listener ever requires a return value.
+      However, some listeners do support special behaviors for return values,
+      and include in their documentation that the ``retval=True`` flag is
+      necessary for a return value to be processed.
+
+      Event listener suites that make use of :paramref:`_event.listen.retval`
+      include :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents` and
+      :class:`_ormevent.AttributeEvents`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :func:`.listen` function cannot be called at the same time
+        that the target event is being run.   This has implications
+        for thread safety, and also means an event cannot be added
+        from inside the listener function for itself.  The list of
+        events to be run are present inside of a mutable collection
+        that can't be changed during iteration.
+
+        Event registration and removal is not intended to be a "high
+        velocity" operation; it is a configurational operation.  For
+        systems that need to quickly associate and deassociate with
+        events at high scale, use a mutable structure that is handled
+        from inside of a single listener.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listens_for`
+
+        :func:`.remove`
+
+    """
+
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).listen(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def listens_for(
+    target: Any, identifier: str, *args: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]:
+    """Decorate a function as a listener for the given target + identifier.
+
+    The :func:`.listens_for` decorator is part of the primary interface for the
+    SQLAlchemy event system, documented at :ref:`event_toplevel`.
+
+    This function generally shares the same kwargs as :func:`.listen`.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+        @event.listens_for(UniqueConstraint, "after_parent_attach")
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (
+                table.name,
+                list(const.columns)[0].name
+            )
+
+    A given function can also be invoked for only the first invocation
+    of the event using the ``once`` argument::
+
+        @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configure", once=True)
+        def on_config():
+            do_config()
+
+
+    .. warning:: The ``once`` argument does not imply automatic de-registration
+       of the listener function after it has been invoked a first time; a
+       listener entry will remain associated with the target object.
+       Associating an arbitrarily high number of listeners without explicitly
+       removing them will cause memory to grow unbounded even if ``once=True``
+       is specified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listen` - general description of event listening
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        listen(target, identifier, fn, *args, **kw)
+        return fn
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def remove(target: Any, identifier: str, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+    """Remove an event listener.
+
+    The arguments here should match exactly those which were sent to
+    :func:`.listen`; all the event registration which proceeded as a result
+    of this call will be reverted by calling :func:`.remove` with the same
+    arguments.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        # if a function was registered like this...
+        @event.listens_for(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", propagate=True)
+        def my_listener_function(*arg):
+            pass
+
+        # ... it's removed like this
+        event.remove(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", my_listener_function)
+
+    Above, the listener function associated with ``SomeMappedClass`` was also
+    propagated to subclasses of ``SomeMappedClass``; the :func:`.remove`
+    function will revert all of these operations.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :func:`.remove` function cannot be called at the same time
+        that the target event is being run.   This has implications
+        for thread safety, and also means an event cannot be removed
+        from inside the listener function for itself.  The list of
+        events to be run are present inside of a mutable collection
+        that can't be changed during iteration.
+
+        Event registration and removal is not intended to be a "high
+        velocity" operation; it is a configurational operation.  For
+        systems that need to quickly associate and deassociate with
+        events at high scale, use a mutable structure that is handled
+        from inside of a single listener.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listen`
+
+    """
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).remove()
+
+
+def contains(target: Any, identifier: str, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given target/ident/fn is set up to listen."""
+
+    return _event_key(target, identifier, fn).contains()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1e742da49b642d8bd6c9545f2f541cf3390635c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+# event/attr.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Attribute implementation for _Dispatch classes.
+
+The various listener targets for a particular event class are represented
+as attributes, which refer to collections of listeners to be fired off.
+These collections can exist at the class level as well as at the instance
+level.  An event is fired off using code like this::
+
+    some_object.dispatch.first_connect(arg1, arg2)
+
+Above, ``some_object.dispatch`` would be an instance of ``_Dispatch`` and
+``first_connect`` is typically an instance of ``_ListenerCollection``
+if event listeners are present, or ``_EmptyListener`` if none are present.
+
+The attribute mechanics here spend effort trying to ensure listener functions
+are available with a minimum of function call overhead, that unnecessary
+objects aren't created (i.e. many empty per-instance listener collections),
+as well as that everything is garbage collectable when owning references are
+lost.  Other features such as "propagation" of listener functions across
+many ``_Dispatch`` instances, "joining" of multiple ``_Dispatch`` instances,
+as well as support for subclass propagation (e.g. events assigned to
+``Pool`` vs. ``QueuePool``) are all implemented here.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from itertools import chain
+import threading
+from types import TracebackType
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableSequence
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import legacy
+from . import registry
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _EventKey
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.concurrency import AsyncAdaptedLock
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import _Dispatch
+    from .base import _DispatchCommon
+    from .base import _HasEventsDispatch
+
+
+class RefCollection(util.MemoizedSlots, Generic[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = ("ref",)
+
+    ref: weakref.ref[RefCollection[_ET]]
+
+    def _memoized_attr_ref(self) -> weakref.ref[RefCollection[_ET]]:
+        return weakref.ref(self, registry._collection_gced)
+
+
+class _empty_collection(Collection[_T]):
+    def append(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def appendleft(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def extend(self, other: Sequence[_T]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def remove(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __contains__(self, element: Any) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter([])
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+
+_ListenerFnSequenceType = Union[Deque[_T], _empty_collection[_T]]
+
+
+class _ClsLevelDispatch(RefCollection[_ET]):
+    """Class-level events on :class:`._Dispatch` classes."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "clsname",
+        "name",
+        "arg_names",
+        "has_kw",
+        "legacy_signatures",
+        "_clslevel",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    clsname: str
+    name: str
+    arg_names: Sequence[str]
+    has_kw: bool
+    legacy_signatures: MutableSequence[legacy._LegacySignatureType]
+    _clslevel: MutableMapping[
+        Type[_ET], _ListenerFnSequenceType[_ListenerFnType]
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent_dispatch_cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+        fn: _ListenerFnType,
+    ):
+        self.name = fn.__name__
+        self.clsname = parent_dispatch_cls.__name__
+        argspec = util.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        self.arg_names = argspec.args[1:]
+        self.has_kw = bool(argspec.varkw)
+        self.legacy_signatures = list(
+            reversed(
+                sorted(
+                    getattr(fn, "_legacy_signatures", []), key=lambda s: s[0]
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        fn.__doc__ = legacy._augment_fn_docs(self, parent_dispatch_cls, fn)
+
+        self._clslevel = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(
+        self, fn: _ListenerFnType, named: bool
+    ) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        if named:
+            fn = self._wrap_fn_for_kw(fn)
+        if self.legacy_signatures:
+            try:
+                argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                fn = legacy._wrap_fn_for_legacy(self, fn, argspec)
+        return fn
+
+    def _wrap_fn_for_kw(self, fn: _ListenerFnType) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        def wrap_kw(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            argdict = dict(zip(self.arg_names, args))
+            argdict.update(kw)
+            return fn(**argdict)
+
+        return wrap_kw
+
+    def _do_insert_or_append(
+        self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], is_append: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        assert isinstance(
+            target, type
+        ), "Class-level Event targets must be classes."
+        if not getattr(target, "_sa_propagate_class_events", True):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Can't assign an event directly to the {target} class"
+            )
+
+        cls: Type[_ET]
+
+        for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target):
+            if cls is not target and cls not in self._clslevel:
+                self.update_subclass(cls)
+            else:
+                if cls not in self._clslevel:
+                    self.update_subclass(cls)
+                if is_append:
+                    self._clslevel[cls].append(event_key._listen_fn)
+                else:
+                    self._clslevel[cls].appendleft(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self._do_insert_or_append(event_key, is_append=False)
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self._do_insert_or_append(event_key, is_append=True)
+
+    def update_subclass(self, target: Type[_ET]) -> None:
+        if target not in self._clslevel:
+            if getattr(target, "_sa_propagate_class_events", True):
+                self._clslevel[target] = collections.deque()
+            else:
+                self._clslevel[target] = _empty_collection()
+
+        clslevel = self._clslevel[target]
+        cls: Type[_ET]
+        for cls in target.__mro__[1:]:
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                clslevel.extend(
+                    [fn for fn in self._clslevel[cls] if fn not in clslevel]
+                )
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        cls: Type[_ET]
+        for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target):
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                self._clslevel[cls].remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear all class level listeners"""
+
+        to_clear: Set[_ListenerFnType] = set()
+        for dispatcher in self._clslevel.values():
+            to_clear.update(dispatcher)
+            dispatcher.clear()
+        registry._clear(self, to_clear)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj: _Dispatch[_ET]) -> _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ClsLevelDispatch at the class level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class _InstanceLevelDispatch(RefCollection[_ET], Collection[_ListenerFnType]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(
+        self, fn: _ListenerFnType, named: bool
+    ) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        return self.parent._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_ListenerFnType]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def exec_once_unless_exception(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _exec_w_sync_on_first_run(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def for_modify(
+        self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ClsLevelDispatch at the class level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class _EmptyListener(_InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]):
+    """Serves as a proxy interface to the events
+    served by a _ClsLevelDispatch, when there are no
+    instance-level events present.
+
+    Is replaced by _ListenerCollection when instance-level
+    events are added.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "parent", "parent_listeners", "name"
+
+    propagate: FrozenSet[_ListenerFnType] = frozenset()
+    listeners: Tuple[()] = ()
+    parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]
+    parent_listeners: _ListenerFnSequenceType[_ListenerFnType]
+    name: str
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET], target_cls: Type[_ET]):
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.name = parent.name
+
+    def for_modify(
+        self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ) -> _ListenerCollection[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _EmptyListener at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this generates a new
+        _ListenerCollection, applies it to the instance,
+        and returns it.
+
+        """
+        obj = cast("_Dispatch[_ET]", obj)
+
+        assert obj._instance_cls is not None
+        result = _ListenerCollection(self.parent, obj._instance_cls)
+        if getattr(obj, self.name) is self:
+            setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(getattr(obj, self.name), _JoinedListener)
+        return result
+
+    def _needs_modify(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError("need to call for_modify()")
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def exec_once_unless_exception(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def insert(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def append(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def clear(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self.parent_listeners
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_ListenerFnType]:
+        return iter(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.parent_listeners)
+
+
+class _MutexProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __enter__(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> Optional[bool]: ...
+
+
+class _CompoundListener(_InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_exec_once_mutex",
+        "_exec_once",
+        "_exec_w_sync_once",
+        "_is_asyncio",
+    )
+
+    _exec_once_mutex: _MutexProtocol
+    parent_listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+    listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+    _exec_once: bool
+    _exec_w_sync_once: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._is_asyncio = False
+
+    def _set_asyncio(self) -> None:
+        self._is_asyncio = True
+
+    def _memoized_attr__exec_once_mutex(self) -> _MutexProtocol:
+        if self._is_asyncio:
+            return AsyncAdaptedLock()
+        else:
+            return threading.Lock()
+
+    def _exec_once_impl(
+        self, retry_on_exception: bool, *args: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        with self._exec_once_mutex:
+            if not self._exec_once:
+                try:
+                    self(*args, **kw)
+                    exception = False
+                except:
+                    exception = True
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    if not exception or not retry_on_exception:
+                        self._exec_once = True
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event, but only if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection."""
+
+        if not self._exec_once:
+            self._exec_once_impl(False, *args, **kw)
+
+    def exec_once_unless_exception(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event, but only if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection, or was called
+        by a previous exec_once_unless_exception call and
+        raised an exception.
+
+        If exec_once was already called, then this method will never run
+        the callable regardless of whether it raised or not.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        """
+        if not self._exec_once:
+            self._exec_once_impl(True, *args, **kw)
+
+    def _exec_w_sync_on_first_run(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event, and use a mutex if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection, or was called
+        by a previous _exec_w_sync_on_first_run call and
+        raised an exception.
+
+        If _exec_w_sync_on_first_run was already called and didn't raise an
+        exception, then a mutex is not used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.11
+
+        """
+        if not self._exec_w_sync_once:
+            with self._exec_once_mutex:
+                try:
+                    self(*args, **kw)
+                except:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    self._exec_w_sync_once = True
+        else:
+            self(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+        for fn in self.listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self.parent_listeners or item in self.listeners
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.parent_listeners) + len(self.listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_ListenerFnType]:
+        return chain(self.parent_listeners, self.listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.listeners or self.parent_listeners)
+
+
+class _ListenerCollection(_CompoundListener[_ET]):
+    """Instance-level attributes on instances of :class:`._Dispatch`.
+
+    Represents a collection of listeners.
+
+    As of 0.7.9, _ListenerCollection is only first
+    created via the _EmptyListener.for_modify() method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "parent_listeners",
+        "parent",
+        "name",
+        "listeners",
+        "propagate",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    parent_listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+    parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]
+    name: str
+    listeners: Deque[_ListenerFnType]
+    propagate: Set[_ListenerFnType]
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET], target_cls: Type[_ET]):
+        super().__init__()
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self._exec_once = False
+        self._exec_w_sync_once = False
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = parent.name
+        self.listeners = collections.deque()
+        self.propagate = set()
+
+    def for_modify(
+        self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ) -> _ListenerCollection[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ListenerCollection at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _update(
+        self, other: _ListenerCollection[_ET], only_propagate: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+        object."""
+        existing_listeners = self.listeners
+        existing_listener_set = set(existing_listeners)
+        self.propagate.update(other.propagate)
+        other_listeners = [
+            l
+            for l in other.listeners
+            if l not in existing_listener_set
+            and not only_propagate
+            or l in self.propagate
+        ]
+
+        existing_listeners.extend(other_listeners)
+
+        if other._is_asyncio:
+            self._set_asyncio()
+
+        to_associate = other.propagate.union(other_listeners)
+        registry._stored_in_collection_multi(self, other, to_associate)
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        if event_key.prepend_to_list(self, self.listeners):
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        if event_key.append_to_list(self, self.listeners):
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        self.listeners.remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        self.propagate.discard(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        registry._clear(self, self.listeners)
+        self.propagate.clear()
+        self.listeners.clear()
+
+
+class _JoinedListener(_CompoundListener[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = "parent_dispatch", "name", "local", "parent_listeners"
+
+    parent_dispatch: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    name: str
+    local: _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]
+    parent_listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent_dispatch: _DispatchCommon[_ET],
+        name: str,
+        local: _EmptyListener[_ET],
+    ):
+        self._exec_once = False
+        self.parent_dispatch = parent_dispatch
+        self.name = name
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent_listeners = self.local
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # first error, I don't really understand:
+        # Signature of "listeners" incompatible with
+        # supertype "_CompoundListener"  [override]
+        # the name / return type are exactly the same
+        # second error is getattr_isn't typed, the cast() here
+        # adds too much method overhead
+        @property
+        def listeners(self) -> Collection[_ListenerFnType]:
+            return getattr(self.parent_dispatch, self.name)
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(
+        self, fn: _ListenerFnType, named: bool
+    ) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        return self.local._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]) -> _JoinedListener[_ET]:
+        self.local = self.parent_listeners = self.local.for_modify(obj)
+        return self
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self.local.insert(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self.local.append(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        self.local.remove(event_key)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0f6cfd388dff44f24e1befe437c78a1c6338eff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+# event/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base implementation classes.
+
+The public-facing ``Events`` serves as the base class for an event interface;
+its public attributes represent different kinds of events.   These attributes
+are mirrored onto a ``_Dispatch`` class, which serves as a container for
+collections of listener functions.   These collections are represented both
+at the class level of a particular ``_Dispatch`` class as well as within
+instances of ``_Dispatch``.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .attr import _ClsLevelDispatch
+from .attr import _EmptyListener
+from .attr import _InstanceLevelDispatch
+from .attr import _JoinedListener
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _EventKey
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+_registrars: MutableMapping[str, List[Type[_HasEventsDispatch[Any]]]] = (
+    util.defaultdict(list)
+)
+
+
+def _is_event_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    # _sa_event prefix is special to support internal-only event names.
+    # most event names are just plain method names that aren't
+    # underscored.
+
+    return (
+        not name.startswith("_") and name != "dispatch"
+    ) or name.startswith("_sa_event")
+
+
+class _UnpickleDispatch:
+    """Serializable callable that re-generates an instance of
+    :class:`_Dispatch` given a particular :class:`.Events` subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, _instance_cls: Type[_ET]) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        for cls in _instance_cls.__mro__:
+            if "dispatch" in cls.__dict__:
+                return cast(
+                    "_Dispatch[_ET]", cls.__dict__["dispatch"].dispatch
+                )._for_class(_instance_cls)
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError("No class with a 'dispatch' member present.")
+
+
+class _DispatchCommon(Generic[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+
+    def _join(self, other: _DispatchCommon[_ET]) -> _JoinedDispatcher[_ET]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _events(self) -> Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _Dispatch(_DispatchCommon[_ET]):
+    """Mirror the event listening definitions of an Events class with
+    listener collections.
+
+    Classes which define a "dispatch" member will return a
+    non-instantiated :class:`._Dispatch` subclass when the member
+    is accessed at the class level.  When the "dispatch" member is
+    accessed at the instance level of its owner, an instance
+    of the :class:`._Dispatch` class is returned.
+
+    A :class:`._Dispatch` class is generated for each :class:`.Events`
+    class defined, by the :meth:`._HasEventsDispatch._create_dispatcher_class`
+    method.  The original :class:`.Events` classes remain untouched.
+    This decouples the construction of :class:`.Events` subclasses from
+    the implementation used by the event internals, and allows
+    inspecting tools like Sphinx to work in an unsurprising
+    way against the public API.
+
+    """
+
+    # "active_history" is an ORM case we add here.   ideally a better
+    # system would be in place for ad-hoc attributes.
+    __slots__ = "_parent", "_instance_cls", "__dict__", "_empty_listeners"
+
+    _active_history: bool
+
+    _empty_listener_reg: MutableMapping[
+        Type[_ET], Dict[str, _EmptyListener[_ET]]
+    ] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    _empty_listeners: Dict[str, _EmptyListener[_ET]]
+
+    _event_names: List[str]
+
+    _instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+
+    _joined_dispatch_cls: Type[_JoinedDispatcher[_ET]]
+
+    _events: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]
+    """reference back to the Events class.
+
+    Bidirectional against _HasEventsDispatch.dispatch
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: Optional[_Dispatch[_ET]],
+        instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._instance_cls = instance_cls
+
+        if instance_cls:
+            assert parent is not None
+            try:
+                self._empty_listeners = self._empty_listener_reg[instance_cls]
+            except KeyError:
+                self._empty_listeners = self._empty_listener_reg[
+                    instance_cls
+                ] = {
+                    ls.name: _EmptyListener(ls, instance_cls)
+                    for ls in parent._event_descriptors
+                }
+        else:
+            self._empty_listeners = {}
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        # Assign EmptyListeners as attributes on demand
+        # to reduce startup time for new dispatch objects.
+        try:
+            ls = self._empty_listeners[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        else:
+            setattr(self, ls.name, ls)
+            return ls
+
+    @property
+    def _event_descriptors(self) -> Iterator[_ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]]:
+        for k in self._event_names:
+            # Yield _ClsLevelDispatch related
+            # to relevant event name.
+            yield getattr(self, k)
+
+    def _listen(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], **kw: Any) -> None:
+        return self._events._listen(event_key, **kw)
+
+    def _for_class(self, instance_cls: Type[_ET]) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        return self.__class__(self, instance_cls)
+
+    def _for_instance(self, instance: _ET) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        instance_cls = instance.__class__
+        return self._for_class(instance_cls)
+
+    def _join(self, other: _DispatchCommon[_ET]) -> _JoinedDispatcher[_ET]:
+        """Create a 'join' of this :class:`._Dispatch` and another.
+
+        This new dispatcher will dispatch events to both
+        :class:`._Dispatch` objects.
+
+        """
+        if "_joined_dispatch_cls" not in self.__class__.__dict__:
+            cls = type(
+                "Joined%s" % self.__class__.__name__,
+                (_JoinedDispatcher,),
+                {"__slots__": self._event_names},
+            )
+            self.__class__._joined_dispatch_cls = cls
+        return self._joined_dispatch_cls(self, other)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return _UnpickleDispatch(), (self._instance_cls,)
+
+    def _update(
+        self, other: _Dispatch[_ET], only_propagate: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+        object."""
+        for ls in other._event_descriptors:
+            if isinstance(ls, _EmptyListener):
+                continue
+            getattr(self, ls.name).for_modify(self)._update(
+                ls, only_propagate=only_propagate
+            )
+
+    def _clear(self) -> None:
+        for ls in self._event_descriptors:
+            ls.for_modify(self).clear()
+
+
+def _remove_dispatcher(cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]) -> None:
+    for k in cls.dispatch._event_names:
+        _registrars[k].remove(cls)
+        if not _registrars[k]:
+            del _registrars[k]
+
+
+class _HasEventsDispatch(Generic[_ET]):
+    _dispatch_target: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+    """class which will receive the .dispatch collection"""
+
+    dispatch: _Dispatch[_ET]
+    """reference back to the _Dispatch class.
+
+    Bidirectional against _Dispatch._events
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]: ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        """Intercept new Event subclasses and create associated _Dispatch
+        classes."""
+
+        cls._create_dispatcher_class(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, cls.__dict__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls, target: Union[_ET, Type[_ET]], identifier: str
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_ET, Type[_ET]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        *,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        insert: bool = False,
+        named: bool = False,
+        asyncio: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(
+        klass: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+        dispatch_cls: Type[_Dispatch[_ET]],
+    ) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        # This allows an Events subclass to define additional utility
+        # methods made available to the target via
+        # "self.dispatch._events.<utilitymethod>"
+        # @staticmethod to allow easy "super" calls while in a metaclass
+        # constructor.
+        klass.dispatch = dispatch_cls(None)
+        dispatch_cls._events = klass
+        return klass.dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_dispatcher_class(
+        cls, classname: str, bases: Tuple[type, ...], dict_: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a :class:`._Dispatch` class corresponding to an
+        :class:`.Events` class."""
+
+        # there's all kinds of ways to do this,
+        # i.e. make a Dispatch class that shares the '_listen' method
+        # of the Event class, this is the straight monkeypatch.
+        if hasattr(cls, "dispatch"):
+            dispatch_base = cls.dispatch.__class__
+        else:
+            dispatch_base = _Dispatch
+
+        event_names = [k for k in dict_ if _is_event_name(k)]
+        dispatch_cls = cast(
+            "Type[_Dispatch[_ET]]",
+            type(
+                "%sDispatch" % classname,
+                (dispatch_base,),
+                {"__slots__": event_names},
+            ),
+        )
+
+        dispatch_cls._event_names = event_names
+        dispatch_inst = cls._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+        for k in dispatch_cls._event_names:
+            setattr(dispatch_inst, k, _ClsLevelDispatch(cls, dict_[k]))
+            _registrars[k].append(cls)
+
+        for super_ in dispatch_cls.__bases__:
+            if issubclass(super_, _Dispatch) and super_ is not _Dispatch:
+                for ls in super_._events.dispatch._event_descriptors:
+                    setattr(dispatch_inst, ls.name, ls)
+                    dispatch_cls._event_names.append(ls.name)
+
+        if getattr(cls, "_dispatch_target", None):
+            dispatch_target_cls = cls._dispatch_target
+            assert dispatch_target_cls is not None
+            if (
+                hasattr(dispatch_target_cls, "__slots__")
+                and "_slots_dispatch" in dispatch_target_cls.__slots__
+            ):
+                dispatch_target_cls.dispatch = slots_dispatcher(cls)
+            else:
+                dispatch_target_cls.dispatch = dispatcher(cls)
+
+
+class Events(_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]):
+    """Define event listening functions for a particular target type."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls, target: Union[_ET, Type[_ET]], identifier: str
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_ET, Type[_ET]]]:
+        def dispatch_is(*types: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+            return all(isinstance(target.dispatch, t) for t in types)
+
+        def dispatch_parent_is(t: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+            return isinstance(
+                cast("_JoinedDispatcher[_ET]", target.dispatch).parent, t
+            )
+
+        # Mapper, ClassManager, Session override this to
+        # also accept classes, scoped_sessions, sessionmakers, etc.
+        if hasattr(target, "dispatch"):
+            if (
+                dispatch_is(cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                or dispatch_is(type, cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                or (
+                    dispatch_is(_JoinedDispatcher)
+                    and dispatch_parent_is(cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                )
+            ):
+                return target
+
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        *,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        insert: bool = False,
+        named: bool = False,
+        asyncio: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        event_key.base_listen(
+            propagate=propagate, insert=insert, named=named, asyncio=asyncio
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove(cls, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        event_key.remove()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        cls.dispatch._clear()
+
+
+class _JoinedDispatcher(_DispatchCommon[_ET]):
+    """Represent a connection between two _Dispatch objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = "local", "parent", "_instance_cls"
+
+    local: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    parent: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    _instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, local: _DispatchCommon[_ET], parent: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ):
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent = parent
+        self._instance_cls = self.local._instance_cls
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _JoinedListener[_ET]:
+        # Assign _JoinedListeners as attributes on demand
+        # to reduce startup time for new dispatch objects.
+        ls = getattr(self.local, name)
+        jl = _JoinedListener(self.parent, ls.name, ls)
+        setattr(self, ls.name, jl)
+        return jl
+
+    def _listen(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], **kw: Any) -> None:
+        return self.parent._listen(event_key, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _events(self) -> Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]:
+        return self.parent._events
+
+
+class dispatcher(Generic[_ET]):
+    """Descriptor used by target classes to
+    deliver the _Dispatch class at the class level
+    and produce new _Dispatch instances for target
+    instances.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, events: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]):
+        self.dispatch = events.dispatch
+        self.events = events
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, obj: Literal[None], cls: Type[Any]
+    ) -> Type[_Dispatch[_ET]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> _DispatchCommon[_ET]: ...
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self.dispatch
+
+        disp = self.dispatch._for_instance(obj)
+        try:
+            obj.__dict__["dispatch"] = disp
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "target %r doesn't have __dict__, should it be "
+                "defining _slots_dispatch?" % (obj,)
+            ) from ae
+        return disp
+
+
+class slots_dispatcher(dispatcher[_ET]):
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self.dispatch
+
+        if hasattr(obj, "_slots_dispatch"):
+            return obj._slots_dispatch
+
+        disp = self.dispatch._for_instance(obj)
+        obj._slots_dispatch = disp
+        return disp
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4824f27caed2a498a69c39a30730d0964939b4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# event/legacy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to handle adaption of legacy call signatures,
+generation of deprecation notes and docstrings.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType
+from .. import util
+from ..util.compat import FullArgSpec
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attr import _ClsLevelDispatch
+    from .base import _HasEventsDispatch
+
+
+_LegacySignatureType = Tuple[str, List[str], Optional[Callable[..., Any]]]
+
+
+def _legacy_signature(
+    since: str,
+    argnames: List[str],
+    converter: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]:
+    """legacy sig decorator
+
+
+    :param since: string version for deprecation warning
+    :param argnames: list of strings, which is *all* arguments that the legacy
+     version accepted, including arguments that are still there
+    :param converter: lambda that will accept tuple of this full arg signature
+     and return tuple of new arg signature.
+
+    """
+
+    def leg(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        if not hasattr(fn, "_legacy_signatures"):
+            fn._legacy_signatures = []  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        fn._legacy_signatures.append((since, argnames, converter))  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # noqa: E501
+        return fn
+
+    return leg
+
+
+def _wrap_fn_for_legacy(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+    argspec: FullArgSpec,
+) -> _ListenerFnType:
+    for since, argnames, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        if argnames[-1] == "**kw":
+            has_kw = True
+            argnames = argnames[0:-1]
+        else:
+            has_kw = False
+
+        if len(argnames) == len(argspec.args) and has_kw is bool(
+            argspec.varkw
+        ):
+            formatted_def = "def %s(%s%s)" % (
+                dispatch_collection.name,
+                ", ".join(dispatch_collection.arg_names),
+                ", **kw" if has_kw else "",
+            )
+            warning_txt = (
+                'The argument signature for the "%s.%s" event listener '
+                "has changed as of version %s, and conversion for "
+                "the old argument signature will be removed in a "
+                'future release.  The new signature is "%s"'
+                % (
+                    dispatch_collection.clsname,
+                    dispatch_collection.name,
+                    since,
+                    formatted_def,
+                )
+            )
+
+            if conv is not None:
+                assert not has_kw
+
+                def wrap_leg(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                    util.warn_deprecated(warning_txt, version=since)
+                    assert conv is not None
+                    return fn(*conv(*args))
+
+            else:
+
+                def wrap_leg(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                    util.warn_deprecated(warning_txt, version=since)
+                    argdict = dict(zip(dispatch_collection.arg_names, args))
+                    args_from_dict = [argdict[name] for name in argnames]
+                    if has_kw:
+                        return fn(*args_from_dict, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        return fn(*args_from_dict)
+
+            return wrap_leg
+    else:
+        return fn
+
+
+def _indent(text: str, indent: str) -> str:
+    return "\n".join(indent + line for line in text.split("\n"))
+
+
+def _standard_listen_example(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    sample_target: Any,
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+) -> str:
+    example_kw_arg = _indent(
+        "\n".join(
+            "%(arg)s = kw['%(arg)s']" % {"arg": arg}
+            for arg in dispatch_collection.arg_names[0:2]
+        ),
+        "    ",
+    )
+    if dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        current_since = max(
+            since
+            for since, args, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures
+        )
+    else:
+        current_since = None
+    text = (
+        "from sqlalchemy import event\n\n\n"
+        "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+        "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+        "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+        "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+        "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+    )
+
+    text %= {
+        "current_since": (
+            " (arguments as of %s)" % current_since if current_since else ""
+        ),
+        "event_name": fn.__name__,
+        "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else "",
+        "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(dispatch_collection.arg_names),
+        "example_kw_arg": example_kw_arg,
+        "sample_target": sample_target,
+    }
+    return text
+
+
+def _legacy_listen_examples(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    sample_target: str,
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+) -> str:
+    text = ""
+    for since, args, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        text += (
+            "\n# DEPRECATED calling style (pre-%(since)s, "
+            "will be removed in a future release)\n"
+            "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+            "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+            "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+            "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+            "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+            % {
+                "since": since,
+                "event_name": fn.__name__,
+                "has_kw_arguments": (
+                    " **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else ""
+                ),
+                "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(args),
+                "sample_target": sample_target,
+            }
+        )
+    return text
+
+
+def _version_signature_changes(
+    parent_dispatch_cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+) -> str:
+    since, args, conv = dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures[0]
+    return (
+        "\n.. versionchanged:: %(since)s\n"
+        "    The :meth:`.%(clsname)s.%(event_name)s` event now accepts the \n"
+        "    arguments %(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s.\n"
+        "    Support for listener functions which accept the previous \n"
+        '    argument signature(s) listed above as "deprecated" will be \n'
+        "    removed in a future release."
+        % {
+            "since": since,
+            "clsname": parent_dispatch_cls.__name__,
+            "event_name": dispatch_collection.name,
+            "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(
+                ":paramref:`.%(clsname)s.%(event_name)s.%(param_name)s`"
+                % {
+                    "clsname": parent_dispatch_cls.__name__,
+                    "event_name": dispatch_collection.name,
+                    "param_name": param_name,
+                }
+                for param_name in dispatch_collection.arg_names
+            ),
+            "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else "",
+        }
+    )
+
+
+def _augment_fn_docs(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    parent_dispatch_cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+) -> str:
+    header = (
+        ".. container:: event_signatures\n\n"
+        "     Example argument forms::\n"
+        "\n"
+    )
+
+    sample_target = getattr(parent_dispatch_cls, "_target_class_doc", "obj")
+    text = header + _indent(
+        _standard_listen_example(dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn),
+        " " * 8,
+    )
+    if dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        text += _indent(
+            _legacy_listen_examples(dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn),
+            " " * 8,
+        )
+
+        text += _version_signature_changes(
+            parent_dispatch_cls, dispatch_collection
+        )
+
+    return util.inject_docstring_text(fn.__doc__, text, 1)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ead7cc2124483a2332756eaaecd8999a382ab941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# event/registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides managed registration services on behalf of :func:`.listen`
+arguments.
+
+By "managed registration", we mean that event listening functions and
+other objects can be added to various collections in such a way that their
+membership in all those collections can be revoked at once, based on
+an equivalent :class:`._EventKey`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attr import RefCollection
+    from .base import dispatcher
+
+_ListenerFnType = Callable[..., Any]
+_ListenerFnKeyType = Union[int, Tuple[int, int]]
+_EventKeyTupleType = Tuple[int, str, _ListenerFnKeyType]
+
+
+_ET = TypeVar("_ET", bound="EventTarget")
+
+
+class EventTarget:
+    """represents an event target, that is, something we can listen on
+    either with that target as a class or as an instance.
+
+    Examples include:  Connection, Mapper, Table, Session,
+    InstrumentedAttribute, Engine, Pool, Dialect.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Any]
+
+
+_RefCollectionToListenerType = Dict[
+    "weakref.ref[RefCollection[Any]]",
+    "weakref.ref[_ListenerFnType]",
+]
+
+_key_to_collection: Dict[_EventKeyTupleType, _RefCollectionToListenerType] = (
+    collections.defaultdict(dict)
+)
+"""
+Given an original listen() argument, can locate all
+listener collections and the listener fn contained
+
+(target, identifier, fn) -> {
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                        }
+"""
+
+_ListenerToEventKeyType = Dict[
+    "weakref.ref[_ListenerFnType]",
+    _EventKeyTupleType,
+]
+_collection_to_key: Dict[
+    weakref.ref[RefCollection[Any]],
+    _ListenerToEventKeyType,
+] = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+"""
+Given a _ListenerCollection or _ClsLevelListener, can locate
+all the original listen() arguments and the listener fn contained
+
+ref(listenercollection) -> {
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                        }
+"""
+
+
+def _collection_gced(ref: weakref.ref[Any]) -> None:
+    # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+    if not _collection_to_key or ref not in _collection_to_key:
+        return
+
+    ref = cast("weakref.ref[RefCollection[EventTarget]]", ref)
+
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key.pop(ref)
+    for key in listener_to_key.values():
+        if key in _key_to_collection:
+            # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+            dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+            dispatch_reg.pop(ref)
+            if not dispatch_reg:
+                _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection(
+    event_key: _EventKey[_ET], owner: RefCollection[_ET]
+) -> bool:
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    if owner_ref in dispatch_reg:
+        return False
+
+    dispatch_reg[owner_ref] = listen_ref
+
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+    listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _removed_from_collection(
+    event_key: _EventKey[_ET], owner: RefCollection[_ET]
+) -> None:
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    dispatch_reg.pop(owner_ref, None)
+    if not dispatch_reg:
+        del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    if owner_ref in _collection_to_key:
+        listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+        listener_to_key.pop(listen_ref)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection_multi(
+    newowner: RefCollection[_ET],
+    oldowner: RefCollection[_ET],
+    elements: Iterable[_ListenerFnType],
+) -> None:
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    oldowner_ref = oldowner.ref
+    newowner_ref = newowner.ref
+
+    old_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[oldowner_ref]
+    new_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[newowner_ref]
+
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        try:
+            key = old_listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        except KeyError:
+            # can occur during interpreter shutdown.
+            # see #6740
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+
+        if newowner_ref in dispatch_reg:
+            assert dispatch_reg[newowner_ref] == listen_ref
+        else:
+            dispatch_reg[newowner_ref] = listen_ref
+
+        new_listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+
+def _clear(
+    owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+    elements: Iterable[_ListenerFnType],
+) -> None:
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        key = listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        dispatch_reg.pop(owner_ref, None)
+
+        if not dispatch_reg:
+            del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+
+class _EventKey(Generic[_ET]):
+    """Represent :func:`.listen` arguments."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "target",
+        "identifier",
+        "fn",
+        "fn_key",
+        "fn_wrap",
+        "dispatch_target",
+    )
+
+    target: _ET
+    identifier: str
+    fn: _ListenerFnType
+    fn_key: _ListenerFnKeyType
+    dispatch_target: Any
+    _fn_wrap: Optional[_ListenerFnType]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target: _ET,
+        identifier: str,
+        fn: _ListenerFnType,
+        dispatch_target: Any,
+        _fn_wrap: Optional[_ListenerFnType] = None,
+    ):
+        self.target = target
+        self.identifier = identifier
+        self.fn = fn
+        if isinstance(fn, types.MethodType):
+            self.fn_key = id(fn.__func__), id(fn.__self__)
+        else:
+            self.fn_key = id(fn)
+        self.fn_wrap = _fn_wrap
+        self.dispatch_target = dispatch_target
+
+    @property
+    def _key(self) -> _EventKeyTupleType:
+        return (id(self.target), self.identifier, self.fn_key)
+
+    def with_wrapper(self, fn_wrap: _ListenerFnType) -> _EventKey[_ET]:
+        if fn_wrap is self._listen_fn:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                self.dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=fn_wrap,
+            )
+
+    def with_dispatch_target(self, dispatch_target: Any) -> _EventKey[_ET]:
+        if dispatch_target is self.dispatch_target:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=self.fn_wrap,
+            )
+
+    def listen(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        once = kw.pop("once", False)
+        once_unless_exception = kw.pop("_once_unless_exception", False)
+        named = kw.pop("named", False)
+
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            self.dispatch_target,
+            self.identifier,
+            self._listen_fn,
+        )
+
+        dispatch_collection = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        adjusted_fn = dispatch_collection._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+        self = self.with_wrapper(adjusted_fn)
+
+        stub_function = getattr(
+            self.dispatch_target.dispatch._events, self.identifier
+        )
+        if hasattr(stub_function, "_sa_warn"):
+            stub_function._sa_warn()
+
+        if once or once_unless_exception:
+            self.with_wrapper(
+                util.only_once(
+                    self._listen_fn, retry_on_exception=once_unless_exception
+                )
+            ).listen(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            self.dispatch_target.dispatch._listen(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self) -> None:
+        key = self._key
+
+        if key not in _key_to_collection:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No listeners found for event %s / %r / %s "
+                % (self.target, self.identifier, self.fn)
+            )
+
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+        for collection_ref, listener_ref in dispatch_reg.items():
+            collection = collection_ref()
+            listener_fn = listener_ref()
+            if collection is not None and listener_fn is not None:
+                collection.remove(self.with_wrapper(listener_fn))
+
+    def contains(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this event key is registered to listen."""
+        return self._key in _key_to_collection
+
+    def base_listen(
+        self,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        insert: bool = False,
+        named: bool = False,
+        retval: Optional[bool] = None,
+        asyncio: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier = self.dispatch_target, self.identifier
+
+        dispatch_collection = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        for_modify = dispatch_collection.for_modify(target.dispatch)
+        if asyncio:
+            for_modify._set_asyncio()
+
+        if insert:
+            for_modify.insert(self, propagate)
+        else:
+            for_modify.append(self, propagate)
+
+    @property
+    def _listen_fn(self) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        return self.fn_wrap or self.fn
+
+    def append_to_list(
+        self,
+        owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+        list_: Deque[_ListenerFnType],
+    ) -> bool:
+        if _stored_in_collection(self, owner):
+            list_.append(self._listen_fn)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def remove_from_list(
+        self,
+        owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+        list_: Deque[_ListenerFnType],
+    ) -> None:
+        _removed_from_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.remove(self._listen_fn)
+
+    def prepend_to_list(
+        self,
+        owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+        list_: Deque[_ListenerFnType],
+    ) -> bool:
+        if _stored_in_collection(self, owner):
+            list_.appendleft(self._listen_fn)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7de8edb9b5366a0284c7afb062f6aca246aae2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# ext/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+
+_sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.ext")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d1965dc7244f3b1e54b66722c6d8ff04f383998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2005 @@
+# ext/associationproxy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Contain the ``AssociationProxy`` class.
+
+The ``AssociationProxy`` is a Python property object which provides
+transparent proxied access to the endpoint of an association object.
+
+See the example ``examples/association/proxied_association.py``.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import ItemsView
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import KeysView
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableSequence
+from typing import MutableSet
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+from typing import ValuesView
+
+from .. import ColumnElement
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import orm
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import collections
+from ..orm import InspectionAttrExtensionType
+from ..orm import interfaces
+from ..orm import ORMDescriptor
+from ..orm.base import SQLORMOperations
+from ..orm.interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from ..orm.interfaces import _DCAttributeOptions
+from ..orm.interfaces import _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import or_
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import SupportsIndex
+from ..util.typing import SupportsKeysAndGetItem
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from ..orm.interfaces import PropComparator
+    from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_T_con = TypeVar("_T_con", bound=Any, contravariant=True)
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+def association_proxy(
+    target_collection: str,
+    attr: str,
+    *,
+    creator: Optional[_CreatorProtocol] = None,
+    getset_factory: Optional[_GetSetFactoryProtocol] = None,
+    proxy_factory: Optional[_ProxyFactoryProtocol] = None,
+    proxy_bulk_set: Optional[_ProxyBulkSetProtocol] = None,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    cascade_scalar_deletes: bool = False,
+    create_on_none_assignment: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+) -> AssociationProxy[Any]:
+    r"""Return a Python property implementing a view of a target
+    attribute which references an attribute on members of the
+    target.
+
+    The returned value is an instance of :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    Implements a Python property representing a relationship as a collection
+    of simpler values, or a scalar value.  The proxied property will mimic
+    the collection type of the target (list, dict or set), or, in the case of
+    a one to one relationship, a simple scalar value.
+
+    :param target_collection: Name of the attribute that is the immediate
+      target.  This attribute is typically mapped by
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` to link to a target collection, but
+      can also be a many-to-one or non-scalar relationship.
+
+    :param attr: Attribute on the associated instance or instances that
+      are available on instances of the target object.
+
+    :param creator: optional.
+
+      Defines custom behavior when new items are added to the proxied
+      collection.
+
+      By default, adding new items to the collection will trigger a
+      construction of an instance of the target object, passing the given
+      item as a positional argument to the target constructor.  For cases
+      where this isn't sufficient, :paramref:`.association_proxy.creator`
+      can supply a callable that will construct the object in the
+      appropriate way, given the item that was passed.
+
+      For list- and set- oriented collections, a single argument is
+      passed to the callable. For dictionary oriented collections, two
+      arguments are passed, corresponding to the key and value.
+
+      The :paramref:`.association_proxy.creator` callable is also invoked
+      for scalar (i.e. many-to-one, one-to-one) relationships. If the
+      current value of the target relationship attribute is ``None``, the
+      callable is used to construct a new object.  If an object value already
+      exists, the given attribute value is populated onto that object.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`associationproxy_creator`
+
+    :param cascade_scalar_deletes: when True, indicates that setting
+        the proxied value to ``None``, or deleting it via ``del``, should
+        also remove the source object.  Only applies to scalar attributes.
+        Normally, removing the proxied target will not remove the proxy
+        source, as this object may have other state that is still to be
+        kept.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`cascade_scalar_deletes` - complete usage example
+
+    :param create_on_none_assignment: when True, indicates that setting
+      the proxied value to ``None`` should **create** the source object
+      if it does not exist, using the creator.  Only applies to scalar
+      attributes.  This is mutually exclusive
+      vs. the :paramref:`.assocation_proxy.cascade_scalar_deletes`.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 2.0.18
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the attribute established by this :class:`.AssociationProxy`
+     should be part of the ``__repr__()`` method as generated by the dataclass
+     process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, specifies a default-value
+     generation function that will take place as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     indicates if this field should be marked as keyword-only when generating
+     the ``__init__()`` method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param info: optional, will be assigned to
+     :attr:`.AssociationProxy.info` if present.
+
+
+    The following additional parameters involve injection of custom behaviors
+    within the :class:`.AssociationProxy` object and are for advanced use
+    only:
+
+    :param getset_factory: Optional.  Proxied attribute access is
+        automatically handled by routines that get and set values based on
+        the `attr` argument for this proxy.
+
+        If you would like to customize this behavior, you may supply a
+        `getset_factory` callable that produces a tuple of `getter` and
+        `setter` functions.  The factory is called with two arguments, the
+        abstract type of the underlying collection and this proxy instance.
+
+    :param proxy_factory: Optional.  The type of collection to emulate is
+        determined by sniffing the target collection.  If your collection
+        type can't be determined by duck typing or you'd like to use a
+        different collection implementation, you may supply a factory
+        function to produce those collections.  Only applicable to
+        non-scalar relationships.
+
+    :param proxy_bulk_set: Optional, use with proxy_factory.
+
+
+    """
+    return AssociationProxy(
+        target_collection,
+        attr,
+        creator=creator,
+        getset_factory=getset_factory,
+        proxy_factory=proxy_factory,
+        proxy_bulk_set=proxy_bulk_set,
+        info=info,
+        cascade_scalar_deletes=cascade_scalar_deletes,
+        create_on_none_assignment=create_on_none_assignment,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+class AssociationProxyExtensionType(InspectionAttrExtensionType):
+    ASSOCIATION_PROXY = "ASSOCIATION_PROXY"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`.InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+
+
+class _GetterProtocol(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, instance: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+# mypy 0.990 we are no longer allowed to make this Protocol[_T_con]
+class _SetterProtocol(Protocol): ...
+
+
+class _PlainSetterProtocol(_SetterProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, instance: Any, value: _T_con) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _DictSetterProtocol(_SetterProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, instance: Any, key: Any, value: _T_con) -> None: ...
+
+
+# mypy 0.990 we are no longer allowed to make this Protocol[_T_con]
+class _CreatorProtocol(Protocol): ...
+
+
+class _PlainCreatorProtocol(_CreatorProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, value: _T_con) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _KeyCreatorProtocol(_CreatorProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, key: Any, value: Optional[_T_con]) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _LazyCollectionProtocol(Protocol[_T]):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        MutableSet[_T], MutableMapping[Any, _T], MutableSequence[_T]
+    ]: ...
+
+
+class _GetSetFactoryProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        collection_class: Optional[Type[Any]],
+        assoc_instance: AssociationProxyInstance[Any],
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]: ...
+
+
+class _ProxyFactoryProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[Any],
+        creator: _CreatorProtocol,
+        value_attr: str,
+        parent: AssociationProxyInstance[Any],
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _ProxyBulkSetProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, proxy: _AssociationCollection[Any], collection: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _AssociationProxyProtocol(Protocol[_T]):
+    """describes the interface of :class:`.AssociationProxy`
+    without including descriptor methods in the interface."""
+
+    creator: Optional[_CreatorProtocol]
+    key: str
+    target_collection: str
+    value_attr: str
+    cascade_scalar_deletes: bool
+    create_on_none_assignment: bool
+    getset_factory: Optional[_GetSetFactoryProtocol]
+    proxy_factory: Optional[_ProxyFactoryProtocol]
+    proxy_bulk_set: Optional[_ProxyBulkSetProtocol]
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType: ...
+
+    def for_class(
+        self, class_: Type[Any], obj: Optional[object] = None
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]: ...
+
+    def _default_getset(
+        self, collection_class: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]: ...
+
+
+class AssociationProxy(
+    interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo,
+    ORMDescriptor[_T],
+    _DCAttributeOptions,
+    _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T],
+):
+    """A descriptor that presents a read/write view of an object attribute."""
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = AssociationProxyExtensionType.ASSOCIATION_PROXY
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_collection: str,
+        attr: str,
+        *,
+        creator: Optional[_CreatorProtocol] = None,
+        getset_factory: Optional[_GetSetFactoryProtocol] = None,
+        proxy_factory: Optional[_ProxyFactoryProtocol] = None,
+        proxy_bulk_set: Optional[_ProxyBulkSetProtocol] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        cascade_scalar_deletes: bool = False,
+        create_on_none_assignment: bool = False,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        The :class:`.AssociationProxy` object is typically constructed using
+        the :func:`.association_proxy` constructor function. See the
+        description of :func:`.association_proxy` for a description of all
+        parameters.
+
+
+        """
+        self.target_collection = target_collection
+        self.value_attr = attr
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getset_factory = getset_factory
+        self.proxy_factory = proxy_factory
+        self.proxy_bulk_set = proxy_bulk_set
+
+        if cascade_scalar_deletes and create_on_none_assignment:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The cascade_scalar_deletes and create_on_none_assignment "
+                "parameters are mutually exclusive."
+            )
+        self.cascade_scalar_deletes = cascade_scalar_deletes
+        self.create_on_none_assignment = create_on_none_assignment
+
+        self.key = "_%s_%s_%s" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            target_collection,
+            id(self),
+        )
+        if info:
+            self.info = info  # type: ignore
+
+        if (
+            attribute_options
+            and attribute_options != _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+        ):
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = True
+            self._attribute_options = attribute_options
+        else:
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = False
+            self._attribute_options = _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Literal[None]
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Any
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: object, owner: Any
+    ) -> Union[AssociationProxyInstance[_T], _T, AssociationProxy[_T]]:
+        if owner is None:
+            return self
+        inst = self._as_instance(owner, instance)
+        if inst:
+            return inst.get(instance)
+
+        assert instance is None
+
+        return self
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, values: _T) -> None:
+        class_ = type(instance)
+        self._as_instance(class_, instance).set(instance, values)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        class_ = type(instance)
+        self._as_instance(class_, instance).delete(instance)
+
+    def for_class(
+        self, class_: Type[Any], obj: Optional[object] = None
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        r"""Return the internal state local to a specific mapped class.
+
+        E.g., given a class ``User``::
+
+            class User(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                keywords = association_proxy('kws', 'keyword')
+
+        If we access this :class:`.AssociationProxy` from
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`, and we want to view the
+        target class for this proxy as mapped by ``User``::
+
+            inspect(User).all_orm_descriptors["keywords"].for_class(User).target_class
+
+        This returns an instance of :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` that
+        is specific to the ``User`` class.   The :class:`.AssociationProxy`
+        object remains agnostic of its parent class.
+
+        :param class\_: the class that we are returning state for.
+
+        :param obj: optional, an instance of the class that is required
+         if the attribute refers to a polymorphic target, e.g. where we have
+         to look at the type of the actual destination object to get the
+         complete path.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3 - :class:`.AssociationProxy` no longer stores
+           any state specific to a particular parent class; the state is now
+           stored in per-class :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` objects.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._as_instance(class_, obj)
+
+    def _as_instance(
+        self, class_: Any, obj: Any
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        try:
+            inst = class_.__dict__[self.key + "_inst"]
+        except KeyError:
+            inst = None
+
+        # avoid exception context
+        if inst is None:
+            owner = self._calc_owner(class_)
+            if owner is not None:
+                inst = AssociationProxyInstance.for_proxy(self, owner, obj)
+                setattr(class_, self.key + "_inst", inst)
+            else:
+                inst = None
+
+        if inst is not None and not inst._is_canonical:
+            # the AssociationProxyInstance can't be generalized
+            # since the proxied attribute is not on the targeted
+            # class, only on subclasses of it, which might be
+            # different.  only return for the specific
+            # object's current value
+            return inst._non_canonical_get_for_object(obj)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return inst  # type: ignore  # TODO
+
+    def _calc_owner(self, target_cls: Any) -> Any:
+        # we might be getting invoked for a subclass
+        # that is not mapped yet, in some declarative situations.
+        # save until we are mapped
+        try:
+            insp = inspect(target_cls)
+        except exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+            # can't find a mapper, don't set owner. if we are a not-yet-mapped
+            # subclass, we can also scan through __mro__ to find a mapped
+            # class, but instead just wait for us to be called again against a
+            # mapped class normally.
+            return None
+        else:
+            return insp.mapper.class_manager.class_
+
+    def _default_getset(
+        self, collection_class: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]:
+        attr = self.value_attr
+        _getter = operator.attrgetter(attr)
+
+        def getter(instance: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+            return _getter(instance) if instance is not None else None
+
+        if collection_class is dict:
+
+            def dict_setter(instance: Any, k: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+                setattr(instance, attr, value)
+
+            return getter, dict_setter
+
+        else:
+
+            def plain_setter(o: Any, v: Any) -> None:
+                setattr(o, attr, v)
+
+            return getter, plain_setter
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "AssociationProxy(%r, %r)" % (
+            self.target_collection,
+            self.value_attr,
+        )
+
+
+# the pep-673 Self type does not work in Mypy for a "hybrid"
+# style method that returns type or Self, so for one specific case
+# we still need to use the pre-pep-673 workaround.
+_Self = TypeVar("_Self", bound="AssociationProxyInstance[Any]")
+
+
+class AssociationProxyInstance(SQLORMOperations[_T]):
+    """A per-class object that serves class- and object-specific results.
+
+    This is used by :class:`.AssociationProxy` when it is invoked
+    in terms of a specific class or instance of a class, i.e. when it is
+    used as a regular Python descriptor.
+
+    When referring to the :class:`.AssociationProxy` as a normal Python
+    descriptor, the :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` is the object that
+    actually serves the information.   Under normal circumstances, its presence
+    is transparent::
+
+        >>> User.keywords.scalar
+        False
+
+    In the special case that the :class:`.AssociationProxy` object is being
+    accessed directly, in order to get an explicit handle to the
+    :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`, use the
+    :meth:`.AssociationProxy.for_class` method::
+
+        proxy_state = inspect(User).all_orm_descriptors["keywords"].for_class(User)
+
+        # view if proxy object is scalar or not
+        >>> proxy_state.scalar
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    collection_class: Optional[Type[Any]]
+    parent: _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T],
+        owning_class: Type[Any],
+        target_class: Type[Any],
+        value_attr: str,
+    ):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.key = parent.key
+        self.owning_class = owning_class
+        self.target_collection = parent.target_collection
+        self.collection_class = None
+        self.target_class = target_class
+        self.value_attr = value_attr
+
+    target_class: Type[Any]
+    """The intermediary class handled by this
+    :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`.
+
+    Intercepted append/set/assignment events will result
+    in the generation of new instances of this class.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def for_proxy(
+        cls,
+        parent: AssociationProxy[_T],
+        owning_class: Type[Any],
+        parent_instance: Any,
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        target_collection = parent.target_collection
+        value_attr = parent.value_attr
+        prop = cast(
+            "orm.RelationshipProperty[_T]",
+            orm.class_mapper(owning_class).get_property(target_collection),
+        )
+
+        # this was never asserted before but this should be made clear.
+        if not isinstance(prop, orm.RelationshipProperty):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "association proxy to a non-relationship "
+                "intermediary is not supported"
+            ) from None
+
+        target_class = prop.mapper.class_
+
+        try:
+            target_assoc = cast(
+                "AssociationProxyInstance[_T]",
+                cls._cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(target_class, value_attr),
+            )
+        except AttributeError:
+            # the proxied attribute doesn't exist on the target class;
+            # return an "ambiguous" instance that will work on a per-object
+            # basis
+            return AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+        except Exception as err:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Association proxy received an unexpected error when "
+                f"trying to retreive attribute "
+                f'"{target_class.__name__}.{parent.value_attr}" from '
+                f'class "{target_class.__name__}": {err}'
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return cls._construct_for_assoc(
+                target_assoc, parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_assoc(
+        cls,
+        target_assoc: Optional[AssociationProxyInstance[_T]],
+        parent: _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T],
+        owning_class: Type[Any],
+        target_class: Type[Any],
+        value_attr: str,
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        if target_assoc is not None:
+            return ObjectAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+
+        attr = getattr(target_class, value_attr)
+        if not hasattr(attr, "_is_internal_proxy"):
+            return AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+        is_object = attr._impl_uses_objects
+        if is_object:
+            return ObjectAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+        else:
+            return ColumnAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+
+    def _get_property(self) -> MapperProperty[Any]:
+        return orm.class_mapper(self.owning_class).get_property(
+            self.target_collection
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _comparator(self) -> PropComparator[Any]:
+        return getattr(  # type: ignore
+            self.owning_class, self.target_collection
+        ).comparator
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The association proxy can't be used as a plain column "
+            "expression; it only works inside of a comparison expression"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+        cls, target_class: Any, value_attr: str
+    ) -> Optional[AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        attr = getattr(target_class, value_attr)
+        assert not isinstance(attr, AssociationProxy)
+        if isinstance(attr, AssociationProxyInstance):
+            return attr
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        return self._cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+            self.target_class, self.value_attr
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def remote_attr(self) -> SQLORMOperations[_T]:
+        """The 'remote' class attribute referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.attr`
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.local_attr`
+
+        """
+        return cast(
+            "SQLORMOperations[_T]", getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def local_attr(self) -> SQLORMOperations[Any]:
+        """The 'local' class attribute referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.attr`
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return cast(
+            "SQLORMOperations[Any]",
+            getattr(self.owning_class, self.target_collection),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def attr(self) -> Tuple[SQLORMOperations[Any], SQLORMOperations[_T]]:
+        """Return a tuple of ``(local_attr, remote_attr)``.
+
+        This attribute was originally intended to facilitate using the
+        :meth:`_query.Query.join` method to join across the two relationships
+        at once, however this makes use of a deprecated calling style.
+
+        To use :meth:`_sql.select.join` or :meth:`_orm.Query.join` with
+        an association proxy, the current method is to make use of the
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.local_attr` and
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.remote_attr` attributes separately::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(Parent).
+                join(Parent.proxied.local_attr).
+                join(Parent.proxied.remote_attr)
+            )
+
+        A future release may seek to provide a more succinct join pattern
+        for association proxy attributes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.local_attr`
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return (self.local_attr, self.remote_attr)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def scalar(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`
+        proxies a scalar relationship on the local side."""
+
+        scalar = not self._get_property().uselist
+        if scalar:
+            self._initialize_scalar_accessors()
+        return scalar
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _value_is_scalar(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            not self._get_property()
+            .mapper.get_property(self.value_attr)
+            .uselist
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _target_is_object(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    _scalar_get: _GetterProtocol[_T]
+    _scalar_set: _PlainSetterProtocol[_T]
+
+    def _initialize_scalar_accessors(self) -> None:
+        if self.parent.getset_factory:
+            get, set_ = self.parent.getset_factory(None, self)
+        else:
+            get, set_ = self.parent._default_getset(None)
+        self._scalar_get, self._scalar_set = get, cast(
+            "_PlainSetterProtocol[_T]", set_
+        )
+
+    def _default_getset(
+        self, collection_class: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]:
+        attr = self.value_attr
+        _getter = operator.attrgetter(attr)
+
+        def getter(instance: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+            return _getter(instance) if instance is not None else None
+
+        if collection_class is dict:
+
+            def dict_setter(instance: Any, k: Any, value: _T) -> None:
+                setattr(instance, attr, value)
+
+            return getter, dict_setter
+        else:
+
+            def plain_setter(o: Any, v: _T) -> None:
+                setattr(o, attr, v)
+
+            return getter, plain_setter
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return self.parent.info
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self: _Self, obj: Literal[None]) -> _Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, obj: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, obj: Any
+    ) -> Union[Optional[_T], AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+
+        proxy: _T
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            return self._scalar_get(target)
+        else:
+            try:
+                # If the owning instance is reborn (orm session resurrect,
+                # etc.), refresh the proxy cache.
+                creator_id, self_id, proxy = cast(
+                    "Tuple[int, int, _T]", getattr(obj, self.key)
+                )
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if id(obj) == creator_id and id(self) == self_id:
+                    assert self.collection_class is not None
+                    return proxy
+
+            self.collection_class, proxy = self._new(
+                _lazy_collection(obj, self.target_collection)
+            )
+            setattr(obj, self.key, (id(obj), id(self), proxy))
+            return proxy
+
+    def set(self, obj: Any, values: _T) -> None:
+        if self.scalar:
+            creator = cast(
+                "_PlainCreatorProtocol[_T]",
+                (
+                    self.parent.creator
+                    if self.parent.creator
+                    else self.target_class
+                ),
+            )
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            if target is None:
+                if (
+                    values is None
+                    and not self.parent.create_on_none_assignment
+                ):
+                    return
+                setattr(obj, self.target_collection, creator(values))
+            else:
+                self._scalar_set(target, values)
+                if values is None and self.parent.cascade_scalar_deletes:
+                    setattr(obj, self.target_collection, None)
+        else:
+            proxy = self.get(obj)
+            assert self.collection_class is not None
+            if proxy is not values:
+                proxy._bulk_replace(self, values)
+
+    def delete(self, obj: Any) -> None:
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self._calc_owner(obj, None)
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            if target is not None:
+                delattr(target, self.value_attr)
+        delattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+
+    def _new(
+        self, lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[_T]
+    ) -> Tuple[Type[Any], _T]:
+        creator = (
+            self.parent.creator
+            if self.parent.creator is not None
+            else cast("_CreatorProtocol", self.target_class)
+        )
+        collection_class = util.duck_type_collection(lazy_collection())
+
+        if collection_class is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"lazy collection factory did not return a "
+                f"valid collection type, got {collection_class}"
+            )
+        if self.parent.proxy_factory:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                self.parent.proxy_factory(
+                    lazy_collection, creator, self.value_attr, self
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if self.parent.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.parent.getset_factory(collection_class, self)
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self.parent._default_getset(collection_class)
+
+        if collection_class is list:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                cast(
+                    _T,
+                    _AssociationList(
+                        lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        elif collection_class is dict:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                cast(
+                    _T,
+                    _AssociationDict(
+                        lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        elif collection_class is set:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                cast(
+                    _T,
+                    _AssociationSet(
+                        lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "could not guess which interface to use for "
+                'collection_class "%s" backing "%s"; specify a '
+                "proxy_factory and proxy_bulk_set manually"
+                % (self.collection_class, self.target_collection)
+            )
+
+    def _set(
+        self, proxy: _AssociationCollection[Any], values: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.parent.proxy_bulk_set:
+            self.parent.proxy_bulk_set(proxy, values)
+        elif self.collection_class is list:
+            cast("_AssociationList[Any]", proxy).extend(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is dict:
+            cast("_AssociationDict[Any, Any]", proxy).update(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is set:
+            cast("_AssociationSet[Any]", proxy).update(values)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "no proxy_bulk_set supplied for custom "
+                "collection_class implementation"
+            )
+
+    def _inflate(self, proxy: _AssociationCollection[Any]) -> None:
+        creator = (
+            self.parent.creator
+            and self.parent.creator
+            or cast(_CreatorProtocol, self.target_class)
+        )
+
+        if self.parent.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.parent.getset_factory(
+                self.collection_class, self
+            )
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self.parent._default_getset(self.collection_class)
+
+        proxy.creator = creator
+        proxy.getter = getter
+        proxy.setter = setter
+
+    def _criterion_exists(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        is_has = kwargs.pop("is_has", None)
+
+        target_assoc = self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy
+        if target_assoc is not None:
+            inner = target_assoc._criterion_exists(
+                criterion=criterion, **kwargs
+            )
+            return self._comparator._criterion_exists(inner)
+
+        if self._target_is_object:
+            attr = getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr)
+            value_expr = attr.comparator._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            if kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't apply keyword arguments to column-targeted "
+                    "association proxy; use =="
+                )
+            elif is_has and criterion is not None:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Non-empty has() not allowed for "
+                    "column-targeted association proxy; use =="
+                )
+
+            value_expr = criterion
+
+        return self._comparator._criterion_exists(value_expr)
+
+    def any(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a proxied 'any' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+        if self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy is None and (
+            self.scalar
+            and (not self._target_is_object or self._value_is_scalar)
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'any()' not implemented for scalar attributes. Use has()."
+            )
+        return self._criterion_exists(
+            criterion=criterion, is_has=False, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def has(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a proxied 'has' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+        if self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy is None and (
+            not self.scalar
+            or (self._target_is_object and not self._value_is_scalar)
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'has()' not implemented for collections. Use any()."
+            )
+        return self._criterion_exists(
+            criterion=criterion, is_has=True, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.parent)
+
+
+class AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance(AssociationProxyInstance[_T]):
+    """an :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` where we cannot determine
+    the type of target object.
+    """
+
+    _is_canonical = False
+
+    def _ambiguous(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "Association proxy %s.%s refers to an attribute '%s' that is not "
+            "directly mapped on class %s; therefore this operation cannot "
+            "proceed since we don't know what type of object is referred "
+            "towards"
+            % (
+                self.owning_class.__name__,
+                self.target_collection,
+                self.value_attr,
+                self.target_class,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def get(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().get(obj)
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj: object) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    def __ne__(self, obj: object) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    def any(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    def has(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _lookup_cache(self) -> Dict[Type[Any], AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        # mapping of <subclass>->AssociationProxyInstance.
+        # e.g. proxy is A-> A.b -> B -> B.b_attr, but B.b_attr doesn't exist;
+        # only B1(B) and B2(B) have "b_attr", keys in here would be B1, B2
+        return {}
+
+    def _non_canonical_get_for_object(
+        self, parent_instance: Any
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        if parent_instance is not None:
+            actual_obj = getattr(parent_instance, self.target_collection)
+            if actual_obj is not None:
+                try:
+                    insp = inspect(actual_obj)
+                except exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    mapper = insp.mapper
+                    instance_class = mapper.class_
+                    if instance_class not in self._lookup_cache:
+                        self._populate_cache(instance_class, mapper)
+
+                    try:
+                        return self._lookup_cache[instance_class]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+
+        # no object or ambiguous object given, so return "self", which
+        # is a proxy with generally only instance-level functionality
+        return self
+
+    def _populate_cache(
+        self, instance_class: Any, mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        prop = orm.class_mapper(self.owning_class).get_property(
+            self.target_collection
+        )
+
+        if mapper.isa(prop.mapper):
+            target_class = instance_class
+            try:
+                target_assoc = self._cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+                    target_class, self.value_attr
+                )
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self._lookup_cache[instance_class] = self._construct_for_assoc(
+                    cast("AssociationProxyInstance[_T]", target_assoc),
+                    self.parent,
+                    self.owning_class,
+                    target_class,
+                    self.value_attr,
+                )
+
+
+class ObjectAssociationProxyInstance(AssociationProxyInstance[_T]):
+    """an :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` that has an object as a target."""
+
+    _target_is_object: bool = True
+    _is_canonical = True
+
+    def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a proxied 'contains' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`,
+        :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`,
+        and/or :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+        """
+
+        target_assoc = self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy
+        if target_assoc is not None:
+            return self._comparator._criterion_exists(
+                target_assoc.contains(other)
+                if not target_assoc.scalar
+                else target_assoc == other
+            )
+        elif (
+            self._target_is_object
+            and self.scalar
+            and not self._value_is_scalar
+        ):
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).contains(other)
+            )
+        elif self._target_is_object and self.scalar and self._value_is_scalar:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "contains() doesn't apply to a scalar object endpoint; use =="
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator._criterion_exists(
+                **{self.value_attr: other}
+            )
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        if obj is None:
+            return or_(
+                self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj}),
+                self._comparator == None,
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj})
+
+    def __ne__(self, obj: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        return self._comparator.has(
+            getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr) != obj
+        )
+
+
+class ColumnAssociationProxyInstance(AssociationProxyInstance[_T]):
+    """an :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` that has a database column as a
+    target.
+    """
+
+    _target_is_object: bool = False
+    _is_canonical = True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        # special case "is None" to check for no related row as well
+        expr = self._criterion_exists(
+            self.remote_attr.operate(operators.eq, other)
+        )
+        if other is None:
+            return or_(expr, self._comparator == None)
+        else:
+            return expr
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: operators.OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self._criterion_exists(
+            self.remote_attr.operate(op, *other, **kwargs)
+        )
+
+
+class _lazy_collection(_LazyCollectionProtocol[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, obj: Any, target: str):
+        self.parent = obj
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[MutableSet[_T], MutableMapping[Any, _T], MutableSequence[_T]]:
+        return getattr(self.parent, self.target)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Any:
+        return {"obj": self.parent, "target": self.target}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Any) -> None:
+        self.parent = state["obj"]
+        self.target = state["target"]
+
+
+_IT = TypeVar("_IT", bound="Any")
+"""instance type - this is the type of object inside a collection.
+
+this is not the same as the _T of AssociationProxy and
+AssociationProxyInstance itself, which will often refer to the
+collection[_IT] type.
+
+"""
+
+
+class _AssociationCollection(Generic[_IT]):
+    getter: _GetterProtocol[_IT]
+    """A function.  Given an associated object, return the 'value'."""
+
+    creator: _CreatorProtocol
+    """
+    A function that creates new target entities.  Given one parameter:
+    value.  This assertion is assumed::
+
+    obj = creator(somevalue)
+    assert getter(obj) == somevalue
+    """
+
+    parent: AssociationProxyInstance[_IT]
+    setter: _SetterProtocol
+    """A function.  Given an associated object and a value, store that
+        value on the object.
+    """
+
+    lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[_IT]
+    """A callable returning a list-based collection of entities (usually an
+          object attribute managed by a SQLAlchemy relationship())"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[_IT],
+        creator: _CreatorProtocol,
+        getter: _GetterProtocol[_IT],
+        setter: _SetterProtocol,
+        parent: AssociationProxyInstance[_IT],
+    ):
+        """Constructs an _AssociationCollection.
+
+        This will always be a subclass of either _AssociationList,
+        _AssociationSet, or _AssociationDict.
+
+        """
+        self.lazy_collection = lazy_collection
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getter = getter
+        self.setter = setter
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        col: Collection[_IT]
+    else:
+        col = property(lambda self: self.lazy_collection())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.col)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Any:
+        return {"parent": self.parent, "lazy_collection": self.lazy_collection}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Any) -> None:
+        self.parent = state["parent"]
+        self.lazy_collection = state["lazy_collection"]
+        self.parent._inflate(self)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _AssociationSingleItem(_AssociationCollection[_T]):
+    setter: _PlainSetterProtocol[_T]
+    creator: _PlainCreatorProtocol[_T]
+
+    def _create(self, value: _T) -> Any:
+        return self.creator(value)
+
+    def _get(self, object_: Any) -> _T:
+        return self.getter(object_)
+
+    def _bulk_replace(
+        self, assoc_proxy: AssociationProxyInstance[Any], values: Iterable[_IT]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.clear()
+        assoc_proxy._set(self, values)
+
+
+class _AssociationList(_AssociationSingleItem[_T], MutableSequence[_T]):
+    """Generic, converting, list-to-list proxy."""
+
+    col: MutableSequence[_T]
+
+    def _set(self, object_: Any, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.setter(object_, value)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> MutableSequence[_T]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, index: Union[int, slice]
+    ) -> Union[_T, MutableSequence[_T]]:
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._get(self.col[index])
+        else:
+            return [self._get(member) for member in self.col[index]]
+
+    @overload
+    def __setitem__(self, index: int, value: _T) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __setitem__(self, index: slice, value: Iterable[_T]) -> None: ...
+
+    def __setitem__(
+        self, index: Union[int, slice], value: Union[_T, Iterable[_T]]
+    ) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            self._set(self.col[index], cast("_T", value))
+        else:
+            if index.stop is None:
+                stop = len(self)
+            elif index.stop < 0:
+                stop = len(self) + index.stop
+            else:
+                stop = index.stop
+            step = index.step or 1
+
+            start = index.start or 0
+            rng = list(range(index.start or 0, stop, step))
+
+            sized_value = list(value)
+
+            if step == 1:
+                for i in rng:
+                    del self[start]
+                i = start
+                for item in sized_value:
+                    self.insert(i, item)
+                    i += 1
+            else:
+                if len(sized_value) != len(rng):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                        "extended slice of size %s"
+                        % (len(sized_value), len(rng))
+                    )
+                for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                    self._set(self.col[i], item)
+
+    @overload
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __delitem__(self, index: slice) -> None: ...
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[slice, int]) -> None:
+        del self.col[index]
+
+    def __contains__(self, value: object) -> bool:
+        for member in self.col:
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or
+        just use the underlying collection directly from its property
+        on the parent.
+        """
+
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        return
+
+    def append(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        col = self.col
+        item = self._create(value)
+        col.append(item)
+
+    def count(self, value: Any) -> int:
+        count = 0
+        for v in self:
+            if v == value:
+                count += 1
+        return count
+
+    def extend(self, values: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for v in values:
+            self.append(v)
+
+    def insert(self, index: int, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.col[index:index] = [self._create(value)]
+
+    def pop(self, index: int = -1) -> _T:
+        return self.getter(self.col.pop(index))
+
+    def remove(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        for i, val in enumerate(self):
+            if val == value:
+                del self.col[i]
+                return
+        raise ValueError("value not in list")
+
+    def reverse(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Not supported, use reversed(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def sort(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Not supported, use sorted(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        del self.col[0 : len(self.col)]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return list(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return list(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) >= other
+
+    def __add__(self, other: List[_T]) -> List[_T]:
+        try:
+            other = list(other)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) + other
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: List[_T]) -> List[_T]:
+        try:
+            other = list(other)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other + list(self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> List[_T]:
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) * n
+
+    def __rmul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> List[_T]:
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return n * list(self)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Self:
+        self.extend(iterable)
+        return self
+
+    def __imul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> Self:
+        # unlike a regular list *=, proxied __imul__ will generate unique
+        # backing objects for each copy.  *= on proxied lists is a bit of
+        # a stretch anyhow, and this interpretation of the __imul__ contract
+        # is more plausibly useful than copying the backing objects.
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        if n == 0:
+            self.clear()
+        elif n > 1:
+            self.extend(list(self) * (n - 1))
+        return self
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # TODO: no idea how to do this without separate "stub"
+        def index(
+            self, value: Any, start: int = ..., stop: int = ...
+        ) -> int: ...
+
+    else:
+
+        def index(self, value: Any, *arg) -> int:
+            ls = list(self)
+            return ls.index(value, *arg)
+
+    def copy(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(list(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+            if (
+                callable(func)
+                and func.__name__ == func_name
+                and not func.__doc__
+                and hasattr(list, func_name)
+            ):
+                func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+        del func_name, func
+
+
+class _AssociationDict(_AssociationCollection[_VT], MutableMapping[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Generic, converting, dict-to-dict proxy."""
+
+    setter: _DictSetterProtocol[_VT]
+    creator: _KeyCreatorProtocol[_VT]
+    col: MutableMapping[_KT, Optional[_VT]]
+
+    def _create(self, key: _KT, value: Optional[_VT]) -> Any:
+        return self.creator(key, value)
+
+    def _get(self, object_: Any) -> _VT:
+        return self.getter(object_)
+
+    def _set(self, object_: Any, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        return self.setter(object_, key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _KT) -> _VT:
+        return self._get(self.col[key])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        if key in self.col:
+            self._set(self.col[key], key, value)
+        else:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: _KT) -> None:
+        del self.col[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return key in self.col
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_KT]:
+        return iter(self.col.keys())
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return dict(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return dict(self) != other
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(dict(self))
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, __key: _KT) -> Optional[_VT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, __key: _KT, default: Union[_VT, _T]) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _KT, default: Optional[Union[_VT, _T]] = None
+    ) -> Union[_VT, _T, None]:
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: _KT, default: Optional[_VT] = None) -> _VT:
+        # TODO: again, no idea how to create an actual MutableMapping.
+        # default must allow None, return type can't include None,
+        # the stub explicitly allows for default of None with a cryptic message
+        # "This overload should be allowed only if the value type is
+        # compatible with None.".
+        if key not in self.col:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, default)
+            return default  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self[key]
+
+    def keys(self) -> KeysView[_KT]:
+        return self.col.keys()
+
+    def items(self) -> ItemsView[_KT, _VT]:
+        return ItemsView(self)
+
+    def values(self) -> ValuesView[_VT]:
+        return ValuesView(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def pop(self, __key: _KT) -> _VT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def pop(
+        self, __key: _KT, default: Union[_VT, _T] = ...
+    ) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+
+    def pop(self, __key: _KT, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Union[_VT, _T]:
+        member = self.col.pop(__key, *arg, **kw)
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def popitem(self) -> Tuple[_KT, _VT]:
+        item = self.col.popitem()
+        return (item[0], self._get(item[1]))
+
+    @overload
+    def update(
+        self, __m: SupportsKeysAndGetItem[_KT, _VT], **kwargs: _VT
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def update(
+        self, __m: Iterable[tuple[_KT, _VT]], **kwargs: _VT
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def update(self, **kwargs: _VT) -> None: ...
+
+    def update(self, *a: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        up: Dict[_KT, _VT] = {}
+        up.update(*a, **kw)
+
+        for key, value in up.items():
+            self[key] = value
+
+    def _bulk_replace(
+        self,
+        assoc_proxy: AssociationProxyInstance[Any],
+        values: Mapping[_KT, _VT],
+    ) -> None:
+        existing = set(self)
+        constants = existing.intersection(values or ())
+        additions = set(values or ()).difference(constants)
+        removals = existing.difference(constants)
+
+        for key, member in values.items() or ():
+            if key in additions:
+                self[key] = member
+            elif key in constants:
+                self[key] = member
+
+        for key in removals:
+            del self[key]
+
+    def copy(self) -> Dict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return dict(self.items())
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+            if (
+                callable(func)
+                and func.__name__ == func_name
+                and not func.__doc__
+                and hasattr(dict, func_name)
+            ):
+                func.__doc__ = getattr(dict, func_name).__doc__
+        del func_name, func
+
+
+class _AssociationSet(_AssociationSingleItem[_T], MutableSet[_T]):
+    """Generic, converting, set-to-set proxy."""
+
+    col: MutableSet[_T]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        if self.col:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __contains__(self, __o: object) -> bool:
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == __o:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or just use
+        the underlying collection directly from its property on the parent.
+
+        """
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        return
+
+    def add(self, __element: _T) -> None:
+        if __element not in self:
+            self.col.add(self._create(__element))
+
+    # for discard and remove, choosing a more expensive check strategy rather
+    # than call self.creator()
+    def discard(self, __element: _T) -> None:
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == __element:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                break
+
+    def remove(self, __element: _T) -> None:
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == __element:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                return
+        raise KeyError(__element)
+
+    def pop(self) -> _T:
+        if not self.col:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set")
+        member = self.col.pop()
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def update(self, *s: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for iterable in s:
+            for value in iterable:
+                self.add(value)
+
+    def _bulk_replace(self, assoc_proxy: Any, values: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        existing = set(self)
+        constants = existing.intersection(values or ())
+        additions = set(values or ()).difference(constants)
+        removals = existing.difference(constants)
+
+        appender = self.add
+        remover = self.remove
+
+        for member in values or ():
+            if member in additions:
+                appender(member)
+            elif member in constants:
+                appender(member)
+
+        for member in removals:
+            remover(member)
+
+    def __ior__(  # type: ignore
+        self, other: AbstractSet[_S]
+    ) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        for value in other:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def _set(self) -> Set[_T]:
+        return set(iter(self))
+
+    def union(self, *s: Iterable[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return set(self).union(*s)
+
+    def __or__(self, __s: AbstractSet[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return self.union(__s)
+
+    def difference(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return set(self).difference(*s)
+
+    def __sub__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return self.difference(s)
+
+    def difference_update(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        for other in s:
+            for value in other:
+                self.discard(value)
+
+    def __isub__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> Self:
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, s):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        for value in s:
+            self.discard(value)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return set(self).intersection(*s)
+
+    def __and__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return self.intersection(s)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        for other in s:
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for value in remove:
+                self.remove(value)
+            for value in add:
+                self.add(value)
+
+    def __iand__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> Self:
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, s):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        want = self.intersection(s)
+        have: Set[_T] = set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, __s: Iterable[_T]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return set(self).symmetric_difference(__s)
+
+    def __xor__(self, s: AbstractSet[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return self.symmetric_difference(s)
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def issubset(self, __s: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self).issubset(__s)
+
+    def issuperset(self, __s: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self).issuperset(__s)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def copy(self) -> AbstractSet[_T]:
+        return set(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return set(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return set(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) >= other
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(set(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+            if (
+                callable(func)
+                and func.__name__ == func_name
+                and not func.__doc__
+                and hasattr(set, func_name)
+            ):
+                func.__doc__ = getattr(set, func_name).__doc__
+        del func_name, func
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3df93e084c481cd7ed6ba9ca41472cd76ad78959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# ext/asyncio/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .engine import async_engine_from_config as async_engine_from_config
+from .engine import AsyncConnection as AsyncConnection
+from .engine import AsyncEngine as AsyncEngine
+from .engine import AsyncTransaction as AsyncTransaction
+from .engine import create_async_engine as create_async_engine
+from .engine import create_async_pool_from_url as create_async_pool_from_url
+from .result import AsyncMappingResult as AsyncMappingResult
+from .result import AsyncResult as AsyncResult
+from .result import AsyncScalarResult as AsyncScalarResult
+from .result import AsyncTupleResult as AsyncTupleResult
+from .scoping import async_scoped_session as async_scoped_session
+from .session import async_object_session as async_object_session
+from .session import async_session as async_session
+from .session import async_sessionmaker as async_sessionmaker
+from .session import AsyncAttrs as AsyncAttrs
+from .session import AsyncSession as AsyncSession
+from .session import AsyncSessionTransaction as AsyncSessionTransaction
+from .session import close_all_sessions as close_all_sessions
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43f0e8142f0ada89ac1934df9e3b19cae77691ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# ext/asyncio/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import functools
+from typing import Any
+from typing import AsyncGenerator
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+import weakref
+
+from . import exc as async_exc
+from ... import util
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class ReversibleProxy(Generic[_PT]):
+    _proxy_objects: ClassVar[
+        Dict[weakref.ref[Any], weakref.ref[ReversibleProxy[Any]]]
+    ] = {}
+    __slots__ = ("__weakref__",)
+
+    @overload
+    def _assign_proxied(self, target: _PT) -> _PT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _assign_proxied(self, target: None) -> None: ...
+
+    def _assign_proxied(self, target: Optional[_PT]) -> Optional[_PT]:
+        if target is not None:
+            target_ref: weakref.ref[_PT] = weakref.ref(
+                target, ReversibleProxy._target_gced
+            )
+            proxy_ref = weakref.ref(
+                self,
+                functools.partial(ReversibleProxy._target_gced, target_ref),
+            )
+            ReversibleProxy._proxy_objects[target_ref] = proxy_ref
+
+        return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _target_gced(
+        cls,
+        ref: weakref.ref[_PT],
+        proxy_ref: Optional[weakref.ref[Self]] = None,  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> None:
+        cls._proxy_objects.pop(ref, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(cls, target: _PT) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def _retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+        cls,
+        target: _PT,
+        regenerate: Literal[True] = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def _retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: _PT, regenerate: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Self]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: _PT, regenerate: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Self]:
+        try:
+            proxy_ref = cls._proxy_objects[weakref.ref(target)]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            proxy = proxy_ref()
+            if proxy is not None:
+                return proxy  # type: ignore
+
+        if regenerate:
+            return cls._regenerate_proxy_for_target(target)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class StartableContext(Awaitable[_T_co], abc.ABC):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def start(self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False) -> _T_co:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, Any, _T_co]:
+        return self.start().__await__()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _T_co:
+        return await self.start(is_ctxmanager=True)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    def _raise_for_not_started(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise async_exc.AsyncContextNotStarted(
+            "%s context has not been started and object has not been awaited."
+            % (self.__class__.__name__)
+        )
+
+
+class GeneratorStartableContext(StartableContext[_T_co]):
+    __slots__ = ("gen",)
+
+    gen: AsyncGenerator[_T_co, Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., AsyncIterator[_T_co]],
+        args: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        kwds: Dict[str, Any],
+    ):
+        self.gen = func(*args, **kwds)  # type: ignore
+
+    async def start(self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False) -> _T_co:
+        try:
+            start_value = await util.anext_(self.gen)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't yield") from None
+
+        # if not a context manager, then interrupt the generator, don't
+        # let it complete.   this step is technically not needed, as the
+        # generator will close in any case at gc time.  not clear if having
+        # this here is a good idea or not (though it helps for clarity IMO)
+        if not is_ctxmanager:
+            await self.gen.aclose()
+
+        return start_value
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self, typ: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        # vendored from contextlib.py
+        if typ is None:
+            try:
+                await util.anext_(self.gen)
+            except StopAsyncIteration:
+                return False
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
+        else:
+            if value is None:
+                # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
+                # tell if we get the same exception back
+                value = typ()
+            try:
+                await self.gen.athrow(value)
+            except StopAsyncIteration as exc:
+                # Suppress StopIteration *unless* it's the same exception that
+                # was passed to throw().  This prevents a StopIteration
+                # raised inside the "with" statement from being suppressed.
+                return exc is not value
+            except RuntimeError as exc:
+                # Don't re-raise the passed in exception. (issue27122)
+                if exc is value:
+                    return False
+                # Avoid suppressing if a Stop(Async)Iteration exception
+                # was passed to athrow() and later wrapped into a RuntimeError
+                # (see PEP 479 for sync generators; async generators also
+                # have this behavior). But do this only if the exception
+                # wrapped
+                # by the RuntimeError is actully Stop(Async)Iteration (see
+                # issue29692).
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, (StopIteration, StopAsyncIteration))
+                    and exc.__cause__ is value
+                ):
+                    return False
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                # only re-raise if it's *not* the exception that was
+                # passed to throw(), because __exit__() must not raise
+                # an exception unless __exit__() itself failed.  But throw()
+                # has to raise the exception to signal propagation, so this
+                # fixes the impedance mismatch between the throw() protocol
+                # and the __exit__() protocol.
+                if exc is not value:
+                    raise
+                return False
+            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after athrow()")
+
+
+def asyncstartablecontext(
+    func: Callable[..., AsyncIterator[_T_co]]
+) -> Callable[..., GeneratorStartableContext[_T_co]]:
+    """@asyncstartablecontext decorator.
+
+    the decorated function can be called either as ``async with fn()``, **or**
+    ``await fn()``.   This is decidedly different from what
+    ``@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`` supports, and the usage pattern
+    is different as well.
+
+    Typical usage::
+
+        @asyncstartablecontext
+        async def some_async_generator(<arguments>):
+            <setup>
+            try:
+                yield <value>
+            except GeneratorExit:
+                # return value was awaited, no context manager is present
+                # and caller will .close() the resource explicitly
+                pass
+            else:
+                <context manager cleanup>
+
+
+    Above, ``GeneratorExit`` is caught if the function were used as an
+    ``await``.  In this case, it's essential that the cleanup does **not**
+    occur, so there should not be a ``finally`` block.
+
+    If ``GeneratorExit`` is not invoked, this means we're in ``__aexit__``
+    and we were invoked as a context manager, and cleanup should proceed.
+
+
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def helper(*args: Any, **kwds: Any) -> GeneratorStartableContext[_T_co]:
+        return GeneratorStartableContext(func, args, kwds)
+
+    return helper
+
+
+class ProxyComparable(ReversibleProxy[_PT]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> _PT:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self._proxied == other._proxied
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            or self._proxied != other._proxied
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/engine.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce3bfa82b76a5b3d51e58459a0cc0603ea9992ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/engine.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1466 @@
+# ext/asyncio/engine.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+from typing import Any
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc as async_exc
+from .base import asyncstartablecontext
+from .base import GeneratorStartableContext
+from .base import ProxyComparable
+from .base import StartableContext
+from .result import _ensure_sync_result
+from .result import AsyncResult
+from .result import AsyncScalarResult
+from ... import exc
+from ... import inspection
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import Connection
+from ...engine import create_engine as _create_engine
+from ...engine import create_pool_from_url as _create_pool_from_url
+from ...engine import Engine
+from ...engine.base import NestedTransaction
+from ...engine.base import Transaction
+from ...exc import ArgumentError
+from ...util.concurrency import greenlet_spawn
+from ...util.typing import Concatenate
+from ...util.typing import ParamSpec
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from ...engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ...engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ...engine.url import URL
+    from ...pool import Pool
+    from ...pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+    from ...sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ...sql.base import Executable
+    from ...sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+def create_async_engine(url: Union[str, URL], **kw: Any) -> AsyncEngine:
+    """Create a new async engine instance.
+
+    Arguments passed to :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` are mostly
+    identical to those passed to the :func:`_sa.create_engine` function.
+    The specified dialect must be an asyncio-compatible dialect
+    such as :ref:`dialect-postgresql-asyncpg`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    :param async_creator: an async callable which returns a driver-level
+        asyncio connection. If given, the function should take no arguments,
+        and return a new asyncio connection from the underlying asyncio
+        database driver; the connection will be wrapped in the appropriate
+        structures to be used with the :class:`.AsyncEngine`.   Note that the
+        parameters specified in the URL are not applied here, and the creator
+        function should use its own connection parameters.
+
+        This parameter is the asyncio equivalent of the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator` parameter of the
+        :func:`_sa.create_engine` function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.16
+
+    """
+
+    if kw.get("server_side_cursors", False):
+        raise async_exc.AsyncMethodRequired(
+            "Can't set server_side_cursors for async engine globally; "
+            "use the connection.stream() method for an async "
+            "streaming result set"
+        )
+    kw["_is_async"] = True
+    async_creator = kw.pop("async_creator", None)
+    if async_creator:
+        if kw.get("creator", None):
+            raise ArgumentError(
+                "Can only specify one of 'async_creator' or 'creator', "
+                "not both."
+            )
+
+        def creator() -> Any:
+            # note that to send adapted arguments like
+            # prepared_statement_cache_size, user would use
+            # "creator" and emulate this form here
+            return sync_engine.dialect.dbapi.connect(  # type: ignore
+                async_creator_fn=async_creator
+            )
+
+        kw["creator"] = creator
+    sync_engine = _create_engine(url, **kw)
+    return AsyncEngine(sync_engine)
+
+
+def async_engine_from_config(
+    configuration: Dict[str, Any], prefix: str = "sqlalchemy.", **kwargs: Any
+) -> AsyncEngine:
+    """Create a new AsyncEngine instance using a configuration dictionary.
+
+    This function is analogous to the :func:`_sa.engine_from_config` function
+    in SQLAlchemy Core, except that the requested dialect must be an
+    asyncio-compatible dialect such as :ref:`dialect-postgresql-asyncpg`.
+    The argument signature of the function is identical to that
+    of :func:`_sa.engine_from_config`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.29
+
+    """
+    options = {
+        key[len(prefix) :]: value
+        for key, value in configuration.items()
+        if key.startswith(prefix)
+    }
+    options["_coerce_config"] = True
+    options.update(kwargs)
+    url = options.pop("url")
+    return create_async_engine(url, **options)
+
+
+def create_async_pool_from_url(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Pool:
+    """Create a new async engine instance.
+
+    Arguments passed to :func:`_asyncio.create_async_pool_from_url` are mostly
+    identical to those passed to the :func:`_sa.create_pool_from_url` function.
+    The specified dialect must be an asyncio-compatible dialect
+    such as :ref:`dialect-postgresql-asyncpg`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+    kwargs["_is_async"] = True
+    return _create_pool_from_url(url, **kwargs)
+
+
+class AsyncConnectable:
+    __slots__ = "_slots_dispatch", "__weakref__"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _no_async_engine_events(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "asynchronous events are not implemented at this time.  Apply "
+            "synchronous listeners to the AsyncEngine.sync_engine or "
+            "AsyncConnection.sync_connection attributes."
+        )
+
+
+@util.create_proxy_methods(
+    Connection,
+    ":class:`_engine.Connection`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection`",
+    classmethods=[],
+    methods=[],
+    attributes=[
+        "closed",
+        "invalidated",
+        "dialect",
+        "default_isolation_level",
+    ],
+)
+class AsyncConnection(
+    ProxyComparable[Connection],
+    StartableContext["AsyncConnection"],
+    AsyncConnectable,
+):
+    """An asyncio proxy for a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` is acquired using the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine.connect`
+    method of :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+        engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname")
+
+        async with engine.connect() as conn:
+            result = await conn.execute(select(table))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    # AsyncConnection is a thin proxy; no state should be added here
+    # that is not retrievable from the "sync" engine / connection, e.g.
+    # current transaction, info, etc.   It should be possible to
+    # create a new AsyncConnection that matches this one given only the
+    # "sync" elements.
+    __slots__ = (
+        "engine",
+        "sync_engine",
+        "sync_connection",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        async_engine: AsyncEngine,
+        sync_connection: Optional[Connection] = None,
+    ):
+        self.engine = async_engine
+        self.sync_engine = async_engine.sync_engine
+        self.sync_connection = self._assign_proxied(sync_connection)
+
+    sync_connection: Optional[Connection]
+    """Reference to the sync-style :class:`_engine.Connection` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` proxies requests towards.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+
+    """
+
+    sync_engine: Engine
+    """Reference to the sync-style :class:`_engine.Engine` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` is associated with via its underlying
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: Connection
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        return AsyncConnection(
+            AsyncEngine._retrieve_proxy_for_target(target.engine), target
+        )
+
+    async def start(
+        self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        """Start this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object's context
+        outside of using a Python ``with:`` block.
+
+        """
+        if self.sync_connection:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("connection is already started")
+        self.sync_connection = self._assign_proxied(
+            await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_engine.connect)
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Not implemented for async; call
+        :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.get_raw_connection`.
+        """
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "AsyncConnection.connection accessor is not implemented as the "
+            "attribute may need to reconnect on an invalidated connection.  "
+            "Use the get_raw_connection() method."
+        )
+
+    async def get_raw_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return the pooled DBAPI-level connection in use by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection`.
+
+        This is a SQLAlchemy connection-pool proxied connection
+        which then has the attribute
+        :attr:`_pool._ConnectionFairy.driver_connection` that refers to the
+        actual driver connection. Its
+        :attr:`_pool._ConnectionFairy.dbapi_connection` refers instead
+        to an :class:`_engine.AdaptedConnection` instance that
+        adapts the driver connection to the DBAPI protocol.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(getattr, self._proxied, "connection")
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Return the :attr:`_engine.Connection.info` dictionary of the
+        underlying :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This dictionary is freely writable for user-defined state to be
+        associated with the database connection.
+
+        This attribute is only available if the :class:`.AsyncConnection` is
+        currently connected.   If the :attr:`.AsyncConnection.closed` attribute
+        is ``True``, then accessing this attribute will raise
+        :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Connection:
+        if not self.sync_connection:
+            self._raise_for_not_started()
+        return self.sync_connection
+
+    def begin(self) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        """Begin a transaction prior to autobegin occurring."""
+        assert self._proxied
+        return AsyncTransaction(self)
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        """Begin a nested transaction and return a transaction handle."""
+        assert self._proxied
+        return AsyncTransaction(self, nested=True)
+
+    async def invalidate(
+        self, exception: Optional[BaseException] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with
+        this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        See the method :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` for full
+        detail on this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.invalidate, exception=exception
+        )
+
+    async def get_isolation_level(self) -> IsolationLevel:
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.get_isolation_level)
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+
+        return self._proxied.in_transaction()
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        return self._proxied.in_nested_transaction()
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncTransaction]:
+        """Return an :class:`.AsyncTransaction` representing the current
+        transaction, if any.
+
+        This makes use of the underlying synchronous connection's
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_transaction` method to get the current
+        :class:`_engine.Transaction`, which is then proxied in a new
+        :class:`.AsyncTransaction` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self._proxied.get_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(trans)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncTransaction]:
+        """Return an :class:`.AsyncTransaction` representing the current
+        nested (savepoint) transaction, if any.
+
+        This makes use of the underlying synchronous connection's
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_nested_transaction` method to get the
+        current :class:`_engine.Transaction`, which is then proxied in a new
+        :class:`.AsyncTransaction` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self._proxied.get_nested_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(trans)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @overload
+    async def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncConnection: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncConnection: ...
+
+    async def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncConnection:
+        r"""Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect
+        during execution.
+
+        This returns this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object with
+        the new options added.
+
+        See :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` for full details
+        on this method.
+
+        """
+
+        conn = self._proxied
+        c2 = await greenlet_spawn(conn.execution_options, **opt)
+        assert c2 is conn
+        return self
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method commits the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect, assuming
+        the connection is in a non-invalidated state.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.commit)
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method rolls back the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect.  If a
+        transaction was started and the connection is in an invalidated state,
+        the transaction is cleared using this method.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.rollback)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection`.
+
+        This has the effect of also rolling back the transaction if one
+        is in place.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.close)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.close`.
+
+        The :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.aclose` name is specifically
+        to support the Python standard library ``@contextlib.aclosing``
+        context manager function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+
+        """
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def exec_driver_sql(
+        self,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a driver-level SQL string and return buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        """
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.exec_driver_sql,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            execution_options,
+            _require_await=True,
+        )
+
+        return await _ensure_sync_result(result, self.exec_driver_sql)
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncResult[_T]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncResult[Any]]: ...
+
+    @asyncstartablecontext
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncResult[Any]]:
+        """Execute a statement and return an awaitable yielding a
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            result = await conn.stream(stmt):
+            async for row in result:
+                print(f"{row}")
+
+        The :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream`
+        method supports optional context manager use against the
+        :class:`.AsyncResult` object, as in::
+
+            async with conn.stream(stmt) as result:
+                async for row in result:
+                    print(f"{row}")
+
+        In the above pattern, the :meth:`.AsyncResult.close` method is
+        invoked unconditionally, even if the iterator is interrupted by an
+        exception throw.   Context manager use remains optional, however,
+        and the function may be called in either an ``async with fn():`` or
+        ``await fn()`` style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3 added context manager support
+
+
+        :return: an awaitable object that will yield an
+         :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream_scalars`
+
+        """
+        if not self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cant use `stream` or `stream_scalars` with the current "
+                "dialect since it does not support server side cursors."
+            )
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.execute,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            execution_options=util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+                execution_options, {"stream_results": True}
+            ),
+            _require_await=True,
+        )
+        assert result.context._is_server_side
+        ar = AsyncResult(result)
+        try:
+            yield ar
+        except GeneratorExit:
+            pass
+        else:
+            task = asyncio.create_task(ar.close())
+            await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and return a buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        :param object: The statement to be executed.  This is always
+         an object that is in both the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` and
+         :class:`_expression.Executable` hierarchies, including:
+
+         * :class:`_expression.Select`
+         * :class:`_expression.Insert`, :class:`_expression.Update`,
+           :class:`_expression.Delete`
+         * :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+           :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+         * :class:`_schema.DDL` and objects which inherit from
+           :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement`
+
+        :param parameters: parameters which will be bound into the statement.
+         This may be either a dictionary of parameter names to values,
+         or a mutable sequence (e.g. a list) of dictionaries.  When a
+         list of dictionaries is passed, the underlying statement execution
+         will make use of the DBAPI ``cursor.executemany()`` method.
+         When a single dictionary is passed, the DBAPI ``cursor.execute()``
+         method will be used.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.execute,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            _require_await=True,
+        )
+        return await _ensure_sync_result(result, self.execute)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar object.
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        :return: a scalar Python value representing the first column of the
+         first row returned.
+
+        """
+        result = await self.execute(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        return result.scalar()
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar objects.
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+        result = await self.execute(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        return result.scalars()
+
+    @overload
+    def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncScalarResult[_T]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncScalarResult[Any]]: ...
+
+    @asyncstartablecontext
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncScalarResult[Any]]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return an awaitable yielding a
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            result = await conn.stream_scalars(stmt)
+            async for scalar in result:
+                print(f"{scalar}")
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.AsyncResult.scalars` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.stream` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        The :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream_scalars`
+        method supports optional context manager use against the
+        :class:`.AsyncScalarResult` object, as in::
+
+            async with conn.stream_scalars(stmt) as result:
+                async for scalar in result:
+                    print(f"{scalar}")
+
+        In the above pattern, the :meth:`.AsyncScalarResult.close` method is
+        invoked unconditionally, even if the iterator is interrupted by an
+        exception throw.  Context manager use remains optional, however,
+        and the function may be called in either an ``async with fn():`` or
+        ``await fn()`` style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3 added context manager support
+
+        :return: an awaitable object that will yield an
+         :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream`
+
+        """
+
+        async with self.stream(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        ) as result:
+            yield result.scalars()
+
+    async def run_sync(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[Concatenate[Connection, _P], _T],
+        *arg: _P.args,
+        **kw: _P.kwargs,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Invoke the given synchronous (i.e. not async) callable,
+        passing a synchronous-style :class:`_engine.Connection` as the first
+        argument.
+
+        This method allows traditional synchronous SQLAlchemy functions to
+        run within the context of an asyncio application.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def do_something_with_core(conn: Connection, arg1: int, arg2: str) -> str:
+                '''A synchronous function that does not require awaiting
+
+                :param conn: a Core SQLAlchemy Connection, used synchronously
+
+                :return: an optional return value is supported
+
+                '''
+                conn.execute(
+                    some_table.insert().values(int_col=arg1, str_col=arg2)
+                )
+                return "success"
+
+
+            async def do_something_async(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> None:
+                '''an async function that uses awaiting'''
+
+                async with async_engine.begin() as async_conn:
+                    # run do_something_with_core() with a sync-style
+                    # Connection, proxied into an awaitable
+                    return_code = await async_conn.run_sync(do_something_with_core, 5, "strval")
+                    print(return_code)
+
+        This method maintains the asyncio event loop all the way through
+        to the database connection by running the given callable in a
+        specially instrumented greenlet.
+
+        The most rudimentary use of :meth:`.AsyncConnection.run_sync` is to
+        invoke methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`, given
+        an :class:`.AsyncConnection` that needs to be provided to
+        :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` as a :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        object::
+
+            # run metadata.create_all(conn) with a sync-style Connection,
+            # proxied into an awaitable
+            with async_engine.begin() as conn:
+                await conn.run_sync(metadata.create_all)
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The provided callable is invoked inline within the asyncio event
+            loop, and will block on traditional IO calls.  IO within this
+            callable should only call into SQLAlchemy's asyncio database
+            APIs which will be properly adapted to the greenlet context.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncSession.run_sync`
+
+            :ref:`session_run_sync`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            fn, self._proxied, *arg, _require_await=False, **kw
+        )
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, AsyncConnection]:
+        return self.start().__await__()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        task = asyncio.create_task(self.close())
+        await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS AsyncConnection
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return True if this connection is closed.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Connection` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.closed
+
+    @property
+    def invalidated(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return True if this connection was invalidated.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Connection` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        This does not indicate whether or not the connection was
+        invalidated at the pool level, however
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.invalidated
+
+    @property
+    def dialect(self) -> Dialect:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Connection.dialect` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dialect
+
+    @dialect.setter
+    def dialect(self, attr: Dialect) -> None:
+        self._proxied.dialect = attr
+
+    @property
+    def default_isolation_level(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The initial-connection time isolation level associated with the
+        :class:`_engine.Dialect` in use.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Connection` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        This value is independent of the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` and
+        :paramref:`.Engine.execution_options.isolation_level` execution
+        options, and is determined by the :class:`_engine.Dialect` when the
+        first connection is created, by performing a SQL query against the
+        database for the current isolation level before any additional commands
+        have been emitted.
+
+        Calling this accessor does not invoke any new SQL queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current actual isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.default_isolation_level
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS AsyncConnection
+
+
+@util.create_proxy_methods(
+    Engine,
+    ":class:`_engine.Engine`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine`",
+    classmethods=[],
+    methods=[
+        "clear_compiled_cache",
+        "update_execution_options",
+        "get_execution_options",
+    ],
+    attributes=["url", "pool", "dialect", "engine", "name", "driver", "echo"],
+)
+class AsyncEngine(ProxyComparable[Engine], AsyncConnectable):
+    """An asyncio proxy for a :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` is acquired using the
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+        engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname")
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    # AsyncEngine is a thin proxy; no state should be added here
+    # that is not retrievable from the "sync" engine / connection, e.g.
+    # current transaction, info, etc.   It should be possible to
+    # create a new AsyncEngine that matches this one given only the
+    # "sync" elements.
+    __slots__ = "sync_engine"
+
+    _connection_cls: Type[AsyncConnection] = AsyncConnection
+
+    sync_engine: Engine
+    """Reference to the sync-style :class:`_engine.Engine` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` proxies requests towards.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sync_engine: Engine):
+        if not sync_engine.dialect.is_async:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The asyncio extension requires an async driver to be used. "
+                f"The loaded {sync_engine.dialect.driver!r} is not async."
+            )
+        self.sync_engine = self._assign_proxied(sync_engine)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Engine:
+        return self.sync_engine
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(cls, target: Engine) -> AsyncEngine:
+        return AsyncEngine(target)
+
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
+    async def begin(self) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncConnection]:
+        """Return a context manager which when entered will deliver an
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` with an
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction` established.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            async with async_engine.begin() as conn:
+                await conn.execute(
+                    text("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)")
+                )
+                await conn.execute(text("my_special_procedure(5)"))
+
+
+        """
+        conn = self.connect()
+
+        async with conn:
+            async with conn.begin():
+                yield conn
+
+    def connect(self) -> AsyncConnection:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object.
+
+        The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` will procure a database
+        connection from the underlying connection pool when it is entered
+        as an async context manager::
+
+            async with async_engine.connect() as conn:
+                result = await conn.execute(select(user_table))
+
+        The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` may also be started outside of a
+        context manager by invoking its :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.start`
+        method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self)
+
+    async def raw_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return a "raw" DBAPI connection from the connection pool.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_engine.raw_connection)
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncEngine: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncEngine: ...
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncEngine:
+        """Return a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` that will provide
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` objects with the given execution
+        options.
+
+        Proxied from :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`.  See that
+        method for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncEngine(self.sync_engine.execution_options(**opt))
+
+    async def dispose(self, close: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the connection pool used by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine`.
+
+        :param close: if left at its default of ``True``, has the
+         effect of fully closing all **currently checked in**
+         database connections.  Connections that are still checked out
+         will **not** be closed, however they will no longer be associated
+         with this :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         so when they are closed individually, eventually the
+         :class:`_pool.Pool` which they are associated with will
+         be garbage collected and they will be closed out fully, if
+         not already closed on checkin.
+
+         If set to ``False``, the previous connection pool is de-referenced,
+         and otherwise not touched in any way.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose`
+
+        """
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_engine.dispose, close=close)
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS AsyncEngine
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def clear_compiled_cache(self) -> None:
+        r"""Clear the compiled cache associated with the dialect.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        This applies **only** to the built-in cache that is established
+        via the :paramref:`_engine.create_engine.query_cache_size` parameter.
+        It will not impact any dictionary caches that were passed via the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.compiled_cache` parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.clear_compiled_cache()
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        r"""Update the default execution_options dictionary
+        of this :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        The given keys/values in \**opt are added to the
+        default execution options that will be used for
+        all connections.  The initial contents of this dictionary
+        can be sent via the ``execution_options`` parameter
+        to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.update_execution_options(**opt)
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        r"""Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_execution_options()
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> URL:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Engine.url` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.url
+
+    @url.setter
+    def url(self, attr: URL) -> None:
+        self._proxied.url = attr
+
+    @property
+    def pool(self) -> Pool:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Engine.pool` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.pool
+
+    @pool.setter
+    def pool(self, attr: Pool) -> None:
+        self._proxied.pool = attr
+
+    @property
+    def dialect(self) -> Dialect:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Engine.dialect` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dialect
+
+    @dialect.setter
+    def dialect(self, attr: Dialect) -> None:
+        self._proxied.dialect = attr
+
+    @property
+    def engine(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Returns this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        Used for legacy schemes that accept :class:`.Connection` /
+        :class:`.Engine` objects within the same variable.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.engine
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> Any:
+        r"""String name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.name
+
+    @property
+    def driver(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Driver name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.driver
+
+    @property
+    def echo(self) -> Any:
+        r"""When ``True``, enable log output for this element.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        This has the effect of setting the Python logging level for the namespace
+        of this element's class and object reference.  A value of boolean ``True``
+        indicates that the loglevel ``logging.INFO`` will be set for the logger,
+        whereas the string value ``debug`` will set the loglevel to
+        ``logging.DEBUG``.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.echo
+
+    @echo.setter
+    def echo(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.echo = attr
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS AsyncEngine
+
+
+class AsyncTransaction(
+    ProxyComparable[Transaction], StartableContext["AsyncTransaction"]
+):
+    """An asyncio proxy for a :class:`_engine.Transaction`."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("connection", "sync_transaction", "nested")
+
+    sync_transaction: Optional[Transaction]
+    connection: AsyncConnection
+    nested: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: AsyncConnection, nested: bool = False):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.sync_transaction = None
+        self.nested = nested
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: Transaction
+    ) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        sync_connection = target.connection
+        sync_transaction = target
+        nested = isinstance(target, NestedTransaction)
+
+        async_connection = AsyncConnection._retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+            sync_connection
+        )
+        assert async_connection is not None
+
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.connection = async_connection
+        obj.sync_transaction = obj._assign_proxied(sync_transaction)
+        obj.nested = nested
+        return obj
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Transaction:
+        if not self.sync_transaction:
+            self._raise_for_not_started()
+        return self.sync_transaction
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self._proxied.is_valid
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`.AsyncTransaction`.
+
+        If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit
+        nesting, the transaction will rollback().  Otherwise, the
+        method returns.
+
+        This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of
+        an enclosing transaction.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.close)
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back this :class:`.AsyncTransaction`."""
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.rollback)
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this :class:`.AsyncTransaction`."""
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.commit)
+
+    async def start(self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        """Start this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction` object's context
+        outside of using a Python ``with:`` block.
+
+        """
+
+        self.sync_transaction = self._assign_proxied(
+            await greenlet_spawn(
+                self.connection._proxied.begin_nested
+                if self.nested
+                else self.connection._proxied.begin
+            )
+        )
+        if is_ctxmanager:
+            self.sync_transaction.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.__exit__, type_, value, traceback)
+
+
+@overload
+def _get_sync_engine_or_connection(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _get_sync_engine_or_connection(
+    async_engine: AsyncConnection,
+) -> Connection: ...
+
+
+def _get_sync_engine_or_connection(
+    async_engine: Union[AsyncEngine, AsyncConnection]
+) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+    if isinstance(async_engine, AsyncConnection):
+        return async_engine._proxied
+
+    try:
+        return async_engine.sync_engine
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "AsyncEngine expected, got %r" % async_engine
+        ) from e
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(AsyncConnection)
+def _no_insp_for_async_conn_yet(
+    subject: AsyncConnection,  # noqa: U100
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+        "Inspection on an AsyncConnection is currently not supported. "
+        "Please use ``run_sync`` to pass a callable where it's possible "
+        "to call ``inspect`` on the passed connection.",
+        code="xd3s",
+    )
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(AsyncEngine)
+def _no_insp_for_async_engine_xyet(
+    subject: AsyncEngine,  # noqa: U100
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+        "Inspection on an AsyncEngine is currently not supported. "
+        "Please obtain a connection then use ``conn.run_sync`` to pass a "
+        "callable where it's possible to call ``inspect`` on the "
+        "passed connection.",
+        code="xd3s",
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/exc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c54e220d244bd31ed7c0cc549f5da2994161b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/exc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# ext/asyncio/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from ... import exc
+
+
+class AsyncMethodRequired(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """an API can't be used because its result would not be
+    compatible with async"""
+
+
+class AsyncContextNotStarted(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """a startable context manager has not been started."""
+
+
+class AsyncContextAlreadyStarted(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """a startable context manager is already started."""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/result.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6473cdbf129410736d756041dcea3147337c8983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/result.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,961 @@
+# ext/asyncio/result.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from . import exc as async_exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import Result
+from ...engine.result import _NO_ROW
+from ...engine.result import _R
+from ...engine.result import _WithKeys
+from ...engine.result import FilterResult
+from ...engine.result import FrozenResult
+from ...engine.result import ResultMetaData
+from ...engine.row import Row
+from ...engine.row import RowMapping
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...util.concurrency import greenlet_spawn
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine import CursorResult
+    from ...engine.result import _KeyIndexType
+    from ...engine.result import _UniqueFilterType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+
+class AsyncCommon(FilterResult[_R]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _real_result: Result[Any]
+    _metadata: ResultMetaData
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Close this result."""
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._real_result.close)
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """proxies the .closed attribute of the underlying result object,
+        if any, else raises ``AttributeError``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3
+
+        """
+        return self._real_result.closed
+
+
+class AsyncResult(_WithKeys, AsyncCommon[Row[_TP]]):
+    """An asyncio wrapper around a :class:`_result.Result` object.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` only applies to statement executions that
+    use a server-side cursor.  It is returned only from the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.stream` and
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.stream` methods.
+
+    .. note:: As is the case with :class:`_engine.Result`, this object is
+       used for ORM results returned by :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.execute`,
+       which can yield instances of ORM mapped objects either individually or
+       within tuple-like rows.  Note that these result objects do not
+       deduplicate instances or rows automatically as is the case with the
+       legacy :class:`_orm.Query` object. For in-Python de-duplication of
+       instances or rows, use the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.unique` modifier
+       method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _real_result: Result[_TP]
+
+    def __init__(self, real_result: Result[_TP]):
+        self._real_result = real_result
+
+        self._metadata = real_result._metadata
+        self._unique_filter_state = real_result._unique_filter_state
+        self._post_creational_filter = None
+
+        # BaseCursorResult pre-generates the "_row_getter".  Use that
+        # if available rather than building a second one
+        if "_row_getter" in real_result.__dict__:
+            self._set_memoized_attribute(
+                "_row_getter", real_result.__dict__["_row_getter"]
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def t(self) -> AsyncTupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        The :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.t` attribute is a synonym for
+        calling the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.tuples` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    def tuples(self) -> AsyncTupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        This method returns the same :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object
+        at runtime,
+        however annotates as returning a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTupleResult`
+        object that will indicate to :pep:`484` typing tools that plain typed
+        ``Tuple`` instances are returned rather than rows.  This allows
+        tuple unpacking and ``__getitem__`` access of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects to by typed, for those cases where the statement invoked
+        itself included typing information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: the :class:`_result.AsyncTupleResult` type at typing time.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.t` - shorter synonym
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Row.t` - :class:`_engine.Row` version
+
+        """
+
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult`.
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row.
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        """
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    async def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[Row[_TP]]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of rows of the size given.
+
+        An async iterator is returned::
+
+            async def scroll_results(connection):
+                result = await connection.stream(select(users_table))
+
+                async for partition in result.partitions(100):
+                    print("list of rows: %s" % partition)
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = await greenlet_spawn(getter, self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.all` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    async def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch one row.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns None.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch the first row of a result only, use the
+        :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first` method.  To iterate through all
+        rows, iterate the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object directly.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object if no filters are applied,
+         or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def fetchmany(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch many rows.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns an empty list.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch rows in groups, use the
+        :meth:`._asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions` method.
+
+        :return: a list of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions`
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._manyrow_getter, self, size)
+
+    async def all(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return all rows in a list.
+
+        Closes the result set after invocation.   Subsequent invocations
+        will return an empty list.
+
+        :return: a list of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncResult[_TP]:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def first(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch the first row or ``None`` if no row is present.
+
+        Closes the result set and discards remaining rows.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar` method,
+           or combine :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first`.
+
+           Additionally, in contrast to the behavior of the legacy  ORM
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.first` method, **no limit is applied** to the
+           SQL query which was invoked to produce this
+           :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult`;
+           for a DBAPI driver that buffers results in memory before yielding
+           rows, all rows will be sent to the Python process and all but
+           the first row will be discarded.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`migration_20_unify_select`
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object, or None
+         if no rows remain.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, False)
+
+    async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the result has no rows.
+        Raises :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+        if multiple rows are returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row` or ``None`` if no row
+         is available.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, False)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one(self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, True)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one_or_none(
+        self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]],
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or ``None``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, True)
+
+    async def one(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        """Return exactly one row or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises :class:`.NoResultFound` if the result returns no
+        rows, or :class:`.MultipleResultsFound` if multiple rows
+        would be returned.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar_one` method, or combine
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`, :class:`.NoResultFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar_one`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, False)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(self) -> Any:
+        """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result set.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+        No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+        After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+        e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+        method will have been called.
+
+        :return: a Python scalar value, or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, True)
+
+    async def freeze(self) -> FrozenResult[_TP]:
+        """Return a callable object that will produce copies of this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` when invoked.
+
+        The callable object returned is an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`.
+
+        This is used for result set caching.  The method must be called
+        on the result when it has been unconsumed, and calling the method
+        will consume the result fully.   When the :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`
+        is retrieved from a cache, it can be called any number of times where
+        it will produce a new :class:`_engine.Result` object each time
+        against its stored set of rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - example usage within the
+            ORM to implement a result-set cache.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(FrozenResult, self)
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]], index: Literal[0]
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_result.Result.scalars` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        :param index: integer or row key indicating the column to be fetched
+         from each row, defaults to ``0`` indicating the first column.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` filtering object
+         referring to this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        """
+        return AsyncScalarResult(self._real_result, index)
+
+    def mappings(self) -> AsyncMappingResult:
+        """Apply a mappings filter to returned rows, returning an instance of
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult`.
+
+        When this filter is applied, fetching rows will return
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` objects instead of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult` filtering object
+         referring to the underlying :class:`_result.Result` object.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncMappingResult(self._real_result)
+
+
+class AsyncScalarResult(AsyncCommon[_R]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` that returns scalar values
+    rather than :class:`_row.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` method.
+
+    Refer to the :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object in the synchronous
+    SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = False
+
+    def __init__(self, real_result: Result[Any], index: _KeyIndexType):
+        self._real_result = real_result
+
+        if real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata
+            self._post_creational_filter = None
+        else:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata._reduce([index])
+            self._post_creational_filter = operator.itemgetter(0)
+
+        self._unique_filter_state = real_result._unique_filter_state
+
+    def unique(
+        self,
+        strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    async def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = await greenlet_spawn(getter, self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult.all` method."""
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    async def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Fetch many objects.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.fetchmany` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._manyrow_getter, self, size)
+
+    async def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Return all scalar values in a list.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.all` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncScalarResult[_R]:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> _R:
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, False)
+
+    async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, False)
+
+    async def one(self) -> _R:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, False)
+
+
+class AsyncMappingResult(_WithKeys, AsyncCommon[RowMapping]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` that returns dictionary
+    values rather than :class:`_engine.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.mappings` method.
+
+    Refer to the :class:`_result.MappingResult` object in the synchronous
+    SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = True
+
+    _post_creational_filter = operator.attrgetter("_mapping")
+
+    def __init__(self, result: Result[Any]):
+        self._real_result = result
+        self._unique_filter_state = result._unique_filter_state
+        self._metadata = result._metadata
+        if result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = self._metadata._reduce([0])
+
+    def unique(
+        self,
+        strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row."""
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    async def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[RowMapping]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = await greenlet_spawn(getter, self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult.all` method."""
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    async def fetchone(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch one object.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.fetchone` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def fetchmany(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch many rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.fetchmany` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._manyrow_getter, self, size)
+
+    async def all(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Return all rows in a list.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.all` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncMappingResult:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> RowMapping:
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def first(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, False)
+
+    async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, False)
+
+    async def one(self) -> RowMapping:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, False)
+
+
+class AsyncTupleResult(AsyncCommon[_R], util.TypingOnly):
+    """A :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` that's typed as returning plain
+    Python tuples instead of rows.
+
+    Since :class:`_engine.Row` acts like a tuple in every way already,
+    this class is a typing only class, regular :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` is
+    still used at runtime.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        async def partitions(
+            self, size: Optional[int] = None
+        ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+            """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.partitions` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def fetchone(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch one tuple.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.fetchone` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+            objects, are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.all` method."""
+            ...
+
+        async def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """Fetch many objects.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.fetchmany` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:  # noqa: A001
+            """Return all scalar values in a list.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.all` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_R]: ...
+
+        async def __anext__(self) -> _R: ...
+
+        async def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.first` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.one_or_none` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def one(self) -> _R:
+            """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.one` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one(self: AsyncTupleResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        async def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+            """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.Result.one`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one_or_none(
+            self: AsyncTupleResult[Tuple[_T]],
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+        async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+            """Return exactly one or no scalar result.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar(
+            self: AsyncTupleResult[Tuple[_T]],
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        async def scalar(self) -> Any:
+            """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result
+            set.
+
+            Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+            No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+            After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+            e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+            method will have been called.
+
+            :return: a Python scalar value , or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+
+_RT = TypeVar("_RT", bound="Result[Any]")
+
+
+async def _ensure_sync_result(result: _RT, calling_method: Any) -> _RT:
+    cursor_result: CursorResult[Any]
+
+    try:
+        is_cursor = result._is_cursor
+    except AttributeError:
+        # legacy execute(DefaultGenerator) case
+        return result
+
+    if not is_cursor:
+        cursor_result = getattr(result, "raw", None)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        cursor_result = result  # type: ignore
+    if cursor_result and cursor_result.context._is_server_side:
+        await greenlet_spawn(cursor_result.close)
+        raise async_exc.AsyncMethodRequired(
+            "Can't use the %s.%s() method with a "
+            "server-side cursor. "
+            "Use the %s.stream() method for an async "
+            "streaming result set."
+            % (
+                calling_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,
+                calling_method.__name__,
+                calling_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,
+            )
+        )
+    return result
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/scoping.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/scoping.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..675ada1d89cac25f5772e0e3b5ddfd56d969b25b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/scoping.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1614 @@
+# ext/asyncio/scoping.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .session import _AS
+from .session import async_sessionmaker
+from .session import AsyncSession
+from ... import exc as sa_exc
+from ... import util
+from ...orm.session import Session
+from ...util import create_proxy_methods
+from ...util import ScopedRegistry
+from ...util import warn
+from ...util import warn_deprecated
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .engine import AsyncConnection
+    from .result import AsyncResult
+    from .result import AsyncScalarResult
+    from .session import AsyncSessionTransaction
+    from ...engine import Connection
+    from ...engine import CursorResult
+    from ...engine import Engine
+    from ...engine import Result
+    from ...engine import Row
+    from ...engine import RowMapping
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ...orm._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ...orm._typing import _O
+    from ...orm._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...orm.interfaces import ORMOption
+    from ...orm.session import _BindArguments
+    from ...orm.session import _EntityBindKey
+    from ...orm.session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from ...orm.session import _SessionBind
+    from ...sql.base import Executable
+    from ...sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ...sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ...sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+@create_proxy_methods(
+    AsyncSession,
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session`",
+    classmethods=["close_all", "object_session", "identity_key"],
+    methods=[
+        "__contains__",
+        "__iter__",
+        "aclose",
+        "add",
+        "add_all",
+        "begin",
+        "begin_nested",
+        "close",
+        "reset",
+        "commit",
+        "connection",
+        "delete",
+        "execute",
+        "expire",
+        "expire_all",
+        "expunge",
+        "expunge_all",
+        "flush",
+        "get_bind",
+        "is_modified",
+        "invalidate",
+        "merge",
+        "refresh",
+        "rollback",
+        "scalar",
+        "scalars",
+        "get",
+        "get_one",
+        "stream",
+        "stream_scalars",
+    ],
+    attributes=[
+        "bind",
+        "dirty",
+        "deleted",
+        "new",
+        "identity_map",
+        "is_active",
+        "autoflush",
+        "no_autoflush",
+        "info",
+    ],
+    use_intermediate_variable=["get"],
+)
+class async_scoped_session(Generic[_AS]):
+    """Provides scoped management of :class:`.AsyncSession` objects.
+
+    See the section :ref:`asyncio_scoped_session` for usage details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.19
+
+
+    """
+
+    _support_async = True
+
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[_AS]
+    """The `session_factory` provided to `__init__` is stored in this
+    attribute and may be accessed at a later time.  This can be useful when
+    a new non-scoped :class:`.AsyncSession` is needed."""
+
+    registry: ScopedRegistry[_AS]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_factory: async_sessionmaker[_AS],
+        scopefunc: Callable[[], Any],
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session`.
+
+        :param session_factory: a factory to create new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`
+         instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance
+         of :class:`_asyncio.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+        :param scopefunc: function which defines
+         the current scope.   A function such as ``asyncio.current_task``
+         may be useful here.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        self.session_factory = session_factory
+        self.registry = ScopedRegistry(session_factory, scopefunc)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxied(self) -> _AS:
+        return self.registry()
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw: Any) -> _AS:
+        r"""Return the current :class:`.AsyncSession`, creating it
+        using the :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` if not present.
+
+        :param \**kw: Keyword arguments will be passed to the
+         :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` callable, if an existing
+         :class:`.AsyncSession` is not present.  If the
+         :class:`.AsyncSession` is present
+         and keyword arguments have been passed,
+         :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if kw:
+            if self.registry.has():
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Scoped session is already present; "
+                    "no new arguments may be specified."
+                )
+            else:
+                sess = self.session_factory(**kw)
+                self.registry.set(sess)
+        else:
+            sess = self.registry()
+        if not self._support_async and sess._is_asyncio:
+            warn_deprecated(
+                "Using `scoped_session` with asyncio is deprecated and "
+                "will raise an error in a future version. "
+                "Please use `async_scoped_session` instead.",
+                "1.4.23",
+            )
+        return sess
+
+    def configure(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """reconfigure the :class:`.sessionmaker` used by this
+        :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        See :meth:`.sessionmaker.configure`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            warn(
+                "At least one scoped session is already present. "
+                " configure() can not affect sessions that have "
+                "already been created."
+            )
+
+        self.session_factory.configure(**kwargs)
+
+    async def remove(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the current :class:`.AsyncSession`, if present.
+
+        Different from scoped_session's remove method, this method would use
+        await to wait for the close method of AsyncSession.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            await self.registry().close()
+        self.registry.clear()
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS async_scoped_session
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__contains__(instance)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        r"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__iter__()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        r"""A synonym for :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        The :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.aclose` name is specifically
+        to support the Python standard library ``@contextlib.aclosing``
+        context manager function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.aclose()
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        r"""Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add(instance, _warn=_warn)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        r"""Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add_all(instances)
+
+    def begin(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        r"""Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        The underlying :class:`_orm.Session` will perform the
+        "begin" action when the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction`
+        object is entered::
+
+            async with async_session.begin():
+                # .. ORM transaction is begun
+
+        Note that database IO will not normally occur when the session-level
+        transaction is begun, as database transactions begin on an
+        on-demand basis.  However, the begin block is async to accommodate
+        for a :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+        event hook that may perform IO.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin()
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        r"""Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object
+        which will begin a "nested" transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        Behavior is the same as that of :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.begin`.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin nested, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite asyncio driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin_nested()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - main documentation for
+            "close"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.close()
+
+    async def reset(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - main documentation for
+            "reset"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.reset()
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        r"""Commit the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` - main documentation for
+            "commit"
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.commit()
+
+    async def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object corresponding to
+        this :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        This method may also be used to establish execution options for the
+        database connection used by the current transaction.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24  Added \**kw arguments which are passed
+           through to the underlying :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` - main documentation for
+            "connection"
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.connection(
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
+
+        As this operation may need to cascade along unloaded relationships,
+        it is awaitable to allow for those queries to take place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.delete` - main documentation for delete
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.delete(instance)
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` - main documentation for execute
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.execute(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire(instance, attribute_names=attribute_names)
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire_all()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge(instance)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge_all()
+
+    async def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        r"""Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.flush` - main documentation for flush
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.flush(objects=objects)
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        r"""Return a "bind" to which the synchronous proxied :class:`_orm.Session`
+        is bound.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        Unlike the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method, this method is
+        currently **not** used by this :class:`.AsyncSession` in any way
+        in order to resolve engines for requests.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method proxies directly to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind`
+            method, however is currently **not** useful as an override target,
+            in contrast to that of the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method.
+            The example below illustrates how to implement custom
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` schemes that work with
+            :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`.
+
+        The pattern introduced at :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`
+        illustrates how to apply a custom bind-lookup scheme to a
+        :class:`_orm.Session` given a set of :class:`_engine.Engine` objects.
+        To apply a corresponding :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` implementation
+        for use with a :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`
+        objects, continue to subclass :class:`_orm.Session` and apply it to
+        :class:`.AsyncSession` using
+        :paramref:`.AsyncSession.sync_session_class`. The inner method must
+        continue to return :class:`_engine.Engine` instances, which can be
+        acquired from a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` using the
+        :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine.sync_engine` attribute::
+
+            # using example from "Custom Vertical Partitioning"
+
+
+            import random
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+            # construct async engines w/ async drivers
+            engines = {
+                'leader':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///leader.db"),
+                'other':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///other.db"),
+                'follower1':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower1.db"),
+                'follower2':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower2.db"),
+            }
+
+            class RoutingSession(Session):
+                def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None, **kw):
+                    # within get_bind(), return sync engines
+                    if mapper and issubclass(mapper.class_, MyOtherClass):
+                        return engines['other'].sync_engine
+                    elif self._flushing or isinstance(clause, (Update, Delete)):
+                        return engines['leader'].sync_engine
+                    else:
+                        return engines[
+                            random.choice(['follower1','follower2'])
+                        ].sync_engine
+
+            # apply to AsyncSession using sync_session_class
+            AsyncSessionMaker = async_sessionmaker(
+                sync_session_class=RoutingSession
+            )
+
+        The :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method is called in a non-asyncio,
+        implicitly non-blocking context in the same manner as ORM event hooks
+        and functions that are invoked via :meth:`.AsyncSession.run_sync`, so
+        routines that wish to run SQL commands inside of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` can continue to do so using
+        blocking-style code, which will be translated to implicitly async calls
+        at the point of invoking IO on the database drivers.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_bind(
+            mapper=mapper, clause=clause, bind=bind, **kw
+        )
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_modified(
+            instance, include_collections=include_collections
+        )
+
+    async def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        For a complete description, see :meth:`_orm.Session.invalidate`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.invalidate()
+
+    async def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.merge` - main documentation for merge
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.merge(instance, load=load, options=options)
+
+    async def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
+        refreshed with their current database value.
+
+        This is the async version of the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method.
+        See that method for a complete description of all options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` - main documentation for refresh
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.refresh(
+            instance,
+            attribute_names=attribute_names,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        )
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        r"""Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` - main documentation for
+            "rollback"
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.rollback()
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar` - main documentation for scalar
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.scalar(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return scalar results.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added
+           :meth:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.stream_scalars` - streaming version
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.scalars(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> Union[_O, None]:
+        r"""Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get` - main documentation for get
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        result = await self._proxied.get(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+        return result
+
+    async def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.
+
+        ..versionadded: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_one` - main documentation for get_one
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.get_one(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a streaming
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.stream(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a stream of scalar results.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars` - non streaming version
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.stream_scalars(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.bind` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bind
+
+    @bind.setter
+    def bind(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.bind = attr
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dirty
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.deleted
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.new
+
+    @property
+    def identity_map(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.identity_map` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.identity_map
+
+    @identity_map.setter
+    def identity_map(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.identity_map = attr
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> Any:
+        r"""True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.autoflush` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.autoflush
+
+    @autoflush.setter
+    def autoflush(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.autoflush = attr
+
+    @property
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.no_autoflush
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        r"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        r"""Close all :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` sessions.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0 The :meth:`.AsyncSession.close_all` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  Please refer to :func:`_asyncio.close_all_sessions`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await AsyncSession.close_all()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        r"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return AsyncSession.object_session(instance)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        r"""Return an identity key.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return AsyncSession.identity_key(
+            class_=class_,
+            ident=ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS async_scoped_session
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/session.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..386b4c15a8f6c76fa6a5467b19b35123c4d1d211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/session.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1936 @@
+# ext/asyncio/session.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import engine
+from .base import ReversibleProxy
+from .base import StartableContext
+from .result import _ensure_sync_result
+from .result import AsyncResult
+from .result import AsyncScalarResult
+from ... import util
+from ...orm import close_all_sessions as _sync_close_all_sessions
+from ...orm import object_session
+from ...orm import Session
+from ...orm import SessionTransaction
+from ...orm import state as _instance_state
+from ...util.concurrency import greenlet_spawn
+from ...util.typing import Concatenate
+from ...util.typing import ParamSpec
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .engine import AsyncConnection
+    from .engine import AsyncEngine
+    from ...engine import Connection
+    from ...engine import CursorResult
+    from ...engine import Engine
+    from ...engine import Result
+    from ...engine import Row
+    from ...engine import RowMapping
+    from ...engine import ScalarResult
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...event import dispatcher
+    from ...orm._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ...orm._typing import _O
+    from ...orm._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...orm.identity import IdentityMap
+    from ...orm.interfaces import ORMOption
+    from ...orm.session import _BindArguments
+    from ...orm.session import _EntityBindKey
+    from ...orm.session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from ...orm.session import _SessionBind
+    from ...orm.session import _SessionBindKey
+    from ...sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ...sql.base import Executable
+    from ...sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ...sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ...sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_AsyncSessionBind = Union["AsyncEngine", "AsyncConnection"]
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+_EXECUTE_OPTIONS = util.immutabledict({"prebuffer_rows": True})
+_STREAM_OPTIONS = util.immutabledict({"stream_results": True})
+
+
+class AsyncAttrs:
+    """Mixin class which provides an awaitable accessor for all attributes.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from __future__ import annotations
+
+        from typing import List
+
+        from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+
+        class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):
+            pass
+
+
+        class A(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "a"
+
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            data: Mapped[str]
+            bs: Mapped[List[B]] = relationship()
+
+
+        class B(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "b"
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            a_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("a.id"))
+            data: Mapped[str]
+
+    In the above example, the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncAttrs` mixin is applied to
+    the declarative ``Base`` class where it takes effect for all subclasses.
+    This mixin adds a single new attribute
+    :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs` to all classes, which will
+    yield the value of any attribute as an awaitable. This allows attributes
+    which may be subject to lazy loading or deferred / unexpiry loading to be
+    accessed such that IO can still be emitted::
+
+        a1 = (await async_session.scalars(select(A).where(A.id == 5))).one()
+
+        # use the lazy loader on ``a1.bs`` via the ``.awaitable_attrs``
+        # interface, so that it may be awaited
+        for b1 in await a1.awaitable_attrs.bs:
+            print(b1)
+
+    The :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs` performs a call against the
+    attribute that is approximately equivalent to using the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.run_sync` method, e.g.::
+
+        for b1 in await async_session.run_sync(lambda sess: a1.bs):
+            print(b1)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.13
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_orm_avoid_lazyloads`
+
+    """
+
+    class _AsyncAttrGetitem:
+        __slots__ = "_instance"
+
+        def __init__(self, _instance: Any):
+            self._instance = _instance
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Awaitable[Any]:
+            return greenlet_spawn(getattr, self._instance, name)
+
+    @property
+    def awaitable_attrs(self) -> AsyncAttrs._AsyncAttrGetitem:
+        """provide a namespace of all attributes on this object wrapped
+        as awaitables.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+
+            a1 = (await async_session.scalars(select(A).where(A.id == 5))).one()
+
+            some_attribute = await a1.awaitable_attrs.some_deferred_attribute
+            some_collection = await a1.awaitable_attrs.some_collection
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return AsyncAttrs._AsyncAttrGetitem(self)
+
+
+@util.create_proxy_methods(
+    Session,
+    ":class:`_orm.Session`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`",
+    classmethods=["object_session", "identity_key"],
+    methods=[
+        "__contains__",
+        "__iter__",
+        "add",
+        "add_all",
+        "expire",
+        "expire_all",
+        "expunge",
+        "expunge_all",
+        "is_modified",
+        "in_transaction",
+        "in_nested_transaction",
+    ],
+    attributes=[
+        "dirty",
+        "deleted",
+        "new",
+        "identity_map",
+        "is_active",
+        "autoflush",
+        "no_autoflush",
+        "info",
+    ],
+)
+class AsyncSession(ReversibleProxy[Session]):
+    """Asyncio version of :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` is a proxy for a traditional
+    :class:`_orm.Session` instance.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` is **not safe for use in concurrent
+    tasks.**.  See :ref:`session_faq_threadsafe` for background.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    To use an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` with custom :class:`_orm.Session`
+    implementations, see the
+    :paramref:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.sync_session_class` parameter.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = True
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Session]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        binds: Optional[Dict[_SessionBindKey, _AsyncSessionBind]] = None,
+        sync_session_class: Optional[Type[Session]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        All parameters other than ``sync_session_class`` are passed to the
+        ``sync_session_class`` callable directly to instantiate a new
+        :class:`_orm.Session`. Refer to :meth:`_orm.Session.__init__` for
+        parameter documentation.
+
+        :param sync_session_class:
+          A :class:`_orm.Session` subclass or other callable which will be used
+          to construct the :class:`_orm.Session` which will be proxied. This
+          parameter may be used to provide custom :class:`_orm.Session`
+          subclasses. Defaults to the
+          :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.sync_session_class` class-level
+          attribute.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+        sync_bind = sync_binds = None
+
+        if bind:
+            self.bind = bind
+            sync_bind = engine._get_sync_engine_or_connection(bind)
+
+        if binds:
+            self.binds = binds
+            sync_binds = {
+                key: engine._get_sync_engine_or_connection(b)
+                for key, b in binds.items()
+            }
+
+        if sync_session_class:
+            self.sync_session_class = sync_session_class
+
+        self.sync_session = self._proxied = self._assign_proxied(
+            self.sync_session_class(bind=sync_bind, binds=sync_binds, **kw)
+        )
+
+    sync_session_class: Type[Session] = Session
+    """The class or callable that provides the
+    underlying :class:`_orm.Session` instance for a particular
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+    At the class level, this attribute is the default value for the
+    :paramref:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.sync_session_class` parameter. Custom
+    subclasses of :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` can override this.
+
+    At the instance level, this attribute indicates the current class or
+    callable that was used to provide the :class:`_orm.Session` instance for
+    this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` instance.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+    """
+
+    sync_session: Session
+    """Reference to the underlying :class:`_orm.Session` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` proxies requests towards.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _no_async_engine_events(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "asynchronous events are not implemented at this time.  Apply "
+            "synchronous listeners to the AsyncSession.sync_session."
+        )
+
+    async def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
+
+        A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
+        refreshed with their current database value.
+
+        This is the async version of the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method.
+        See that method for a complete description of all options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` - main documentation for refresh
+
+        """
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.refresh,
+            instance,
+            attribute_names=attribute_names,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        )
+
+    async def run_sync(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[Concatenate[Session, _P], _T],
+        *arg: _P.args,
+        **kw: _P.kwargs,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Invoke the given synchronous (i.e. not async) callable,
+        passing a synchronous-style :class:`_orm.Session` as the first
+        argument.
+
+        This method allows traditional synchronous SQLAlchemy functions to
+        run within the context of an asyncio application.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def some_business_method(session: Session, param: str) -> str:
+                '''A synchronous function that does not require awaiting
+
+                :param session: a SQLAlchemy Session, used synchronously
+
+                :return: an optional return value is supported
+
+                '''
+                session.add(MyObject(param=param))
+                session.flush()
+                return "success"
+
+
+            async def do_something_async(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> None:
+                '''an async function that uses awaiting'''
+
+                with AsyncSession(async_engine) as async_session:
+                    # run some_business_method() with a sync-style
+                    # Session, proxied into an awaitable
+                    return_code = await async_session.run_sync(some_business_method, param="param1")
+                    print(return_code)
+
+        This method maintains the asyncio event loop all the way through
+        to the database connection by running the given callable in a
+        specially instrumented greenlet.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            The provided callable is invoked inline within the asyncio event
+            loop, and will block on traditional IO calls.  IO within this
+            callable should only call into SQLAlchemy's asyncio database
+            APIs which will be properly adapted to the greenlet context.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AsyncAttrs`  - a mixin for ORM mapped classes that provides
+            a similar feature more succinctly on a per-attribute basis
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncConnection.run_sync`
+
+            :ref:`session_run_sync`
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            fn, self.sync_session, *arg, _require_await=False, **kw
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return a buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` - main documentation for execute
+
+        """
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.execute,
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return await _ensure_sync_result(result, self.execute)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar` - main documentation for scalar
+
+        """
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.scalar,
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return scalar results.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added
+           :meth:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.stream_scalars` - streaming version
+
+        """
+
+        result = await self.execute(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return result.scalars()
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> Union[_O, None]:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get` - main documentation for get
+
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            cast("Callable[..., _O]", self.sync_session.get),
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    async def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.
+
+        ..versionadded: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_one` - main documentation for get_one
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            cast("Callable[..., _O]", self.sync_session.get_one),
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return a streaming
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        """
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                _STREAM_OPTIONS
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = _STREAM_OPTIONS
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.execute,
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return AsyncResult(result)
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return a stream of scalar results.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars` - non streaming version
+
+        """
+
+        result = await self.stream(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return result.scalars()
+
+    async def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        """Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
+
+        As this operation may need to cascade along unloaded relationships,
+        it is awaitable to allow for those queries to take place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.delete` - main documentation for delete
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.delete, instance)
+
+    async def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.merge` - main documentation for merge
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.merge, instance, load=load, options=options
+        )
+
+    async def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        """Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.flush` - main documentation for flush
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.flush, objects=objects)
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncSessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object, or
+         ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+        """
+        trans = self.sync_session.get_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncSessionTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(trans)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncSessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object, or
+         ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self.sync_session.get_nested_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncSessionTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(trans)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        """Return a "bind" to which the synchronous proxied :class:`_orm.Session`
+        is bound.
+
+        Unlike the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method, this method is
+        currently **not** used by this :class:`.AsyncSession` in any way
+        in order to resolve engines for requests.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method proxies directly to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind`
+            method, however is currently **not** useful as an override target,
+            in contrast to that of the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method.
+            The example below illustrates how to implement custom
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` schemes that work with
+            :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`.
+
+        The pattern introduced at :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`
+        illustrates how to apply a custom bind-lookup scheme to a
+        :class:`_orm.Session` given a set of :class:`_engine.Engine` objects.
+        To apply a corresponding :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` implementation
+        for use with a :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`
+        objects, continue to subclass :class:`_orm.Session` and apply it to
+        :class:`.AsyncSession` using
+        :paramref:`.AsyncSession.sync_session_class`. The inner method must
+        continue to return :class:`_engine.Engine` instances, which can be
+        acquired from a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` using the
+        :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine.sync_engine` attribute::
+
+            # using example from "Custom Vertical Partitioning"
+
+
+            import random
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+            # construct async engines w/ async drivers
+            engines = {
+                'leader':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///leader.db"),
+                'other':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///other.db"),
+                'follower1':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower1.db"),
+                'follower2':create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower2.db"),
+            }
+
+            class RoutingSession(Session):
+                def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None, **kw):
+                    # within get_bind(), return sync engines
+                    if mapper and issubclass(mapper.class_, MyOtherClass):
+                        return engines['other'].sync_engine
+                    elif self._flushing or isinstance(clause, (Update, Delete)):
+                        return engines['leader'].sync_engine
+                    else:
+                        return engines[
+                            random.choice(['follower1','follower2'])
+                        ].sync_engine
+
+            # apply to AsyncSession using sync_session_class
+            AsyncSessionMaker = async_sessionmaker(
+                sync_session_class=RoutingSession
+            )
+
+        The :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method is called in a non-asyncio,
+        implicitly non-blocking context in the same manner as ORM event hooks
+        and functions that are invoked via :meth:`.AsyncSession.run_sync`, so
+        routines that wish to run SQL commands inside of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` can continue to do so using
+        blocking-style code, which will be translated to implicitly async calls
+        at the point of invoking IO on the database drivers.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self.sync_session.get_bind(
+            mapper=mapper, clause=clause, bind=bind, **kw
+        )
+
+    async def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object corresponding to
+        this :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        This method may also be used to establish execution options for the
+        database connection used by the current transaction.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24  Added \**kw arguments which are passed
+           through to the underlying :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` - main documentation for
+            "connection"
+
+        """
+
+        sync_connection = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.connection,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return engine.AsyncConnection._retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+            sync_connection
+        )
+
+    def begin(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object.
+
+        The underlying :class:`_orm.Session` will perform the
+        "begin" action when the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction`
+        object is entered::
+
+            async with async_session.begin():
+                # .. ORM transaction is begun
+
+        Note that database IO will not normally occur when the session-level
+        transaction is begun, as database transactions begin on an
+        on-demand basis.  However, the begin block is async to accommodate
+        for a :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+        event hook that may perform IO.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncSessionTransaction(self)
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object
+        which will begin a "nested" transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        Behavior is the same as that of :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.begin`.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin nested, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite asyncio driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncSessionTransaction(self, nested=True)
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` - main documentation for
+            "rollback"
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.rollback)
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` - main documentation for
+            "commit"
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.commit)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - main documentation for
+            "close"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.close)
+
+    async def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - main documentation for
+            "reset"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.reset)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close`.
+
+        The :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.aclose` name is specifically
+        to support the Python standard library ``@contextlib.aclosing``
+        context manager function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+
+        """
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        """Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        For a complete description, see :meth:`_orm.Session.invalidate`.
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.invalidate)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :meth:`.AsyncSession.close_all` method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":func:`_asyncio.close_all_sessions`.",
+    )
+    async def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        """Close all :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` sessions."""
+        await close_all_sessions()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: _AS) -> _AS:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        task = asyncio.create_task(self.close())
+        await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+    def _maker_context_manager(self: _AS) -> _AsyncSessionContextManager[_AS]:
+        return _AsyncSessionContextManager(self)
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS AsyncSession
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__contains__(instance)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        r"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__iter__()
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        r"""Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add(instance, _warn=_warn)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        r"""Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add_all(instances)
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire(instance, attribute_names=attribute_names)
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire_all()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge(instance)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge_all()
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_modified(
+            instance, include_collections=include_collections
+        )
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a transaction.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.in_transaction()
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a nested
+        transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.in_nested_transaction()
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dirty
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.deleted
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.new
+
+    @property
+    def identity_map(self) -> IdentityMap:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.identity_map` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.identity_map
+
+    @identity_map.setter
+    def identity_map(self, attr: IdentityMap) -> None:
+        self._proxied.identity_map = attr
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> Any:
+        r"""True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def autoflush(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.autoflush` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.autoflush
+
+    @autoflush.setter
+    def autoflush(self, attr: bool) -> None:
+        self._proxied.autoflush = attr
+
+    @property
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.no_autoflush
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        r"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        r"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.object_session(instance)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        r"""Return an identity key.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.identity_key(
+            class_=class_,
+            ident=ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS AsyncSession
+
+
+_AS = TypeVar("_AS", bound="AsyncSession")
+
+
+class async_sessionmaker(Generic[_AS]):
+    """A configurable :class:`.AsyncSession` factory.
+
+    The :class:`.async_sessionmaker` factory works in the same way as the
+    :class:`.sessionmaker` factory, to generate new :class:`.AsyncSession`
+    objects when called, creating them given
+    the configurational arguments established here.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+
+        async def run_some_sql(async_session: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]) -> None:
+            async with async_session() as session:
+                session.add(SomeObject(data="object"))
+                session.add(SomeOtherObject(name="other object"))
+                await session.commit()
+
+        async def main() -> None:
+            # an AsyncEngine, which the AsyncSession will use for connection
+            # resources
+            engine = create_async_engine('postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/')
+
+            # create a reusable factory for new AsyncSession instances
+            async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine)
+
+            await run_some_sql(async_session)
+
+            await engine.dispose()
+
+    The :class:`.async_sessionmaker` is useful so that different parts
+    of a program can create new :class:`.AsyncSession` objects with a
+    fixed configuration established up front.  Note that :class:`.AsyncSession`
+    objects may also be instantiated directly when not using
+    :class:`.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  :class:`.async_sessionmaker` provides a
+       :class:`.sessionmaker` class that's dedicated to the
+       :class:`.AsyncSession` object, including pep-484 typing support.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_orm` - shows example use
+
+        :class:`.sessionmaker`  - general overview of the
+         :class:`.sessionmaker` architecture
+
+
+        :ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
+        sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+    """  # noqa E501
+
+    class_: Type[_AS]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_AS],
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: "async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]",
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_AS] = AsyncSession,  # type: ignore
+        autoflush: bool = True,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+        All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
+        accepted by :class:`.Session` directly. See the
+        :meth:`.AsyncSession.__init__` docstring for more details on
+        parameters.
+
+
+        """
+        kw["bind"] = bind
+        kw["autoflush"] = autoflush
+        kw["expire_on_commit"] = expire_on_commit
+        if info is not None:
+            kw["info"] = info
+        self.kw = kw
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    def begin(self) -> _AsyncSessionContextManager[_AS]:
+        """Produce a context manager that both provides a new
+        :class:`_orm.AsyncSession` as well as a transaction that commits.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            async def main():
+                Session = async_sessionmaker(some_engine)
+
+                async with Session.begin() as session:
+                    session.add(some_object)
+
+                # commits transaction, closes session
+
+
+        """
+
+        session = self()
+        return session._maker_context_manager()
+
+    def __call__(self, **local_kw: Any) -> _AS:
+        """Produce a new :class:`.AsyncSession` object using the configuration
+        established in this :class:`.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+        In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
+        it is "called" in the same way as a function::
+
+            AsyncSession = async_sessionmaker(async_engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+            session = AsyncSession()  # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
+
+        """  # noqa E501
+        for k, v in self.kw.items():
+            if k == "info" and "info" in local_kw:
+                d = v.copy()
+                d.update(local_kw["info"])
+                local_kw["info"] = d
+            else:
+                local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
+        return self.class_(**local_kw)
+
+    def configure(self, **new_kw: Any) -> None:
+        """(Re)configure the arguments for this async_sessionmaker.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            AsyncSession = async_sessionmaker(some_engine)
+
+            AsyncSession.configure(bind=create_async_engine('sqlite+aiosqlite://'))
+        """  # noqa E501
+
+        self.kw.update(new_kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(class_=%r, %s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items()),
+        )
+
+
+class _AsyncSessionContextManager(Generic[_AS]):
+    __slots__ = ("async_session", "trans")
+
+    async_session: _AS
+    trans: AsyncSessionTransaction
+
+    def __init__(self, async_session: _AS):
+        self.async_session = async_session
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _AS:
+        self.trans = self.async_session.begin()
+        await self.trans.__aenter__()
+        return self.async_session
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        async def go() -> None:
+            await self.trans.__aexit__(type_, value, traceback)
+            await self.async_session.__aexit__(type_, value, traceback)
+
+        task = asyncio.create_task(go())
+        await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+
+class AsyncSessionTransaction(
+    ReversibleProxy[SessionTransaction],
+    StartableContext["AsyncSessionTransaction"],
+):
+    """A wrapper for the ORM :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` object.
+
+    This object is provided so that a transaction-holding object
+    for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.begin` may be returned.
+
+    The object supports both explicit calls to
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction.commit` and
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction.rollback`, as well as use as an
+    async context manager.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("session", "sync_transaction", "nested")
+
+    session: AsyncSession
+    sync_transaction: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+
+    def __init__(self, session: AsyncSession, nested: bool = False):
+        self.session = session
+        self.nested = nested
+        self.sync_transaction = None
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._sync_transaction() is not None
+            and self._sync_transaction().is_active
+        )
+
+    def _sync_transaction(self) -> SessionTransaction:
+        if not self.sync_transaction:
+            self._raise_for_not_started()
+        return self.sync_transaction
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction`."""
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._sync_transaction().rollback)
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction`."""
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._sync_transaction().commit)
+
+    async def start(
+        self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False
+    ) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        self.sync_transaction = self._assign_proxied(
+            await greenlet_spawn(
+                self.session.sync_session.begin_nested  # type: ignore
+                if self.nested
+                else self.session.sync_session.begin
+            )
+        )
+        if is_ctxmanager:
+            self.sync_transaction.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._sync_transaction().__exit__, type_, value, traceback
+        )
+
+
+def async_object_session(instance: object) -> Optional[AsyncSession]:
+    """Return the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` to which the given instance
+    belongs.
+
+    This function makes use of the sync-API function
+    :class:`_orm.object_session` to retrieve the :class:`_orm.Session` which
+    refers to the given instance, and from there links it to the original
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+    If the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` has been garbage collected, the
+    return value is ``None``.
+
+    This functionality is also available from the
+    :attr:`_orm.InstanceState.async_session` accessor.
+
+    :param instance: an ORM mapped instance
+    :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` object, or ``None``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+    """
+
+    session = object_session(instance)
+    if session is not None:
+        return async_session(session)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def async_session(session: Session) -> Optional[AsyncSession]:
+    """Return the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` which is proxying the given
+    :class:`_orm.Session` object, if any.
+
+    :param session: a :class:`_orm.Session` instance.
+    :return: a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` instance, or ``None``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+    """
+    return AsyncSession._retrieve_proxy_for_target(session, regenerate=False)
+
+
+async def close_all_sessions() -> None:
+    """Close all :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` sessions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.23
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.session.close_all_sessions`
+
+    """
+    await greenlet_spawn(_sync_close_all_sessions)
+
+
+_instance_state._async_provider = async_session  # type: ignore
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68574167bb1b971469fdafa0c104a1f59f056592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@
+# ext/automap.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Define an extension to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` system
+which automatically generates mapped classes and relationships from a database
+schema, typically though not necessarily one which is reflected.
+
+It is hoped that the :class:`.AutomapBase` system provides a quick
+and modernized solution to the problem that the very famous
+`SQLSoup <https://sqlsoup.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
+also tries to solve, that of generating a quick and rudimentary object
+model from an existing database on the fly.  By addressing the issue strictly
+at the mapper configuration level, and integrating fully with existing
+Declarative class techniques, :class:`.AutomapBase` seeks to provide
+a well-integrated approach to the issue of expediently auto-generating ad-hoc
+mappings.
+
+.. tip:: The :ref:`automap_toplevel` extension is geared towards a
+   "zero declaration" approach, where a complete ORM model including classes
+   and pre-named relationships can be generated on the fly from a database
+   schema. For applications that still want to use explicit class declarations
+   including explicit relationship definitions in conjunction with reflection
+   of tables, the :class:`.DeferredReflection` class, described at
+   :ref:`orm_declarative_reflected_deferred_reflection`, is a better choice.
+
+.. _automap_basic_use:
+
+Basic Use
+=========
+
+The simplest usage is to reflect an existing database into a new model.
+We create a new :class:`.AutomapBase` class in a similar manner as to how
+we create a declarative base class, using :func:`.automap_base`.
+We then call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` on the resulting base class,
+asking it to reflect the schema and produce mappings::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    # engine, suppose it has two tables 'user' and 'address' set up
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # reflect the tables
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+    # mapped classes are now created with names by default
+    # matching that of the table name.
+    User = Base.classes.user
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    session = Session(engine)
+
+    # rudimentary relationships are produced
+    session.add(Address(email_address="foo@bar.com", user=User(name="foo")))
+    session.commit()
+
+    # collection-based relationships are by default named
+    # "<classname>_collection"
+    u1 = session.query(User).first()
+    print(u1.address_collection)
+
+Above, calling :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` while passing along the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` parameter indicates that the
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
+method will be called on this declarative base
+classes' :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection; then, each **viable**
+:class:`_schema.Table` within the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+will get a new mapped class
+generated automatically.  The :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+objects which
+link the various tables together will be used to produce new, bidirectional
+:func:`_orm.relationship` objects between classes.
+The classes and relationships
+follow along a default naming scheme that we can customize.  At this point,
+our basic mapping consisting of related ``User`` and ``Address`` classes is
+ready to use in the traditional way.
+
+.. note:: By **viable**, we mean that for a table to be mapped, it must
+   specify a primary key.  Additionally, if the table is detected as being
+   a pure association table between two other tables, it will not be directly
+   mapped and will instead be configured as a many-to-many table between
+   the mappings for the two referring tables.
+
+Generating Mappings from an Existing MetaData
+=============================================
+
+We can pass a pre-declared :class:`_schema.MetaData` object to
+:func:`.automap_base`.
+This object can be constructed in any way, including programmatically, from
+a serialized file, or from itself being reflected using
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`.
+Below we illustrate a combination of reflection and
+explicit table declaration::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # produce our own MetaData object
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    # we can reflect it ourselves from a database, using options
+    # such as 'only' to limit what tables we look at...
+    metadata.reflect(engine, only=["user", "address"])
+
+    # ... or just define our own Table objects with it (or combine both)
+    Table(
+        "user_order",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("user_id", ForeignKey("user.id")),
+    )
+
+    # we can then produce a set of mappings from this MetaData.
+    Base = automap_base(metadata=metadata)
+
+    # calling prepare() just sets up mapped classes and relationships.
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapped classes are ready
+    User = Base.classes.user
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+    Order = Base.classes.user_order
+
+.. _automap_by_module:
+
+Generating Mappings from Multiple Schemas
+=========================================
+
+The :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method when used with reflection may reflect
+tables from one schema at a time at most, using the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.schema` parameter to indicate the name of a
+schema to be reflected from. In order to populate the :class:`.AutomapBase`
+with tables from multiple schemas, :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` may be invoked
+multiple times, each time passing a different name to the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.schema` parameter. The
+:meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method keeps an internal list of
+:class:`_schema.Table` objects that have already been mapped, and will add new
+mappings only for those :class:`_schema.Table` objects that are new since the
+last time :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` was run::
+
+    e = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    Base.metadata.create_all(e)
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    Base.prepare(e)
+    Base.prepare(e, schema="test_schema")
+    Base.prepare(e, schema="test_schema_2")
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  The :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method may be called
+   any number of times; only newly added tables will be mapped
+   on each run.   Previously in version 1.4 and earlier, multiple calls would
+   cause errors as it would attempt to re-map an already mapped class.
+   The previous workaround approach of invoking
+   :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` directly remains available as well.
+
+Automapping same-named tables across multiple schemas
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+For the common case where multiple schemas may have same-named tables and
+therefore would generate same-named classes, conflicts can be resolved either
+through use of the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table` hook to
+apply different classnames on a per-schema basis, or by using the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table` hook, which allows
+disambiguation of same-named classes by changing their effective ``__module__``
+attribute. In the example below, this hook is used to create a ``__module__``
+attribute for all classes that is of the form ``mymodule.<schemaname>``, where
+the schema name ``default`` is used if no schema is present::
+
+    e = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    Base.metadata.create_all(e)
+
+
+    def module_name_for_table(cls, tablename, table):
+        if table.schema is not None:
+            return f"mymodule.{table.schema}"
+        else:
+            return f"mymodule.default"
+
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    Base.prepare(e, modulename_for_table=module_name_for_table)
+    Base.prepare(e, schema="test_schema", modulename_for_table=module_name_for_table)
+    Base.prepare(e, schema="test_schema_2", modulename_for_table=module_name_for_table)
+
+The same named-classes are organized into a hierarchical collection available
+at :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module`.  This collection is traversed using the
+dot-separated name of a particular package/module down into the desired
+class name.
+
+.. note:: When using the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table`
+   hook to return a new ``__module__`` that is not ``None``, the class is
+   **not** placed into the :attr:`.AutomapBase.classes` collection; only
+   classes that were not given an explicit modulename are placed here, as the
+   collection cannot represent same-named classes individually.
+
+In the example above, if the database contained a table named ``accounts`` in
+all three of the default schema, the ``test_schema`` schema, and the
+``test_schema_2`` schema, three separate classes will be available as::
+
+    Base.by_module.mymodule.default.accounts
+    Base.by_module.mymodule.test_schema.accounts
+    Base.by_module.mymodule.test_schema_2.accounts
+
+The default module namespace generated for all :class:`.AutomapBase` classes is
+``sqlalchemy.ext.automap``. If no
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table` hook is used, the
+contents of :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` will be entirely within the
+``sqlalchemy.ext.automap`` namespace (e.g.
+``MyBase.by_module.sqlalchemy.ext.automap.<classname>``), which would contain
+the same series of classes as what would be seen in
+:attr:`.AutomapBase.classes`. Therefore it's generally only necessary to use
+:attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` when explicit ``__module__`` conventions are
+present.
+
+.. versionadded: 2.0
+
+    Added the :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` collection, which stores
+    classes within a named hierarchy based on dot-separated module names,
+    as well as the :paramref:`.Automap.prepare.modulename_for_table` parameter
+    which allows for custom ``__module__`` schemes for automapped
+    classes.
+
+
+
+Specifying Classes Explicitly
+=============================
+
+.. tip:: If explicit classes are expected to be prominent in an application,
+   consider using :class:`.DeferredReflection` instead.
+
+The :mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` extension allows classes to be defined
+explicitly, in a way similar to that of the :class:`.DeferredReflection` class.
+Classes that extend from :class:`.AutomapBase` act like regular declarative
+classes, but are not immediately mapped after their construction, and are
+instead mapped when we call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare`.  The
+:meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method will make use of the classes we've
+established based on the table name we use.  If our schema contains tables
+``user`` and ``address``, we can define one or both of the classes to be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+
+    # pre-declare User for the 'user' table
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "user"
+
+        # override schema elements like Columns
+        user_name = Column("name", String)
+
+        # override relationships too, if desired.
+        # we must use the same name that automap would use for the
+        # relationship, and also must refer to the class name that automap will
+        # generate for "address"
+        address_collection = relationship("address", collection_class=set)
+
+
+    # reflect
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+    # we still have Address generated from the tablename "address",
+    # but User is the same as Base.classes.User now
+
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    u1 = session.query(User).first()
+    print(u1.address_collection)
+
+    # the backref is still there:
+    a1 = session.query(Address).first()
+    print(a1.user)
+
+Above, one of the more intricate details is that we illustrated overriding
+one of the :func:`_orm.relationship` objects that automap would have created.
+To do this, we needed to make sure the names match up with what automap
+would normally generate, in that the relationship name would be
+``User.address_collection`` and the name of the class referred to, from
+automap's perspective, is called ``address``, even though we are referring to
+it as ``Address`` within our usage of this class.
+
+Overriding Naming Schemes
+=========================
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` is tasked with producing mapped classes and
+relationship names based on a schema, which means it has decision points in how
+these names are determined.  These three decision points are provided using
+functions which can be passed to the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method, and
+are known as :func:`.classname_for_table`,
+:func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.  Any or all of these
+functions are provided as in the example below, where we use a "camel case"
+scheme for class names and a "pluralizer" for collection names using the
+`Inflect <https://pypi.org/project/inflect>`_ package::
+
+    import re
+    import inflect
+
+
+    def camelize_classname(base, tablename, table):
+        "Produce a 'camelized' class name, e.g."
+        "'words_and_underscores' -> 'WordsAndUnderscores'"
+
+        return str(
+            tablename[0].upper()
+            + re.sub(
+                r"_([a-z])",
+                lambda m: m.group(1).upper(),
+                tablename[1:],
+            )
+        )
+
+
+    _pluralizer = inflect.engine()
+
+
+    def pluralize_collection(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        "Produce an 'uncamelized', 'pluralized' class name, e.g."
+        "'SomeTerm' -> 'some_terms'"
+
+        referred_name = referred_cls.__name__
+        uncamelized = re.sub(
+            r"[A-Z]",
+            lambda m: "_%s" % m.group(0).lower(),
+            referred_name,
+        )[1:]
+        pluralized = _pluralizer.plural(uncamelized)
+        return pluralized
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    Base.prepare(
+        autoload_with=engine,
+        classname_for_table=camelize_classname,
+        name_for_collection_relationship=pluralize_collection,
+    )
+
+From the above mapping, we would now have classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+where the collection from ``User`` to ``Address`` is called
+``User.addresses``::
+
+    User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    u1 = User(addresses=[Address(email="foo@bar.com")])
+
+Relationship Detection
+======================
+
+The vast majority of what automap accomplishes is the generation of
+:func:`_orm.relationship` structures based on foreign keys.  The mechanism
+by which this works for many-to-one and one-to-many relationships is as
+follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`_schema.Table`, known to be mapped to a particular class,
+   is examined for :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects.
+
+2. From each :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the remote
+   :class:`_schema.Table`
+   object present is matched up to the class to which it is to be mapped,
+   if any, else it is skipped.
+
+3. As the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   we are examining corresponds to a
+   reference from the immediate mapped class,  the relationship will be set up
+   as a many-to-one referring to the referred class; a corresponding
+   one-to-many backref will be created on the referred class referring
+   to this class.
+
+4. If any of the columns that are part of the
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   are not nullable (e.g. ``nullable=False``), a
+   :paramref:`_orm.relationship.cascade` keyword argument
+   of ``all, delete-orphan`` will be added to the keyword arguments to
+   be passed to the relationship or backref.  If the
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` reports that
+   :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.ondelete`
+   is set to ``CASCADE`` for a not null or ``SET NULL`` for a nullable
+   set of columns, the option :paramref:`_orm.relationship.passive_deletes`
+   flag is set to ``True`` in the set of relationship keyword arguments.
+   Note that not all backends support reflection of ON DELETE.
+
+5. The names of the relationships are determined using the
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship` and
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+   callable functions.  It is important to note that the default relationship
+   naming derives the name from the **the actual class name**.  If you've
+   given a particular class an explicit name by declaring it, or specified an
+   alternate class naming scheme, that's the name from which the relationship
+   name will be derived.
+
+6. The classes are inspected for an existing mapped property matching these
+   names.  If one is detected on one side, but none on the other side,
+   :class:`.AutomapBase` attempts to create a relationship on the missing side,
+   then uses the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`
+   parameter in order to
+   point the new relationship to the other side.
+
+7. In the usual case where no relationship is on either side,
+   :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` produces a :func:`_orm.relationship` on the
+   "many-to-one" side and matches it to the other using the
+   :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` parameter.
+
+8. Production of the :func:`_orm.relationship` and optionally the
+   :func:`.backref`
+   is handed off to the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship`
+   function, which can be supplied by the end-user in order to augment
+   the arguments passed to :func:`_orm.relationship` or :func:`.backref` or to
+   make use of custom implementations of these functions.
+
+Custom Relationship Arguments
+-----------------------------
+
+The :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` hook can be used
+to add parameters to relationships.  For most cases, we can make use of the
+existing :func:`.automap.generate_relationship` function to return
+the object, after augmenting the given keyword dictionary with our own
+arguments.
+
+Below is an illustration of how to send
+:paramref:`_orm.relationship.cascade` and
+:paramref:`_orm.relationship.passive_deletes`
+options along to all one-to-many relationships::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import generate_relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import interfaces
+
+
+    def _gen_relationship(
+        base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw
+    ):
+        if direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY:
+            kw["cascade"] = "all, delete-orphan"
+            kw["passive_deletes"] = True
+        # make use of the built-in function to actually return
+        # the result.
+        return generate_relationship(
+            base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw
+        )
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine, generate_relationship=_gen_relationship)
+
+Many-to-Many relationships
+--------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will generate many-to-many relationships, e.g.
+those which contain a ``secondary`` argument.  The process for producing these
+is as follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`_schema.Table` is examined for
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, before any mapped class has been assigned to it.
+
+2. If the table contains two and exactly two
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, and all columns within this table are members of these two
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, the table is assumed to be a
+   "secondary" table, and will **not be mapped directly**.
+
+3. The two (or one, for self-referential) external tables to which the
+   :class:`_schema.Table`
+   refers to are matched to the classes to which they will be
+   mapped, if any.
+
+4. If mapped classes for both sides are located, a many-to-many bi-directional
+   :func:`_orm.relationship` / :func:`.backref`
+   pair is created between the two
+   classes.
+
+5. The override logic for many-to-many works the same as that of one-to-many/
+   many-to-one; the :func:`.generate_relationship` function is called upon
+   to generate the structures and existing attributes will be maintained.
+
+Relationships with Inheritance
+------------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will not generate any relationships between
+two classes that are in an inheritance relationship.   That is, with two
+classes given as follows::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "employee"
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+            "polymorphic_on": type,
+        }
+
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = "engineer"
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("employee.id"), primary_key=True)
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "engineer",
+        }
+
+The foreign key from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee`` is used not for a
+relationship, but to establish joined inheritance between the two classes.
+
+Note that this means automap will not generate *any* relationships
+for foreign keys that link from a subclass to a superclass.  If a mapping
+has actual relationships from subclass to superclass as well, those
+need to be explicit.  Below, as we have two separate foreign keys
+from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee``, we need to set up both the relationship
+we want as well as the ``inherit_condition``, as these are not things
+SQLAlchemy can guess::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "employee"
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+            "polymorphic_on": type,
+        }
+
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = "engineer"
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("employee.id"), primary_key=True)
+        favorite_employee_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("employee.id"))
+
+        favorite_employee = relationship(Employee, foreign_keys=favorite_employee_id)
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "engineer",
+            "inherit_condition": id == Employee.id,
+        }
+
+Handling Simple Naming Conflicts
+--------------------------------
+
+In the case of naming conflicts during mapping, override any of
+:func:`.classname_for_table`, :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship` as needed.  For example, if
+automap is attempting to name a many-to-one relationship the same as an
+existing column, an alternate convention can be conditionally selected.  Given
+a schema:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_a (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_b (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+        table_a INTEGER,
+        FOREIGN KEY(table_a) REFERENCES table_a(id)
+    );
+
+The above schema will first automap the ``table_a`` table as a class named
+``table_a``; it will then automap a relationship onto the class for ``table_b``
+with the same name as this related class, e.g. ``table_a``.  This
+relationship name conflicts with the mapping column ``table_b.table_a``,
+and will emit an error on mapping.
+
+We can resolve this conflict by using an underscore as follows::
+
+    def name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        name = referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+        local_table = local_cls.__table__
+        if name in local_table.columns:
+            newname = name + "_"
+            warnings.warn("Already detected name %s present.  using %s" % (name, newname))
+            return newname
+        return name
+
+
+    Base.prepare(
+        autoload_with=engine,
+        name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship,
+    )
+
+Alternatively, we can change the name on the column side.   The columns
+that are mapped can be modified using the technique described at
+:ref:`mapper_column_distinct_names`, by assigning the column explicitly
+to a new name::
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+
+    class TableB(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "table_b"
+        _table_a = Column("table_a", ForeignKey("table_a.id"))
+
+
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+Using Automap with Explicit Declarations
+========================================
+
+As noted previously, automap has no dependency on reflection, and can make
+use of any collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects within a
+:class:`_schema.MetaData`
+collection.  From this, it follows that automap can also be used
+generate missing relationships given an otherwise complete model that fully
+defines table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "user"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "address"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        email = Column(String)
+        user_id = Column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+
+
+    # produce relationships
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapping is complete, with "address_collection" and
+    # "user" relationships
+    a1 = Address(email="u1")
+    a2 = Address(email="u2")
+    u1 = User(address_collection=[a1, a2])
+    assert a1.user is u1
+
+Above, given mostly complete ``User`` and ``Address`` mappings, the
+:class:`_schema.ForeignKey` which we defined on ``Address.user_id`` allowed a
+bidirectional relationship pair ``Address.user`` and
+``User.address_collection`` to be generated on the mapped classes.
+
+Note that when subclassing :class:`.AutomapBase`,
+the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method is required; if not called, the classes
+we've declared are in an un-mapped state.
+
+
+.. _automap_intercepting_columns:
+
+Intercepting Column Definitions
+===============================
+
+The :class:`_schema.MetaData` and :class:`_schema.Table` objects support an
+event hook :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` that may be used to intercept
+the information reflected about a database column before the :class:`_schema.Column`
+object is constructed.   For example if we wanted to map columns using a
+naming convention such as ``"attr_<columnname>"``, the event could
+be applied as::
+
+    @event.listens_for(Base.metadata, "column_reflect")
+    def column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+        # set column.key = "attr_<lower_case_name>"
+        column_info["key"] = "attr_%s" % column_info["name"].lower()
+
+
+    # run reflection
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 the :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event
+   may be applied to a :class:`_schema.MetaData` object.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+      :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+
+      :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` - in the ORM mapping documentation
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import backref
+from ..orm import declarative_base as _declarative_base
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ..orm import interfaces
+from ..orm import relationship
+from ..orm.decl_base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from ..orm.mapper import _CONFIGURE_MUTEX
+from ..schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..util import Properties
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.base import Engine
+    from ..orm.base import RelationshipDirection
+    from ..orm.relationships import ORMBackrefArgument
+    from ..orm.relationships import Relationship
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+    from ..sql.schema import Table
+    from ..util import immutabledict
+
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class PythonNameForTableType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, base: Type[Any], tablename: str, table: Table
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+
+def classname_for_table(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    tablename: str,
+    table: Table,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the class name that should be used, given the name
+    of a table.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return str(tablename)
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param tablename: string name of the :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    :param table: the :class:`_schema.Table` object itself.
+
+    :return: a string class name.
+
+     .. note::
+
+        In Python 2, the string used for the class name **must** be a
+        non-Unicode object, e.g. a ``str()`` object.  The ``.name`` attribute
+        of :class:`_schema.Table` is typically a Python unicode subclass,
+        so the
+        ``str()`` function should be applied to this name, after accounting for
+        any non-ASCII characters.
+
+    """
+    return str(tablename)
+
+
+class NameForScalarRelationshipType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+
+def name_for_scalar_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a scalar object reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+
+class NameForCollectionRelationshipType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+
+def name_for_collection_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a collection reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+    Alternate implementations
+    can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+
+class GenerateRelationshipType(Protocol):
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        direction: RelationshipDirection,
+        return_fn: Callable[..., Relationship[Any]],
+        attrname: str,
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Relationship[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        direction: RelationshipDirection,
+        return_fn: Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument],
+        attrname: str,
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMBackrefArgument: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        direction: RelationshipDirection,
+        return_fn: Union[
+            Callable[..., Relationship[Any]], Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument]
+        ],
+        attrname: str,
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[ORMBackrefArgument, Relationship[Any]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def generate_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    direction: RelationshipDirection,
+    return_fn: Callable[..., Relationship[Any]],
+    attrname: str,
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Relationship[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def generate_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    direction: RelationshipDirection,
+    return_fn: Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument],
+    attrname: str,
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ORMBackrefArgument: ...
+
+
+def generate_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    direction: RelationshipDirection,
+    return_fn: Union[
+        Callable[..., Relationship[Any]], Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument]
+    ],
+    attrname: str,
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[Relationship[Any], ORMBackrefArgument]:
+    r"""Generate a :func:`_orm.relationship` or :func:`.backref`
+    on behalf of two
+    mapped classes.
+
+    An alternate implementation of this function can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` parameter.
+
+    The default implementation of this function is as follows::
+
+        if return_fn is backref:
+            return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+        elif return_fn is relationship:
+            return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param direction: indicate the "direction" of the relationship; this will
+     be one of :data:`.ONETOMANY`, :data:`.MANYTOONE`, :data:`.MANYTOMANY`.
+
+    :param return_fn: the function that is used by default to create the
+     relationship.  This will be either :func:`_orm.relationship` or
+     :func:`.backref`.  The :func:`.backref` function's result will be used to
+     produce a new :func:`_orm.relationship` in a second step,
+     so it is critical
+     that user-defined implementations correctly differentiate between the two
+     functions, if a custom relationship function is being used.
+
+    :param attrname: the attribute name to which this relationship is being
+     assigned. If the value of :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` is
+     the :func:`.backref` function, then this name is the name that is being
+     assigned to the backref.
+
+    :param local_cls: the "local" class to which this relationship or backref
+     will be locally present.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the "referred" class to which the relationship or
+     backref refers to.
+
+    :param \**kw: all additional keyword arguments are passed along to the
+     function.
+
+    :return: a :func:`_orm.relationship` or :func:`.backref` construct,
+     as dictated
+     by the :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` parameter.
+
+    """
+
+    if return_fn is backref:
+        return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+    elif return_fn is relationship:
+        return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+
+ByModuleProperties = Properties[Union["ByModuleProperties", Type[Any]]]
+
+
+class AutomapBase:
+    """Base class for an "automap" schema.
+
+    The :class:`.AutomapBase` class can be compared to the "declarative base"
+    class that is produced by the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.  In practice, the :class:`.AutomapBase` class is always used
+    as a mixin along with an actual declarative base.
+
+    A new subclassable :class:`.AutomapBase` is typically instantiated
+    using the :func:`.automap_base` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`automap_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    classes: ClassVar[Properties[Type[Any]]]
+    """An instance of :class:`.util.Properties` containing classes.
+
+    This object behaves much like the ``.c`` collection on a table.  Classes
+    are present under the name they were given, e.g.::
+
+        Base = automap_base()
+        Base.prepare(autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+        User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    For class names that overlap with a method name of
+    :class:`.util.Properties`, such as ``items()``, the getitem form
+    is also supported::
+
+        Item = Base.classes["items"]
+
+    """
+
+    by_module: ClassVar[ByModuleProperties]
+    """An instance of :class:`.util.Properties` containing a hierarchal
+    structure of dot-separated module names linked to classes.
+
+    This collection is an alternative to the :attr:`.AutomapBase.classes`
+    collection that is useful when making use of the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table` parameter, which will
+    apply distinct ``__module__`` attributes to generated classes.
+
+    The default ``__module__`` an automap-generated class is
+    ``sqlalchemy.ext.automap``; to access this namespace using
+    :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` looks like::
+
+        User = Base.by_module.sqlalchemy.ext.automap.User
+
+    If a class had a ``__module__`` of ``mymodule.account``, accessing
+    this namespace looks like::
+
+        MyClass = Base.by_module.mymodule.account.MyClass
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`automap_by_module`
+
+    """
+
+    metadata: ClassVar[MetaData]
+    """Refers to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection that will be used
+    for new :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+    """
+
+    _sa_automapbase_bookkeeping: ClassVar[_Bookkeeping]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        engine=(
+            "2.0",
+            "The :paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.engine` parameter "
+            "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  "
+            "Please use the "
+            ":paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` "
+            "parameter.",
+        ),
+        reflect=(
+            "2.0",
+            "The :paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` "
+            "parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future "
+            "release.  Reflection is enabled when "
+            ":paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` "
+            "is passed.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def prepare(
+        cls: Type[AutomapBase],
+        autoload_with: Optional[Engine] = None,
+        engine: Optional[Any] = None,
+        reflect: bool = False,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        classname_for_table: Optional[PythonNameForTableType] = None,
+        modulename_for_table: Optional[PythonNameForTableType] = None,
+        collection_class: Optional[Any] = None,
+        name_for_scalar_relationship: Optional[
+            NameForScalarRelationshipType
+        ] = None,
+        name_for_collection_relationship: Optional[
+            NameForCollectionRelationshipType
+        ] = None,
+        generate_relationship: Optional[GenerateRelationshipType] = None,
+        reflection_options: Union[
+            Dict[_KT, _VT], immutabledict[_KT, _VT]
+        ] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Extract mapped classes and relationships from the
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData` and perform mappings.
+
+        For full documentation and examples see
+        :ref:`automap_basic_use`.
+
+        :param autoload_with: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+         :class:`_engine.Connection` with which
+         to perform schema reflection; when specified, the
+         :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` method will be invoked within
+         the scope of this method.
+
+        :param engine: legacy; use :paramref:`.AutomapBase.autoload_with`.
+         Used to indicate the :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+         :class:`_engine.Connection` with which to reflect tables with,
+         if :paramref:`.AutomapBase.reflect` is True.
+
+        :param reflect: legacy; use :paramref:`.AutomapBase.autoload_with`.
+         Indicates that :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` should be invoked.
+
+        :param classname_for_table: callable function which will be used to
+         produce new class names, given a table name.  Defaults to
+         :func:`.classname_for_table`.
+
+        :param modulename_for_table: callable function which will be used to
+         produce the effective ``__module__`` for an internally generated
+         class, to allow for multiple classes of the same name in a single
+         automap base which would be in different "modules".
+
+         Defaults to ``None``, which will indicate that ``__module__`` will not
+         be set explicitly; the Python runtime will use the value
+         ``sqlalchemy.ext.automap`` for these classes.
+
+         When assigning ``__module__`` to generated classes, they can be
+         accessed based on dot-separated module names using the
+         :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` collection.   Classes that have
+         an explicit ``__module_`` assigned using this hook do **not** get
+         placed into the :attr:`.AutomapBase.classes` collection, only
+         into :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`automap_by_module`
+
+        :param name_for_scalar_relationship: callable function which will be
+         used to produce relationship names for scalar relationships.  Defaults
+         to :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`.
+
+        :param name_for_collection_relationship: callable function which will
+         be used to produce relationship names for collection-oriented
+         relationships.  Defaults to :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.
+
+        :param generate_relationship: callable function which will be used to
+         actually generate :func:`_orm.relationship` and :func:`.backref`
+         constructs.  Defaults to :func:`.generate_relationship`.
+
+        :param collection_class: the Python collection class that will be used
+         when a new :func:`_orm.relationship`
+         object is created that represents a
+         collection.  Defaults to ``list``.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name to reflect when reflecting tables using
+         the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` parameter. The name
+         is passed to the :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.reflect.schema` parameter
+         of :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`. When omitted, the default schema
+         in use by the database connection is used.
+
+         .. note:: The :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.schema`
+            parameter supports reflection of a single schema at a time.
+            In order to include tables from many schemas, use
+            multiple calls to :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare`.
+
+            For an overview of multiple-schema automap including the use
+            of additional naming conventions to resolve table name
+            conflicts, see the section :ref:`automap_by_module`.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0 :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` supports being
+               directly invoked any number of times, keeping track of tables
+               that have already been processed to avoid processing them
+               a second time.
+
+        :param reflection_options: When present, this dictionary of options
+         will be passed to :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
+         to supply general reflection-specific options like ``only`` and/or
+         dialect-specific options like ``oracle_resolve_synonyms``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        for mr in cls.__mro__:
+            if "_sa_automapbase_bookkeeping" in mr.__dict__:
+                automap_base = cast("Type[AutomapBase]", mr)
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False, "Can't locate automap base in class hierarchy"
+
+        glbls = globals()
+        if classname_for_table is None:
+            classname_for_table = glbls["classname_for_table"]
+        if name_for_scalar_relationship is None:
+            name_for_scalar_relationship = glbls[
+                "name_for_scalar_relationship"
+            ]
+        if name_for_collection_relationship is None:
+            name_for_collection_relationship = glbls[
+                "name_for_collection_relationship"
+            ]
+        if generate_relationship is None:
+            generate_relationship = glbls["generate_relationship"]
+        if collection_class is None:
+            collection_class = list
+
+        if autoload_with:
+            reflect = True
+
+        if engine:
+            autoload_with = engine
+
+        if reflect:
+            assert autoload_with
+            opts = dict(
+                schema=schema,
+                extend_existing=True,
+                autoload_replace=False,
+            )
+            if reflection_options:
+                opts.update(reflection_options)
+            cls.metadata.reflect(autoload_with, **opts)  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # noqa: E501
+
+        with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            table_to_map_config: Union[
+                Dict[Optional[Table], _DeferredMapperConfig],
+                Dict[Table, _DeferredMapperConfig],
+            ] = {
+                cast("Table", m.local_table): m
+                for m in _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(
+                    cls, sort=False
+                )
+            }
+
+            many_to_many: List[
+                Tuple[Table, Table, List[ForeignKeyConstraint], Table]
+            ]
+            many_to_many = []
+
+            bookkeeping = automap_base._sa_automapbase_bookkeeping
+            metadata_tables = cls.metadata.tables
+
+            for table_key in set(metadata_tables).difference(
+                bookkeeping.table_keys
+            ):
+                table = metadata_tables[table_key]
+                bookkeeping.table_keys.add(table_key)
+
+                lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const = _is_many_to_many(cls, table)
+                if lcl_m2m is not None:
+                    assert rem_m2m is not None
+                    assert m2m_const is not None
+                    many_to_many.append((lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table))
+                elif not table.primary_key:
+                    continue
+                elif table not in table_to_map_config:
+                    clsdict: Dict[str, Any] = {"__table__": table}
+                    if modulename_for_table is not None:
+                        new_module = modulename_for_table(
+                            cls, table.name, table
+                        )
+                        if new_module is not None:
+                            clsdict["__module__"] = new_module
+                    else:
+                        new_module = None
+
+                    newname = classname_for_table(cls, table.name, table)
+                    if new_module is None and newname in cls.classes:
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Ignoring duplicate class name "
+                            f"'{newname}' "
+                            "received in automap base for table "
+                            f"{table.key} without "
+                            "``__module__`` being set; consider using the "
+                            "``modulename_for_table`` hook"
+                        )
+                        continue
+
+                    mapped_cls = type(
+                        newname,
+                        (automap_base,),
+                        clsdict,
+                    )
+                    map_config = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(
+                        mapped_cls
+                    )
+                    assert map_config.cls.__name__ == newname
+                    if new_module is None:
+                        cls.classes[newname] = mapped_cls
+
+                    by_module_properties: ByModuleProperties = cls.by_module
+                    for token in map_config.cls.__module__.split("."):
+                        if token not in by_module_properties:
+                            by_module_properties[token] = util.Properties({})
+
+                        props = by_module_properties[token]
+
+                        # we can assert this because the clsregistry
+                        # module would have raised if there was a mismatch
+                        # between modules/classes already.
+                        # see test_cls_schema_name_conflict
+                        assert isinstance(props, Properties)
+                        by_module_properties = props
+
+                    by_module_properties[map_config.cls.__name__] = mapped_cls
+
+                    table_to_map_config[table] = map_config
+
+            for map_config in table_to_map_config.values():
+                _relationships_for_fks(
+                    automap_base,
+                    map_config,
+                    table_to_map_config,
+                    collection_class,
+                    name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                    name_for_collection_relationship,
+                    generate_relationship,
+                )
+
+            for lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table in many_to_many:
+                _m2m_relationship(
+                    automap_base,
+                    lcl_m2m,
+                    rem_m2m,
+                    m2m_const,
+                    table,
+                    table_to_map_config,
+                    collection_class,
+                    name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                    name_for_collection_relationship,
+                    generate_relationship,
+                )
+
+            for map_config in _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(
+                automap_base
+            ):
+                map_config.map()
+
+    _sa_decl_prepare = True
+    """Indicate that the mapping of classes should be deferred.
+
+    The presence of this attribute name indicates to declarative
+    that the call to mapper() should not occur immediately; instead,
+    information about the table and attributes to be mapped are gathered
+    into an internal structure called _DeferredMapperConfig.  These
+    objects can be collected later using classes_for_base(), additional
+    mapping decisions can be made, and then the map() method will actually
+    apply the mapping.
+
+    The only real reason this deferral of the whole
+    thing is needed is to support primary key columns that aren't reflected
+    yet when the class is declared; everything else can theoretically be
+    added to the mapper later.  However, the _DeferredMapperConfig is a
+    nice interface in any case which exists at that not usually exposed point
+    at which declarative has the class and the Table but hasn't called
+    mapper() yet.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_raise_deferred_config(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            cls,
+            msg="Class %s is a subclass of AutomapBase.  "
+            "Mappings are not produced until the .prepare() "
+            "method is called on the class hierarchy."
+            % orm_exc._safe_cls_name(cls),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _Bookkeeping:
+    __slots__ = ("table_keys",)
+
+    table_keys: Set[str]
+
+
+def automap_base(
+    declarative_base: Optional[Type[Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> Any:
+    r"""Produce a declarative automap base.
+
+    This function produces a new base class that is a product of the
+    :class:`.AutomapBase` class as well a declarative base produced by
+    :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    All parameters other than ``declarative_base`` are keyword arguments
+    that are passed directly to the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.
+
+    :param declarative_base: an existing class produced by
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.  When this is passed, the function
+     no longer invokes :func:`.declarative.declarative_base` itself, and all
+     other keyword arguments are ignored.
+
+    :param \**kw: keyword arguments are passed along to
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    """
+    if declarative_base is None:
+        Base = _declarative_base(**kw)
+    else:
+        Base = declarative_base
+
+    return type(
+        Base.__name__,
+        (AutomapBase, Base),
+        {
+            "__abstract__": True,
+            "classes": util.Properties({}),
+            "by_module": util.Properties({}),
+            "_sa_automapbase_bookkeeping": _Bookkeeping(set()),
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def _is_many_to_many(
+    automap_base: Type[Any], table: Table
+) -> Tuple[
+    Optional[Table], Optional[Table], Optional[list[ForeignKeyConstraint]]
+]:
+    fk_constraints = [
+        const
+        for const in table.constraints
+        if isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)
+    ]
+    if len(fk_constraints) != 2:
+        return None, None, None
+
+    cols: List[Column[Any]] = sum(
+        [
+            [fk.parent for fk in fk_constraint.elements]
+            for fk_constraint in fk_constraints
+        ],
+        [],
+    )
+
+    if set(cols) != set(table.c):
+        return None, None, None
+
+    return (
+        fk_constraints[0].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints[1].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def _relationships_for_fks(
+    automap_base: Type[Any],
+    map_config: _DeferredMapperConfig,
+    table_to_map_config: Union[
+        Dict[Optional[Table], _DeferredMapperConfig],
+        Dict[Table, _DeferredMapperConfig],
+    ],
+    collection_class: type,
+    name_for_scalar_relationship: NameForScalarRelationshipType,
+    name_for_collection_relationship: NameForCollectionRelationshipType,
+    generate_relationship: GenerateRelationshipType,
+) -> None:
+    local_table = cast("Optional[Table]", map_config.local_table)
+    local_cls = cast(
+        "Optional[Type[Any]]", map_config.cls
+    )  # derived from a weakref, may be None
+
+    if local_table is None or local_cls is None:
+        return
+    for constraint in local_table.constraints:
+        if isinstance(constraint, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            fks = constraint.elements
+            referred_table = fks[0].column.table
+            referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(referred_table, None)
+            if referred_cfg is None:
+                continue
+            referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+            if local_cls is not referred_cls and issubclass(
+                local_cls, referred_cls
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            relationship_name = name_for_scalar_relationship(
+                automap_base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint
+            )
+            backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+                automap_base, referred_cls, local_cls, constraint
+            )
+
+            o2m_kws: Dict[str, Union[str, bool]] = {}
+            nullable = False not in {fk.parent.nullable for fk in fks}
+            if not nullable:
+                o2m_kws["cascade"] = "all, delete-orphan"
+
+                if (
+                    constraint.ondelete
+                    and constraint.ondelete.lower() == "cascade"
+                ):
+                    o2m_kws["passive_deletes"] = True
+            else:
+                if (
+                    constraint.ondelete
+                    and constraint.ondelete.lower() == "set null"
+                ):
+                    o2m_kws["passive_deletes"] = True
+
+            create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+            if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+                if create_backref:
+                    backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                        automap_base,
+                        interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+                        backref,
+                        backref_name,
+                        referred_cls,
+                        local_cls,
+                        collection_class=collection_class,
+                        **o2m_kws,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    backref_obj = None
+                rel = generate_relationship(
+                    automap_base,
+                    interfaces.MANYTOONE,
+                    relationship,
+                    relationship_name,
+                    local_cls,
+                    referred_cls,
+                    foreign_keys=[fk.parent for fk in constraint.elements],
+                    backref=backref_obj,
+                    remote_side=[fk.column for fk in constraint.elements],
+                )
+                if rel is not None:
+                    map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+                    if not create_backref:
+                        referred_cfg.properties[
+                            backref_name
+                        ].back_populates = relationship_name  # type: ignore[union-attr] # noqa: E501
+            elif create_backref:
+                rel = generate_relationship(
+                    automap_base,
+                    interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+                    relationship,
+                    backref_name,
+                    referred_cls,
+                    local_cls,
+                    foreign_keys=[fk.parent for fk in constraint.elements],
+                    back_populates=relationship_name,
+                    collection_class=collection_class,
+                    **o2m_kws,
+                )
+                if rel is not None:
+                    referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+                    map_config.properties[
+                        relationship_name
+                    ].back_populates = backref_name  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+
+def _m2m_relationship(
+    automap_base: Type[Any],
+    lcl_m2m: Table,
+    rem_m2m: Table,
+    m2m_const: List[ForeignKeyConstraint],
+    table: Table,
+    table_to_map_config: Union[
+        Dict[Optional[Table], _DeferredMapperConfig],
+        Dict[Table, _DeferredMapperConfig],
+    ],
+    collection_class: type,
+    name_for_scalar_relationship: NameForCollectionRelationshipType,
+    name_for_collection_relationship: NameForCollectionRelationshipType,
+    generate_relationship: GenerateRelationshipType,
+) -> None:
+    map_config = table_to_map_config.get(lcl_m2m, None)
+    referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(rem_m2m, None)
+    if map_config is None or referred_cfg is None:
+        return
+
+    local_cls = map_config.cls
+    referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+    relationship_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base, local_cls, referred_cls, m2m_const[0]
+    )
+    backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base, referred_cls, local_cls, m2m_const[1]
+    )
+
+    create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+    if table in table_to_map_config:
+        overlaps = "__*"
+    else:
+        overlaps = None
+
+    if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+        if create_backref:
+            backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                backref,
+                backref_name,
+                referred_cls,
+                local_cls,
+                collection_class=collection_class,
+                overlaps=overlaps,
+            )
+        else:
+            backref_obj = None
+
+        rel = generate_relationship(
+            automap_base,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+            relationship,
+            relationship_name,
+            local_cls,
+            referred_cls,
+            overlaps=overlaps,
+            secondary=table,
+            primaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[0].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            secondaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[1].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            backref=backref_obj,
+            collection_class=collection_class,
+        )
+        if rel is not None:
+            map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+
+            if not create_backref:
+                referred_cfg.properties[
+                    backref_name
+                ].back_populates = relationship_name  # type: ignore[union-attr] # noqa: E501
+    elif create_backref:
+        rel = generate_relationship(
+            automap_base,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+            relationship,
+            backref_name,
+            referred_cls,
+            local_cls,
+            overlaps=overlaps,
+            secondary=table,
+            primaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[1].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            secondaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[0].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            back_populates=relationship_name,
+            collection_class=collection_class,
+        )
+        if rel is not None:
+            referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+            map_config.properties[
+                relationship_name
+            ].back_populates = backref_name  # type: ignore[union-attr]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71ba7c62bae61d7f91b0aa6972c60c1e4e678a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+# ext/baked.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Baked query extension.
+
+Provides a creational pattern for the :class:`.query.Query` object which
+allows the fully constructed object, Core select statement, and string
+compiled result to be fully cached.
+
+
+"""
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import logging
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ..orm.query import Query
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..sql import func
+from ..sql import literal_column
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Bakery:
+    """Callable which returns a :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+    This object is returned by the class method
+    :meth:`.BakedQuery.bakery`.  It exists as an object
+    so that the "cache" can be easily inspected.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "cls", "cache"
+
+    def __init__(self, cls_, cache):
+        self.cls = cls_
+        self.cache = cache
+
+    def __call__(self, initial_fn, *args):
+        return self.cls(self.cache, initial_fn, args)
+
+
+class BakedQuery:
+    """A builder object for :class:`.query.Query` objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = "steps", "_bakery", "_cache_key", "_spoiled"
+
+    def __init__(self, bakery, initial_fn, args=()):
+        self._cache_key = ()
+        self._update_cache_key(initial_fn, args)
+        self.steps = [initial_fn]
+        self._spoiled = False
+        self._bakery = bakery
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bakery(cls, size=200, _size_alert=None):
+        """Construct a new bakery.
+
+        :return: an instance of :class:`.Bakery`
+
+        """
+
+        return Bakery(cls, util.LRUCache(size, size_alert=_size_alert))
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        b1 = BakedQuery.__new__(BakedQuery)
+        b1._cache_key = self._cache_key
+        b1.steps = list(self.steps)
+        b1._bakery = self._bakery
+        b1._spoiled = self._spoiled
+        return b1
+
+    def _update_cache_key(self, fn, args=()):
+        self._cache_key += (fn.__code__,) + args
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            self.add_criteria(*other)
+        else:
+            self.add_criteria(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return self.with_criteria(*other)
+        else:
+            return self.with_criteria(other)
+
+    def add_criteria(self, fn, *args):
+        """Add a criteria function to this :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+        This is equivalent to using the ``+=`` operator to
+        modify a :class:`.BakedQuery` in-place.
+
+        """
+        self._update_cache_key(fn, args)
+        self.steps.append(fn)
+        return self
+
+    def with_criteria(self, fn, *args):
+        """Add a criteria function to a :class:`.BakedQuery` cloned from this
+        one.
+
+        This is equivalent to using the ``+`` operator to
+        produce a new :class:`.BakedQuery` with modifications.
+
+        """
+        return self._clone().add_criteria(fn, *args)
+
+    def for_session(self, session):
+        """Return a :class:`_baked.Result` object for this
+        :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling the :class:`.BakedQuery` as a
+        Python callable, e.g. ``result = my_baked_query(session)``.
+
+        """
+        return Result(self, session)
+
+    def __call__(self, session):
+        return self.for_session(session)
+
+    def spoil(self, full=False):
+        """Cancel any query caching that will occur on this BakedQuery object.
+
+        The BakedQuery can continue to be used normally, however additional
+        creational functions will not be cached; they will be called
+        on every invocation.
+
+        This is to support the case where a particular step in constructing
+        a baked query disqualifies the query from being cacheable, such
+        as a variant that relies upon some uncacheable value.
+
+        :param full: if False, only functions added to this
+         :class:`.BakedQuery` object subsequent to the spoil step will be
+         non-cached; the state of the :class:`.BakedQuery` up until
+         this point will be pulled from the cache.   If True, then the
+         entire :class:`_query.Query` object is built from scratch each
+         time, with all creational functions being called on each
+         invocation.
+
+        """
+        if not full and not self._spoiled:
+            _spoil_point = self._clone()
+            _spoil_point._cache_key += ("_query_only",)
+            self.steps = [_spoil_point._retrieve_baked_query]
+        self._spoiled = True
+        return self
+
+    def _effective_key(self, session):
+        """Return the key that actually goes into the cache dictionary for
+        this :class:`.BakedQuery`, taking into account the given
+        :class:`.Session`.
+
+        This basically means we also will include the session's query_class,
+        as the actual :class:`_query.Query` object is part of what's cached
+        and needs to match the type of :class:`_query.Query` that a later
+        session will want to use.
+
+        """
+        return self._cache_key + (session._query_cls,)
+
+    def _with_lazyload_options(self, options, effective_path, cache_path=None):
+        """Cloning version of _add_lazyload_options."""
+        q = self._clone()
+        q._add_lazyload_options(options, effective_path, cache_path=cache_path)
+        return q
+
+    def _add_lazyload_options(self, options, effective_path, cache_path=None):
+        """Used by per-state lazy loaders to add options to the
+        "lazy load" query from a parent query.
+
+        Creates a cache key based on given load path and query options;
+        if a repeatable cache key cannot be generated, the query is
+        "spoiled" so that it won't use caching.
+
+        """
+
+        key = ()
+
+        if not cache_path:
+            cache_path = effective_path
+
+        for opt in options:
+            if opt._is_legacy_option or opt._is_compile_state:
+                ck = opt._generate_cache_key()
+                if ck is None:
+                    self.spoil(full=True)
+                else:
+                    assert not ck[1], (
+                        "loader options with variable bound parameters "
+                        "not supported with baked queries.  Please "
+                        "use new-style select() statements for cached "
+                        "ORM queries."
+                    )
+                    key += ck[0]
+
+        self.add_criteria(
+            lambda q: q._with_current_path(effective_path).options(*options),
+            cache_path.path,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    def _retrieve_baked_query(self, session):
+        query = self._bakery.get(self._effective_key(session), None)
+        if query is None:
+            query = self._as_query(session)
+            self._bakery[self._effective_key(session)] = query.with_session(
+                None
+            )
+        return query.with_session(session)
+
+    def _bake(self, session):
+        query = self._as_query(session)
+        query.session = None
+
+        # in 1.4, this is where before_compile() event is
+        # invoked
+        statement = query._statement_20()
+
+        # if the query is not safe to cache, we still do everything as though
+        # we did cache it, since the receiver of _bake() assumes subqueryload
+        # context was set up, etc.
+        #
+        # note also we want to cache the statement itself because this
+        # allows the statement itself to hold onto its cache key that is
+        # used by the Connection, which in itself is more expensive to
+        # generate than what BakedQuery was able to provide in 1.3 and prior
+
+        if statement._compile_options._bake_ok:
+            self._bakery[self._effective_key(session)] = (
+                query,
+                statement,
+            )
+
+        return query, statement
+
+    def to_query(self, query_or_session):
+        """Return the :class:`_query.Query` object for use as a subquery.
+
+        This method should be used within the lambda callable being used
+        to generate a step of an enclosing :class:`.BakedQuery`.   The
+        parameter should normally be the :class:`_query.Query` object that
+        is passed to the lambda::
+
+            sub_bq = self.bakery(lambda s: s.query(User.name))
+            sub_bq += lambda q: q.filter(
+                User.id == Address.user_id).correlate(Address)
+
+            main_bq = self.bakery(lambda s: s.query(Address))
+            main_bq += lambda q: q.filter(
+                sub_bq.to_query(q).exists())
+
+        In the case where the subquery is used in the first callable against
+        a :class:`.Session`, the :class:`.Session` is also accepted::
+
+            sub_bq = self.bakery(lambda s: s.query(User.name))
+            sub_bq += lambda q: q.filter(
+                User.id == Address.user_id).correlate(Address)
+
+            main_bq = self.bakery(
+                lambda s: s.query(
+                Address.id, sub_bq.to_query(q).scalar_subquery())
+            )
+
+        :param query_or_session: a :class:`_query.Query` object or a class
+         :class:`.Session` object, that is assumed to be within the context
+         of an enclosing :class:`.BakedQuery` callable.
+
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(query_or_session, Session):
+            session = query_or_session
+        elif isinstance(query_or_session, Query):
+            session = query_or_session.session
+            if session is None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Given Query needs to be associated with a Session"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Query or Session object expected, got %r."
+                % type(query_or_session)
+            )
+        return self._as_query(session)
+
+    def _as_query(self, session):
+        query = self.steps[0](session)
+
+        for step in self.steps[1:]:
+            query = step(query)
+
+        return query
+
+
+class Result:
+    """Invokes a :class:`.BakedQuery` against a :class:`.Session`.
+
+    The :class:`_baked.Result` object is where the actual :class:`.query.Query`
+    object gets created, or retrieved from the cache,
+    against a target :class:`.Session`, and is then invoked for results.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "bq", "session", "_params", "_post_criteria"
+
+    def __init__(self, bq, session):
+        self.bq = bq
+        self.session = session
+        self._params = {}
+        self._post_criteria = []
+
+    def params(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Specify parameters to be replaced into the string SQL statement."""
+
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            kw.update(args[0])
+        elif len(args) > 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional argument, "
+                "which is a dictionary."
+            )
+        self._params.update(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def _using_post_criteria(self, fns):
+        if fns:
+            self._post_criteria.extend(fns)
+        return self
+
+    def with_post_criteria(self, fn):
+        """Add a criteria function that will be applied post-cache.
+
+        This adds a function that will be run against the
+        :class:`_query.Query` object after it is retrieved from the
+        cache.    This currently includes **only** the
+        :meth:`_query.Query.params` and :meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`
+        methods.
+
+        .. warning::  :meth:`_baked.Result.with_post_criteria`
+           functions are applied
+           to the :class:`_query.Query`
+           object **after** the query's SQL statement
+           object has been retrieved from the cache.   Only
+           :meth:`_query.Query.params` and
+           :meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`
+           methods should be used.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+
+        """
+        return self._using_post_criteria([fn])
+
+    def _as_query(self):
+        q = self.bq._as_query(self.session).params(self._params)
+        for fn in self._post_criteria:
+            q = fn(q)
+        return q
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._as_query())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._iter().__iter__()
+
+    def _iter(self):
+        bq = self.bq
+
+        if not self.session.enable_baked_queries or bq._spoiled:
+            return self._as_query()._iter()
+
+        query, statement = bq._bakery.get(
+            bq._effective_key(self.session), (None, None)
+        )
+        if query is None:
+            query, statement = bq._bake(self.session)
+
+        if self._params:
+            q = query.params(self._params)
+        else:
+            q = query
+        for fn in self._post_criteria:
+            q = fn(q)
+
+        params = q._params
+        execution_options = dict(q._execution_options)
+        execution_options.update(
+            {
+                "_sa_orm_load_options": q.load_options,
+                "compiled_cache": bq._bakery,
+            }
+        )
+
+        result = self.session.execute(
+            statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        if result._attributes.get("is_single_entity", False):
+            result = result.scalars()
+
+        if result._attributes.get("filtered", False):
+            result = result.unique()
+
+        return result
+
+    def count(self):
+        """return the 'count'.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.count`.
+
+        Note this uses a subquery to ensure an accurate count regardless
+        of the structure of the original statement.
+
+        """
+
+        col = func.count(literal_column("*"))
+        bq = self.bq.with_criteria(lambda q: q._legacy_from_self(col))
+        return bq.for_session(self.session).params(self._params).scalar()
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Return the first element of the first result or None
+        if no rows present.  If multiple rows are returned,
+        raises MultipleResultsFound.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.scalar`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            ret = self.one()
+            if not isinstance(ret, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                return ret
+            return ret[0]
+        except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+            return None
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Return the first row.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.first`.
+
+        """
+
+        bq = self.bq.with_criteria(lambda q: q.slice(0, 1))
+        return (
+            bq.for_session(self.session)
+            .params(self._params)
+            ._using_post_criteria(self._post_criteria)
+            ._iter()
+            .first()
+        )
+
+    def one(self):
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.one`.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one()
+
+    def one_or_none(self):
+        """Return one or zero results, or raise an exception for multiple
+        rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one_or_none()
+
+    def all(self):
+        """Return all rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.all`.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().all()
+
+    def get(self, ident):
+        """Retrieve an object based on identity.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.get`.
+
+        """
+
+        query = self.bq.steps[0](self.session)
+        return query._get_impl(ident, self._load_on_pk_identity)
+
+    def _load_on_pk_identity(self, session, query, primary_key_identity, **kw):
+        """Load the given primary key identity from the database."""
+
+        mapper = query._raw_columns[0]._annotations["parententity"]
+
+        _get_clause, _get_params = mapper._get_clause
+
+        def setup(query):
+            _lcl_get_clause = _get_clause
+            q = query._clone()
+            q._get_condition()
+            q._order_by = None
+
+            # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+            # into "IS NULL"
+            if None in primary_key_identity:
+                nones = {
+                    _get_params[col].key
+                    for col, value in zip(
+                        mapper.primary_key, primary_key_identity
+                    )
+                    if value is None
+                }
+                _lcl_get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                    _lcl_get_clause, nones
+                )
+
+            # TODO: can mapper._get_clause be pre-adapted?
+            q._where_criteria = (
+                sql_util._deep_annotate(_lcl_get_clause, {"_orm_adapt": True}),
+            )
+
+            for fn in self._post_criteria:
+                q = fn(q)
+            return q
+
+        # cache the query against a key that includes
+        # which positions in the primary key are NULL
+        # (remember, we can map to an OUTER JOIN)
+        bq = self.bq
+
+        # add the clause we got from mapper._get_clause to the cache
+        # key so that if a race causes multiple calls to _get_clause,
+        # we've cached on ours
+        bq = bq._clone()
+        bq._cache_key += (_get_clause,)
+
+        bq = bq.with_criteria(
+            setup, tuple(elem is None for elem in primary_key_identity)
+        )
+
+        params = {
+            _get_params[primary_key].key: id_val
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(
+                primary_key_identity, mapper.primary_key
+            )
+        }
+
+        result = list(bq.for_session(self.session).params(**params))
+        l = len(result)
+        if l > 1:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound()
+        elif l:
+            return result[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+bakery = BakedQuery.bakery
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b5cebc74f2ec54538c7c2aa84d90794ef8a9b0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+# ext/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""Provides an API for creation of custom ClauseElements and compilers.
+
+Synopsis
+========
+
+Usage involves the creation of one or more
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` subclasses and one or
+more callables defining its compilation::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import ColumnClause
+
+    class MyColumn(ColumnClause):
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+    @compiles(MyColumn)
+    def compile_mycolumn(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "[%s]" % element.name
+
+Above, ``MyColumn`` extends :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnClause`,
+the base expression element for named column objects. The ``compiles``
+decorator registers itself with the ``MyColumn`` class so that it is invoked
+when the object is compiled to a string::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select
+
+    s = select(MyColumn('x'), MyColumn('y'))
+    print(str(s))
+
+Produces::
+
+    SELECT [x], [y]
+
+Dialect-specific compilation rules
+==================================
+
+Compilers can also be made dialect-specific. The appropriate compiler will be
+invoked for the dialect in use::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import DDLElement
+
+    class AlterColumn(DDLElement):
+        inherit_cache = False
+
+        def __init__(self, column, cmd):
+            self.column = column
+            self.cmd = cmd
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn)
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % element.column.name
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn, 'postgresql')
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % (element.table.name,
+                                                       element.column.name)
+
+The second ``visit_alter_table`` will be invoked when any ``postgresql``
+dialect is used.
+
+.. _compilerext_compiling_subelements:
+
+Compiling sub-elements of a custom expression construct
+=======================================================
+
+The ``compiler`` argument is the
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Compiled` object in use. This object
+can be inspected for any information about the in-progress compilation,
+including ``compiler.dialect``, ``compiler.statement`` etc. The
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler` and
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler` both include a ``process()``
+method which can be used for compilation of embedded attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Executable, ClauseElement
+
+    class InsertFromSelect(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        inherit_cache = False
+
+        def __init__(self, table, select):
+            self.table = table
+            self.select = select
+
+    @compiles(InsertFromSelect)
+    def visit_insert_from_select(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INSERT INTO %s (%s)" % (
+            compiler.process(element.table, asfrom=True, **kw),
+            compiler.process(element.select, **kw)
+        )
+
+    insert = InsertFromSelect(t1, select(t1).where(t1.c.x>5))
+    print(insert)
+
+Produces::
+
+    "INSERT INTO mytable (SELECT mytable.x, mytable.y, mytable.z
+                          FROM mytable WHERE mytable.x > :x_1)"
+
+.. note::
+
+    The above ``InsertFromSelect`` construct is only an example, this actual
+    functionality is already available using the
+    :meth:`_expression.Insert.from_select` method.
+
+
+Cross Compiling between SQL and DDL compilers
+---------------------------------------------
+
+SQL and DDL constructs are each compiled using different base compilers -
+``SQLCompiler`` and ``DDLCompiler``.   A common need is to access the
+compilation rules of SQL expressions from within a DDL expression. The
+``DDLCompiler`` includes an accessor ``sql_compiler`` for this reason, such as
+below where we generate a CHECK constraint that embeds a SQL expression::
+
+    @compiles(MyConstraint)
+    def compile_my_constraint(constraint, ddlcompiler, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        return "CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (%s)" % (
+            constraint.name,
+            ddlcompiler.sql_compiler.process(
+                constraint.expression, **kw)
+        )
+
+Above, we add an additional flag to the process step as called by
+:meth:`.SQLCompiler.process`, which is the ``literal_binds`` flag.  This
+indicates that any SQL expression which refers to a :class:`.BindParameter`
+object or other "literal" object such as those which refer to strings or
+integers should be rendered **in-place**, rather than being referred to as
+a bound parameter;  when emitting DDL, bound parameters are typically not
+supported.
+
+
+Changing the default compilation of existing constructs
+=======================================================
+
+The compiler extension applies just as well to the existing constructs.  When
+overriding the compilation of a built in SQL construct, the @compiles
+decorator is invoked upon the appropriate class (be sure to use the class,
+i.e. ``Insert`` or ``Select``, instead of the creation function such
+as ``insert()`` or ``select()``).
+
+Within the new compilation function, to get at the "original" compilation
+routine, use the appropriate visit_XXX method - this
+because compiler.process() will call upon the overriding routine and cause
+an endless loop.   Such as, to add "prefix" to all insert statements::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Insert
+
+    @compiles(Insert)
+    def prefix_inserts(insert, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_insert(insert.prefix_with("some prefix"), **kw)
+
+The above compiler will prefix all INSERT statements with "some prefix" when
+compiled.
+
+.. _type_compilation_extension:
+
+Changing Compilation of Types
+=============================
+
+``compiler`` works for types, too, such as below where we implement the
+MS-SQL specific 'max' keyword for ``String``/``VARCHAR``::
+
+    @compiles(String, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(VARCHAR, 'mssql')
+    def compile_varchar(element, compiler, **kw):
+        if element.length == 'max':
+            return "VARCHAR('max')"
+        else:
+            return compiler.visit_VARCHAR(element, **kw)
+
+    foo = Table('foo', metadata,
+        Column('data', VARCHAR('max'))
+    )
+
+Subclassing Guidelines
+======================
+
+A big part of using the compiler extension is subclassing SQLAlchemy
+expression constructs. To make this easier, the expression and
+schema packages feature a set of "bases" intended for common tasks.
+A synopsis is as follows:
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` - This is the root
+  expression class. Any SQL expression can be derived from this base, and is
+  probably the best choice for longer constructs such as specialized INSERT
+  statements.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` - The root of all
+  "column-like" elements. Anything that you'd place in the "columns" clause of
+  a SELECT statement (as well as order by and group by) can derive from this -
+  the object will automatically have Python "comparison" behavior.
+
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` classes want to have a
+  ``type`` member which is expression's return type.  This can be established
+  at the instance level in the constructor, or at the class level if its
+  generally constant::
+
+      class timestamp(ColumnElement):
+          type = TIMESTAMP()
+          inherit_cache = True
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.functions.FunctionElement` - This is a hybrid of a
+  ``ColumnElement`` and a "from clause" like object, and represents a SQL
+  function or stored procedure type of call. Since most databases support
+  statements along the line of "SELECT FROM <some function>"
+  ``FunctionElement`` adds in the ability to be used in the FROM clause of a
+  ``select()`` construct::
+
+      from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import FunctionElement
+
+      class coalesce(FunctionElement):
+          name = 'coalesce'
+          inherit_cache = True
+
+      @compiles(coalesce)
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          return "coalesce(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses, **kw)
+
+      @compiles(coalesce, 'oracle')
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          if len(element.clauses) > 2:
+              raise TypeError("coalesce only supports two arguments on Oracle")
+          return "nvl(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses, **kw)
+
+* :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` - The root of all DDL expressions,
+  like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. Compilation of
+  :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` subclasses is issued by a
+  :class:`.DDLCompiler` instead of a :class:`.SQLCompiler`.
+  :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` can also be used as an event hook in
+  conjunction with event hooks like :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_create` and
+  :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create`, allowing the construct to be invoked
+  automatically during CREATE TABLE and DROP TABLE sequences.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`metadata_ddl_toplevel` - contains examples of associating
+    :class:`.DDL` objects (which are themselves :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`
+    instances) with :class:`.DDLEvents` event hooks.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable` - This is a mixin which
+  should be used with any expression class that represents a "standalone"
+  SQL statement that can be passed directly to an ``execute()`` method.  It
+  is already implicit within ``DDLElement`` and ``FunctionElement``.
+
+Most of the above constructs also respond to SQL statement caching.   A
+subclassed construct will want to define the caching behavior for the object,
+which usually means setting the flag ``inherit_cache`` to the value of
+``False`` or ``True``.  See the next section :ref:`compilerext_caching`
+for background.
+
+
+.. _compilerext_caching:
+
+Enabling Caching Support for Custom Constructs
+==============================================
+
+SQLAlchemy as of version 1.4 includes a
+:ref:`SQL compilation caching facility <sql_caching>` which will allow
+equivalent SQL constructs to cache their stringified form, along with other
+structural information used to fetch results from the statement.
+
+For reasons discussed at :ref:`caching_caveats`, the implementation of this
+caching system takes a conservative approach towards including custom SQL
+constructs and/or subclasses within the caching system.   This includes that
+any user-defined SQL constructs, including all the examples for this
+extension, will not participate in caching by default unless they positively
+assert that they are able to do so.  The :attr:`.HasCacheKey.inherit_cache`
+attribute when set to ``True`` at the class level of a specific subclass
+will indicate that instances of this class may be safely cached, using the
+cache key generation scheme of the immediate superclass.  This applies
+for example to the "synopsis" example indicated previously::
+
+    class MyColumn(ColumnClause):
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+    @compiles(MyColumn)
+    def compile_mycolumn(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "[%s]" % element.name
+
+Above, the ``MyColumn`` class does not include any new state that
+affects its SQL compilation; the cache key of ``MyColumn`` instances will
+make use of that of the ``ColumnClause`` superclass, meaning it will take
+into account the class of the object (``MyColumn``), the string name and
+datatype of the object::
+
+    >>> MyColumn("some_name", String())._generate_cache_key()
+    CacheKey(
+        key=('0', <class '__main__.MyColumn'>,
+        'name', 'some_name',
+        'type', (<class 'sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes.String'>,
+                 ('length', None), ('collation', None))
+    ), bindparams=[])
+
+For objects that are likely to be **used liberally as components within many
+larger statements**, such as :class:`_schema.Column` subclasses and custom SQL
+datatypes, it's important that **caching be enabled as much as possible**, as
+this may otherwise negatively affect performance.
+
+An example of an object that **does** contain state which affects its SQL
+compilation is the one illustrated at :ref:`compilerext_compiling_subelements`;
+this is an "INSERT FROM SELECT" construct that combines together a
+:class:`_schema.Table` as well as a :class:`_sql.Select` construct, each of
+which independently affect the SQL string generation of the construct.  For
+this class, the example illustrates that it simply does not participate in
+caching::
+
+    class InsertFromSelect(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        inherit_cache = False
+
+        def __init__(self, table, select):
+            self.table = table
+            self.select = select
+
+    @compiles(InsertFromSelect)
+    def visit_insert_from_select(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INSERT INTO %s (%s)" % (
+            compiler.process(element.table, asfrom=True, **kw),
+            compiler.process(element.select, **kw)
+        )
+
+While it is also possible that the above ``InsertFromSelect`` could be made to
+produce a cache key that is composed of that of the :class:`_schema.Table` and
+:class:`_sql.Select` components together, the API for this is not at the moment
+fully public. However, for an "INSERT FROM SELECT" construct, which is only
+used by itself for specific operations, caching is not as critical as in the
+previous example.
+
+For objects that are **used in relative isolation and are generally
+standalone**, such as custom :term:`DML` constructs like an "INSERT FROM
+SELECT", **caching is generally less critical** as the lack of caching for such
+a construct will have only localized implications for that specific operation.
+
+
+Further Examples
+================
+
+"UTC timestamp" function
+-------------------------
+
+A function that works like "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" except applies the
+appropriate conversions so that the time is in UTC time.   Timestamps are best
+stored in relational databases as UTC, without time zones.   UTC so that your
+database doesn't think time has gone backwards in the hour when daylight
+savings ends, without timezones because timezones are like character
+encodings - they're best applied only at the endpoints of an application
+(i.e. convert to UTC upon user input, re-apply desired timezone upon display).
+
+For PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+    class utcnow(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = DateTime()
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, 'postgresql')
+    def pg_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "TIMEZONE('utc', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)"
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, 'mssql')
+    def ms_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "GETUTCDATE()"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import (
+                Table, Column, Integer, String, DateTime, MetaData
+            )
+    metadata = MetaData()
+    event = Table("event", metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("description", String(50), nullable=False),
+        Column("timestamp", DateTime, server_default=utcnow())
+    )
+
+"GREATEST" function
+-------------------
+
+The "GREATEST" function is given any number of arguments and returns the one
+that is of the highest value - its equivalent to Python's ``max``
+function.  A SQL standard version versus a CASE based version which only
+accommodates two arguments::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression, case
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import Numeric
+
+    class greatest(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = Numeric()
+        name = 'greatest'
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+    @compiles(greatest)
+    def default_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_function(element)
+
+    @compiles(greatest, 'sqlite')
+    @compiles(greatest, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(greatest, 'oracle')
+    def case_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        arg1, arg2 = list(element.clauses)
+        return compiler.process(case((arg1 > arg2, arg1), else_=arg2), **kw)
+
+Example usage::
+
+    Session.query(Account).\
+            filter(
+                greatest(
+                    Account.checking_balance,
+                    Account.savings_balance) > 10000
+            )
+
+"false" expression
+------------------
+
+Render a "false" constant expression, rendering as "0" on platforms that
+don't have a "false" constant::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    class sql_false(expression.ColumnElement):
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+    @compiles(sql_false)
+    def default_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'mysql')
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'oracle')
+    def int_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select, union_all
+
+    exp = union_all(
+        select(users.c.name, sql_false().label("enrolled")),
+        select(customers.c.name, customers.c.enrolled)
+    )
+
+"""
+from .. import exc
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+
+
+def compiles(class_, *specs):
+    """Register a function as a compiler for a
+    given :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` type."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        # get an existing @compiles handler
+        existing = class_.__dict__.get("_compiler_dispatcher", None)
+
+        # get the original handler.  All ClauseElement classes have one
+        # of these, but some TypeEngine classes will not.
+        existing_dispatch = getattr(class_, "_compiler_dispatch", None)
+
+        if not existing:
+            existing = _dispatcher()
+
+            if existing_dispatch:
+
+                def _wrap_existing_dispatch(element, compiler, **kw):
+                    try:
+                        return existing_dispatch(element, compiler, **kw)
+                    except exc.UnsupportedCompilationError as uce:
+                        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(
+                            compiler,
+                            type(element),
+                            message="%s construct has no default "
+                            "compilation handler." % type(element),
+                        ) from uce
+
+                existing.specs["default"] = _wrap_existing_dispatch
+
+            # TODO: why is the lambda needed ?
+            setattr(
+                class_,
+                "_compiler_dispatch",
+                lambda *arg, **kw: existing(*arg, **kw),
+            )
+            setattr(class_, "_compiler_dispatcher", existing)
+
+        if specs:
+            for s in specs:
+                existing.specs[s] = fn
+
+        else:
+            existing.specs["default"] = fn
+        return fn
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def deregister(class_):
+    """Remove all custom compilers associated with a given
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` type.
+
+    """
+
+    if hasattr(class_, "_compiler_dispatcher"):
+        class_._compiler_dispatch = class_._original_compiler_dispatch
+        del class_._compiler_dispatcher
+
+
+class _dispatcher:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.specs = {}
+
+    def __call__(self, element, compiler, **kw):
+        # TODO: yes, this could also switch off of DBAPI in use.
+        fn = self.specs.get(compiler.dialect.name, None)
+        if not fn:
+            try:
+                fn = self.specs["default"]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(
+                    compiler,
+                    type(element),
+                    message="%s construct has no default "
+                    "compilation handler." % type(element),
+                ) from ke
+
+        # if compilation includes add_to_result_map, collect add_to_result_map
+        # arguments from the user-defined callable, which are probably none
+        # because this is not public API.  if it wasn't called, then call it
+        # ourselves.
+        arm = kw.get("add_to_result_map", None)
+        if arm:
+            arm_collection = []
+            kw["add_to_result_map"] = lambda *args: arm_collection.append(args)
+
+        expr = fn(element, compiler, **kw)
+
+        if arm:
+            if not arm_collection:
+                arm_collection.append(
+                    (None, None, (element,), sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+                )
+            for tup in arm_collection:
+                arm(*tup)
+        return expr
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82e84f36c0e9582756dd73219b33295e70d66e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# ext/declarative/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from .extensions import AbstractConcreteBase
+from .extensions import ConcreteBase
+from .extensions import DeferredReflection
+from ... import util
+from ...orm.decl_api import as_declarative as _as_declarative
+from ...orm.decl_api import declarative_base as _declarative_base
+from ...orm.decl_api import DeclarativeMeta
+from ...orm.decl_api import declared_attr
+from ...orm.decl_api import has_inherited_table as _has_inherited_table
+from ...orm.decl_api import synonym_for as _synonym_for
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``declarative_base()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_base`."
+)
+def declarative_base(*arg, **kw):
+    return _declarative_base(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``as_declarative()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.as_declarative`"
+)
+def as_declarative(*arg, **kw):
+    return _as_declarative(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``has_inherited_table()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.has_inherited_table`."
+)
+def has_inherited_table(*arg, **kw):
+    return _has_inherited_table(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``synonym_for()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.synonym_for`"
+)
+def synonym_for(*arg, **kw):
+    return _synonym_for(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "declarative_base",
+    "synonym_for",
+    "has_inherited_table",
+    "instrument_declarative",
+    "declared_attr",
+    "as_declarative",
+    "ConcreteBase",
+    "AbstractConcreteBase",
+    "DeclarativeMeta",
+    "DeferredReflection",
+]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/extensions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/extensions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98522c30a8f803ef72df72ec36b000b84bcb22c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/extensions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+# ext/declarative/extensions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Public API functions and helpers for declarative."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from ... import exc as sa_exc
+from ...engine import Connection
+from ...engine import Engine
+from ...orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ...orm import relationships
+from ...orm.base import _mapper_or_none
+from ...orm.clsregistry import _resolver
+from ...orm.decl_base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from ...orm.util import polymorphic_union
+from ...schema import Table
+from ...util import OrderedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.schema import MetaData
+
+
+class ConcreteBase:
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_last__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.after_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` produces a mapped
+    table for the class itself.  Compare to :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`,
+    which does not.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import ConcreteBase
+
+        class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'employee'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'employee',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+
+    The name of the discriminator column used by :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    defaults to the name ``type``.  To suit the use case of a mapping where an
+    actual column in a mapped table is already named ``type``, the
+    discriminator name can be configured by setting the
+    ``_concrete_discriminator_name`` attribute::
+
+        class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+            _concrete_discriminator_name = '_concrete_discriminator'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.19 Added the ``_concrete_discriminator_name``
+       attribute to :class:`_declarative.ConcreteBase` so that the
+       virtual discriminator column name can be customized.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4.2 The ``_concrete_discriminator_name`` attribute
+       need only be placed on the basemost class to take correct effect for
+       all subclasses.   An explicit error message is now raised if the
+       mapped column names conflict with the discriminator name, whereas
+       in the 1.3.x series there would be some warnings and then a non-useful
+       query would be generated.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`
+
+        :ref:`concrete_inheritance`
+
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_polymorphic_union(cls, mappers, discriminator_name):
+        return polymorphic_union(
+            OrderedDict(
+                (mp.polymorphic_identity, mp.local_table) for mp in mappers
+            ),
+            discriminator_name,
+            "pjoin",
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        m = cls.__mapper__
+        if m.with_polymorphic:
+            return
+
+        discriminator_name = (
+            getattr(cls, "_concrete_discriminator_name", None) or "type"
+        )
+
+        mappers = list(m.self_and_descendants)
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers, discriminator_name)
+        m._set_with_polymorphic(("*", pjoin))
+        m._set_polymorphic_on(pjoin.c[discriminator_name])
+
+
+class AbstractConcreteBase(ConcreteBase):
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_first__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.before_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` applies :class:`_orm.Mapper` for its
+    immediately inheriting class, as would occur for any other
+    declarative mapped class. However, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is not
+    mapped to any particular :class:`.Table` object.  Instead, it's
+    mapped directly to the "polymorphic" selectable produced by
+    :func:`.polymorphic_union`, and performs no persistence operations on its
+    own.  Compare to :class:`.ConcreteBase`, which maps its
+    immediately inheriting class to an actual
+    :class:`.Table` that stores rows directly.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` delays the mapper creation of the
+        base class until all the subclasses have been defined,
+        as it needs to create a mapping against a selectable that will include
+        all subclass tables.  In order to achieve this, it waits for the
+        **mapper configuration event** to occur, at which point it scans
+        through all the configured subclasses and sets up a mapping that will
+        query against all subclasses at once.
+
+        While this event is normally invoked automatically, in the case of
+        :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`, it may be necessary to invoke it
+        explicitly after **all** subclass mappings are defined, if the first
+        operation is to be a query against this base class. To do so, once all
+        the desired classes have been configured, the
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method on the :class:`_orm.registry`
+        in use can be invoked, which is available in relation to a particular
+        declarative base class::
+
+            Base.registry.configure()
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            pass
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                'concrete':True
+            }
+
+        Base.registry.configure()
+
+    The abstract base class is handled by declarative in a special way;
+    at class configuration time, it behaves like a declarative mixin
+    or an ``__abstract__`` base class.   Once classes are configured
+    and mappings are produced, it then gets mapped itself, but
+    after all of its descendants.  This is a very unique system of mapping
+    not found in any other SQLAlchemy API feature.
+
+    Using this approach, we can specify columns and properties
+    that will take place on mapped subclasses, in the way that
+    we normally do as in :ref:`declarative_mixins`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+        class Company(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'company'
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            strict_attrs = True
+
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def company_id(cls):
+                return Column(ForeignKey('company.id'))
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def company(cls):
+                return relationship("Company")
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                'concrete':True
+            }
+
+        Base.registry.configure()
+
+    When we make use of our mappings however, both ``Manager`` and
+    ``Employee`` will have an independently usable ``.company`` attribute::
+
+        session.execute(
+            select(Employee).filter(Employee.company.has(id=5))
+        )
+
+    :param strict_attrs: when specified on the base class, "strict" attribute
+     mode is enabled which attempts to limit ORM mapped attributes on the
+     base class to only those that are immediately present, while still
+     preserving "polymorphic" loading behavior.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ConcreteBase`
+
+        :ref:`concrete_inheritance`
+
+        :ref:`abstract_concrete_base`
+
+    """
+
+    __no_table__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        cls._sa_decl_prepare_nocascade()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_decl_prepare_nocascade(cls):
+        if getattr(cls, "__mapper__", None):
+            return
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+
+        # can't rely on 'self_and_descendants' here
+        # since technically an immediate subclass
+        # might not be mapped, but a subclass
+        # may be.
+        mappers = []
+        stack = list(cls.__subclasses__())
+        while stack:
+            klass = stack.pop()
+            stack.extend(klass.__subclasses__())
+            mn = _mapper_or_none(klass)
+            if mn is not None:
+                mappers.append(mn)
+
+        discriminator_name = (
+            getattr(cls, "_concrete_discriminator_name", None) or "type"
+        )
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers, discriminator_name)
+
+        # For columns that were declared on the class, these
+        # are normally ignored with the "__no_table__" mapping,
+        # unless they have a different attribute key vs. col name
+        # and are in the properties argument.
+        # In that case, ensure we update the properties entry
+        # to the correct column from the pjoin target table.
+        declared_cols = set(to_map.declared_columns)
+        declared_col_keys = {c.key for c in declared_cols}
+        for k, v in list(to_map.properties.items()):
+            if v in declared_cols:
+                to_map.properties[k] = pjoin.c[v.key]
+                declared_col_keys.remove(v.key)
+
+        to_map.local_table = pjoin
+
+        strict_attrs = cls.__dict__.get("strict_attrs", False)
+
+        m_args = to_map.mapper_args_fn or dict
+
+        def mapper_args():
+            args = m_args()
+            args["polymorphic_on"] = pjoin.c[discriminator_name]
+            args["polymorphic_abstract"] = True
+            if strict_attrs:
+                args["include_properties"] = (
+                    set(pjoin.primary_key)
+                    | declared_col_keys
+                    | {discriminator_name}
+                )
+                args["with_polymorphic"] = ("*", pjoin)
+            return args
+
+        to_map.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args
+
+        to_map.map()
+
+        stack = [cls]
+        while stack:
+            scls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(scls.__subclasses__())
+            sm = _mapper_or_none(scls)
+            if sm and sm.concrete and sm.inherits is None:
+                for sup_ in scls.__mro__[1:]:
+                    sup_sm = _mapper_or_none(sup_)
+                    if sup_sm:
+                        sm._set_concrete_base(sup_sm)
+                        break
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_raise_deferred_config(cls):
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            cls,
+            msg="Class %s is a subclass of AbstractConcreteBase and "
+            "has a mapping pending until all subclasses are defined. "
+            "Call the sqlalchemy.orm.configure_mappers() function after "
+            "all subclasses have been defined to "
+            "complete the mapping of this class."
+            % orm_exc._safe_cls_name(cls),
+        )
+
+
+class DeferredReflection:
+    """A helper class for construction of mappings based on
+    a deferred reflection step.
+
+    Normally, declarative can be used with reflection by
+    setting a :class:`_schema.Table` object using autoload_with=engine
+    as the ``__table__`` attribute on a declarative class.
+    The caveat is that the :class:`_schema.Table` must be fully
+    reflected, or at the very least have a primary key column,
+    at the point at which a normal declarative mapping is
+    constructed, meaning the :class:`_engine.Engine` must be available
+    at class declaration time.
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin moves the construction
+    of mappers to be at a later point, after a specific
+    method is called which first reflects all :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects created so far.   Classes can define it as such::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import DeferredReflection
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+        class MyClass(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+    Above, ``MyClass`` is not yet mapped.   After a series of
+    classes have been defined in the above fashion, all tables
+    can be reflected and mappings created using
+    :meth:`.prepare`::
+
+        engine = create_engine("someengine://...")
+        DeferredReflection.prepare(engine)
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin can be applied to individual
+    classes, used as the base for the declarative base itself,
+    or used in a custom abstract class.   Using an abstract base
+    allows that only a subset of classes to be prepared for a
+    particular prepare step, which is necessary for applications
+    that use more than one engine.  For example, if an application
+    has two engines, you might use two bases, and prepare each
+    separately, e.g.::
+
+        class ReflectedOne(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+        class ReflectedTwo(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+        class MyClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+        class MyOtherClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = 'myothertable'
+
+        class YetAnotherClass(ReflectedTwo):
+            __tablename__ = 'yetanothertable'
+
+        # ... etc.
+
+    Above, the class hierarchies for ``ReflectedOne`` and
+    ``ReflectedTwo`` can be configured separately::
+
+        ReflectedOne.prepare(engine_one)
+        ReflectedTwo.prepare(engine_two)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_reflected_deferred_reflection` - in the
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table_config_toplevel` section.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(
+        cls, bind: Union[Engine, Connection], **reflect_kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Reflect all :class:`_schema.Table` objects for all current
+        :class:`.DeferredReflection` subclasses
+
+        :param bind: :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+         instance
+
+         ..versionchanged:: 2.0.16 a :class:`_engine.Connection` is also
+         accepted.
+
+        :param \**reflect_kw: additional keyword arguments passed to
+         :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`, such as
+         :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.reflect.views`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.16
+
+        """
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(cls)
+
+        metadata_to_table = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # first collect the primary __table__ for each class into a
+        # collection of metadata/schemaname -> table names
+        for thingy in to_map:
+            if thingy.local_table is not None:
+                metadata_to_table[
+                    (thingy.local_table.metadata, thingy.local_table.schema)
+                ].add(thingy.local_table.name)
+
+        # then reflect all those tables into their metadatas
+
+        if isinstance(bind, Connection):
+            conn = bind
+            ctx = contextlib.nullcontext(enter_result=conn)
+        elif isinstance(bind, Engine):
+            ctx = bind.connect()
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Expected Engine or Connection, got {bind!r}"
+            )
+
+        with ctx as conn:
+            for (metadata, schema), table_names in metadata_to_table.items():
+                metadata.reflect(
+                    conn,
+                    only=table_names,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    extend_existing=True,
+                    autoload_replace=False,
+                    **reflect_kw,
+                )
+
+            metadata_to_table.clear()
+
+            # .map() each class, then go through relationships and look
+            # for secondary
+            for thingy in to_map:
+                thingy.map()
+
+                mapper = thingy.cls.__mapper__
+                metadata = mapper.class_.metadata
+
+                for rel in mapper._props.values():
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(rel, relationships.RelationshipProperty)
+                        and rel._init_args.secondary._is_populated()
+                    ):
+                        secondary_arg = rel._init_args.secondary
+
+                        if isinstance(secondary_arg.argument, Table):
+                            secondary_table = secondary_arg.argument
+                            metadata_to_table[
+                                (
+                                    secondary_table.metadata,
+                                    secondary_table.schema,
+                                )
+                            ].add(secondary_table.name)
+                        elif isinstance(secondary_arg.argument, str):
+                            _, resolve_arg = _resolver(rel.parent.class_, rel)
+
+                            resolver = resolve_arg(
+                                secondary_arg.argument, True
+                            )
+                            metadata_to_table[
+                                (metadata, thingy.local_table.schema)
+                            ].add(secondary_arg.argument)
+
+                            resolver._resolvers += (
+                                cls._sa_deferred_table_resolver(metadata),
+                            )
+
+                            secondary_arg.argument = resolver()
+
+            for (metadata, schema), table_names in metadata_to_table.items():
+                metadata.reflect(
+                    conn,
+                    only=table_names,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    extend_existing=True,
+                    autoload_replace=False,
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_deferred_table_resolver(
+        cls, metadata: MetaData
+    ) -> Callable[[str], Table]:
+        def _resolve(key: str) -> Table:
+            # reflection has already occurred so this Table would have
+            # its contents already
+            return Table(key, metadata)
+
+        return _resolve
+
+    _sa_decl_prepare = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_raise_deferred_config(cls):
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            cls,
+            msg="Class %s is a subclass of DeferredReflection.  "
+            "Mappings are not produced until the .prepare() "
+            "method is called on the class hierarchy."
+            % orm_exc._safe_cls_name(cls),
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e32ed3bb771db63e09af411fb8be76e63d86f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# ext/horizontal_shard.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Horizontal sharding support.
+
+Defines a rudimental 'horizontal sharding' system which allows a Session to
+distribute queries and persistence operations across multiple databases.
+
+For a usage example, see the :ref:`examples_sharding` example included in
+the source distribution.
+
+.. deepalchemy:: The horizontal sharding extension is an advanced feature,
+   involving a complex statement -> database interaction as well as
+   use of semi-public APIs for non-trivial cases.   Simpler approaches to
+   refering to multiple database "shards", most commonly using a distinct
+   :class:`_orm.Session` per "shard", should always be considered first
+   before using this more complex and less-production-tested system.
+
+
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import PassiveFlag
+from ..orm._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+from ..orm.interfaces import ORMOption
+from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+from ..orm.query import Query
+from ..orm.session import _BindArguments
+from ..orm.session import _PKIdentityArgument
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.base import Engine
+    from ..engine.base import OptionEngine
+    from ..engine.result import IteratorResult
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+    from ..orm import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from ..orm._typing import _O
+    from ..orm.bulk_persistence import BulkUDCompileState
+    from ..orm.context import QueryContext
+    from ..orm.session import _EntityBindKey
+    from ..orm.session import _SessionBind
+    from ..orm.session import ORMExecuteState
+    from ..orm.state import InstanceState
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql._typing import _TP
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+
+__all__ = ["ShardedSession", "ShardedQuery"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+ShardIdentifier = str
+
+
+class ShardChooser(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_T]],
+        instance: Any,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class IdentityChooser(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        primary_key: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]],
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ShardedQuery(Query[_T]):
+    """Query class used with :class:`.ShardedSession`.
+
+    .. legacy:: The :class:`.ShardedQuery` is a subclass of the legacy
+       :class:`.Query` class.   The :class:`.ShardedSession` now supports
+       2.0 style execution via the :meth:`.ShardedSession.execute` method.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        assert isinstance(self.session, ShardedSession)
+
+        self.identity_chooser = self.session.identity_chooser
+        self.execute_chooser = self.session.execute_chooser
+        self._shard_id = None
+
+    def set_shard(self, shard_id: ShardIdentifier) -> Self:
+        """Return a new query, limited to a single shard ID.
+
+        All subsequent operations with the returned query will
+        be against the single shard regardless of other state.
+
+        The shard_id can be passed for a 2.0 style execution to the
+        bind_arguments dictionary of :meth:`.Session.execute`::
+
+            results = session.execute(
+                stmt,
+                bind_arguments={"shard_id": "my_shard"}
+            )
+
+        """
+        return self.execution_options(_sa_shard_id=shard_id)
+
+
+class ShardedSession(Session):
+    shard_chooser: ShardChooser
+    identity_chooser: IdentityChooser
+    execute_chooser: Callable[[ORMExecuteState], Iterable[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        shard_chooser: ShardChooser,
+        identity_chooser: Optional[IdentityChooser] = None,
+        execute_chooser: Optional[
+            Callable[[ORMExecuteState], Iterable[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        shards: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        query_cls: Type[Query[_T]] = ShardedQuery,
+        *,
+        id_chooser: Optional[
+            Callable[[Query[_T], Iterable[_T]], Iterable[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        query_chooser: Optional[Callable[[Executable], Iterable[Any]]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a ShardedSession.
+
+        :param shard_chooser: A callable which, passed a Mapper, a mapped
+          instance, and possibly a SQL clause, returns a shard ID.  This id
+          may be based off of the attributes present within the object, or on
+          some round-robin scheme. If the scheme is based on a selection, it
+          should set whatever state on the instance to mark it in the future as
+          participating in that shard.
+
+        :param identity_chooser: A callable, passed a Mapper and primary key
+         argument, which should return a list of shard ids where this
+         primary key might reside.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The ``identity_chooser`` parameter
+             supersedes the ``id_chooser`` parameter.
+
+        :param execute_chooser: For a given :class:`.ORMExecuteState`,
+          returns the list of shard_ids
+          where the query should be issued.  Results from all shards returned
+          will be combined together into a single listing.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The ``execute_chooser`` parameter
+             supersedes the ``query_chooser`` parameter.
+
+        :param shards: A dictionary of string shard names
+          to :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` objects.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(query_cls=query_cls, **kwargs)
+
+        event.listen(
+            self, "do_orm_execute", execute_and_instances, retval=True
+        )
+        self.shard_chooser = shard_chooser
+
+        if id_chooser:
+            _id_chooser = id_chooser
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The ``id_chooser`` parameter is deprecated; "
+                "please use ``identity_chooser``.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+            def _legacy_identity_chooser(
+                mapper: Mapper[_T],
+                primary_key: _PKIdentityArgument,
+                *,
+                lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]],
+                execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+                bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+                **kw: Any,
+            ) -> Any:
+                q = self.query(mapper)
+                if lazy_loaded_from:
+                    q = q._set_lazyload_from(lazy_loaded_from)
+                return _id_chooser(q, primary_key)
+
+            self.identity_chooser = _legacy_identity_chooser
+        elif identity_chooser:
+            self.identity_chooser = identity_chooser
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "identity_chooser or id_chooser is required"
+            )
+
+        if query_chooser:
+            _query_chooser = query_chooser
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The ``query_chooser`` parameter is deprecated; "
+                "please use ``execute_chooser``.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+            if execute_chooser:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't pass query_chooser and execute_chooser "
+                    "at the same time."
+                )
+
+            def _default_execute_chooser(
+                orm_context: ORMExecuteState,
+            ) -> Iterable[Any]:
+                return _query_chooser(orm_context.statement)
+
+            if execute_chooser is None:
+                execute_chooser = _default_execute_chooser
+
+        if execute_chooser is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "execute_chooser or query_chooser is required"
+            )
+        self.execute_chooser = execute_chooser
+        self.__shards: Dict[ShardIdentifier, _SessionBind] = {}
+        if shards is not None:
+            for k in shards:
+                self.bind_shard(k, shards[k])
+
+    def _identity_lookup(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+        primary_key_identity: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Optional[_O], LoaderCallableStatus]:
+        """override the default :meth:`.Session._identity_lookup` method so
+        that we search for a given non-token primary key identity across all
+        possible identity tokens (e.g. shard ids).
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  Moved :meth:`.Session._identity_lookup` from
+           the :class:`_query.Query` object to the :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        if identity_token is not None:
+            obj = super()._identity_lookup(
+                mapper,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                identity_token=identity_token,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+            return obj
+        else:
+            for shard_id in self.identity_chooser(
+                mapper,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                lazy_loaded_from=lazy_loaded_from,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+                bind_arguments=dict(bind_arguments) if bind_arguments else {},
+            ):
+                obj2 = super()._identity_lookup(
+                    mapper,
+                    primary_key_identity,
+                    identity_token=shard_id,
+                    lazy_loaded_from=lazy_loaded_from,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+                if obj2 is not None:
+                    return obj2
+
+            return None
+
+    def _choose_shard_and_assign(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]],
+        instance: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if instance is not None:
+            state = inspect(instance)
+            if state.key:
+                token = state.key[2]
+                assert token is not None
+                return token
+            elif state.identity_token:
+                return state.identity_token
+
+        assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
+        shard_id = self.shard_chooser(mapper, instance, **kw)
+        if instance is not None:
+            state.identity_token = shard_id
+        return shard_id
+
+    def connection_callable(  # type: ignore [override]
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_T]] = None,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        shard_id: Optional[ShardIdentifier] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        """Provide a :class:`_engine.Connection` to use in the unit of work
+        flush process.
+
+        """
+
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self._choose_shard_and_assign(mapper, instance)
+
+        if self.in_transaction():
+            trans = self.get_transaction()
+            assert trans is not None
+            return trans.connection(mapper, shard_id=shard_id)
+        else:
+            bind = self.get_bind(
+                mapper=mapper, shard_id=shard_id, instance=instance
+            )
+
+            if isinstance(bind, Engine):
+                return bind.connect(**kw)
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(bind, Connection)
+                return bind
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        shard_id: Optional[ShardIdentifier] = None,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _SessionBind:
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self._choose_shard_and_assign(
+                mapper, instance=instance, clause=clause
+            )
+            assert shard_id is not None
+        return self.__shards[shard_id]
+
+    def bind_shard(
+        self, shard_id: ShardIdentifier, bind: Union[Engine, OptionEngine]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__shards[shard_id] = bind
+
+
+class set_shard_id(ORMOption):
+    """a loader option for statements to apply a specific shard id to the
+    primary query as well as for additional relationship and column
+    loaders.
+
+    The :class:`_horizontal.set_shard_id` option may be applied using
+    the :meth:`_sql.Executable.options` method of any executable statement::
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(MyObject).
+            where(MyObject.name == 'some name').
+            options(set_shard_id("shard1"))
+        )
+
+    Above, the statement when invoked will limit to the "shard1" shard
+    identifier for the primary query as well as for all relationship and
+    column loading strategies, including eager loaders such as
+    :func:`_orm.selectinload`, deferred column loaders like :func:`_orm.defer`,
+    and the lazy relationship loader :func:`_orm.lazyload`.
+
+    In this way, the :class:`_horizontal.set_shard_id` option has much wider
+    scope than using the "shard_id" argument within the
+    :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.bind_arguments` dictionary.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("shard_id", "propagate_to_loaders")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, shard_id: ShardIdentifier, propagate_to_loaders: bool = True
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`_horizontal.set_shard_id` option.
+
+        :param shard_id: shard identifier
+        :param propagate_to_loaders: if left at its default of ``True``, the
+         shard option will take place for lazy loaders such as
+         :func:`_orm.lazyload` and :func:`_orm.defer`; if False, the option
+         will not be propagated to loaded objects. Note that :func:`_orm.defer`
+         always limits to the shard_id of the parent row in any case, so the
+         parameter only has a net effect on the behavior of the
+         :func:`_orm.lazyload` strategy.
+
+        """
+        self.shard_id = shard_id
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+
+
+def execute_and_instances(
+    orm_context: ORMExecuteState,
+) -> Union[Result[_T], IteratorResult[_TP]]:
+    active_options: Union[
+        None,
+        QueryContext.default_load_options,
+        Type[QueryContext.default_load_options],
+        BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+        Type[BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options],
+    ]
+
+    if orm_context.is_select:
+        active_options = orm_context.load_options
+
+    elif orm_context.is_update or orm_context.is_delete:
+        active_options = orm_context.update_delete_options
+    else:
+        active_options = None
+
+    session = orm_context.session
+    assert isinstance(session, ShardedSession)
+
+    def iter_for_shard(
+        shard_id: ShardIdentifier,
+    ) -> Union[Result[_T], IteratorResult[_TP]]:
+        bind_arguments = dict(orm_context.bind_arguments)
+        bind_arguments["shard_id"] = shard_id
+
+        orm_context.update_execution_options(identity_token=shard_id)
+        return orm_context.invoke_statement(bind_arguments=bind_arguments)
+
+    for orm_opt in orm_context._non_compile_orm_options:
+        # TODO: if we had an ORMOption that gets applied at ORM statement
+        # execution time, that would allow this to be more generalized.
+        # for now just iterate and look for our options
+        if isinstance(orm_opt, set_shard_id):
+            shard_id = orm_opt.shard_id
+            break
+    else:
+        if active_options and active_options._identity_token is not None:
+            shard_id = active_options._identity_token
+        elif "_sa_shard_id" in orm_context.execution_options:
+            shard_id = orm_context.execution_options["_sa_shard_id"]
+        elif "shard_id" in orm_context.bind_arguments:
+            shard_id = orm_context.bind_arguments["shard_id"]
+        else:
+            shard_id = None
+
+    if shard_id is not None:
+        return iter_for_shard(shard_id)
+    else:
+        partial = []
+        for shard_id in session.execute_chooser(orm_context):
+            result_ = iter_for_shard(shard_id)
+            partial.append(result_)
+        return partial[0].merge(*partial[1:])
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7afbb3c74c77e677093e464716db810293dc7075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1514 @@
+# ext/hybrid.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Define attributes on ORM-mapped classes that have "hybrid" behavior.
+
+"hybrid" means the attribute has distinct behaviors defined at the
+class level and at the instance level.
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension provides a special form of
+method decorator and has minimal dependencies on the rest of SQLAlchemy.
+Its basic theory of operation can work with any descriptor-based expression
+system.
+
+Consider a mapping ``Interval``, representing integer ``start`` and ``end``
+values. We can define higher level functions on mapped classes that produce SQL
+expressions at the class level, and Python expression evaluation at the
+instance level.  Below, each function decorated with :class:`.hybrid_method` or
+:class:`.hybrid_property` may receive ``self`` as an instance of the class, or
+may receive the class directly, depending on context::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_method
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'interval'
+
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        start: Mapped[int]
+        end: Mapped[int]
+
+        def __init__(self, start: int, end: int):
+            self.start = start
+            self.end = end
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self) -> int:
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def contains(self, point: int) -> bool:
+            return (self.start <= point) & (point <= self.end)
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def intersects(self, other: Interval) -> bool:
+            return self.contains(other.start) | self.contains(other.end)
+
+
+Above, the ``length`` property returns the difference between the
+``end`` and ``start`` attributes.  With an instance of ``Interval``,
+this subtraction occurs in Python, using normal Python descriptor
+mechanics::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+
+When dealing with the ``Interval`` class itself, the :class:`.hybrid_property`
+descriptor evaluates the function body given the ``Interval`` class as
+the argument, which when evaluated with SQLAlchemy expression mechanics
+returns a new SQL expression:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(Interval.length))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval."end" - interval.start AS length
+    FROM interval{stop}
+
+
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter(Interval.length > 10))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start > :param_1
+
+Filtering methods such as :meth:`.Select.filter_by` are supported
+with hybrid attributes as well:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter_by(length=5))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start = :param_1
+
+The ``Interval`` class example also illustrates two methods,
+``contains()`` and ``intersects()``, decorated with
+:class:`.hybrid_method`. This decorator applies the same idea to
+methods that :class:`.hybrid_property` applies to attributes.   The
+methods return boolean values, and take advantage of the Python ``|``
+and ``&`` bitwise operators to produce equivalent instance-level and
+SQL expression-level boolean behavior:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> i1.contains(6)
+    True
+    >>> i1.contains(15)
+    False
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(7, 18))
+    True
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(25, 29))
+    False
+
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter(Interval.contains(15)))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval.start <= :start_1 AND interval."end" > :end_1{stop}
+
+    >>> ia = aliased(Interval)
+    >>> print(select(Interval, ia).filter(Interval.intersects(ia)))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start,
+    interval."end", interval_1.id AS interval_1_id,
+    interval_1.start AS interval_1_start, interval_1."end" AS interval_1_end
+    FROM interval, interval AS interval_1
+    WHERE interval.start <= interval_1.start
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1.start
+        OR interval.start <= interval_1."end"
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1."end"{stop}
+
+.. _hybrid_distinct_expression:
+
+Defining Expression Behavior Distinct from Attribute Behavior
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the previous section, our usage of the ``&`` and ``|`` bitwise operators
+within the ``Interval.contains`` and ``Interval.intersects`` methods was
+fortunate, considering our functions operated on two boolean values to return a
+new one. In many cases, the construction of an in-Python function and a
+SQLAlchemy SQL expression have enough differences that two separate Python
+expressions should be defined. The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` decorator
+defines a **modifier** :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` for this purpose. As an
+example we'll define the radius of the interval, which requires the usage of
+the absolute value function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ColumnElement
+    from sqlalchemy import Float
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+    from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self) -> float:
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _radius_expression(cls) -> ColumnElement[float]:
+            return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+In the above example, the :class:`.hybrid_property` first assigned to the
+name ``Interval.radius`` is amended by a subsequent method called
+``Interval._radius_expression``, using the decorator
+``@radius.inplace.expression``, which chains together two modifiers
+:attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` and :attr:`.hybrid_property.expression`.
+The use of :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` indicates that the
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` modifier should mutate the
+existing hybrid object at ``Interval.radius`` in place, without creating a
+new object.   Notes on this modifier and its
+rationale are discussed in the next section :ref:`hybrid_pep484_naming`.
+The use of ``@classmethod`` is optional, and is strictly to give typing
+tools a hint that ``cls`` in this case is expected to be the ``Interval``
+class, and not an instance of ``Interval``.
+
+.. note:: :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` as well as the use of ``@classmethod``
+   for proper typing support are available as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.4, and will
+   not work in earlier versions.
+
+With ``Interval.radius`` now including an expression element, the SQL
+function ``ABS()`` is returned when accessing ``Interval.radius``
+at the class level:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter(Interval.radius > 5))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE abs(interval."end" - interval.start) / :abs_1 > :param_1
+
+
+.. _hybrid_pep484_naming:
+
+Using ``inplace`` to create pep-484 compliant hybrid properties
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the previous section, a :class:`.hybrid_property` decorator is illustrated
+which includes two separate method-level functions being decorated, both
+to produce a single object attribute referenced as ``Interval.radius``.
+There are actually several different modifiers we can use for
+:class:`.hybrid_property` including :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression`,
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.setter` and :meth:`.hybrid_property.update_expression`.
+
+SQLAlchemy's :class:`.hybrid_property` decorator intends that adding on these
+methods may be done in the identical manner as Python's built-in
+``@property`` decorator, where idiomatic use is to continue to redefine the
+attribute repeatedly, using the **same attribute name** each time, as in the
+example below that illustrates the use of :meth:`.hybrid_property.setter` and
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` for the ``Interval.radius`` descriptor::
+
+    # correct use, however is not accepted by pep-484 tooling
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self):
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.setter
+        def radius(self, value):
+            self.length = value * 2
+
+        @radius.expression
+        def radius(cls):
+            return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+Above, there are three ``Interval.radius`` methods, but as each are decorated,
+first by the :class:`.hybrid_property` decorator and then by the
+``@radius`` name itself, the end effect is that ``Interval.radius`` is
+a single attribute with three different functions contained within it.
+This style of use is taken from `Python's documented use of @property
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#property>`_.
+It is important to note that the way both ``@property`` as well as
+:class:`.hybrid_property` work, a **copy of the descriptor is made each time**.
+That is, each call to ``@radius.expression``, ``@radius.setter`` etc.
+make a new object entirely.  This allows the attribute to be re-defined in
+subclasses without issue (see :ref:`hybrid_reuse_subclass` later in this
+section for how this is used).
+
+However, the above approach is not compatible with typing tools such as
+mypy and pyright.  Python's own ``@property`` decorator does not have this
+limitation only because
+`these tools hardcode the behavior of @property
+<https://github.com/python/typing/discussions/1102>`_, meaning this syntax
+is not available to SQLAlchemy under :pep:`484` compliance.
+
+In order to produce a reasonable syntax while remaining typing compliant,
+the :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` decorator allows the same
+decorator to be re-used with different method names, while still producing
+a single decorator under one name::
+
+    # correct use which is also accepted by pep-484 tooling
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self) -> float:
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.inplace.setter
+        def _radius_setter(self, value: float) -> None:
+            # for example only
+            self.length = value * 2
+
+        @radius.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _radius_expression(cls) -> ColumnElement[float]:
+            return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+Using :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` further qualifies the use of the
+decorator that a new copy should not be made, thereby maintaining the
+``Interval.radius`` name while allowing additional methods
+``Interval._radius_setter`` and ``Interval._radius_expression`` to be
+differently named.
+
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.4 Added :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` to allow
+   less verbose construction of composite :class:`.hybrid_property` objects
+   while not having to use repeated method names.   Additionally allowed the
+   use of ``@classmethod`` within :attr:`.hybrid_property.expression`,
+   :attr:`.hybrid_property.update_expression`, and
+   :attr:`.hybrid_property.comparator` to allow typing tools to identify
+   ``cls`` as a class and not an instance in the method signature.
+
+
+Defining Setters
+----------------
+
+The :meth:`.hybrid_property.setter` modifier allows the construction of a
+custom setter method, that can modify values on the object::
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self) -> int:
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @length.inplace.setter
+        def _length_setter(self, value: int) -> None:
+            self.end = self.start + value
+
+The ``length(self, value)`` method is now called upon set::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+    >>> i1.length = 12
+    >>> i1.end
+    17
+
+.. _hybrid_bulk_update:
+
+Allowing Bulk ORM Update
+------------------------
+
+A hybrid can define a custom "UPDATE" handler for when using
+ORM-enabled updates, allowing the hybrid to be used in the
+SET clause of the update.
+
+Normally, when using a hybrid with :func:`_sql.update`, the SQL
+expression is used as the column that's the target of the SET.  If our
+``Interval`` class had a hybrid ``start_point`` that linked to
+``Interval.start``, this could be substituted directly::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import update
+    stmt = update(Interval).values({Interval.start_point: 10})
+
+However, when using a composite hybrid like ``Interval.length``, this
+hybrid represents more than one column.   We can set up a handler that will
+accommodate a value passed in the VALUES expression which can affect
+this, using the :meth:`.hybrid_property.update_expression` decorator.
+A handler that works similarly to our setter would be::
+
+    from typing import List, Tuple, Any
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self) -> int:
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @length.inplace.setter
+        def _length_setter(self, value: int) -> None:
+            self.end = self.start + value
+
+        @length.inplace.update_expression
+        def _length_update_expression(cls, value: Any) -> List[Tuple[Any, Any]]:
+            return [
+                (cls.end, cls.start + value)
+            ]
+
+Above, if we use ``Interval.length`` in an UPDATE expression, we get
+a hybrid SET expression:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import update
+    >>> print(update(Interval).values({Interval.length: 25}))
+    {printsql}UPDATE interval SET "end"=(interval.start + :start_1)
+
+This SET expression is accommodated by the ORM automatically.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` - includes background on ORM-enabled
+    UPDATE statements
+
+
+Working with Relationships
+--------------------------
+
+There's no essential difference when creating hybrids that work with
+related objects as opposed to column-based data. The need for distinct
+expressions tends to be greater.  The two variants we'll illustrate
+are the "join-dependent" hybrid, and the "correlated subquery" hybrid.
+
+Join-Dependent Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Consider the following declarative
+mapping which relates a ``User`` to a ``SavingsAccount``::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from typing import cast
+    from typing import List
+    from typing import Optional
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy import SQLColumnExpression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'account'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey('user.id'))
+        balance: Mapped[Decimal] = mapped_column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+        owner: Mapped[User] = relationship(back_populates="accounts")
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
+
+        accounts: Mapped[List[SavingsAccount]] = relationship(
+            back_populates="owner", lazy="selectin"
+        )
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self) -> Optional[Decimal]:
+            if self.accounts:
+                return self.accounts[0].balance
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        @balance.inplace.setter
+        def _balance_setter(self, value: Optional[Decimal]) -> None:
+            assert value is not None
+
+            if not self.accounts:
+                account = SavingsAccount(owner=self)
+            else:
+                account = self.accounts[0]
+            account.balance = value
+
+        @balance.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _balance_expression(cls) -> SQLColumnExpression[Optional[Decimal]]:
+            return cast("SQLColumnExpression[Optional[Decimal]]", SavingsAccount.balance)
+
+The above hybrid property ``balance`` works with the first
+``SavingsAccount`` entry in the list of accounts for this user.   The
+in-Python getter/setter methods can treat ``accounts`` as a Python
+list available on ``self``.
+
+.. tip:: The ``User.balance`` getter in the above example accesses the
+   ``self.acccounts`` collection, which will normally be loaded via the
+   :func:`.selectinload` loader strategy configured on the ``User.balance``
+   :func:`_orm.relationship`. The default loader strategy when not otherwise
+   stated on :func:`_orm.relationship` is :func:`.lazyload`, which emits SQL on
+   demand. When using asyncio, on-demand loaders such as :func:`.lazyload` are
+   not supported, so care should be taken to ensure the ``self.accounts``
+   collection is accessible to this hybrid accessor when using asyncio.
+
+At the expression level, it's expected that the ``User`` class will
+be used in an appropriate context such that an appropriate join to
+``SavingsAccount`` will be present:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(User, User.balance).
+    ...       join(User.accounts).filter(User.balance > 5000))
+    {printsql}SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance > :balance_1
+
+Note however, that while the instance level accessors need to worry
+about whether ``self.accounts`` is even present, this issue expresses
+itself differently at the SQL expression level, where we basically
+would use an outer join:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import or_
+    >>> print (select(User, User.balance).outerjoin(User.accounts).
+    ...         filter(or_(User.balance < 5000, User.balance == None)))
+    {printsql}SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" LEFT OUTER JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance <  :balance_1 OR account.balance IS NULL
+
+Correlated Subquery Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+We can, of course, forego being dependent on the enclosing query's usage
+of joins in favor of the correlated subquery, which can portably be packed
+into a single column expression. A correlated subquery is more portable, but
+often performs more poorly at the SQL level. Using the same technique
+illustrated at :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions`,
+we can adjust our ``SavingsAccount`` example to aggregate the balances for
+*all* accounts, and use a correlated subquery for the column expression::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from typing import List
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+    from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+    from sqlalchemy import select
+    from sqlalchemy import SQLColumnExpression
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'account'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey('user.id'))
+        balance: Mapped[Decimal] = mapped_column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+        owner: Mapped[User] = relationship(back_populates="accounts")
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
+
+        accounts: Mapped[List[SavingsAccount]] = relationship(
+            back_populates="owner", lazy="selectin"
+        )
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self) -> Decimal:
+            return sum((acc.balance for acc in self.accounts), start=Decimal("0"))
+
+        @balance.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _balance_expression(cls) -> SQLColumnExpression[Decimal]:
+            return (
+                select(func.sum(SavingsAccount.balance))
+                .where(SavingsAccount.user_id == cls.id)
+                .label("total_balance")
+            )
+
+
+The above recipe will give us the ``balance`` column which renders
+a correlated SELECT:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(User).filter(User.balance > 400))
+    {printsql}SELECT "user".id, "user".name
+    FROM "user"
+    WHERE (
+        SELECT sum(account.balance) AS sum_1 FROM account
+        WHERE account.user_id = "user".id
+    ) > :param_1
+
+
+.. _hybrid_custom_comparators:
+
+Building Custom Comparators
+---------------------------
+
+The hybrid property also includes a helper that allows construction of
+custom comparators. A comparator object allows one to customize the
+behavior of each SQLAlchemy expression operator individually.  They
+are useful when creating custom types that have some highly
+idiosyncratic behavior on the SQL side.
+
+.. note::  The :meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator` decorator introduced
+   in this section **replaces** the use of the
+   :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` decorator.
+   They cannot be used together.
+
+The example class below allows case-insensitive comparisons on the attribute
+named ``word_insensitive``::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from typing import Any
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ColumnElement
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import Comparator
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator[str]):
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            return func.lower(self.__clause_element__()) == func.lower(other)
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'searchword'
+
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        word: Mapped[str]
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self) -> str:
+            return self.word.lower()
+
+        @word_insensitive.inplace.comparator
+        @classmethod
+        def _word_insensitive_comparator(cls) -> CaseInsensitiveComparator:
+            return CaseInsensitiveComparator(cls.word)
+
+Above, SQL expressions against ``word_insensitive`` will apply the ``LOWER()``
+SQL function to both sides:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks"))
+    {printsql}SELECT searchword.id, searchword.word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = lower(:lower_1)
+
+
+The ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` above implements part of the
+:class:`.ColumnOperators` interface.   A "coercion" operation like
+lowercasing can be applied to all comparison operations (i.e. ``eq``,
+``lt``, ``gt``, etc.) using :meth:`.Operators.operate`::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator):
+        def operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            return op(
+                func.lower(self.__clause_element__()),
+                func.lower(other),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+.. _hybrid_reuse_subclass:
+
+Reusing Hybrid Properties across Subclasses
+-------------------------------------------
+
+A hybrid can be referred to from a superclass, to allow modifying
+methods like :meth:`.hybrid_property.getter`, :meth:`.hybrid_property.setter`
+to be used to redefine those methods on a subclass.  This is similar to
+how the standard Python ``@property`` object works::
+
+    class FirstNameOnly(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        first_name: Mapped[str]
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def name(self) -> str:
+            return self.first_name
+
+        @name.inplace.setter
+        def _name_setter(self, value: str) -> None:
+            self.first_name = value
+
+    class FirstNameLastName(FirstNameOnly):
+        # ...
+
+        last_name: Mapped[str]
+
+        # 'inplace' is not used here; calling getter creates a copy
+        # of FirstNameOnly.name that is local to FirstNameLastName
+        @FirstNameOnly.name.getter
+        def name(self) -> str:
+            return self.first_name + ' ' + self.last_name
+
+        @name.inplace.setter
+        def _name_setter(self, value: str) -> None:
+            self.first_name, self.last_name = value.split(' ', 1)
+
+Above, the ``FirstNameLastName`` class refers to the hybrid from
+``FirstNameOnly.name`` to repurpose its getter and setter for the subclass.
+
+When overriding :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` and
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator` alone as the first reference to the
+superclass, these names conflict with the same-named accessors on the class-
+level :class:`.QueryableAttribute` object returned at the class level.  To
+override these methods when referring directly to the parent class descriptor,
+add the special qualifier :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides`, which will de-
+reference the instrumented attribute back to the hybrid object::
+
+    class FirstNameLastName(FirstNameOnly):
+        # ...
+
+        last_name: Mapped[str]
+
+        @FirstNameOnly.name.overrides.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def name(cls):
+            return func.concat(cls.first_name, ' ', cls.last_name)
+
+
+Hybrid Value Objects
+--------------------
+
+Note in our previous example, if we were to compare the ``word_insensitive``
+attribute of a ``SearchWord`` instance to a plain Python string, the plain
+Python string would not be coerced to lower case - the
+``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` we built, being returned by
+``@word_insensitive.comparator``, only applies to the SQL side.
+
+A more comprehensive form of the custom comparator is to construct a *Hybrid
+Value Object*. This technique applies the target value or expression to a value
+object which is then returned by the accessor in all cases.   The value object
+allows control of all operations upon the value as well as how compared values
+are treated, both on the SQL expression side as well as the Python value side.
+Replacing the previous ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` class with a new
+``CaseInsensitiveWord`` class::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveWord(Comparator):
+        "Hybrid value representing a lower case representation of a word."
+
+        def __init__(self, word):
+            if isinstance(word, basestring):
+                self.word = word.lower()
+            elif isinstance(word, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                self.word = word.word
+            else:
+                self.word = func.lower(word)
+
+        def operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            if not isinstance(other, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                other = CaseInsensitiveWord(other)
+            return op(self.word, other.word, **kwargs)
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        key = 'word'
+        "Label to apply to Query tuple results"
+
+Above, the ``CaseInsensitiveWord`` object represents ``self.word``, which may
+be a SQL function, or may be a Python native.   By overriding ``operate()`` and
+``__clause_element__()`` to work in terms of ``self.word``, all comparison
+operations will work against the "converted" form of ``word``, whether it be
+SQL side or Python side. Our ``SearchWord`` class can now deliver the
+``CaseInsensitiveWord`` object unconditionally from a single hybrid call::
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'searchword'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        word: Mapped[str]
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self) -> CaseInsensitiveWord:
+            return CaseInsensitiveWord(self.word)
+
+The ``word_insensitive`` attribute now has case-insensitive comparison behavior
+universally, including SQL expression vs. Python expression (note the Python
+value is converted to lower case on the Python side here):
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> print(select(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks"))
+    {printsql}SELECT searchword.id AS searchword_id, searchword.word AS searchword_word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = :lower_1
+
+SQL expression versus SQL expression:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+    >>> sw1 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> sw2 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> print(
+    ...     select(sw1.word_insensitive, sw2.word_insensitive).filter(
+    ...         sw1.word_insensitive > sw2.word_insensitive
+    ...     )
+    ... )
+    {printsql}SELECT lower(searchword_1.word) AS lower_1,
+    lower(searchword_2.word) AS lower_2
+    FROM searchword AS searchword_1, searchword AS searchword_2
+    WHERE lower(searchword_1.word) > lower(searchword_2.word)
+
+Python only expression::
+
+    >>> ws1 = SearchWord(word="SomeWord")
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "sOmEwOrD"
+    True
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "XOmEwOrX"
+    False
+    >>> print(ws1.word_insensitive)
+    someword
+
+The Hybrid Value pattern is very useful for any kind of value that may have
+multiple representations, such as timestamps, time deltas, units of
+measurement, currencies and encrypted passwords.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Hybrids and Value Agnostic Types
+    <https://techspot.zzzeek.org/2011/10/21/hybrids-and-value-agnostic-types/>`_
+    - on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+    `Value Agnostic Types, Part II
+    <https://techspot.zzzeek.org/2011/10/29/value-agnostic-types-part-ii/>`_ -
+    on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import attributes
+from ..orm import InspectionAttrExtensionType
+from ..orm import interfaces
+from ..orm import ORMDescriptor
+from ..orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql._typing import is_has_clause_element
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+from ..util.typing import Concatenate
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import ParamSpec
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from ..orm.util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql import SQLColumnExpression
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _HasClauseElement
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_R = TypeVar("_R")
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_T_con = TypeVar("_T_con", bound=Any, contravariant=True)
+
+
+class HybridExtensionType(InspectionAttrExtensionType):
+    HYBRID_METHOD = "HYBRID_METHOD"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+    """
+
+    HYBRID_PROPERTY = "HYBRID_PROPERTY"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+        of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+    """
+
+
+class _HybridGetterType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(s, self: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+class _HybridSetterType(Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(s, self: Any, value: _T_con) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _HybridUpdaterType(Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(
+        s,
+        cls: Any,
+        value: Union[_T_con, _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T_con]],
+    ) -> List[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]: ...
+
+
+class _HybridDeleterType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(s, self: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _HybridExprCallableType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(
+        s, cls: Any
+    ) -> Union[_HasClauseElement[_T_co], SQLColumnExpression[_T_co]]: ...
+
+
+class _HybridComparatorCallableType(Protocol[_T]):
+    def __call__(self, cls: Any) -> Comparator[_T]: ...
+
+
+class _HybridClassLevelAccessor(QueryableAttribute[_T]):
+    """Describe the object returned by a hybrid_property() when
+    called as a class-level descriptor.
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def getter(
+            self, fget: _HybridGetterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        def setter(
+            self, fset: _HybridSetterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        def deleter(
+            self, fdel: _HybridDeleterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def overrides(self) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        def update_expression(
+            self, meth: _HybridUpdaterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+
+class hybrid_method(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo, Generic[_P, _R]):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python object method with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HybridExtensionType.HYBRID_METHOD
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[Concatenate[Any, _P], _R],
+        expr: Optional[
+            Callable[Concatenate[Any, _P], SQLCoreOperations[_R]]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_method
+
+            class SomeClass:
+                @hybrid_method
+                def value(self, x, y):
+                    return self._value + x + y
+
+                @value.expression
+                @classmethod
+                def value(cls, x, y):
+                    return func.some_function(cls._value, x, y)
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        if expr is not None:
+            self.expression(expr)
+        else:
+            self.expression(func)  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def inplace(self) -> Self:
+        """Return the inplace mutator for this :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+        The :class:`.hybrid_method` class already performs "in place" mutation
+        when the :meth:`.hybrid_method.expression` decorator is called,
+        so this attribute returns Self.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_pep484_naming`
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> Callable[_P, SQLCoreOperations[_R]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: object, owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> Union[Callable[_P, _R], Callable[_P, SQLCoreOperations[_R]]]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.expr.__get__(owner, owner)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)  # type: ignore
+
+    def expression(
+        self, expr: Callable[Concatenate[Any, _P], SQLCoreOperations[_R]]
+    ) -> hybrid_method[_P, _R]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a
+        SQL-expression producing method."""
+
+        self.expr = expr
+        if not self.expr.__doc__:
+            self.expr.__doc__ = self.func.__doc__
+        return self
+
+
+def _unwrap_classmethod(meth: _T) -> _T:
+    if isinstance(meth, classmethod):
+        return meth.__func__  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return meth
+
+
+class hybrid_property(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo, ORMDescriptor[_T]):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python descriptor with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HybridExtensionType.HYBRID_PROPERTY
+
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fget: _HybridGetterType[_T],
+        fset: Optional[_HybridSetterType[_T]] = None,
+        fdel: Optional[_HybridDeleterType[_T]] = None,
+        expr: Optional[_HybridExprCallableType[_T]] = None,
+        custom_comparator: Optional[Comparator[_T]] = None,
+        update_expr: Optional[_HybridUpdaterType[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+            class SomeClass:
+                @hybrid_property
+                def value(self):
+                    return self._value
+
+                @value.setter
+                def value(self, value):
+                    self._value = value
+
+        """
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.fset = fset
+        self.fdel = fdel
+        self.expr = _unwrap_classmethod(expr)
+        self.custom_comparator = _unwrap_classmethod(custom_comparator)
+        self.update_expr = _unwrap_classmethod(update_expr)
+        util.update_wrapper(self, fget)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Literal[None]) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Type[object]) -> _T: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Optional[Type[object]]
+    ) -> Union[hybrid_property[_T], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T], _T]:
+        if owner is None:
+            return self
+        elif instance is None:
+            return self._expr_comparator(owner)
+        else:
+            return self.fget(instance)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: Any) -> None:
+        if self.fset is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+        self.fset(instance, value)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        if self.fdel is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
+        self.fdel(instance)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        defaults = {
+            key: value
+            for key, value in self.__dict__.items()
+            if not key.startswith("_")
+        }
+        defaults.update(**kw)
+        return type(self)(**defaults)
+
+    @property
+    def overrides(self) -> Self:
+        """Prefix for a method that is overriding an existing attribute.
+
+        The :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides` accessor just returns
+        this hybrid object, which when called at the class level from
+        a parent class, will de-reference the "instrumented attribute"
+        normally returned at this level, and allow modifying decorators
+        like :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` and
+        :meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator`
+        to be used without conflicting with the same-named attributes
+        normally present on the :class:`.QueryableAttribute`::
+
+            class SuperClass:
+                # ...
+
+                @hybrid_property
+                def foobar(self):
+                    return self._foobar
+
+            class SubClass(SuperClass):
+                # ...
+
+                @SuperClass.foobar.overrides.expression
+                def foobar(cls):
+                    return func.subfoobar(self._foobar)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_reuse_subclass`
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    class _InPlace(Generic[_TE]):
+        """A builder helper for .hybrid_property.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ("attr",)
+
+        def __init__(self, attr: hybrid_property[_TE]):
+            self.attr = attr
+
+        def _set(self, **kw: Any) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            for k, v in kw.items():
+                setattr(self.attr, k, _unwrap_classmethod(v))
+            return self.attr
+
+        def getter(self, fget: _HybridGetterType[_TE]) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(fget=fget)
+
+        def setter(self, fset: _HybridSetterType[_TE]) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(fset=fset)
+
+        def deleter(
+            self, fdel: _HybridDeleterType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(fdel=fdel)
+
+        def expression(
+            self, expr: _HybridExprCallableType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(expr=expr)
+
+        def comparator(
+            self, comparator: _HybridComparatorCallableType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(custom_comparator=comparator)
+
+        def update_expression(
+            self, meth: _HybridUpdaterType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(update_expr=meth)
+
+    @property
+    def inplace(self) -> _InPlace[_T]:
+        """Return the inplace mutator for this :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+
+        This is to allow in-place mutation of the hybrid, allowing the first
+        hybrid method of a certain name to be re-used in order to add
+        more methods without having to name those methods the same, e.g.::
+
+            class Interval(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                @hybrid_property
+                def radius(self) -> float:
+                    return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+                @radius.inplace.setter
+                def _radius_setter(self, value: float) -> None:
+                    self.length = value * 2
+
+                @radius.inplace.expression
+                def _radius_expression(cls) -> ColumnElement[float]:
+                    return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_pep484_naming`
+
+        """
+        return hybrid_property._InPlace(self)
+
+    def getter(self, fget: _HybridGetterType[_T]) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a getter method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+
+        return self._copy(fget=fget)
+
+    def setter(self, fset: _HybridSetterType[_T]) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a setter method."""
+
+        return self._copy(fset=fset)
+
+    def deleter(self, fdel: _HybridDeleterType[_T]) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a deletion method."""
+
+        return self._copy(fdel=fdel)
+
+    def expression(
+        self, expr: _HybridExprCallableType[_T]
+    ) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a SQL-expression
+        producing method.
+
+        When a hybrid is invoked at the class level, the SQL expression given
+        here is wrapped inside of a specialized :class:`.QueryableAttribute`,
+        which is the same kind of object used by the ORM to represent other
+        mapped attributes.   The reason for this is so that other class-level
+        attributes such as docstrings and a reference to the hybrid itself may
+        be maintained within the structure that's returned, without any
+        modifications to the original SQL expression passed in.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           When referring to a hybrid property  from an owning class (e.g.
+           ``SomeClass.some_hybrid``), an instance of
+           :class:`.QueryableAttribute` is returned, representing the
+           expression or comparator object as well as this  hybrid object.
+           However, that object itself has accessors called ``expression`` and
+           ``comparator``; so when attempting to override these decorators on a
+           subclass, it may be necessary to qualify it using the
+           :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides` modifier first.  See that
+           modifier for details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_distinct_expression`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._copy(expr=expr)
+
+    def comparator(
+        self, comparator: _HybridComparatorCallableType[_T]
+    ) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a custom
+        comparator producing method.
+
+        The return value of the decorated method should be an instance of
+        :class:`~.hybrid.Comparator`.
+
+        .. note::  The :meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator` decorator
+           **replaces** the use of the :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression`
+           decorator.  They cannot be used together.
+
+        When a hybrid is invoked at the class level, the
+        :class:`~.hybrid.Comparator` object given here is wrapped inside of a
+        specialized :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, which is the same kind of
+        object used by the ORM to represent other mapped attributes.   The
+        reason for this is so that other class-level attributes such as
+        docstrings and a reference to the hybrid itself may be maintained
+        within the structure that's returned, without any modifications to the
+        original comparator object passed in.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           When referring to a hybrid property  from an owning class (e.g.
+           ``SomeClass.some_hybrid``), an instance of
+           :class:`.QueryableAttribute` is returned, representing the
+           expression or comparator object as this  hybrid object.  However,
+           that object itself has accessors called ``expression`` and
+           ``comparator``; so when attempting to override these decorators on a
+           subclass, it may be necessary to qualify it using the
+           :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides` modifier first.  See that
+           modifier for details.
+
+        """
+        return self._copy(custom_comparator=comparator)
+
+    def update_expression(
+        self, meth: _HybridUpdaterType[_T]
+    ) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines an UPDATE tuple
+        producing method.
+
+        The method accepts a single value, which is the value to be
+        rendered into the SET clause of an UPDATE statement.  The method
+        should then process this value into individual column expressions
+        that fit into the ultimate SET clause, and return them as a
+        sequence of 2-tuples.  Each tuple
+        contains a column expression as the key and a value to be rendered.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            class Person(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                first_name = Column(String)
+                last_name = Column(String)
+
+                @hybrid_property
+                def fullname(self):
+                    return first_name + " " + last_name
+
+                @fullname.update_expression
+                def fullname(cls, value):
+                    fname, lname = value.split(" ", 1)
+                    return [
+                        (cls.first_name, fname),
+                        (cls.last_name, lname)
+                    ]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        return self._copy(update_expr=meth)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expr_comparator(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]]:
+        if self.custom_comparator is not None:
+            return self._get_comparator(self.custom_comparator)
+        elif self.expr is not None:
+            return self._get_expr(self.expr)
+        else:
+            return self._get_expr(cast(_HybridExprCallableType[_T], self.fget))
+
+    def _get_expr(
+        self, expr: _HybridExprCallableType[_T]
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]]:
+        def _expr(cls: Any) -> ExprComparator[_T]:
+            return ExprComparator(cls, expr(cls), self)
+
+        util.update_wrapper(_expr, expr)
+
+        return self._get_comparator(_expr)
+
+    def _get_comparator(
+        self, comparator: Any
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]]:
+        proxy_attr = attributes.create_proxied_attribute(self)
+
+        def expr_comparator(
+            owner: Type[object],
+        ) -> _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]:
+            # because this is the descriptor protocol, we don't really know
+            # what our attribute name is.  so search for it through the
+            # MRO.
+            for lookup in owner.__mro__:
+                if self.__name__ in lookup.__dict__:
+                    if lookup.__dict__[self.__name__] is self:
+                        name = self.__name__
+                        break
+            else:
+                name = attributes._UNKNOWN_ATTR_KEY  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            return cast(
+                "_HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]",
+                proxy_attr(
+                    owner,
+                    name,
+                    self,
+                    comparator(owner),
+                    doc=comparator.__doc__ or self.__doc__,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return expr_comparator
+
+
+class Comparator(interfaces.PropComparator[_T]):
+    """A helper class that allows easy construction of custom
+    :class:`~.orm.interfaces.PropComparator`
+    classes for usage with hybrids."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, expression: Union[_HasClauseElement[_T], SQLColumnExpression[_T]]
+    ):
+        self.expression = expression
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        expr = self.expression
+        if is_has_clause_element(expr):
+            ret_expr = expr.__clause_element__()
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(expr, ColumnElement)
+            ret_expr = expr
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            # see test_hybrid->test_expression_isnt_clause_element
+            # that exercises the usual place this is caught if not
+            # true
+            assert isinstance(ret_expr, ColumnElement)
+        return ret_expr
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def property(self) -> interfaces.MapperProperty[_T]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(
+        self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]
+    ) -> Comparator[_T]:
+        # interesting....
+        return self
+
+
+class ExprComparator(Comparator[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        expression: Union[_HasClauseElement[_T], SQLColumnExpression[_T]],
+        hybrid: hybrid_property[_T],
+    ):
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.expression = expression
+        self.hybrid = hybrid
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.expression, key)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return self.hybrid.info
+
+    def _bulk_update_tuples(
+        self, value: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+        if isinstance(self.expression, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+            return self.expression._bulk_update_tuples(value)
+        elif self.hybrid.update_expr is not None:
+            return self.hybrid.update_expr(self.cls, value)
+        else:
+            return [(self.expression, value)]
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def property(self) -> MapperProperty[_T]:
+        # this accessor is not normally used, however is accessed by things
+        # like ORM synonyms if the hybrid is used in this context; the
+        # .property attribute is not necessarily accessible
+        return self.expression.property  # type: ignore
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.expression, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(other, self.expression, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/indexable.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/indexable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a21a8fbc2798267d10eee7eb788c22a581f036bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/indexable.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+# ext/indexable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Define attributes on ORM-mapped classes that have "index" attributes for
+columns with :class:`_types.Indexable` types.
+
+"index" means the attribute is associated with an element of an
+:class:`_types.Indexable` column with the predefined index to access it.
+The :class:`_types.Indexable` types include types such as
+:class:`_types.ARRAY`, :class:`_types.JSON` and
+:class:`_postgresql.HSTORE`.
+
+
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.indexable` extension provides
+:class:`_schema.Column`-like interface for any element of an
+:class:`_types.Indexable` typed column. In simple cases, it can be
+treated as a :class:`_schema.Column` - mapped attribute.
+
+Synopsis
+========
+
+Given ``Person`` as a model with a primary key and JSON data field.
+While this field may have any number of elements encoded within it,
+we would like to refer to the element called ``name`` individually
+as a dedicated attribute which behaves like a standalone column::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, JSON, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.indexable import index_property
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'person'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSON)
+
+        name = index_property('data', 'name')
+
+
+Above, the ``name`` attribute now behaves like a mapped column.   We
+can compose a new ``Person`` and set the value of ``name``::
+
+    >>> person = Person(name='Alchemist')
+
+The value is now accessible::
+
+    >>> person.name
+    'Alchemist'
+
+Behind the scenes, the JSON field was initialized to a new blank dictionary
+and the field was set::
+
+    >>> person.data
+    {"name": "Alchemist'}
+
+The field is mutable in place::
+
+    >>> person.name = 'Renamed'
+    >>> person.name
+    'Renamed'
+    >>> person.data
+    {'name': 'Renamed'}
+
+When using :class:`.index_property`, the change that we make to the indexable
+structure is also automatically tracked as history; we no longer need
+to use :class:`~.mutable.MutableDict` in order to track this change
+for the unit of work.
+
+Deletions work normally as well::
+
+    >>> del person.name
+    >>> person.data
+    {}
+
+Above, deletion of ``person.name`` deletes the value from the dictionary,
+but not the dictionary itself.
+
+A missing key will produce ``AttributeError``::
+
+    >>> person = Person()
+    >>> person.name
+    ...
+    AttributeError: 'name'
+
+Unless you set a default value::
+
+    >>> class Person(Base):
+    >>>     __tablename__ = 'person'
+    >>>
+    >>>     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    >>>     data = Column(JSON)
+    >>>
+    >>>     name = index_property('data', 'name', default=None)  # See default
+
+    >>> person = Person()
+    >>> print(person.name)
+    None
+
+
+The attributes are also accessible at the class level.
+Below, we illustrate ``Person.name`` used to generate
+an indexed SQL criteria::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    >>> session = Session()
+    >>> query = session.query(Person).filter(Person.name == 'Alchemist')
+
+The above query is equivalent to::
+
+    >>> query = session.query(Person).filter(Person.data['name'] == 'Alchemist')
+
+Multiple :class:`.index_property` objects can be chained to produce
+multiple levels of indexing::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, JSON, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.indexable import index_property
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'person'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSON)
+
+        birthday = index_property('data', 'birthday')
+        year = index_property('birthday', 'year')
+        month = index_property('birthday', 'month')
+        day = index_property('birthday', 'day')
+
+Above, a query such as::
+
+    q = session.query(Person).filter(Person.year == '1980')
+
+On a PostgreSQL backend, the above query will render as::
+
+    SELECT person.id, person.data
+    FROM person
+    WHERE person.data -> %(data_1)s -> %(param_1)s = %(param_2)s
+
+Default Values
+==============
+
+:class:`.index_property` includes special behaviors for when the indexed
+data structure does not exist, and a set operation is called:
+
+* For an :class:`.index_property` that is given an integer index value,
+  the default data structure will be a Python list of ``None`` values,
+  at least as long as the index value; the value is then set at its
+  place in the list.  This means for an index value of zero, the list
+  will be initialized to ``[None]`` before setting the given value,
+  and for an index value of five, the list will be initialized to
+  ``[None, None, None, None, None]`` before setting the fifth element
+  to the given value.   Note that an existing list is **not** extended
+  in place to receive a value.
+
+* for an :class:`.index_property` that is given any other kind of index
+  value (e.g. strings usually), a Python dictionary is used as the
+  default data structure.
+
+* The default data structure can be set to any Python callable using the
+  :paramref:`.index_property.datatype` parameter, overriding the previous
+  rules.
+
+
+Subclassing
+===========
+
+:class:`.index_property` can be subclassed, in particular for the common
+use case of providing coercion of values or SQL expressions as they are
+accessed.  Below is a common recipe for use with a PostgreSQL JSON type,
+where we want to also include automatic casting plus ``astext()``::
+
+    class pg_json_property(index_property):
+        def __init__(self, attr_name, index, cast_type):
+            super(pg_json_property, self).__init__(attr_name, index)
+            self.cast_type = cast_type
+
+        def expr(self, model):
+            expr = super(pg_json_property, self).expr(model)
+            return expr.astext.cast(self.cast_type)
+
+The above subclass can be used with the PostgreSQL-specific
+version of :class:`_postgresql.JSON`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSON
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'person'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSON)
+
+        age = pg_json_property('data', 'age', Integer)
+
+The ``age`` attribute at the instance level works as before; however
+when rendering SQL, PostgreSQL's ``->>`` operator will be used
+for indexed access, instead of the usual index operator of ``->``::
+
+    >>> query = session.query(Person).filter(Person.age < 20)
+
+The above query will render::
+
+    SELECT person.id, person.data
+    FROM person
+    WHERE CAST(person.data ->> %(data_1)s AS INTEGER) < %(param_1)s
+
+"""  # noqa
+from .. import inspect
+from ..ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
+
+
+__all__ = ["index_property"]
+
+
+class index_property(hybrid_property):  # noqa
+    """A property generator. The generated property describes an object
+    attribute that corresponds to an :class:`_types.Indexable`
+    column.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.indexable`
+
+    """
+
+    _NO_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT = object()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr_name,
+        index,
+        default=_NO_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT,
+        datatype=None,
+        mutable=True,
+        onebased=True,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.index_property`.
+
+        :param attr_name:
+            An attribute name of an `Indexable` typed column, or other
+            attribute that returns an indexable structure.
+        :param index:
+            The index to be used for getting and setting this value.  This
+            should be the Python-side index value for integers.
+        :param default:
+            A value which will be returned instead of `AttributeError`
+            when there is not a value at given index.
+        :param datatype: default datatype to use when the field is empty.
+            By default, this is derived from the type of index used; a
+            Python list for an integer index, or a Python dictionary for
+            any other style of index.   For a list, the list will be
+            initialized to a list of None values that is at least
+            ``index`` elements long.
+        :param mutable: if False, writes and deletes to the attribute will
+            be disallowed.
+        :param onebased: assume the SQL representation of this value is
+            one-based; that is, the first index in SQL is 1, not zero.
+        """
+
+        if mutable:
+            super().__init__(self.fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.expr)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(self.fget, None, None, self.expr)
+        self.attr_name = attr_name
+        self.index = index
+        self.default = default
+        is_numeric = isinstance(index, int)
+        onebased = is_numeric and onebased
+
+        if datatype is not None:
+            self.datatype = datatype
+        else:
+            if is_numeric:
+                self.datatype = lambda: [None for x in range(index + 1)]
+            else:
+                self.datatype = dict
+        self.onebased = onebased
+
+    def _fget_default(self, err=None):
+        if self.default == self._NO_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT:
+            raise AttributeError(self.attr_name) from err
+        else:
+            return self.default
+
+    def fget(self, instance):
+        attr_name = self.attr_name
+        column_value = getattr(instance, attr_name)
+        if column_value is None:
+            return self._fget_default()
+        try:
+            value = column_value[self.index]
+        except (KeyError, IndexError) as err:
+            return self._fget_default(err)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def fset(self, instance, value):
+        attr_name = self.attr_name
+        column_value = getattr(instance, attr_name, None)
+        if column_value is None:
+            column_value = self.datatype()
+            setattr(instance, attr_name, column_value)
+        column_value[self.index] = value
+        setattr(instance, attr_name, column_value)
+        if attr_name in inspect(instance).mapper.attrs:
+            flag_modified(instance, attr_name)
+
+    def fdel(self, instance):
+        attr_name = self.attr_name
+        column_value = getattr(instance, attr_name)
+        if column_value is None:
+            raise AttributeError(self.attr_name)
+        try:
+            del column_value[self.index]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(self.attr_name) from err
+        else:
+            setattr(instance, attr_name, column_value)
+            flag_modified(instance, attr_name)
+
+    def expr(self, model):
+        column = getattr(model, self.attr_name)
+        index = self.index
+        if self.onebased:
+            index += 1
+        return column[index]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8eef63a47bfed947be2a09a68288eea7d02ca94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# ext/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Extensible class instrumentation.
+
+The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` package provides for alternate
+systems of class instrumentation within the ORM.  Class instrumentation
+refers to how the ORM places attributes on the class which maintain
+data and track changes to that data, as well as event hooks installed
+on the class.
+
+.. note::
+    The extension package is provided for the benefit of integration
+    with other object management packages, which already perform
+    their own instrumentation.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+For examples of how the instrumentation extension is used,
+see the example :ref:`examples_instrumentation`.
+
+"""
+import weakref
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import attributes
+from ..orm import base as orm_base
+from ..orm import collections
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ..orm import instrumentation as orm_instrumentation
+from ..orm import util as orm_util
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_dict_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_manager_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_opt_manager_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_state_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import ClassManager
+from ..orm.instrumentation import InstrumentationFactory
+
+
+INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER = "__sa_instrumentation_manager__"
+"""Attribute, elects custom instrumentation when present on a mapped class.
+
+Allows a class to specify a slightly or wildly different technique for
+tracking changes made to mapped attributes and collections.
+
+Only one instrumentation implementation is allowed in a given object
+inheritance hierarchy.
+
+The value of this attribute must be a callable and will be passed a class
+object.  The callable must return one of:
+
+  - An instance of an :class:`.InstrumentationManager` or subclass
+  - An object implementing all or some of InstrumentationManager (TODO)
+  - A dictionary of callables, implementing all or some of the above (TODO)
+  - An instance of a :class:`.ClassManager` or subclass
+
+This attribute is consulted by SQLAlchemy instrumentation
+resolution, once the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` module
+has been imported.  If custom finders are installed in the global
+instrumentation_finders list, they may or may not choose to honor this
+attribute.
+
+"""
+
+
+def find_native_user_instrumentation_hook(cls):
+    """Find user-specified instrumentation management for a class."""
+    return getattr(cls, INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER, None)
+
+
+instrumentation_finders = [find_native_user_instrumentation_hook]
+"""An extensible sequence of callables which return instrumentation
+implementations
+
+When a class is registered, each callable will be passed a class object.
+If None is returned, the
+next finder in the sequence is consulted.  Otherwise the return must be an
+instrumentation factory that follows the same guidelines as
+sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation.INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.
+
+By default, the only finder is find_native_user_instrumentation_hook, which
+searches for INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.  If all finders return None, standard
+ClassManager instrumentation is used.
+
+"""
+
+
+class ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry(InstrumentationFactory):
+    """Extends :class:`.InstrumentationFactory` with additional
+    bookkeeping, to accommodate multiple types of
+    class managers.
+
+    """
+
+    _manager_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _state_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _dict_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _extended = False
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(self, class_):
+        for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+            factory = finder(class_)
+            if factory is not None:
+                manager = self._extended_class_manager(class_, factory)
+                return manager, factory
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self, class_, factory):
+        existing_factories = self._collect_management_factories_for(
+            class_
+        ).difference([factory])
+        if existing_factories:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "multiple instrumentation implementations specified "
+                "in %s inheritance hierarchy: %r"
+                % (class_.__name__, list(existing_factories))
+            )
+
+    def _extended_class_manager(self, class_, factory):
+        manager = factory(class_)
+        if not isinstance(manager, ClassManager):
+            manager = _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(class_, manager)
+
+        if factory != ClassManager and not self._extended:
+            # somebody invoked a custom ClassManager.
+            # reinstall global "getter" functions with the more
+            # expensive ones.
+            self._extended = True
+            _install_instrumented_lookups()
+
+        self._manager_finders[class_] = manager.manager_getter()
+        self._state_finders[class_] = manager.state_getter()
+        self._dict_finders[class_] = manager.dict_getter()
+        return manager
+
+    def _collect_management_factories_for(self, cls):
+        """Return a collection of factories in play or specified for a
+        hierarchy.
+
+        Traverses the entire inheritance graph of a cls and returns a
+        collection of instrumentation factories for those classes. Factories
+        are extracted from active ClassManagers, if available, otherwise
+        instrumentation_finders is consulted.
+
+        """
+        hierarchy = util.class_hierarchy(cls)
+        factories = set()
+        for member in hierarchy:
+            manager = self.opt_manager_of_class(member)
+            if manager is not None:
+                factories.add(manager.factory)
+            else:
+                for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+                    factory = finder(member)
+                    if factory is not None:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    factory = None
+                factories.add(factory)
+        factories.discard(None)
+        return factories
+
+    def unregister(self, class_):
+        super().unregister(class_)
+        if class_ in self._manager_finders:
+            del self._manager_finders[class_]
+            del self._state_finders[class_]
+            del self._dict_finders[class_]
+
+    def opt_manager_of_class(self, cls):
+        try:
+            finder = self._manager_finders.get(
+                cls, _default_opt_manager_getter
+            )
+        except TypeError:
+            # due to weakref lookup on invalid object
+            return None
+        else:
+            return finder(cls)
+
+    def manager_of_class(self, cls):
+        try:
+            finder = self._manager_finders.get(cls, _default_manager_getter)
+        except TypeError:
+            # due to weakref lookup on invalid object
+            raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+                cls, f"Can't locate an instrumentation manager for class {cls}"
+            )
+        else:
+            manager = finder(cls)
+            if manager is None:
+                raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+                    cls,
+                    f"Can't locate an instrumentation manager for class {cls}",
+                )
+            return manager
+
+    def state_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._state_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_state_getter
+        )(instance)
+
+    def dict_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._dict_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_dict_getter
+        )(instance)
+
+
+orm_instrumentation._instrumentation_factory = _instrumentation_factory = (
+    ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry()
+)
+orm_instrumentation.instrumentation_finders = instrumentation_finders
+
+
+class InstrumentationManager:
+    """User-defined class instrumentation extension.
+
+    :class:`.InstrumentationManager` can be subclassed in order
+    to change
+    how class instrumentation proceeds. This class exists for
+    the purposes of integration with other object management
+    frameworks which would like to entirely modify the
+    instrumentation methodology of the ORM, and is not intended
+    for regular usage.  For interception of class instrumentation
+    events, see :class:`.InstrumentationEvents`.
+
+    The API for this class should be considered as semi-stable,
+    and may change slightly with new releases.
+
+    """
+
+    # r4361 added a mandatory (cls) constructor to this interface.
+    # given that, perhaps class_ should be dropped from all of these
+    # signatures.
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        pass
+
+    def manage(self, class_, manager):
+        setattr(class_, "_default_class_manager", manager)
+
+    def unregister(self, class_, manager):
+        delattr(class_, "_default_class_manager")
+
+    def manager_getter(self, class_):
+        def get(cls):
+            return cls._default_class_manager
+
+        return get
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, class_, key, inst):
+        setattr(class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, class_, key, implementation):
+        setattr(class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, class_, key, collection_class):
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def get_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        return instance.__dict__
+
+    def initialize_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        pass
+
+    def install_state(self, class_, instance, state):
+        setattr(instance, "_default_state", state)
+
+    def remove_state(self, class_, instance):
+        delattr(instance, "_default_state")
+
+    def state_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda instance: getattr(instance, "_default_state")
+
+    def dict_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda inst: self.get_instance_dict(class_, inst)
+
+
+class _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(ClassManager):
+    """Adapts a user-defined InstrumentationManager to a ClassManager."""
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, override):
+        self._adapted = override
+        self._get_state = self._adapted.state_getter(class_)
+        self._get_dict = self._adapted.dict_getter(class_)
+
+        ClassManager.__init__(self, class_)
+
+    def manage(self):
+        self._adapted.manage(self.class_, self)
+
+    def unregister(self):
+        self._adapted.unregister(self.class_, self)
+
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return self._adapted.manager_getter(self.class_)
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated=False):
+        ClassManager.instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated)
+        if not propagated:
+            self._adapted.instrument_attribute(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        super().post_configure_attribute(key)
+        self._adapted.post_configure_attribute(self.class_, key, self[key])
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, key, inst):
+        self._adapted.install_descriptor(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_descriptor(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key, implementation):
+        self._adapted.install_member(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_member(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, key, collection_class):
+        return self._adapted.instrument_collection_class(
+            self.class_, key, collection_class
+        )
+
+    def initialize_collection(self, key, state, factory):
+        delegate = getattr(self._adapted, "initialize_collection", None)
+        if delegate:
+            return delegate(key, state, factory)
+        else:
+            return ClassManager.initialize_collection(
+                self, key, state, factory
+            )
+
+    def new_instance(self, state=None):
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        self.setup_instance(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(self, instance):
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+        """
+        if self.has_state(instance):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.setup_instance(instance)
+
+    def setup_instance(self, instance, state=None):
+        self._adapted.initialize_instance_dict(self.class_, instance)
+
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+
+        # the given instance is assumed to have no state
+        self._adapted.install_state(self.class_, instance, state)
+        return state
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance):
+        self._adapted.remove_state(self.class_, instance)
+
+    def has_state(self, instance):
+        try:
+            self._get_state(instance)
+        except orm_exc.NO_STATE:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def state_getter(self):
+        return self._get_state
+
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return self._get_dict
+
+
+def _install_instrumented_lookups():
+    """Replace global class/object management functions
+    with ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry implementations, which
+    allow multiple types of class managers to be present,
+    at the cost of performance.
+
+    This function is called only by ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry
+    and unit tests specific to this behavior.
+
+    The _reinstall_default_lookups() function can be called
+    after this one to re-establish the default functions.
+
+    """
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_instrumentation_factory.state_of,
+            instance_dict=_instrumentation_factory.dict_of,
+            manager_of_class=_instrumentation_factory.manager_of_class,
+            opt_manager_of_class=_instrumentation_factory.opt_manager_of_class,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _reinstall_default_lookups():
+    """Restore simplified lookups."""
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_default_state_getter,
+            instance_dict=_default_dict_getter,
+            manager_of_class=_default_manager_getter,
+            opt_manager_of_class=_default_opt_manager_getter,
+        )
+    )
+    _instrumentation_factory._extended = False
+
+
+def _install_lookups(lookups):
+    global instance_state, instance_dict
+    global manager_of_class, opt_manager_of_class
+    instance_state = lookups["instance_state"]
+    instance_dict = lookups["instance_dict"]
+    manager_of_class = lookups["manager_of_class"]
+    opt_manager_of_class = lookups["opt_manager_of_class"]
+    orm_base.instance_state = attributes.instance_state = (
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_state
+    ) = instance_state
+    orm_base.instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict = (
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_dict
+    ) = instance_dict
+    orm_base.manager_of_class = attributes.manager_of_class = (
+        orm_instrumentation.manager_of_class
+    ) = manager_of_class
+    orm_base.opt_manager_of_class = orm_util.opt_manager_of_class = (
+        attributes.opt_manager_of_class
+    ) = orm_instrumentation.opt_manager_of_class = opt_manager_of_class
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64fc36182eabd7c5337abf14aaf0d26baef08909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
+# ext/mutable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Provide support for tracking of in-place changes to scalar values,
+which are propagated into ORM change events on owning parent objects.
+
+.. _mutable_scalars:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Scalar Column Values
+===============================================
+
+A typical example of a "mutable" structure is a Python dictionary.
+Following the example introduced in :ref:`types_toplevel`, we
+begin with a custom type that marshals Python dictionaries into
+JSON strings before being persisted::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.types import TypeDecorator, VARCHAR
+    import json
+
+    class JSONEncodedDict(TypeDecorator):
+        "Represents an immutable structure as a json-encoded string."
+
+        impl = VARCHAR
+
+        def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.dumps(value)
+            return value
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.loads(value)
+            return value
+
+The usage of ``json`` is only for the purposes of example. The
+:mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension can be used
+with any type whose target Python type may be mutable, including
+:class:`.PickleType`, :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`, etc.
+
+When using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension, the value itself
+tracks all parents which reference it.  Below, we illustrate a simple
+version of the :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary object, which applies
+the :class:`.Mutable` mixin to a plain Python dictionary::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import Mutable
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        @classmethod
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            "Convert plain dictionaries to MutableDict."
+
+            if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return MutableDict(value)
+
+                # this call will raise ValueError
+                return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            "Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+            self.changed()
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            "Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+            self.changed()
+
+The above dictionary class takes the approach of subclassing the Python
+built-in ``dict`` to produce a dict
+subclass which routes all mutation events through ``__setitem__``.  There are
+variants on this approach, such as subclassing ``UserDict.UserDict`` or
+``collections.MutableMapping``; the part that's important to this example is
+that the :meth:`.Mutable.changed` method is called whenever an in-place
+change to the datastructure takes place.
+
+We also redefine the :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` method which will be used to
+convert any values that are not instances of ``MutableDict``, such
+as the plain dictionaries returned by the ``json`` module, into the
+appropriate type.  Defining this method is optional; we could just as well
+created our ``JSONEncodedDict`` such that it always returns an instance
+of ``MutableDict``, and additionally ensured that all calling code
+uses ``MutableDict`` explicitly.  When :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` is not
+overridden, any values applied to a parent object which are not instances
+of the mutable type will raise a ``ValueError``.
+
+Our new ``MutableDict`` type offers a class method
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` which we can use within column metadata
+to associate with types. This method grabs the given type object or
+class and associates a listener that will detect all future mappings
+of this type, applying event listening instrumentation to the mapped
+attribute. Such as, with classical table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer
+
+    my_data = Table('my_data', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+    )
+
+Above, :meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` returns an instance of ``JSONEncodedDict``
+(if the type object was not an instance already), which will intercept any
+attributes which are mapped against this type.  Below we establish a simple
+mapping against the ``my_data`` table::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        data: Mapped[dict[str, str]] = mapped_column(MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+
+The ``MyDataClass.data`` member will now be notified of in place changes
+to its value.
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``MyDataClass.data`` member
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+    >>> sess = Session(some_engine)
+    >>> m1 = MyDataClass(data={'value1':'foo'})
+    >>> sess.add(m1)
+    >>> sess.commit()
+
+    >>> m1.data['value1'] = 'bar'
+    >>> assert m1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+
+The ``MutableDict`` can be associated with all future instances
+of ``JSONEncodedDict`` in one step, using
+:meth:`~.Mutable.associate_with`.  This is similar to
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` except it will intercept all occurrences
+of ``MutableDict`` in all mappings unconditionally, without
+the need to declare it individually::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+    MutableDict.associate_with(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        data: Mapped[dict[str, str]] = mapped_column(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+The key to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension relies upon the
+placement of a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` upon the value object, which
+stores a mapping of parent mapped objects keyed to the attribute name under
+which they are associated with this value. ``WeakKeyDictionary`` objects are
+not picklable, due to the fact that they contain weakrefs and function
+callbacks. In our case, this is a good thing, since if this dictionary were
+picklable, it could lead to an excessively large pickle size for our value
+objects that are pickled by themselves outside of the context of the parent.
+The developer responsibility here is only to provide a ``__getstate__`` method
+that excludes the :meth:`~MutableBase._parents` collection from the pickle
+stream::
+
+    class MyMutableType(Mutable):
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            d = self.__dict__.copy()
+            d.pop('_parents', None)
+            return d
+
+With our dictionary example, we need to return the contents of the dict itself
+(and also restore them on __setstate__)::
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        # ....
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return dict(self)
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.update(state)
+
+In the case that our mutable value object is pickled as it is attached to one
+or more parent objects that are also part of the pickle, the :class:`.Mutable`
+mixin will re-establish the :attr:`.Mutable._parents` collection on each value
+object as the owning parents themselves are unpickled.
+
+Receiving Events
+----------------
+
+The :meth:`.AttributeEvents.modified` event handler may be used to receive
+an event when a mutable scalar emits a change event.  This event handler
+is called when the :func:`.attributes.flag_modified` function is called
+from within the mutable extension::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        data: Mapped[dict[str, str]] = mapped_column(MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+
+    @event.listens_for(MyDataClass.data, "modified")
+    def modified_json(instance, initiator):
+        print("json value modified:", instance.data)
+
+.. _mutable_composites:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Composites
+=====================================
+
+Composites are a special ORM feature which allow a single scalar attribute to
+be assigned an object value which represents information "composed" from one
+or more columns from the underlying mapped table. The usual example is that of
+a geometric "point", and is introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite`.
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the user-defined composite class
+subclasses :class:`.MutableComposite` as a mixin, and detects and delivers
+change events to its parents via the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method.
+In the case of a composite class, the detection is usually via the usage of the
+special Python method ``__setattr__()``. In the example below, we expand upon the ``Point``
+class introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite` to include
+:class:`.MutableComposite` in its bases and to route attribute set events via
+``__setattr__`` to the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method::
+
+    import dataclasses
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableComposite
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        x: int
+        y: int
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+            "Intercept set events"
+
+            # set the attribute
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+
+            # alert all parents to the change
+            self.changed()
+
+
+The :class:`.MutableComposite` class makes use of class mapping events to
+automatically establish listeners for any usage of :func:`_orm.composite` that
+specifies our ``Point`` type. Below, when ``Point`` is mapped to the ``Vertex``
+class, listeners are established which will route change events from ``Point``
+objects to each of the ``Vertex.start`` and ``Vertex.end`` attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import composite, mapped_column
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class Vertex(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "vertices"
+
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+
+        start: Mapped[Point] = composite(mapped_column("x1"), mapped_column("y1"))
+        end: Mapped[Point] = composite(mapped_column("x2"), mapped_column("y2"))
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"Vertex(start={self.start}, end={self.end})"
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``Vertex.start`` or ``Vertex.end`` members
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object:
+
+.. sourcecode:: python+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    >>> sess = Session(engine)
+    >>> v1 = Vertex(start=Point(3, 4), end=Point(12, 15))
+    >>> sess.add(v1)
+    {sql}>>> sess.flush()
+    BEGIN (implicit)
+    INSERT INTO vertices (x1, y1, x2, y2) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
+    [...] (3, 4, 12, 15)
+
+    {stop}>>> v1.end.x = 8
+    >>> assert v1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+    {sql}>>> sess.commit()
+    UPDATE vertices SET x2=? WHERE vertices.id = ?
+    [...] (8, 1)
+    COMMIT
+
+Coercing Mutable Composites
+---------------------------
+
+The :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is also supported on composite types.
+In the case of :class:`.MutableComposite`, the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce`
+method is only called for attribute set operations, not load operations.
+Overriding the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is essentially equivalent
+to using a :func:`.validates` validation routine for all attributes which
+make use of the custom composite type::
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # other Point methods
+        # ...
+
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = Point(*value)
+            elif not isinstance(value, Point):
+                raise ValueError("tuple or Point expected")
+            return value
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` helper
+class uses a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` available via the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` attribute which isn't picklable. If we need to
+pickle instances of ``Point`` or its owning class ``Vertex``, we at least need
+to define a ``__getstate__`` that doesn't include the ``_parents`` dictionary.
+Below we define both a ``__getstate__`` and a ``__setstate__`` that package up
+the minimal form of our ``Point`` class::
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # ...
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return self.x, self.y
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.x, self.y = state
+
+As with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` augments the
+pickling process of the parent's object-relational state so that the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` collection is restored to all ``Point`` objects.
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+from .. import event
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import types
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import Mapper
+from ..orm._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+from ..orm._typing import _O
+from ..orm._typing import _T
+from ..orm.attributes import AttributeEventToken
+from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
+from ..orm.attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+from ..orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from ..orm.context import QueryContext
+from ..orm.decl_api import DeclarativeAttributeIntercept
+from ..orm.state import InstanceState
+from ..orm.unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+from ..sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import memoized_property
+from ..util.typing import SupportsIndex
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT")  # Key type.
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT")  # Value type.
+
+
+class MutableBase:
+    """Common base class to :class:`.Mutable`
+    and :class:`.MutableComposite`.
+
+    """
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _parents(self) -> WeakKeyDictionary[Any, Any]:
+        """Dictionary of parent object's :class:`.InstanceState`->attribute
+        name on the parent.
+
+        This attribute is a so-called "memoized" property.  It initializes
+        itself with a new ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` the first time
+        it is accessed, returning the same object upon subsequent access.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :class:`.InstanceState` is now used
+           as the key in the weak dictionary rather than the instance
+           itself.
+
+        """
+
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key: str, value: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Given a value, coerce it into the target type.
+
+        Can be overridden by custom subclasses to coerce incoming
+        data into a particular type.
+
+        By default, raises ``ValueError``.
+
+        This method is called in different scenarios depending on if
+        the parent class is of type :class:`.Mutable` or of type
+        :class:`.MutableComposite`.  In the case of the former, it is called
+        for both attribute-set operations as well as during ORM loading
+        operations.  For the latter, it is only called during attribute-set
+        operations; the mechanics of the :func:`.composite` construct
+        handle coercion during load operations.
+
+
+        :param key: string name of the ORM-mapped attribute being set.
+        :param value: the incoming value.
+        :return: the method should return the coerced value, or raise
+         ``ValueError`` if the coercion cannot be completed.
+
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        msg = "Attribute '%s' does not accept objects of type %s"
+        raise ValueError(msg % (key, type(value)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_listen_keys(cls, attribute: QueryableAttribute[Any]) -> Set[str]:
+        """Given a descriptor attribute, return a ``set()`` of the attribute
+        keys which indicate a change in the state of this attribute.
+
+        This is normally just ``set([attribute.key])``, but can be overridden
+        to provide for additional keys.  E.g. a :class:`.MutableComposite`
+        augments this set with the attribute keys associated with the columns
+        that comprise the composite value.
+
+        This collection is consulted in the case of intercepting the
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh` and
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh_flush` events, which pass along a list
+        of attribute names that have been refreshed; the list is compared
+        against this set to determine if action needs to be taken.
+
+        """
+        return {attribute.key}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen_on_attribute(
+        cls,
+        attribute: QueryableAttribute[Any],
+        coerce: bool,
+        parent_cls: _ExternalEntityType[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        key = attribute.key
+        if parent_cls is not attribute.class_:
+            return
+
+        # rely on "propagate" here
+        parent_cls = attribute.class_
+
+        listen_keys = cls._get_listen_keys(attribute)
+
+        def load(state: InstanceState[_O], *args: Any) -> None:
+            """Listen for objects loaded or refreshed.
+
+            Wrap the target data member's value with
+            ``Mutable``.
+
+            """
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if coerce:
+                    val = cls.coerce(key, val)
+                    state.dict[key] = val
+                val._parents[state] = key
+
+        def load_attrs(
+            state: InstanceState[_O],
+            ctx: Union[object, QueryContext, UOWTransaction],
+            attrs: Iterable[Any],
+        ) -> None:
+            if not attrs or listen_keys.intersection(attrs):
+                load(state)
+
+        def set_(
+            target: InstanceState[_O],
+            value: MutableBase | None,
+            oldvalue: MutableBase | None,
+            initiator: AttributeEventToken,
+        ) -> MutableBase | None:
+            """Listen for set/replace events on the target
+            data member.
+
+            Establish a weak reference to the parent object
+            on the incoming value, remove it for the one
+            outgoing.
+
+            """
+            if value is oldvalue:
+                return value
+
+            if not isinstance(value, cls):
+                value = cls.coerce(key, value)
+            if value is not None:
+                value._parents[target] = key
+            if isinstance(oldvalue, cls):
+                oldvalue._parents.pop(inspect(target), None)
+            return value
+
+        def pickle(
+            state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> None:
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if "ext.mutable.values" not in state_dict:
+                    state_dict["ext.mutable.values"] = defaultdict(list)
+                state_dict["ext.mutable.values"][key].append(val)
+
+        def unpickle(
+            state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> None:
+            if "ext.mutable.values" in state_dict:
+                collection = state_dict["ext.mutable.values"]
+                if isinstance(collection, list):
+                    # legacy format
+                    for val in collection:
+                        val._parents[state] = key
+                else:
+                    for val in state_dict["ext.mutable.values"][key]:
+                        val._parents[state] = key
+
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls,
+            "_sa_event_merge_wo_load",
+            load,
+            raw=True,
+            propagate=True,
+        )
+
+        event.listen(parent_cls, "load", load, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls, "refresh", load_attrs, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls, "refresh_flush", load_attrs, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            attribute, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(parent_cls, "pickle", pickle, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls, "unpickle", unpickle, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+
+
+class Mutable(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events to a parent object.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_scalars` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    def changed(self) -> None:
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+            flag_modified(parent.obj(), key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with_attribute(
+        cls, attribute: InstrumentedAttribute[_O]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        cls._listen_on_attribute(attribute, True, attribute.class_)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with(cls, sqltype: type) -> None:
+        """Associate this wrapper with all future mapped columns
+        of the given type.
+
+        This is a convenience method that calls
+        ``associate_with_attribute`` automatically.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.associate_with` for types that are permanent to an
+           application, not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded
+           growth in memory usage.
+
+        """
+
+        def listen_for_type(mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: type) -> None:
+            if mapper.non_primary:
+                return
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if isinstance(prop.columns[0].type, sqltype):
+                    cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(Mapper, "mapper_configured", listen_for_type)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def as_mutable(cls, sqltype: TypeEngine[_T]) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Associate a SQL type with this mutable Python type.
+
+        This establishes listeners that will detect ORM mappings against
+        the given type, adding mutation event trackers to those mappings.
+
+        The type is returned, unconditionally as an instance, so that
+        :meth:`.as_mutable` can be used inline::
+
+            Table('mytable', metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('data', MyMutableType.as_mutable(PickleType))
+            )
+
+        Note that the returned type is always an instance, even if a class
+        is given, and that only columns which are declared specifically with
+        that type instance receive additional instrumentation.
+
+        To associate a particular mutable type with all occurrences of a
+        particular type, use the :meth:`.Mutable.associate_with` classmethod
+        of the particular :class:`.Mutable` subclass to establish a global
+        association.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.as_mutable` for types that are permanent to an application,
+           not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded growth
+           in memory usage.
+
+        """
+        sqltype = types.to_instance(sqltype)
+
+        # a SchemaType will be copied when the Column is copied,
+        # and we'll lose our ability to link that type back to the original.
+        # so track our original type w/ columns
+        if isinstance(sqltype, SchemaEventTarget):
+
+            @event.listens_for(sqltype, "before_parent_attach")
+            def _add_column_memo(
+                sqltyp: TypeEngine[Any],
+                parent: Column[_T],
+            ) -> None:
+                parent.info["_ext_mutable_orig_type"] = sqltyp
+
+            schema_event_check = True
+        else:
+            schema_event_check = False
+
+        def listen_for_type(
+            mapper: Mapper[_T],
+            class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, type],
+        ) -> None:
+            if mapper.non_primary:
+                return
+            _APPLIED_KEY = "_ext_mutable_listener_applied"
+
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if (
+                    # all Mutable types refer to a Column that's mapped,
+                    # since this is the only kind of Core target the ORM can
+                    # "mutate"
+                    isinstance(prop.expression, Column)
+                    and (
+                        (
+                            schema_event_check
+                            and prop.expression.info.get(
+                                "_ext_mutable_orig_type"
+                            )
+                            is sqltype
+                        )
+                        or prop.expression.type is sqltype
+                    )
+                ):
+                    if not prop.expression.info.get(_APPLIED_KEY, False):
+                        prop.expression.info[_APPLIED_KEY] = True
+                        cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(Mapper, "mapper_configured", listen_for_type)
+
+        return sqltype
+
+
+class MutableComposite(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events on a SQLAlchemy "composite" object to its
+    owning parent or parents.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_composites` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_listen_keys(cls, attribute: QueryableAttribute[_O]) -> Set[str]:
+        return {attribute.key}.union(attribute.property._attribute_keys)
+
+    def changed(self) -> None:
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+            prop = parent.mapper.get_property(key)
+            for value, attr_name in zip(
+                prop._composite_values_from_instance(self),
+                prop._attribute_keys,
+            ):
+                setattr(parent.obj(), attr_name, value)
+
+
+def _setup_composite_listener() -> None:
+    def _listen_for_type(mapper: Mapper[_T], class_: type) -> None:
+        for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+            if (
+                hasattr(prop, "composite_class")
+                and isinstance(prop.composite_class, type)
+                and issubclass(prop.composite_class, MutableComposite)
+            ):
+                prop.composite_class._listen_on_attribute(
+                    getattr(class_, prop.key), False, class_
+                )
+
+    if not event.contains(Mapper, "mapper_configured", _listen_for_type):
+        event.listen(Mapper, "mapper_configured", _listen_for_type)
+
+
+_setup_composite_listener()
+
+
+class MutableDict(Mutable, Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """A dictionary type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableDict` object implements a dictionary that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the dictionary are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableDict` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the dictionary. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    dictionary structure, such as a JSON structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableDict` that provides appropriate
+    coercion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MutableList`
+
+        :class:`.MutableSet`
+
+    """
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        """Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."""
+        super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        self.changed()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # from https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14858
+
+        @overload
+        def setdefault(
+            self: MutableDict[_KT, Optional[_T]], key: _KT, value: None = None
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def setdefault(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> _VT: ...
+
+        def setdefault(self, key: _KT, value: object = None) -> object: ...
+
+    else:
+
+        def setdefault(self, *arg):  # noqa: F811
+            result = super().setdefault(*arg)
+            self.changed()
+            return result
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: _KT) -> None:
+        """Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."""
+        super().__delitem__(key)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def update(self, *a: Any, **kw: _VT) -> None:
+        super().update(*a, **kw)
+        self.changed()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def pop(self, __key: _KT) -> _VT: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def pop(self, __key: _KT, __default: _VT | _T) -> _VT | _T: ...
+
+        def pop(
+            self, __key: _KT, __default: _VT | _T | None = None
+        ) -> _VT | _T: ...
+
+    else:
+
+        def pop(self, *arg):  # noqa: F811
+            result = super().pop(*arg)
+            self.changed()
+            return result
+
+    def popitem(self) -> Tuple[_KT, _VT]:
+        result = super().popitem()
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key: str, value: Any) -> MutableDict[_KT, _VT] | None:
+        """Convert plain dictionary to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return dict(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(
+        self, state: Union[Dict[str, int], Dict[str, str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.update(state)
+
+
+class MutableList(Mutable, List[_T]):
+    """A list type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableList` object implements a list that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the list are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableList` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the list. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    mutable structure, such as a JSON structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableList` that provides appropriate
+    coercion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MutableDict`
+
+        :class:`.MutableSet`
+
+    """
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(
+        self, proto: SupportsIndex
+    ) -> Tuple[type, Tuple[List[int]]]:
+        return (self.__class__, (list(self),))
+
+    # needed for backwards compatibility with
+    # older pickles
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        self[:] = state
+
+    def is_scalar(self, value: _T | Iterable[_T]) -> TypeGuard[_T]:
+        return not util.is_non_string_iterable(value)
+
+    def is_iterable(self, value: _T | Iterable[_T]) -> TypeGuard[Iterable[_T]]:
+        return util.is_non_string_iterable(value)
+
+    def __setitem__(
+        self, index: SupportsIndex | slice, value: _T | Iterable[_T]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Detect list set events and emit change events."""
+        if isinstance(index, SupportsIndex) and self.is_scalar(value):
+            super().__setitem__(index, value)
+        elif isinstance(index, slice) and self.is_iterable(value):
+            super().__setitem__(index, value)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index: SupportsIndex | slice) -> None:
+        """Detect list del events and emit change events."""
+        super().__delitem__(index)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def pop(self, *arg: SupportsIndex) -> _T:
+        result = super().pop(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def append(self, x: _T) -> None:
+        super().append(x)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def extend(self, x: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        super().extend(x)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def __iadd__(self, x: Iterable[_T]) -> MutableList[_T]:  # type: ignore[override,misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.extend(x)
+        return self
+
+    def insert(self, i: SupportsIndex, x: _T) -> None:
+        super().insert(i, x)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def remove(self, i: _T) -> None:
+        super().remove(i)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self.changed()
+
+    def sort(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super().sort(**kw)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def reverse(self) -> None:
+        super().reverse()
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(
+        cls, key: str, value: MutableList[_T] | _T
+    ) -> Optional[MutableList[_T]]:
+        """Convert plain list to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+
+class MutableSet(Mutable, Set[_T]):
+    """A set type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableSet` object implements a set that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the set are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableSet` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the set. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    mutable structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableSet` that provides appropriate
+    coercion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MutableDict`
+
+        :class:`.MutableList`
+
+
+    """
+
+    def update(self, *arg: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        super().update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *arg: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().intersection_update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def difference_update(self, *arg: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().difference_update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *arg: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        super().symmetric_difference_update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: AbstractSet[_T]) -> MutableSet[_T]:  # type: ignore[override,misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __iand__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_T]) -> MutableSet[_T]:  # type: ignore[override,misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __isub__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> MutableSet[_T]:  # type: ignore[misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def add(self, elem: _T) -> None:
+        super().add(elem)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def remove(self, elem: _T) -> None:
+        super().remove(elem)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def discard(self, elem: _T) -> None:
+        super().discard(elem)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def pop(self, *arg: Any) -> _T:
+        result = super().pop(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, index: str, value: Any) -> Optional[MutableSet[_T]]:
+        """Convert plain set to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, set):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(index, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Set[_T]:
+        return set(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        self.update(state)
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(
+        self, proto: SupportsIndex
+    ) -> Tuple[type, Tuple[List[int]]]:
+        return (self.__class__, (list(self),))
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51ff768bf92977a43ab67b8c9fe62eea538263b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# ext/mypy/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/apply.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/apply.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..259dc0a412cdae1a3ec73a2e13c30cbbf1236f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/apply.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# ext/mypy/apply.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy.nodes import ARG_NAMED_OPT
+from mypy.nodes import Argument
+from mypy.nodes import AssignmentStmt
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import MDEF
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import RefExpr
+from mypy.nodes import StrExpr
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TempNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.nodes import Var
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.plugins.common import add_method_to_class
+from mypy.types import AnyType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneTyp
+from mypy.types import ProperType
+from mypy.types import TypeOfAny
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+from . import infer
+from . import util
+from .names import expr_to_mapped_constructor
+from .names import NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+
+
+def apply_mypy_mapped_attr(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    item: Union[NameExpr, StrExpr],
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    if isinstance(item, NameExpr):
+        name = item.name
+    elif isinstance(item, StrExpr):
+        name = item.value
+    else:
+        return None
+
+    for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+        if (
+            isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt)
+            and isinstance(stmt.lvalues[0], NameExpr)
+            and stmt.lvalues[0].name == name
+        ):
+            break
+    else:
+        util.fail(api, f"Can't find mapped attribute {name}", cls)
+        return None
+
+    if stmt.type is None:
+        util.fail(
+            api,
+            "Statement linked from _mypy_mapped_attrs has no "
+            "typing information",
+            stmt,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(stmt.type)
+    assert isinstance(
+        left_hand_explicit_type, (Instance, UnionType, UnboundType)
+    )
+
+    attributes.append(
+        util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+            name=name,
+            line=item.line,
+            column=item.column,
+            typ=left_hand_explicit_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+    )
+
+    apply_type_to_mapped_statement(
+        api, stmt, stmt.lvalues[0], left_hand_explicit_type, None
+    )
+
+
+def re_apply_declarative_assignments(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """For multiple class passes, re-apply our left-hand side types as mypy
+    seems to reset them in place.
+
+    """
+    mapped_attr_lookup = {attr.name: attr for attr in attributes}
+    update_cls_metadata = False
+
+    for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+        # for a re-apply, all of our statements are AssignmentStmt;
+        # @declared_attr calls will have been converted and this
+        # currently seems to be preserved by mypy (but who knows if this
+        # will change).
+        if (
+            isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt)
+            and isinstance(stmt.lvalues[0], NameExpr)
+            and stmt.lvalues[0].name in mapped_attr_lookup
+            and isinstance(stmt.lvalues[0].node, Var)
+        ):
+            left_node = stmt.lvalues[0].node
+
+            python_type_for_type = mapped_attr_lookup[
+                stmt.lvalues[0].name
+            ].type
+
+            left_node_proper_type = get_proper_type(left_node.type)
+
+            # if we have scanned an UnboundType and now there's a more
+            # specific type than UnboundType, call the re-scan so we
+            # can get that set up correctly
+            if (
+                isinstance(python_type_for_type, UnboundType)
+                and not isinstance(left_node_proper_type, UnboundType)
+                and (
+                    isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.callee, MemberExpr)
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.callee.expr, NameExpr)
+                    and stmt.rvalue.callee.expr.node is not None
+                    and stmt.rvalue.callee.expr.node.fullname
+                    == NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+                    and stmt.rvalue.callee.name == "_empty_constructor"
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.args[0], CallExpr)
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.args[0].callee, RefExpr)
+                )
+            ):
+                new_python_type_for_type = (
+                    infer.infer_type_from_right_hand_nameexpr(
+                        api,
+                        stmt,
+                        left_node,
+                        left_node_proper_type,
+                        stmt.rvalue.args[0].callee,
+                    )
+                )
+
+                if new_python_type_for_type is not None and not isinstance(
+                    new_python_type_for_type, UnboundType
+                ):
+                    python_type_for_type = new_python_type_for_type
+
+                    # update the SQLAlchemyAttribute with the better
+                    # information
+                    mapped_attr_lookup[stmt.lvalues[0].name].type = (
+                        python_type_for_type
+                    )
+
+                    update_cls_metadata = True
+
+            if (
+                not isinstance(left_node.type, Instance)
+                or left_node.type.type.fullname != NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+            ):
+                assert python_type_for_type is not None
+                left_node.type = api.named_type(
+                    NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [python_type_for_type]
+                )
+
+    if update_cls_metadata:
+        util.set_mapped_attributes(cls.info, attributes)
+
+
+def apply_type_to_mapped_statement(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    lvalue: NameExpr,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    python_type_for_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> None:
+    """Apply the Mapped[<type>] annotation and right hand object to a
+    declarative assignment statement.
+
+    This converts a Python declarative class statement such as::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            # ...
+
+            attrname = Column(Integer)
+
+    To one that describes the final Python behavior to Mypy::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            # ...
+
+            attrname : Mapped[Optional[int]] = <meaningless temp node>
+
+    """
+    left_node = lvalue.node
+    assert isinstance(left_node, Var)
+
+    # to be completely honest I have no idea what the difference between
+    # left_node.type and stmt.type is, what it means if these are different
+    # vs. the same, why in order to get tests to pass I have to assign
+    # to stmt.type for the second case and not the first.  this is complete
+    # trying every combination until it works stuff.
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        lvalue.is_inferred_def = False
+        left_node.type = api.named_type(
+            NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [left_hand_explicit_type]
+        )
+    else:
+        lvalue.is_inferred_def = False
+        left_node.type = api.named_type(
+            NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED,
+            (
+                [AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)]
+                if python_type_for_type is None
+                else [python_type_for_type]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    # so to have it skip the right side totally, we can do this:
+    # stmt.rvalue = TempNode(AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form))
+
+    # however, if we instead manufacture a new node that uses the old
+    # one, then we can still get type checking for the call itself,
+    # e.g. the Column, relationship() call, etc.
+
+    # rewrite the node as:
+    # <attr> : Mapped[<typ>] =
+    # _sa_Mapped._empty_constructor(<original CallExpr from rvalue>)
+    # the original right-hand side is maintained so it gets type checked
+    # internally
+    stmt.rvalue = expr_to_mapped_constructor(stmt.rvalue)
+
+    if stmt.type is not None and python_type_for_type is not None:
+        stmt.type = python_type_for_type
+
+
+def add_additional_orm_attributes(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Apply __init__, __table__ and other attributes to the mapped class."""
+
+    info = util.info_for_cls(cls, api)
+
+    if info is None:
+        return
+
+    is_base = util.get_is_base(info)
+
+    if "__init__" not in info.names and not is_base:
+        mapped_attr_names = {attr.name: attr.type for attr in attributes}
+
+        for base in info.mro[1:-1]:
+            if "sqlalchemy" not in info.metadata:
+                continue
+
+            base_cls_attributes = util.get_mapped_attributes(base, api)
+            if base_cls_attributes is None:
+                continue
+
+            for attr in base_cls_attributes:
+                mapped_attr_names.setdefault(attr.name, attr.type)
+
+        arguments = []
+        for name, typ in mapped_attr_names.items():
+            if typ is None:
+                typ = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+            arguments.append(
+                Argument(
+                    variable=Var(name, typ),
+                    type_annotation=typ,
+                    initializer=TempNode(typ),
+                    kind=ARG_NAMED_OPT,
+                )
+            )
+
+        add_method_to_class(api, cls, "__init__", arguments, NoneTyp())
+
+    if "__table__" not in info.names and util.get_has_table(info):
+        _apply_placeholder_attr_to_class(
+            api, cls, "sqlalchemy.sql.schema.Table", "__table__"
+        )
+    if not is_base:
+        _apply_placeholder_attr_to_class(
+            api, cls, "sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper", "__mapper__"
+        )
+
+
+def _apply_placeholder_attr_to_class(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    qualified_name: str,
+    attrname: str,
+) -> None:
+    sym = api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none(qualified_name)
+    if sym:
+        assert isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+        type_: ProperType = Instance(sym.node, [])
+    else:
+        type_ = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+    var = Var(attrname)
+    var._fullname = cls.fullname + "." + attrname
+    var.info = cls.info
+    var.type = type_
+    cls.info.names[attrname] = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, var)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/decl_class.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/decl_class.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77877622f4864d87f599641c0c520d5071ac7efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/decl_class.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+# ext/mypy/decl_class.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy.nodes import AssignmentStmt
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import Decorator
+from mypy.nodes import LambdaExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ListExpr
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import PlaceholderNode
+from mypy.nodes import RefExpr
+from mypy.nodes import StrExpr
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolNode
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TempNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.nodes import Var
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.types import AnyType
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneType
+from mypy.types import ProperType
+from mypy.types import Type
+from mypy.types import TypeOfAny
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+from . import apply
+from . import infer
+from . import names
+from . import util
+
+
+def scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    is_mixin_scan: bool = False,
+) -> Optional[List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute]]:
+    info = util.info_for_cls(cls, api)
+
+    if info is None:
+        # this can occur during cached passes
+        return None
+    elif cls.fullname.startswith("builtins"):
+        return None
+
+    mapped_attributes: Optional[List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute]] = (
+        util.get_mapped_attributes(info, api)
+    )
+
+    # used by assign.add_additional_orm_attributes among others
+    util.establish_as_sqlalchemy(info)
+
+    if mapped_attributes is not None:
+        # ensure that a class that's mapped is always picked up by
+        # its mapped() decorator or declarative metaclass before
+        # it would be detected as an unmapped mixin class
+
+        if not is_mixin_scan:
+            # mypy can call us more than once.  it then *may* have reset the
+            # left hand side of everything, but not the right that we removed,
+            # removing our ability to re-scan.   but we have the types
+            # here, so lets re-apply them, or if we have an UnboundType,
+            # we can re-scan
+
+            apply.re_apply_declarative_assignments(cls, api, mapped_attributes)
+
+        return mapped_attributes
+
+    mapped_attributes = []
+
+    if not cls.defs.body:
+        # when we get a mixin class from another file, the body is
+        # empty (!) but the names are in the symbol table.  so use that.
+
+        for sym_name, sym in info.names.items():
+            _scan_symbol_table_entry(
+                cls, api, sym_name, sym, mapped_attributes
+            )
+    else:
+        for stmt in util.flatten_typechecking(cls.defs.body):
+            if isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt):
+                _scan_declarative_assignment_stmt(
+                    cls, api, stmt, mapped_attributes
+                )
+            elif isinstance(stmt, Decorator):
+                _scan_declarative_decorator_stmt(
+                    cls, api, stmt, mapped_attributes
+                )
+    _scan_for_mapped_bases(cls, api)
+
+    if not is_mixin_scan:
+        apply.add_additional_orm_attributes(cls, api, mapped_attributes)
+
+    util.set_mapped_attributes(info, mapped_attributes)
+
+    return mapped_attributes
+
+
+def _scan_symbol_table_entry(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    name: str,
+    value: SymbolTableNode,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Extract mapping information from a SymbolTableNode that's in the
+    type.names dictionary.
+
+    """
+    value_type = get_proper_type(value.type)
+    if not isinstance(value_type, Instance):
+        return
+
+    left_hand_explicit_type = None
+    type_id = names.type_id_for_named_node(value_type.type)
+    # type_id = names._type_id_for_unbound_type(value.type.type, cls, api)
+
+    err = False
+
+    # TODO: this is nearly the same logic as that of
+    # _scan_declarative_decorator_stmt, likely can be merged
+    if type_id in {
+        names.MAPPED,
+        names.RELATIONSHIP,
+        names.COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+        names.MAPPER_PROPERTY,
+        names.SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+        names.COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+    }:
+        if value_type.args:
+            left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(value_type.args[0])
+        else:
+            err = True
+    elif type_id is names.COLUMN:
+        if not value_type.args:
+            err = True
+        else:
+            typeengine_arg: Union[ProperType, TypeInfo] = get_proper_type(
+                value_type.args[0]
+            )
+            if isinstance(typeengine_arg, Instance):
+                typeengine_arg = typeengine_arg.type
+
+            if isinstance(typeengine_arg, (UnboundType, TypeInfo)):
+                sym = api.lookup_qualified(typeengine_arg.name, typeengine_arg)
+                if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):
+                    if names.has_base_type_id(sym.node, names.TYPEENGINE):
+                        left_hand_explicit_type = UnionType(
+                            [
+                                infer.extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+                                    api, sym.node, []
+                                ),
+                                NoneType(),
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        util.fail(
+                            api,
+                            "Column type should be a TypeEngine "
+                            "subclass not '{}'".format(sym.node.fullname),
+                            value_type,
+                        )
+
+    if err:
+        msg = (
+            "Can't infer type from attribute {} on class {}. "
+            "please specify a return type from this function that is "
+            "one of: Mapped[<python type>], relationship[<target class>], "
+            "Column[<TypeEngine>], MapperProperty[<python type>]"
+        )
+        util.fail(api, msg.format(name, cls.name), cls)
+
+        left_hand_explicit_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        assert value.node is not None
+        attributes.append(
+            util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+                name=name,
+                line=value.node.line,
+                column=value.node.column,
+                typ=left_hand_explicit_type,
+                info=cls.info,
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _scan_declarative_decorator_stmt(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: Decorator,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Extract mapping information from a @declared_attr in a declarative
+    class.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def updated_at(cls) -> Column[DateTime]:
+                return Column(DateTime)
+
+    Will resolve in mypy as::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            updated_at: Mapped[Optional[datetime.datetime]]
+
+    """
+    for dec in stmt.decorators:
+        if (
+            isinstance(dec, (NameExpr, MemberExpr, SymbolNode))
+            and names.type_id_for_named_node(dec) is names.DECLARED_ATTR
+        ):
+            break
+    else:
+        return
+
+    dec_index = cls.defs.body.index(stmt)
+
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType] = None
+
+    if util.name_is_dunder(stmt.name):
+        # for dunder names like __table_args__, __tablename__,
+        # __mapper_args__ etc., rewrite these as simple assignment
+        # statements; otherwise mypy doesn't like if the decorated
+        # function has an annotation like ``cls: Type[Foo]`` because
+        # it isn't @classmethod
+        any_ = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+        left_node = NameExpr(stmt.var.name)
+        left_node.node = stmt.var
+        new_stmt = AssignmentStmt([left_node], TempNode(any_))
+        new_stmt.type = left_node.node.type
+        cls.defs.body[dec_index] = new_stmt
+        return
+    elif isinstance(stmt.func.type, CallableType):
+        func_type = stmt.func.type.ret_type
+        if isinstance(func_type, UnboundType):
+            type_id = names.type_id_for_unbound_type(func_type, cls, api)
+        else:
+            # this does not seem to occur unless the type argument is
+            # incorrect
+            return
+
+        if (
+            type_id
+            in {
+                names.MAPPED,
+                names.RELATIONSHIP,
+                names.COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+                names.MAPPER_PROPERTY,
+                names.SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+                names.COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+            }
+            and func_type.args
+        ):
+            left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(func_type.args[0])
+        elif type_id is names.COLUMN and func_type.args:
+            typeengine_arg = func_type.args[0]
+            if isinstance(typeengine_arg, UnboundType):
+                sym = api.lookup_qualified(typeengine_arg.name, typeengine_arg)
+                if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):
+                    if names.has_base_type_id(sym.node, names.TYPEENGINE):
+                        left_hand_explicit_type = UnionType(
+                            [
+                                infer.extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+                                    api, sym.node, []
+                                ),
+                                NoneType(),
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        util.fail(
+                            api,
+                            "Column type should be a TypeEngine "
+                            "subclass not '{}'".format(sym.node.fullname),
+                            func_type,
+                        )
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is None:
+        # no type on the decorated function.  our option here is to
+        # dig into the function body and get the return type, but they
+        # should just have an annotation.
+        msg = (
+            "Can't infer type from @declared_attr on function '{}';  "
+            "please specify a return type from this function that is "
+            "one of: Mapped[<python type>], relationship[<target class>], "
+            "Column[<TypeEngine>], MapperProperty[<python type>]"
+        )
+        util.fail(api, msg.format(stmt.var.name), stmt)
+
+        left_hand_explicit_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+
+    left_node = NameExpr(stmt.var.name)
+    left_node.node = stmt.var
+
+    # totally feeling around in the dark here as I don't totally understand
+    # the significance of UnboundType.  It seems to be something that is
+    # not going to do what's expected when it is applied as the type of
+    # an AssignmentStatement.  So do a feeling-around-in-the-dark version
+    # of converting it to the regular Instance/TypeInfo/UnionType structures
+    # we see everywhere else.
+    if isinstance(left_hand_explicit_type, UnboundType):
+        left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(
+            util.unbound_to_instance(api, left_hand_explicit_type)
+        )
+
+    left_node.node.type = api.named_type(
+        names.NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [left_hand_explicit_type]
+    )
+
+    # this will ignore the rvalue entirely
+    # rvalue = TempNode(AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form))
+
+    # rewrite the node as:
+    # <attr> : Mapped[<typ>] =
+    # _sa_Mapped._empty_constructor(lambda: <function body>)
+    # the function body is maintained so it gets type checked internally
+    rvalue = names.expr_to_mapped_constructor(
+        LambdaExpr(stmt.func.arguments, stmt.func.body)
+    )
+
+    new_stmt = AssignmentStmt([left_node], rvalue)
+    new_stmt.type = left_node.node.type
+
+    attributes.append(
+        util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+            name=left_node.name,
+            line=stmt.line,
+            column=stmt.column,
+            typ=left_hand_explicit_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+    )
+    cls.defs.body[dec_index] = new_stmt
+
+
+def _scan_declarative_assignment_stmt(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Extract mapping information from an assignment statement in a
+    declarative class.
+
+    """
+    lvalue = stmt.lvalues[0]
+    if not isinstance(lvalue, NameExpr):
+        return
+
+    sym = cls.info.names.get(lvalue.name)
+
+    # this establishes that semantic analysis has taken place, which
+    # means the nodes are populated and we are called from an appropriate
+    # hook.
+    assert sym is not None
+    node = sym.node
+
+    if isinstance(node, PlaceholderNode):
+        return
+
+    assert node is lvalue.node
+    assert isinstance(node, Var)
+
+    if node.name == "__abstract__":
+        if api.parse_bool(stmt.rvalue) is True:
+            util.set_is_base(cls.info)
+        return
+    elif node.name == "__tablename__":
+        util.set_has_table(cls.info)
+    elif node.name.startswith("__"):
+        return
+    elif node.name == "_mypy_mapped_attrs":
+        if not isinstance(stmt.rvalue, ListExpr):
+            util.fail(api, "_mypy_mapped_attrs is expected to be a list", stmt)
+        else:
+            for item in stmt.rvalue.items:
+                if isinstance(item, (NameExpr, StrExpr)):
+                    apply.apply_mypy_mapped_attr(cls, api, item, attributes)
+
+    left_hand_mapped_type: Optional[Type] = None
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType] = None
+
+    if node.is_inferred or node.type is None:
+        if isinstance(stmt.type, UnboundType):
+            # look for an explicit Mapped[] type annotation on the left
+            # side with nothing on the right
+
+            # print(stmt.type)
+            # Mapped?[Optional?[A?]]
+
+            left_hand_explicit_type = stmt.type
+
+            if stmt.type.name == "Mapped":
+                mapped_sym = api.lookup_qualified("Mapped", cls)
+                if (
+                    mapped_sym is not None
+                    and mapped_sym.node is not None
+                    and names.type_id_for_named_node(mapped_sym.node)
+                    is names.MAPPED
+                ):
+                    left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(
+                        stmt.type.args[0]
+                    )
+                    left_hand_mapped_type = stmt.type
+
+            # TODO: do we need to convert from unbound for this case?
+            # left_hand_explicit_type = util._unbound_to_instance(
+            #     api, left_hand_explicit_type
+            # )
+    else:
+        node_type = get_proper_type(node.type)
+        if (
+            isinstance(node_type, Instance)
+            and names.type_id_for_named_node(node_type.type) is names.MAPPED
+        ):
+            # print(node.type)
+            # sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.Mapped[<python type>]
+            left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(node_type.args[0])
+            left_hand_mapped_type = node_type
+        else:
+            # print(node.type)
+            # <python type>
+            left_hand_explicit_type = node_type
+            left_hand_mapped_type = None
+
+    if isinstance(stmt.rvalue, TempNode) and left_hand_mapped_type is not None:
+        # annotation without assignment and Mapped is present
+        # as type annotation
+        # equivalent to using _infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only.
+
+        python_type_for_type = left_hand_explicit_type
+    elif isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr) and isinstance(
+        stmt.rvalue.callee, RefExpr
+    ):
+        python_type_for_type = infer.infer_type_from_right_hand_nameexpr(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type, stmt.rvalue.callee
+        )
+
+        if python_type_for_type is None:
+            return
+
+    else:
+        return
+
+    assert python_type_for_type is not None
+
+    attributes.append(
+        util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+            name=node.name,
+            line=stmt.line,
+            column=stmt.column,
+            typ=python_type_for_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+    )
+
+    apply.apply_type_to_mapped_statement(
+        api,
+        stmt,
+        lvalue,
+        left_hand_explicit_type,
+        python_type_for_type,
+    )
+
+
+def _scan_for_mapped_bases(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+) -> None:
+    """Given a class, iterate through its superclass hierarchy to find
+    all other classes that are considered as ORM-significant.
+
+    Locates non-mapped mixins and scans them for mapped attributes to be
+    applied to subclasses.
+
+    """
+
+    info = util.info_for_cls(cls, api)
+
+    if info is None:
+        return
+
+    for base_info in info.mro[1:-1]:
+        if base_info.fullname.startswith("builtins"):
+            continue
+
+        # scan each base for mapped attributes.  if they are not already
+        # scanned (but have all their type info), that means they are unmapped
+        # mixins
+        scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+            base_info.defn, api, is_mixin_scan=True
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/infer.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/infer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83cb3c070846b6496d68e72228196894d651c72f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/infer.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+# ext/mypy/infer.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from mypy.maptype import map_instance_to_supertype
+from mypy.nodes import AssignmentStmt
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import Expression
+from mypy.nodes import FuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import LambdaExpr
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import RefExpr
+from mypy.nodes import StrExpr
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.nodes import Var
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.subtypes import is_subtype
+from mypy.types import AnyType
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneType
+from mypy.types import ProperType
+from mypy.types import TypeOfAny
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+from . import names
+from . import util
+
+
+def infer_type_from_right_hand_nameexpr(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    infer_from_right_side: RefExpr,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    type_id = names.type_id_for_callee(infer_from_right_side)
+    if type_id is None:
+        return None
+    elif type_id is names.MAPPED:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_mapped(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type, infer_from_right_side
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.COLUMN:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.RELATIONSHIP:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_relationship(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.COLUMN_PROPERTY:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_decl_column_property(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.SYNONYM_PROPERTY:
+        python_type_for_type = infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.COMPOSITE_PROPERTY:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_decl_composite_property(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    else:
+        return None
+
+    return python_type_for_type
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_relationship(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a relationship.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            addresses = relationship(Address, uselist=True)
+
+            order: Mapped["Order"] = relationship("Order")
+
+    Will resolve in mypy as::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            addresses: Mapped[List[Address]]
+
+            order: Mapped["Order"]
+
+    """
+
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+    target_cls_arg = stmt.rvalue.args[0]
+    python_type_for_type: Optional[ProperType] = None
+
+    if isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+        target_cls_arg.node, TypeInfo
+    ):
+        # type
+        related_object_type = target_cls_arg.node
+        python_type_for_type = Instance(related_object_type, [])
+
+    # other cases not covered - an error message directs the user
+    # to set an explicit type annotation
+    #
+    # node.type == str, it's a string
+    # if isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+    #     target_cls_arg.node, Var
+    # )
+    # points to a type
+    # isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+    #     target_cls_arg.node, TypeAlias
+    # )
+    # string expression
+    # isinstance(target_cls_arg, StrExpr)
+
+    uselist_arg = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(stmt.rvalue, "uselist")
+    collection_cls_arg: Optional[Expression] = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(
+        stmt.rvalue, "collection_class"
+    )
+    type_is_a_collection = False
+
+    # this can be used to determine Optional for a many-to-one
+    # in the same way nullable=False could be used, if we start supporting
+    # that.
+    # innerjoin_arg = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(stmt.rvalue, "innerjoin")
+
+    if (
+        uselist_arg is not None
+        and api.parse_bool(uselist_arg) is True
+        and collection_cls_arg is None
+    ):
+        type_is_a_collection = True
+        if python_type_for_type is not None:
+            python_type_for_type = api.named_type(
+                names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_LIST, [python_type_for_type]
+            )
+    elif (
+        uselist_arg is None or api.parse_bool(uselist_arg) is True
+    ) and collection_cls_arg is not None:
+        type_is_a_collection = True
+        if isinstance(collection_cls_arg, CallExpr):
+            collection_cls_arg = collection_cls_arg.callee
+
+        if isinstance(collection_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+            collection_cls_arg.node, TypeInfo
+        ):
+            if python_type_for_type is not None:
+                # this can still be overridden by the left hand side
+                # within _infer_Type_from_left_and_inferred_right
+                python_type_for_type = Instance(
+                    collection_cls_arg.node, [python_type_for_type]
+                )
+        elif (
+            isinstance(collection_cls_arg, NameExpr)
+            and isinstance(collection_cls_arg.node, FuncDef)
+            and collection_cls_arg.node.type is not None
+        ):
+            if python_type_for_type is not None:
+                # this can still be overridden by the left hand side
+                # within _infer_Type_from_left_and_inferred_right
+
+                # TODO: handle mypy.types.Overloaded
+                if isinstance(collection_cls_arg.node.type, CallableType):
+                    rt = get_proper_type(collection_cls_arg.node.type.ret_type)
+
+                    if isinstance(rt, CallableType):
+                        callable_ret_type = get_proper_type(rt.ret_type)
+                        if isinstance(callable_ret_type, Instance):
+                            python_type_for_type = Instance(
+                                callable_ret_type.type,
+                                [python_type_for_type],
+                            )
+        else:
+            util.fail(
+                api,
+                "Expected Python collection type for "
+                "collection_class parameter",
+                stmt.rvalue,
+            )
+            python_type_for_type = None
+    elif uselist_arg is not None and api.parse_bool(uselist_arg) is False:
+        if collection_cls_arg is not None:
+            util.fail(
+                api,
+                "Sending uselist=False and collection_class at the same time "
+                "does not make sense",
+                stmt.rvalue,
+            )
+        if python_type_for_type is not None:
+            python_type_for_type = UnionType(
+                [python_type_for_type, NoneType()]
+            )
+
+    else:
+        if left_hand_explicit_type is None:
+            msg = (
+                "Can't infer scalar or collection for ORM mapped expression "
+                "assigned to attribute '{}' if both 'uselist' and "
+                "'collection_class' arguments are absent from the "
+                "relationship(); please specify a "
+                "type annotation on the left hand side."
+            )
+            util.fail(api, msg.format(node.name), node)
+
+    if python_type_for_type is None:
+        return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        if type_is_a_collection:
+            assert isinstance(left_hand_explicit_type, Instance)
+            assert isinstance(python_type_for_type, Instance)
+            return _infer_collection_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+                api, node, left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type
+            )
+        else:
+            return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+                api,
+                node,
+                left_hand_explicit_type,
+                python_type_for_type,
+            )
+    else:
+        return python_type_for_type
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_decl_composite_property(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a Composite."""
+
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+    target_cls_arg = stmt.rvalue.args[0]
+    python_type_for_type = None
+
+    if isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+        target_cls_arg.node, TypeInfo
+    ):
+        related_object_type = target_cls_arg.node
+        python_type_for_type = Instance(related_object_type, [])
+    else:
+        python_type_for_type = None
+
+    if python_type_for_type is None:
+        return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type
+        )
+    else:
+        return python_type_for_type
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_mapped(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    infer_from_right_side: RefExpr,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a right side expression
+    that returns Mapped.
+
+
+    """
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+
+    # (Pdb) print(stmt.rvalue.callee)
+    # NameExpr(query_expression [sqlalchemy.orm._orm_constructors.query_expression])  # noqa: E501
+    # (Pdb) stmt.rvalue.callee.node
+    # <mypy.nodes.FuncDef object at 0x7f8d92fb5940>
+    # (Pdb) stmt.rvalue.callee.node.type
+    # def [_T] (default_expr: sqlalchemy.sql.elements.ColumnElement[_T`-1] =) -> sqlalchemy.orm.base.Mapped[_T`-1]  # noqa: E501
+    # sqlalchemy.orm.base.Mapped[_T`-1]
+    # the_mapped_type = stmt.rvalue.callee.node.type.ret_type
+
+    # TODO: look at generic ref and either use that,
+    # or reconcile w/ what's present, etc.
+    the_mapped_type = util.type_for_callee(infer_from_right_side)  # noqa
+
+    return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+        api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+    )
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_decl_column_property(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a ColumnProperty.
+
+    This includes mappings against ``column_property()`` as well as the
+    ``deferred()`` function.
+
+    """
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+
+    if stmt.rvalue.args:
+        first_prop_arg = stmt.rvalue.args[0]
+
+        if isinstance(first_prop_arg, CallExpr):
+            type_id = names.type_id_for_callee(first_prop_arg.callee)
+
+            # look for column_property() / deferred() etc with Column as first
+            # argument
+            if type_id is names.COLUMN:
+                return _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+                    api,
+                    stmt,
+                    node,
+                    left_hand_explicit_type,
+                    right_hand_expression=first_prop_arg,
+                )
+
+    if isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr):
+        type_id = names.type_id_for_callee(stmt.rvalue.callee)
+        # this is probably not strictly necessary as we have to use the left
+        # hand type for query expression in any case.  any other no-arg
+        # column prop objects would go here also
+        if type_id is names.QUERY_EXPRESSION:
+            return _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+                api,
+                stmt,
+                node,
+                left_hand_explicit_type,
+            )
+
+    return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+        api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+    )
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    right_hand_expression: Optional[CallExpr] = None,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a Column.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            a = Column(Integer)
+
+            b = Column("b", String)
+
+            c: Mapped[int] = Column(Integer)
+
+            d: bool = Column(Boolean)
+
+    Will resolve in MyPy as::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            a : Mapped[int]
+
+            b : Mapped[str]
+
+            c: Mapped[int]
+
+            d: Mapped[bool]
+
+    """
+    assert isinstance(node, Var)
+
+    callee = None
+
+    if right_hand_expression is None:
+        if not isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr):
+            return None
+
+        right_hand_expression = stmt.rvalue
+
+    for column_arg in right_hand_expression.args[0:2]:
+        if isinstance(column_arg, CallExpr):
+            if isinstance(column_arg.callee, RefExpr):
+                # x = Column(String(50))
+                callee = column_arg.callee
+                type_args: Sequence[Expression] = column_arg.args
+                break
+        elif isinstance(column_arg, (NameExpr, MemberExpr)):
+            if isinstance(column_arg.node, TypeInfo):
+                # x = Column(String)
+                callee = column_arg
+                type_args = ()
+                break
+            else:
+                # x = Column(some_name, String), go to next argument
+                continue
+        elif isinstance(column_arg, (StrExpr,)):
+            # x = Column("name", String), go to next argument
+            continue
+        elif isinstance(column_arg, (LambdaExpr,)):
+            # x = Column("name", String, default=lambda: uuid.uuid4())
+            # go to next argument
+            continue
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+    if callee is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(callee.node, TypeInfo) and names.mro_has_id(
+        callee.node.mro, names.TYPEENGINE
+    ):
+        python_type_for_type = extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+            api, callee.node, type_args
+        )
+
+        if left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+            return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+                api, node, left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return UnionType([python_type_for_type, NoneType()])
+    else:
+        # it's not TypeEngine, it's typically implicitly typed
+        # like ForeignKey.  we can't infer from the right side.
+        return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: ProperType,
+    python_type_for_type: ProperType,
+    orig_left_hand_type: Optional[ProperType] = None,
+    orig_python_type_for_type: Optional[ProperType] = None,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Validate type when a left hand annotation is present and we also
+    could infer the right hand side::
+
+        attrname: SomeType = Column(SomeDBType)
+
+    """
+
+    if orig_left_hand_type is None:
+        orig_left_hand_type = left_hand_explicit_type
+    if orig_python_type_for_type is None:
+        orig_python_type_for_type = python_type_for_type
+
+    if not is_subtype(left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type):
+        effective_type = api.named_type(
+            names.NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [orig_python_type_for_type]
+        )
+
+        msg = (
+            "Left hand assignment '{}: {}' not compatible "
+            "with ORM mapped expression of type {}"
+        )
+        util.fail(
+            api,
+            msg.format(
+                node.name,
+                util.format_type(orig_left_hand_type, api.options),
+                util.format_type(effective_type, api.options),
+            ),
+            node,
+        )
+
+    return orig_left_hand_type
+
+
+def _infer_collection_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Instance,
+    python_type_for_type: Instance,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    orig_left_hand_type = left_hand_explicit_type
+    orig_python_type_for_type = python_type_for_type
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type.args:
+        left_hand_arg = get_proper_type(left_hand_explicit_type.args[0])
+        python_type_arg = get_proper_type(python_type_for_type.args[0])
+    else:
+        left_hand_arg = left_hand_explicit_type
+        python_type_arg = python_type_for_type
+
+    assert isinstance(left_hand_arg, (Instance, UnionType))
+    assert isinstance(python_type_arg, (Instance, UnionType))
+
+    return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+        api,
+        node,
+        left_hand_arg,
+        python_type_arg,
+        orig_left_hand_type=orig_left_hand_type,
+        orig_python_type_for_type=orig_python_type_for_type,
+    )
+
+
+def infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Determine the type based on explicit annotation only.
+
+    if no annotation were present, note that we need one there to know
+    the type.
+
+    """
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Can't infer type from ORM mapped expression "
+            "assigned to attribute '{}'; please specify a "
+            "Python type or "
+            "Mapped[<python type>] on the left hand side."
+        )
+        util.fail(api, msg.format(node.name), node)
+
+        return api.named_type(
+            names.NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)]
+        )
+
+    else:
+        # use type from the left hand side
+        return left_hand_explicit_type
+
+
+def extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: TypeInfo,
+    type_args: Sequence[Expression],
+) -> ProperType:
+    if node.fullname == "sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes.Enum" and type_args:
+        first_arg = type_args[0]
+        if isinstance(first_arg, RefExpr) and isinstance(
+            first_arg.node, TypeInfo
+        ):
+            for base_ in first_arg.node.mro:
+                if base_.fullname == "enum.Enum":
+                    return Instance(first_arg.node, [])
+            # TODO: support other pep-435 types here
+        else:
+            return api.named_type(names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_STR, [])
+
+    assert node.has_base("sqlalchemy.sql.type_api.TypeEngine"), (
+        "could not extract Python type from node: %s" % node
+    )
+
+    type_engine_sym = api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none(
+        "sqlalchemy.sql.type_api.TypeEngine"
+    )
+
+    assert type_engine_sym is not None and isinstance(
+        type_engine_sym.node, TypeInfo
+    )
+    type_engine = map_instance_to_supertype(
+        Instance(node, []),
+        type_engine_sym.node,
+    )
+    return get_proper_type(type_engine.args[-1])
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/names.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/names.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0654b008b7309d48f343ec0ee00086e2c0165a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/names.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+# ext/mypy/names.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy.nodes import ARG_POS
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import Decorator
+from mypy.nodes import Expression
+from mypy.nodes import FuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import OverloadedFuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeAlias
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+
+from ... import util
+
+COLUMN: int = util.symbol("COLUMN")
+RELATIONSHIP: int = util.symbol("RELATIONSHIP")
+REGISTRY: int = util.symbol("REGISTRY")
+COLUMN_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("COLUMN_PROPERTY")
+TYPEENGINE: int = util.symbol("TYPEENGNE")
+MAPPED: int = util.symbol("MAPPED")
+DECLARATIVE_BASE: int = util.symbol("DECLARATIVE_BASE")
+DECLARATIVE_META: int = util.symbol("DECLARATIVE_META")
+MAPPED_DECORATOR: int = util.symbol("MAPPED_DECORATOR")
+SYNONYM_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("SYNONYM_PROPERTY")
+COMPOSITE_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("COMPOSITE_PROPERTY")
+DECLARED_ATTR: int = util.symbol("DECLARED_ATTR")
+MAPPER_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("MAPPER_PROPERTY")
+AS_DECLARATIVE: int = util.symbol("AS_DECLARATIVE")
+AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE: int = util.symbol("AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE")
+DECLARATIVE_MIXIN: int = util.symbol("DECLARATIVE_MIXIN")
+QUERY_EXPRESSION: int = util.symbol("QUERY_EXPRESSION")
+
+# names that must succeed with mypy.api.named_type
+NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_OBJECT = "builtins.object"
+NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_STR = "builtins.str"
+NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_LIST = "builtins.list"
+NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED = "sqlalchemy.orm.base.Mapped"
+
+_RelFullNames = {
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.relationships.Relationship",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.relationships.RelationshipProperty",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.relationships._RelationshipDeclared",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.Relationship",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.RelationshipProperty",
+}
+
+_lookup: Dict[str, Tuple[int, Set[str]]] = {
+    "Column": (
+        COLUMN,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.sql.schema.Column",
+            "sqlalchemy.sql.Column",
+        },
+    ),
+    "Relationship": (RELATIONSHIP, _RelFullNames),
+    "RelationshipProperty": (RELATIONSHIP, _RelFullNames),
+    "_RelationshipDeclared": (RELATIONSHIP, _RelFullNames),
+    "registry": (
+        REGISTRY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.registry",
+        },
+    ),
+    "ColumnProperty": (
+        COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.ColumnProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.ColumnProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "MappedSQLExpression": (
+        COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.ColumnProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.ColumnProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "Synonym": (
+        SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.SynonymProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.SynonymProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "SynonymProperty": (
+        SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.SynonymProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.SynonymProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "Composite": (
+        COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.CompositeProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.CompositeProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "CompositeProperty": (
+        COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.CompositeProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.CompositeProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "MapperProperty": (
+        MAPPER_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.MapperProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.MapperProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "TypeEngine": (TYPEENGINE, {"sqlalchemy.sql.type_api.TypeEngine"}),
+    "Mapped": (MAPPED, {NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED}),
+    "declarative_base": (
+        DECLARATIVE_BASE,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declarative_base",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_base",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.declarative_base",
+        },
+    ),
+    "DeclarativeMeta": (
+        DECLARATIVE_META,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.DeclarativeMeta",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.DeclarativeMeta",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.DeclarativeMeta",
+        },
+    ),
+    "mapped": (
+        MAPPED_DECORATOR,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry.mapped",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.registry.mapped",
+        },
+    ),
+    "as_declarative": (
+        AS_DECLARATIVE,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.as_declarative",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.as_declarative",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.as_declarative",
+        },
+    ),
+    "as_declarative_base": (
+        AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry.as_declarative_base",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.registry.as_declarative_base",
+        },
+    ),
+    "declared_attr": (
+        DECLARED_ATTR,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.declared_attr",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.declared_attr",
+        },
+    ),
+    "declarative_mixin": (
+        DECLARATIVE_MIXIN,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.declarative_mixin",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_mixin",
+        },
+    ),
+    "query_expression": (
+        QUERY_EXPRESSION,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.query_expression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm._orm_constructors.query_expression",
+        },
+    ),
+}
+
+
+def has_base_type_id(info: TypeInfo, type_id: int) -> bool:
+    for mr in info.mro:
+        check_type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(mr.name, (None, None))
+        if check_type_id == type_id:
+            break
+    else:
+        return False
+
+    if fullnames is None:
+        return False
+
+    return mr.fullname in fullnames
+
+
+def mro_has_id(mro: List[TypeInfo], type_id: int) -> bool:
+    for mr in mro:
+        check_type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(mr.name, (None, None))
+        if check_type_id == type_id:
+            break
+    else:
+        return False
+
+    if fullnames is None:
+        return False
+
+    return mr.fullname in fullnames
+
+
+def type_id_for_unbound_type(
+    type_: UnboundType, cls: ClassDef, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+) -> Optional[int]:
+    sym = api.lookup_qualified(type_.name, type_)
+    if sym is not None:
+        if isinstance(sym.node, TypeAlias):
+            target_type = get_proper_type(sym.node.target)
+            if isinstance(target_type, Instance):
+                return type_id_for_named_node(target_type.type)
+        elif isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):
+            return type_id_for_named_node(sym.node)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def type_id_for_callee(callee: Expression) -> Optional[int]:
+    if isinstance(callee, (MemberExpr, NameExpr)):
+        if isinstance(callee.node, Decorator) and isinstance(
+            callee.node.func, FuncDef
+        ):
+            if callee.node.func.type and isinstance(
+                callee.node.func.type, CallableType
+            ):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.func.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return type_id_for_fullname(ret_type.type.fullname)
+
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, OverloadedFuncDef):
+            if (
+                callee.node.impl
+                and callee.node.impl.type
+                and isinstance(callee.node.impl.type, CallableType)
+            ):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.impl.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return type_id_for_fullname(ret_type.type.fullname)
+
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, FuncDef):
+            if callee.node.type and isinstance(callee.node.type, CallableType):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return type_id_for_fullname(ret_type.type.fullname)
+
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeAlias):
+            target_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.target)
+            if isinstance(target_type, Instance):
+                return type_id_for_fullname(target_type.type.fullname)
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeInfo):
+            return type_id_for_named_node(callee)
+    return None
+
+
+def type_id_for_named_node(
+    node: Union[NameExpr, MemberExpr, SymbolNode]
+) -> Optional[int]:
+    type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(node.name, (None, None))
+
+    if type_id is None or fullnames is None:
+        return None
+    elif node.fullname in fullnames:
+        return type_id
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def type_id_for_fullname(fullname: str) -> Optional[int]:
+    tokens = fullname.split(".")
+    immediate = tokens[-1]
+
+    type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(immediate, (None, None))
+
+    if type_id is None or fullnames is None:
+        return None
+    elif fullname in fullnames:
+        return type_id
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def expr_to_mapped_constructor(expr: Expression) -> CallExpr:
+    column_descriptor = NameExpr("__sa_Mapped")
+    column_descriptor.fullname = NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+    member_expr = MemberExpr(column_descriptor, "_empty_constructor")
+    return CallExpr(
+        member_expr,
+        [expr],
+        [ARG_POS],
+        ["arg1"],
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/plugin.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95edbd67a0156dd1f93adcf4fd7b37e6410b17cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/plugin.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# ext/mypy/plugin.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Mypy plugin for SQLAlchemy ORM.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type as TypingType
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy import nodes
+from mypy.mro import calculate_mro
+from mypy.mro import MroError
+from mypy.nodes import Block
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import GDEF
+from mypy.nodes import MypyFile
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTable
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.plugin import AttributeContext
+from mypy.plugin import ClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import DynamicClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import Plugin
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import Type
+
+from . import decl_class
+from . import names
+from . import util
+
+try:
+    __import__("sqlalchemy-stubs")
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "The SQLAlchemy mypy plugin in SQLAlchemy "
+        "2.0 does not work with sqlalchemy-stubs or "
+        "sqlalchemy2-stubs installed, as well as with any other third party "
+        "SQLAlchemy stubs.  Please uninstall all SQLAlchemy stubs "
+        "packages."
+    )
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyPlugin(Plugin):
+    def get_dynamic_class_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[DynamicClassDefContext], None]]:
+        if names.type_id_for_fullname(fullname) is names.DECLARATIVE_BASE:
+            return _dynamic_class_hook
+        return None
+
+    def get_customize_class_mro_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        return _fill_in_decorators
+
+    def get_class_decorator_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+
+        if sym is not None and sym.node is not None:
+            type_id = names.type_id_for_named_node(sym.node)
+            if type_id is names.MAPPED_DECORATOR:
+                return _cls_decorator_hook
+            elif type_id in (
+                names.AS_DECLARATIVE,
+                names.AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE,
+            ):
+                return _base_cls_decorator_hook
+            elif type_id is names.DECLARATIVE_MIXIN:
+                return _declarative_mixin_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_metaclass_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        if names.type_id_for_fullname(fullname) is names.DECLARATIVE_META:
+            # Set any classes that explicitly have metaclass=DeclarativeMeta
+            # as declarative so the check in `get_base_class_hook()` works
+            return _metaclass_cls_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_base_class_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+
+        if (
+            sym
+            and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+            and util.has_declarative_base(sym.node)
+        ):
+            return _base_cls_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_attribute_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[AttributeContext], Type]]:
+        if fullname.startswith(
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.QueryableAttribute."
+        ):
+            return _queryable_getattr_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_additional_deps(
+        self, file: MypyFile
+    ) -> List[Tuple[int, str, int]]:
+        return [
+            #
+            (10, "sqlalchemy.orm", -1),
+            (10, "sqlalchemy.orm.attributes", -1),
+            (10, "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api", -1),
+        ]
+
+
+def plugin(version: str) -> TypingType[SQLAlchemyPlugin]:
+    return SQLAlchemyPlugin
+
+
+def _dynamic_class_hook(ctx: DynamicClassDefContext) -> None:
+    """Generate a declarative Base class when the declarative_base() function
+    is encountered."""
+
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+
+    cls = ClassDef(ctx.name, Block([]))
+    cls.fullname = ctx.api.qualified_name(ctx.name)
+
+    info = TypeInfo(SymbolTable(), cls, ctx.api.cur_mod_id)
+    cls.info = info
+    _set_declarative_metaclass(ctx.api, cls)
+
+    cls_arg = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(ctx.call, "cls", expr_types=(NameExpr,))
+    if cls_arg is not None and isinstance(cls_arg.node, TypeInfo):
+        util.set_is_base(cls_arg.node)
+        decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+            cls_arg.node.defn, ctx.api, is_mixin_scan=True
+        )
+        info.bases = [Instance(cls_arg.node, [])]
+    else:
+        obj = ctx.api.named_type(names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_OBJECT)
+
+        info.bases = [obj]
+
+    try:
+        calculate_mro(info)
+    except MroError:
+        util.fail(
+            ctx.api, "Not able to calculate MRO for declarative base", ctx.call
+        )
+        obj = ctx.api.named_type(names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_OBJECT)
+        info.bases = [obj]
+        info.fallback_to_any = True
+
+    ctx.api.add_symbol_table_node(ctx.name, SymbolTableNode(GDEF, info))
+    util.set_is_base(info)
+
+
+def _fill_in_decorators(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    for decorator in ctx.cls.decorators:
+        # set the ".fullname" attribute of a class decorator
+        # that is a MemberExpr.   This causes the logic in
+        # semanal.py->apply_class_plugin_hooks to invoke the
+        # get_class_decorator_hook for our "registry.map_class()"
+        # and "registry.as_declarative_base()" methods.
+        # this seems like a bug in mypy that these decorators are otherwise
+        # skipped.
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(decorator, nodes.CallExpr)
+            and isinstance(decorator.callee, nodes.MemberExpr)
+            and decorator.callee.name == "as_declarative_base"
+        ):
+            target = decorator.callee
+        elif (
+            isinstance(decorator, nodes.MemberExpr)
+            and decorator.name == "mapped"
+        ):
+            target = decorator
+        else:
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(target.expr, NameExpr):
+            sym = ctx.api.lookup_qualified(
+                target.expr.name, target, suppress_errors=True
+            )
+        else:
+            continue
+
+        if sym and sym.node:
+            sym_type = get_proper_type(sym.type)
+            if isinstance(sym_type, Instance):
+                target.fullname = f"{sym_type.type.fullname}.{target.name}"
+            else:
+                # if the registry is in the same file as where the
+                # decorator is used, it might not have semantic
+                # symbols applied and we can't get a fully qualified
+                # name or an inferred type, so we are actually going to
+                # flag an error in this case that they need to annotate
+                # it.  The "registry" is declared just
+                # once (or few times), so they have to just not use
+                # type inference for its assignment in this one case.
+                util.fail(
+                    ctx.api,
+                    "Class decorator called %s(), but we can't "
+                    "tell if it's from an ORM registry.  Please "
+                    "annotate the registry assignment, e.g. "
+                    "my_registry: registry = registry()" % target.name,
+                    sym.node,
+                )
+
+
+def _cls_decorator_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+    assert isinstance(ctx.reason, nodes.MemberExpr)
+    expr = ctx.reason.expr
+
+    assert isinstance(expr, nodes.RefExpr) and isinstance(expr.node, nodes.Var)
+
+    node_type = get_proper_type(expr.node.type)
+
+    assert (
+        isinstance(node_type, Instance)
+        and names.type_id_for_named_node(node_type.type) is names.REGISTRY
+    )
+
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(ctx.cls, ctx.api)
+
+
+def _base_cls_decorator_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+
+    cls = ctx.cls
+
+    _set_declarative_metaclass(ctx.api, cls)
+
+    util.set_is_base(ctx.cls.info)
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+        cls, ctx.api, is_mixin_scan=True
+    )
+
+
+def _declarative_mixin_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+    util.set_is_base(ctx.cls.info)
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+        ctx.cls, ctx.api, is_mixin_scan=True
+    )
+
+
+def _metaclass_cls_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    util.set_is_base(ctx.cls.info)
+
+
+def _base_cls_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(ctx.cls, ctx.api)
+
+
+def _queryable_getattr_hook(ctx: AttributeContext) -> Type:
+    # how do I....tell it it has no attribute of a certain name?
+    # can't find any Type that seems to match that
+    return ctx.default_attr_type
+
+
+def _add_globals(ctx: Union[ClassDefContext, DynamicClassDefContext]) -> None:
+    """Add __sa_DeclarativeMeta and __sa_Mapped symbol to the global space
+    for all class defs
+
+    """
+
+    util.add_global(ctx, "sqlalchemy.orm", "Mapped", "__sa_Mapped")
+
+
+def _set_declarative_metaclass(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, target_cls: ClassDef
+) -> None:
+    info = target_cls.info
+    sym = api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none(
+        "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.DeclarativeMeta"
+    )
+    assert sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+    info.declared_metaclass = info.metaclass_type = Instance(sym.node, [])
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b1a228a4395a2dd75d7ad339580fa4bbc03d6ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# ext/mypy/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type as TypingType
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy import version
+from mypy.messages import format_type as _mypy_format_type
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import CLASSDEF_NO_INFO
+from mypy.nodes import Context
+from mypy.nodes import Expression
+from mypy.nodes import FuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import IfStmt
+from mypy.nodes import JsonDict
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import Statement
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeAlias
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.options import Options
+from mypy.plugin import ClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import DynamicClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.plugins.common import deserialize_and_fixup_type
+from mypy.typeops import map_type_from_supertype
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneType
+from mypy.types import Type
+from mypy.types import TypeVarType
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+_vers = tuple(
+    [int(x) for x in version.__version__.split(".") if re.match(r"^\d+$", x)]
+)
+mypy_14 = _vers >= (1, 4)
+
+
+_TArgType = TypeVar("_TArgType", bound=Union[CallExpr, NameExpr])
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyAttribute:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        line: int,
+        column: int,
+        typ: Optional[Type],
+        info: TypeInfo,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.type = typ
+        self.info = info
+
+    def serialize(self) -> JsonDict:
+        assert self.type
+        return {
+            "name": self.name,
+            "line": self.line,
+            "column": self.column,
+            "type": self.type.serialize(),
+        }
+
+    def expand_typevar_from_subtype(self, sub_type: TypeInfo) -> None:
+        """Expands type vars in the context of a subtype when an attribute is
+        inherited from a generic super type.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self.type, TypeVarType):
+            return
+
+        self.type = map_type_from_supertype(self.type, sub_type, self.info)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(
+        cls,
+        info: TypeInfo,
+        data: JsonDict,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    ) -> SQLAlchemyAttribute:
+        data = data.copy()
+        typ = deserialize_and_fixup_type(data.pop("type"), api)
+        return cls(typ=typ, info=info, **data)
+
+
+def name_is_dunder(name: str) -> bool:
+    return bool(re.match(r"^__.+?__$", name))
+
+
+def _set_info_metadata(info: TypeInfo, key: str, data: Any) -> None:
+    info.metadata.setdefault("sqlalchemy", {})[key] = data
+
+
+def _get_info_metadata(info: TypeInfo, key: str) -> Optional[Any]:
+    return info.metadata.get("sqlalchemy", {}).get(key, None)
+
+
+def _get_info_mro_metadata(info: TypeInfo, key: str) -> Optional[Any]:
+    if info.mro:
+        for base in info.mro:
+            metadata = _get_info_metadata(base, key)
+            if metadata is not None:
+                return metadata
+    return None
+
+
+def establish_as_sqlalchemy(info: TypeInfo) -> None:
+    info.metadata.setdefault("sqlalchemy", {})
+
+
+def set_is_base(info: TypeInfo) -> None:
+    _set_info_metadata(info, "is_base", True)
+
+
+def get_is_base(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    is_base = _get_info_metadata(info, "is_base")
+    return is_base is True
+
+
+def has_declarative_base(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    is_base = _get_info_mro_metadata(info, "is_base")
+    return is_base is True
+
+
+def set_has_table(info: TypeInfo) -> None:
+    _set_info_metadata(info, "has_table", True)
+
+
+def get_has_table(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    is_base = _get_info_metadata(info, "has_table")
+    return is_base is True
+
+
+def get_mapped_attributes(
+    info: TypeInfo, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+) -> Optional[List[SQLAlchemyAttribute]]:
+    mapped_attributes: Optional[List[JsonDict]] = _get_info_metadata(
+        info, "mapped_attributes"
+    )
+    if mapped_attributes is None:
+        return None
+
+    attributes: List[SQLAlchemyAttribute] = []
+
+    for data in mapped_attributes:
+        attr = SQLAlchemyAttribute.deserialize(info, data, api)
+        attr.expand_typevar_from_subtype(info)
+        attributes.append(attr)
+
+    return attributes
+
+
+def format_type(typ_: Type, options: Options) -> str:
+    if mypy_14:
+        return _mypy_format_type(typ_, options)
+    else:
+        return _mypy_format_type(typ_)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def set_mapped_attributes(
+    info: TypeInfo, attributes: List[SQLAlchemyAttribute]
+) -> None:
+    _set_info_metadata(
+        info,
+        "mapped_attributes",
+        [attribute.serialize() for attribute in attributes],
+    )
+
+
+def fail(api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, msg: str, ctx: Context) -> None:
+    msg = "[SQLAlchemy Mypy plugin] %s" % msg
+    return api.fail(msg, ctx)
+
+
+def add_global(
+    ctx: Union[ClassDefContext, DynamicClassDefContext],
+    module: str,
+    symbol_name: str,
+    asname: str,
+) -> None:
+    module_globals = ctx.api.modules[ctx.api.cur_mod_id].names
+
+    if asname not in module_globals:
+        lookup_sym: SymbolTableNode = ctx.api.modules[module].names[
+            symbol_name
+        ]
+
+        module_globals[asname] = lookup_sym
+
+
+@overload
+def get_callexpr_kwarg(
+    callexpr: CallExpr, name: str, *, expr_types: None = ...
+) -> Optional[Union[CallExpr, NameExpr]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def get_callexpr_kwarg(
+    callexpr: CallExpr,
+    name: str,
+    *,
+    expr_types: Tuple[TypingType[_TArgType], ...],
+) -> Optional[_TArgType]: ...
+
+
+def get_callexpr_kwarg(
+    callexpr: CallExpr,
+    name: str,
+    *,
+    expr_types: Optional[Tuple[TypingType[Any], ...]] = None,
+) -> Optional[Any]:
+    try:
+        arg_idx = callexpr.arg_names.index(name)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+    kwarg = callexpr.args[arg_idx]
+    if isinstance(
+        kwarg, expr_types if expr_types is not None else (NameExpr, CallExpr)
+    ):
+        return kwarg
+
+    return None
+
+
+def flatten_typechecking(stmts: Iterable[Statement]) -> Iterator[Statement]:
+    for stmt in stmts:
+        if (
+            isinstance(stmt, IfStmt)
+            and isinstance(stmt.expr[0], NameExpr)
+            and stmt.expr[0].fullname == "typing.TYPE_CHECKING"
+        ):
+            yield from stmt.body[0].body
+        else:
+            yield stmt
+
+
+def type_for_callee(callee: Expression) -> Optional[Union[Instance, TypeInfo]]:
+    if isinstance(callee, (MemberExpr, NameExpr)):
+        if isinstance(callee.node, FuncDef):
+            if callee.node.type and isinstance(callee.node.type, CallableType):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return ret_type
+
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeAlias):
+            target_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.target)
+            if isinstance(target_type, Instance):
+                return target_type
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeInfo):
+            return callee.node
+    return None
+
+
+def unbound_to_instance(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, typ: Type
+) -> Type:
+    """Take the UnboundType that we seem to get as the ret_type from a FuncDef
+    and convert it into an Instance/TypeInfo kind of structure that seems
+    to work as the left-hand type of an AssignmentStatement.
+
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(typ, UnboundType):
+        return typ
+
+    # TODO: figure out a more robust way to check this.  The node is some
+    # kind of _SpecialForm, there's a typing.Optional that's _SpecialForm,
+    # but I can't figure out how to get them to match up
+    if typ.name == "Optional":
+        # convert from "Optional?" to the more familiar
+        # UnionType[..., NoneType()]
+        return unbound_to_instance(
+            api,
+            UnionType(
+                [unbound_to_instance(api, typ_arg) for typ_arg in typ.args]
+                + [NoneType()]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    node = api.lookup_qualified(typ.name, typ)
+
+    if (
+        node is not None
+        and isinstance(node, SymbolTableNode)
+        and isinstance(node.node, TypeInfo)
+    ):
+        bound_type = node.node
+
+        return Instance(
+            bound_type,
+            [
+                (
+                    unbound_to_instance(api, arg)
+                    if isinstance(arg, UnboundType)
+                    else arg
+                )
+                for arg in typ.args
+            ],
+        )
+    else:
+        return typ
+
+
+def info_for_cls(
+    cls: ClassDef, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+) -> Optional[TypeInfo]:
+    if cls.info is CLASSDEF_NO_INFO:
+        sym = api.lookup_qualified(cls.name, cls)
+        if sym is None:
+            return None
+        assert sym and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+        return sym.node
+
+    return cls.info
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d14bbd81e69fbe623497d82bcc71914df9810cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+# ext/orderinglist.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""A custom list that manages index/position information for contained
+elements.
+
+:author: Jason Kirtland
+
+``orderinglist`` is a helper for mutable ordered relationships.  It will
+intercept list operations performed on a :func:`_orm.relationship`-managed
+collection and
+automatically synchronize changes in list position onto a target scalar
+attribute.
+
+Example: A ``slide`` table, where each row refers to zero or more entries
+in a related ``bullet`` table.   The bullets within a slide are
+displayed in order based on the value of the ``position`` column in the
+``bullet`` table.   As entries are reordered in memory, the value of the
+``position`` attribute should be updated to reflect the new sort order::
+
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position")
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bullet'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('slide.id'))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+The standard relationship mapping will produce a list-like attribute on each
+``Slide`` containing all related ``Bullet`` objects,
+but coping with changes in ordering is not handled automatically.
+When appending a ``Bullet`` into ``Slide.bullets``, the ``Bullet.position``
+attribute will remain unset until manually assigned.   When the ``Bullet``
+is inserted into the middle of the list, the following ``Bullet`` objects
+will also need to be renumbered.
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` object automates this task, managing the
+``position`` attribute on all ``Bullet`` objects in the collection.  It is
+constructed using the :func:`.ordering_list` factory::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position",
+                                collection_class=ordering_list('position'))
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bullet'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('slide.id'))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+With the above mapping the ``Bullet.position`` attribute is managed::
+
+    s = Slide()
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets[1].position
+    >>> 1
+    s.bullets.insert(1, Bullet())
+    s.bullets[2].position
+    >>> 2
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` construct only works with **changes** to a
+collection, and not the initial load from the database, and requires that the
+list be sorted when loaded.  Therefore, be sure to specify ``order_by`` on the
+:func:`_orm.relationship` against the target ordering attribute, so that the
+ordering is correct when first loaded.
+
+.. warning::
+
+  :class:`.OrderingList` only provides limited functionality when a primary
+  key column or unique column is the target of the sort.  Operations
+  that are unsupported or are problematic include:
+
+    * two entries must trade values.  This is not supported directly in the
+      case of a primary key or unique constraint because it means at least
+      one row would need to be temporarily removed first, or changed to
+      a third, neutral value while the switch occurs.
+
+    * an entry must be deleted in order to make room for a new entry.
+      SQLAlchemy's unit of work performs all INSERTs before DELETEs within a
+      single flush.  In the case of a primary key, it will trade
+      an INSERT/DELETE of the same primary key for an UPDATE statement in order
+      to lessen the impact of this limitation, however this does not take place
+      for a UNIQUE column.
+      A future feature will allow the "DELETE before INSERT" behavior to be
+      possible, alleviating this limitation, though this feature will require
+      explicit configuration at the mapper level for sets of columns that
+      are to be handled in this way.
+
+:func:`.ordering_list` takes the name of the related object's ordering
+attribute as an argument.  By default, the zero-based integer index of the
+object's position in the :func:`.ordering_list` is synchronized with the
+ordering attribute: index 0 will get position 0, index 1 position 1, etc.  To
+start numbering at 1 or some other integer, provide ``count_from=1``.
+
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from ..orm.collections import collection
+from ..orm.collections import collection_adapter
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+OrderingFunc = Callable[[int, Sequence[_T]], int]
+
+
+__all__ = ["ordering_list"]
+
+
+def ordering_list(
+    attr: str,
+    count_from: Optional[int] = None,
+    ordering_func: Optional[OrderingFunc] = None,
+    reorder_on_append: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[], OrderingList]:
+    """Prepares an :class:`OrderingList` factory for use in mapper definitions.
+
+    Returns an object suitable for use as an argument to a Mapper
+    relationship's ``collection_class`` option.  e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+        class Slide(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String)
+
+            bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position",
+                                    collection_class=ordering_list('position'))
+
+    :param attr:
+      Name of the mapped attribute to use for storage and retrieval of
+      ordering information
+
+    :param count_from:
+      Set up an integer-based ordering, starting at ``count_from``.  For
+      example, ``ordering_list('pos', count_from=1)`` would create a 1-based
+      list in SQL, storing the value in the 'pos' column.  Ignored if
+      ``ordering_func`` is supplied.
+
+    Additional arguments are passed to the :class:`.OrderingList` constructor.
+
+    """
+
+    kw = _unsugar_count_from(
+        count_from=count_from,
+        ordering_func=ordering_func,
+        reorder_on_append=reorder_on_append,
+    )
+    return lambda: OrderingList(attr, **kw)
+
+
+# Ordering utility functions
+
+
+def count_from_0(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 0."""
+
+    return index
+
+
+def count_from_1(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 1."""
+
+    return index + 1
+
+
+def count_from_n_factory(start):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at arbitrary start."""
+
+    def f(index, collection):
+        return index + start
+
+    try:
+        f.__name__ = "count_from_%i" % start
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    return f
+
+
+def _unsugar_count_from(**kw):
+    """Builds counting functions from keyword arguments.
+
+    Keyword argument filter, prepares a simple ``ordering_func`` from a
+    ``count_from`` argument, otherwise passes ``ordering_func`` on unchanged.
+    """
+
+    count_from = kw.pop("count_from", None)
+    if kw.get("ordering_func", None) is None and count_from is not None:
+        if count_from == 0:
+            kw["ordering_func"] = count_from_0
+        elif count_from == 1:
+            kw["ordering_func"] = count_from_1
+        else:
+            kw["ordering_func"] = count_from_n_factory(count_from)
+    return kw
+
+
+class OrderingList(List[_T]):
+    """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+    The :class:`.OrderingList` object is normally set up using the
+    :func:`.ordering_list` factory function, used in conjunction with
+    the :func:`_orm.relationship` function.
+
+    """
+
+    ordering_attr: str
+    ordering_func: OrderingFunc
+    reorder_on_append: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ordering_attr: Optional[str] = None,
+        ordering_func: Optional[OrderingFunc] = None,
+        reorder_on_append: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+        ``OrderingList`` is a ``collection_class`` list implementation that
+        syncs position in a Python list with a position attribute on the
+        mapped objects.
+
+        This implementation relies on the list starting in the proper order,
+        so be **sure** to put an ``order_by`` on your relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_attr:
+          Name of the attribute that stores the object's order in the
+          relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_func: Optional.  A function that maps the position in
+          the Python list to a value to store in the
+          ``ordering_attr``.  Values returned are usually (but need not be!)
+          integers.
+
+          An ``ordering_func`` is called with two positional parameters: the
+          index of the element in the list, and the list itself.
+
+          If omitted, Python list indexes are used for the attribute values.
+          Two basic pre-built numbering functions are provided in this module:
+          ``count_from_0`` and ``count_from_1``.  For more exotic examples
+          like stepped numbering, alphabetical and Fibonacci numbering, see
+          the unit tests.
+
+        :param reorder_on_append:
+          Default False.  When appending an object with an existing (non-None)
+          ordering value, that value will be left untouched unless
+          ``reorder_on_append`` is true.  This is an optimization to avoid a
+          variety of dangerous unexpected database writes.
+
+          SQLAlchemy will add instances to the list via append() when your
+          object loads.  If for some reason the result set from the database
+          skips a step in the ordering (say, row '1' is missing but you get
+          '2', '3', and '4'), reorder_on_append=True would immediately
+          renumber the items to '1', '2', '3'.  If you have multiple sessions
+          making changes, any of whom happen to load this collection even in
+          passing, all of the sessions would try to "clean up" the numbering
+          in their commits, possibly causing all but one to fail with a
+          concurrent modification error.
+
+          Recommend leaving this with the default of False, and just call
+          ``reorder()`` if you're doing ``append()`` operations with
+          previously ordered instances or when doing some housekeeping after
+          manual sql operations.
+
+        """
+        self.ordering_attr = ordering_attr
+        if ordering_func is None:
+            ordering_func = count_from_0
+        self.ordering_func = ordering_func
+        self.reorder_on_append = reorder_on_append
+
+    # More complex serialization schemes (multi column, e.g.) are possible by
+    # subclassing and reimplementing these two methods.
+    def _get_order_value(self, entity):
+        return getattr(entity, self.ordering_attr)
+
+    def _set_order_value(self, entity, value):
+        setattr(entity, self.ordering_attr, value)
+
+    def reorder(self) -> None:
+        """Synchronize ordering for the entire collection.
+
+        Sweeps through the list and ensures that each object has accurate
+        ordering information set.
+
+        """
+        for index, entity in enumerate(self):
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+
+    # As of 0.5, _reorder is no longer semi-private
+    _reorder = reorder
+
+    def _order_entity(self, index, entity, reorder=True):
+        have = self._get_order_value(entity)
+
+        # Don't disturb existing ordering if reorder is False
+        if have is not None and not reorder:
+            return
+
+        should_be = self.ordering_func(index, self)
+        if have != should_be:
+            self._set_order_value(entity, should_be)
+
+    def append(self, entity):
+        super().append(entity)
+        self._order_entity(len(self) - 1, entity, self.reorder_on_append)
+
+    def _raw_append(self, entity):
+        """Append without any ordering behavior."""
+
+        super().append(entity)
+
+    _raw_append = collection.adds(1)(_raw_append)
+
+    def insert(self, index, entity):
+        super().insert(index, entity)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def remove(self, entity):
+        super().remove(entity)
+
+        adapter = collection_adapter(self)
+        if adapter and adapter._referenced_by_owner:
+            self._reorder()
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        entity = super().pop(index)
+        self._reorder()
+        return entity
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, entity):
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            step = index.step or 1
+            start = index.start or 0
+            if start < 0:
+                start += len(self)
+            stop = index.stop or len(self)
+            if stop < 0:
+                stop += len(self)
+
+            for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                self.__setitem__(i, entity[i])
+        else:
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+            super().__setitem__(index, entity)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        super().__delitem__(index)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+        super().__setslice__(start, end, values)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+        super().__delslice__(start, end)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _reconstitute, (self.__class__, self.__dict__, list(self))
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (
+            callable(func)
+            and func.__name__ == func_name
+            and not func.__doc__
+            and hasattr(list, func_name)
+        ):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+def _reconstitute(cls, dict_, items):
+    """Reconstitute an :class:`.OrderingList`.
+
+    This is the adjoint to :meth:`.OrderingList.__reduce__`.  It is used for
+    unpickling :class:`.OrderingList` objects.
+
+    """
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__dict__.update(dict_)
+    list.extend(obj, items)
+    return obj
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f5dd57dbbf5bdaf132132c8bf8d9b2636bf61af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# ext/serializer.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Serializer/Deserializer objects for usage with SQLAlchemy query structures,
+allowing "contextual" deserialization.
+
+.. legacy::
+
+    The serializer extension is **legacy** and should not be used for
+    new development.
+
+Any SQLAlchemy query structure, either based on sqlalchemy.sql.*
+or sqlalchemy.orm.* can be used.  The mappers, Tables, Columns, Session
+etc. which are referenced by the structure are not persisted in serialized
+form, but are instead re-associated with the query structure
+when it is deserialized.
+
+.. warning:: The serializer extension uses pickle to serialize and
+   deserialize objects, so the same security consideration mentioned
+   in the `python documentation
+   <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html>`_ apply.
+
+Usage is nearly the same as that of the standard Python pickle module::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.serializer import loads, dumps
+    metadata = MetaData(bind=some_engine)
+    Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+    # ... define mappers
+
+    query = Session.query(MyClass).
+        filter(MyClass.somedata=='foo').order_by(MyClass.sortkey)
+
+    # pickle the query
+    serialized = dumps(query)
+
+    # unpickle.  Pass in metadata + scoped_session
+    query2 = loads(serialized, metadata, Session)
+
+    print query2.all()
+
+Similar restrictions as when using raw pickle apply; mapped classes must be
+themselves be pickleable, meaning they are importable from a module-level
+namespace.
+
+The serializer module is only appropriate for query structures.  It is not
+needed for:
+
+* instances of user-defined classes.   These contain no references to engines,
+  sessions or expression constructs in the typical case and can be serialized
+  directly.
+
+* Table metadata that is to be loaded entirely from the serialized structure
+  (i.e. is not already declared in the application).   Regular
+  pickle.loads()/dumps() can be used to fully dump any ``MetaData`` object,
+  typically one which was reflected from an existing database at some previous
+  point in time.  The serializer module is specifically for the opposite case,
+  where the Table metadata is already present in memory.
+
+"""
+
+from io import BytesIO
+import pickle
+import re
+
+from .. import Column
+from .. import Table
+from ..engine import Engine
+from ..orm import class_mapper
+from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..util import b64decode
+from ..util import b64encode
+
+
+__all__ = ["Serializer", "Deserializer", "dumps", "loads"]
+
+
+def Serializer(*args, **kw):
+    pickler = pickle.Pickler(*args, **kw)
+
+    def persistent_id(obj):
+        # print "serializing:", repr(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, Mapper) and not obj.non_primary:
+            id_ = "mapper:" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.class_))
+        elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty) and not obj.parent.non_primary:
+            id_ = (
+                "mapperprop:"
+                + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.parent.class_))
+                + ":"
+                + obj.key
+            )
+        elif isinstance(obj, Table):
+            if "parententity" in obj._annotations:
+                id_ = "mapper_selectable:" + b64encode(
+                    pickle.dumps(obj._annotations["parententity"].class_)
+                )
+            else:
+                id_ = f"table:{obj.key}"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Column) and isinstance(obj.table, Table):
+            id_ = f"column:{obj.table.key}:{obj.key}"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Session):
+            id_ = "session:"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Engine):
+            id_ = "engine:"
+        else:
+            return None
+        return id_
+
+    pickler.persistent_id = persistent_id
+    return pickler
+
+
+our_ids = re.compile(
+    r"(mapperprop|mapper|mapper_selectable|table|column|"
+    r"session|attribute|engine):(.*)"
+)
+
+
+def Deserializer(file, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    unpickler = pickle.Unpickler(file)
+
+    def get_engine():
+        if engine:
+            return engine
+        elif scoped_session and scoped_session().bind:
+            return scoped_session().bind
+        elif metadata and metadata.bind:
+            return metadata.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def persistent_load(id_):
+        m = our_ids.match(str(id_))
+        if not m:
+            return None
+        else:
+            type_, args = m.group(1, 2)
+            if type_ == "attribute":
+                key, clsarg = args.split(":")
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(clsarg))
+                return getattr(cls, key)
+            elif type_ == "mapper":
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(args))
+                return class_mapper(cls)
+            elif type_ == "mapper_selectable":
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(args))
+                return class_mapper(cls).__clause_element__()
+            elif type_ == "mapperprop":
+                mapper, keyname = args.split(":")
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(mapper))
+                return class_mapper(cls).attrs[keyname]
+            elif type_ == "table":
+                return metadata.tables[args]
+            elif type_ == "column":
+                table, colname = args.split(":")
+                return metadata.tables[table].c[colname]
+            elif type_ == "session":
+                return scoped_session()
+            elif type_ == "engine":
+                return get_engine()
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Unknown token: %s" % type_)
+
+    unpickler.persistent_load = persistent_load
+    return unpickler
+
+
+def dumps(obj, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL):
+    buf = BytesIO()
+    pickler = Serializer(buf, protocol)
+    pickler.dump(obj)
+    return buf.getvalue()
+
+
+def loads(data, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    buf = BytesIO(data)
+    unpickler = Deserializer(buf, metadata, scoped_session, engine)
+    return unpickler.load()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5b83c88817dfce0b9ec2f3ee67608d2af60be7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# future/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""2.0 API features.
+
+this module is legacy as 2.0 APIs are now standard.
+
+"""
+from .engine import Connection as Connection
+from .engine import create_engine as create_engine
+from .engine import Engine as Engine
+from ..sql._selectable_constructors import select as select
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/engine.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dcf546cb24d360e11d7df610b2a8ad13fc8b598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/engine.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# future/engine.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""2.0 API features.
+
+this module is legacy as 2.0 APIs are now standard.
+
+"""
+
+from ..engine import Connection as Connection  # noqa: F401
+from ..engine import create_engine as create_engine  # noqa: F401
+from ..engine import Engine as Engine  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf2f152c4f30f408df81ecc1345c3dc651069f08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# orm/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Functional constructs for ORM configuration.
+
+See the SQLAlchemy object relational tutorial and mapper configuration
+documentation for an overview of how this module is used.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from . import exc as exc
+from . import mapper as mapperlib
+from . import strategy_options as strategy_options
+from ._orm_constructors import _mapper_fn as mapper
+from ._orm_constructors import aliased as aliased
+from ._orm_constructors import backref as backref
+from ._orm_constructors import clear_mappers as clear_mappers
+from ._orm_constructors import column_property as column_property
+from ._orm_constructors import composite as composite
+from ._orm_constructors import contains_alias as contains_alias
+from ._orm_constructors import create_session as create_session
+from ._orm_constructors import deferred as deferred
+from ._orm_constructors import dynamic_loader as dynamic_loader
+from ._orm_constructors import join as join
+from ._orm_constructors import mapped_column as mapped_column
+from ._orm_constructors import orm_insert_sentinel as orm_insert_sentinel
+from ._orm_constructors import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from ._orm_constructors import query_expression as query_expression
+from ._orm_constructors import relationship as relationship
+from ._orm_constructors import synonym as synonym
+from ._orm_constructors import with_loader_criteria as with_loader_criteria
+from ._orm_constructors import with_polymorphic as with_polymorphic
+from .attributes import AttributeEventToken as AttributeEventToken
+from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute as InstrumentedAttribute
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute as QueryableAttribute
+from .base import class_mapper as class_mapper
+from .base import DynamicMapped as DynamicMapped
+from .base import InspectionAttrExtensionType as InspectionAttrExtensionType
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus as LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import Mapped as Mapped
+from .base import NotExtension as NotExtension
+from .base import ORMDescriptor as ORMDescriptor
+from .base import PassiveFlag as PassiveFlag
+from .base import SQLORMExpression as SQLORMExpression
+from .base import WriteOnlyMapped as WriteOnlyMapped
+from .context import FromStatement as FromStatement
+from .context import QueryContext as QueryContext
+from .decl_api import add_mapped_attribute as add_mapped_attribute
+from .decl_api import as_declarative as as_declarative
+from .decl_api import declarative_base as declarative_base
+from .decl_api import declarative_mixin as declarative_mixin
+from .decl_api import DeclarativeBase as DeclarativeBase
+from .decl_api import DeclarativeBaseNoMeta as DeclarativeBaseNoMeta
+from .decl_api import DeclarativeMeta as DeclarativeMeta
+from .decl_api import declared_attr as declared_attr
+from .decl_api import has_inherited_table as has_inherited_table
+from .decl_api import MappedAsDataclass as MappedAsDataclass
+from .decl_api import registry as registry
+from .decl_api import synonym_for as synonym_for
+from .decl_base import MappedClassProtocol as MappedClassProtocol
+from .descriptor_props import Composite as Composite
+from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty as CompositeProperty
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym as Synonym
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty as SynonymProperty
+from .dynamic import AppenderQuery as AppenderQuery
+from .events import AttributeEvents as AttributeEvents
+from .events import InstanceEvents as InstanceEvents
+from .events import InstrumentationEvents as InstrumentationEvents
+from .events import MapperEvents as MapperEvents
+from .events import QueryEvents as QueryEvents
+from .events import SessionEvents as SessionEvents
+from .identity import IdentityMap as IdentityMap
+from .instrumentation import ClassManager as ClassManager
+from .interfaces import EXT_CONTINUE as EXT_CONTINUE
+from .interfaces import EXT_SKIP as EXT_SKIP
+from .interfaces import EXT_STOP as EXT_STOP
+from .interfaces import InspectionAttr as InspectionAttr
+from .interfaces import InspectionAttrInfo as InspectionAttrInfo
+from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY as MANYTOMANY
+from .interfaces import MANYTOONE as MANYTOONE
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty as MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import NO_KEY as NO_KEY
+from .interfaces import NO_VALUE as NO_VALUE
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY as ONETOMANY
+from .interfaces import PropComparator as PropComparator
+from .interfaces import RelationshipDirection as RelationshipDirection
+from .interfaces import UserDefinedOption as UserDefinedOption
+from .loading import merge_frozen_result as merge_frozen_result
+from .loading import merge_result as merge_result
+from .mapped_collection import attribute_keyed_dict as attribute_keyed_dict
+from .mapped_collection import (
+    attribute_mapped_collection as attribute_mapped_collection,
+)
+from .mapped_collection import column_keyed_dict as column_keyed_dict
+from .mapped_collection import (
+    column_mapped_collection as column_mapped_collection,
+)
+from .mapped_collection import keyfunc_mapping as keyfunc_mapping
+from .mapped_collection import KeyFuncDict as KeyFuncDict
+from .mapped_collection import mapped_collection as mapped_collection
+from .mapped_collection import MappedCollection as MappedCollection
+from .mapper import configure_mappers as configure_mappers
+from .mapper import Mapper as Mapper
+from .mapper import reconstructor as reconstructor
+from .mapper import validates as validates
+from .properties import ColumnProperty as ColumnProperty
+from .properties import MappedColumn as MappedColumn
+from .properties import MappedSQLExpression as MappedSQLExpression
+from .query import AliasOption as AliasOption
+from .query import Query as Query
+from .relationships import foreign as foreign
+from .relationships import Relationship as Relationship
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty as RelationshipProperty
+from .relationships import remote as remote
+from .scoping import QueryPropertyDescriptor as QueryPropertyDescriptor
+from .scoping import scoped_session as scoped_session
+from .session import close_all_sessions as close_all_sessions
+from .session import make_transient as make_transient
+from .session import make_transient_to_detached as make_transient_to_detached
+from .session import object_session as object_session
+from .session import ORMExecuteState as ORMExecuteState
+from .session import Session as Session
+from .session import sessionmaker as sessionmaker
+from .session import SessionTransaction as SessionTransaction
+from .session import SessionTransactionOrigin as SessionTransactionOrigin
+from .state import AttributeState as AttributeState
+from .state import InstanceState as InstanceState
+from .strategy_options import contains_eager as contains_eager
+from .strategy_options import defaultload as defaultload
+from .strategy_options import defer as defer
+from .strategy_options import immediateload as immediateload
+from .strategy_options import joinedload as joinedload
+from .strategy_options import lazyload as lazyload
+from .strategy_options import Load as Load
+from .strategy_options import load_only as load_only
+from .strategy_options import noload as noload
+from .strategy_options import raiseload as raiseload
+from .strategy_options import selectin_polymorphic as selectin_polymorphic
+from .strategy_options import selectinload as selectinload
+from .strategy_options import subqueryload as subqueryload
+from .strategy_options import undefer as undefer
+from .strategy_options import undefer_group as undefer_group
+from .strategy_options import with_expression as with_expression
+from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction as UOWTransaction
+from .util import Bundle as Bundle
+from .util import CascadeOptions as CascadeOptions
+from .util import LoaderCriteriaOption as LoaderCriteriaOption
+from .util import object_mapper as object_mapper
+from .util import polymorphic_union as polymorphic_union
+from .util import was_deleted as was_deleted
+from .util import with_parent as with_parent
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyCollection as WriteOnlyCollection
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+
+def __go(lcls: Any) -> None:
+    _sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    _sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.ext")
+
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_orm_constructors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_orm_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ad434c037868ffe5ce1794302dded29d0e258e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_orm_constructors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2471 @@
+# orm/_orm_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import mapperlib as mapperlib
+from ._typing import _O
+from .descriptor_props import Composite
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .properties import MappedColumn
+from .properties import MappedSQLExpression
+from .query import AliasOption
+from .relationships import _RelationshipArgumentType
+from .relationships import _RelationshipDeclared
+from .relationships import _RelationshipSecondaryArgument
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .session import Session
+from .util import _ORMJoin
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .util import AliasedInsp
+from .util import LoaderCriteriaOption
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..exc import InvalidRequestError
+from ..sql._typing import _no_kw
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+from ..sql.schema import _InsertSentinelColumnDefault
+from ..sql.schema import SchemaConst
+from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+from ..util.typing import Annotated
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ORMColumnExprArgument
+    from .descriptor_props import _CC
+    from .descriptor_props import _CompositeAttrType
+    from .interfaces import PropComparator
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .relationships import _LazyLoadArgumentType
+    from .relationships import _ORMColCollectionArgument
+    from .relationships import _ORMOrderByArgument
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipJoinConditionArgument
+    from .relationships import ORMBackrefArgument
+    from .session import _SessionBind
+    from ..sql._typing import _AutoIncrementType
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.schema import _ServerDefaultArgument
+    from ..sql.schema import FetchedValue
+    from ..sql.selectable import Alias
+    from ..sql.selectable import Subquery
+
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+@util.deprecated(
+    "1.4",
+    "The :class:`.AliasOption` object is not necessary "
+    "for entities to be matched up to a query that is established "
+    "via :meth:`.Query.from_statement` and now does nothing.",
+    enable_warnings=False,  # AliasOption itself warns
+)
+def contains_alias(alias: Union[Alias, Subquery]) -> AliasOption:
+    r"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the
+    :class:`_query.Query`
+    that the main table has been aliased.
+
+    """
+    return AliasOption(alias)
+
+
+def mapped_column(
+    __name_pos: Optional[
+        Union[str, _TypeEngineArgument[Any], SchemaEventTarget]
+    ] = None,
+    __type_pos: Optional[
+        Union[_TypeEngineArgument[Any], SchemaEventTarget]
+    ] = None,
+    *args: SchemaEventTarget,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    nullable: Optional[
+        Union[bool, Literal[SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED]]
+    ] = SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED,
+    primary_key: Optional[bool] = False,
+    deferred: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    deferred_group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred_raiseload: Optional[bool] = None,
+    use_existing_column: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    autoincrement: _AutoIncrementType = "auto",
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    key: Optional[str] = None,
+    index: Optional[bool] = None,
+    unique: Optional[bool] = None,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    onupdate: Optional[Any] = None,
+    insert_default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    server_default: Optional[_ServerDefaultArgument] = None,
+    server_onupdate: Optional[FetchedValue] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+    system: bool = False,
+    comment: Optional[str] = None,
+    sort_order: Union[_NoArg, int] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> MappedColumn[Any]:
+    r"""declare a new ORM-mapped :class:`_schema.Column` construct
+    for use within :ref:`Declarative Table <orm_declarative_table>`
+    configuration.
+
+    The :func:`_orm.mapped_column` function provides an ORM-aware and
+    Python-typing-compatible construct which is used with
+    :ref:`declarative <orm_declarative_mapping>` mappings to indicate an
+    attribute that's mapped to a Core :class:`_schema.Column` object.  It
+    provides the equivalent feature as mapping an attribute to a
+    :class:`_schema.Column` object directly when using Declarative,
+    specifically when using :ref:`Declarative Table <orm_declarative_table>`
+    configuration.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :func:`_orm.mapped_column` is normally used with explicit typing along with
+    the :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotation type, where it can derive the SQL
+    type and nullability for the column based on what's present within the
+    :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotation.   It also may be used without annotations
+    as a drop-in replacement for how :class:`_schema.Column` is used in
+    Declarative mappings in SQLAlchemy 1.x style.
+
+    For usage examples of :func:`_orm.mapped_column`, see the documentation
+    at :ref:`orm_declarative_table`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table` - complete documentation
+
+        :ref:`whatsnew_20_orm_declarative_typing` - migration notes for
+        Declarative mappings using 1.x style mappings
+
+    :param __name: String name to give to the :class:`_schema.Column`.  This
+     is an optional, positional only argument that if present must be the
+     first positional argument passed.  If omitted, the attribute name to
+     which the :func:`_orm.mapped_column`  is mapped will be used as the SQL
+     column name.
+    :param __type: :class:`_types.TypeEngine` type or instance which will
+     indicate the datatype to be associated with the :class:`_schema.Column`.
+     This is an optional, positional-only argument that if present must
+     immediately follow the ``__name`` parameter if present also, or otherwise
+     be the first positional parameter.  If omitted, the ultimate type for
+     the column may be derived either from the annotated type, or if a
+     :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` is present, from the datatype of the
+     referenced column.
+    :param \*args: Additional positional arguments include constructs such
+     as :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`, :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`,
+     and :class:`_schema.Identity`, which are passed through to the constructed
+     :class:`_schema.Column`.
+    :param nullable: Optional bool, whether the column should be "NULL" or
+     "NOT NULL". If omitted, the nullability is derived from the type
+     annotation based on whether or not ``typing.Optional`` is present.
+     ``nullable`` defaults to ``True`` otherwise for non-primary key columns,
+     and ``False`` for primary key columns.
+    :param primary_key: optional bool, indicates the :class:`_schema.Column`
+     would be part of the table's primary key or not.
+    :param deferred: Optional bool - this keyword argument is consumed by the
+     ORM declarative process, and is not part of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+     itself; instead, it indicates that this column should be "deferred" for
+     loading as though mapped by :func:`_orm.deferred`.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_declarative`
+
+    :param deferred_group: Implies :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.deferred`
+     to ``True``, and set the :paramref:`_orm.deferred.group` parameter.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_group`
+
+    :param deferred_raiseload: Implies :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.deferred`
+     to ``True``, and set the :paramref:`_orm.deferred.raiseload` parameter.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_raiseload`
+
+    :param use_existing_column: if True, will attempt to locate the given
+     column name on an inherited superclass (typically single inheriting
+     superclass), and if present, will not produce a new column, mapping
+     to the superclass column as though it were omitted from this class.
+     This is used for mixins that add new columns to an inherited superclass.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_inheritance_column_conflicts`
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param default: Passed directly to the
+     :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` parameter if the
+     :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default` parameter is not present.
+     Additionally, when used with :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     indicates a default Python value that should be applied to the keyword
+     constructor within the generated ``__init__()`` method.
+
+     Note that in the case of dataclass generation when
+     :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default` is not present, this means
+     the :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default` value is used in **two**
+     places, both the ``__init__()`` method as well as the
+     :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` parameter. While this behavior may
+     change in a future release, for the moment this tends to "work out"; a
+     default of ``None`` will mean that the :class:`_schema.Column` gets no
+     default generator, whereas a default that refers to a non-``None`` Python
+     or SQL expression value will be assigned up front on the object when
+     ``__init__()`` is called, which is the same value that the Core
+     :class:`_sql.Insert` construct would use in any case, leading to the same
+     end result.
+
+     .. note:: When using Core level column defaults that are callables to
+        be interpreted by the underlying :class:`_schema.Column` in conjunction
+        with :ref:`ORM-mapped dataclasses
+        <orm_declarative_native_dataclasses>`, especially those that are
+        :ref:`context-aware default functions <context_default_functions>`,
+        **the** :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default` **parameter must
+        be used instead**.  This is necessary to disambiguate the callable from
+        being interpreted as a dataclass level default.
+
+    :param insert_default: Passed directly to the
+     :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` parameter; will supersede the value
+     of :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default` when present, however
+     :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default` will always apply to the
+     constructor default for a dataclasses mapping.
+
+    :param sort_order: An integer that indicates how this mapped column
+     should be sorted compared to the others when the ORM is creating a
+     :class:`_schema.Table`. Among mapped columns that have the same
+     value the default ordering is used, placing first the mapped columns
+     defined in the main class, then the ones in the super classes.
+     Defaults to 0. The sort is ascending.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+
+        When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+        scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+        already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+        simple non-primary-key scalar values only needs to be
+        aware of the "new" value in order to perform a flush. This
+        flag is available for applications that make use of
+        :func:`.attributes.get_history` or :meth:`.Session.is_modified`
+        which also need to know the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+    :param \**kw: All remaining keyword arguments are passed through to the
+     constructor for the :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+    """
+
+    return MappedColumn(
+        __name_pos,
+        __type_pos,
+        *args,
+        name=name,
+        type_=type_,
+        autoincrement=autoincrement,
+        insert_default=insert_default,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only
+        ),
+        doc=doc,
+        key=key,
+        index=index,
+        unique=unique,
+        info=info,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        nullable=nullable,
+        onupdate=onupdate,
+        primary_key=primary_key,
+        server_default=server_default,
+        server_onupdate=server_onupdate,
+        use_existing_column=use_existing_column,
+        quote=quote,
+        comment=comment,
+        system=system,
+        deferred=deferred,
+        deferred_group=deferred_group,
+        deferred_raiseload=deferred_raiseload,
+        sort_order=sort_order,
+        **kw,
+    )
+
+
+def orm_insert_sentinel(
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    *,
+    default: Optional[Any] = None,
+    omit_from_statements: bool = True,
+) -> MappedColumn[Any]:
+    """Provides a surrogate :func:`_orm.mapped_column` that generates
+    a so-called :term:`sentinel` column, allowing efficient bulk
+    inserts with deterministic RETURNING sorting for tables that don't
+    otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
+
+    Use of :func:`_orm.orm_insert_sentinel` is analogous to the use of the
+    :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` construct within a Core
+    :class:`_schema.Table` construct.
+
+    Guidelines for adding this construct to a Declarative mapped class
+    are the same as that of the :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` construct;
+    the database table itself also needs to have a column with this name
+    present.
+
+    For background on how this object is used, see the section
+    :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns` as part of the
+    section :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    return mapped_column(
+        name=name,
+        default=(
+            default if default is not None else _InsertSentinelColumnDefault()
+        ),
+        _omit_from_statements=omit_from_statements,
+        insert_sentinel=True,
+        use_existing_column=True,
+        nullable=True,
+    )
+
+
+@util.deprecated_params(
+    **{
+        arg: (
+            "2.0",
+            f"The :paramref:`_orm.column_property.{arg}` parameter is "
+            "deprecated for :func:`_orm.column_property`.  This parameter "
+            "applies to a writeable-attribute in a Declarative Dataclasses "
+            "configuration only, and :func:`_orm.column_property` is treated "
+            "as a read-only attribute in this context.",
+        )
+        for arg in ("init", "kw_only", "default", "default_factory")
+    }
+)
+def column_property(
+    column: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T],
+    *additional_columns: _ORMColumnExprArgument[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> MappedSQLExpression[_T]:
+    r"""Provide a column-level property for use with a mapping.
+
+    With Declarative mappings, :func:`_orm.column_property` is used to
+    map read-only SQL expressions to a mapped class.
+
+    When using Imperative mappings, :func:`_orm.column_property` also
+    takes on the role of mapping table columns with additional features.
+    When using fully Declarative mappings, the :func:`_orm.mapped_column`
+    construct should be used for this purpose.
+
+    With Declarative Dataclass mappings, :func:`_orm.column_property`
+    is considered to be **read only**, and will not be included in the
+    Dataclass ``__init__()`` constructor.
+
+    The :func:`_orm.column_property` function returns an instance of
+    :class:`.ColumnProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions` - general use of
+        :func:`_orm.column_property` to map SQL expressions
+
+        :ref:`orm_imperative_table_column_options` - usage of
+        :func:`_orm.column_property` with Imperative Table mappings to apply
+        additional options to a plain :class:`_schema.Column` object
+
+    :param \*cols:
+        list of Column objects to be mapped.
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+
+        Used only for Imperative Table mappings, or legacy-style Declarative
+        mappings (i.e. which have not been upgraded to
+        :func:`_orm.mapped_column`), for column-based attributes that are
+        expected to be writeable; use :func:`_orm.mapped_column` with
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.active_history` for Declarative mappings.
+        See that parameter for functional details.
+
+    :param comparator_factory: a class which extends
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+        clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+    :param group:
+        a group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+    :param deferred:
+        when True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that
+        it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the
+        attribute is first accessed on an instance.  See also
+        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+    :param doc:
+        optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+        class-bound descriptor.
+
+    :param expire_on_flush=True:
+        Disable expiry on flush.   A column_property() which refers
+        to a SQL expression (and not a single table-bound column)
+        is considered to be a "read only" property; populating it
+        has no effect on the state of data, and it can only return
+        database state.   For this reason a column_property()'s value
+        is expired whenever the parent object is involved in a
+        flush, that is, has any kind of "dirty" state within a flush.
+        Setting this parameter to ``False`` will have the effect of
+        leaving any existing value present after the flush proceeds.
+        Note that the :class:`.Session` with default expiration
+        settings still expires
+        all attributes after a :meth:`.Session.commit` call, however.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param raiseload: if True, indicates the column should raise an error
+        when undeferred, rather than loading the value.  This can be
+        altered at query time by using the :func:`.deferred` option with
+        raiseload=False.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_raiseload`
+
+    :param init:
+
+    :param default:
+
+    :param default_factory:
+
+    :param kw_only:
+
+    """
+    return MappedSQLExpression(
+        column,
+        *additional_columns,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            False if init is _NoArg.NO_ARG else init,
+            repr,
+            default,
+            default_factory,
+            compare,
+            kw_only,
+        ),
+        group=group,
+        deferred=deferred,
+        raiseload=raiseload,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        expire_on_flush=expire_on_flush,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes=True,
+    )
+
+
+@overload
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: Type[_CC],
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[_CC]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: Callable[..., _CC],
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[_CC]: ...
+
+
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: Union[
+        None, Type[_CC], Callable[..., _CC], _CompositeAttrType[Any]
+    ] = None,
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[Any]:
+    r"""Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.
+
+    See the mapping documentation section :ref:`mapper_composite` for a
+    full usage example.
+
+    The :class:`.MapperProperty` returned by :func:`.composite`
+    is the :class:`.Composite`.
+
+    :param class\_:
+      The "composite type" class, or any classmethod or callable which
+      will produce a new instance of the composite object given the
+      column values in order.
+
+    :param \*attrs:
+      List of elements to be mapped, which may include:
+
+      * :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+      * :func:`_orm.mapped_column` constructs
+      * string names of other attributes on the mapped class, which may be
+        any other SQL or object-mapped attribute.  This can for
+        example allow a composite that refers to a many-to-one relationship
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+      When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+      scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+      already loaded.  See the same flag on :func:`.column_property`.
+
+    :param group:
+      A group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+    :param deferred:
+      When True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that it does
+      not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is
+      first accessed on an instance.  See also
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+    :param comparator_factory:  a class which extends
+      :class:`.Composite.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+      clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+    :param doc:
+      optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+      class-bound descriptor.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+    """
+    if __kw:
+        raise _no_kw()
+
+    return Composite(
+        _class_or_attr,
+        *attrs,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only
+        ),
+        group=group,
+        deferred=deferred,
+        raiseload=raiseload,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+    )
+
+
+def with_loader_criteria(
+    entity_or_base: _EntityType[Any],
+    where_criteria: Union[
+        _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+        Callable[[Any], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+    ],
+    loader_only: bool = False,
+    include_aliases: bool = False,
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+    track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+) -> LoaderCriteriaOption:
+    """Add additional WHERE criteria to the load for all occurrences of
+    a particular entity.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    The :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option is intended to add
+    limiting criteria to a particular kind of entity in a query,
+    **globally**, meaning it will apply to the entity as it appears
+    in the SELECT query as well as within any subqueries, join
+    conditions, and relationship loads, including both eager and lazy
+    loaders, without the need for it to be specified in any particular
+    part of the query.    The rendering logic uses the same system used by
+    single table inheritance to ensure a certain discriminator is applied
+    to a table.
+
+    E.g., using :term:`2.0-style` queries, we can limit the way the
+    ``User.addresses`` collection is loaded, regardless of the kind
+    of loading used::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import with_loader_criteria
+
+        stmt = select(User).options(
+            selectinload(User.addresses),
+            with_loader_criteria(Address, Address.email_address != 'foo'))
+        )
+
+    Above, the "selectinload" for ``User.addresses`` will apply the
+    given filtering criteria to the WHERE clause.
+
+    Another example, where the filtering will be applied to the
+    ON clause of the join, in this example using :term:`1.x style`
+    queries::
+
+        q = session.query(User).outerjoin(User.addresses).options(
+            with_loader_criteria(Address, Address.email_address != 'foo'))
+        )
+
+    The primary purpose of :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` is to use
+    it in the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event handler
+    to ensure that all occurrences of a particular entity are filtered
+    in a certain way, such as filtering for access control roles.    It
+    also can be used to apply criteria to relationship loads.  In the
+    example below, we can apply a certain set of rules to all queries
+    emitted by a particular :class:`_orm.Session`::
+
+        session = Session(bind=engine)
+
+        @event.listens_for("do_orm_execute", session)
+        def _add_filtering_criteria(execute_state):
+
+            if (
+                execute_state.is_select
+                and not execute_state.is_column_load
+                and not execute_state.is_relationship_load
+            ):
+                execute_state.statement = execute_state.statement.options(
+                    with_loader_criteria(
+                        SecurityRole,
+                        lambda cls: cls.role.in_(['some_role']),
+                        include_aliases=True
+                    )
+                )
+
+    In the above example, the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+    event will intercept all queries emitted using the
+    :class:`_orm.Session`. For those queries which are SELECT statements
+    and are not attribute or relationship loads a custom
+    :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option is added to the query.    The
+    :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option will be used in the given
+    statement and will also be automatically propagated to all relationship
+    loads that descend from this query.
+
+    The criteria argument given is a ``lambda`` that accepts a ``cls``
+    argument.  The given class will expand to include all mapped subclass
+    and need not itself be a mapped class.
+
+    .. tip::
+
+       When using :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option in
+       conjunction with the :func:`_orm.contains_eager` loader option,
+       it's important to note that :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` only
+       affects the part of the query that determines what SQL is rendered
+       in terms of the WHERE and FROM clauses. The
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option does not affect the rendering of
+       the SELECT statement outside of the columns clause, so does not have
+       any interaction with the :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option.
+       However, the way things "work" is that :func:`_orm.contains_eager`
+       is meant to be used with a query that is already selecting from the
+       additional entities in some way, where
+       :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` can apply it's additional
+       criteria.
+
+       In the example below, assuming a mapping relationship as
+       ``A -> A.bs -> B``, the given :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria`
+       option will affect the way in which the JOIN is rendered::
+
+            stmt = select(A).join(A.bs).options(
+                contains_eager(A.bs),
+                with_loader_criteria(B, B.flag == 1)
+            )
+
+       Above, the given :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option will
+       affect the ON clause of the JOIN that is specified by
+       ``.join(A.bs)``, so is applied as expected. The
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option has the effect that columns from
+       ``B`` are added to the columns clause::
+
+            SELECT
+                b.id, b.a_id, b.data, b.flag,
+                a.id AS id_1,
+                a.data AS data_1
+            FROM a JOIN b ON a.id = b.a_id AND b.flag = :flag_1
+
+
+       The use of the :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option within the above
+       statement has no effect on the behavior of the
+       :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option. If the
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option were omitted, the SQL would be
+       the same as regards the FROM and WHERE clauses, where
+       :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` continues to add its criteria to
+       the ON clause of the JOIN. The addition of
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` only affects the columns clause, in that
+       additional columns against ``b`` are added which are then consumed
+       by the ORM to produce ``B`` instances.
+
+    .. warning:: The use of a lambda inside of the call to
+      :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` is only invoked **once per unique
+      class**. Custom functions should not be invoked within this lambda.
+      See :ref:`engine_lambda_caching` for an overview of the "lambda SQL"
+      feature, which is for advanced use only.
+
+    :param entity_or_base: a mapped class, or a class that is a super
+     class of a particular set of mapped classes, to which the rule
+     will apply.
+
+    :param where_criteria: a Core SQL expression that applies limiting
+     criteria.   This may also be a "lambda:" or Python function that
+     accepts a target class as an argument, when the given class is
+     a base with many different mapped subclasses.
+
+     .. note:: To support pickling, use a module-level Python function to
+        produce the SQL expression instead of a lambda or a fixed SQL
+        expression, which tend to not be picklable.
+
+    :param include_aliases: if True, apply the rule to :func:`_orm.aliased`
+     constructs as well.
+
+    :param propagate_to_loaders: defaults to True, apply to relationship
+     loaders such as lazy loaders.   This indicates that the
+     option object itself including SQL expression is carried along with
+     each loaded instance.  Set to ``False`` to prevent the object from
+     being assigned to individual instances.
+
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`examples_session_orm_events` - includes examples of using
+        :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria`.
+
+        :ref:`do_orm_execute_global_criteria` - basic example on how to
+        combine :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` with the
+        :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event.
+
+    :param track_closure_variables: when False, closure variables inside
+     of a lambda expression will not be used as part of
+     any cache key.    This allows more complex expressions to be used
+     inside of a lambda expression but requires that the lambda ensures
+     it returns the identical SQL every time given a particular class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+    """
+    return LoaderCriteriaOption(
+        entity_or_base,
+        where_criteria,
+        loader_only,
+        include_aliases,
+        propagate_to_loaders,
+        track_closure_variables,
+    )
+
+
+def relationship(
+    argument: Optional[_RelationshipArgumentType[Any]] = None,
+    secondary: Optional[_RelationshipSecondaryArgument] = None,
+    *,
+    uselist: Optional[bool] = None,
+    collection_class: Optional[
+        Union[Type[Collection[Any]], Callable[[], Collection[Any]]]
+    ] = None,
+    primaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+    secondaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+    back_populates: Optional[str] = None,
+    order_by: _ORMOrderByArgument = False,
+    backref: Optional[ORMBackrefArgument] = None,
+    overlaps: Optional[str] = None,
+    post_update: bool = False,
+    cascade: str = "save-update, merge",
+    viewonly: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Union[_NoArg, _T] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    lazy: _LazyLoadArgumentType = "select",
+    passive_deletes: Union[Literal["all"], bool] = False,
+    passive_updates: bool = True,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    enable_typechecks: bool = True,
+    foreign_keys: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+    remote_side: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+    join_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[
+        Type[RelationshipProperty.Comparator[Any]]
+    ] = None,
+    single_parent: bool = False,
+    innerjoin: bool = False,
+    distinct_target_key: Optional[bool] = None,
+    load_on_pending: bool = False,
+    query_class: Optional[Type[Query[Any]]] = None,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    omit_join: Literal[None, False] = None,
+    sync_backref: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _RelationshipDeclared[Any]:
+    """Provide a relationship between two mapped classes.
+
+    This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship.
+    The constructed class is an instance of :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_related_objects` - tutorial introduction
+        to :func:`_orm.relationship` in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel` - narrative documentation
+
+    :param argument:
+      This parameter refers to the class that is to be related.   It
+      accepts several forms, including a direct reference to the target
+      class itself, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` instance for the target class,
+      a Python callable / lambda that will return a reference to the
+      class or :class:`_orm.Mapper` when called, and finally a string
+      name for the class, which will be resolved from the
+      :class:`_orm.registry` in use in order to locate the class, e.g.::
+
+            class SomeClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                related = relationship("RelatedClass")
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.argument` may also be omitted from the
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` construct entirely, and instead placed inside
+      a :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotation on the left side, which should
+      include a Python collection type if the relationship is expected
+      to be a collection, such as::
+
+            class SomeClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                related_items: Mapped[List["RelatedItem"]] = relationship()
+
+      Or for a many-to-one or one-to-one relationship::
+
+            class SomeClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                related_item: Mapped["RelatedItem"] = relationship()
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_properties` - further detail
+        on relationship configuration when using Declarative.
+
+    :param secondary:
+      For a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
+      table, and is typically an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`.
+      In less common circumstances, the argument may also be specified
+      as an :class:`_expression.Alias` construct, or even a
+      :class:`_expression.Join` construct.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary` may
+      also be passed as a callable function which is evaluated at
+      mapper initialization time.  When using Declarative, it may also
+      be a string argument noting the name of a :class:`_schema.Table`
+      that is
+      present in the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+      collection associated with the
+      parent-mapped :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary` keyword argument is
+      typically applied in the case where the intermediary
+      :class:`_schema.Table`
+      is not otherwise expressed in any direct class mapping. If the
+      "secondary" table is also explicitly mapped elsewhere (e.g. as in
+      :ref:`association_pattern`), one should consider applying the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` flag so that this
+      :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      is not used for persistence operations which
+      may conflict with those of the association object pattern.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationships_many_to_many` - Reference example of "many
+          to many".
+
+          :ref:`self_referential_many_to_many` - Specifics on using
+          many-to-many in a self-referential case.
+
+          :ref:`declarative_many_to_many` - Additional options when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          :ref:`association_pattern` - an alternative to
+          :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`
+          when composing association
+          table relationships, allowing additional attributes to be
+          specified on the association table.
+
+          :ref:`composite_secondary_join` - a lesser-used pattern which
+          in some cases can enable complex :func:`_orm.relationship` SQL
+          conditions to be used.
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+      When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+      many-to-one reference should be loaded when replaced, if
+      not already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+      simple many-to-ones only needs to be aware of the "new"
+      value in order to perform a flush. This flag is available
+      for applications that make use of
+      :func:`.attributes.get_history` which also need to know
+      the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+    :param backref:
+      A reference to a string relationship name, or a :func:`_orm.backref`
+      construct, which will be used to automatically generate a new
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` on the related class, which then refers to this
+      one using a bi-directional :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`
+      configuration.
+
+      In modern Python, explicit use of :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      with :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates` should be preferred,
+      as it is more robust in terms of mapper configuration as well as
+      more conceptually straightforward.  It also integrates with
+      new :pep:`484` typing features introduced in SQLAlchemy 2.0 which
+      is not possible with dynamically generated attributes.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationships_backref` - notes on using
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_related_objects` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`,
+        presents an overview of bi-directional relationship configuration
+        and behaviors using :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`
+
+        :func:`.backref` - allows control over :func:`_orm.relationship`
+        configuration when using :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref`.
+
+
+    :param back_populates:
+      Indicates the name of a :func:`_orm.relationship` on the related
+      class that will be synchronized with this one.   It is usually
+      expected that the :func:`_orm.relationship` on the related class
+      also refer to this one.  This allows objects on both sides of
+      each :func:`_orm.relationship` to synchronize in-Python state
+      changes and also provides directives to the :term:`unit of work`
+      flush process how changes along these relationships should
+      be persisted.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_related_objects` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`,
+        presents an overview of bi-directional relationship configuration
+        and behaviors.
+
+        :ref:`relationship_patterns` - includes many examples of
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`.
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` - legacy form which allows
+        more succinct configuration, but does not support explicit typing
+
+    :param overlaps:
+       A string name or comma-delimited set of names of other relationships
+       on either this mapper, a descendant mapper, or a target mapper with
+       which this relationship may write to the same foreign keys upon
+       persistence.   The only effect this has is to eliminate the
+       warning that this relationship will conflict with another upon
+       persistence.   This is used for such relationships that are truly
+       capable of conflicting with each other on write, but the application
+       will ensure that no such conflicts occur.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`error_qzyx` - usage example
+
+    :param cascade:
+      A comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
+      Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
+      This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
+      should be used - this default cascade is ``"save-update, merge"``.
+
+      The available cascades are ``save-update``, ``merge``,
+      ``expunge``, ``delete``, ``delete-orphan``, and ``refresh-expire``.
+      An additional option, ``all`` indicates shorthand for
+      ``"save-update, merge, refresh-expire,
+      expunge, delete"``, and is often used as in ``"all, delete-orphan"``
+      to indicate that related objects should follow along with the
+      parent object in all cases, and be deleted when de-associated.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - Full detail on each of the available
+        cascade options.
+
+    :param cascade_backrefs=False:
+      Legacy; this flag is always False.
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 2.0 "cascade_backrefs" functionality has been
+         removed.
+
+    :param collection_class:
+      A class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
+      be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`custom_collections` - Introductory documentation and
+        examples.
+
+    :param comparator_factory:
+      A class which extends :class:`.Relationship.Comparator`
+      which provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison
+      operations.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator` - some detail on redefining comparators
+        at this level.
+
+        :ref:`custom_comparators` - Brief intro to this feature.
+
+
+    :param distinct_target_key=None:
+      Indicate if a "subquery" eager load should apply the DISTINCT
+      keyword to the innermost SELECT statement.  When left as ``None``,
+      the DISTINCT keyword will be applied in those cases when the target
+      columns do not comprise the full primary key of the target table.
+      When set to ``True``, the DISTINCT keyword is applied to the
+      innermost SELECT unconditionally.
+
+      It may be desirable to set this flag to False when the DISTINCT is
+      reducing performance of the innermost subquery beyond that of what
+      duplicate innermost rows may be causing.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel` - includes an introduction to subquery
+        eager loading.
+
+    :param doc:
+      Docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
+
+    :param foreign_keys:
+
+      A list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key"
+      columns, or columns which refer to the value in a remote
+      column, within the context of this :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      object's :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
+      That is, if the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin`
+      condition of this :func:`_orm.relationship` is ``a.id ==
+      b.a_id``, and the values in ``b.a_id`` are required to be
+      present in ``a.id``, then the "foreign key" column of this
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` is ``b.a_id``.
+
+      In normal cases, the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys`
+      parameter is **not required.** :func:`_orm.relationship` will
+      automatically determine which columns in the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition are to be
+      considered "foreign key" columns based on those
+      :class:`_schema.Column` objects that specify
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
+      or are otherwise listed as referencing columns in a
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` construct.
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` is only needed when:
+
+        1. There is more than one way to construct a join from the local
+           table to the remote table, as there are multiple foreign key
+           references present.  Setting ``foreign_keys`` will limit the
+           :func:`_orm.relationship`
+           to consider just those columns specified
+           here as "foreign".
+
+        2. The :class:`_schema.Table` being mapped does not actually have
+           :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` or
+           :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+           constructs present, often because the table
+           was reflected from a database that does not support foreign key
+           reflection (MySQL MyISAM).
+
+        3. The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin`
+           argument is used to
+           construct a non-standard join condition, which makes use of
+           columns or expressions that do not normally refer to their
+           "parent" column, such as a join condition expressed by a
+           complex comparison using a SQL function.
+
+      The :func:`_orm.relationship` construct will raise informative
+      error messages that suggest the use of the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter when
+      presented with an ambiguous condition.   In typical cases,
+      if :func:`_orm.relationship` doesn't raise any exceptions, the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter is usually
+      not needed.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_foreign_keys`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.foreign` - allows direct annotation of the "foreign"
+        columns within a :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin`
+        condition.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param innerjoin=False:
+      When ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
+      against related tables instead of an outer join.  The purpose
+      of this option is generally one of performance, as inner joins
+      generally perform better than outer joins.
+
+      This flag can be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an
+      object via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not
+      nullable, or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that
+      is guaranteed to have one or at least one entry.
+
+      The option supports the same "nested" and "unnested" options as
+      that of :paramref:`_orm.joinedload.innerjoin`.  See that flag
+      for details on nested / unnested behaviors.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.joinedload.innerjoin` - the option as specified by
+        loader option, including detail on nesting behavior.
+
+        :ref:`what_kind_of_loading` - Discussion of some details of
+        various loader options.
+
+
+    :param join_depth:
+      When non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
+      deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical
+      relationship.  The number counts how many times the same Mapper
+      shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join
+      branch.  When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
+      will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper
+      which is already higher up in the chain.  This option applies
+      both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`self_referential_eager_loading` - Introductory documentation
+        and examples.
+
+    :param lazy='select': specifies
+      How the related items should be loaded.  Default value is
+      ``select``.  Values include:
+
+      * ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is
+        first accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
+        fetch for simple many-to-one references.
+
+      * ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
+        using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
+        simple many-to-one references.
+
+      * ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
+        that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN.  Whether
+        the join is "outer" or not is determined by the
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.innerjoin` parameter.
+
+      * ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents are
+        loaded, using one additional SQL statement, which issues a JOIN to
+        a subquery of the original statement, for each collection
+        requested.
+
+      * ``selectin`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents
+        are loaded, using one or more additional SQL statements, which
+        issues a JOIN to the immediate parent object, specifying primary
+        key identifiers using an IN clause.
+
+      * ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time.  The related
+        collection will remain empty.   The ``noload`` strategy is not
+        recommended for general use.  For a general use "never load"
+        approach, see :ref:`write_only_relationship`
+
+      * ``raise`` - lazy loading is disallowed; accessing
+        the attribute, if its value were not already loaded via eager
+        loading, will raise an :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+        This strategy can be used when objects are to be detached from
+        their attached :class:`.Session` after they are loaded.
+
+      * ``raise_on_sql`` - lazy loading that emits SQL is disallowed;
+        accessing the attribute, if its value were not already loaded via
+        eager loading, will raise an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`, **if the lazy load
+        needs to emit SQL**.  If the lazy load can pull the related value
+        from the identity map or determine that it should be None, the
+        value is loaded.  This strategy can be used when objects will
+        remain associated with the attached :class:`.Session`, however
+        additional SELECT statements should be blocked.
+
+      * ``write_only`` - the attribute will be configured with a special
+        "virtual collection" that may receive
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.add` and
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.remove` commands to add or remove
+        individual objects, but will not under any circumstances load or
+        iterate the full set of objects from the database directly. Instead,
+        methods such as :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.select`,
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.insert`,
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.update` and
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.delete` are provided which generate SQL
+        constructs that may be used to load and modify rows in bulk. Used for
+        large collections that are never appropriate to load at once into
+        memory.
+
+        The ``write_only`` loader style is configured automatically when
+        the :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyMapped` annotation is provided on the
+        left hand side within a Declarative mapping.  See the section
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship` for examples.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`write_only_relationship` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+      * ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
+        :class:`_query.Query` object for all read
+        operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
+        applied before iterating the results.
+
+        The ``dynamic`` loader style is configured automatically when
+        the :class:`_orm.DynamicMapped` annotation is provided on the
+        left hand side within a Declarative mapping.  See the section
+        :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for examples.
+
+        .. legacy::  The "dynamic" lazy loader strategy is the legacy form of
+           what is now the "write_only" strategy described in the section
+           :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`write_only_relationship` - more generally useful approach
+            for large collections that should not fully load into memory
+
+      * True - a synonym for 'select'
+
+      * False - a synonym for 'joined'
+
+      * None - a synonym for 'noload'
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_loaders` - Full documentation on
+        relationship loader configuration in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`.
+
+
+    :param load_on_pending=False:
+      Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
+
+      When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
+      issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it
+      has never been flushed.  This may take effect for a pending object
+      when autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
+      "attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
+      collection.
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.load_on_pending`
+      flag does not improve
+      behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+      constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+      that they are present in an ordinary way before a flush proceeds.
+      This flag is not not intended for general use.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` - this method
+          establishes "load on pending" behavior for the whole object, and
+          also allows loading on objects that remain transient or
+          detached.
+
+    :param order_by:
+      Indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
+      items.  :paramref:`_orm.relationship.order_by`
+      is expected to refer to
+      one of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+      objects to which the target class is
+      mapped, or the attribute itself bound to the target class which
+      refers to the column.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.order_by`
+      may also be passed as a callable
+      function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
+      be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+    :param passive_deletes=False:
+       Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.
+
+       A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
+       be loaded during a delete operation on the parent.  Normally,
+       when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
+       that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
+       foreign key to the parent set to NULL.  Marking this flag as
+       True usually implies an ON DELETE <CASCADE|SET NULL> rule is in
+       place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
+       database side.
+
+       Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
+       disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when the parent
+       object is deleted and there is no delete or delete-orphan cascade
+       enabled.  This is typically used when a triggering or error raise
+       scenario is in place on the database side.  Note that the foreign
+       key attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed after
+       a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case setting.
+       Additionally, the "nulling out" will still occur if the child
+       object is de-associated with the parent.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`passive_deletes` - Introductory documentation
+            and examples.
+
+    :param passive_updates=True:
+      Indicates the persistence behavior to take when a referenced
+      primary key value changes in place, indicating that the referencing
+      foreign key columns will also need their value changed.
+
+      When True, it is assumed that ``ON UPDATE CASCADE`` is configured on
+      the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
+      handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
+      dependent rows.  When False, the SQLAlchemy
+      :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      construct will attempt to emit its own UPDATE statements to
+      modify related targets.  However note that SQLAlchemy **cannot**
+      emit an UPDATE for more than one level of cascade.  Also,
+      setting this flag to False is not compatible in the case where
+      the database is in fact enforcing referential integrity, unless
+      those constraints are explicitly "deferred", if the target backend
+      supports it.
+
+      It is highly advised that an application which is employing
+      mutable primary keys keeps ``passive_updates`` set to True,
+      and instead uses the referential integrity features of the database
+      itself in order to handle the change efficiently and fully.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`passive_updates` - Introductory documentation and
+          examples.
+
+          :paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - a similar flag which
+          takes effect for joined-table inheritance mappings.
+
+    :param post_update:
+      This indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
+      second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
+      DELETE. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
+      dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
+      references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
+      INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
+      other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
+      incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
+      that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
+      also has a column that references a single child row within that
+      list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
+      a flush operation returns an error that a "cyclical
+      dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
+      use :paramref:`_orm.relationship.post_update` to "break" the cycle.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`post_update` - Introductory documentation and examples.
+
+    :param primaryjoin:
+      A SQL expression that will be used as the primary
+      join of the child object against the parent object, or in a
+      many-to-many relationship the join of the parent object to the
+      association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
+      foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or
+      association table).
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+    :param remote_side:
+      Used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
+      list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.remote_side` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`self_referential` - in-depth explanation of how
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.remote_side`
+        is used to configure self-referential relationships.
+
+        :func:`.remote` - an annotation function that accomplishes the
+        same purpose as :paramref:`_orm.relationship.remote_side`,
+        typically
+        when a custom :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition
+        is used.
+
+    :param query_class:
+      A :class:`_query.Query`
+      subclass that will be used internally by the
+      ``AppenderQuery`` returned by a "dynamic" relationship, that
+      is, a relationship that specifies ``lazy="dynamic"`` or was
+      otherwise constructed using the :func:`_orm.dynamic_loader`
+      function.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - Introduction to "dynamic"
+        relationship loaders.
+
+    :param secondaryjoin:
+      A SQL expression that will be used as the join of
+      an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
+      computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association
+      and child tables.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+    :param single_parent:
+      When True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
+      from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
+      This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
+      should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many.  Its usage
+      is optional, except for :func:`_orm.relationship` constructs which
+      are many-to-one or many-to-many and also
+      specify the ``delete-orphan`` cascade option.  The
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` construct itself will raise an error
+      instructing when this option is required.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - includes detail on when the
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.single_parent`
+        flag may be appropriate.
+
+    :param uselist:
+      A boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
+      list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
+      automatically by :func:`_orm.relationship` at mapper configuration
+      time.  When using explicit :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotations,
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` may be derived from the
+      whether or not the annotation within :class:`_orm.Mapped` contains
+      a collection class.
+      Otherwise, :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` may be derived from
+      the type and direction
+      of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
+      forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
+      where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
+      one-to-one relationship, use an appropriate :class:`_orm.Mapped`
+      annotation or set :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` to False.
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist`
+      flag is also available on an
+      existing :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      construct as a read-only attribute,
+      which can be used to determine if this :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      deals
+      with collections or scalar attributes::
+
+          >>> User.addresses.property.uselist
+          True
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationships_one_to_one` - Introduction to the "one to
+          one" relationship pattern, which is typically when an alternate
+          setting for :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` is involved.
+
+    :param viewonly=False:
+      When set to ``True``, the relationship is used only for loading
+      objects, and not for any persistence operation.  A
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` which specifies
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` can work
+      with a wider range of SQL operations within the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition, including
+      operations that feature the use of a variety of comparison operators
+      as well as SQL functions such as :func:`_expression.cast`.  The
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly`
+      flag is also of general use when defining any kind of
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` that doesn't represent
+      the full set of related objects, to prevent modifications of the
+      collection from resulting in persistence operations.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_viewonly_notes` - more details on best practices
+        when using :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly`.
+
+    :param sync_backref:
+      A boolean that enables the events used to synchronize the in-Python
+      attributes when this relationship is target of either
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` or
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`.
+
+      Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that an automatic value should
+      be selected based on the value of the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` flag.  When left at its
+      default, changes in state will be back-populated only if neither
+      sides of a relationship is viewonly.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3.17
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - A relationship that specifies
+         :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` automatically implies
+         that :paramref:`_orm.relationship.sync_backref` is ``False``.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly`
+
+    :param omit_join:
+      Allows manual control over the "selectin" automatic join
+      optimization.  Set to ``False`` to disable the "omit join" feature
+      added in SQLAlchemy 1.3; or leave as ``None`` to leave automatic
+      optimization in place.
+
+      .. note:: This flag may only be set to ``False``.   It is not
+         necessary to set it to ``True`` as the "omit_join" optimization is
+         automatically detected; if it is not detected, then the
+         optimization is not supported.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.3.11  setting ``omit_join`` to True will now
+            emit a warning as this was not the intended use of this flag.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+
+    """
+
+    return _RelationshipDeclared(
+        argument,
+        secondary=secondary,
+        uselist=uselist,
+        collection_class=collection_class,
+        primaryjoin=primaryjoin,
+        secondaryjoin=secondaryjoin,
+        back_populates=back_populates,
+        order_by=order_by,
+        backref=backref,
+        overlaps=overlaps,
+        post_update=post_update,
+        cascade=cascade,
+        viewonly=viewonly,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only
+        ),
+        lazy=lazy,
+        passive_deletes=passive_deletes,
+        passive_updates=passive_updates,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        enable_typechecks=enable_typechecks,
+        foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+        remote_side=remote_side,
+        join_depth=join_depth,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        single_parent=single_parent,
+        innerjoin=innerjoin,
+        distinct_target_key=distinct_target_key,
+        load_on_pending=load_on_pending,
+        query_class=query_class,
+        info=info,
+        omit_join=omit_join,
+        sync_backref=sync_backref,
+        **kw,
+    )
+
+
+def synonym(
+    name: str,
+    *,
+    map_column: Optional[bool] = None,
+    descriptor: Optional[Any] = None,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Union[_NoArg, _T] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Synonym[Any]:
+    """Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property,
+    in that the attribute will mirror the value and expression behavior
+    of another attribute.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            job_status = Column(String(50))
+
+            status = synonym("job_status")
+
+
+    :param name: the name of the existing mapped property.  This
+      can refer to the string name ORM-mapped attribute
+      configured on the class, including column-bound attributes
+      and relationships.
+
+    :param descriptor: a Python :term:`descriptor` that will be used
+      as a getter (and potentially a setter) when this attribute is
+      accessed at the instance level.
+
+    :param map_column: **For classical mappings and mappings against
+      an existing Table object only**.  if ``True``, the :func:`.synonym`
+      construct will locate the :class:`_schema.Column`
+      object upon the mapped
+      table that would normally be associated with the attribute name of
+      this synonym, and produce a new :class:`.ColumnProperty` that instead
+      maps this :class:`_schema.Column`
+      to the alternate name given as the "name"
+      argument of the synonym; in this way, the usual step of redefining
+      the mapping of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+      to be under a different name is
+      unnecessary. This is usually intended to be used when a
+      :class:`_schema.Column`
+      is to be replaced with an attribute that also uses a
+      descriptor, that is, in conjunction with the
+      :paramref:`.synonym.descriptor` parameter::
+
+        my_table = Table(
+            "my_table", metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('job_status', String(50))
+        )
+
+        class MyClass:
+            @property
+            def _job_status_descriptor(self):
+                return "Status: %s" % self._job_status
+
+
+        mapper(
+            MyClass, my_table, properties={
+                "job_status": synonym(
+                    "_job_status", map_column=True,
+                    descriptor=MyClass._job_status_descriptor)
+            }
+        )
+
+      Above, the attribute named ``_job_status`` is automatically
+      mapped to the ``job_status`` column::
+
+        >>> j1 = MyClass()
+        >>> j1._job_status = "employed"
+        >>> j1.job_status
+        Status: employed
+
+      When using Declarative, in order to provide a descriptor in
+      conjunction with a synonym, use the
+      :func:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.synonym_for` helper.  However,
+      note that the :ref:`hybrid properties <mapper_hybrids>` feature
+      should usually be preferred, particularly when redefining attribute
+      behavior.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.InspectionAttr.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param comparator_factory: A subclass of :class:`.PropComparator`
+      that will provide custom comparison behavior at the SQL expression
+      level.
+
+      .. note::
+
+        For the use case of providing an attribute which redefines both
+        Python-level and SQL-expression level behavior of an attribute,
+        please refer to the Hybrid attribute introduced at
+        :ref:`mapper_hybrids` for a more effective technique.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+        :func:`.synonym_for` - a helper oriented towards Declarative
+
+        :ref:`mapper_hybrids` - The Hybrid Attribute extension provides an
+        updated approach to augmenting attribute behavior more flexibly
+        than can be achieved with synonyms.
+
+    """
+    return Synonym(
+        name,
+        map_column=map_column,
+        descriptor=descriptor,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only
+        ),
+        doc=doc,
+        info=info,
+    )
+
+
+def create_session(
+    bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None, **kwargs: Any
+) -> Session:
+    r"""Create a new :class:`.Session`
+    with no automation enabled by default.
+
+    This function is used primarily for testing.   The usual
+    route to :class:`.Session` creation is via its constructor
+    or the :func:`.sessionmaker` function.
+
+    :param bind: optional, a single Connectable to use for all
+      database access in the created
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`.
+
+    :param \*\*kwargs: optional, passed through to the
+      :class:`.Session` constructor.
+
+    :returns: an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` instance
+
+    The defaults of create_session() are the opposite of that of
+    :func:`sessionmaker`; ``autoflush`` and ``expire_on_commit`` are
+    False.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import create_session
+      >>> session = create_session()
+
+    It is recommended to use :func:`sessionmaker` instead of
+    create_session().
+
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("autoflush", False)
+    kwargs.setdefault("expire_on_commit", False)
+    return Session(bind=bind, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _mapper_fn(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+    """Placeholder for the now-removed ``mapper()`` function.
+
+    Classical mappings should be performed using the
+    :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` method.
+
+    This symbol remains in SQLAlchemy 2.0 to suit the deprecated use case
+    of using the ``mapper()`` function as a target for ORM event listeners,
+    which failed to be marked as deprecated in the 1.4 series.
+
+    Global ORM mapper listeners should instead use the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    class as the target.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The ``mapper()`` function was removed; the
+       symbol remains temporarily as a placeholder for the event listening
+       use case.
+
+    """
+    raise InvalidRequestError(
+        "The 'sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()' function is removed as of "
+        "SQLAlchemy 2.0.  Use the "
+        "'sqlalchemy.orm.registry.map_imperatively()` "
+        "method of the ``sqlalchemy.orm.registry`` class to perform "
+        "classical mapping."
+    )
+
+
+def dynamic_loader(
+    argument: Optional[_RelationshipArgumentType[Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> RelationshipProperty[Any]:
+    """Construct a dynamically-loading mapper property.
+
+    This is essentially the same as
+    using the ``lazy='dynamic'`` argument with :func:`relationship`::
+
+        dynamic_loader(SomeClass)
+
+        # is the same as
+
+        relationship(SomeClass, lazy="dynamic")
+
+    See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details
+    on dynamic loading.
+
+    """
+    kw["lazy"] = "dynamic"
+    return relationship(argument, **kw)
+
+
+def backref(name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> ORMBackrefArgument:
+    """When using the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` parameter,
+    provides specific parameters to be used when the new
+    :func:`_orm.relationship` is generated.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        'items':relationship(
+            SomeItem, backref=backref('parent', lazy='subquery'))
+
+    The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` parameter is generally
+    considered to be legacy; for modern applications, using
+    explicit :func:`_orm.relationship` constructs linked together using
+    the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates` parameter should be
+    preferred.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationships_backref` - background on backrefs
+
+    """
+
+    return (name, kwargs)
+
+
+def deferred(
+    column: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T],
+    *additional_columns: _ORMColumnExprArgument[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> MappedSQLExpression[_T]:
+    r"""Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will
+    not load unless accessed.
+
+    When using :func:`_orm.mapped_column`, the same functionality as
+    that of :func:`_orm.deferred` construct is provided by using the
+    :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.deferred` parameter.
+
+    :param \*columns: columns to be mapped.  This is typically a single
+     :class:`_schema.Column` object,
+     however a collection is supported in order
+     to support multiple columns mapped under the same attribute.
+
+    :param raiseload: boolean, if True, indicates an exception should be raised
+     if the load operation is to take place.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+    Additional arguments are the same as that of :func:`_orm.column_property`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_imperative`
+
+    """
+    return MappedSQLExpression(
+        column,
+        *additional_columns,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only
+        ),
+        group=group,
+        deferred=True,
+        raiseload=raiseload,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        expire_on_flush=expire_on_flush,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+    )
+
+
+def query_expression(
+    default_expr: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T] = sql.null(),
+    *,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> MappedSQLExpression[_T]:
+    """Indicate an attribute that populates from a query-time SQL expression.
+
+    :param default_expr: Optional SQL expression object that will be used in
+        all cases if not assigned later with :func:`_orm.with_expression`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_with_expression` - background and usage examples
+
+    """
+    prop = MappedSQLExpression(
+        default_expr,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            False,
+            repr,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+            compare,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        ),
+        expire_on_flush=expire_on_flush,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes=True,
+    )
+
+    prop.strategy_key = (("query_expression", True),)
+    return prop
+
+
+def clear_mappers() -> None:
+    """Remove all mappers from all classes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  This function now locates all
+       :class:`_orm.registry` objects and calls upon the
+       :meth:`_orm.registry.dispose` method of each.
+
+    This function removes all instrumentation from classes and disposes
+    of their associated mappers.  Once called, the classes are unmapped
+    and can be later re-mapped with new mappers.
+
+    :func:`.clear_mappers` is *not* for normal use, as there is literally no
+    valid usage for it outside of very specific testing scenarios. Normally,
+    mappers are permanent structural components of user-defined classes, and
+    are never discarded independently of their class.  If a mapped class
+    itself is garbage collected, its mapper is automatically disposed of as
+    well. As such, :func:`.clear_mappers` is only for usage in test suites
+    that re-use the same classes with different mappings, which is itself an
+    extremely rare use case - the only such use case is in fact SQLAlchemy's
+    own test suite, and possibly the test suites of other ORM extension
+    libraries which intend to test various combinations of mapper construction
+    upon a fixed set of classes.
+
+    """
+
+    mapperlib._dispose_registries(mapperlib._all_registries(), False)
+
+
+# I would really like a way to get the Type[] here that shows up
+# in a different way in typing tools, however there is no current method
+# that is accepted by mypy (subclass of Type[_O] works in pylance, rejected
+# by mypy).
+AliasedType = Annotated[Type[_O], "aliased"]
+
+
+@overload
+def aliased(
+    element: Type[_O],
+    alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> AliasedType[_O]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def aliased(
+    element: Union[AliasedClass[_O], Mapper[_O], AliasedInsp[_O]],
+    alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> AliasedClass[_O]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def aliased(
+    element: FromClause,
+    alias: None = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> FromClause: ...
+
+
+def aliased(
+    element: Union[_EntityType[_O], FromClause],
+    alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> Union[AliasedClass[_O], FromClause, AliasedType[_O]]:
+    """Produce an alias of the given element, usually an :class:`.AliasedClass`
+    instance.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+
+        stmt = select(MyClass, my_alias).filter(MyClass.id > my_alias.id)
+        result = session.execute(stmt)
+
+    The :func:`.aliased` function is used to create an ad-hoc mapping of a
+    mapped class to a new selectable.  By default, a selectable is generated
+    from the normally mapped selectable (typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
+    ) using the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` method. However, :func:`.aliased`
+    can also be
+    used to link the class to a new :func:`_expression.select` statement.
+    Also, the :func:`.with_polymorphic` function is a variant of
+    :func:`.aliased` that is intended to specify a so-called "polymorphic
+    selectable", that corresponds to the union of several joined-inheritance
+    subclasses at once.
+
+    For convenience, the :func:`.aliased` function also accepts plain
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` constructs, such as a
+    :class:`_schema.Table` or
+    :func:`_expression.select` construct.   In those cases, the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+    method is called on the object and the new
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` object returned.  The returned
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` is not
+    ORM-mapped in this case.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_entity_aliases` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_orm_aliases` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+    :param element: element to be aliased.  Is normally a mapped class,
+     but for convenience can also be a :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+     element.
+
+    :param alias: Optional selectable unit to map the element to.  This is
+     usually used to link the object to a subquery, and should be an aliased
+     select construct as one would produce from the
+     :meth:`_query.Query.subquery` method or
+     the :meth:`_expression.Select.subquery` or
+     :meth:`_expression.Select.alias` methods of the :func:`_expression.select`
+     construct.
+
+    :param name: optional string name to use for the alias, if not specified
+     by the ``alias`` parameter.  The name, among other things, forms the
+     attribute name that will be accessible via tuples returned by a
+     :class:`_query.Query` object.  Not supported when creating aliases
+     of :class:`_sql.Join` objects.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+     :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of
+     :class:`_expression.Join` objects will alias the individual tables
+     inside the join, rather than creating a subquery.  This is generally
+     supported by all modern databases with regards to right-nested joins
+     and generally produces more efficient queries.
+
+    :param adapt_on_names: if True, more liberal "matching" will be used when
+     mapping the mapped columns of the ORM entity to those of the
+     given selectable - a name-based match will be performed if the
+     given selectable doesn't otherwise have a column that corresponds
+     to one on the entity.  The use case for this is when associating
+     an entity with some derived selectable such as one that uses
+     aggregate functions::
+
+        class UnitPrice(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'unit_price'
+            ...
+            unit_id = Column(Integer)
+            price = Column(Numeric)
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = Session.query(
+                                    func.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')
+                                ).group_by(UnitPrice.unit_id).subquery()
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = aliased(UnitPrice,
+                    alias=aggregated_unit_price, adapt_on_names=True)
+
+     Above, functions on ``aggregated_unit_price`` which refer to
+     ``.price`` will return the
+     ``func.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')`` column, as it is
+     matched on the name "price".  Ordinarily, the "price" function
+     wouldn't have any "column correspondence" to the actual
+     ``UnitPrice.price`` column as it is not a proxy of the original.
+
+    """
+    return AliasedInsp._alias_factory(
+        element,
+        alias=alias,
+        name=name,
+        flat=flat,
+        adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+    )
+
+
+def with_polymorphic(
+    base: Union[Type[_O], Mapper[_O]],
+    classes: Union[Literal["*"], Iterable[Type[Any]]],
+    selectable: Union[Literal[False, None], FromClause] = False,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    polymorphic_on: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+    aliased: bool = False,
+    innerjoin: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+    _use_mapper_path: bool = False,
+) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+    """Produce an :class:`.AliasedClass` construct which specifies
+    columns for descendant mappers of the given base.
+
+    Using this method will ensure that each descendant mapper's
+    tables are included in the FROM clause, and will allow filter()
+    criterion to be used against those tables.  The resulting
+    instances will also have those columns already loaded so that
+    no "post fetch" of those columns will be required.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`with_polymorphic` - full discussion of
+        :func:`_orm.with_polymorphic`.
+
+    :param base: Base class to be aliased.
+
+    :param classes: a single class or mapper, or list of
+        class/mappers, which inherit from the base class.
+        Alternatively, it may also be the string ``'*'``, in which case
+        all descending mapped classes will be added to the FROM clause.
+
+    :param aliased: when True, the selectable will be aliased.   For a
+        JOIN, this means the JOIN will be SELECTed from inside of a subquery
+        unless the :paramref:`_orm.with_polymorphic.flat` flag is set to
+        True, which is recommended for simpler use cases.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+     :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of
+     :class:`_expression.Join` objects will alias the individual tables
+     inside the join, rather than creating a subquery.  This is generally
+     supported by all modern databases with regards to right-nested joins
+     and generally produces more efficient queries.  Setting this flag is
+     recommended as long as the resulting SQL is functional.
+
+    :param selectable: a table or subquery that will
+        be used in place of the generated FROM clause. This argument is
+        required if any of the desired classes use concrete table
+        inheritance, since SQLAlchemy currently cannot generate UNIONs
+        among tables automatically. If used, the ``selectable`` argument
+        must represent the full set of tables and columns mapped by every
+        mapped class. Otherwise, the unaccounted mapped columns will
+        result in their table being appended directly to the FROM clause
+        which will usually lead to incorrect results.
+
+        When left at its default value of ``False``, the polymorphic
+        selectable assigned to the base mapper is used for selecting rows.
+        However, it may also be passed as ``None``, which will bypass the
+        configured polymorphic selectable and instead construct an ad-hoc
+        selectable for the target classes given; for joined table inheritance
+        this will be a join that includes all target mappers and their
+        subclasses.
+
+    :param polymorphic_on: a column to be used as the "discriminator"
+        column for the given selectable. If not given, the polymorphic_on
+        attribute of the base classes' mapper will be used, if any. This
+        is useful for mappings that don't have polymorphic loading
+        behavior by default.
+
+    :param innerjoin: if True, an INNER JOIN will be used.  This should
+       only be specified if querying for one specific subtype only
+
+    :param adapt_on_names: Passes through the
+      :paramref:`_orm.aliased.adapt_on_names`
+      parameter to the aliased object.  This may be useful in situations where
+      the given selectable is not directly related to the existing mapped
+      selectable.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+    """
+    return AliasedInsp._with_polymorphic_factory(
+        base,
+        classes,
+        selectable=selectable,
+        flat=flat,
+        polymorphic_on=polymorphic_on,
+        adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+        aliased=aliased,
+        innerjoin=innerjoin,
+        _use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path,
+    )
+
+
+def join(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    isouter: bool = False,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> _ORMJoin:
+    r"""Produce an inner join between left and right clauses.
+
+    :func:`_orm.join` is an extension to the core join interface
+    provided by :func:`_expression.join()`, where the
+    left and right selectable may be not only core selectable
+    objects such as :class:`_schema.Table`, but also mapped classes or
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` instances.   The "on" clause can
+    be a SQL expression or an ORM mapped attribute
+    referencing a configured :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    :func:`_orm.join` is not commonly needed in modern usage,
+    as its functionality is encapsulated within that of the
+    :meth:`_sql.Select.join` and :meth:`_query.Query.join`
+    methods. which feature a
+    significant amount of automation beyond :func:`_orm.join`
+    by itself.  Explicit use of :func:`_orm.join`
+    with ORM-enabled SELECT statements involves use of the
+    :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from` method, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import join
+        stmt = select(User).\
+            select_from(join(User, Address, User.addresses)).\
+            filter(Address.email_address=='foo@bar.com')
+
+    In modern SQLAlchemy the above join can be written more
+    succinctly as::
+
+        stmt = select(User).\
+                join(User.addresses).\
+                filter(Address.email_address=='foo@bar.com')
+
+    .. warning:: using :func:`_orm.join` directly may not work properly
+       with modern ORM options such as :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria`.
+       It is strongly recommended to use the idiomatic join patterns
+       provided by methods such as :meth:`.Select.join` and
+       :meth:`.Select.join_from` when creating ORM joins.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel` for
+        background on idiomatic ORM join patterns
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+
+def outerjoin(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> _ORMJoin:
+    """Produce a left outer join between left and right clauses.
+
+    This is the "outer join" version of the :func:`_orm.join` function,
+    featuring the same behavior except that an OUTER JOIN is generated.
+    See that function's documentation for other usage details.
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, True, full)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_typing.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4588eb6b42c8ec6cbc4bbb2a2af54c283d54c89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_typing.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# orm/_typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreKnownExecutionOptions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql._orm_types import DMLStrategyArgument as DMLStrategyArgument
+from ..sql._orm_types import (
+    SynchronizeSessionArgument as SynchronizeSessionArgument,
+)
+from ..sql._typing import _HasClauseElement
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import CollectionAttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import HasCollectionAdapter
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .base import PassiveFlag
+    from .decl_api import registry as _registry_type
+    from .interfaces import InspectionAttr
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .interfaces import UserDefinedOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql._typing import _CE
+    from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+"""The 'ORM mapped object' type.
+
+"""
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _RegistryType = _registry_type
+
+_InternalEntityType = Union["Mapper[_T]", "AliasedInsp[_T]"]
+
+_ExternalEntityType = Union[Type[_T], "AliasedClass[_T]"]
+
+_EntityType = Union[
+    Type[_T], "AliasedClass[_T]", "Mapper[_T]", "AliasedInsp[_T]"
+]
+
+
+_ClassDict = Mapping[str, Any]
+_InstanceDict = Dict[str, Any]
+
+_IdentityKeyType = Tuple[Type[_T], Tuple[Any, ...], Optional[Any]]
+
+_ORMColumnExprArgument = Union[
+    ColumnElement[_T],
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+    roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+]
+
+
+_ORMCOLEXPR = TypeVar("_ORMCOLEXPR", bound=ColumnElement[Any])
+
+
+class _OrmKnownExecutionOptions(_CoreKnownExecutionOptions, total=False):
+    populate_existing: bool
+    autoflush: bool
+    synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument
+    is_delete_using: bool
+    is_update_from: bool
+    render_nulls: bool
+
+
+OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = Union[
+    _OrmKnownExecutionOptions, Mapping[str, Any]
+]
+
+
+class _ORMAdapterProto(Protocol):
+    """protocol for the :class:`.AliasedInsp._orm_adapt_element` method
+    which is a synonym for :class:`.AliasedInsp._adapt_element`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, obj: _CE, key: Optional[str] = None) -> _CE: ...
+
+
+class _LoaderCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+def is_orm_option(
+    opt: ExecutableOption,
+) -> TypeGuard[ORMOption]:
+    return not opt._is_core
+
+
+def is_user_defined_option(
+    opt: ExecutableOption,
+) -> TypeGuard[UserDefinedOption]:
+    return not opt._is_core and opt._is_user_defined  # type: ignore
+
+
+def is_composite_class(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    # inlining is_dataclass(obj)
+    return hasattr(obj, "__composite_values__") or hasattr(
+        obj, "__dataclass_fields__"
+    )
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def insp_is_mapper_property(
+        obj: Any,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[MapperProperty[Any]]: ...
+
+    def insp_is_mapper(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[Mapper[Any]]: ...
+
+    def insp_is_aliased_class(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[AliasedInsp[Any]]: ...
+
+    def insp_is_attribute(
+        obj: InspectionAttr,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[QueryableAttribute[Any]]: ...
+
+    def attr_is_internal_proxy(
+        obj: InspectionAttr,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[QueryableAttribute[Any]]: ...
+
+    def prop_is_relationship(
+        prop: MapperProperty[Any],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[RelationshipProperty[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_collection_impl(
+        impl: AttributeImpl,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[CollectionAttributeImpl]: ...
+
+    def is_has_collection_adapter(
+        impl: AttributeImpl,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[HasCollectionAdapter]: ...
+
+else:
+    insp_is_mapper_property = operator.attrgetter("is_property")
+    insp_is_mapper = operator.attrgetter("is_mapper")
+    insp_is_aliased_class = operator.attrgetter("is_aliased_class")
+    insp_is_attribute = operator.attrgetter("is_attribute")
+    attr_is_internal_proxy = operator.attrgetter("_is_internal_proxy")
+    is_collection_impl = operator.attrgetter("collection")
+    prop_is_relationship = operator.attrgetter("_is_relationship")
+    is_has_collection_adapter = operator.attrgetter(
+        "_is_has_collection_adapter"
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5396e12b59d57f03b1b1419f21e7ee15c7e478e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2835 @@
+# orm/attributes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Defines instrumentation for class attributes and their interaction
+with instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import collections
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import interfaces
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import ATTR_EMPTY
+from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
+from .base import CALLABLES_OK
+from .base import DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+from .base import INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS  # noqa
+from .base import INIT_OK
+from .base import instance_dict as instance_dict
+from .base import instance_state as instance_state
+from .base import instance_str
+from .base import LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import manager_of_class as manager_of_class
+from .base import Mapped as Mapped  # noqa
+from .base import NEVER_SET  # noqa
+from .base import NO_AUTOFLUSH
+from .base import NO_CHANGE  # noqa
+from .base import NO_KEY
+from .base import NO_RAISE
+from .base import NO_VALUE
+from .base import NON_PERSISTENT_OK  # noqa
+from .base import opt_manager_of_class as opt_manager_of_class
+from .base import PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH  # noqa
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED  # noqa
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
+from .base import PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+from .base import PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import RELATED_OBJECT_OK  # noqa
+from .base import SQL_OK  # noqa
+from .base import SQLORMExpression
+from .base import state_str
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..sql import base as sql_base
+from ..sql import cache_key
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from ..sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _LoaderCallable
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from .writeonly import WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+    from ..event.base import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ..sql.annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.elements import Label
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+_AllPendingType = Sequence[
+    Tuple[Optional["InstanceState[Any]"], Optional[object]]
+]
+
+
+_UNKNOWN_ATTR_KEY = object()
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class QueryableAttribute(
+    _DeclarativeMapped[_T_co],
+    SQLORMExpression[_T_co],
+    interfaces.InspectionAttr,
+    interfaces.PropComparator[_T_co],
+    roles.JoinTargetRole,
+    roles.OnClauseRole,
+    sql_base.Immutable,
+    cache_key.SlotsMemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    util.MemoizedSlots,
+    EventTarget,
+):
+    """Base class for :term:`descriptor` objects that intercept
+    attribute events on behalf of a :class:`.MapperProperty`
+    object.  The actual :class:`.MapperProperty` is accessible
+    via the :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property`
+    attribute.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`
+
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "class_",
+        "key",
+        "impl",
+        "comparator",
+        "property",
+        "parent",
+        "expression",
+        "_of_type",
+        "_extra_criteria",
+        "_slots_dispatch",
+        "_propagate_attrs",
+        "_doc",
+    )
+
+    is_attribute = True
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[QueryableAttribute[_T_co]]
+
+    class_: _ExternalEntityType[Any]
+    key: str
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    impl: AttributeImpl
+    comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T_co]
+    _of_type: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]
+    _extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...]
+    _doc: Optional[str]
+
+    # PropComparator has a __visit_name__ to participate within
+    # traversals.   Disambiguate the attribute vs. a comparator.
+    __visit_name__ = "orm_instrumented_attribute"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+        key: str,
+        parententity: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+        comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T_co],
+        impl: Optional[AttributeImpl] = None,
+        of_type: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+
+        self._parententity = self.parent = parententity
+
+        # this attribute is non-None after mappers are set up, however in the
+        # interim class manager setup, there's a check for None to see if it
+        # needs to be populated, so we assign None here leaving the attribute
+        # in a temporarily not-type-correct state
+        self.impl = impl  # type: ignore
+
+        assert comparator is not None
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        self._of_type = of_type
+        self._extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+        self._doc = None
+
+        manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+        # manager is None in the case of AliasedClass
+        if manager:
+            # propagate existing event listeners from
+            # immediate superclass
+            for base in manager._bases:
+                if key in base:
+                    self.dispatch._update(base[key].dispatch)
+                    if base[key].dispatch._active_history:
+                        self.dispatch._active_history = True  # type: ignore
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("key", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("_parententity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        ("_of_type", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        ("_extra_criteria", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+    ]
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        # this method is only used in terms of the
+        # sqlalchemy.ext.serializer extension
+        return (
+            _queryable_attribute_unreduce,
+            (
+                self.key,
+                self._parententity.mapper.class_,
+                self._parententity,
+                self._parententity.entity,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _impl_uses_objects(self) -> bool:
+        return self.impl.uses_objects
+
+    def get_history(
+        self, instance: Any, passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF
+    ) -> History:
+        return self.impl.get_history(
+            instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance), passive
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Return the 'info' dictionary for the underlying SQL element.
+
+        The behavior here is as follows:
+
+        * If the attribute is a column-mapped property, i.e.
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty`, which is mapped directly
+          to a schema-level :class:`_schema.Column` object, this attribute
+          will return the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` dictionary associated
+          with the core-level :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+        * If the attribute is a :class:`.ColumnProperty` but is mapped to
+          any other kind of SQL expression other than a
+          :class:`_schema.Column`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated directly with the :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+          assuming the SQL expression itself does not have its own ``.info``
+          attribute (which should be the case, unless a user-defined SQL
+          construct has defined one).
+
+        * If the attribute refers to any other kind of
+          :class:`.MapperProperty`, including :class:`.Relationship`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated with that :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        * To access the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` dictionary of the
+          :class:`.MapperProperty` unconditionally, including for a
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty` that's associated directly with a
+          :class:`_schema.Column`, the attribute can be referred to using
+          :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute, as
+          ``MyClass.someattribute.property.info``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+
+        """
+        return self.comparator.info
+
+    parent: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    """Return an inspection instance representing the parent.
+
+    This will be either an instance of :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    or :class:`.AliasedInsp`, depending upon the nature
+    of the parent entity which this attribute is associated
+    with.
+
+    """
+
+    expression: ColumnElement[_T_co]
+    """The SQL expression object represented by this
+    :class:`.QueryableAttribute`.
+
+    This will typically be an instance of a :class:`_sql.ColumnElement`
+    subclass representing a column expression.
+
+    """
+
+    def _memoized_attr_expression(self) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        annotations: _AnnotationDict
+
+        # applies only to Proxy() as used by hybrid.
+        # currently is an exception to typing rather than feeding through
+        # non-string keys.
+        # ideally Proxy() would have a separate set of methods to deal
+        # with this case.
+        entity_namespace = self._entity_namespace
+        assert isinstance(entity_namespace, HasCacheKey)
+
+        if self.key is _UNKNOWN_ATTR_KEY:
+            annotations = {"entity_namespace": entity_namespace}
+        else:
+            annotations = {
+                "proxy_key": self.key,
+                "proxy_owner": self._parententity,
+                "entity_namespace": entity_namespace,
+            }
+
+        ce = self.comparator.__clause_element__()
+        try:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(ce, ColumnElement)
+            anno = ce._annotate
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'When interpreting attribute "%s" as a SQL expression, '
+                "expected __clause_element__() to return "
+                "a ClauseElement object, got: %r" % (self, ce)
+            ) from ae
+        else:
+            return anno(annotations)
+
+    def _memoized_attr__propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType:
+        # this suits the case in coercions where we don't actually
+        # call ``__clause_element__()`` but still need to get
+        # resolved._propagate_attrs.  See #6558.
+        return util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                "compile_state_plugin": "orm",
+                "plugin_subject": self._parentmapper,
+            }
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _entity_namespace(self) -> _InternalEntityType[Any]:
+        return self._parententity
+
+    @property
+    def _annotations(self) -> _AnnotationDict:
+        return self.__clause_element__()._annotations
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> ColumnElement[_T_co]:
+        return self.expression
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.expression._from_objects
+
+    def _bulk_update_tuples(
+        self, value: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+        """Return setter tuples for a bulk UPDATE."""
+
+        return self.comparator._bulk_update_tuples(value)
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]) -> Self:
+        assert not self._of_type
+        return self.__class__(
+            adapt_to_entity.entity,
+            self.key,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator.adapt_to_entity(adapt_to_entity),
+            parententity=adapt_to_entity,
+        )
+
+    def of_type(self, entity: _EntityType[Any]) -> QueryableAttribute[_T]:
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self._parententity,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator.of_type(entity),
+            of_type=inspection.inspect(entity),
+            extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+    def and_(
+        self, *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> QueryableAttribute[bool]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.comparator, RelationshipProperty.Comparator)
+
+        exprs = tuple(
+            coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, clause)
+            for clause in util.coerce_generator_arg(clauses)
+        )
+
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self._parententity,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator.and_(*exprs),
+            of_type=self._of_type,
+            extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria + exprs,
+        )
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> QueryableAttribute[_T]:
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self._parententity,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator,
+            of_type=self._of_type,
+            extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[_T_co]:
+        return self.__clause_element__().label(name)
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def hasparent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic) is not False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return util.MemoizedSlots.__getattr__(self, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s "
+                "has an attribute %r"
+                % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    self,
+                    key,
+                )
+            ) from err
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.class_.__name__}.{self.key}"
+
+    def _memoized_attr_property(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[Any]]:
+        return self.comparator.property
+
+
+def _queryable_attribute_unreduce(
+    key: str,
+    mapped_class: Type[_O],
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+    entity: _ExternalEntityType[Any],
+) -> Any:
+    # this method is only used in terms of the
+    # sqlalchemy.ext.serializer extension
+    if insp_is_aliased_class(parententity):
+        return entity._get_from_serialized(key, mapped_class, parententity)
+    else:
+        return getattr(entity, key)
+
+
+class InstrumentedAttribute(QueryableAttribute[_T_co]):
+    """Class bound instrumented attribute which adds basic
+    :term:`descriptor` methods.
+
+    See :class:`.QueryableAttribute` for a description of most features.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    # hack to make __doc__ writeable on instances of
+    # InstrumentedAttribute, while still keeping classlevel
+    # __doc__ correct
+
+    @util.rw_hybridproperty
+    def __doc__(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._doc
+
+    @__doc__.setter  # type: ignore
+    def __doc__(self, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        self._doc = value
+
+    @__doc__.classlevel  # type: ignore
+    def __doc__(cls) -> Optional[str]:
+        return super().__doc__
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.impl.set(
+            instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance), value, None
+        )
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        self.impl.delete(instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance))
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: None, owner: Any
+    ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+    ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], _T_co]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+        if self.impl.supports_population and self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        else:
+            try:
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+            except AttributeError as err:
+                raise orm_exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+            return self.impl.get(state, dict_)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AdHocHasEntityNamespace(HasCacheKey):
+    _traverse_internals: ClassVar[_TraverseInternalsType] = [
+        ("_entity_namespace", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+    ]
+
+    # py37 compat, no slots=True on dataclass
+    __slots__ = ("_entity_namespace",)
+    _entity_namespace: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    is_mapper: ClassVar[bool] = False
+    is_aliased_class: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        return self._entity_namespace.entity_namespace
+
+
+def create_proxied_attribute(
+    descriptor: Any,
+) -> Callable[..., QueryableAttribute[Any]]:
+    """Create an QueryableAttribute / user descriptor hybrid.
+
+    Returns a new QueryableAttribute type that delegates descriptor
+    behavior and getattr() to the given descriptor.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: can move this to descriptor_props if the need for this
+    # function is removed from ext/hybrid.py
+
+    class Proxy(QueryableAttribute[Any]):
+        """Presents the :class:`.QueryableAttribute` interface as a
+        proxy on top of a Python descriptor / :class:`.PropComparator`
+        combination.
+
+        """
+
+        _extra_criteria = ()
+
+        # the attribute error catches inside of __getattr__ basically create a
+        # singularity if you try putting slots on this too
+        # __slots__ = ("descriptor", "original_property", "_comparator")
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            class_,
+            key,
+            descriptor,
+            comparator,
+            adapt_to_entity=None,
+            doc=None,
+            original_property=None,
+        ):
+            self.class_ = class_
+            self.key = key
+            self.descriptor = descriptor
+            self.original_property = original_property
+            self._comparator = comparator
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            self._doc = self.__doc__ = doc
+
+        @property
+        def _parententity(self):
+            return inspection.inspect(self.class_, raiseerr=False)
+
+        @property
+        def parent(self):
+            return inspection.inspect(self.class_, raiseerr=False)
+
+        _is_internal_proxy = True
+
+        _cache_key_traversal = [
+            ("key", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+            ("_parententity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        ]
+
+        @property
+        def _impl_uses_objects(self):
+            return (
+                self.original_property is not None
+                and getattr(self.class_, self.key).impl.uses_objects
+            )
+
+        @property
+        def _entity_namespace(self):
+            if hasattr(self._comparator, "_parententity"):
+                return self._comparator._parententity
+            else:
+                # used by hybrid attributes which try to remain
+                # agnostic of any ORM concepts like mappers
+                return AdHocHasEntityNamespace(self._parententity)
+
+        @property
+        def property(self):
+            return self.comparator.property
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def comparator(self):
+            if callable(self._comparator):
+                self._comparator = self._comparator()
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                self._comparator = self._comparator.adapt_to_entity(
+                    self._adapt_to_entity
+                )
+            return self._comparator
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+            return self.__class__(
+                adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                self.key,
+                self.descriptor,
+                self._comparator,
+                adapt_to_entity,
+            )
+
+        def _clone(self, **kw):
+            return self.__class__(
+                self.class_,
+                self.key,
+                self.descriptor,
+                self._comparator,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                original_property=self.original_property,
+            )
+
+        def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+            retval = self.descriptor.__get__(instance, owner)
+            # detect if this is a plain Python @property, which just returns
+            # itself for class level access.  If so, then return us.
+            # Otherwise, return the object returned by the descriptor.
+            if retval is self.descriptor and instance is None:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return retval
+
+        def __str__(self) -> str:
+            return f"{self.class_.__name__}.{self.key}"
+
+        def __getattr__(self, attribute):
+            """Delegate __getattr__ to the original descriptor and/or
+            comparator."""
+
+            # this is unfortunately very complicated, and is easily prone
+            # to recursion overflows when implementations of related
+            # __getattr__ schemes are changed
+
+            try:
+                return util.MemoizedSlots.__getattr__(self, attribute)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                return getattr(descriptor, attribute)
+            except AttributeError as err:
+                if attribute == "comparator":
+                    raise AttributeError("comparator") from err
+                try:
+                    # comparator itself might be unreachable
+                    comparator = self.comparator
+                except AttributeError as err2:
+                    raise AttributeError(
+                        "Neither %r object nor unconfigured comparator "
+                        "object associated with %s has an attribute %r"
+                        % (type(descriptor).__name__, self, attribute)
+                    ) from err2
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        return getattr(comparator, attribute)
+                    except AttributeError as err3:
+                        raise AttributeError(
+                            "Neither %r object nor %r object "
+                            "associated with %s has an attribute %r"
+                            % (
+                                type(descriptor).__name__,
+                                type(comparator).__name__,
+                                self,
+                                attribute,
+                            )
+                        ) from err3
+
+    Proxy.__name__ = type(descriptor).__name__ + "Proxy"
+
+    util.monkeypatch_proxied_specials(
+        Proxy, type(descriptor), name="descriptor", from_instance=descriptor
+    )
+    return Proxy
+
+
+OP_REMOVE = util.symbol("REMOVE")
+OP_APPEND = util.symbol("APPEND")
+OP_REPLACE = util.symbol("REPLACE")
+OP_BULK_REPLACE = util.symbol("BULK_REPLACE")
+OP_MODIFIED = util.symbol("MODIFIED")
+
+
+class AttributeEventToken:
+    """A token propagated throughout the course of a chain of attribute
+    events.
+
+    Serves as an indicator of the source of the event and also provides
+    a means of controlling propagation across a chain of attribute
+    operations.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is sent as the ``initiator`` argument
+    when dealing with events such as :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append`,
+    :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set`,
+    and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.remove`.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is currently interpreted by the backref
+    event handlers, and is used to control the propagation of operations
+    across two mutually-dependent attributes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  Changed the name from ``AttributeEvent``
+       to ``AttributeEventToken``.
+
+    :attribute impl: The :class:`.AttributeImpl` which is the current event
+     initiator.
+
+    :attribute op: The symbol :attr:`.OP_APPEND`, :attr:`.OP_REMOVE`,
+     :attr:`.OP_REPLACE`, or :attr:`.OP_BULK_REPLACE`, indicating the
+     source operation.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "impl", "op", "parent_token"
+
+    def __init__(self, attribute_impl: AttributeImpl, op: util.symbol):
+        self.impl = attribute_impl
+        self.op = op
+        self.parent_token = self.impl.parent_token
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, AttributeEventToken)
+            and other.impl is self.impl
+            and other.op == self.op
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        return self.impl.key
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state)
+
+
+AttributeEvent = AttributeEventToken  # legacy
+Event = AttributeEventToken  # legacy
+
+
+class AttributeImpl:
+    """internal implementation for instrumented attributes."""
+
+    collection: bool
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader: bool
+    uses_objects: bool
+    supports_population: bool
+    dynamic: bool
+
+    _is_has_collection_adapter = False
+
+    _replace_token: AttributeEventToken
+    _remove_token: AttributeEventToken
+    _append_token: AttributeEventToken
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+        key: str,
+        callable_: Optional[_LoaderCallable],
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        trackparent: bool = False,
+        compare_function: Optional[Callable[..., bool]] = None,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        parent_token: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        load_on_unexpire: bool = True,
+        send_modified_events: bool = True,
+        accepts_scalar_loader: Optional[bool] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct an AttributeImpl.
+
+        :param \class_: associated class
+
+        :param key: string name of the attribute
+
+        :param \callable_:
+          optional function which generates a callable based on a parent
+          instance, which produces the "default" values for a scalar or
+          collection attribute when it's first accessed, if not present
+          already.
+
+        :param trackparent:
+          if True, attempt to track if an instance has a parent attached
+          to it via this attribute.
+
+        :param compare_function:
+          a function that compares two values which are normally
+          assignable to this attribute.
+
+        :param active_history:
+          indicates that get_history() should always return the "old" value,
+          even if it means executing a lazy callable upon attribute change.
+
+        :param parent_token:
+          Usually references the MapperProperty, used as a key for
+          the hasparent() function to identify an "owning" attribute.
+          Allows multiple AttributeImpls to all match a single
+          owner attribute.
+
+        :param load_on_unexpire:
+          if False, don't include this attribute in a load-on-expired
+          operation, i.e. the "expired_attribute_loader" process.
+          The attribute can still be in the "expired" list and be
+          considered to be "expired".   Previously, this flag was called
+          "expire_missing" and is only used by a deferred column
+          attribute.
+
+        :param send_modified_events:
+          if False, the InstanceState._modified_event method will have no
+          effect; this means the attribute will never show up as changed in a
+          history entry.
+
+        """
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+        self.callable_ = callable_
+        self.dispatch = dispatch
+        self.trackparent = trackparent
+        self.parent_token = parent_token or self
+        self.send_modified_events = send_modified_events
+        if compare_function is None:
+            self.is_equal = operator.eq
+        else:
+            self.is_equal = compare_function
+
+        if accepts_scalar_loader is not None:
+            self.accepts_scalar_loader = accepts_scalar_loader
+        else:
+            self.accepts_scalar_loader = self.default_accepts_scalar_loader
+
+        _deferred_history = kwargs.pop("_deferred_history", False)
+        self._deferred_history = _deferred_history
+
+        if active_history:
+            self.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        self.load_on_unexpire = load_on_unexpire
+        self._modified_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_MODIFIED)
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "class_",
+        "key",
+        "callable_",
+        "dispatch",
+        "trackparent",
+        "parent_token",
+        "send_modified_events",
+        "is_equal",
+        "load_on_unexpire",
+        "_modified_token",
+        "accepts_scalar_loader",
+        "_deferred_history",
+    )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.class_.__name__}.{self.key}"
+
+    def _get_active_history(self):
+        """Backwards compat for impl.active_history"""
+
+        return self.dispatch._active_history
+
+    def _set_active_history(self, value):
+        self.dispatch._active_history = value
+
+    active_history = property(_get_active_history, _set_active_history)
+
+    def hasparent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return the boolean value of a `hasparent` flag attached to
+        the given state.
+
+        The `optimistic` flag determines what the default return value
+        should be if no `hasparent` flag can be located.
+
+        As this function is used to determine if an instance is an
+        *orphan*, instances that were loaded from storage should be
+        assumed to not be orphans, until a True/False value for this
+        flag is set.
+
+        An instance attribute that is loaded by a callable function
+        will also not have a `hasparent` flag.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        return (
+            state.parents.get(id(self.parent_token), optimistic) is not False
+        )
+
+    def sethasparent(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        parent_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        value: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a boolean flag on the given item corresponding to
+        whether or not it is attached to a parent object via the
+        attribute represented by this ``InstrumentedAttribute``.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        id_ = id(self.parent_token)
+        if value:
+            state.parents[id_] = parent_state
+        else:
+            if id_ in state.parents:
+                last_parent = state.parents[id_]
+
+                if (
+                    last_parent is not False
+                    and last_parent.key != parent_state.key
+                ):
+                    if last_parent.obj() is None:
+                        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                            "Removing state %s from parent "
+                            "state %s along attribute '%s', "
+                            "but the parent record "
+                            "has gone stale, can't be sure this "
+                            "is the most recent parent."
+                            % (
+                                state_str(state),
+                                state_str(parent_state),
+                                self.key,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+                    return
+
+            state.parents[id_] = False
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> _AllPendingType:
+        """Return a list of tuples of (state, obj)
+        for all objects in this attribute's current state
+        + history.
+
+        Only applies to object-based attributes.
+
+        This is an inlining of existing functionality
+        which roughly corresponds to:
+
+            get_state_history(
+                        state,
+                        key,
+                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).sum()
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _default_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Produce an empty value for an uninitialized scalar attribute."""
+
+        assert self.key not in dict_, (
+            "_default_value should only be invoked for an "
+            "uninitialized or expired attribute"
+        )
+
+        value = None
+        for fn in self.dispatch.init_scalar:
+            ret = fn(state, value, dict_)
+            if ret is not ATTR_EMPTY:
+                value = ret
+
+        return value
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Retrieve a value from the given object.
+        If a callable is assembled on this object's attribute, and
+        passive is False, the callable will be executed and the
+        resulting value will be set as the new value for this attribute.
+        """
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            # if history present, don't load
+            key = self.key
+            if (
+                key not in state.committed_state
+                or state.committed_state[key] is NO_VALUE
+            ):
+                if not passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+                    return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+                value = self._fire_loader_callables(state, key, passive)
+
+                if value is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or value is NO_VALUE:
+                    return value
+                elif value is ATTR_WAS_SET:
+                    try:
+                        return dict_[key]
+                    except KeyError as err:
+                        # TODO: no test coverage here.
+                        raise KeyError(
+                            "Deferred loader for attribute "
+                            "%r failed to populate "
+                            "correctly" % key
+                        ) from err
+                elif value is not ATTR_EMPTY:
+                    return self.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+            if not passive & INIT_OK:
+                return NO_VALUE
+            else:
+                return self._default_value(state, dict_)
+
+    def _fire_loader_callables(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: str, passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> Any:
+        if (
+            self.accepts_scalar_loader
+            and self.load_on_unexpire
+            and key in state.expired_attributes
+        ):
+            return state._load_expired(state, passive)
+        elif key in state.callables:
+            callable_ = state.callables[key]
+            return callable_(state, passive)
+        elif self.callable_:
+            return self.callable_(state, passive)
+        else:
+            return ATTR_EMPTY
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set(
+            state, dict_, None, initiator, passive=passive, check_old=value
+        )
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set(
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            None,
+            initiator,
+            passive=passive,
+            check_old=value,
+            pop=True,
+        )
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_committed_value(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """return the unchanged value of this attribute"""
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            value = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if value is NO_VALUE:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return value
+        else:
+            return self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        """set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+        return value
+
+
+class ScalarAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
+    """represents a scalar value-holding InstrumentedAttribute."""
+
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader = True
+    uses_objects = False
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+    dynamic = False
+
+    __slots__ = "_replace_token", "_append_token", "_remove_token"
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._replace_token = self._append_token = AttributeEventToken(
+            self, OP_REPLACE
+        )
+        self._remove_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.remove:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+
+        existing = dict_.pop(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+        if (
+            existing is NO_VALUE
+            and old is NO_VALUE
+            and not state.expired
+            and self.key not in state.expired_attributes
+        ):
+            raise AttributeError("%s object does not have a value" % self)
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
+        elif self.key in state.committed_state:
+            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, NO_VALUE)
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+            else:
+                return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, current)
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any],
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Optional[object] = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.set:
+            value = self.fire_replace_event(
+                state, dict_, value, old, initiator
+            )
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_replace_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        previous: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> _T:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token
+            )
+        return value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> None:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+
+class ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(ScalarAttributeImpl):
+    """represents a scalar-holding InstrumentedAttribute,
+    where the target object is also instrumented.
+
+    Adds events to delete/set operations.
+
+    """
+
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    uses_objects = True
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+                | NO_AUTOFLUSH
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
+            )
+        else:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                | NO_RAISE,
+            )
+
+        self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+
+        existing = dict_.pop(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        # if the attribute is expired, we currently have no way to tell
+        # that an object-attribute was expired vs. not loaded.   So
+        # for this test, we look to see if the object has a DB identity.
+        if (
+            existing is NO_VALUE
+            and old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and state.key is None
+        ):
+            raise AttributeError("%s object does not have a value" % self)
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            current = dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+
+        if not self._deferred_history:
+            return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, current)
+        else:
+            original = state.committed_state.get(self.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+            if original is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                loader_passive = passive | (
+                    PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+                    | NO_AUTOFLUSH
+                    | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                    | NO_RAISE
+                    | DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+                )
+                original = self._fire_loader_callables(
+                    state, self.key, loader_passive
+                )
+            return History.from_object_attribute(
+                self, state, current, original=original
+            )
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> _AllPendingType:
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            current = dict_[self.key]
+        elif passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        else:
+            return []
+
+        ret: _AllPendingType
+
+        # can't use __hash__(), can't use __eq__() here
+        if (
+            current is not None
+            and current is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and current is not NO_VALUE
+        ):
+            ret = [(instance_state(current), current)]
+        else:
+            ret = [(None, None)]
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if (
+                original is not None
+                and original is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                and original is not NO_VALUE
+                and original is not current
+            ):
+                ret.append((instance_state(original), original))
+        return ret
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a value on the given InstanceState."""
+
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+                | NO_AUTOFLUSH
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
+            )
+        else:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                | NO_RAISE,
+            )
+
+        if (
+            check_old is not None
+            and old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and check_old is not old
+        ):
+            if pop:
+                return
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Object %s not associated with %s on attribute '%s'"
+                    % (instance_str(check_old), state_str(state), self.key)
+                )
+
+        value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_, value, old, initiator)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.trackparent and value not in (
+            None,
+            PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+            NO_VALUE,
+        ):
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, value)
+
+    def fire_replace_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        previous: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> _T:
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if previous is not value and previous not in (
+                None,
+                PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+                NO_VALUE,
+            ):
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(previous), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token
+            )
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, previous)
+
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if value is not None:
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+
+class HasCollectionAdapter:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    collection: bool
+    _is_has_collection_adapter = True
+
+    def _dispose_previous_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        collection: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol,
+        adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+        fire_event: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def _is_collection_attribute_impl(
+        impl: AttributeImpl,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[CollectionAttributeImpl]: ...
+
+else:
+    _is_collection_attribute_impl = operator.attrgetter("collection")
+
+
+class CollectionAttributeImpl(HasCollectionAdapter, AttributeImpl):
+    """A collection-holding attribute that instruments changes in membership.
+
+    Only handles collections of instrumented objects.
+
+    InstrumentedCollectionAttribute holds an arbitrary, user-specified
+    container object (defaulting to a list) and brokers access to the
+    CollectionAdapter, a "view" onto that object that presents consistent bag
+    semantics to the orm layer independent of the user data implementation.
+
+    """
+
+    uses_objects = True
+    collection = True
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    supports_population = True
+    dynamic = False
+
+    _bulk_replace_token: AttributeEventToken
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "copy",
+        "collection_factory",
+        "_append_token",
+        "_remove_token",
+        "_bulk_replace_token",
+        "_duck_typed_as",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_,
+        key,
+        callable_,
+        dispatch,
+        typecallable=None,
+        trackparent=False,
+        copy_function=None,
+        compare_function=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            class_,
+            key,
+            callable_,
+            dispatch,
+            trackparent=trackparent,
+            compare_function=compare_function,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if copy_function is None:
+            copy_function = self.__copy
+        self.copy = copy_function
+        self.collection_factory = typecallable
+        self._append_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_APPEND)
+        self._remove_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_REMOVE)
+        self._bulk_replace_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_BULK_REPLACE)
+        self._duck_typed_as = util.duck_type_collection(
+            self.collection_factory()
+        )
+
+        if getattr(self.collection_factory, "_sa_linker", None):
+
+            @event.listens_for(self, "init_collection")
+            def link(target, collection, collection_adapter):
+                collection._sa_linker(collection_adapter)
+
+            @event.listens_for(self, "dispose_collection")
+            def unlink(target, collection, collection_adapter):
+                collection._sa_linker(None)
+
+    def __copy(self, item):
+        return [y for y in collections.collection_adapter(item)]
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+        if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            if (
+                passive & PassiveFlag.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                and self.key in state._pending_mutations
+            ):
+                pending = state._pending_mutations[self.key]
+                return pending.merge_with_history(HISTORY_BLANK)
+            else:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+        else:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS:
+                # this collection is loaded / present.  should not be any
+                # pending mutations
+                assert self.key not in state._pending_mutations
+
+            return History.from_collection(self, state, current)
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> _AllPendingType:
+        # NOTE: passive is ignored here at the moment
+
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return []
+
+        current = dict_[self.key]
+        current = getattr(current, "_sa_adapter")
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if original is not NO_VALUE:
+                current_states = [
+                    ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                    for c in current
+                ]
+                original_states = [
+                    ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                    for c in original
+                ]
+
+                current_set = dict(current_states)
+                original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+                return (
+                    [
+                        (s, o)
+                        for s, o in current_states
+                        if s not in original_set
+                    ]
+                    + [(s, o) for s, o in current_states if s in original_set]
+                    + [
+                        (s, o)
+                        for s, o in original_states
+                        if s not in current_set
+                    ]
+                )
+
+        return [(instance_state(o), o) for o in current]
+
+    def fire_append_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> _T:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token, key=key)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+    def fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> _T:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append_wo_mutation:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token, key=key)
+
+        return value
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """A special event used for pop() operations.
+
+        The "remove" event needs to have the item to be removed passed to
+        it, which in the case of pop from a set, we don't have a way to access
+        the item before the operation.   the event is used for all pop()
+        operations (even though set.pop is the one where it is really needed).
+
+        """
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token, key=key)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict)
+        collection.clear_with_event()
+
+        # key is always present because we checked above.  e.g.
+        # del is a no-op if collection not present.
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def _default_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> _AdaptedCollectionProtocol:
+        """Produce an empty collection for an un-initialized attribute"""
+
+        assert self.key not in dict_, (
+            "_default_value should only be invoked for an "
+            "uninitialized or expired attribute"
+        )
+
+        if self.key in state._empty_collections:
+            return state._empty_collections[self.key]
+
+        adapter, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        adapter._set_empty(user_data)
+        return user_data
+
+    def _initialize_collection(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any]
+    ) -> Tuple[CollectionAdapter, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        adapter, collection = state.manager.initialize_collection(
+            self.key, state, self.collection_factory
+        )
+
+        self.dispatch.init_collection(state, collection, adapter)
+
+        return adapter, collection
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        collection = self.get_collection(
+            state, dict_, user_data=None, passive=passive
+        )
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            value = self.fire_append_event(
+                state, dict_, value, initiator, key=NO_KEY
+            )
+            assert (
+                self.key not in dict_
+            ), "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).append(value)
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(collection, CollectionAdapter)
+            collection.append_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        collection = self.get_collection(
+            state, state.dict, user_data=None, passive=passive
+        )
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator, key=NO_KEY)
+            assert (
+                self.key not in dict_
+            ), "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).remove(value)
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(collection, CollectionAdapter)
+            collection.remove_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            # TODO: better solution here would be to add
+            # a "popper" role to collections.py to complement
+            # "remover".
+            self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+        except (ValueError, KeyError, IndexError):
+            pass
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        iterable = orig_iterable = value
+        new_keys = None
+
+        # pulling a new collection first so that an adaptation exception does
+        # not trigger a lazy load of the old collection.
+        new_collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        if _adapt:
+            if new_collection._converter is not None:
+                iterable = new_collection._converter(iterable)
+            else:
+                setting_type = util.duck_type_collection(iterable)
+                receiving_type = self._duck_typed_as
+
+                if setting_type is not receiving_type:
+                    given = (
+                        iterable is None
+                        and "None"
+                        or iterable.__class__.__name__
+                    )
+                    wanted = self._duck_typed_as.__name__
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Incompatible collection type: %s is not %s-like"
+                        % (given, wanted)
+                    )
+
+                # If the object is an adapted collection, return the (iterable)
+                # adapter.
+                if hasattr(iterable, "_sa_iterator"):
+                    iterable = iterable._sa_iterator()
+                elif setting_type is dict:
+                    new_keys = list(iterable)
+                    iterable = iterable.values()
+                else:
+                    iterable = iter(iterable)
+        elif util.duck_type_collection(iterable) is dict:
+            new_keys = list(value)
+
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+
+        evt = self._bulk_replace_token
+
+        self.dispatch.bulk_replace(state, new_values, evt, keys=new_keys)
+
+        # propagate NO_RAISE in passive through to the get() for the
+        # existing object (ticket #8862)
+        old = self.get(
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT ^ (passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE),
+        )
+        if old is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            old = self._default_value(state, dict_)
+        elif old is orig_iterable:
+            # ignore re-assignment of the current collection, as happens
+            # implicitly with in-place operators (foo.collection |= other)
+            return
+
+        # place a copy of "old" in state.committed_state
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old, True)
+
+        old_collection = old._sa_adapter
+
+        dict_[self.key] = user_data
+
+        collections.bulk_replace(
+            new_values, old_collection, new_collection, initiator=evt
+        )
+
+        self._dispose_previous_collection(state, old, old_collection, True)
+
+    def _dispose_previous_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        collection: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol,
+        adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+        fire_event: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        del collection._sa_adapter
+
+        # discarding old collection make sure it is not referenced in empty
+        # collections.
+        state._empty_collections.pop(self.key, None)
+        if fire_event:
+            self.dispatch.dispose_collection(state, collection, adapter)
+
+    def _invalidate_collection(
+        self, collection: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    ) -> None:
+        adapter = getattr(collection, "_sa_adapter")
+        adapter.invalidated = True
+
+    def set_committed_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, value: Any
+    ) -> _AdaptedCollectionProtocol:
+        """Set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+
+        if value:
+            collection.append_multiple_without_event(value)
+
+        state.dict[self.key] = user_data
+
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+
+        if self.key in state._pending_mutations:
+            # pending items exist.  issue a modified event,
+            # add/remove new items.
+            state._modified_event(dict_, self, user_data, True)
+
+            pending = state._pending_mutations.pop(self.key)
+            added = pending.added_items
+            removed = pending.deleted_items
+            for item in added:
+                collection.append_without_event(item)
+            for item in removed:
+                collection.remove_without_event(item)
+
+        return user_data
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        """Retrieve the CollectionAdapter associated with the given state.
+
+        if user_data is None, retrieves it from the state using normal
+        "get()" rules, which will fire lazy callables or return the "empty"
+        collection value.
+
+        """
+        if user_data is None:
+            fetch_user_data = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if fetch_user_data is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return fetch_user_data
+            else:
+                user_data = cast("_AdaptedCollectionProtocol", fetch_user_data)
+
+        return user_data._sa_adapter
+
+
+def backref_listeners(
+    attribute: QueryableAttribute[Any], key: str, uselist: bool
+) -> None:
+    """Apply listeners to synchronize a two-way relationship."""
+
+    # use easily recognizable names for stack traces.
+
+    # in the sections marked "tokens to test for a recursive loop",
+    # this is somewhat brittle and very performance-sensitive logic
+    # that is specific to how we might arrive at each event.  a marker
+    # that can target us directly to arguments being invoked against
+    # the impl might be simpler, but could interfere with other systems.
+
+    parent_token = attribute.impl.parent_token
+    parent_impl = attribute.impl
+
+    def _acceptable_key_err(child_state, initiator, child_impl):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Bidirectional attribute conflict detected: "
+            'Passing object %s to attribute "%s" '
+            'triggers a modify event on attribute "%s" '
+            'via the backref "%s".'
+            % (
+                state_str(child_state),
+                initiator.parent_token,
+                child_impl.parent_token,
+                attribute.impl.parent_token,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event(
+        state, child, oldchild, initiator, **kw
+    ):
+        if oldchild is child:
+            return child
+        if (
+            oldchild is not None
+            and oldchild is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and oldchild is not NO_VALUE
+        ):
+            # With lazy=None, there's no guarantee that the full collection is
+            # present when updating via a backref.
+            old_state, old_dict = (
+                instance_state(oldchild),
+                instance_dict(oldchild),
+            )
+            impl = old_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+            if not impl.collection and not impl.dynamic:
+                check_recursive_token = impl._replace_token
+            else:
+                check_recursive_token = impl._remove_token
+
+            if initiator is not check_recursive_token:
+                impl.pop(
+                    old_state,
+                    old_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    parent_impl._append_token,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                )
+
+        if child is not None:
+            child_state, child_dict = (
+                instance_state(child),
+                instance_dict(child),
+            )
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            if (
+                initiator.parent_token is not parent_token
+                and initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token
+            ):
+                _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+
+            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+            check_append_token = child_impl._append_token
+            check_bulk_replace_token = (
+                child_impl._bulk_replace_token
+                if _is_collection_attribute_impl(child_impl)
+                else None
+            )
+
+            if (
+                initiator is not check_append_token
+                and initiator is not check_bulk_replace_token
+            ):
+                child_impl.append(
+                    child_state,
+                    child_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    initiator,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                )
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_append_event(
+        state, child, initiator, **kw
+    ):
+        if child is None:
+            return
+
+        child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child), instance_dict(child)
+        child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+        if (
+            initiator.parent_token is not parent_token
+            and initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token
+        ):
+            _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+
+        # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+        check_append_token = child_impl._append_token
+        check_bulk_replace_token = (
+            child_impl._bulk_replace_token
+            if _is_collection_attribute_impl(child_impl)
+            else None
+        )
+
+        if (
+            initiator is not check_append_token
+            and initiator is not check_bulk_replace_token
+        ):
+            child_impl.append(
+                child_state,
+                child_dict,
+                state.obj(),
+                initiator,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+            )
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event(
+        state, child, initiator, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            child is not None
+            and child is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and child is not NO_VALUE
+        ):
+            child_state, child_dict = (
+                instance_state(child),
+                instance_dict(child),
+            )
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            check_replace_token: Optional[AttributeEventToken]
+
+            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+            if not child_impl.collection and not child_impl.dynamic:
+                check_remove_token = child_impl._remove_token
+                check_replace_token = child_impl._replace_token
+                check_for_dupes_on_remove = uselist and not parent_impl.dynamic
+            else:
+                check_remove_token = child_impl._remove_token
+                check_replace_token = (
+                    child_impl._bulk_replace_token
+                    if _is_collection_attribute_impl(child_impl)
+                    else None
+                )
+                check_for_dupes_on_remove = False
+
+            if (
+                initiator is not check_remove_token
+                and initiator is not check_replace_token
+            ):
+                if not check_for_dupes_on_remove or not util.has_dupes(
+                    # when this event is called, the item is usually
+                    # present in the list, except for a pop() operation.
+                    state.dict[parent_impl.key],
+                    child,
+                ):
+                    child_impl.pop(
+                        child_state,
+                        child_dict,
+                        state.obj(),
+                        initiator,
+                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                    )
+
+    if uselist:
+        event.listen(
+            attribute,
+            "append",
+            emit_backref_from_collection_append_event,
+            retval=True,
+            raw=True,
+            include_key=True,
+        )
+    else:
+        event.listen(
+            attribute,
+            "set",
+            emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event,
+            retval=True,
+            raw=True,
+            include_key=True,
+        )
+    # TODO: need coverage in test/orm/ of remove event
+    event.listen(
+        attribute,
+        "remove",
+        emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event,
+        retval=True,
+        raw=True,
+        include_key=True,
+    )
+
+
+_NO_HISTORY = util.symbol("NO_HISTORY")
+_NO_STATE_SYMBOLS = frozenset([id(PASSIVE_NO_RESULT), id(NO_VALUE)])
+
+
+class History(NamedTuple):
+    """A 3-tuple of added, unchanged and deleted values,
+    representing the changes which have occurred on an instrumented
+    attribute.
+
+    The easiest way to get a :class:`.History` object for a particular
+    attribute on an object is to use the :func:`_sa.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        hist = inspect(myobject).attrs.myattribute.history
+
+    Each tuple member is an iterable sequence:
+
+    * ``added`` - the collection of items added to the attribute (the first
+      tuple element).
+
+    * ``unchanged`` - the collection of items that have not changed on the
+      attribute (the second tuple element).
+
+    * ``deleted`` - the collection of items that have been removed from the
+      attribute (the third tuple element).
+
+    """
+
+    added: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+    unchanged: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+    deleted: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return self != HISTORY_BLANK
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has no changes
+        and no existing, unchanged state.
+
+        """
+
+        return not bool((self.added or self.deleted) or self.unchanged)
+
+    def sum(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (
+            (self.added or []) + (self.unchanged or []) + (self.deleted or [])
+        )
+
+    def non_deleted(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged."""
+
+        return (self.added or []) + (self.unchanged or [])
+
+    def non_added(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a collection of unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (self.unchanged or []) + (self.deleted or [])
+
+    def has_changes(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has changes."""
+
+        return bool(self.added or self.deleted)
+
+    def _merge(self, added: Iterable[Any], deleted: Iterable[Any]) -> History:
+        return History(
+            list(self.added) + list(added),
+            self.unchanged,
+            list(self.deleted) + list(deleted),
+        )
+
+    def as_state(self) -> History:
+        return History(
+            [
+                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
+                for c in self.added
+            ],
+            [
+                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
+                for c in self.unchanged
+            ],
+            [
+                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
+                for c in self.deleted
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_scalar_attribute(
+        cls,
+        attribute: ScalarAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        current: Any,
+    ) -> History:
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        deleted: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        # don't let ClauseElement expressions here trip things up
+        elif (
+            current is not NO_VALUE
+            and attribute.is_equal(current, original) is True
+        ):
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on native scalars is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", but
+            # we do include None, which helps in some primary
+            # key situations
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                deleted = ()
+                # indicate a "del" operation occurred when we don't have
+                # the previous value as: ([None], (), ())
+                if id(current) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                    current = None
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_object_attribute(
+        cls,
+        attribute: ScalarObjectAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        current: Any,
+        original: Any = _NO_HISTORY,
+    ) -> History:
+        deleted: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        elif current is original and current is not NO_VALUE:
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on related objects is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", and
+            # to also not include None - the dependency.py rules
+            # ignore the None in any case.
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS or original is None:
+                deleted = ()
+                # indicate a "del" operation occurred when we don't have
+                # the previous value as: ([None], (), ())
+                if id(current) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                    current = None
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_collection(
+        cls,
+        attribute: CollectionAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        current: Any,
+    ) -> History:
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+        if current is NO_VALUE:
+            return cls((), (), ())
+
+        current = getattr(current, "_sa_adapter")
+        if original is NO_VALUE:
+            return cls(list(current), (), ())
+        elif original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            return cls((), list(current), ())
+        else:
+            current_states = [
+                ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                for c in current
+            ]
+            original_states = [
+                ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                for c in original
+            ]
+
+            current_set = dict(current_states)
+            original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+            return cls(
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s not in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in original_states if s not in current_set],
+            )
+
+
+HISTORY_BLANK = History((), (), ())
+
+
+def get_history(
+    obj: object, key: str, passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF
+) -> History:
+    """Return a :class:`.History` record for the given object
+    and attribute key.
+
+    This is the **pre-flush** history for a given attribute, which is
+    reset each time the :class:`.Session` flushes changes to the
+    current database transaction.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Prefer to use the :attr:`.AttributeState.history` and
+        :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` accessors to retrieve the
+        :class:`.History` for instance attributes.
+
+
+    :param obj: an object whose class is instrumented by the
+      attributes package.
+
+    :param key: string attribute name.
+
+    :param passive: indicates loading behavior for the attribute
+       if the value is not already present.   This is a
+       bitflag attribute, which defaults to the symbol
+       :attr:`.PASSIVE_OFF` indicating all necessary SQL
+       should be emitted.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.AttributeState.history`
+
+        :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
+        using loader callables if the value is not locally present.
+
+    """
+
+    return get_state_history(instance_state(obj), key, passive)
+
+
+def get_state_history(
+    state: InstanceState[Any], key: str, passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF
+) -> History:
+    return state.get_history(key, passive)
+
+
+def has_parent(
+    cls: Type[_O], obj: _O, key: str, optimistic: bool = False
+) -> bool:
+    """TODO"""
+    manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    return manager.has_parent(state, key, optimistic)
+
+
+def register_attribute(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    key: str,
+    *,
+    comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T],
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]:
+    desc = register_descriptor(
+        class_, key, comparator=comparator, parententity=parententity, doc=doc
+    )
+    register_attribute_impl(class_, key, **kw)
+    return desc
+
+
+def register_attribute_impl(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    key: str,
+    uselist: bool = False,
+    callable_: Optional[_LoaderCallable] = None,
+    useobject: bool = False,
+    impl_class: Optional[Type[AttributeImpl]] = None,
+    backref: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> QueryableAttribute[Any]:
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+    if uselist:
+        factory = kw.pop("typecallable", None)
+        typecallable = manager.instrument_collection_class(
+            key, factory or list
+        )
+    else:
+        typecallable = kw.pop("typecallable", None)
+
+    dispatch = cast(
+        "_Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]]", manager[key].dispatch
+    )  # noqa: E501
+
+    impl: AttributeImpl
+
+    if impl_class:
+        # TODO: this appears to be the WriteOnlyAttributeImpl /
+        # DynamicAttributeImpl constructor which is hardcoded
+        impl = cast("Type[WriteOnlyAttributeImpl]", impl_class)(
+            class_, key, dispatch, **kw
+        )
+    elif uselist:
+        impl = CollectionAttributeImpl(
+            class_, key, callable_, dispatch, typecallable=typecallable, **kw
+        )
+    elif useobject:
+        impl = ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(
+            class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw
+        )
+    else:
+        impl = ScalarAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw)
+
+    manager[key].impl = impl
+
+    if backref:
+        backref_listeners(manager[key], backref, uselist)
+
+    manager.post_configure_attribute(key)
+    return manager[key]
+
+
+def register_descriptor(
+    class_: Type[Any],
+    key: str,
+    *,
+    comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T],
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]:
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    descriptor = InstrumentedAttribute(
+        class_, key, comparator=comparator, parententity=parententity
+    )
+
+    descriptor.__doc__ = doc  # type: ignore
+
+    manager.instrument_attribute(key, descriptor)
+    return descriptor
+
+
+def unregister_attribute(class_: Type[Any], key: str) -> None:
+    manager_of_class(class_).uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+
+def init_collection(obj: object, key: str) -> CollectionAdapter:
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
+
+    This function is used to provide direct access to collection internals
+    for a previously unloaded attribute.  e.g.::
+
+        collection_adapter = init_collection(someobject, 'elements')
+        for elem in values:
+            collection_adapter.append_without_event(elem)
+
+    For an easier way to do the above, see
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.set_committed_value`.
+
+    :param obj: a mapped object
+
+    :param key: string attribute name where the collection is located.
+
+    """
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    dict_ = state.dict
+    return init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)
+
+
+def init_state_collection(
+    state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, key: str
+) -> CollectionAdapter:
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
+
+    Discards any existing collection which may be there.
+
+    """
+    attr = state.manager[key].impl
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        assert isinstance(attr, HasCollectionAdapter)
+
+    old = dict_.pop(key, None)  # discard old collection
+    if old is not None:
+        old_collection = old._sa_adapter
+        attr._dispose_previous_collection(state, old, old_collection, False)
+
+    user_data = attr._default_value(state, dict_)
+    adapter: CollectionAdapter = attr.get_collection(
+        state, dict_, user_data, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+    )
+    adapter._reset_empty()
+
+    return adapter
+
+
+def set_committed_value(instance, key, value):
+    """Set the value of an attribute with no history events.
+
+    Cancels any previous history present.  The value should be
+    a scalar value for scalar-holding attributes, or
+    an iterable for any collection-holding attribute.
+
+    This is the same underlying method used when a lazy loader
+    fires off and loads additional data from the database.
+    In particular, this method can be used by application code
+    which has loaded additional attributes or collections through
+    separate queries, which can then be attached to an instance
+    as though it were part of its original loaded state.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+
+def set_attribute(
+    instance: object,
+    key: str,
+    value: Any,
+    initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Set the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    :param instance: the object that will be modified
+
+    :param key: string name of the attribute
+
+    :param value: value to assign
+
+    :param initiator: an instance of :class:`.Event` that would have
+     been propagated from a previous event listener.  This argument
+     is used when the :func:`.set_attribute` function is being used within
+     an existing event listening function where an :class:`.Event` object
+     is being supplied; the object may be used to track the origin of the
+     chain of events.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.2.3
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+
+def get_attribute(instance: object, key: str) -> Any:
+    """Get the value of an attribute, firing any callables required.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to make usage of attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    return state.manager[key].impl.get(state, dict_)
+
+
+def del_attribute(instance: object, key: str) -> None:
+    """Delete the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.delete(state, dict_)
+
+
+def flag_modified(instance: object, key: str) -> None:
+    """Mark an attribute on an instance as 'modified'.
+
+    This sets the 'modified' flag on the instance and
+    establishes an unconditional change event for the given attribute.
+    The attribute must have a value present, else an
+    :class:`.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+    To mark an object "dirty" without referring to any specific attribute
+    so that it is considered within a flush, use the
+    :func:`.attributes.flag_dirty` call.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.attributes.flag_dirty`
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    impl = state.manager[key].impl
+    impl.dispatch.modified(state, impl._modified_token)
+    state._modified_event(dict_, impl, NO_VALUE, is_userland=True)
+
+
+def flag_dirty(instance: object) -> None:
+    """Mark an instance as 'dirty' without any specific attribute mentioned.
+
+    This is a special operation that will allow the object to travel through
+    the flush process for interception by events such as
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`.   Note that no SQL will be emitted in
+    the flush process for an object that has no changes, even if marked dirty
+    via this method.  However, a :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` handler
+    will be able to see the object in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection and
+    may establish changes on it, which will then be included in the SQL
+    emitted.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.attributes.flag_modified`
+
+    """
+
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state._modified_event(dict_, None, NO_VALUE, is_userland=True)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..033696a44365f98ed80cbaca6ab4674253f6af61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+# orm/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Constants and rudimental functions used throughout the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import no_type_check
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql.elements import SQLColumnExpression
+from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+from ..util import FastIntFlag
+from ..util.langhelpers import TypingOnly
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+    from .dynamic import AppenderQuery
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .interfaces import PropComparator
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from .writeonly import WriteOnlyCollection
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+
+class LoaderCallableStatus(Enum):
+    PASSIVE_NO_RESULT = 0
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable or other attribute/history
+    retrieval operation when a value could not be determined, based
+    on loader callable flags.
+    """
+
+    PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH = 1
+    """Symbol indicating that an object is locally present for a given
+    primary key identity but it is not of the requested class.  The
+    return value is therefore None and no SQL should be emitted."""
+
+    ATTR_WAS_SET = 2
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable to indicate the
+    retrieved value, or values, were assigned to their attributes
+    on the target object.
+    """
+
+    ATTR_EMPTY = 3
+    """Symbol used internally to indicate an attribute had no callable."""
+
+    NO_VALUE = 4
+    """Symbol which may be placed as the 'previous' value of an attribute,
+    indicating no value was loaded for an attribute when it was modified,
+    and flags indicated we were not to load it.
+    """
+
+    NEVER_SET = NO_VALUE
+    """
+    Synonymous with NO_VALUE
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4   NEVER_SET was merged with NO_VALUE
+
+    """
+
+
+(
+    PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+    PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH,
+    ATTR_WAS_SET,
+    ATTR_EMPTY,
+    NO_VALUE,
+) = tuple(LoaderCallableStatus)
+
+NEVER_SET = NO_VALUE
+
+
+class PassiveFlag(FastIntFlag):
+    """Bitflag interface that passes options onto loader callables"""
+
+    NO_CHANGE = 0
+    """No callables or SQL should be emitted on attribute access
+    and no state should change
+    """
+
+    CALLABLES_OK = 1
+    """Loader callables can be fired off if a value
+    is not present.
+    """
+
+    SQL_OK = 2
+    """Loader callables can emit SQL at least on scalar value attributes."""
+
+    RELATED_OBJECT_OK = 4
+    """Callables can use SQL to load related objects as well
+    as scalar value attributes.
+    """
+
+    INIT_OK = 8
+    """Attributes should be initialized with a blank
+    value (None or an empty collection) upon get, if no other
+    value can be obtained.
+    """
+
+    NON_PERSISTENT_OK = 16
+    """Callables can be emitted if the parent is not persistent."""
+
+    LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED = 32
+    """Callables should use committed values as primary/foreign keys during a
+    load.
+    """
+
+    NO_AUTOFLUSH = 64
+    """Loader callables should disable autoflush.""",
+
+    NO_RAISE = 128
+    """Loader callables should not raise any assertions"""
+
+    DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD = 256
+    """indicates special load of the previous value of an attribute"""
+
+    INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS = 512
+
+    # pre-packaged sets of flags used as inputs
+    PASSIVE_OFF = (
+        RELATED_OBJECT_OK | NON_PERSISTENT_OK | INIT_OK | CALLABLES_OK | SQL_OK
+    )
+    "Callables can be emitted in all cases."
+
+    PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE = PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK
+    """PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK"""
+
+    PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE = PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE ^ CALLABLES_OK
+    "PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE ^ CALLABLES_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH = PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED = PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT = PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_MERGE = PASSIVE_OFF | NO_RAISE
+    """PASSIVE_OFF | NO_RAISE
+
+    Symbol used specifically for session.merge() and similar cases
+
+    """
+
+
+(
+    NO_CHANGE,
+    CALLABLES_OK,
+    SQL_OK,
+    RELATED_OBJECT_OK,
+    INIT_OK,
+    NON_PERSISTENT_OK,
+    LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
+    NO_AUTOFLUSH,
+    NO_RAISE,
+    DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD,
+    INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS,
+    PASSIVE_OFF,
+    PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE,
+    PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED,
+    PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT,
+    PASSIVE_MERGE,
+) = PassiveFlag.__members__.values()
+
+DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR = "_sa_class_manager"
+DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR = "_sa_instance_state"
+
+
+class EventConstants(Enum):
+    EXT_CONTINUE = 1
+    EXT_STOP = 2
+    EXT_SKIP = 3
+    NO_KEY = 4
+    """indicates an :class:`.AttributeEvent` event that did not have any
+    key argument.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+EXT_CONTINUE, EXT_STOP, EXT_SKIP, NO_KEY = tuple(EventConstants)
+
+
+class RelationshipDirection(Enum):
+    """enumeration which indicates the 'direction' of a
+    :class:`_orm.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    :class:`.RelationshipDirection` is accessible from the
+    :attr:`_orm.Relationship.direction` attribute of
+    :class:`_orm.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    """
+
+    ONETOMANY = 1
+    """Indicates the one-to-many direction for a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """
+
+    MANYTOONE = 2
+    """Indicates the many-to-one direction for a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """
+
+    MANYTOMANY = 3
+    """Indicates the many-to-many direction for a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """
+
+
+ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE, MANYTOMANY = tuple(RelationshipDirection)
+
+
+class InspectionAttrExtensionType(Enum):
+    """Symbols indicating the type of extension that a
+    :class:`.InspectionAttr` is part of."""
+
+
+class NotExtension(InspectionAttrExtensionType):
+    NOT_EXTENSION = "not_extension"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    not part of sqlalchemy.ext.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+
+
+_never_set = frozenset([NEVER_SET])
+
+_none_set = frozenset([None, NEVER_SET, PASSIVE_NO_RESULT])
+
+_SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED = util.symbol("SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED")
+
+_DEFER_FOR_STATE = util.symbol("DEFER_FOR_STATE")
+
+_RAISE_FOR_STATE = util.symbol("RAISE_FOR_STATE")
+
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+_Self = TypeVar("_Self")
+
+
+def _assertions(
+    *assertions: Any,
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    @util.decorator
+    def generate(fn: _F, self: _Self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> _Self:
+        for assertion in assertions:
+            assertion(self, fn.__name__)
+        fn(self, *args, **kw)
+        return self
+
+    return generate
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def manager_of_class(cls: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def opt_manager_of_class(cls: AliasedClass[Any]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def opt_manager_of_class(
+        cls: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+    ) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]: ...
+
+    def opt_manager_of_class(
+        cls: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+    ) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]: ...
+
+    def instance_state(instance: _O) -> InstanceState[_O]: ...
+
+    def instance_dict(instance: object) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
+
+else:
+    # these can be replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+    # if augmented class instrumentation is enabled.
+
+    def manager_of_class(cls):
+        try:
+            return cls.__dict__[DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            raise exc.UnmappedClassError(
+                cls, f"Can't locate an instrumentation manager for class {cls}"
+            ) from ke
+
+    def opt_manager_of_class(cls):
+        return cls.__dict__.get(DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    instance_state = operator.attrgetter(DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR)
+
+    instance_dict = operator.attrgetter("__dict__")
+
+
+def instance_str(instance: object) -> str:
+    """Return a string describing an instance."""
+
+    return state_str(instance_state(instance))
+
+
+def state_str(state: InstanceState[Any]) -> str:
+    """Return a string describing an instance via its InstanceState."""
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return "<%s at 0x%x>" % (state.class_.__name__, id(state.obj()))
+
+
+def state_class_str(state: InstanceState[Any]) -> str:
+    """Return a string describing an instance's class via its
+    InstanceState.
+    """
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return "<%s>" % (state.class_.__name__,)
+
+
+def attribute_str(instance: object, attribute: str) -> str:
+    return instance_str(instance) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def state_attribute_str(state: InstanceState[Any], attribute: str) -> str:
+    return state_str(state) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def object_mapper(instance: _T) -> Mapper[_T]:
+    """Given an object, return the primary Mapper associated with the object
+    instance.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    This function is available via the inspection system as::
+
+        inspect(instance).mapper
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    return object_state(instance).mapper
+
+
+def object_state(instance: _T) -> InstanceState[_T]:
+    """Given an object, return the :class:`.InstanceState`
+    associated with the object.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`_sa.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(instance)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    state = _inspect_mapped_object(instance)
+    if state is None:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+    else:
+        return state
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(object)
+def _inspect_mapped_object(instance: _T) -> Optional[InstanceState[_T]]:
+    try:
+        return instance_state(instance)
+    except (exc.UnmappedClassError,) + exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+
+
+def _class_to_mapper(
+    class_or_mapper: Union[Mapper[_T], Type[_T]]
+) -> Mapper[_T]:
+    # can't get mypy to see an overload for this
+    insp = inspection.inspect(class_or_mapper, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(class_or_mapper, type)
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_or_mapper)
+
+
+def _mapper_or_none(
+    entity: Union[Type[_T], _InternalEntityType[_T]]
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_T]]:
+    """Return the :class:`_orm.Mapper` for the given class or None if the
+    class is not mapped.
+    """
+
+    # can't get mypy to see an overload for this
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_mapped_class(entity: Any) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given object is a mapped class,
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper`, or :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    """
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return (
+        insp is not None
+        and not insp.is_clause_element
+        and (insp.is_mapper or insp.is_aliased_class)
+    )
+
+
+def _is_aliased_class(entity: Any) -> bool:
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return insp is not None and getattr(insp, "is_aliased_class", False)
+
+
+@no_type_check
+def _entity_descriptor(entity: _EntityType[Any], key: str) -> Any:
+    """Return a class attribute given an entity and string name.
+
+    May return :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute` or user-defined
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity)
+    if insp.is_selectable:
+        description = entity
+        entity = insp.c
+    elif insp.is_aliased_class:
+        entity = insp.entity
+        description = entity
+    elif hasattr(insp, "mapper"):
+        description = entity = insp.mapper.class_
+    else:
+        description = entity
+
+    try:
+        return getattr(entity, key)
+    except AttributeError as err:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Entity '%s' has no property '%s'" % (description, key)
+        ) from err
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def _state_mapper(state: InstanceState[_O]) -> Mapper[_O]: ...
+
+else:
+    _state_mapper = util.dottedgetter("manager.mapper")
+
+
+def _inspect_mapped_class(
+    class_: Type[_O], configure: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_O]]:
+    try:
+        class_manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+        if class_manager is None or not class_manager.is_mapped:
+            return None
+        mapper = class_manager.mapper
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+    else:
+        if configure:
+            mapper._check_configure()
+        return mapper
+
+
+def _parse_mapper_argument(arg: Union[Mapper[_O], Type[_O]]) -> Mapper[_O]:
+    insp = inspection.inspect(arg, raiseerr=False)
+    if insp_is_mapper(insp):
+        return insp
+
+    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(f"Mapper or mapped class expected, got {arg!r}")
+
+
+def class_mapper(class_: Type[_O], configure: bool = True) -> Mapper[_O]:
+    """Given a class, return the primary :class:`_orm.Mapper` associated
+    with the key.
+
+    Raises :exc:`.UnmappedClassError` if no mapping is configured
+    on the given class, or :exc:`.ArgumentError` if a non-class
+    object is passed.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`_sa.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(some_mapped_class)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the class is not mapped.
+
+    """
+    mapper = _inspect_mapped_class(class_, configure=configure)
+    if mapper is None:
+        if not isinstance(class_, type):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Class object expected, got '%r'." % (class_,)
+            )
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_)
+    else:
+        return mapper
+
+
+class InspectionAttr:
+    """A base class applied to all ORM objects and attributes that are
+    related to things that can be returned by the :func:`_sa.inspect` function.
+
+    The attributes defined here allow the usage of simple boolean
+    checks to test basic facts about the object returned.
+
+    While the boolean checks here are basically the same as using
+    the Python isinstance() function, the flags here can be used without
+    the need to import all of these classes, and also such that
+    the SQLAlchemy class system can change while leaving the flags
+    here intact for forwards-compatibility.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+
+    is_selectable = False
+    """Return True if this object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.Selectable`."""
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`."""
+
+    is_instance = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.InstanceState`."""
+
+    is_mapper = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`_orm.Mapper`."""
+
+    is_bundle = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.Bundle`."""
+
+    is_property = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.MapperProperty`."""
+
+    is_attribute = False
+    """True if this object is a Python :term:`descriptor`.
+
+    This can refer to one of many types.   Usually a
+    :class:`.QueryableAttribute` which handles attributes events on behalf
+    of a :class:`.MapperProperty`.   But can also be an extension type
+    such as :class:`.AssociationProxy` or :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+    The :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer to a constant
+    identifying the specific subtype.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+    """
+
+    _is_internal_proxy = False
+    """True if this object is an internal proxy object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.12
+
+    """
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`."""
+
+    extension_type: InspectionAttrExtensionType = NotExtension.NOT_EXTENSION
+    """The extension type, if any.
+    Defaults to :attr:`.interfaces.NotExtension.NOT_EXTENSION`
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.HybridExtensionType`
+
+        :class:`.AssociationProxyExtensionType`
+
+    """
+
+
+class InspectionAttrInfo(InspectionAttr):
+    """Adds the ``.info`` attribute to :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+    The rationale for :class:`.InspectionAttr` vs. :class:`.InspectionAttrInfo`
+    is that the former is compatible as a mixin for classes that specify
+    ``__slots__``; this is essentially an implementation artifact.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`_orm.relationship`, or
+        :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+
+class SQLORMOperations(SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def of_type(
+            self, class_: _EntityType[Any]
+        ) -> PropComparator[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def and_(
+            self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+        ) -> PropComparator[bool]: ...
+
+        def any(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def has(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+
+class ORMDescriptor(Generic[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    """Represent any Python descriptor that provides a SQL expression
+    construct at the class level."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Any, owner: Literal[None]
+        ) -> ORMDescriptor[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Any
+        ) -> SQLCoreOperations[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: object, owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[ORMDescriptor[_T_co], SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], _T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _MappedAnnotationBase(Generic[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    """common class for Mapped and similar ORM container classes.
+
+    these are classes that can appear on the left side of an ORM declarative
+    mapping, containing a mapped class or in some cases a collection
+    surrounding a mapped class.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class SQLORMExpression(
+    SQLORMOperations[_T_co], SQLColumnExpression[_T_co], TypingOnly
+):
+    """A type that may be used to indicate any ORM-level attribute or
+    object that acts in place of one, in the context of SQL expression
+    construction.
+
+    :class:`.SQLORMExpression` extends from the Core
+    :class:`.SQLColumnExpression` to add additional SQL methods that are ORM
+    specific, such as :meth:`.PropComparator.of_type`, and is part of the bases
+    for :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`. It may be used in :pep:`484` typing to
+    indicate arguments or return values that should behave as ORM-level
+    attribute expressions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class Mapped(
+    SQLORMExpression[_T_co],
+    ORMDescriptor[_T_co],
+    _MappedAnnotationBase[_T_co],
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+):
+    """Represent an ORM mapped attribute on a mapped class.
+
+    This class represents the complete descriptor interface for any class
+    attribute that will have been :term:`instrumented` by the ORM
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` class.   Provides appropriate information to type
+    checkers such as pylance and mypy so that ORM-mapped attributes
+    are correctly typed.
+
+    The most prominent use of :class:`_orm.Mapped` is in
+    the :ref:`Declarative Mapping <orm_explicit_declarative_base>` form
+    of :class:`_orm.Mapper` configuration, where used explicitly it drives
+    the configuration of ORM attributes such as :func:`_orm.mapped_class`
+    and :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_explicit_declarative_base`
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table`
+
+    .. tip::
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Mapped` class represents attributes that are handled
+        directly by the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class. It does not include other
+        Python descriptor classes that are provided as extensions, including
+        :ref:`hybrids_toplevel` and the :ref:`associationproxy_toplevel`.
+        While these systems still make use of ORM-specific superclasses
+        and structures, they are not :term:`instrumented` by the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` and instead provide their own functionality
+        when they are accessed on a class.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], _T_co]: ...
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _empty_constructor(cls, arg1: Any) -> Mapped[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __set__(
+            self, instance: Any, value: Union[SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], _T_co]
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _MappedAttribute(Generic[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    """Mixin for attributes which should be replaced by mapper-assigned
+    attributes.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class _DeclarativeMapped(Mapped[_T_co], _MappedAttribute[_T_co]):
+    """Mixin for :class:`.MapperProperty` subclasses that allows them to
+    be compatible with ORM-annotated declarative mappings.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # MappedSQLExpression, Relationship, Composite etc. dont actually do
+    # SQL expression behavior.  yet there is code that compares them with
+    # __eq__(), __ne__(), etc.   Since #8847 made Mapped even more full
+    # featured including ColumnOperators, we need to have those methods
+    # be no-ops for these objects, so return NotImplemented to fall back
+    # to normal comparison behavior.
+    def operate(self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __sa_operate__ = operate
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        return NotImplemented
+
+
+class DynamicMapped(_MappedAnnotationBase[_T_co]):
+    """Represent the ORM mapped attribute type for a "dynamic" relationship.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DynamicMapped` type annotation may be used in an
+    :ref:`Annotated Declarative Table <orm_declarative_mapped_column>` mapping
+    to indicate that the ``lazy="dynamic"`` loader strategy should be used
+    for a particular :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    .. legacy::  The "dynamic" lazy loader strategy is the legacy form of what
+       is now the "write_only" strategy described in the section
+       :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "user"
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            addresses: DynamicMapped[Address] = relationship(
+                cascade="all,delete-orphan"
+            )
+
+    See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for background.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - complete background
+
+        :class:`.WriteOnlyMapped` - fully 2.0 style version
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: object, owner: Any
+        ) -> AppenderQuery[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], AppenderQuery[_T_co]]: ...
+
+        def __set__(
+            self, instance: Any, value: typing.Collection[_T_co]
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class WriteOnlyMapped(_MappedAnnotationBase[_T_co]):
+    """Represent the ORM mapped attribute type for a "write only" relationship.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyMapped` type annotation may be used in an
+    :ref:`Annotated Declarative Table <orm_declarative_mapped_column>` mapping
+    to indicate that the ``lazy="write_only"`` loader strategy should be used
+    for a particular :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "user"
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            addresses: WriteOnlyMapped[Address] = relationship(
+                cascade="all,delete-orphan"
+            )
+
+    See the section :ref:`write_only_relationship` for background.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship` - complete background
+
+        :class:`.DynamicMapped` - includes legacy :class:`_orm.Query` support
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: object, owner: Any
+        ) -> WriteOnlyCollection[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[
+            InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], WriteOnlyCollection[_T_co]
+        ]: ...
+
+        def __set__(
+            self, instance: Any, value: typing.Collection[_T_co]
+        ) -> None: ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/bulk_persistence.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/bulk_persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfd177a82803141a361a33bcbdabf53ff955e6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/bulk_persistence.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2055 @@
+# orm/bulk_persistence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""additional ORM persistence classes related to "bulk" operations,
+specifically outside of the flush() process.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import context
+from . import evaluator
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import loading
+from . import persistence
+from .base import NO_VALUE
+from .context import AbstractORMCompileState
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMFromStatementCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import Dialect
+from ..engine import result as _result
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import dml
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+from ..sql.base import _entity_namespace_key
+from ..sql.base import CompileState
+from ..sql.base import Options
+from ..sql.dml import DeleteDMLState
+from ..sql.dml import InsertDMLState
+from ..sql.dml import UpdateDMLState
+from ..util import EMPTY_DICT
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import DMLStrategyArgument
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ._typing import SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import _BindArguments
+    from .session import ORMExecuteState
+    from .session import Session
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import cursor
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_insert(
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    return_defaults: bool,
+    render_nulls: bool,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt: Literal[None] = ...,
+    execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = ...,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_insert(
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    return_defaults: bool,
+    render_nulls: bool,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt: Optional[dml.Insert] = ...,
+    execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = ...,
+) -> cursor.CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _bulk_insert(
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    return_defaults: bool,
+    render_nulls: bool,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt: Optional[dml.Insert] = None,
+    execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+) -> Optional[cursor.CursorResult[Any]]:
+    base_mapper = mapper.base_mapper
+
+    if session_transaction.session.connection_callable:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "connection_callable / per-instance sharding "
+            "not supported in bulk_insert()"
+        )
+
+    if isstates:
+        if return_defaults:
+            states = [(state, state.dict) for state in mappings]
+            mappings = [dict_ for (state, dict_) in states]
+        else:
+            mappings = [state.dict for state in mappings]
+    else:
+        mappings = [dict(m) for m in mappings]
+        _expand_composites(mapper, mappings)
+
+    connection = session_transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+
+    return_result: Optional[cursor.CursorResult[Any]] = None
+
+    mappers_to_run = [
+        (table, mp)
+        for table, mp in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items()
+        if table in mapper._pks_by_table
+    ]
+
+    if return_defaults:
+        # not used by new-style bulk inserts, only used for legacy
+        bookkeeping = True
+    elif len(mappers_to_run) > 1:
+        # if we have more than one table, mapper to run where we will be
+        # either horizontally splicing, or copying values between tables,
+        # we need the "bookkeeping" / deterministic returning order
+        bookkeeping = True
+    else:
+        bookkeeping = False
+
+    for table, super_mapper in mappers_to_run:
+        # find bindparams in the statement. For bulk, we don't really know if
+        # a key in the params applies to a different table since we are
+        # potentially inserting for multiple tables here; looking at the
+        # bindparam() is a lot more direct.   in most cases this will
+        # use _generate_cache_key() which is memoized, although in practice
+        # the ultimate statement that's executed is probably not the same
+        # object so that memoization might not matter much.
+        extra_bp_names = (
+            [
+                b.key
+                for b in use_orm_insert_stmt._get_embedded_bindparams()
+                if b.key in mappings[0]
+            ]
+            if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None
+            else ()
+        )
+
+        records = (
+            (
+                None,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mapper,
+                connection,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_pks,
+                has_all_defaults,
+            )
+            for (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mp,
+                conn,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_pks,
+                has_all_defaults,
+            ) in persistence._collect_insert_commands(
+                table,
+                ((None, mapping, mapper, connection) for mapping in mappings),
+                bulk=True,
+                return_defaults=bookkeeping,
+                render_nulls=render_nulls,
+                include_bulk_keys=extra_bp_names,
+            )
+        )
+
+        result = persistence._emit_insert_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            None,
+            super_mapper,
+            table,
+            records,
+            bookkeeping=bookkeeping,
+            use_orm_insert_stmt=use_orm_insert_stmt,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+        if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+            if not use_orm_insert_stmt._returning or return_result is None:
+                return_result = result
+            elif result.returns_rows:
+                assert bookkeeping
+                return_result = return_result.splice_horizontally(result)
+
+    if return_defaults and isstates:
+        identity_cls = mapper._identity_class
+        identity_props = [p.key for p in mapper._identity_key_props]
+        for state, dict_ in states:
+            state.key = (
+                identity_cls,
+                tuple([dict_[key] for key in identity_props]),
+                None,
+            )
+
+    if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+        assert return_result is not None
+        return return_result
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_update(
+    mapper: Mapper[Any],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    update_changed_only: bool,
+    use_orm_update_stmt: Literal[None] = ...,
+    enable_check_rowcount: bool = True,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_update(
+    mapper: Mapper[Any],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    update_changed_only: bool,
+    use_orm_update_stmt: Optional[dml.Update] = ...,
+    enable_check_rowcount: bool = True,
+) -> _result.Result[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _bulk_update(
+    mapper: Mapper[Any],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    update_changed_only: bool,
+    use_orm_update_stmt: Optional[dml.Update] = None,
+    enable_check_rowcount: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[_result.Result[Any]]:
+    base_mapper = mapper.base_mapper
+
+    search_keys = mapper._primary_key_propkeys
+    if mapper._version_id_prop:
+        search_keys = {mapper._version_id_prop.key}.union(search_keys)
+
+    def _changed_dict(mapper, state):
+        return {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in state.dict.items()
+            if k in state.committed_state or k in search_keys
+        }
+
+    if isstates:
+        if update_changed_only:
+            mappings = [_changed_dict(mapper, state) for state in mappings]
+        else:
+            mappings = [state.dict for state in mappings]
+    else:
+        mappings = [dict(m) for m in mappings]
+        _expand_composites(mapper, mappings)
+
+    if session_transaction.session.connection_callable:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "connection_callable / per-instance sharding "
+            "not supported in bulk_update()"
+        )
+
+    connection = session_transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+
+    # find bindparams in the statement. see _bulk_insert for similar
+    # notes for the insert case
+    extra_bp_names = (
+        [
+            b.key
+            for b in use_orm_update_stmt._get_embedded_bindparams()
+            if b.key in mappings[0]
+        ]
+        if use_orm_update_stmt is not None
+        else ()
+    )
+
+    for table, super_mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if not mapper.isa(super_mapper) or table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        records = persistence._collect_update_commands(
+            None,
+            table,
+            (
+                (
+                    None,
+                    mapping,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    (
+                        mapping[mapper._version_id_prop.key]
+                        if mapper._version_id_prop
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                )
+                for mapping in mappings
+            ),
+            bulk=True,
+            use_orm_update_stmt=use_orm_update_stmt,
+            include_bulk_keys=extra_bp_names,
+        )
+        persistence._emit_update_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            None,
+            super_mapper,
+            table,
+            records,
+            bookkeeping=False,
+            use_orm_update_stmt=use_orm_update_stmt,
+            enable_check_rowcount=enable_check_rowcount,
+        )
+
+    if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+        return _result.null_result()
+
+
+def _expand_composites(mapper, mappings):
+    composite_attrs = mapper.composites
+    if not composite_attrs:
+        return
+
+    composite_keys = set(composite_attrs.keys())
+    populators = {
+        key: composite_attrs[key]._populate_composite_bulk_save_mappings_fn()
+        for key in composite_keys
+    }
+    for mapping in mappings:
+        for key in composite_keys.intersection(mapping):
+            populators[key](mapping)
+
+
+class ORMDMLState(AbstractORMCompileState):
+    is_dml_returning = True
+    from_statement_ctx: Optional[ORMFromStatementCompileState] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_orm_crud_kv_pairs(
+        cls, mapper, statement, kv_iterator, needs_to_be_cacheable
+    ):
+        core_get_crud_kv_pairs = UpdateDMLState._get_crud_kv_pairs
+
+        for k, v in kv_iterator:
+            k = coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k)
+
+            if isinstance(k, str):
+                desc = _entity_namespace_key(mapper, k, default=NO_VALUE)
+                if desc is NO_VALUE:
+                    yield (
+                        coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k),
+                        (
+                            coercions.expect(
+                                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                                v,
+                                type_=sqltypes.NullType(),
+                                is_crud=True,
+                            )
+                            if needs_to_be_cacheable
+                            else v
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    yield from core_get_crud_kv_pairs(
+                        statement,
+                        desc._bulk_update_tuples(v),
+                        needs_to_be_cacheable,
+                    )
+            elif "entity_namespace" in k._annotations:
+                k_anno = k._annotations
+                attr = _entity_namespace_key(
+                    k_anno["entity_namespace"], k_anno["proxy_key"]
+                )
+                yield from core_get_crud_kv_pairs(
+                    statement,
+                    attr._bulk_update_tuples(v),
+                    needs_to_be_cacheable,
+                )
+            else:
+                yield (
+                    k,
+                    (
+                        v
+                        if not needs_to_be_cacheable
+                        else coercions.expect(
+                            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                            v,
+                            type_=sqltypes.NullType(),
+                            is_crud=True,
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_multi_crud_kv_pairs(cls, statement, kv_iterator):
+        plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+
+        if not plugin_subject or not plugin_subject.mapper:
+            return UpdateDMLState._get_multi_crud_kv_pairs(
+                statement, kv_iterator
+            )
+
+        return [
+            dict(
+                cls._get_orm_crud_kv_pairs(
+                    plugin_subject.mapper, statement, value_dict.items(), False
+                )
+            )
+            for value_dict in kv_iterator
+        ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_crud_kv_pairs(cls, statement, kv_iterator, needs_to_be_cacheable):
+        assert (
+            needs_to_be_cacheable
+        ), "no test coverage for needs_to_be_cacheable=False"
+
+        plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+
+        if not plugin_subject or not plugin_subject.mapper:
+            return UpdateDMLState._get_crud_kv_pairs(
+                statement, kv_iterator, needs_to_be_cacheable
+            )
+
+        return list(
+            cls._get_orm_crud_kv_pairs(
+                plugin_subject.mapper,
+                statement,
+                kv_iterator,
+                needs_to_be_cacheable,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_entity_description(cls, statement):
+        ext_info = statement.table._annotations["parententity"]
+        mapper = ext_info.mapper
+        if ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+            _label_name = ext_info.name
+        else:
+            _label_name = mapper.class_.__name__
+
+        return {
+            "name": _label_name,
+            "type": mapper.class_,
+            "expr": ext_info.entity,
+            "entity": ext_info.entity,
+            "table": mapper.local_table,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_returning_column_descriptions(cls, statement):
+        def _ent_for_col(c):
+            return c._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+
+        def _attr_for_col(c, ent):
+            if ent is None:
+                return c
+            proxy_key = c._annotations.get("proxy_key", None)
+            if not proxy_key:
+                return c
+            else:
+                return getattr(ent.entity, proxy_key, c)
+
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": c.key,
+                "type": c.type,
+                "expr": _attr_for_col(c, ent),
+                "aliased": ent.is_aliased_class,
+                "entity": ent.entity,
+            }
+            for c, ent in [
+                (c, _ent_for_col(c)) for c in statement._all_selected_columns
+            ]
+        ]
+
+    def _setup_orm_returning(
+        self,
+        compiler,
+        orm_level_statement,
+        dml_level_statement,
+        dml_mapper,
+        *,
+        use_supplemental_cols=True,
+    ):
+        """establish ORM column handlers for an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+        which uses explicit returning().
+
+        called within compilation level create_for_statement.
+
+        The _return_orm_returning() method then receives the Result
+        after the statement was executed, and applies ORM loading to the
+        state that we first established here.
+
+        """
+
+        if orm_level_statement._returning:
+            fs = FromStatement(
+                orm_level_statement._returning,
+                dml_level_statement,
+                _adapt_on_names=False,
+            )
+            fs = fs.execution_options(**orm_level_statement._execution_options)
+            fs = fs.options(*orm_level_statement._with_options)
+            self.select_statement = fs
+            self.from_statement_ctx = fsc = (
+                ORMFromStatementCompileState.create_for_statement(fs, compiler)
+            )
+            fsc.setup_dml_returning_compile_state(dml_mapper)
+
+            dml_level_statement = dml_level_statement._generate()
+            dml_level_statement._returning = ()
+
+            cols_to_return = [c for c in fsc.primary_columns if c is not None]
+
+            # since we are splicing result sets together, make sure there
+            # are columns of some kind returned in each result set
+            if not cols_to_return:
+                cols_to_return.extend(dml_mapper.primary_key)
+
+            if use_supplemental_cols:
+                dml_level_statement = dml_level_statement.return_defaults(
+                    # this is a little weird looking, but by passing
+                    # primary key as the main list of cols, this tells
+                    # return_defaults to omit server-default cols (and
+                    # actually all cols, due to some weird thing we should
+                    # clean up in crud.py).
+                    # Since we have cols_to_return, just return what we asked
+                    # for (plus primary key, which ORM persistence needs since
+                    # we likely set bookkeeping=True here, which is another
+                    # whole thing...).   We dont want to clutter the
+                    # statement up with lots of other cols the user didn't
+                    # ask for.  see #9685
+                    *dml_mapper.primary_key,
+                    supplemental_cols=cols_to_return,
+                )
+            else:
+                dml_level_statement = dml_level_statement.returning(
+                    *cols_to_return
+                )
+
+        return dml_level_statement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _return_orm_returning(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        execution_context = result.context
+        compile_state = execution_context.compiled.compile_state
+
+        if (
+            compile_state.from_statement_ctx
+            and not compile_state.from_statement_ctx.compile_options._is_star
+        ):
+            load_options = execution_options.get(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+            )
+
+            querycontext = QueryContext(
+                compile_state.from_statement_ctx,
+                compile_state.select_statement,
+                params,
+                session,
+                load_options,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+            )
+            return loading.instances(result, querycontext)
+        else:
+            return result
+
+
+class BulkUDCompileState(ORMDMLState):
+    class default_update_options(Options):
+        _dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument = "auto"
+        _synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = "auto"
+        _can_use_returning: bool = False
+        _is_delete_using: bool = False
+        _is_update_from: bool = False
+        _autoflush: bool = True
+        _subject_mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = None
+        _resolved_values = EMPTY_DICT
+        _eval_condition = None
+        _matched_rows = None
+        _identity_token = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def can_use_returning(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        *,
+        is_multitable: bool = False,
+        is_update_from: bool = False,
+        is_delete_using: bool = False,
+        is_executemany: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        (
+            update_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options",
+            {
+                "synchronize_session",
+                "autoflush",
+                "identity_token",
+                "is_delete_using",
+                "is_update_from",
+                "dml_strategy",
+            },
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+        bind_arguments["clause"] = statement
+        try:
+            plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        except KeyError:
+            assert False, "statement had 'orm' plugin but no plugin_subject"
+        else:
+            if plugin_subject:
+                bind_arguments["mapper"] = plugin_subject.mapper
+                update_options += {"_subject_mapper": plugin_subject.mapper}
+
+        if "parententity" not in statement.table._annotations:
+            update_options += {"_dml_strategy": "core_only"}
+        elif not isinstance(params, list):
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                update_options += {"_dml_strategy": "orm"}
+            elif update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    'Can\'t use "bulk" ORM insert strategy without '
+                    "passing separate parameters"
+                )
+        else:
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                update_options += {"_dml_strategy": "bulk"}
+
+        sync = update_options._synchronize_session
+        if sync is not None:
+            if sync not in ("auto", "evaluate", "fetch", False):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Valid strategies for session synchronization "
+                    "are 'auto', 'evaluate', 'fetch', False"
+                )
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk" and sync == "fetch":
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "The 'fetch' synchronization strategy is not available "
+                    "for 'bulk' ORM updates (i.e. multiple parameter sets)"
+                )
+
+        if not is_pre_event:
+            if update_options._autoflush:
+                session._autoflush()
+
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "orm":
+                if update_options._synchronize_session == "auto":
+                    update_options = cls._do_pre_synchronize_auto(
+                        session,
+                        statement,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                        bind_arguments,
+                        update_options,
+                    )
+                elif update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate":
+                    update_options = cls._do_pre_synchronize_evaluate(
+                        session,
+                        statement,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                        bind_arguments,
+                        update_options,
+                    )
+                elif update_options._synchronize_session == "fetch":
+                    update_options = cls._do_pre_synchronize_fetch(
+                        session,
+                        statement,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                        bind_arguments,
+                        update_options,
+                    )
+            elif update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+                if update_options._synchronize_session == "auto":
+                    update_options += {"_synchronize_session": "evaluate"}
+
+            # indicators from the "pre exec" step that are then
+            # added to the DML statement, which will also be part of the cache
+            # key.  The compile level create_for_statement() method will then
+            # consume these at compiler time.
+            statement = statement._annotate(
+                {
+                    "synchronize_session": update_options._synchronize_session,
+                    "is_delete_using": update_options._is_delete_using,
+                    "is_update_from": update_options._is_update_from,
+                    "dml_strategy": update_options._dml_strategy,
+                    "can_use_returning": update_options._can_use_returning,
+                }
+            )
+
+        return (
+            statement,
+            util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                {"_sa_orm_update_options": update_options}
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        # this stage of the execution is called after the
+        # do_orm_execute event hook.  meaning for an extension like
+        # horizontal sharding, this step happens *within* the horizontal
+        # sharding event handler which calls session.execute() re-entrantly
+        # and will occur for each backend individually.
+        # the sharding extension then returns its own merged result from the
+        # individual ones we return here.
+
+        update_options = execution_options["_sa_orm_update_options"]
+        if update_options._dml_strategy == "orm":
+            if update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate":
+                cls._do_post_synchronize_evaluate(
+                    session, statement, result, update_options
+                )
+            elif update_options._synchronize_session == "fetch":
+                cls._do_post_synchronize_fetch(
+                    session, statement, result, update_options
+                )
+        elif update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            if update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate":
+                cls._do_post_synchronize_bulk_evaluate(
+                    session, params, result, update_options
+                )
+            return result
+
+        return cls._return_orm_returning(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            result,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adjust_for_extra_criteria(cls, global_attributes, ext_info):
+        """Apply extra criteria filtering.
+
+        For all distinct single-table-inheritance mappers represented in the
+        table being updated or deleted, produce additional WHERE criteria such
+        that only the appropriate subtypes are selected from the total results.
+
+        Additionally, add WHERE criteria originating from LoaderCriteriaOptions
+        collected from the statement.
+
+        """
+
+        return_crit = ()
+
+        adapter = ext_info._adapter if ext_info.is_aliased_class else None
+
+        if (
+            "additional_entity_criteria",
+            ext_info.mapper,
+        ) in global_attributes:
+            return_crit += tuple(
+                ae._resolve_where_criteria(ext_info)
+                for ae in global_attributes[
+                    ("additional_entity_criteria", ext_info.mapper)
+                ]
+                if ae.include_aliases or ae.entity is ext_info
+            )
+
+        if ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion is not None:
+            return_crit += (ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion,)
+
+        if adapter:
+            return_crit = tuple(adapter.traverse(crit) for crit in return_crit)
+
+        return return_crit
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _interpret_returning_rows(cls, mapper, rows):
+        """translate from local inherited table columns to base mapper
+        primary key columns.
+
+        Joined inheritance mappers always establish the primary key in terms of
+        the base table.   When we UPDATE a sub-table, we can only get
+        RETURNING for the sub-table's columns.
+
+        Here, we create a lookup from the local sub table's primary key
+        columns to the base table PK columns so that we can get identity
+        key values from RETURNING that's against the joined inheritance
+        sub-table.
+
+        the complexity here is to support more than one level deep of
+        inheritance, where we have to link columns to each other across
+        the inheritance hierarchy.
+
+        """
+
+        if mapper.local_table is not mapper.base_mapper.local_table:
+            return rows
+
+        # this starts as a mapping of
+        # local_pk_col: local_pk_col.
+        # we will then iteratively rewrite the "value" of the dict with
+        # each successive superclass column
+        local_pk_to_base_pk = {pk: pk for pk in mapper.local_table.primary_key}
+
+        for mp in mapper.iterate_to_root():
+            if mp.inherits is None:
+                break
+            elif mp.local_table is mp.inherits.local_table:
+                continue
+
+            t_to_e = dict(mp._table_to_equated[mp.inherits.local_table])
+            col_to_col = {sub_pk: super_pk for super_pk, sub_pk in t_to_e[mp]}
+            for pk, super_ in local_pk_to_base_pk.items():
+                local_pk_to_base_pk[pk] = col_to_col[super_]
+
+        lookup = {
+            local_pk_to_base_pk[lpk]: idx
+            for idx, lpk in enumerate(mapper.local_table.primary_key)
+        }
+        primary_key_convert = [
+            lookup[bpk] for bpk in mapper.base_mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+        return [tuple(row[idx] for idx in primary_key_convert) for row in rows]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_matched_objects_on_criteria(cls, update_options, states):
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        eval_condition = update_options._eval_condition
+
+        raw_data = [
+            (state.obj(), state, state.dict)
+            for state in states
+            if state.mapper.isa(mapper) and not state.expired
+        ]
+
+        identity_token = update_options._identity_token
+        if identity_token is not None:
+            raw_data = [
+                (obj, state, dict_)
+                for obj, state, dict_ in raw_data
+                if state.identity_token == identity_token
+            ]
+
+        result = []
+        for obj, state, dict_ in raw_data:
+            evaled_condition = eval_condition(obj)
+
+            # caution: don't use "in ()" or == here, _EXPIRE_OBJECT
+            # evaluates as True for all comparisons
+            if (
+                evaled_condition is True
+                or evaled_condition is evaluator._EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            ):
+                result.append(
+                    (
+                        obj,
+                        state,
+                        dict_,
+                        evaled_condition is evaluator._EXPIRED_OBJECT,
+                    )
+                )
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _eval_condition_from_statement(cls, update_options, statement):
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        target_cls = mapper.class_
+
+        evaluator_compiler = evaluator._EvaluatorCompiler(target_cls)
+        crit = ()
+        if statement._where_criteria:
+            crit += statement._where_criteria
+
+        global_attributes = {}
+        for opt in statement._with_options:
+            if opt._is_criteria_option:
+                opt.get_global_criteria(global_attributes)
+
+        if global_attributes:
+            crit += cls._adjust_for_extra_criteria(global_attributes, mapper)
+
+        if crit:
+            eval_condition = evaluator_compiler.process(*crit)
+        else:
+            # workaround for mypy https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14027
+            def _eval_condition(obj):
+                return True
+
+            eval_condition = _eval_condition
+
+        return eval_condition
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_pre_synchronize_auto(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        update_options,
+    ):
+        """setup auto sync strategy
+
+
+        "auto" checks if we can use "evaluate" first, then falls back
+        to "fetch"
+
+        evaluate is vastly more efficient for the common case
+        where session is empty, only has a few objects, and the UPDATE
+        statement can potentially match thousands/millions of rows.
+
+        OTOH more complex criteria that fails to work with "evaluate"
+        we would hope usually correlates with fewer net rows.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            eval_condition = cls._eval_condition_from_statement(
+                update_options, statement
+            )
+
+        except evaluator.UnevaluatableError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return update_options + {
+                "_eval_condition": eval_condition,
+                "_synchronize_session": "evaluate",
+            }
+
+        update_options += {"_synchronize_session": "fetch"}
+        return cls._do_pre_synchronize_fetch(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            update_options,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_pre_synchronize_evaluate(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        update_options,
+    ):
+        try:
+            eval_condition = cls._eval_condition_from_statement(
+                update_options, statement
+            )
+
+        except evaluator.UnevaluatableError as err:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'Could not evaluate current criteria in Python: "%s". '
+                "Specify 'fetch' or False for the "
+                "synchronize_session execution option." % err
+            ) from err
+
+        return update_options + {
+            "_eval_condition": eval_condition,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_resolved_values(cls, mapper, statement):
+        if statement._multi_values:
+            return []
+        elif statement._ordered_values:
+            return list(statement._ordered_values)
+        elif statement._values:
+            return list(statement._values.items())
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _resolved_keys_as_propnames(cls, mapper, resolved_values):
+        values = []
+        for k, v in resolved_values:
+            if mapper and isinstance(k, expression.ColumnElement):
+                try:
+                    attr = mapper._columntoproperty[k]
+                except orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    values.append((attr.key, v))
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Attribute name not found, can't be "
+                    "synchronized back to objects: %r" % k
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_pre_synchronize_fetch(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        update_options,
+    ):
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+
+        select_stmt = (
+            select(*(mapper.primary_key + (mapper.select_identity_token,)))
+            .select_from(mapper)
+            .options(*statement._with_options)
+        )
+        select_stmt._where_criteria = statement._where_criteria
+
+        # conditionally run the SELECT statement for pre-fetch, testing the
+        # "bind" for if we can use RETURNING or not using the do_orm_execute
+        # event.  If RETURNING is available, the do_orm_execute event
+        # will cancel the SELECT from being actually run.
+        #
+        # The way this is organized seems strange, why don't we just
+        # call can_use_returning() before invoking the statement and get
+        # answer?, why does this go through the whole execute phase using an
+        # event?  Answer: because we are integrating with extensions such
+        # as the horizontal sharding extention that "multiplexes" an individual
+        # statement run through multiple engines, and it uses
+        # do_orm_execute() to do that.
+
+        can_use_returning = None
+
+        def skip_for_returning(orm_context: ORMExecuteState) -> Any:
+            bind = orm_context.session.get_bind(**orm_context.bind_arguments)
+            nonlocal can_use_returning
+
+            per_bind_result = cls.can_use_returning(
+                bind.dialect,
+                mapper,
+                is_update_from=update_options._is_update_from,
+                is_delete_using=update_options._is_delete_using,
+                is_executemany=orm_context.is_executemany,
+            )
+
+            if can_use_returning is not None:
+                if can_use_returning != per_bind_result:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "For synchronize_session='fetch', can't mix multiple "
+                        "backends where some support RETURNING and others "
+                        "don't"
+                    )
+            elif orm_context.is_executemany and not per_bind_result:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "For synchronize_session='fetch', can't use multiple "
+                    "parameter sets in ORM mode, which this backend does not "
+                    "support with RETURNING"
+                )
+            else:
+                can_use_returning = per_bind_result
+
+            if per_bind_result:
+                return _result.null_result()
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        result = session.execute(
+            select_stmt,
+            params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _add_event=skip_for_returning,
+        )
+        matched_rows = result.fetchall()
+
+        return update_options + {
+            "_matched_rows": matched_rows,
+            "_can_use_returning": can_use_returning,
+        }
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "insert")
+class BulkORMInsert(ORMDMLState, InsertDMLState):
+    class default_insert_options(Options):
+        _dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument = "auto"
+        _render_nulls: bool = False
+        _return_defaults: bool = False
+        _subject_mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = None
+        _autoflush: bool = True
+        _populate_existing: bool = False
+
+    select_statement: Optional[FromStatement] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        (
+            insert_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = BulkORMInsert.default_insert_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_insert_options",
+            {"dml_strategy", "autoflush", "populate_existing", "render_nulls"},
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+        bind_arguments["clause"] = statement
+        try:
+            plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        except KeyError:
+            assert False, "statement had 'orm' plugin but no plugin_subject"
+        else:
+            if plugin_subject:
+                bind_arguments["mapper"] = plugin_subject.mapper
+                insert_options += {"_subject_mapper": plugin_subject.mapper}
+
+        if not params:
+            if insert_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                insert_options += {"_dml_strategy": "orm"}
+            elif insert_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    'Can\'t use "bulk" ORM insert strategy without '
+                    "passing separate parameters"
+                )
+        else:
+            if insert_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                insert_options += {"_dml_strategy": "bulk"}
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy != "raw":
+            # for ORM object loading, like ORMContext, we have to disable
+            # result set adapt_to_context, because we will be generating a
+            # new statement with specific columns that's cached inside of
+            # an ORMFromStatementCompileState, which we will re-use for
+            # each result.
+            if not execution_options:
+                execution_options = context._orm_load_exec_options
+            else:
+                execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                    context._orm_load_exec_options
+                )
+
+        if not is_pre_event and insert_options._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+        statement = statement._annotate(
+            {"dml_strategy": insert_options._dml_strategy}
+        )
+
+        return (
+            statement,
+            util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                {"_sa_orm_insert_options": insert_options}
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: dml.Insert,
+        params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        conn: Connection,
+    ) -> _result.Result:
+        insert_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_insert_options", cls.default_insert_options
+        )
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy not in (
+            "raw",
+            "bulk",
+            "orm",
+            "auto",
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for ORM insert strategy "
+                "are 'raw', 'orm', 'bulk', 'auto"
+            )
+
+        result: _result.Result[Any]
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy == "raw":
+            result = conn.execute(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+            return result
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            mapper = insert_options._subject_mapper
+
+            if (
+                statement._post_values_clause is not None
+                and mapper._multiple_persistence_tables
+            ):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "bulk INSERT with a 'post values' clause "
+                    "(typically upsert) not supported for multi-table "
+                    f"mapper {mapper}"
+                )
+
+            assert mapper is not None
+            assert session._transaction is not None
+            result = _bulk_insert(
+                mapper,
+                cast(
+                    "Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]",
+                    [params] if isinstance(params, dict) else params,
+                ),
+                session._transaction,
+                isstates=False,
+                return_defaults=insert_options._return_defaults,
+                render_nulls=insert_options._render_nulls,
+                use_orm_insert_stmt=statement,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+            )
+        elif insert_options._dml_strategy == "orm":
+            result = conn.execute(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError()
+
+        if not bool(statement._returning):
+            return result
+
+        if insert_options._populate_existing:
+            load_options = execution_options.get(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+            )
+            load_options += {"_populate_existing": True}
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                {"_sa_orm_load_options": load_options}
+            )
+
+        return cls._return_orm_returning(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            result,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw) -> BulkORMInsert:
+        self = cast(
+            BulkORMInsert,
+            super().create_for_statement(statement, compiler, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if compiler is not None:
+            toplevel = not compiler.stack
+        else:
+            toplevel = True
+        if not toplevel:
+            return self
+
+        mapper = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        dml_strategy = statement._annotations.get("dml_strategy", "raw")
+        if dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            self._setup_for_bulk_insert(compiler)
+        elif dml_strategy == "orm":
+            self._setup_for_orm_insert(compiler, mapper)
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _resolved_keys_as_col_keys(cls, mapper, resolved_value_dict):
+        return {
+            col.key if col is not None else k: v
+            for col, k, v in (
+                (mapper.c.get(k), k, v) for k, v in resolved_value_dict.items()
+            )
+        }
+
+    def _setup_for_orm_insert(self, compiler, mapper):
+        statement = orm_level_statement = cast(dml.Insert, self.statement)
+
+        statement = self._setup_orm_returning(
+            compiler,
+            orm_level_statement,
+            statement,
+            dml_mapper=mapper,
+            use_supplemental_cols=False,
+        )
+        self.statement = statement
+
+    def _setup_for_bulk_insert(self, compiler):
+        """establish an INSERT statement within the context of
+        bulk insert.
+
+        This method will be within the "conn.execute()" call that is invoked
+        by persistence._emit_insert_statement().
+
+        """
+        statement = orm_level_statement = cast(dml.Insert, self.statement)
+        an = statement._annotations
+
+        emit_insert_table, emit_insert_mapper = (
+            an["_emit_insert_table"],
+            an["_emit_insert_mapper"],
+        )
+
+        statement = statement._clone()
+
+        statement.table = emit_insert_table
+        if self._dict_parameters:
+            self._dict_parameters = {
+                col: val
+                for col, val in self._dict_parameters.items()
+                if col.table is emit_insert_table
+            }
+
+        statement = self._setup_orm_returning(
+            compiler,
+            orm_level_statement,
+            statement,
+            dml_mapper=emit_insert_mapper,
+            use_supplemental_cols=True,
+        )
+
+        if (
+            self.from_statement_ctx is not None
+            and self.from_statement_ctx.compile_options._is_star
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't use RETURNING * with bulk ORM INSERT.  "
+                "Please use a different INSERT form, such as INSERT..VALUES "
+                "or INSERT with a Core Connection"
+            )
+
+        self.statement = statement
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "update")
+class BulkORMUpdate(BulkUDCompileState, UpdateDMLState):
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        dml_strategy = statement._annotations.get(
+            "dml_strategy", "unspecified"
+        )
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        if toplevel and dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            self._setup_for_bulk_update(statement, compiler)
+        elif (
+            dml_strategy == "core_only"
+            or dml_strategy == "unspecified"
+            and "parententity" not in statement.table._annotations
+        ):
+            UpdateDMLState.__init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw)
+        elif not toplevel or dml_strategy in ("orm", "unspecified"):
+            self._setup_for_orm_update(statement, compiler)
+
+        return self
+
+    def _setup_for_orm_update(self, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        orm_level_statement = statement
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        ext_info = statement.table._annotations["parententity"]
+
+        self.mapper = mapper = ext_info.mapper
+
+        self._resolved_values = self._get_resolved_values(mapper, statement)
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            statement,
+            compiler,
+            toplevel=toplevel,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=toplevel,
+        )
+
+        if statement._values:
+            self._resolved_values = dict(self._resolved_values)
+
+        new_stmt = statement._clone()
+
+        # note if the statement has _multi_values, these
+        # are passed through to the new statement, which will then raise
+        # InvalidRequestError because UPDATE doesn't support multi_values
+        # right now.
+        if statement._ordered_values:
+            new_stmt._ordered_values = self._resolved_values
+        elif statement._values:
+            new_stmt._values = self._resolved_values
+
+        new_crit = self._adjust_for_extra_criteria(
+            self.global_attributes, mapper
+        )
+        if new_crit:
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.where(*new_crit)
+
+        # if we are against a lambda statement we might not be the
+        # topmost object that received per-execute annotations
+
+        # do this first as we need to determine if there is
+        # UPDATE..FROM
+
+        UpdateDMLState.__init__(self, new_stmt, compiler, **kw)
+
+        use_supplemental_cols = False
+
+        if not toplevel:
+            synchronize_session = None
+        else:
+            synchronize_session = compiler._annotations.get(
+                "synchronize_session", None
+            )
+        can_use_returning = compiler._annotations.get(
+            "can_use_returning", None
+        )
+        if can_use_returning is not False:
+            # even though pre_exec has determined basic
+            # can_use_returning for the dialect, if we are to use
+            # RETURNING we need to run can_use_returning() at this level
+            # unconditionally because is_delete_using was not known
+            # at the pre_exec level
+            can_use_returning = (
+                synchronize_session == "fetch"
+                and self.can_use_returning(
+                    compiler.dialect, mapper, is_multitable=self.is_multitable
+                )
+            )
+
+        if synchronize_session == "fetch" and can_use_returning:
+            use_supplemental_cols = True
+
+            # NOTE: we might want to RETURNING the actual columns to be
+            # synchronized also.  however this is complicated and difficult
+            # to align against the behavior of "evaluate".  Additionally,
+            # in a large number (if not the majority) of cases, we have the
+            # "evaluate" answer, usually a fixed value, in memory already and
+            # there's no need to re-fetch the same value
+            # over and over again.   so perhaps if it could be RETURNING just
+            # the elements that were based on a SQL expression and not
+            # a constant.   For now it doesn't quite seem worth it
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.return_defaults(*new_stmt.table.primary_key)
+
+        if toplevel:
+            new_stmt = self._setup_orm_returning(
+                compiler,
+                orm_level_statement,
+                new_stmt,
+                dml_mapper=mapper,
+                use_supplemental_cols=use_supplemental_cols,
+            )
+
+        self.statement = new_stmt
+
+    def _setup_for_bulk_update(self, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        """establish an UPDATE statement within the context of
+        bulk insert.
+
+        This method will be within the "conn.execute()" call that is invoked
+        by persistence._emit_update_statement().
+
+        """
+        statement = cast(dml.Update, statement)
+        an = statement._annotations
+
+        emit_update_table, _ = (
+            an["_emit_update_table"],
+            an["_emit_update_mapper"],
+        )
+
+        statement = statement._clone()
+        statement.table = emit_update_table
+
+        UpdateDMLState.__init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw)
+
+        if self._ordered_values:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "bulk ORM UPDATE does not support ordered_values() for "
+                "custom UPDATE statements with bulk parameter sets.  Use a "
+                "non-bulk UPDATE statement or use values()."
+            )
+
+        if self._dict_parameters:
+            self._dict_parameters = {
+                col: val
+                for col, val in self._dict_parameters.items()
+                if col.table is emit_update_table
+            }
+        self.statement = statement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: dml.Update,
+        params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        conn: Connection,
+    ) -> _result.Result:
+        update_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options", cls.default_update_options
+        )
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy not in (
+            "orm",
+            "auto",
+            "bulk",
+            "core_only",
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for ORM UPDATE strategy "
+                "are 'orm', 'auto', 'bulk', 'core_only'"
+            )
+
+        result: _result.Result[Any]
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            enable_check_rowcount = not statement._where_criteria
+
+            assert update_options._synchronize_session != "fetch"
+
+            if (
+                statement._where_criteria
+                and update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate"
+            ):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "bulk synchronize of persistent objects not supported "
+                    "when using bulk update with additional WHERE "
+                    "criteria right now.  add synchronize_session=None "
+                    "execution option to bypass synchronize of persistent "
+                    "objects."
+                )
+            mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+            assert mapper is not None
+            assert session._transaction is not None
+            result = _bulk_update(
+                mapper,
+                cast(
+                    "Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]",
+                    [params] if isinstance(params, dict) else params,
+                ),
+                session._transaction,
+                isstates=False,
+                update_changed_only=False,
+                use_orm_update_stmt=statement,
+                enable_check_rowcount=enable_check_rowcount,
+            )
+            return cls.orm_setup_cursor_result(
+                session,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                result,
+            )
+        else:
+            return super().orm_execute_statement(
+                session,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                conn,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def can_use_returning(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        *,
+        is_multitable: bool = False,
+        is_update_from: bool = False,
+        is_delete_using: bool = False,
+        is_executemany: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        # normal answer for "should we use RETURNING" at all.
+        normal_answer = (
+            dialect.update_returning and mapper.local_table.implicit_returning
+        )
+        if not normal_answer:
+            return False
+
+        if is_executemany:
+            return dialect.update_executemany_returning
+
+        # these workarounds are currently hypothetical for UPDATE,
+        # unlike DELETE where they impact MariaDB
+        if is_update_from:
+            return dialect.update_returning_multifrom
+
+        elif is_multitable and not dialect.update_returning_multifrom:
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                f'Dialect "{dialect.name}" does not support RETURNING '
+                "with UPDATE..FROM; for synchronize_session='fetch', "
+                "please add the additional execution option "
+                "'is_update_from=True' to the statement to indicate that "
+                "a separate SELECT should be used for this backend."
+            )
+
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_bulk_evaluate(
+        cls, session, params, result, update_options
+    ):
+        if not params:
+            return
+
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        pk_keys = [prop.key for prop in mapper._identity_key_props]
+
+        identity_map = session.identity_map
+
+        for param in params:
+            identity_key = mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                (param[key] for key in pk_keys),
+                update_options._identity_token,
+            )
+            state = identity_map.fast_get_state(identity_key)
+            if not state:
+                continue
+
+            evaluated_keys = set(param).difference(pk_keys)
+
+            dict_ = state.dict
+            # only evaluate unmodified attributes
+            to_evaluate = state.unmodified.intersection(evaluated_keys)
+            for key in to_evaluate:
+                if key in dict_:
+                    dict_[key] = param[key]
+
+            state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, None, to_evaluate)
+
+            state._commit(dict_, list(to_evaluate))
+
+            # attributes that were formerly modified instead get expired.
+            # this only gets hit if the session had pending changes
+            # and autoflush were set to False.
+            to_expire = evaluated_keys.intersection(dict_).difference(
+                to_evaluate
+            )
+            if to_expire:
+                state._expire_attributes(dict_, to_expire)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_evaluate(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        matched_objects = cls._get_matched_objects_on_criteria(
+            update_options,
+            session.identity_map.all_states(),
+        )
+
+        cls._apply_update_set_values_to_objects(
+            session,
+            update_options,
+            statement,
+            [(obj, state, dict_) for obj, state, dict_, _ in matched_objects],
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_fetch(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        target_mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+
+        returned_defaults_rows = result.returned_defaults_rows
+        if returned_defaults_rows:
+            pk_rows = cls._interpret_returning_rows(
+                target_mapper, returned_defaults_rows
+            )
+
+            matched_rows = [
+                tuple(row) + (update_options._identity_token,)
+                for row in pk_rows
+            ]
+        else:
+            matched_rows = update_options._matched_rows
+
+        objs = [
+            session.identity_map[identity_key]
+            for identity_key in [
+                target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                    list(primary_key),
+                    identity_token=identity_token,
+                )
+                for primary_key, identity_token in [
+                    (row[0:-1], row[-1]) for row in matched_rows
+                ]
+                if update_options._identity_token is None
+                or identity_token == update_options._identity_token
+            ]
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map
+        ]
+
+        if not objs:
+            return
+
+        cls._apply_update_set_values_to_objects(
+            session,
+            update_options,
+            statement,
+            [
+                (
+                    obj,
+                    attributes.instance_state(obj),
+                    attributes.instance_dict(obj),
+                )
+                for obj in objs
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _apply_update_set_values_to_objects(
+        cls, session, update_options, statement, matched_objects
+    ):
+        """apply values to objects derived from an update statement, e.g.
+        UPDATE..SET <values>
+
+        """
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        target_cls = mapper.class_
+        evaluator_compiler = evaluator._EvaluatorCompiler(target_cls)
+        resolved_values = cls._get_resolved_values(mapper, statement)
+        resolved_keys_as_propnames = cls._resolved_keys_as_propnames(
+            mapper, resolved_values
+        )
+        value_evaluators = {}
+        for key, value in resolved_keys_as_propnames:
+            try:
+                _evaluator = evaluator_compiler.process(
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, value)
+                )
+            except evaluator.UnevaluatableError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                value_evaluators[key] = _evaluator
+
+        evaluated_keys = list(value_evaluators.keys())
+        attrib = {k for k, v in resolved_keys_as_propnames}
+
+        states = set()
+        for obj, state, dict_ in matched_objects:
+            to_evaluate = state.unmodified.intersection(evaluated_keys)
+
+            for key in to_evaluate:
+                if key in dict_:
+                    # only run eval for attributes that are present.
+                    dict_[key] = value_evaluators[key](obj)
+
+            state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, None, to_evaluate)
+
+            state._commit(dict_, list(to_evaluate))
+
+            # attributes that were formerly modified instead get expired.
+            # this only gets hit if the session had pending changes
+            # and autoflush were set to False.
+            to_expire = attrib.intersection(dict_).difference(to_evaluate)
+            if to_expire:
+                state._expire_attributes(dict_, to_expire)
+
+            states.add(state)
+        session._register_altered(states)
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "delete")
+class BulkORMDelete(BulkUDCompileState, DeleteDMLState):
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        dml_strategy = statement._annotations.get(
+            "dml_strategy", "unspecified"
+        )
+
+        if (
+            dml_strategy == "core_only"
+            or dml_strategy == "unspecified"
+            and "parententity" not in statement.table._annotations
+        ):
+            DeleteDMLState.__init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw)
+            return self
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        orm_level_statement = statement
+
+        ext_info = statement.table._annotations["parententity"]
+        self.mapper = mapper = ext_info.mapper
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            statement,
+            compiler,
+            toplevel=toplevel,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=toplevel,
+        )
+
+        new_stmt = statement._clone()
+
+        new_crit = cls._adjust_for_extra_criteria(
+            self.global_attributes, mapper
+        )
+        if new_crit:
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.where(*new_crit)
+
+        # do this first as we need to determine if there is
+        # DELETE..FROM
+        DeleteDMLState.__init__(self, new_stmt, compiler, **kw)
+
+        use_supplemental_cols = False
+
+        if not toplevel:
+            synchronize_session = None
+        else:
+            synchronize_session = compiler._annotations.get(
+                "synchronize_session", None
+            )
+        can_use_returning = compiler._annotations.get(
+            "can_use_returning", None
+        )
+        if can_use_returning is not False:
+            # even though pre_exec has determined basic
+            # can_use_returning for the dialect, if we are to use
+            # RETURNING we need to run can_use_returning() at this level
+            # unconditionally because is_delete_using was not known
+            # at the pre_exec level
+            can_use_returning = (
+                synchronize_session == "fetch"
+                and self.can_use_returning(
+                    compiler.dialect,
+                    mapper,
+                    is_multitable=self.is_multitable,
+                    is_delete_using=compiler._annotations.get(
+                        "is_delete_using", False
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if can_use_returning:
+            use_supplemental_cols = True
+
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.return_defaults(*new_stmt.table.primary_key)
+
+        if toplevel:
+            new_stmt = self._setup_orm_returning(
+                compiler,
+                orm_level_statement,
+                new_stmt,
+                dml_mapper=mapper,
+                use_supplemental_cols=use_supplemental_cols,
+            )
+
+        self.statement = new_stmt
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: dml.Delete,
+        params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        conn: Connection,
+    ) -> _result.Result:
+        update_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options", cls.default_update_options
+        )
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Bulk ORM DELETE not supported right now. "
+                "Statement may be invoked at the "
+                "Core level using "
+                "session.connection().execute(stmt, parameters)"
+            )
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy not in ("orm", "auto", "core_only"):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for ORM DELETE strategy are 'orm', 'auto', "
+                "'core_only'"
+            )
+
+        return super().orm_execute_statement(
+            session, statement, params, execution_options, bind_arguments, conn
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def can_use_returning(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        *,
+        is_multitable: bool = False,
+        is_update_from: bool = False,
+        is_delete_using: bool = False,
+        is_executemany: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        # normal answer for "should we use RETURNING" at all.
+        normal_answer = (
+            dialect.delete_returning and mapper.local_table.implicit_returning
+        )
+        if not normal_answer:
+            return False
+
+        # now get into special workarounds because MariaDB supports
+        # DELETE...RETURNING but not DELETE...USING...RETURNING.
+        if is_delete_using:
+            # is_delete_using hint was passed.   use
+            # additional dialect feature (True for PG, False for MariaDB)
+            return dialect.delete_returning_multifrom
+
+        elif is_multitable and not dialect.delete_returning_multifrom:
+            # is_delete_using hint was not passed, but we determined
+            # at compile time that this is in fact a DELETE..USING.
+            # it's too late to continue since we did not pre-SELECT.
+            # raise that we need that hint up front.
+
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                f'Dialect "{dialect.name}" does not support RETURNING '
+                "with DELETE..USING; for synchronize_session='fetch', "
+                "please add the additional execution option "
+                "'is_delete_using=True' to the statement to indicate that "
+                "a separate SELECT should be used for this backend."
+            )
+
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_evaluate(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        matched_objects = cls._get_matched_objects_on_criteria(
+            update_options,
+            session.identity_map.all_states(),
+        )
+
+        to_delete = []
+
+        for _, state, dict_, is_partially_expired in matched_objects:
+            if is_partially_expired:
+                state._expire(dict_, session.identity_map._modified)
+            else:
+                to_delete.append(state)
+
+        if to_delete:
+            session._remove_newly_deleted(to_delete)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_fetch(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        target_mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+
+        returned_defaults_rows = result.returned_defaults_rows
+
+        if returned_defaults_rows:
+            pk_rows = cls._interpret_returning_rows(
+                target_mapper, returned_defaults_rows
+            )
+
+            matched_rows = [
+                tuple(row) + (update_options._identity_token,)
+                for row in pk_rows
+            ]
+        else:
+            matched_rows = update_options._matched_rows
+
+        for row in matched_rows:
+            primary_key = row[0:-1]
+            identity_token = row[-1]
+
+            # TODO: inline this and call remove_newly_deleted
+            # once
+            identity_key = target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                list(primary_key),
+                identity_token=identity_token,
+            )
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted(
+                    [
+                        attributes.instance_state(
+                            session.identity_map[identity_key]
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/clsregistry.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/clsregistry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97e634ca5296c2d8857a7a7f6ff4045711ae6478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/clsregistry.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+# orm/clsregistry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to handle the string class registry used by declarative.
+
+This system allows specification of classes and expressions used in
+:func:`_orm.relationship` using strings.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+from .properties import ColumnProperty
+from .util import class_mapper
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.schema import _get_table_key
+from ..util.typing import CallableReference
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+    from ..sql.schema import Table
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_ClsRegistryType = MutableMapping[str, Union[type, "ClsRegistryToken"]]
+
+# strong references to registries which we place in
+# the _decl_class_registry, which is usually weak referencing.
+# the internal registries here link to classes with weakrefs and remove
+# themselves when all references to contained classes are removed.
+_registries: Set[ClsRegistryToken] = set()
+
+
+def add_class(
+    classname: str, cls: Type[_T], decl_class_registry: _ClsRegistryType
+) -> None:
+    """Add a class to the _decl_class_registry associated with the
+    given declarative class.
+
+    """
+    if classname in decl_class_registry:
+        # class already exists.
+        existing = decl_class_registry[classname]
+        if not isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+            existing = decl_class_registry[classname] = _MultipleClassMarker(
+                [cls, cast("Type[Any]", existing)]
+            )
+    else:
+        decl_class_registry[classname] = cls
+
+    try:
+        root_module = cast(
+            _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+        )
+    except KeyError:
+        decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"] = root_module = (
+            _ModuleMarker("_sa_module_registry", None)
+        )
+
+    tokens = cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    # build up a tree like this:
+    # modulename:  myapp.snacks.nuts
+    #
+    # myapp->snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # nuts->(classes)
+    #
+    # this allows partial token paths to be used.
+    while tokens:
+        token = tokens.pop(0)
+        module = root_module.get_module(token)
+        for token in tokens:
+            module = module.get_module(token)
+
+        try:
+            module.add_class(classname, cls)
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            if not isinstance(module, _ModuleMarker):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f'name "{classname}" matches both a '
+                    "class name and a module name"
+                ) from ae
+            else:
+                raise
+
+
+def remove_class(
+    classname: str, cls: Type[Any], decl_class_registry: _ClsRegistryType
+) -> None:
+    if classname in decl_class_registry:
+        existing = decl_class_registry[classname]
+        if isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+            existing.remove_item(cls)
+        else:
+            del decl_class_registry[classname]
+
+    try:
+        root_module = cast(
+            _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+        )
+    except KeyError:
+        return
+
+    tokens = cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    while tokens:
+        token = tokens.pop(0)
+        module = root_module.get_module(token)
+        for token in tokens:
+            module = module.get_module(token)
+        try:
+            module.remove_class(classname, cls)
+        except AttributeError:
+            if not isinstance(module, _ModuleMarker):
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise
+
+
+def _key_is_empty(
+    key: str,
+    decl_class_registry: _ClsRegistryType,
+    test: Callable[[Any], bool],
+) -> bool:
+    """test if a key is empty of a certain object.
+
+    used for unit tests against the registry to see if garbage collection
+    is working.
+
+    "test" is a callable that will be passed an object should return True
+    if the given object is the one we were looking for.
+
+    We can't pass the actual object itself b.c. this is for testing garbage
+    collection; the caller will have to have removed references to the
+    object itself.
+
+    """
+    if key not in decl_class_registry:
+        return True
+
+    thing = decl_class_registry[key]
+    if isinstance(thing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+        for sub_thing in thing.contents:
+            if test(sub_thing):
+                return False
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("unknown codepath")
+    else:
+        return not test(thing)
+
+
+class ClsRegistryToken:
+    """an object that can be in the registry._class_registry as a value."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class _MultipleClassMarker(ClsRegistryToken):
+    """refers to multiple classes of the same name
+    within _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "on_remove", "contents", "__weakref__"
+
+    contents: Set[weakref.ref[Type[Any]]]
+    on_remove: CallableReference[Optional[Callable[[], None]]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        classes: Iterable[Type[Any]],
+        on_remove: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.on_remove = on_remove
+        self.contents = {
+            weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item) for item in classes
+        }
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def remove_item(self, cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        self._remove_item(weakref.ref(cls))
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Generator[Optional[Type[Any]], None, None]:
+        return (ref() for ref in self.contents)
+
+    def attempt_get(self, path: List[str], key: str) -> Type[Any]:
+        if len(self.contents) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'Multiple classes found for path "%s" '
+                "in the registry of this declarative "
+                "base. Please use a fully module-qualified path."
+                % (".".join(path + [key]))
+            )
+        else:
+            ref = list(self.contents)[0]
+            cls = ref()
+            if cls is None:
+                raise NameError(key)
+            return cls
+
+    def _remove_item(self, ref: weakref.ref[Type[Any]]) -> None:
+        self.contents.discard(ref)
+        if not self.contents:
+            _registries.discard(self)
+            if self.on_remove:
+                self.on_remove()
+
+    def add_item(self, item: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        # protect against class registration race condition against
+        # asynchronous garbage collection calling _remove_item,
+        # [ticket:3208] and [ticket:10782]
+        modules = {
+            cls.__module__
+            for cls in [ref() for ref in list(self.contents)]
+            if cls is not None
+        }
+        if item.__module__ in modules:
+            util.warn(
+                "This declarative base already contains a class with the "
+                "same class name and module name as %s.%s, and will "
+                "be replaced in the string-lookup table."
+                % (item.__module__, item.__name__)
+            )
+        self.contents.add(weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item))
+
+
+class _ModuleMarker(ClsRegistryToken):
+    """Refers to a module name within
+    _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "parent", "name", "contents", "mod_ns", "path", "__weakref__"
+
+    parent: Optional[_ModuleMarker]
+    contents: Dict[str, Union[_ModuleMarker, _MultipleClassMarker]]
+    mod_ns: _ModNS
+    path: List[str]
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, parent: Optional[_ModuleMarker]):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+        self.contents = {}
+        self.mod_ns = _ModNS(self)
+        if self.parent:
+            self.path = self.parent.path + [self.name]
+        else:
+            self.path = []
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        return name in self.contents
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> ClsRegistryToken:
+        return self.contents[name]
+
+    def _remove_item(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.contents.pop(name, None)
+        if not self.contents and self.parent is not None:
+            self.parent._remove_item(self.name)
+            _registries.discard(self)
+
+    def resolve_attr(self, key: str) -> Union[_ModNS, Type[Any]]:
+        return self.mod_ns.__getattr__(key)
+
+    def get_module(self, name: str) -> _ModuleMarker:
+        if name not in self.contents:
+            marker = _ModuleMarker(name, self)
+            self.contents[name] = marker
+        else:
+            marker = cast(_ModuleMarker, self.contents[name])
+        return marker
+
+    def add_class(self, name: str, cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        if name in self.contents:
+            existing = cast(_MultipleClassMarker, self.contents[name])
+            try:
+                existing.add_item(cls)
+            except AttributeError as ae:
+                if not isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f'name "{name}" matches both a '
+                        "class name and a module name"
+                    ) from ae
+                else:
+                    raise
+        else:
+            existing = self.contents[name] = _MultipleClassMarker(
+                [cls], on_remove=lambda: self._remove_item(name)
+            )
+
+    def remove_class(self, name: str, cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        if name in self.contents:
+            existing = cast(_MultipleClassMarker, self.contents[name])
+            existing.remove_item(cls)
+
+
+class _ModNS:
+    __slots__ = ("__parent",)
+
+    __parent: _ModuleMarker
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: _ModuleMarker):
+        self.__parent = parent
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Union[_ModNS, Type[Any]]:
+        try:
+            value = self.__parent.contents[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if value is not None:
+                if isinstance(value, _ModuleMarker):
+                    return value.mod_ns
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker)
+                    return value.attempt_get(self.__parent.path, key)
+        raise NameError(
+            "Module %r has no mapped classes "
+            "registered under the name %r" % (self.__parent.name, key)
+        )
+
+
+class _GetColumns:
+    __slots__ = ("cls",)
+
+    cls: Type[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, cls: Type[Any]):
+        self.cls = cls
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        mp = class_mapper(self.cls, configure=False)
+        if mp:
+            if key not in mp.all_orm_descriptors:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "Class %r does not have a mapped column named %r"
+                    % (self.cls, key)
+                )
+
+            desc = mp.all_orm_descriptors[key]
+            if desc.extension_type is interfaces.NotExtension.NOT_EXTENSION:
+                assert isinstance(desc, attributes.QueryableAttribute)
+                prop = desc.property
+                if isinstance(prop, SynonymProperty):
+                    key = prop.name
+                elif not isinstance(prop, ColumnProperty):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Property %r is not an instance of"
+                        " ColumnProperty (i.e. does not correspond"
+                        " directly to a Column)." % key
+                    )
+        return getattr(self.cls, key)
+
+
+inspection._inspects(_GetColumns)(
+    lambda target: inspection.inspect(target.cls)
+)
+
+
+class _GetTable:
+    __slots__ = "key", "metadata"
+
+    key: str
+    metadata: MetaData
+
+    def __init__(self, key: str, metadata: MetaData):
+        self.key = key
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Table:
+        return self.metadata.tables[_get_table_key(key, self.key)]
+
+
+def _determine_container(key: str, value: Any) -> _GetColumns:
+    if isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker):
+        value = value.attempt_get([], key)
+    return _GetColumns(value)
+
+
+class _class_resolver:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "cls",
+        "prop",
+        "arg",
+        "fallback",
+        "_dict",
+        "_resolvers",
+        "favor_tables",
+    )
+
+    cls: Type[Any]
+    prop: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+    fallback: Mapping[str, Any]
+    arg: str
+    favor_tables: bool
+    _resolvers: Tuple[Callable[[str], Any], ...]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        prop: RelationshipProperty[Any],
+        fallback: Mapping[str, Any],
+        arg: str,
+        favor_tables: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.fallback = fallback
+        self._dict = util.PopulateDict(self._access_cls)
+        self._resolvers = ()
+        self.favor_tables = favor_tables
+
+    def _access_cls(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(cls)
+        decl_base = manager.registry
+        assert decl_base is not None
+        decl_class_registry = decl_base._class_registry
+        metadata = decl_base.metadata
+
+        if self.favor_tables:
+            if key in metadata.tables:
+                return metadata.tables[key]
+            elif key in metadata._schemas:
+                return _GetTable(key, getattr(cls, "metadata", metadata))
+
+        if key in decl_class_registry:
+            return _determine_container(key, decl_class_registry[key])
+
+        if not self.favor_tables:
+            if key in metadata.tables:
+                return metadata.tables[key]
+            elif key in metadata._schemas:
+                return _GetTable(key, getattr(cls, "metadata", metadata))
+
+        if "_sa_module_registry" in decl_class_registry and key in cast(
+            _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+        ):
+            registry = cast(
+                _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+            )
+            return registry.resolve_attr(key)
+        elif self._resolvers:
+            for resolv in self._resolvers:
+                value = resolv(key)
+                if value is not None:
+                    return value
+
+        return self.fallback[key]
+
+    def _raise_for_name(self, name: str, err: Exception) -> NoReturn:
+        generic_match = re.match(r"(.+)\[(.+)\]", name)
+
+        if generic_match:
+            clsarg = generic_match.group(2).strip("'")
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"When initializing mapper {self.prop.parent}, "
+                f'expression "relationship({self.arg!r})" seems to be '
+                "using a generic class as the argument to relationship(); "
+                "please state the generic argument "
+                "using an annotation, e.g. "
+                f'"{self.prop.key}: Mapped[{generic_match.group(1)}'
+                f"['{clsarg}']] = relationship()\""
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When initializing mapper %s, expression %r failed to "
+                "locate a name (%r). If this is a class name, consider "
+                "adding this relationship() to the %r class after "
+                "both dependent classes have been defined."
+                % (self.prop.parent, self.arg, name, self.cls)
+            ) from err
+
+    def _resolve_name(self) -> Union[Table, Type[Any], _ModNS]:
+        name = self.arg
+        d = self._dict
+        rval = None
+        try:
+            for token in name.split("."):
+                if rval is None:
+                    rval = d[token]
+                else:
+                    rval = getattr(rval, token)
+        except KeyError as err:
+            self._raise_for_name(name, err)
+        except NameError as n:
+            self._raise_for_name(n.args[0], n)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(rval, _GetColumns):
+                return rval.cls
+            else:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(rval, (type, Table, _ModNS))
+                return rval
+
+    def __call__(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            x = eval(self.arg, globals(), self._dict)
+
+            if isinstance(x, _GetColumns):
+                return x.cls
+            else:
+                return x
+        except NameError as n:
+            self._raise_for_name(n.args[0], n)
+
+
+_fallback_dict: Mapping[str, Any] = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _resolver(cls: Type[Any], prop: RelationshipProperty[Any]) -> Tuple[
+    Callable[[str], Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]],
+    Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver],
+]:
+    global _fallback_dict
+
+    if _fallback_dict is None:
+        import sqlalchemy
+        from . import foreign
+        from . import remote
+
+        _fallback_dict = util.immutabledict(sqlalchemy.__dict__).union(
+            {"foreign": foreign, "remote": remote}
+        )
+
+    def resolve_arg(arg: str, favor_tables: bool = False) -> _class_resolver:
+        return _class_resolver(
+            cls, prop, _fallback_dict, arg, favor_tables=favor_tables
+        )
+
+    def resolve_name(
+        arg: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]:
+        return _class_resolver(cls, prop, _fallback_dict, arg)._resolve_name
+
+    return resolve_name, resolve_arg
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7003e0f3a182449fe1593663993971301e7a1eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1618 @@
+# orm/collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Support for collections of mapped entities.
+
+The collections package supplies the machinery used to inform the ORM of
+collection membership changes.  An instrumentation via decoration approach is
+used, allowing arbitrary types (including built-ins) to be used as entity
+collections without requiring inheritance from a base class.
+
+Instrumentation decoration relays membership change events to the
+:class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` that is currently managing the collection.
+The decorators observe function call arguments and return values, tracking
+entities entering or leaving the collection.  Two decorator approaches are
+provided.  One is a bundle of generic decorators that map function arguments
+and return values to events::
+
+  from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import collection
+  class MyClass:
+      # ...
+
+      @collection.adds(1)
+      def store(self, item):
+          self.data.append(item)
+
+      @collection.removes_return()
+      def pop(self):
+          return self.data.pop()
+
+
+The second approach is a bundle of targeted decorators that wrap appropriate
+append and remove notifiers around the mutation methods present in the
+standard Python ``list``, ``set`` and ``dict`` interfaces.  These could be
+specified in terms of generic decorator recipes, but are instead hand-tooled
+for increased efficiency.  The targeted decorators occasionally implement
+adapter-like behavior, such as mapping bulk-set methods (``extend``,
+``update``, ``__setslice__``, etc.) into the series of atomic mutation events
+that the ORM requires.
+
+The targeted decorators are used internally for automatic instrumentation of
+entity collection classes.  Every collection class goes through a
+transformation process roughly like so:
+
+1. If the class is a built-in, substitute a trivial sub-class
+2. Is this class already instrumented?
+3. Add in generic decorators
+4. Sniff out the collection interface through duck-typing
+5. Add targeted decoration to any undecorated interface method
+
+This process modifies the class at runtime, decorating methods and adding some
+bookkeeping properties.  This isn't possible (or desirable) for built-in
+classes like ``list``, so trivial sub-classes are substituted to hold
+decoration::
+
+  class InstrumentedList(list):
+      pass
+
+Collection classes can be specified in ``relationship(collection_class=)`` as
+types or a function that returns an instance.  Collection classes are
+inspected and instrumented during the mapper compilation phase.  The
+collection_class callable will be executed once to produce a specimen
+instance, and the type of that specimen will be instrumented.  Functions that
+return built-in types like ``lists`` will be adapted to produce instrumented
+instances.
+
+When extending a known type like ``list``, additional decorations are not
+generally not needed.  Odds are, the extension method will delegate to a
+method that's already instrumented.  For example::
+
+  class QueueIsh(list):
+     def push(self, item):
+         self.append(item)
+     def shift(self):
+         return self.pop(0)
+
+There's no need to decorate these methods.  ``append`` and ``pop`` are already
+instrumented as part of the ``list`` interface.  Decorating them would fire
+duplicate events, which should be avoided.
+
+The targeted decoration tries not to rely on other methods in the underlying
+collection class, but some are unavoidable.  Many depend on 'read' methods
+being present to properly instrument a 'write', for example, ``__setitem__``
+needs ``__getitem__``.  "Bulk" methods like ``update`` and ``extend`` may also
+reimplemented in terms of atomic appends and removes, so the ``extend``
+decoration will actually perform many ``append`` operations and not call the
+underlying method at all.
+
+Tight control over bulk operation and the firing of events is also possible by
+implementing the instrumentation internally in your methods.  The basic
+instrumentation package works under the general assumption that collection
+mutation will not raise unusual exceptions.  If you want to closely
+orchestrate append and remove events with exception management, internal
+instrumentation may be the answer.  Within your method,
+``collection_adapter(self)`` will retrieve an object that you can use for
+explicit control over triggering append and remove events.
+
+The owning object and :class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` are also reachable
+through the adapter, allowing for some very sophisticated behavior.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import threading
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .base import NO_KEY
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.base import NO_ARG
+from ..util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attributes import AttributeEventToken
+    from .attributes import CollectionAttributeImpl
+    from .mapped_collection import attribute_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import column_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import keyfunc_mapping
+    from .mapped_collection import KeyFuncDict  # noqa: F401
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "collection",
+    "collection_adapter",
+    "keyfunc_mapping",
+    "column_keyed_dict",
+    "attribute_keyed_dict",
+    "column_keyed_dict",
+    "attribute_keyed_dict",
+    "MappedCollection",
+    "KeyFuncDict",
+]
+
+__instrumentation_mutex = threading.Lock()
+
+
+_CollectionFactoryType = Callable[[], "_AdaptedCollectionProtocol"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+_COL = TypeVar("_COL", bound="Collection[Any]")
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+
+class _CollectionConverterProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, collection: _COL) -> _COL: ...
+
+
+class _AdaptedCollectionProtocol(Protocol):
+    _sa_adapter: CollectionAdapter
+    _sa_appender: Callable[..., Any]
+    _sa_remover: Callable[..., Any]
+    _sa_iterator: Callable[..., Iterable[Any]]
+    _sa_converter: _CollectionConverterProtocol
+
+
+class collection:
+    """Decorators for entity collection classes.
+
+    The decorators fall into two groups: annotations and interception recipes.
+
+    The annotating decorators (appender, remover, iterator, converter,
+    internally_instrumented) indicate the method's purpose and take no
+    arguments.  They are not written with parens::
+
+        @collection.appender
+        def append(self, append): ...
+
+    The recipe decorators all require parens, even those that take no
+    arguments::
+
+        @collection.adds('entity')
+        def insert(self, position, entity): ...
+
+        @collection.removes_return()
+        def popitem(self): ...
+
+    """
+
+    # Bundled as a class solely for ease of use: packaging, doc strings,
+    # importability.
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def appender(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection appender.
+
+        The appender method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to append. The method will be automatically decorated with 'adds(1)'
+        if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.appender
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+            # for mapping type, an 'append' may kick out a previous value
+            # that occupies that slot.  consider d['a'] = 'foo'- any previous
+            # value in d['a'] is discarded.
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.replaces(1)
+            def add(self, entity):
+                key = some_key_func(entity)
+                previous = None
+                if key in self:
+                    previous = self[key]
+                self[key] = entity
+                return previous
+
+        If the value to append is not allowed in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception.  Something to remember is that the appender
+        will be called for each object mapped by a database query.  If the
+        database contains rows that violate your collection semantics, you
+        will need to get creative to fix the problem, as access via the
+        collection will not work.
+
+        If the appender method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "appender"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def remover(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The remover method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to remove. The method will be automatically decorated with
+        :meth:`removes_return` if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.remover
+            def zap(self, entity): ...
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.remover
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def zap(self, ): ...
+
+        If the value to remove is not present in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception or return None to ignore the error.
+
+        If the remove method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "remover"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iterator(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The iterator method is called with no arguments.  It is expected to
+        return an iterator over all collection members::
+
+            @collection.iterator
+            def __iter__(self): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "iterator"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def internally_instrumented(fn):
+        """Tag the method as instrumented.
+
+        This tag will prevent any decoration from being applied to the
+        method. Use this if you are orchestrating your own calls to
+        :func:`.collection_adapter` in one of the basic SQLAlchemy
+        interface methods, or to prevent an automatic ABC method
+        decoration from wrapping your implementation::
+
+            # normally an 'extend' method on a list-like class would be
+            # automatically intercepted and re-implemented in terms of
+            # SQLAlchemy events and append().  your implementation will
+            # never be called, unless:
+            @collection.internally_instrumented
+            def extend(self, items): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.3",
+        "The :meth:`.collection.converter` handler is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release.  Please refer to the "
+        ":class:`.AttributeEvents.bulk_replace` listener interface in "
+        "conjunction with the :func:`.event.listen` function.",
+    )
+    def converter(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection converter.
+
+        This optional method will be called when a collection is being
+        replaced entirely, as in::
+
+            myobj.acollection = [newvalue1, newvalue2]
+
+        The converter method will receive the object being assigned and should
+        return an iterable of values suitable for use by the ``appender``
+        method.  A converter must not assign values or mutate the collection,
+        its sole job is to adapt the value the user provides into an iterable
+        of values for the ORM's use.
+
+        The default converter implementation will use duck-typing to do the
+        conversion.  A dict-like collection will be convert into an iterable
+        of dictionary values, and other types will simply be iterated::
+
+            @collection.converter
+            def convert(self, other): ...
+
+        If the duck-typing of the object does not match the type of this
+        collection, a TypeError is raised.
+
+        Supply an implementation of this method if you want to expand the
+        range of possible types that can be assigned in bulk or perform
+        validation on the values about to be assigned.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "converter"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def adds(arg):
+        """Mark the method as adding an entity to the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value.  Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by
+        name::
+
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def push(self, item): ...
+
+            @collection.adds('entity')
+            def do_stuff(self, thing, entity=None): ...
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ("fire_append_event", arg)
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def replaces(arg):
+        """Mark the method as replacing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" and "remove from collection" handling to
+        the method.  The decorator argument indicates which method argument
+        holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant value to be added, and return value, if
+        any will be considered the value to remove.
+
+        Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.replaces(2)
+            def __setitem__(self, index, item): ...
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ("fire_append_event", arg)
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = "fire_remove_event"
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes(arg):
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value to be removed. Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e.
+        integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.removes(1)
+            def zap(self, item): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is not known at call-time, use
+        collection.removes_return.
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ("fire_remove_event", arg)
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes_return():
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The return
+        value of the method, if any, is considered the value to remove.  The
+        method arguments are not inspected::
+
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def pop(self): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is known at call-time, use
+        collection.remove.
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = "fire_remove_event"
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def collection_adapter(collection: Collection[Any]) -> CollectionAdapter:
+        """Fetch the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` for a collection."""
+
+else:
+    collection_adapter = operator.attrgetter("_sa_adapter")
+
+
+class CollectionAdapter:
+    """Bridges between the ORM and arbitrary Python collections.
+
+    Proxies base-level collection operations (append, remove, iterate)
+    to the underlying Python collection, and emits add/remove events for
+    entities entering or leaving the collection.
+
+    The ORM uses :class:`.CollectionAdapter` exclusively for interaction with
+    entity collections.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "attr",
+        "_key",
+        "_data",
+        "owner_state",
+        "_converter",
+        "invalidated",
+        "empty",
+    )
+
+    attr: CollectionAttributeImpl
+    _key: str
+
+    # this is actually a weakref; see note in constructor
+    _data: Callable[..., _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]
+
+    owner_state: InstanceState[Any]
+    _converter: _CollectionConverterProtocol
+    invalidated: bool
+    empty: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: CollectionAttributeImpl,
+        owner_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol,
+    ):
+        self.attr = attr
+        self._key = attr.key
+
+        # this weakref stays referenced throughout the lifespan of
+        # CollectionAdapter.  so while the weakref can return None, this
+        # is realistically only during garbage collection of this object, so
+        # we type this as a callable that returns _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+        # in all cases.
+        self._data = weakref.ref(data)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.owner_state = owner_state
+        data._sa_adapter = self
+        self._converter = data._sa_converter
+        self.invalidated = False
+        self.empty = False
+
+    def _warn_invalidated(self) -> None:
+        util.warn("This collection has been invalidated.")
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> _AdaptedCollectionProtocol:
+        "The entity collection being adapted."
+        return self._data()
+
+    @property
+    def _referenced_by_owner(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if the owner state still refers to this collection.
+
+        This will return False within a bulk replace operation,
+        where this collection is the one being replaced.
+
+        """
+        return self.owner_state.dict[self._key] is self._data()
+
+    def bulk_appender(self):
+        return self._data()._sa_appender
+
+    def append_with_event(
+        self, item: Any, initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an entity to the collection, firing mutation events."""
+
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def _set_empty(self, user_data):
+        assert (
+            not self.empty
+        ), "This collection adapter is already in the 'empty' state"
+        self.empty = True
+        self.owner_state._empty_collections[self._key] = user_data
+
+    def _reset_empty(self) -> None:
+        assert (
+            self.empty
+        ), "This collection adapter is not in the 'empty' state"
+        self.empty = False
+        self.owner_state.dict[self._key] = (
+            self.owner_state._empty_collections.pop(self._key)
+        )
+
+    def _refuse_empty(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This is a special 'empty' collection which cannot accommodate "
+            "internal mutation operations"
+        )
+
+    def append_without_event(self, item: Any) -> None:
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def append_multiple_without_event(self, items: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        appender = self._data()._sa_appender
+        for item in items:
+            appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def bulk_remover(self):
+        return self._data()._sa_remover
+
+    def remove_with_event(
+        self, item: Any, initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing mutation events."""
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def remove_without_event(self, item: Any) -> None:
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing no events."""
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def clear_with_event(
+        self, initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Empty the collection, firing a mutation event for each entity."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def clear_without_event(self) -> None:
+        """Empty the collection, firing no events."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over entities in the collection."""
+
+        return iter(self._data()._sa_iterator())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Count entities in the collection."""
+        return len(list(self._data()._sa_iterator()))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _fire_append_wo_mutation_event_bulk(
+        self, items, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY
+    ):
+        if not items:
+            return
+
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            for item in items:
+                self.attr.fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+                    self.owner_state,
+                    self.owner_state.dict,
+                    item,
+                    initiator,
+                    key,
+                )
+
+    def fire_append_wo_mutation_event(self, item, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that a entity is entering the collection but is already
+        present.
+
+
+        Initiator is a token owned by the InstrumentedAttribute that
+        initiated the membership mutation, and should be left as None
+        unless you are passing along an initiator value from a chained
+        operation.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.15
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            return self.attr.fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+                self.owner_state, self.owner_state.dict, item, initiator, key
+            )
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, item, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that a entity has entered the collection.
+
+        Initiator is a token owned by the InstrumentedAttribute that
+        initiated the membership mutation, and should be left as None
+        unless you are passing along an initiator value from a chained
+        operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            return self.attr.fire_append_event(
+                self.owner_state, self.owner_state.dict, item, initiator, key
+            )
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def _fire_remove_event_bulk(self, items, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        if not items:
+            return
+
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            for item in items:
+                self.attr.fire_remove_event(
+                    self.owner_state,
+                    self.owner_state.dict,
+                    item,
+                    initiator,
+                    key,
+                )
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, item, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that a entity has been removed from the collection.
+
+        Initiator is the InstrumentedAttribute that initiated the membership
+        mutation, and should be left as None unless you are passing along
+        an initiator value from a chained operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            self.attr.fire_remove_event(
+                self.owner_state, self.owner_state.dict, item, initiator, key
+            )
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that an entity is about to be removed from the collection.
+
+        Only called if the entity cannot be removed after calling
+        fire_remove_event().
+
+        """
+        if self.invalidated:
+            self._warn_invalidated()
+        self.attr.fire_pre_remove_event(
+            self.owner_state,
+            self.owner_state.dict,
+            initiator=initiator,
+            key=key,
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            "key": self._key,
+            "owner_state": self.owner_state,
+            "owner_cls": self.owner_state.class_,
+            "data": self.data,
+            "invalidated": self.invalidated,
+            "empty": self.empty,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, d):
+        self._key = d["key"]
+        self.owner_state = d["owner_state"]
+
+        # see note in constructor regarding this type: ignore
+        self._data = weakref.ref(d["data"])  # type: ignore
+
+        self._converter = d["data"]._sa_converter
+        d["data"]._sa_adapter = self
+        self.invalidated = d["invalidated"]
+        self.attr = getattr(d["owner_cls"], self._key).impl
+        self.empty = d.get("empty", False)
+
+
+def bulk_replace(values, existing_adapter, new_adapter, initiator=None):
+    """Load a new collection, firing events based on prior like membership.
+
+    Appends instances in ``values`` onto the ``new_adapter``. Events will be
+    fired for any instance not present in the ``existing_adapter``.  Any
+    instances in ``existing_adapter`` not present in ``values`` will have
+    remove events fired upon them.
+
+    :param values: An iterable of collection member instances
+
+    :param existing_adapter: A :class:`.CollectionAdapter` of
+     instances to be replaced
+
+    :param new_adapter: An empty :class:`.CollectionAdapter`
+     to load with ``values``
+
+
+    """
+
+    assert isinstance(values, list)
+
+    idset = util.IdentitySet
+    existing_idset = idset(existing_adapter or ())
+    constants = existing_idset.intersection(values or ())
+    additions = idset(values or ()).difference(constants)
+    removals = existing_idset.difference(constants)
+
+    appender = new_adapter.bulk_appender()
+
+    for member in values or ():
+        if member in additions:
+            appender(member, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+        elif member in constants:
+            appender(member, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    if existing_adapter:
+        existing_adapter._fire_append_wo_mutation_event_bulk(
+            constants, initiator=initiator
+        )
+        existing_adapter._fire_remove_event_bulk(removals, initiator=initiator)
+
+
+def prepare_instrumentation(
+    factory: Union[Type[Collection[Any]], _CollectionFactoryType],
+) -> _CollectionFactoryType:
+    """Prepare a callable for future use as a collection class factory.
+
+    Given a collection class factory (either a type or no-arg callable),
+    return another factory that will produce compatible instances when
+    called.
+
+    This function is responsible for converting collection_class=list
+    into the run-time behavior of collection_class=InstrumentedList.
+
+    """
+
+    impl_factory: _CollectionFactoryType
+
+    # Convert a builtin to 'Instrumented*'
+    if factory in __canned_instrumentation:
+        impl_factory = __canned_instrumentation[factory]
+    else:
+        impl_factory = cast(_CollectionFactoryType, factory)
+
+    cls: Union[_CollectionFactoryType, Type[Collection[Any]]]
+
+    # Create a specimen
+    cls = type(impl_factory())
+
+    # Did factory callable return a builtin?
+    if cls in __canned_instrumentation:
+        # if so, just convert.
+        # in previous major releases, this codepath wasn't working and was
+        # not covered by tests.   prior to that it supplied a "wrapper"
+        # function that would return the class, though the rationale for this
+        # case is not known
+        impl_factory = __canned_instrumentation[cls]
+        cls = type(impl_factory())
+
+    # Instrument the class if needed.
+    if __instrumentation_mutex.acquire():
+        try:
+            if getattr(cls, "_sa_instrumented", None) != id(cls):
+                _instrument_class(cls)
+        finally:
+            __instrumentation_mutex.release()
+
+    return impl_factory
+
+
+def _instrument_class(cls):
+    """Modify methods in a class and install instrumentation."""
+
+    # In the normal call flow, a request for any of the 3 basic collection
+    # types is transformed into one of our trivial subclasses
+    # (e.g. InstrumentedList).  Catch anything else that sneaks in here...
+    if cls.__module__ == "__builtin__":
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Can not instrument a built-in type. Use a "
+            "subclass, even a trivial one."
+        )
+
+    roles, methods = _locate_roles_and_methods(cls)
+
+    _setup_canned_roles(cls, roles, methods)
+
+    _assert_required_roles(cls, roles, methods)
+
+    _set_collection_attributes(cls, roles, methods)
+
+
+def _locate_roles_and_methods(cls):
+    """search for _sa_instrument_role-decorated methods in
+    method resolution order, assign to roles.
+
+    """
+
+    roles: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    methods: Dict[str, Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int], Optional[str]]] = {}
+
+    for supercls in cls.__mro__:
+        for name, method in vars(supercls).items():
+            if not callable(method):
+                continue
+
+            # note role declarations
+            if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_role"):
+                role = method._sa_instrument_role
+                assert role in (
+                    "appender",
+                    "remover",
+                    "iterator",
+                    "converter",
+                )
+                roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+            # transfer instrumentation requests from decorated function
+            # to the combined queue
+            before: Optional[Tuple[str, int]] = None
+            after: Optional[str] = None
+
+            if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_before"):
+                op, argument = method._sa_instrument_before
+                assert op in ("fire_append_event", "fire_remove_event")
+                before = op, argument
+            if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_after"):
+                op = method._sa_instrument_after
+                assert op in ("fire_append_event", "fire_remove_event")
+                after = op
+            if before:
+                methods[name] = before + (after,)
+            elif after:
+                methods[name] = None, None, after
+    return roles, methods
+
+
+def _setup_canned_roles(cls, roles, methods):
+    """see if this class has "canned" roles based on a known
+    collection type (dict, set, list).  Apply those roles
+    as needed to the "roles" dictionary, and also
+    prepare "decorator" methods
+
+    """
+    collection_type = util.duck_type_collection(cls)
+    if collection_type in __interfaces:
+        assert collection_type is not None
+        canned_roles, decorators = __interfaces[collection_type]
+        for role, name in canned_roles.items():
+            roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+        # apply ABC auto-decoration to methods that need it
+        for method, decorator in decorators.items():
+            fn = getattr(cls, method, None)
+            if (
+                fn
+                and method not in methods
+                and not hasattr(fn, "_sa_instrumented")
+            ):
+                setattr(cls, method, decorator(fn))
+
+
+def _assert_required_roles(cls, roles, methods):
+    """ensure all roles are present, and apply implicit instrumentation if
+    needed
+
+    """
+    if "appender" not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles["appender"]):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an appender method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__
+        )
+    elif roles["appender"] not in methods and not hasattr(
+        getattr(cls, roles["appender"]), "_sa_instrumented"
+    ):
+        methods[roles["appender"]] = ("fire_append_event", 1, None)
+
+    if "remover" not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles["remover"]):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect a remover method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__
+        )
+    elif roles["remover"] not in methods and not hasattr(
+        getattr(cls, roles["remover"]), "_sa_instrumented"
+    ):
+        methods[roles["remover"]] = ("fire_remove_event", 1, None)
+
+    if "iterator" not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles["iterator"]):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an iterator method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__
+        )
+
+
+def _set_collection_attributes(cls, roles, methods):
+    """apply ad-hoc instrumentation from decorators, class-level defaults
+    and implicit role declarations
+
+    """
+    for method_name, (before, argument, after) in methods.items():
+        setattr(
+            cls,
+            method_name,
+            _instrument_membership_mutator(
+                getattr(cls, method_name), before, argument, after
+            ),
+        )
+    # intern the role map
+    for role, method_name in roles.items():
+        setattr(cls, "_sa_%s" % role, getattr(cls, method_name))
+
+    cls._sa_adapter = None
+
+    if not hasattr(cls, "_sa_converter"):
+        cls._sa_converter = None
+    cls._sa_instrumented = id(cls)
+
+
+def _instrument_membership_mutator(method, before, argument, after):
+    """Route method args and/or return value through the collection
+    adapter."""
+    # This isn't smart enough to handle @adds(1) for 'def fn(self, (a, b))'
+    if before:
+        fn_args = list(
+            util.flatten_iterator(inspect_getfullargspec(method)[0])
+        )
+        if isinstance(argument, int):
+            pos_arg = argument
+            named_arg = len(fn_args) > argument and fn_args[argument] or None
+        else:
+            if argument in fn_args:
+                pos_arg = fn_args.index(argument)
+            else:
+                pos_arg = None
+            named_arg = argument
+        del fn_args
+
+    def wrapper(*args, **kw):
+        if before:
+            if pos_arg is None:
+                if named_arg not in kw:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument
+                    )
+                value = kw[named_arg]
+            else:
+                if len(args) > pos_arg:
+                    value = args[pos_arg]
+                elif named_arg in kw:
+                    value = kw[named_arg]
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument
+                    )
+
+        initiator = kw.pop("_sa_initiator", None)
+        if initiator is False:
+            executor = None
+        else:
+            executor = args[0]._sa_adapter
+
+        if before and executor:
+            getattr(executor, before)(value, initiator)
+
+        if not after or not executor:
+            return method(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            res = method(*args, **kw)
+            if res is not None:
+                getattr(executor, after)(res, initiator)
+            return res
+
+    wrapper._sa_instrumented = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_role"):
+        wrapper._sa_instrument_role = method._sa_instrument_role  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # noqa: E501
+    wrapper.__name__ = method.__name__
+    wrapper.__doc__ = method.__doc__
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def __set_wo_mutation(collection, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Run set wo mutation events.
+
+    The collection is not mutated.
+
+    """
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            executor.fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+                item, _sa_initiator, key=None
+            )
+
+
+def __set(collection, item, _sa_initiator, key):
+    """Run set events.
+
+    This event always occurs before the collection is actually mutated.
+
+    """
+
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            item = executor.fire_append_event(item, _sa_initiator, key=key)
+    return item
+
+
+def __del(collection, item, _sa_initiator, key):
+    """Run del events.
+
+    This event occurs before the collection is actually mutated, *except*
+    in the case of a pop operation, in which case it occurs afterwards.
+    For pop operations, the __before_pop hook is called before the
+    operation occurs.
+
+    """
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            executor.fire_remove_event(item, _sa_initiator, key=key)
+
+
+def __before_pop(collection, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """An event which occurs on a before a pop() operation occurs."""
+    executor = collection._sa_adapter
+    if executor:
+        executor.fire_pre_remove_event(_sa_initiator)
+
+
+def _list_decorators() -> Dict[str, Callable[[_FN], _FN]]:
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any list-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(list, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def append(fn):
+        def append(self, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+            item = __set(self, item, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            fn(self, item)
+
+        _tidy(append)
+        return append
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            __del(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def insert(fn):
+        def insert(self, index, value):
+            value = __set(self, value, None, index)
+            fn(self, index, value)
+
+        _tidy(insert)
+        return insert
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                existing = self[index]
+                if existing is not None:
+                    __del(self, existing, None, index)
+                value = __set(self, value, None, index)
+                fn(self, index, value)
+            else:
+                # slice assignment requires __delitem__, insert, __len__
+                step = index.step or 1
+                start = index.start or 0
+                if start < 0:
+                    start += len(self)
+                if index.stop is not None:
+                    stop = index.stop
+                else:
+                    stop = len(self)
+                if stop < 0:
+                    stop += len(self)
+
+                if step == 1:
+                    if value is self:
+                        return
+                    for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                        if len(self) > start:
+                            del self[start]
+
+                    for i, item in enumerate(value):
+                        self.insert(i + start, item)
+                else:
+                    rng = list(range(start, stop, step))
+                    if len(value) != len(rng):
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                            "extended slice of size %s"
+                            % (len(value), len(rng))
+                        )
+                    for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                        self.__setitem__(i, item)
+
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, index):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                item = self[index]
+                __del(self, item, None, index)
+                fn(self, index)
+            else:
+                # slice deletion requires __getslice__ and a slice-groking
+                # __getitem__ for stepped deletion
+                # note: not breaking this into atomic dels
+                for item in self[index]:
+                    __del(self, item, None, index)
+                fn(self, index)
+
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    def extend(fn):
+        def extend(self, iterable):
+            for value in list(iterable):
+                self.append(value)
+
+        _tidy(extend)
+        return extend
+
+    def __iadd__(fn):
+        def __iadd__(self, iterable):
+            # list.__iadd__ takes any iterable and seems to let TypeError
+            # raise as-is instead of returning NotImplemented
+            for value in list(iterable):
+                self.append(value)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__iadd__)
+        return __iadd__
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, index=-1):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            item = fn(self, index)
+            __del(self, item, None, index)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self, index=-1):
+            for item in self:
+                __del(self, item, None, index)
+            fn(self)
+
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    # __imul__ : not wrapping this.  all members of the collection are already
+    # present, so no need to fire appends... wrapping it with an explicit
+    # decorator is still possible, so events on *= can be had if they're
+    # desired.  hard to imagine a use case for __imul__, though.
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop("_tidy")
+    return l
+
+
+def _dict_decorators() -> Dict[str, Callable[[_FN], _FN]]:
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any dict-like mapping class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(dict, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator, key)
+            value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator, key)
+            fn(self, key, value)
+
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, key, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator, key)
+            fn(self, key)
+
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], None, key)
+            fn(self)
+
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, key, default=NO_ARG):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            _to_del = key in self
+            if default is NO_ARG:
+                item = fn(self, key)
+            else:
+                item = fn(self, key, default)
+            if _to_del:
+                __del(self, item, None, key)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def popitem(fn):
+        def popitem(self):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            __del(self, item[1], None, 1)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(popitem)
+        return popitem
+
+    def setdefault(fn):
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            if key not in self:
+                self.__setitem__(key, default)
+                return default
+            else:
+                value = self.__getitem__(key)
+                if value is default:
+                    __set_wo_mutation(self, value, None)
+
+                return value
+
+        _tidy(setdefault)
+        return setdefault
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, __other=NO_ARG, **kw):
+            if __other is not NO_ARG:
+                if hasattr(__other, "keys"):
+                    for key in list(__other):
+                        if key not in self or self[key] is not __other[key]:
+                            self[key] = __other[key]
+                        else:
+                            __set_wo_mutation(self, __other[key], None)
+                else:
+                    for key, value in __other:
+                        if key not in self or self[key] is not value:
+                            self[key] = value
+                        else:
+                            __set_wo_mutation(self, value, None)
+            for key in kw:
+                if key not in self or self[key] is not kw[key]:
+                    self[key] = kw[key]
+                else:
+                    __set_wo_mutation(self, kw[key], None)
+
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop("_tidy")
+    return l
+
+
+_set_binop_bases = (set, frozenset)
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_strict(self: Any, obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Allow only set, frozenset and self.__class__-derived
+    objects in binops."""
+    return isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,))
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_loose(self: Any, obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Allow anything set-like to participate in set binops."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,))
+        or util.duck_type_collection(obj) == set
+    )
+
+
+def _set_decorators() -> Dict[str, Callable[[_FN], _FN]]:
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any set-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(set, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def add(fn):
+        def add(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if value not in self:
+                value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            else:
+                __set_wo_mutation(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(add)
+        return add
+
+    def discard(fn):
+        def discard(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+                # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(discard)
+        return discard
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            # for set in particular, we have no way to access the item
+            # that will be popped before pop is called.
+            __del(self, item, None, NO_KEY)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for item in list(self):
+                self.remove(item)
+
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    def __ior__(fn):
+        def __ior__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__ior__)
+        return __ior__
+
+    def difference_update(fn):
+        def difference_update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+
+        _tidy(difference_update)
+        return difference_update
+
+    def __isub__(fn):
+        def __isub__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__isub__)
+        return __isub__
+
+    def intersection_update(fn):
+        def intersection_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+
+        _tidy(intersection_update)
+        return intersection_update
+
+    def __iand__(fn):
+        def __iand__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__iand__)
+        return __iand__
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(fn):
+        def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+
+        _tidy(symmetric_difference_update)
+        return symmetric_difference_update
+
+    def __ixor__(fn):
+        def __ixor__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__ixor__)
+        return __ixor__
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop("_tidy")
+    return l
+
+
+class InstrumentedList(List[_T]):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in list."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedSet(Set[_T]):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in set."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in dict."""
+
+
+__canned_instrumentation: util.immutabledict[Any, _CollectionFactoryType] = (
+    util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            list: InstrumentedList,
+            set: InstrumentedSet,
+            dict: InstrumentedDict,
+        }
+    )
+)
+
+__interfaces: util.immutabledict[
+    Any,
+    Tuple[
+        Dict[str, str],
+        Dict[str, Callable[..., Any]],
+    ],
+] = util.immutabledict(
+    {
+        list: (
+            {
+                "appender": "append",
+                "remover": "remove",
+                "iterator": "__iter__",
+            },
+            _list_decorators(),
+        ),
+        set: (
+            {"appender": "add", "remover": "remove", "iterator": "__iter__"},
+            _set_decorators(),
+        ),
+        # decorators are required for dicts and object collections.
+        dict: ({"iterator": "values"}, _dict_decorators()),
+    }
+)
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global keyfunc_mapping, mapped_collection
+    global column_keyed_dict, column_mapped_collection
+    global MappedCollection, KeyFuncDict
+    global attribute_keyed_dict, attribute_mapped_collection
+
+    from .mapped_collection import keyfunc_mapping
+    from .mapped_collection import column_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import attribute_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import KeyFuncDict
+
+    from .mapped_collection import mapped_collection
+    from .mapped_collection import column_mapped_collection
+    from .mapped_collection import attribute_mapped_collection
+    from .mapped_collection import MappedCollection
+
+    # ensure instrumentation is associated with
+    # these built-in classes; if a user-defined class
+    # subclasses these and uses @internally_instrumented,
+    # the superclass is otherwise not instrumented.
+    # see [ticket:2406].
+    _instrument_class(InstrumentedList)
+    _instrument_class(InstrumentedSet)
+    _instrument_class(KeyFuncDict)
+
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/context.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f89131b5cb09ab0bf3f45ec31e65e260484eb2a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/context.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3255 @@
+# orm/context.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import loading
+from .base import _is_aliased_class
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnDescription
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnsClauseRole
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .util import _entity_corresponds_to
+from .util import _ORMJoin
+from .util import _TraceAdaptRole
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .util import Bundle
+from .util import ORMAdapter
+from .util import ORMStatementAdapter
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import future
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import _TP
+from ..sql._typing import is_dml
+from ..sql._typing import is_insert_update
+from ..sql._typing import is_select_base
+from ..sql.base import _select_iterables
+from ..sql.base import CacheableOptions
+from ..sql.base import CompileState
+from ..sql.base import Executable
+from ..sql.base import Generative
+from ..sql.base import Options
+from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+from ..sql.elements import GroupedElement
+from ..sql.elements import TextClause
+from ..sql.selectable import CompoundSelectState
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import Select
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectLabelStyle
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectState
+from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .loading import PostLoad
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import _BindArguments
+    from .session import Session
+    from ..engine import Result
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from ..sql.dml import _DMLTableElement
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import _LabelConventionCallable
+    from ..sql.selectable import _SetupJoinsElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import ExecutableReturnsRows
+    from ..sql.selectable import SelectBase
+    from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_path_registry = PathRegistry.root
+
+_EMPTY_DICT = util.immutabledict()
+
+
+LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM = SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM
+
+
+class QueryContext:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "top_level_context",
+        "compile_state",
+        "query",
+        "params",
+        "load_options",
+        "bind_arguments",
+        "execution_options",
+        "session",
+        "autoflush",
+        "populate_existing",
+        "invoke_all_eagers",
+        "version_check",
+        "refresh_state",
+        "create_eager_joins",
+        "propagated_loader_options",
+        "attributes",
+        "runid",
+        "partials",
+        "post_load_paths",
+        "identity_token",
+        "yield_per",
+        "loaders_require_buffering",
+        "loaders_require_uniquing",
+    )
+
+    runid: int
+    post_load_paths: Dict[PathRegistry, PostLoad]
+    compile_state: ORMCompileState
+
+    class default_load_options(Options):
+        _only_return_tuples = False
+        _populate_existing = False
+        _version_check = False
+        _invoke_all_eagers = True
+        _autoflush = True
+        _identity_token = None
+        _yield_per = None
+        _refresh_state = None
+        _lazy_loaded_from = None
+        _legacy_uniquing = False
+        _sa_top_level_orm_context = None
+        _is_user_refresh = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state: CompileState,
+        statement: Union[Select[Any], FromStatement[Any]],
+        params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        session: Session,
+        load_options: Union[
+            Type[QueryContext.default_load_options],
+            QueryContext.default_load_options,
+        ],
+        execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ):
+        self.load_options = load_options
+        self.execution_options = execution_options or _EMPTY_DICT
+        self.bind_arguments = bind_arguments or _EMPTY_DICT
+        self.compile_state = compile_state
+        self.query = statement
+        self.session = session
+        self.loaders_require_buffering = False
+        self.loaders_require_uniquing = False
+        self.params = params
+        self.top_level_context = load_options._sa_top_level_orm_context
+
+        cached_options = compile_state.select_statement._with_options
+        uncached_options = statement._with_options
+
+        # see issue #7447 , #8399 for some background
+        # propagated loader options will be present on loaded InstanceState
+        # objects under state.load_options and are typically used by
+        # LazyLoader to apply options to the SELECT statement it emits.
+        # For compile state options (i.e. loader strategy options), these
+        # need to line up with the ".load_path" attribute which in
+        # loader.py is pulled from context.compile_state.current_path.
+        # so, this means these options have to be the ones from the
+        # *cached* statement that's travelling with compile_state, not the
+        # *current* statement which won't match up for an ad-hoc
+        # AliasedClass
+        self.propagated_loader_options = tuple(
+            opt._adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(self, uncached_opt)
+            for opt, uncached_opt in zip(cached_options, uncached_options)
+            if opt.propagate_to_loaders
+        )
+
+        self.attributes = dict(compile_state.attributes)
+
+        self.autoflush = load_options._autoflush
+        self.populate_existing = load_options._populate_existing
+        self.invoke_all_eagers = load_options._invoke_all_eagers
+        self.version_check = load_options._version_check
+        self.refresh_state = load_options._refresh_state
+        self.yield_per = load_options._yield_per
+        self.identity_token = load_options._identity_token
+
+    def _get_top_level_context(self) -> QueryContext:
+        return self.top_level_context or self
+
+
+_orm_load_exec_options = util.immutabledict(
+    {"_result_disable_adapt_to_context": True}
+)
+
+
+class AbstractORMCompileState(CompileState):
+    is_dml_returning = False
+
+    def _init_global_attributes(
+        self, statement, compiler, *, toplevel, process_criteria_for_toplevel
+    ):
+        self.attributes = {}
+
+        if compiler is None:
+            # this is the legacy / testing only ORM _compile_state() use case.
+            # there is no need to apply criteria options for this.
+            self.global_attributes = ga = {}
+            assert toplevel
+            return
+        else:
+            self.global_attributes = ga = compiler._global_attributes
+
+        if toplevel:
+            ga["toplevel_orm"] = True
+
+            if process_criteria_for_toplevel:
+                for opt in statement._with_options:
+                    if opt._is_criteria_option:
+                        opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+            return
+        elif ga.get("toplevel_orm", False):
+            return
+
+        stack_0 = compiler.stack[0]
+
+        try:
+            toplevel_stmt = stack_0["selectable"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            for opt in toplevel_stmt._with_options:
+                if opt._is_compile_state and opt._is_criteria_option:
+                    opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+        ga["toplevel_orm"] = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(
+        cls,
+        statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AbstractORMCompileState:
+        """Create a context for a statement given a :class:`.Compiler`.
+
+        This method is always invoked in the context of SQLCompiler.process().
+
+        For a Select object, this would be invoked from
+        SQLCompiler.visit_select(). For the special FromStatement object used
+        by Query to indicate "Query.from_statement()", this is called by
+        FromStatement._compiler_dispatch() that would be called by
+        SQLCompiler.process().
+        """
+        return super().create_for_statement(statement, compiler, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        conn,
+    ) -> Result:
+        result = conn.execute(
+            statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        return cls.orm_setup_cursor_result(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            result,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class AutoflushOnlyORMCompileState(AbstractORMCompileState):
+    """ORM compile state that is a passthrough, except for autoflush."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        # consume result-level load_options.  These may have been set up
+        # in an ORMExecuteState hook
+        (
+            load_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = QueryContext.default_load_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options",
+            {
+                "autoflush",
+            },
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+
+        if not is_pre_event and load_options._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+        return statement, execution_options
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        return result
+
+
+class ORMCompileState(AbstractORMCompileState):
+    class default_compile_options(CacheableOptions):
+        _cache_key_traversal = [
+            ("_use_legacy_query_style", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_for_statement", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_bake_ok", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_current_path", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+            ("_enable_single_crit", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_enable_eagerloads", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_only_load_props", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+            ("_set_base_alias", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_for_refresh_state", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_render_for_subquery", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_is_star", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ]
+
+        # set to True by default from Query._statement_20(), to indicate
+        # the rendered query should look like a legacy ORM query.  right
+        # now this basically indicates we should use tablename_columnname
+        # style labels.    Generally indicates the statement originated
+        # from a Query object.
+        _use_legacy_query_style = False
+
+        # set *only* when we are coming from the Query.statement
+        # accessor, or a Query-level equivalent such as
+        # query.subquery().  this supersedes "toplevel".
+        _for_statement = False
+
+        _bake_ok = True
+        _current_path = _path_registry
+        _enable_single_crit = True
+        _enable_eagerloads = True
+        _only_load_props = None
+        _set_base_alias = False
+        _for_refresh_state = False
+        _render_for_subquery = False
+        _is_star = False
+
+    attributes: Dict[Any, Any]
+    global_attributes: Dict[Any, Any]
+
+    statement: Union[Select[Any], FromStatement[Any]]
+    select_statement: Union[Select[Any], FromStatement[Any]]
+    _entities: List[_QueryEntity]
+    _polymorphic_adapters: Dict[_InternalEntityType, ORMAdapter]
+    compile_options: Union[
+        Type[default_compile_options], default_compile_options
+    ]
+    _primary_entity: Optional[_QueryEntity]
+    use_legacy_query_style: bool
+    _label_convention: _LabelConventionCallable
+    primary_columns: List[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    secondary_columns: List[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    dedupe_columns: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    create_eager_joins: List[
+        # TODO: this structure is set up by JoinedLoader
+        Tuple[Any, ...]
+    ]
+    current_path: PathRegistry = _path_registry
+    _has_mapper_entities = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @classmethod
+        def create_for_statement(
+            cls,
+            statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+            compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> ORMCompileState: ...
+
+    def _append_dedupe_col_collection(self, obj, col_collection):
+        dedupe = self.dedupe_columns
+        if obj not in dedupe:
+            dedupe.add(obj)
+            col_collection.append(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _column_naming_convention(
+        cls, label_style: SelectLabelStyle, legacy: bool
+    ) -> _LabelConventionCallable:
+        if legacy:
+
+            def name(col, col_name=None):
+                if col_name:
+                    return col_name
+                else:
+                    return getattr(col, "key")
+
+            return name
+        else:
+            return SelectState._column_naming_convention(label_style)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_column_descriptions(cls, statement):
+        return _column_descriptions(statement)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        # consume result-level load_options.  These may have been set up
+        # in an ORMExecuteState hook
+        (
+            load_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = QueryContext.default_load_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options",
+            {
+                "populate_existing",
+                "autoflush",
+                "yield_per",
+                "identity_token",
+                "sa_top_level_orm_context",
+            },
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+
+        # default execution options for ORM results:
+        # 1. _result_disable_adapt_to_context=True
+        #    this will disable the ResultSetMetadata._adapt_to_context()
+        #    step which we don't need, as we have result processors cached
+        #    against the original SELECT statement before caching.
+
+        if "sa_top_level_orm_context" in execution_options:
+            ctx = execution_options["sa_top_level_orm_context"]
+            execution_options = ctx.query._execution_options.merge_with(
+                ctx.execution_options, execution_options
+            )
+
+        if not execution_options:
+            execution_options = _orm_load_exec_options
+        else:
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(_orm_load_exec_options)
+
+        # would have been placed here by legacy Query only
+        if load_options._yield_per:
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                {"yield_per": load_options._yield_per}
+            )
+
+        if (
+            getattr(statement._compile_options, "_current_path", None)
+            and len(statement._compile_options._current_path) > 10
+            and execution_options.get("compiled_cache", True) is not None
+        ):
+            execution_options: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = (
+                execution_options.union(
+                    {
+                        "compiled_cache": None,
+                        "_cache_disable_reason": "excess depth for "
+                        "ORM loader options",
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+
+        bind_arguments["clause"] = statement
+
+        # new in 1.4 - the coercions system is leveraged to allow the
+        # "subject" mapper of a statement be propagated to the top
+        # as the statement is built.   "subject" mapper is the generally
+        # standard object used as an identifier for multi-database schemes.
+
+        # we are here based on the fact that _propagate_attrs contains
+        # "compile_state_plugin": "orm".   The "plugin_subject"
+        # needs to be present as well.
+
+        try:
+            plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        except KeyError:
+            assert False, "statement had 'orm' plugin but no plugin_subject"
+        else:
+            if plugin_subject:
+                bind_arguments["mapper"] = plugin_subject.mapper
+
+        if not is_pre_event and load_options._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+        return statement, execution_options
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        execution_context = result.context
+        compile_state = execution_context.compiled.compile_state
+
+        # cover edge case where ORM entities used in legacy select
+        # were passed to session.execute:
+        # session.execute(legacy_select([User.id, User.name]))
+        # see test_query->test_legacy_tuple_old_select
+
+        load_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+        )
+
+        if compile_state.compile_options._is_star:
+            return result
+
+        querycontext = QueryContext(
+            compile_state,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            session,
+            load_options,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+        )
+        return loading.instances(result, querycontext)
+
+    @property
+    def _lead_mapper_entities(self):
+        """return all _MapperEntity objects in the lead entities collection.
+
+        Does **not** include entities that have been replaced by
+        with_entities(), with_only_columns()
+
+        """
+        return [
+            ent for ent in self._entities if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+        ]
+
+    def _create_with_polymorphic_adapter(self, ext_info, selectable):
+        """given MapperEntity or ORMColumnEntity, setup polymorphic loading
+        if called for by the Mapper.
+
+        As of #8168 in 2.0.0rc1, polymorphic adapters, which greatly increase
+        the complexity of the query creation process, are not used at all
+        except in the quasi-legacy cases of with_polymorphic referring to an
+        alias and/or subquery. This would apply to concrete polymorphic
+        loading, and joined inheritance where a subquery is
+        passed to with_polymorphic (which is completely unnecessary in modern
+        use).
+
+        """
+        if (
+            not ext_info.is_aliased_class
+            and ext_info.mapper.persist_selectable
+            not in self._polymorphic_adapters
+        ):
+            for mp in ext_info.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+                self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                    mp,
+                    ORMAdapter(
+                        _TraceAdaptRole.WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER,
+                        mp,
+                        equivalents=mp._equivalent_columns,
+                        selectable=selectable,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    def _mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(self, mapper, adapter):
+        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers or [mapper]:
+            self._polymorphic_adapters[m2] = adapter
+
+            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
+                self._polymorphic_adapters[m.local_table] = adapter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_entities_collection(cls, query, legacy):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "this method only works for ORMSelectCompileState"
+        )
+
+
+class DMLReturningColFilter:
+    """an adapter used for the DML RETURNING case.
+
+    Has a subset of the interface used by
+    :class:`.ORMAdapter` and is used for :class:`._QueryEntity`
+    instances to set up their columns as used in RETURNING for a
+    DML statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("mapper", "columns", "__weakref__")
+
+    def __init__(self, target_mapper, immediate_dml_mapper):
+        if (
+            immediate_dml_mapper is not None
+            and target_mapper.local_table
+            is not immediate_dml_mapper.local_table
+        ):
+            # joined inh, or in theory other kinds of multi-table mappings
+            self.mapper = immediate_dml_mapper
+        else:
+            # single inh, normal mappings, etc.
+            self.mapper = target_mapper
+        self.columns = self.columns = util.WeakPopulateDict(
+            self.adapt_check_present  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, col, as_filter):
+        for cc in sql_util._find_columns(col):
+            c2 = self.adapt_check_present(cc)
+            if c2 is not None:
+                return col
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def adapt_check_present(self, col):
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        prop = mapper._columntoproperty.get(col, None)
+        if prop is None:
+            return None
+        return mapper.local_table.c.corresponding_column(col)
+
+
+@sql.base.CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "orm_from_statement")
+class ORMFromStatementCompileState(ORMCompileState):
+    _from_obj_alias = None
+    _has_mapper_entities = False
+
+    statement_container: FromStatement
+    requested_statement: Union[SelectBase, TextClause, UpdateBase]
+    dml_table: Optional[_DMLTableElement] = None
+
+    _has_orm_entities = False
+    multi_row_eager_loaders = False
+    eager_adding_joins = False
+    compound_eager_adapter = None
+
+    extra_criteria_entities = _EMPTY_DICT
+    eager_joins = _EMPTY_DICT
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(
+        cls,
+        statement_container: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMFromStatementCompileState:
+        assert isinstance(statement_container, FromStatement)
+
+        if compiler is not None and compiler.stack:
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "The ORM FromStatement construct only supports being "
+                "invoked as the topmost statement, as it is only intended to "
+                "define how result rows should be returned."
+            )
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self._primary_entity = None
+
+        self.use_legacy_query_style = (
+            statement_container._compile_options._use_legacy_query_style
+        )
+        self.statement_container = self.select_statement = statement_container
+        self.requested_statement = statement = statement_container.element
+
+        if statement.is_dml:
+            self.dml_table = statement.table
+            self.is_dml_returning = True
+
+        self._entities = []
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+
+        self.compile_options = statement_container._compile_options
+
+        if (
+            self.use_legacy_query_style
+            and isinstance(statement, expression.SelectBase)
+            and not statement._is_textual
+            and not statement.is_dml
+            and statement._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+        ):
+            self.statement = statement.set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+        else:
+            self.statement = statement
+
+        self._label_convention = self._column_naming_convention(
+            (
+                statement._label_style
+                if not statement._is_textual and not statement.is_dml
+                else LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+            ),
+            self.use_legacy_query_style,
+        )
+
+        _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+            self,
+            statement_container._raw_columns,
+            self._entities,
+            is_current_entities=True,
+        )
+
+        self.current_path = statement_container._compile_options._current_path
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            statement_container,
+            compiler,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=False,
+            toplevel=True,
+        )
+
+        if statement_container._with_options:
+            for opt in statement_container._with_options:
+                if opt._is_compile_state:
+                    opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+        if statement_container._with_context_options:
+            for fn, key in statement_container._with_context_options:
+                fn(self)
+
+        self.primary_columns = []
+        self.secondary_columns = []
+        self.dedupe_columns = set()
+        self.create_eager_joins = []
+        self._fallback_from_clauses = []
+
+        self.order_by = None
+
+        if isinstance(self.statement, expression.TextClause):
+            # TextClause has no "column" objects at all.  for this case,
+            # we generate columns from our _QueryEntity objects, then
+            # flip on all the "please match no matter what" parameters.
+            self.extra_criteria_entities = {}
+
+            for entity in self._entities:
+                entity.setup_compile_state(self)
+
+            compiler._ordered_columns = compiler._textual_ordered_columns = (
+                False
+            )
+
+            # enable looser result column matching.  this is shown to be
+            # needed by test_query.py::TextTest
+            compiler._loose_column_name_matching = True
+
+            for c in self.primary_columns:
+                compiler.process(
+                    c,
+                    within_columns_clause=True,
+                    add_to_result_map=compiler._add_to_result_map,
+                )
+        else:
+            # for everyone else, Select, Insert, Update, TextualSelect, they
+            # have column objects already.  After much
+            # experimentation here, the best approach seems to be, use
+            # those columns completely, don't interfere with the compiler
+            # at all; just in ORM land, use an adapter to convert from
+            # our ORM columns to whatever columns are in the statement,
+            # before we look in the result row. Adapt on names
+            # to accept cases such as issue #9217, however also allow
+            # this to be overridden for cases such as #9273.
+            self._from_obj_alias = ORMStatementAdapter(
+                _TraceAdaptRole.ADAPT_FROM_STATEMENT,
+                self.statement,
+                adapt_on_names=statement_container._adapt_on_names,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    def _adapt_col_list(self, cols, current_adapter):
+        return cols
+
+    def _get_current_adapter(self):
+        return None
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(self, dml_mapper):
+        """used by BulkORMInsert (and Update / Delete?) to set up a handler
+        for RETURNING to return ORM objects and expressions
+
+        """
+        target_mapper = self.statement._propagate_attrs.get(
+            "plugin_subject", None
+        )
+        adapter = DMLReturningColFilter(target_mapper, dml_mapper)
+
+        if self.compile_options._is_star and (len(self._entities) != 1):
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't generate ORM query that includes multiple expressions "
+                "at the same time as '*'; query for '*' alone if present"
+            )
+
+        for entity in self._entities:
+            entity.setup_dml_returning_compile_state(self, adapter)
+
+
+class FromStatement(GroupedElement, Generative, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Core construct that represents a load of ORM objects from various
+    :class:`.ReturnsRows` and other classes including:
+
+    :class:`.Select`, :class:`.TextClause`, :class:`.TextualSelect`,
+    :class:`.CompoundSelect`, :class`.Insert`, :class:`.Update`,
+    and in theory, :class:`.Delete`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "orm_from_statement"
+
+    _compile_options = ORMFromStatementCompileState.default_compile_options
+
+    _compile_state_factory = ORMFromStatementCompileState.create_for_statement
+
+    _for_update_arg = None
+
+    element: Union[ExecutableReturnsRows, TextClause]
+
+    _adapt_on_names: bool
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_raw_columns", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ] + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = _traverse_internals + [
+        ("_compile_options", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key)
+    ]
+
+    is_from_statement = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entities: Iterable[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]],
+        element: Union[ExecutableReturnsRows, TextClause],
+        _adapt_on_names: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                ent,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                post_inspect=True,
+            )
+            for ent in util.to_list(entities)
+        ]
+        self.element = element
+        self.is_dml = element.is_dml
+        self.is_select = element.is_select
+        self.is_delete = element.is_delete
+        self.is_insert = element.is_insert
+        self.is_update = element.is_update
+        self._label_style = (
+            element._label_style if is_select_base(element) else None
+        )
+        self._adapt_on_names = _adapt_on_names
+
+    def _compiler_dispatch(self, compiler, **kw):
+        """provide a fixed _compiler_dispatch method.
+
+        This is roughly similar to using the sqlalchemy.ext.compiler
+        ``@compiles`` extension.
+
+        """
+
+        compile_state = self._compile_state_factory(self, compiler, **kw)
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            compiler.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        return compiler.process(compile_state.statement, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self):
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` 'column descriptions' structure
+        referring to the columns which are SELECTed by this statement.
+
+        See the section :ref:`queryguide_inspection` for an overview
+        of this feature.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """
+        meth = cast(
+            ORMSelectCompileState, SelectState.get_plugin_class(self)
+        ).get_column_descriptions
+        return meth(self)
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self):
+        return self
+
+    def get_children(self, **kw):
+        yield from itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            element._from_objects for element in self._raw_columns
+        )
+        yield from super().get_children(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self):
+        return self.element._all_selected_columns
+
+    @property
+    def _return_defaults(self):
+        return self.element._return_defaults if is_dml(self.element) else None
+
+    @property
+    def _returning(self):
+        return self.element._returning if is_dml(self.element) else None
+
+    @property
+    def _inline(self):
+        return self.element._inline if is_insert_update(self.element) else None
+
+
+@sql.base.CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "compound_select")
+class CompoundSelectCompileState(
+    AutoflushOnlyORMCompileState, CompoundSelectState
+):
+    pass
+
+
+@sql.base.CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "select")
+class ORMSelectCompileState(ORMCompileState, SelectState):
+    _already_joined_edges = ()
+
+    _memoized_entities = _EMPTY_DICT
+
+    _from_obj_alias = None
+    _has_mapper_entities = False
+
+    _has_orm_entities = False
+    multi_row_eager_loaders = False
+    eager_adding_joins = False
+    compound_eager_adapter = None
+
+    correlate = None
+    correlate_except = None
+    _where_criteria = ()
+    _having_criteria = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(
+        cls,
+        statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMSelectCompileState:
+        """compiler hook, we arrive here from compiler.visit_select() only."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        if compiler is not None:
+            toplevel = not compiler.stack
+        else:
+            toplevel = True
+
+        select_statement = statement
+
+        # if we are a select() that was never a legacy Query, we won't
+        # have ORM level compile options.
+        statement._compile_options = cls.default_compile_options.safe_merge(
+            statement._compile_options
+        )
+
+        if select_statement._execution_options:
+            # execution options should not impact the compilation of a
+            # query, and at the moment subqueryloader is putting some things
+            # in here that we explicitly don't want stuck in a cache.
+            self.select_statement = select_statement._clone()
+            self.select_statement._execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+        else:
+            self.select_statement = select_statement
+
+        # indicates this select() came from Query.statement
+        self.for_statement = select_statement._compile_options._for_statement
+
+        # generally if we are from Query or directly from a select()
+        self.use_legacy_query_style = (
+            select_statement._compile_options._use_legacy_query_style
+        )
+
+        self._entities = []
+        self._primary_entity = None
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+
+        self.compile_options = select_statement._compile_options
+
+        if not toplevel:
+            # for subqueries, turn off eagerloads and set
+            # "render_for_subquery".
+            self.compile_options += {
+                "_enable_eagerloads": False,
+                "_render_for_subquery": True,
+            }
+
+        # determine label style.   we can make different decisions here.
+        # at the moment, trying to see if we can always use DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+        # rather than LABEL_STYLE_NONE, and if we can use disambiguate style
+        # for new style ORM selects too.
+        if (
+            self.use_legacy_query_style
+            and self.select_statement._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM
+        ):
+            if not self.for_statement:
+                self.label_style = LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            else:
+                self.label_style = LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+        else:
+            self.label_style = self.select_statement._label_style
+
+        if select_statement._memoized_select_entities:
+            self._memoized_entities = {
+                memoized_entities: _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+                    self,
+                    memoized_entities._raw_columns,
+                    [],
+                    is_current_entities=False,
+                )
+                for memoized_entities in (
+                    select_statement._memoized_select_entities
+                )
+            }
+
+        # label_convention is stateful and will yield deduping keys if it
+        # sees the same key twice.  therefore it's important that it is not
+        # invoked for the above "memoized" entities that aren't actually
+        # in the columns clause
+        self._label_convention = self._column_naming_convention(
+            statement._label_style, self.use_legacy_query_style
+        )
+
+        _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+            self,
+            select_statement._raw_columns,
+            self._entities,
+            is_current_entities=True,
+        )
+
+        self.current_path = select_statement._compile_options._current_path
+
+        self.eager_order_by = ()
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            select_statement,
+            compiler,
+            toplevel=toplevel,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=False,
+        )
+
+        if toplevel and (
+            select_statement._with_options
+            or select_statement._memoized_select_entities
+        ):
+            for (
+                memoized_entities
+            ) in select_statement._memoized_select_entities:
+                for opt in memoized_entities._with_options:
+                    if opt._is_compile_state:
+                        opt.process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+                            self,
+                            [
+                                ent
+                                for ent in self._memoized_entities[
+                                    memoized_entities
+                                ]
+                                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+                            ],
+                        )
+
+            for opt in self.select_statement._with_options:
+                if opt._is_compile_state:
+                    opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+        # uncomment to print out the context.attributes structure
+        # after it's been set up above
+        # self._dump_option_struct()
+
+        if select_statement._with_context_options:
+            for fn, key in select_statement._with_context_options:
+                fn(self)
+
+        self.primary_columns = []
+        self.secondary_columns = []
+        self.dedupe_columns = set()
+        self.eager_joins = {}
+        self.extra_criteria_entities = {}
+        self.create_eager_joins = []
+        self._fallback_from_clauses = []
+
+        # normalize the FROM clauses early by themselves, as this makes
+        # it an easier job when we need to assemble a JOIN onto these,
+        # for select.join() as well as joinedload().   As of 1.4 there are now
+        # potentially more complex sets of FROM objects here as the use
+        # of lambda statements for lazyload, load_on_pk etc. uses more
+        # cloning of the select() construct.  See #6495
+        self.from_clauses = self._normalize_froms(
+            info.selectable for info in select_statement._from_obj
+        )
+
+        # this is a fairly arbitrary break into a second method,
+        # so it might be nicer to break up create_for_statement()
+        # and _setup_for_generate into three or four logical sections
+        self._setup_for_generate()
+
+        SelectState.__init__(self, self.statement, compiler, **kw)
+        return self
+
+    def _dump_option_struct(self):
+        print("\n---------------------------------------------------\n")
+        print(f"current path: {self.current_path}")
+        for key in self.attributes:
+            if isinstance(key, tuple) and key[0] == "loader":
+                print(f"\nLoader:           {PathRegistry.coerce(key[1])}")
+                print(f"    {self.attributes[key]}")
+                print(f"    {self.attributes[key].__dict__}")
+            elif isinstance(key, tuple) and key[0] == "path_with_polymorphic":
+                print(f"\nWith Polymorphic: {PathRegistry.coerce(key[1])}")
+                print(f"    {self.attributes[key]}")
+
+    def _setup_for_generate(self):
+        query = self.select_statement
+
+        self.statement = None
+        self._join_entities = ()
+
+        if self.compile_options._set_base_alias:
+            # legacy Query only
+            self._set_select_from_alias()
+
+        for memoized_entities in query._memoized_select_entities:
+            if memoized_entities._setup_joins:
+                self._join(
+                    memoized_entities._setup_joins,
+                    self._memoized_entities[memoized_entities],
+                )
+
+        if query._setup_joins:
+            self._join(query._setup_joins, self._entities)
+
+        current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+
+        if query._where_criteria:
+            self._where_criteria = query._where_criteria
+
+            if current_adapter:
+                self._where_criteria = tuple(
+                    current_adapter(crit, True)
+                    for crit in self._where_criteria
+                )
+
+        # TODO: some complexity with order_by here was due to mapper.order_by.
+        # now that this is removed we can hopefully make order_by /
+        # group_by act identically to how they are in Core select.
+        self.order_by = (
+            self._adapt_col_list(query._order_by_clauses, current_adapter)
+            if current_adapter and query._order_by_clauses not in (None, False)
+            else query._order_by_clauses
+        )
+
+        if query._having_criteria:
+            self._having_criteria = tuple(
+                current_adapter(crit, True) if current_adapter else crit
+                for crit in query._having_criteria
+            )
+
+        self.group_by = (
+            self._adapt_col_list(
+                util.flatten_iterator(query._group_by_clauses), current_adapter
+            )
+            if current_adapter and query._group_by_clauses not in (None, False)
+            else query._group_by_clauses or None
+        )
+
+        if self.eager_order_by:
+            adapter = self.from_clauses[0]._target_adapter
+            self.eager_order_by = adapter.copy_and_process(self.eager_order_by)
+
+        if query._distinct_on:
+            self.distinct_on = self._adapt_col_list(
+                query._distinct_on, current_adapter
+            )
+        else:
+            self.distinct_on = ()
+
+        self.distinct = query._distinct
+
+        if query._correlate:
+            # ORM mapped entities that are mapped to joins can be passed
+            # to .correlate, so here they are broken into their component
+            # tables.
+            self.correlate = tuple(
+                util.flatten_iterator(
+                    sql_util.surface_selectables(s) if s is not None else None
+                    for s in query._correlate
+                )
+            )
+        elif query._correlate_except is not None:
+            self.correlate_except = tuple(
+                util.flatten_iterator(
+                    sql_util.surface_selectables(s) if s is not None else None
+                    for s in query._correlate_except
+                )
+            )
+        elif not query._auto_correlate:
+            self.correlate = (None,)
+
+        # PART II
+
+        self._for_update_arg = query._for_update_arg
+
+        if self.compile_options._is_star and (len(self._entities) != 1):
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't generate ORM query that includes multiple expressions "
+                "at the same time as '*'; query for '*' alone if present"
+            )
+        for entity in self._entities:
+            entity.setup_compile_state(self)
+
+        for rec in self.create_eager_joins:
+            strategy = rec[0]
+            strategy(self, *rec[1:])
+
+        # else "load from discrete FROMs" mode,
+        # i.e. when each _MappedEntity has its own FROM
+
+        if self.compile_options._enable_single_crit:
+            self._adjust_for_extra_criteria()
+
+        if not self.primary_columns:
+            if self.compile_options._only_load_props:
+                assert False, "no columns were included in _only_load_props"
+
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query contains no columns with which to SELECT from."
+            )
+
+        if not self.from_clauses:
+            self.from_clauses = list(self._fallback_from_clauses)
+
+        if self.order_by is False:
+            self.order_by = None
+
+        if (
+            self.multi_row_eager_loaders
+            and self.eager_adding_joins
+            and self._should_nest_selectable
+        ):
+            self.statement = self._compound_eager_statement()
+        else:
+            self.statement = self._simple_statement()
+
+        if self.for_statement:
+            ezero = self._mapper_zero()
+            if ezero is not None:
+                # TODO: this goes away once we get rid of the deep entity
+                # thing
+                self.statement = self.statement._annotate(
+                    {"deepentity": ezero}
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_entities_collection(cls, query, legacy):
+        """Creates a partial ORMSelectCompileState that includes
+        the full collection of _MapperEntity and other _QueryEntity objects.
+
+        Supports a few remaining use cases that are pre-compilation
+        but still need to gather some of the column  / adaption information.
+
+        """
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        self._entities = []
+        self._primary_entity = None
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+
+        self._label_convention = self._column_naming_convention(
+            query._label_style, legacy
+        )
+
+        # entities will also set up polymorphic adapters for mappers
+        # that have with_polymorphic configured
+        _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+            self, query._raw_columns, self._entities, is_current_entities=True
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def determine_last_joined_entity(cls, statement):
+        setup_joins = statement._setup_joins
+
+        return _determine_last_joined_entity(setup_joins, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_selected_columns(cls, statement):
+        for element in statement._raw_columns:
+            if (
+                element.is_selectable
+                and "entity_namespace" in element._annotations
+            ):
+                ens = element._annotations["entity_namespace"]
+                if not ens.is_mapper and not ens.is_aliased_class:
+                    yield from _select_iterables([element])
+                else:
+                    yield from _select_iterables(ens._all_column_expressions)
+            else:
+                yield from _select_iterables([element])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_columns_clause_froms(cls, statement):
+        return cls._normalize_froms(
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                (
+                    element._from_objects
+                    if "parententity" not in element._annotations
+                    else [
+                        element._annotations[
+                            "parententity"
+                        ].__clause_element__()
+                    ]
+                )
+                for element in statement._raw_columns
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_statement(cls, statement, from_statement):
+        from_statement = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ReturnsRowsRole,
+            from_statement,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=statement,
+        )
+
+        stmt = FromStatement(statement._raw_columns, from_statement)
+
+        stmt.__dict__.update(
+            _with_options=statement._with_options,
+            _with_context_options=statement._with_context_options,
+            _execution_options=statement._execution_options,
+            _propagate_attrs=statement._propagate_attrs,
+        )
+        return stmt
+
+    def _set_select_from_alias(self):
+        """used only for legacy Query cases"""
+
+        query = self.select_statement  # query
+
+        assert self.compile_options._set_base_alias
+        assert len(query._from_obj) == 1
+
+        adapter = self._get_select_from_alias_from_obj(query._from_obj[0])
+        if adapter:
+            self.compile_options += {"_enable_single_crit": False}
+            self._from_obj_alias = adapter
+
+    def _get_select_from_alias_from_obj(self, from_obj):
+        """used only for legacy Query cases"""
+
+        info = from_obj
+
+        if "parententity" in info._annotations:
+            info = info._annotations["parententity"]
+
+        if hasattr(info, "mapper"):
+            if not info.is_aliased_class:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "A selectable (FromClause) instance is "
+                    "expected when the base alias is being set."
+                )
+            else:
+                return info._adapter
+
+        elif isinstance(info.selectable, sql.selectable.AliasedReturnsRows):
+            equivs = self._all_equivs()
+            assert info is info.selectable
+            return ORMStatementAdapter(
+                _TraceAdaptRole.LEGACY_SELECT_FROM_ALIAS,
+                info.selectable,
+                equivalents=equivs,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _mapper_zero(self):
+        """return the Mapper associated with the first QueryEntity."""
+        return self._entities[0].mapper
+
+    def _entity_zero(self):
+        """Return the 'entity' (mapper or AliasedClass) associated
+        with the first QueryEntity, or alternatively the 'select from'
+        entity if specified."""
+
+        for ent in self.from_clauses:
+            if "parententity" in ent._annotations:
+                return ent._annotations["parententity"]
+        for qent in self._entities:
+            if qent.entity_zero:
+                return qent.entity_zero
+
+        return None
+
+    def _only_full_mapper_zero(self, methname):
+        if self._entities != [self._primary_entity]:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "%s() can only be used against "
+                "a single mapped class." % methname
+            )
+        return self._primary_entity.entity_zero
+
+    def _only_entity_zero(self, rationale=None):
+        if len(self._entities) > 1:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                rationale
+                or "This operation requires a Query "
+                "against a single mapper."
+            )
+        return self._entity_zero()
+
+    def _all_equivs(self):
+        equivs = {}
+
+        for memoized_entities in self._memoized_entities.values():
+            for ent in [
+                ent
+                for ent in memoized_entities
+                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+            ]:
+                equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+
+        for ent in [
+            ent for ent in self._entities if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+        ]:
+            equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+        return equivs
+
+    def _compound_eager_statement(self):
+        # for eager joins present and LIMIT/OFFSET/DISTINCT,
+        # wrap the query inside a select,
+        # then append eager joins onto that
+
+        if self.order_by:
+            # the default coercion for ORDER BY is now the OrderByRole,
+            # which adds an additional post coercion to ByOfRole in that
+            # elements are converted into label references.  For the
+            # eager load / subquery wrapping case, we need to un-coerce
+            # the original expressions outside of the label references
+            # in order to have them render.
+            unwrapped_order_by = [
+                (
+                    elem.element
+                    if isinstance(elem, sql.elements._label_reference)
+                    else elem
+                )
+                for elem in self.order_by
+            ]
+
+            order_by_col_expr = sql_util.expand_column_list_from_order_by(
+                self.primary_columns, unwrapped_order_by
+            )
+        else:
+            order_by_col_expr = []
+            unwrapped_order_by = None
+
+        # put FOR UPDATE on the inner query, where MySQL will honor it,
+        # as well as if it has an OF so PostgreSQL can use it.
+        inner = self._select_statement(
+            self.primary_columns
+            + [c for c in order_by_col_expr if c not in self.dedupe_columns],
+            self.from_clauses,
+            self._where_criteria,
+            self._having_criteria,
+            self.label_style,
+            self.order_by,
+            for_update=self._for_update_arg,
+            hints=self.select_statement._hints,
+            statement_hints=self.select_statement._statement_hints,
+            correlate=self.correlate,
+            correlate_except=self.correlate_except,
+            **self._select_args,
+        )
+
+        inner = inner.alias()
+
+        equivs = self._all_equivs()
+
+        self.compound_eager_adapter = ORMStatementAdapter(
+            _TraceAdaptRole.COMPOUND_EAGER_STATEMENT, inner, equivalents=equivs
+        )
+
+        statement = future.select(
+            *([inner] + self.secondary_columns)  # use_labels=self.labels
+        )
+        statement._label_style = self.label_style
+
+        # Oracle however does not allow FOR UPDATE on the subquery,
+        # and the Oracle dialect ignores it, plus for PostgreSQL, MySQL
+        # we expect that all elements of the row are locked, so also put it
+        # on the outside (except in the case of PG when OF is used)
+        if (
+            self._for_update_arg is not None
+            and self._for_update_arg.of is None
+        ):
+            statement._for_update_arg = self._for_update_arg
+
+        from_clause = inner
+        for eager_join in self.eager_joins.values():
+            # EagerLoader places a 'stop_on' attribute on the join,
+            # giving us a marker as to where the "splice point" of
+            # the join should be
+            from_clause = sql_util.splice_joins(
+                from_clause, eager_join, eager_join.stop_on
+            )
+
+        statement.select_from.non_generative(statement, from_clause)
+
+        if unwrapped_order_by:
+            statement.order_by.non_generative(
+                statement,
+                *self.compound_eager_adapter.copy_and_process(
+                    unwrapped_order_by
+                ),
+            )
+
+        statement.order_by.non_generative(statement, *self.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _simple_statement(self):
+        statement = self._select_statement(
+            self.primary_columns + self.secondary_columns,
+            tuple(self.from_clauses) + tuple(self.eager_joins.values()),
+            self._where_criteria,
+            self._having_criteria,
+            self.label_style,
+            self.order_by,
+            for_update=self._for_update_arg,
+            hints=self.select_statement._hints,
+            statement_hints=self.select_statement._statement_hints,
+            correlate=self.correlate,
+            correlate_except=self.correlate_except,
+            **self._select_args,
+        )
+
+        if self.eager_order_by:
+            statement.order_by.non_generative(statement, *self.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _select_statement(
+        self,
+        raw_columns,
+        from_obj,
+        where_criteria,
+        having_criteria,
+        label_style,
+        order_by,
+        for_update,
+        hints,
+        statement_hints,
+        correlate,
+        correlate_except,
+        limit_clause,
+        offset_clause,
+        fetch_clause,
+        fetch_clause_options,
+        distinct,
+        distinct_on,
+        prefixes,
+        suffixes,
+        group_by,
+        independent_ctes,
+        independent_ctes_opts,
+    ):
+        statement = Select._create_raw_select(
+            _raw_columns=raw_columns,
+            _from_obj=from_obj,
+            _label_style=label_style,
+        )
+
+        if where_criteria:
+            statement._where_criteria = where_criteria
+        if having_criteria:
+            statement._having_criteria = having_criteria
+
+        if order_by:
+            statement._order_by_clauses += tuple(order_by)
+
+        if distinct_on:
+            statement.distinct.non_generative(statement, *distinct_on)
+        elif distinct:
+            statement.distinct.non_generative(statement)
+
+        if group_by:
+            statement._group_by_clauses += tuple(group_by)
+
+        statement._limit_clause = limit_clause
+        statement._offset_clause = offset_clause
+        statement._fetch_clause = fetch_clause
+        statement._fetch_clause_options = fetch_clause_options
+        statement._independent_ctes = independent_ctes
+        statement._independent_ctes_opts = independent_ctes_opts
+
+        if prefixes:
+            statement._prefixes = prefixes
+
+        if suffixes:
+            statement._suffixes = suffixes
+
+        statement._for_update_arg = for_update
+
+        if hints:
+            statement._hints = hints
+        if statement_hints:
+            statement._statement_hints = statement_hints
+
+        if correlate:
+            statement.correlate.non_generative(statement, *correlate)
+
+        if correlate_except is not None:
+            statement.correlate_except.non_generative(
+                statement, *correlate_except
+            )
+
+        return statement
+
+    def _adapt_polymorphic_element(self, element):
+        if "parententity" in element._annotations:
+            search = element._annotations["parententity"]
+            alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+            if alias:
+                return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+        if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
+            search = element
+        elif hasattr(element, "table"):
+            search = element.table
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+        if alias:
+            return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+    def _adapt_col_list(self, cols, current_adapter):
+        if current_adapter:
+            return [current_adapter(o, True) for o in cols]
+        else:
+            return cols
+
+    def _get_current_adapter(self):
+        adapters = []
+
+        if self._from_obj_alias:
+            # used for legacy going forward for query set_ops, e.g.
+            # union(), union_all(), etc.
+            # 1.4 and previously, also used for from_self(),
+            # select_entity_from()
+            #
+            # for the "from obj" alias, apply extra rule to the
+            # 'ORM only' check, if this query were generated from a
+            # subquery of itself, i.e. _from_selectable(), apply adaption
+            # to all SQL constructs.
+            adapters.append(
+                (
+                    True,
+                    self._from_obj_alias.replace,
+                )
+            )
+
+        # this was *hopefully* the only adapter we were going to need
+        # going forward...however, we unfortunately need _from_obj_alias
+        # for query.union(), which we can't drop
+        if self._polymorphic_adapters:
+            adapters.append((False, self._adapt_polymorphic_element))
+
+        if not adapters:
+            return None
+
+        def _adapt_clause(clause, as_filter):
+            # do we adapt all expression elements or only those
+            # tagged as 'ORM' constructs ?
+
+            def replace(elem):
+                is_orm_adapt = (
+                    "_orm_adapt" in elem._annotations
+                    or "parententity" in elem._annotations
+                )
+                for always_adapt, adapter in adapters:
+                    if is_orm_adapt or always_adapt:
+                        e = adapter(elem)
+                        if e is not None:
+                            return e
+
+            return visitors.replacement_traverse(clause, {}, replace)
+
+        return _adapt_clause
+
+    def _join(self, args, entities_collection):
+        for right, onclause, from_, flags in args:
+            isouter = flags["isouter"]
+            full = flags["full"]
+
+            right = inspect(right)
+            if onclause is not None:
+                onclause = inspect(onclause)
+
+            if isinstance(right, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                if onclause is not None:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "No 'on clause' argument may be passed when joining "
+                        "to a relationship path as a target"
+                    )
+
+                onclause = right
+                right = None
+            elif "parententity" in right._annotations:
+                right = right._annotations["parententity"]
+
+            if onclause is None:
+                if not right.is_selectable and not hasattr(right, "mapper"):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Expected mapped entity or "
+                        "selectable/table as join target"
+                    )
+
+            of_type = None
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                # descriptor/property given (or determined); this tells us
+                # explicitly what the expected "left" side of the join is.
+
+                of_type = getattr(onclause, "_of_type", None)
+
+                if right is None:
+                    if of_type:
+                        right = of_type
+                    else:
+                        right = onclause.property
+
+                        try:
+                            right = right.entity
+                        except AttributeError as err:
+                            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                                "Join target %s does not refer to a "
+                                "mapped entity" % right
+                            ) from err
+
+                left = onclause._parententity
+
+                prop = onclause.property
+                if not isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+                    onclause = prop
+
+                # check for this path already present.  don't render in that
+                # case.
+                if (left, right, prop.key) in self._already_joined_edges:
+                    continue
+
+                if from_ is not None:
+                    if (
+                        from_ is not left
+                        and from_._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+                        is not left
+                    ):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "explicit from clause %s does not match left side "
+                            "of relationship attribute %s"
+                            % (
+                                from_._annotations.get("parententity", from_),
+                                onclause,
+                            )
+                        )
+            elif from_ is not None:
+                prop = None
+                left = from_
+            else:
+                # no descriptor/property given; we will need to figure out
+                # what the effective "left" side is
+                prop = left = None
+
+            # figure out the final "left" and "right" sides and create an
+            # ORMJoin to add to our _from_obj tuple
+            self._join_left_to_right(
+                entities_collection,
+                left,
+                right,
+                onclause,
+                prop,
+                isouter,
+                full,
+            )
+
+    def _join_left_to_right(
+        self,
+        entities_collection,
+        left,
+        right,
+        onclause,
+        prop,
+        outerjoin,
+        full,
+    ):
+        """given raw "left", "right", "onclause" parameters consumed from
+        a particular key within _join(), add a real ORMJoin object to
+        our _from_obj list (or augment an existing one)
+
+        """
+
+        if left is None:
+            # left not given (e.g. no relationship object/name specified)
+            # figure out the best "left" side based on our existing froms /
+            # entities
+            assert prop is None
+            (
+                left,
+                replace_from_obj_index,
+                use_entity_index,
+            ) = self._join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+                entities_collection, left, right, onclause
+            )
+        else:
+            # left is given via a relationship/name, or as explicit left side.
+            # Determine where in our
+            # "froms" list it should be spliced/appended as well as what
+            # existing entity it corresponds to.
+            (
+                replace_from_obj_index,
+                use_entity_index,
+            ) = self._join_place_explicit_left_side(entities_collection, left)
+
+        if left is right:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't construct a join from %s to %s, they "
+                "are the same entity" % (left, right)
+            )
+
+        # the right side as given often needs to be adapted.  additionally
+        # a lot of things can be wrong with it.  handle all that and
+        # get back the new effective "right" side
+        r_info, right, onclause = self._join_check_and_adapt_right_side(
+            left, right, onclause, prop
+        )
+
+        if not r_info.is_selectable:
+            extra_criteria = self._get_extra_criteria(r_info)
+        else:
+            extra_criteria = ()
+
+        if replace_from_obj_index is not None:
+            # splice into an existing element in the
+            # self._from_obj list
+            left_clause = self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+
+            self.from_clauses = (
+                self.from_clauses[:replace_from_obj_index]
+                + [
+                    _ORMJoin(
+                        left_clause,
+                        right,
+                        onclause,
+                        isouter=outerjoin,
+                        full=full,
+                        _extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                    )
+                ]
+                + self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index + 1 :]
+            )
+        else:
+            # add a new element to the self._from_obj list
+            if use_entity_index is not None:
+                # make use of _MapperEntity selectable, which is usually
+                # entity_zero.selectable, but if with_polymorphic() were used
+                # might be distinct
+                assert isinstance(
+                    entities_collection[use_entity_index], _MapperEntity
+                )
+                left_clause = entities_collection[use_entity_index].selectable
+            else:
+                left_clause = left
+
+            self.from_clauses = self.from_clauses + [
+                _ORMJoin(
+                    left_clause,
+                    r_info,
+                    onclause,
+                    isouter=outerjoin,
+                    full=full,
+                    _extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                )
+            ]
+
+    def _join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+        self, entities_collection, left, right, onclause
+    ):
+        """When join conditions don't express the left side explicitly,
+        determine if an existing FROM or entity in this query
+        can serve as the left hand side.
+
+        """
+
+        # when we are here, it means join() was called without an ORM-
+        # specific way of telling us what the "left" side is, e.g.:
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity)
+        #
+        # or
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity, RightEntity.foo == LeftEntity.bar)
+        #
+
+        r_info = inspect(right)
+
+        replace_from_obj_index = use_entity_index = None
+
+        if self.from_clauses:
+            # we have a list of FROMs already.  So by definition this
+            # join has to connect to one of those FROMs.
+
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                self.from_clauses, r_info.selectable, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+                left = self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+            elif len(indexes) > 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't determine which FROM clause to join "
+                    "from, there are multiple FROMS which can "
+                    "join to this entity. Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity."
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Don't know how to join to %r. "
+                    "Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity." % (right,)
+                )
+
+        elif entities_collection:
+            # we have no explicit FROMs, so the implicit left has to
+            # come from our list of entities.
+
+            potential = {}
+            for entity_index, ent in enumerate(entities_collection):
+                entity = ent.entity_zero_or_selectable
+                if entity is None:
+                    continue
+                ent_info = inspect(entity)
+                if ent_info is r_info:  # left and right are the same, skip
+                    continue
+
+                # by using a dictionary with the selectables as keys this
+                # de-duplicates those selectables as occurs when the query is
+                # against a series of columns from the same selectable
+                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity):
+                    potential[ent.selectable] = (entity_index, entity)
+                else:
+                    potential[ent_info.selectable] = (None, entity)
+
+            all_clauses = list(potential.keys())
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                all_clauses, r_info.selectable, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                use_entity_index, left = potential[all_clauses[indexes[0]]]
+            elif len(indexes) > 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't determine which FROM clause to join "
+                    "from, there are multiple FROMS which can "
+                    "join to this entity. Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity."
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Don't know how to join to %r. "
+                    "Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity." % (right,)
+                )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No entities to join from; please use "
+                "select_from() to establish the left "
+                "entity/selectable of this join"
+            )
+
+        return left, replace_from_obj_index, use_entity_index
+
+    def _join_place_explicit_left_side(self, entities_collection, left):
+        """When join conditions express a left side explicitly, determine
+        where in our existing list of FROM clauses we should join towards,
+        or if we need to make a new join, and if so is it from one of our
+        existing entities.
+
+        """
+
+        # when we are here, it means join() was called with an indicator
+        # as to an exact left side, which means a path to a
+        # Relationship was given, e.g.:
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity, LeftEntity.right)
+        #
+        # or
+        #
+        # join(LeftEntity.right)
+        #
+        # as well as string forms:
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity, "right")
+        #
+        # etc.
+        #
+
+        replace_from_obj_index = use_entity_index = None
+
+        l_info = inspect(left)
+        if self.from_clauses:
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+                self.from_clauses, l_info.selectable
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) > 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't identify which entity in which to assign the "
+                    "left side of this join.   Please use a more specific "
+                    "ON clause."
+                )
+
+            # have an index, means the left side is already present in
+            # an existing FROM in the self._from_obj tuple
+            if indexes:
+                replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+
+            # no index, means we need to add a new element to the
+            # self._from_obj tuple
+
+        # no from element present, so we will have to add to the
+        # self._from_obj tuple.  Determine if this left side matches up
+        # with existing mapper entities, in which case we want to apply the
+        # aliasing / adaptation rules present on that entity if any
+        if (
+            replace_from_obj_index is None
+            and entities_collection
+            and hasattr(l_info, "mapper")
+        ):
+            for idx, ent in enumerate(entities_collection):
+                # TODO: should we be checking for multiple mapper entities
+                # matching?
+                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity) and ent.corresponds_to(left):
+                    use_entity_index = idx
+                    break
+
+        return replace_from_obj_index, use_entity_index
+
+    def _join_check_and_adapt_right_side(self, left, right, onclause, prop):
+        """transform the "right" side of the join as well as the onclause
+        according to polymorphic mapping translations, aliasing on the query
+        or on the join, special cases where the right and left side have
+        overlapping tables.
+
+        """
+
+        l_info = inspect(left)
+        r_info = inspect(right)
+
+        overlap = False
+
+        right_mapper = getattr(r_info, "mapper", None)
+        # if the target is a joined inheritance mapping,
+        # be more liberal about auto-aliasing.
+        if right_mapper and (
+            right_mapper.with_polymorphic
+            or isinstance(right_mapper.persist_selectable, expression.Join)
+        ):
+            for from_obj in self.from_clauses or [l_info.selectable]:
+                if sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                    l_info.selectable, from_obj
+                ) and sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                    from_obj, r_info.selectable
+                ):
+                    overlap = True
+                    break
+
+        if overlap and l_info.selectable is r_info.selectable:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't join table/selectable '%s' to itself"
+                % l_info.selectable
+            )
+
+        right_mapper, right_selectable, right_is_aliased = (
+            getattr(r_info, "mapper", None),
+            r_info.selectable,
+            getattr(r_info, "is_aliased_class", False),
+        )
+
+        if (
+            right_mapper
+            and prop
+            and not right_mapper.common_parent(prop.mapper)
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Join target %s does not correspond to "
+                "the right side of join condition %s" % (right, onclause)
+            )
+
+        # _join_entities is used as a hint for single-table inheritance
+        # purposes at the moment
+        if hasattr(r_info, "mapper"):
+            self._join_entities += (r_info,)
+
+        need_adapter = False
+
+        # test for joining to an unmapped selectable as the target
+        if r_info.is_clause_element:
+            if prop:
+                right_mapper = prop.mapper
+
+            if right_selectable._is_lateral:
+                # orm_only is disabled to suit the case where we have to
+                # adapt an explicit correlate(Entity) - the select() loses
+                # the ORM-ness in this case right now, ideally it would not
+                current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+                if current_adapter is not None:
+                    # TODO: we had orm_only=False here before, removing
+                    # it didn't break things.   if we identify the rationale,
+                    # may need to apply "_orm_only" annotation here.
+                    right = current_adapter(right, True)
+
+            elif prop:
+                # joining to selectable with a mapper property given
+                # as the ON clause
+
+                if not right_selectable.is_derived_from(
+                    right_mapper.persist_selectable
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Selectable '%s' is not derived from '%s'"
+                        % (
+                            right_selectable.description,
+                            right_mapper.persist_selectable.description,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                # if the destination selectable is a plain select(),
+                # turn it into an alias().
+                if isinstance(right_selectable, expression.SelectBase):
+                    right_selectable = coercions.expect(
+                        roles.FromClauseRole, right_selectable
+                    )
+                    need_adapter = True
+
+                # make the right hand side target into an ORM entity
+                right = AliasedClass(right_mapper, right_selectable)
+
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "An alias is being generated automatically against "
+                    "joined entity %s for raw clauseelement, which is "
+                    "deprecated and will be removed in a later release. "
+                    "Use the aliased() "
+                    "construct explicitly, see the linked example."
+                    % right_mapper,
+                    "1.4",
+                    code="xaj1",
+                )
+
+        # test for overlap:
+        # orm/inheritance/relationships.py
+        # SelfReferentialM2MTest
+        aliased_entity = right_mapper and not right_is_aliased and overlap
+
+        if not need_adapter and aliased_entity:
+            # there are a few places in the ORM that automatic aliasing
+            # is still desirable, and can't be automatic with a Core
+            # only approach.  For illustrations of "overlaps" see
+            # test/orm/inheritance/test_relationships.py.  There are also
+            # general overlap cases with many-to-many tables where automatic
+            # aliasing is desirable.
+            right = AliasedClass(right, flat=True)
+            need_adapter = True
+
+            util.warn(
+                "An alias is being generated automatically against "
+                "joined entity %s due to overlapping tables.  This is a "
+                "legacy pattern which may be "
+                "deprecated in a later release.  Use the "
+                "aliased(<entity>, flat=True) "
+                "construct explicitly, see the linked example." % right_mapper,
+                code="xaj2",
+            )
+
+        if need_adapter:
+            # if need_adapter is True, we are in a deprecated case and
+            # a warning has been emitted.
+            assert right_mapper
+
+            adapter = ORMAdapter(
+                _TraceAdaptRole.DEPRECATED_JOIN_ADAPT_RIGHT_SIDE,
+                inspect(right),
+                equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            )
+
+            # if an alias() on the right side was generated,
+            # which is intended to wrap a the right side in a subquery,
+            # ensure that columns retrieved from this target in the result
+            # set are also adapted.
+            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(right_mapper, adapter)
+        elif (
+            not r_info.is_clause_element
+            and not right_is_aliased
+            and right_mapper._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause
+        ):
+            # for the case where the target mapper has a with_polymorphic
+            # set up, ensure an adapter is set up for criteria that works
+            # against this mapper.  Previously, this logic used to
+            # use the "create_aliases or aliased_entity" case to generate
+            # an aliased() object, but this creates an alias that isn't
+            # strictly necessary.
+            # see test/orm/test_core_compilation.py
+            # ::RelNaturalAliasedJoinsTest::test_straight
+            # and similar
+            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                right_mapper,
+                ORMAdapter(
+                    _TraceAdaptRole.WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER_RIGHT_JOIN,
+                    right_mapper,
+                    selectable=right_mapper.selectable,
+                    equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns,
+                ),
+            )
+        # if the onclause is a ClauseElement, adapt it with any
+        # adapters that are in place right now
+        if isinstance(onclause, expression.ClauseElement):
+            current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+            if current_adapter:
+                onclause = current_adapter(onclause, True)
+
+        # if joining on a MapperProperty path,
+        # track the path to prevent redundant joins
+        if prop:
+            self._already_joined_edges += ((left, right, prop.key),)
+
+        return inspect(right), right, onclause
+
+    @property
+    def _select_args(self):
+        return {
+            "limit_clause": self.select_statement._limit_clause,
+            "offset_clause": self.select_statement._offset_clause,
+            "distinct": self.distinct,
+            "distinct_on": self.distinct_on,
+            "prefixes": self.select_statement._prefixes,
+            "suffixes": self.select_statement._suffixes,
+            "group_by": self.group_by or None,
+            "fetch_clause": self.select_statement._fetch_clause,
+            "fetch_clause_options": (
+                self.select_statement._fetch_clause_options
+            ),
+            "independent_ctes": self.select_statement._independent_ctes,
+            "independent_ctes_opts": (
+                self.select_statement._independent_ctes_opts
+            ),
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def _should_nest_selectable(self):
+        kwargs = self._select_args
+        return (
+            kwargs.get("limit_clause") is not None
+            or kwargs.get("offset_clause") is not None
+            or kwargs.get("distinct", False)
+            or kwargs.get("distinct_on", ())
+            or kwargs.get("group_by", False)
+        )
+
+    def _get_extra_criteria(self, ext_info):
+        if (
+            "additional_entity_criteria",
+            ext_info.mapper,
+        ) in self.global_attributes:
+            return tuple(
+                ae._resolve_where_criteria(ext_info)
+                for ae in self.global_attributes[
+                    ("additional_entity_criteria", ext_info.mapper)
+                ]
+                if (ae.include_aliases or ae.entity is ext_info)
+                and ae._should_include(self)
+            )
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    def _adjust_for_extra_criteria(self):
+        """Apply extra criteria filtering.
+
+        For all distinct single-table-inheritance mappers represented in
+        the columns clause of this query, as well as the "select from entity",
+        add criterion to the WHERE
+        clause of the given QueryContext such that only the appropriate
+        subtypes are selected from the total results.
+
+        Additionally, add WHERE criteria originating from LoaderCriteriaOptions
+        associated with the global context.
+
+        """
+
+        for fromclause in self.from_clauses:
+            ext_info = fromclause._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+
+            if (
+                ext_info
+                and (
+                    ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion is not None
+                    or ("additional_entity_criteria", ext_info.mapper)
+                    in self.global_attributes
+                )
+                and ext_info not in self.extra_criteria_entities
+            ):
+                self.extra_criteria_entities[ext_info] = (
+                    ext_info,
+                    ext_info._adapter if ext_info.is_aliased_class else None,
+                )
+
+        search = set(self.extra_criteria_entities.values())
+
+        for ext_info, adapter in search:
+            if ext_info in self._join_entities:
+                continue
+
+            single_crit = ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+
+            if self.compile_options._for_refresh_state:
+                additional_entity_criteria = []
+            else:
+                additional_entity_criteria = self._get_extra_criteria(ext_info)
+
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                additional_entity_criteria += (single_crit,)
+
+            current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+            for crit in additional_entity_criteria:
+                if adapter:
+                    crit = adapter.traverse(crit)
+
+                if current_adapter:
+                    crit = sql_util._deep_annotate(crit, {"_orm_adapt": True})
+                    crit = current_adapter(crit, False)
+                self._where_criteria += (crit,)
+
+
+def _column_descriptions(
+    query_or_select_stmt: Union[Query, Select, FromStatement],
+    compile_state: Optional[ORMSelectCompileState] = None,
+    legacy: bool = False,
+) -> List[ORMColumnDescription]:
+    if compile_state is None:
+        compile_state = ORMSelectCompileState._create_entities_collection(
+            query_or_select_stmt, legacy=legacy
+        )
+    ctx = compile_state
+    d = [
+        {
+            "name": ent._label_name,
+            "type": ent.type,
+            "aliased": getattr(insp_ent, "is_aliased_class", False),
+            "expr": ent.expr,
+            "entity": (
+                getattr(insp_ent, "entity", None)
+                if ent.entity_zero is not None
+                and not insp_ent.is_clause_element
+                else None
+            ),
+        }
+        for ent, insp_ent in [
+            (_ent, _ent.entity_zero) for _ent in ctx._entities
+        ]
+    ]
+    return d
+
+
+def _legacy_filter_by_entity_zero(
+    query_or_augmented_select: Union[Query[Any], Select[Any]]
+) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+    self = query_or_augmented_select
+    if self._setup_joins:
+        _last_joined_entity = self._last_joined_entity
+        if _last_joined_entity is not None:
+            return _last_joined_entity
+
+    if self._from_obj and "parententity" in self._from_obj[0]._annotations:
+        return self._from_obj[0]._annotations["parententity"]
+
+    return _entity_from_pre_ent_zero(self)
+
+
+def _entity_from_pre_ent_zero(
+    query_or_augmented_select: Union[Query[Any], Select[Any]]
+) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+    self = query_or_augmented_select
+    if not self._raw_columns:
+        return None
+
+    ent = self._raw_columns[0]
+
+    if "parententity" in ent._annotations:
+        return ent._annotations["parententity"]
+    elif isinstance(ent, ORMColumnsClauseRole):
+        return ent.entity
+    elif "bundle" in ent._annotations:
+        return ent._annotations["bundle"]
+    else:
+        return ent
+
+
+def _determine_last_joined_entity(
+    setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...],
+    entity_zero: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+) -> Optional[Union[_InternalEntityType[Any], _JoinTargetElement]]:
+    if not setup_joins:
+        return None
+
+    (target, onclause, from_, flags) = setup_joins[-1]
+
+    if isinstance(
+        target,
+        attributes.QueryableAttribute,
+    ):
+        return target.entity
+    else:
+        return target
+
+
+class _QueryEntity:
+    """represent an entity column returned within a Query result."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    supports_single_entity: bool
+
+    _non_hashable_value = False
+    _null_column_type = False
+    use_id_for_hash = False
+
+    _label_name: Optional[str]
+    type: Union[Type[Any], TypeEngine[Any]]
+    expr: Union[_InternalEntityType, ColumnElement[Any]]
+    entity_zero: Optional[_InternalEntityType]
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: DMLReturningColFilter,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_compile_state(
+        cls, compile_state, entities, entities_collection, is_current_entities
+    ):
+        for idx, entity in enumerate(entities):
+            if entity._is_lambda_element:
+                if entity._is_sequence:
+                    cls.to_compile_state(
+                        compile_state,
+                        entity._resolved,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                    )
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    entity = entity._resolved
+
+            if entity.is_clause_element:
+                if entity.is_selectable:
+                    if "parententity" in entity._annotations:
+                        _MapperEntity(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        _ColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity._select_iterable,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            idx,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                else:
+                    if entity._annotations.get("bundle", False):
+                        _BundleEntity(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                    elif entity._is_clause_list:
+                        # this is legacy only - test_composites.py
+                        # test_query_cols_legacy
+                        _ColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity._select_iterable,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            idx,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        _ColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                            compile_state,
+                            [entity],
+                            entities_collection,
+                            idx,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+            elif entity.is_bundle:
+                _BundleEntity(compile_state, entity, entities_collection)
+
+        return entities_collection
+
+
+class _MapperEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    """mapper/class/AliasedClass entity"""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "mapper",
+        "entity_zero",
+        "is_aliased_class",
+        "path",
+        "_extra_entities",
+        "_label_name",
+        "_with_polymorphic_mappers",
+        "selectable",
+        "_polymorphic_discriminator",
+    )
+
+    expr: _InternalEntityType
+    mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    entity_zero: _InternalEntityType
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+    path: PathRegistry
+    _label_name: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, compile_state, entity, entities_collection, is_current_entities
+    ):
+        entities_collection.append(self)
+        if is_current_entities:
+            if compile_state._primary_entity is None:
+                compile_state._primary_entity = self
+            compile_state._has_mapper_entities = True
+            compile_state._has_orm_entities = True
+
+        entity = entity._annotations["parententity"]
+        entity._post_inspect
+        ext_info = self.entity_zero = entity
+        entity = ext_info.entity
+
+        self.expr = entity
+        self.mapper = mapper = ext_info.mapper
+
+        self._extra_entities = (self.expr,)
+
+        if ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+            self._label_name = ext_info.name
+        else:
+            self._label_name = mapper.class_.__name__
+
+        self.is_aliased_class = ext_info.is_aliased_class
+        self.path = ext_info._path_registry
+
+        self.selectable = ext_info.selectable
+        self._with_polymorphic_mappers = ext_info.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        self._polymorphic_discriminator = ext_info.polymorphic_on
+
+        if mapper._should_select_with_poly_adapter:
+            compile_state._create_with_polymorphic_adapter(
+                ext_info, self.selectable
+            )
+
+    supports_single_entity = True
+
+    _non_hashable_value = True
+    use_id_for_hash = True
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        return self.entity_zero
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        return _entity_corresponds_to(self.entity_zero, entity)
+
+    def _get_entity_clauses(self, compile_state):
+        adapter = None
+
+        if not self.is_aliased_class:
+            if compile_state._polymorphic_adapters:
+                adapter = compile_state._polymorphic_adapters.get(
+                    self.mapper, None
+                )
+        else:
+            adapter = self.entity_zero._adapter
+
+        if adapter:
+            if compile_state._from_obj_alias:
+                ret = adapter.wrap(compile_state._from_obj_alias)
+            else:
+                ret = adapter
+        else:
+            ret = compile_state._from_obj_alias
+
+        return ret
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(compile_state)
+
+        if compile_state.compound_eager_adapter and adapter:
+            adapter = adapter.wrap(compile_state.compound_eager_adapter)
+        elif not adapter:
+            adapter = compile_state.compound_eager_adapter
+
+        if compile_state._primary_entity is self:
+            only_load_props = compile_state.compile_options._only_load_props
+            refresh_state = context.refresh_state
+        else:
+            only_load_props = refresh_state = None
+
+        _instance = loading._instance_processor(
+            self,
+            self.mapper,
+            context,
+            result,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            only_load_props=only_load_props,
+            refresh_state=refresh_state,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator,
+        )
+
+        return _instance, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: DMLReturningColFilter,
+    ) -> None:
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            compile_state,
+            self.mapper,
+            self,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            compile_state.primary_columns,
+            with_polymorphic=self._with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            only_load_props=compile_state.compile_options._only_load_props,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator,
+        )
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(compile_state)
+
+        single_table_crit = self.mapper._single_table_criterion
+        if (
+            single_table_crit is not None
+            or ("additional_entity_criteria", self.mapper)
+            in compile_state.global_attributes
+        ):
+            ext_info = self.entity_zero
+            compile_state.extra_criteria_entities[ext_info] = (
+                ext_info,
+                ext_info._adapter if ext_info.is_aliased_class else None,
+            )
+
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            compile_state,
+            self.mapper,
+            self,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            compile_state.primary_columns,
+            with_polymorphic=self._with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            only_load_props=compile_state.compile_options._only_load_props,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator,
+        )
+        compile_state._fallback_from_clauses.append(self.selectable)
+
+
+class _BundleEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    _extra_entities = ()
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "bundle",
+        "expr",
+        "type",
+        "_label_name",
+        "_entities",
+        "supports_single_entity",
+    )
+
+    _entities: List[_QueryEntity]
+    bundle: Bundle
+    type: Type[Any]
+    _label_name: str
+    supports_single_entity: bool
+    expr: Bundle
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        expr,
+        entities_collection,
+        is_current_entities,
+        setup_entities=True,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        compile_state._has_orm_entities = True
+
+        expr = expr._annotations["bundle"]
+        if parent_bundle:
+            parent_bundle._entities.append(self)
+        else:
+            entities_collection.append(self)
+
+        if isinstance(
+            expr, (attributes.QueryableAttribute, interfaces.PropComparator)
+        ):
+            bundle = expr.__clause_element__()
+        else:
+            bundle = expr
+
+        self.bundle = self.expr = bundle
+        self.type = type(bundle)
+        self._label_name = bundle.name
+        self._entities = []
+
+        if setup_entities:
+            for expr in bundle.exprs:
+                if "bundle" in expr._annotations:
+                    _BundleEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        expr,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=self,
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(expr, Bundle):
+                    _BundleEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        expr,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=self,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    _ORMColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                        compile_state,
+                        [expr],
+                        entities_collection,
+                        None,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=self,
+                    )
+
+        self.supports_single_entity = self.bundle.single_entity
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        ezero = self.entity_zero
+        if ezero is not None:
+            return ezero.mapper
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        # TODO: we might be able to implement this but for now
+        # we are working around it
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero_or_selectable
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.setup_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: DMLReturningColFilter,
+    ) -> None:
+        return self.setup_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        procs, labels, extra = zip(
+            *[ent.row_processor(context, result) for ent in self._entities]
+        )
+
+        proc = self.bundle.create_row_processor(context.query, procs, labels)
+
+        return proc, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
+
+
+class _ColumnEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_fetch_column",
+        "_row_processor",
+        "raw_column_index",
+        "translate_raw_column",
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _for_columns(
+        cls,
+        compile_state,
+        columns,
+        entities_collection,
+        raw_column_index,
+        is_current_entities,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        for column in columns:
+            annotations = column._annotations
+            if "parententity" in annotations:
+                _entity = annotations["parententity"]
+            else:
+                _entity = sql_util.extract_first_column_annotation(
+                    column, "parententity"
+                )
+
+            if _entity:
+                if "identity_token" in column._annotations:
+                    _IdentityTokenEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        column,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        _entity,
+                        raw_column_index,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=parent_bundle,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    _ORMColumnEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        column,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        _entity,
+                        raw_column_index,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=parent_bundle,
+                    )
+            else:
+                _RawColumnEntity(
+                    compile_state,
+                    column,
+                    entities_collection,
+                    raw_column_index,
+                    is_current_entities,
+                    parent_bundle=parent_bundle,
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.column.type
+
+    @property
+    def _non_hashable_value(self):
+        return not self.column.type.hashable
+
+    @property
+    def _null_column_type(self):
+        return self.column.type._isnull
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+
+        # the resulting callable is entirely cacheable so just return
+        # it if we already made one
+        if self._row_processor is not None:
+            getter, label_name, extra_entities = self._row_processor
+            if self.translate_raw_column:
+                extra_entities += (
+                    context.query._raw_columns[self.raw_column_index],
+                )
+
+            return getter, label_name, extra_entities
+
+        # retrieve the column that would have been set up in
+        # setup_compile_state, to avoid doing redundant work
+        if self._fetch_column is not None:
+            column = self._fetch_column
+        else:
+            # fetch_column will be None when we are doing a from_statement
+            # and setup_compile_state may not have been called.
+            column = self.column
+
+            # previously, the RawColumnEntity didn't look for from_obj_alias
+            # however I can't think of a case where we would be here and
+            # we'd want to ignore it if this is the from_statement use case.
+            # it's not really a use case to have raw columns + from_statement
+            if compile_state._from_obj_alias:
+                column = compile_state._from_obj_alias.columns[column]
+
+            if column._annotations:
+                # annotated columns perform more slowly in compiler and
+                # result due to the __eq__() method, so use deannotated
+                column = column._deannotate()
+
+        if compile_state.compound_eager_adapter:
+            column = compile_state.compound_eager_adapter.columns[column]
+
+        getter = result._getter(column)
+        ret = getter, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
+        self._row_processor = ret
+
+        if self.translate_raw_column:
+            extra_entities = self._extra_entities + (
+                context.query._raw_columns[self.raw_column_index],
+            )
+            return getter, self._label_name, extra_entities
+        else:
+            return ret
+
+
+class _RawColumnEntity(_ColumnEntity):
+    entity_zero = None
+    mapper = None
+    supports_single_entity = False
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "column",
+        "_label_name",
+        "entity_zero_or_selectable",
+        "_extra_entities",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        column,
+        entities_collection,
+        raw_column_index,
+        is_current_entities,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        self.expr = column
+        self.raw_column_index = raw_column_index
+        self.translate_raw_column = raw_column_index is not None
+
+        if column._is_star:
+            compile_state.compile_options += {"_is_star": True}
+
+        if not is_current_entities or column._is_text_clause:
+            self._label_name = None
+        else:
+            if parent_bundle:
+                self._label_name = column._proxy_key
+            else:
+                self._label_name = compile_state._label_convention(column)
+
+        if parent_bundle:
+            parent_bundle._entities.append(self)
+        else:
+            entities_collection.append(self)
+
+        self.column = column
+        self.entity_zero_or_selectable = (
+            self.column._from_objects[0] if self.column._from_objects else None
+        )
+        self._extra_entities = (self.expr, self.column)
+        self._fetch_column = self._row_processor = None
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        return False
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: DMLReturningColFilter,
+    ) -> None:
+        return self.setup_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        current_adapter = compile_state._get_current_adapter()
+        if current_adapter:
+            column = current_adapter(self.column, False)
+            if column is None:
+                return
+        else:
+            column = self.column
+
+        if column._annotations:
+            # annotated columns perform more slowly in compiler and
+            # result due to the __eq__() method, so use deannotated
+            column = column._deannotate()
+
+        compile_state.dedupe_columns.add(column)
+        compile_state.primary_columns.append(column)
+        self._fetch_column = column
+
+
+class _ORMColumnEntity(_ColumnEntity):
+    """Column/expression based entity."""
+
+    supports_single_entity = False
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "mapper",
+        "column",
+        "_label_name",
+        "entity_zero_or_selectable",
+        "entity_zero",
+        "_extra_entities",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        column,
+        entities_collection,
+        parententity,
+        raw_column_index,
+        is_current_entities,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        annotations = column._annotations
+
+        _entity = parententity
+
+        # an AliasedClass won't have proxy_key in the annotations for
+        # a column if it was acquired using the class' adapter directly,
+        # such as using AliasedInsp._adapt_element().  this occurs
+        # within internal loaders.
+
+        orm_key = annotations.get("proxy_key", None)
+        proxy_owner = annotations.get("proxy_owner", _entity)
+        if orm_key:
+            self.expr = getattr(proxy_owner.entity, orm_key)
+            self.translate_raw_column = False
+        else:
+            # if orm_key is not present, that means this is an ad-hoc
+            # SQL ColumnElement, like a CASE() or other expression.
+            # include this column position from the invoked statement
+            # in the ORM-level ResultSetMetaData on each execute, so that
+            # it can be targeted by identity after caching
+            self.expr = column
+            self.translate_raw_column = raw_column_index is not None
+
+        self.raw_column_index = raw_column_index
+
+        if is_current_entities:
+            if parent_bundle:
+                self._label_name = orm_key if orm_key else column._proxy_key
+            else:
+                self._label_name = compile_state._label_convention(
+                    column, col_name=orm_key
+                )
+        else:
+            self._label_name = None
+
+        _entity._post_inspect
+        self.entity_zero = self.entity_zero_or_selectable = ezero = _entity
+        self.mapper = mapper = _entity.mapper
+
+        if parent_bundle:
+            parent_bundle._entities.append(self)
+        else:
+            entities_collection.append(self)
+
+        compile_state._has_orm_entities = True
+
+        self.column = column
+
+        self._fetch_column = self._row_processor = None
+
+        self._extra_entities = (self.expr, self.column)
+
+        if mapper._should_select_with_poly_adapter:
+            compile_state._create_with_polymorphic_adapter(
+                ezero, ezero.selectable
+            )
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        if _is_aliased_class(entity):
+            # TODO: polymorphic subclasses ?
+            return entity is self.entity_zero
+        else:
+            return not _is_aliased_class(
+                self.entity_zero
+            ) and entity.common_parent(self.entity_zero)
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: DMLReturningColFilter,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._fetch_column = self.column
+        column = adapter(self.column, False)
+        if column is not None:
+            compile_state.dedupe_columns.add(column)
+            compile_state.primary_columns.append(column)
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        current_adapter = compile_state._get_current_adapter()
+        if current_adapter:
+            column = current_adapter(self.column, False)
+            if column is None:
+                assert compile_state.is_dml_returning
+                self._fetch_column = self.column
+                return
+        else:
+            column = self.column
+
+        ezero = self.entity_zero
+
+        single_table_crit = self.mapper._single_table_criterion
+        if (
+            single_table_crit is not None
+            or ("additional_entity_criteria", self.mapper)
+            in compile_state.global_attributes
+        ):
+            compile_state.extra_criteria_entities[ezero] = (
+                ezero,
+                ezero._adapter if ezero.is_aliased_class else None,
+            )
+
+        if column._annotations and not column._expression_label:
+            # annotated columns perform more slowly in compiler and
+            # result due to the __eq__() method, so use deannotated
+            column = column._deannotate()
+
+        # use entity_zero as the from if we have it. this is necessary
+        # for polymorphic scenarios where our FROM is based on ORM entity,
+        # not the FROM of the column.  but also, don't use it if our column
+        # doesn't actually have any FROMs that line up, such as when its
+        # a scalar subquery.
+        if set(self.column._from_objects).intersection(
+            ezero.selectable._from_objects
+        ):
+            compile_state._fallback_from_clauses.append(ezero.selectable)
+
+        compile_state.dedupe_columns.add(column)
+        compile_state.primary_columns.append(column)
+        self._fetch_column = column
+
+
+class _IdentityTokenEntity(_ORMColumnEntity):
+    translate_raw_column = False
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        pass
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        def getter(row):
+            return context.load_options._identity_token
+
+        return getter, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_api.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa32689a6e559101cc386f84da3ad52d88549664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_api.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+# orm/decl_api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Public API functions and helpers for declarative."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import clsregistry
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import interfaces
+from . import mapperlib
+from ._orm_constructors import composite
+from ._orm_constructors import deferred
+from ._orm_constructors import mapped_column
+from ._orm_constructors import relationship
+from ._orm_constructors import synonym
+from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+from .base import _inspect_mapped_class
+from .base import _is_mapped_class
+from .base import Mapped
+from .base import ORMDescriptor
+from .decl_base import _add_attribute
+from .decl_base import _as_declarative
+from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+from .decl_base import _declarative_constructor
+from .decl_base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from .decl_base import _del_attribute
+from .decl_base import _mapper
+from .descriptor_props import Composite
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym as _orm_synonym
+from .mapper import Mapper
+from .properties import MappedColumn
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+from ..util import hybridmethod
+from ..util import hybridproperty
+from ..util import typing as compat_typing
+from ..util.typing import CallableReference
+from ..util.typing import flatten_newtype
+from ..util.typing import is_generic
+from ..util.typing import is_literal
+from ..util.typing import is_newtype
+from ..util.typing import is_pep695
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .decl_base import _DataclassArguments
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState  # noqa
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from ..sql.type_api import _MatchedOnType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_TT = TypeVar("_TT", bound=Any)
+
+# it's not clear how to have Annotated, Union objects etc. as keys here
+# from a typing perspective so just leave it open ended for now
+_TypeAnnotationMapType = Mapping[Any, "_TypeEngineArgument[Any]"]
+_MutableTypeAnnotationMapType = Dict[Any, "_TypeEngineArgument[Any]"]
+
+_DeclaredAttrDecorated = Callable[
+    ..., Union[Mapped[_T], ORMDescriptor[_T], SQLCoreOperations[_T]]
+]
+
+
+def has_inherited_table(cls: Type[_O]) -> bool:
+    """Given a class, return True if any of the classes it inherits from has a
+    mapped table, otherwise return False.
+
+    This is used in declarative mixins to build attributes that behave
+    differently for the base class vs. a subclass in an inheritance
+    hierarchy.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`decl_mixin_inheritance`
+
+    """
+    for class_ in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+        if getattr(class_, "__table__", None) is not None:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class _DynamicAttributesType(type):
+    def __setattr__(cls, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        if "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__:
+            _add_attribute(cls, key, value)
+        else:
+            type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+
+    def __delattr__(cls, key: str) -> None:
+        if "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__:
+            _del_attribute(cls, key)
+        else:
+            type.__delattr__(cls, key)
+
+
+class DeclarativeAttributeIntercept(
+    _DynamicAttributesType,
+    # Inspectable is used only by the mypy plugin
+    inspection.Inspectable[Mapper[Any]],
+):
+    """Metaclass that may be used in conjunction with the
+    :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class to support addition of class
+    attributes dynamically.
+
+    """
+
+
+@compat_typing.dataclass_transform(
+    field_specifiers=(
+        MappedColumn,
+        RelationshipProperty,
+        Composite,
+        Synonym,
+        mapped_column,
+        relationship,
+        composite,
+        synonym,
+        deferred,
+    ),
+)
+class DCTransformDeclarative(DeclarativeAttributeIntercept):
+    """metaclass that includes @dataclass_transforms"""
+
+
+class DeclarativeMeta(DeclarativeAttributeIntercept):
+    metadata: MetaData
+    registry: RegistryType
+
+    def __init__(
+        cls, classname: Any, bases: Any, dict_: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # use cls.__dict__, which can be modified by an
+        # __init_subclass__() method (#7900)
+        dict_ = cls.__dict__
+
+        # early-consume registry from the initial declarative base,
+        # assign privately to not conflict with subclass attributes named
+        # "registry"
+        reg = getattr(cls, "_sa_registry", None)
+        if reg is None:
+            reg = dict_.get("registry", None)
+            if not isinstance(reg, registry):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Declarative base class has no 'registry' attribute, "
+                    "or registry is not a sqlalchemy.orm.registry() object"
+                )
+            else:
+                cls._sa_registry = reg
+
+        if not cls.__dict__.get("__abstract__", False):
+            _as_declarative(reg, cls, dict_)
+        type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+
+def synonym_for(
+    name: str, map_column: bool = False
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Synonym[Any]]:
+    """Decorator that produces an :func:`_orm.synonym`
+    attribute in conjunction with a Python descriptor.
+
+    The function being decorated is passed to :func:`_orm.synonym` as the
+    :paramref:`.orm.synonym.descriptor` parameter::
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            _job_status = Column("job_status", String(50))
+
+            @synonym_for("job_status")
+            @property
+            def job_status(self):
+                return "Status: %s" % self._job_status
+
+    The :ref:`hybrid properties <mapper_hybrids>` feature of SQLAlchemy
+    is typically preferred instead of synonyms, which is a more legacy
+    feature.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+        :func:`_orm.synonym` - the mapper-level function
+
+        :ref:`mapper_hybrids` - The Hybrid Attribute extension provides an
+        updated approach to augmenting attribute behavior more flexibly than
+        can be achieved with synonyms.
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Synonym[Any]:
+        return _orm_synonym(name, map_column=map_column, descriptor=fn)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+class _declared_attr_common:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[..., Any],
+        cascading: bool = False,
+        quiet: bool = False,
+    ):
+        # suppport
+        # @declared_attr
+        # @classmethod
+        # def foo(cls) -> Mapped[thing]:
+        #    ...
+        # which seems to help typing tools interpret the fn as a classmethod
+        # for situations where needed
+        if isinstance(fn, classmethod):
+            fn = fn.__func__
+
+        self.fget = fn
+        self._cascading = cascading
+        self._quiet = quiet
+        self.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+
+    def _collect_return_annotation(self) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+        return util.get_annotations(self.fget).get("return")
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any) -> Any:
+        # the declared_attr needs to make use of a cache that exists
+        # for the span of the declarative scan_attributes() phase.
+        # to achieve this we look at the class manager that's configured.
+
+        # note this method should not be called outside of the declarative
+        # setup phase
+
+        cls = owner
+        manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+        if manager is None:
+            if not re.match(r"^__.+__$", self.fget.__name__):
+                # if there is no manager at all, then this class hasn't been
+                # run through declarative or mapper() at all, emit a warning.
+                util.warn(
+                    "Unmanaged access of declarative attribute %s from "
+                    "non-mapped class %s" % (self.fget.__name__, cls.__name__)
+                )
+            return self.fget(cls)
+        elif manager.is_mapped:
+            # the class is mapped, which means we're outside of the declarative
+            # scan setup, just run the function.
+            return self.fget(cls)
+
+        # here, we are inside of the declarative scan.  use the registry
+        # that is tracking the values of these attributes.
+        declarative_scan = manager.declarative_scan()
+
+        # assert that we are in fact in the declarative scan
+        assert declarative_scan is not None
+
+        reg = declarative_scan.declared_attr_reg
+
+        if self in reg:
+            return reg[self]
+        else:
+            reg[self] = obj = self.fget(cls)
+            return obj
+
+
+class _declared_directive(_declared_attr_common, Generic[_T]):
+    # see mapping_api.rst for docstring
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            fn: Callable[..., _T],
+            cascading: bool = False,
+        ): ...
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __call__(self, fn: Callable[..., _TT]) -> _declared_directive[_TT]:
+            # extensive fooling of mypy underway...
+            ...
+
+
+class declared_attr(interfaces._MappedAttribute[_T], _declared_attr_common):
+    """Mark a class-level method as representing the definition of
+    a mapped property or Declarative directive.
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` is typically applied as a decorator to a class
+    level method, turning the attribute into a scalar-like property that can be
+    invoked from the uninstantiated class. The Declarative mapping process
+    looks for these :class:`_orm.declared_attr` callables as it scans classes,
+    and assumes any attribute marked with :class:`_orm.declared_attr` will be a
+    callable that will produce an object specific to the Declarative mapping or
+    table configuration.
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` is usually applicable to
+    :ref:`mixins <orm_mixins_toplevel>`, to define relationships that are to be
+    applied to different implementors of the class. It may also be used to
+    define dynamically generated column expressions and other Declarative
+    attributes.
+
+    Example::
+
+        class ProvidesUserMixin:
+            "A mixin that adds a 'user' relationship to classes."
+
+            user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user_table.id"))
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def user(cls) -> Mapped["User"]:
+                return relationship("User")
+
+    When used with Declarative directives such as ``__tablename__``, the
+    :meth:`_orm.declared_attr.directive` modifier may be used which indicates
+    to :pep:`484` typing tools that the given method is not dealing with
+    :class:`_orm.Mapped` attributes::
+
+        class CreateTableName:
+            @declared_attr.directive
+            def __tablename__(cls) -> str:
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` can also be applied directly to mapped
+    classes, to allow for attributes that dynamically configure themselves
+    on subclasses when using mapped inheritance schemes.   Below
+    illustrates :class:`_orm.declared_attr` to create a dynamic scheme
+    for generating the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_identity` parameter
+    for subclasses::
+
+        class Employee(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
+
+            @declared_attr.directive
+            def __mapper_args__(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+                if cls.__name__ == 'Employee':
+                    return {
+                            "polymorphic_on":cls.type,
+                            "polymorphic_identity":"Employee"
+                    }
+                else:
+                    return {"polymorphic_identity":cls.__name__}
+
+        class Engineer(Employee):
+            pass
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` supports decorating functions that are
+    explicitly decorated with ``@classmethod``. This is never necessary from a
+    runtime perspective, however may be needed in order to support :pep:`484`
+    typing tools that don't otherwise recognize the decorated function as
+    having class-level behaviors for the ``cls`` parameter::
+
+        class SomethingMixin:
+            x: Mapped[int]
+            y: Mapped[int]
+
+            @declared_attr
+            @classmethod
+            def x_plus_y(cls) -> Mapped[int]:
+                return column_property(cls.x + cls.y)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0 - :class:`_orm.declared_attr` can accommodate a
+       function decorated with ``@classmethod`` to help with :pep:`484`
+       integration where needed.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mixins_toplevel` - Declarative Mixin documentation with
+        background on use patterns for :class:`_orm.declared_attr`.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            fn: _DeclaredAttrDecorated[_T],
+            cascading: bool = False,
+        ): ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        # this is the Mapped[] API where at class descriptor get time we want
+        # the type checker to see InstrumentedAttribute[_T].   However the
+        # callable function prior to mapping in fact calls the given
+        # declarative function that does not return InstrumentedAttribute
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T], _T]: ...
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _stateful(cls, **kw: Any) -> _stateful_declared_attr[_T]:
+        return _stateful_declared_attr(**kw)
+
+    @hybridproperty
+    def directive(cls) -> _declared_directive[Any]:
+        # see mapping_api.rst for docstring
+        return _declared_directive  # type: ignore
+
+    @hybridproperty
+    def cascading(cls) -> _stateful_declared_attr[_T]:
+        # see mapping_api.rst for docstring
+        return cls._stateful(cascading=True)
+
+
+class _stateful_declared_attr(declared_attr[_T]):
+    kw: Dict[str, Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw: Any):
+        self.kw = kw
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _stateful(self, **kw: Any) -> _stateful_declared_attr[_T]:
+        new_kw = self.kw.copy()
+        new_kw.update(kw)
+        return _stateful_declared_attr(**new_kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn: _DeclaredAttrDecorated[_T]) -> declared_attr[_T]:
+        return declared_attr(fn, **self.kw)
+
+
+def declarative_mixin(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
+    """Mark a class as providing the feature of "declarative mixin".
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import declared_attr
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_mixin
+
+        @declarative_mixin
+        class MyMixin:
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+            __table_args__ = {'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB'}
+            __mapper_args__= {'always_refresh': True}
+
+            id =  Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        class MyModel(MyMixin, Base):
+            name = Column(String(1000))
+
+    The :func:`_orm.declarative_mixin` decorator currently does not modify
+    the given class in any way; it's current purpose is strictly to assist
+    the :ref:`Mypy plugin <mypy_toplevel>` in being able to identify
+    SQLAlchemy declarative mixin classes when no other context is present.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.6
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mixins_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`mypy_declarative_mixins` - in the
+        :ref:`Mypy plugin documentation <mypy_toplevel>`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    return cls
+
+
+def _setup_declarative_base(cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    if "metadata" in cls.__dict__:
+        metadata = cls.__dict__["metadata"]
+    else:
+        metadata = None
+
+    if "type_annotation_map" in cls.__dict__:
+        type_annotation_map = cls.__dict__["type_annotation_map"]
+    else:
+        type_annotation_map = None
+
+    reg = cls.__dict__.get("registry", None)
+    if reg is not None:
+        if not isinstance(reg, registry):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Declarative base class has a 'registry' attribute that is "
+                "not an instance of sqlalchemy.orm.registry()"
+            )
+        elif type_annotation_map is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Declarative base class has both a 'registry' attribute and a "
+                "type_annotation_map entry.  Per-base type_annotation_maps "
+                "are not supported.  Please apply the type_annotation_map "
+                "to this registry directly."
+            )
+
+    else:
+        reg = registry(
+            metadata=metadata, type_annotation_map=type_annotation_map
+        )
+        cls.registry = reg
+
+    cls._sa_registry = reg
+
+    if "metadata" not in cls.__dict__:
+        cls.metadata = cls.registry.metadata
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__init__", object.__init__) is object.__init__:
+        cls.__init__ = cls.registry.constructor
+
+
+class MappedAsDataclass(metaclass=DCTransformDeclarative):
+    """Mixin class to indicate when mapping this class, also convert it to be
+    a dataclass.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses` - complete background
+        on SQLAlchemy native dataclass mapping
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    def __init_subclass__(
+        cls,
+        init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+        eq: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        order: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        dataclass_callable: Union[
+            _NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        apply_dc_transforms: _DataclassArguments = {
+            "init": init,
+            "repr": repr,
+            "eq": eq,
+            "order": order,
+            "unsafe_hash": unsafe_hash,
+            "match_args": match_args,
+            "kw_only": kw_only,
+            "dataclass_callable": dataclass_callable,
+        }
+
+        current_transforms: _DataclassArguments
+
+        if hasattr(cls, "_sa_apply_dc_transforms"):
+            current = cls._sa_apply_dc_transforms
+
+            _ClassScanMapperConfig._assert_dc_arguments(current)
+
+            cls._sa_apply_dc_transforms = current_transforms = {  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                k: current.get(k, _NoArg.NO_ARG) if v is _NoArg.NO_ARG else v
+                for k, v in apply_dc_transforms.items()
+            }
+        else:
+            cls._sa_apply_dc_transforms = current_transforms = (
+                apply_dc_transforms
+            )
+
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+        if not _is_mapped_class(cls):
+            new_anno = (
+                _ClassScanMapperConfig._update_annotations_for_non_mapped_class
+            )(cls)
+            _ClassScanMapperConfig._apply_dataclasses_to_any_class(
+                current_transforms, cls, new_anno
+            )
+
+
+class DeclarativeBase(
+    # Inspectable is used only by the mypy plugin
+    inspection.Inspectable[InstanceState[Any]],
+    metaclass=DeclarativeAttributeIntercept,
+):
+    """Base class used for declarative class definitions.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` allows for the creation of new
+    declarative bases in such a way that is compatible with type checkers::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            pass
+
+
+    The above ``Base`` class is now usable as the base for new declarative
+    mappings.  The superclass makes use of the ``__init_subclass__()``
+    method to set up new classes and metaclasses aren't used.
+
+    When first used, the :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class instantiates a new
+    :class:`_orm.registry` to be used with the base, assuming one was not
+    provided explicitly. The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class supports
+    class-level attributes which act as parameters for the construction of this
+    registry; such as to indicate a specific :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+    collection as well as a specific value for
+    :paramref:`_orm.registry.type_annotation_map`::
+
+        from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+        from sqlalchemy import BigInteger
+        from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+        from sqlalchemy import String
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+        bigint = Annotated[int, "bigint"]
+        my_metadata = MetaData()
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            metadata = my_metadata
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: String().with_variant(String(255), "mysql", "mariadb"),
+                bigint: BigInteger()
+            }
+
+    Class-level attributes which may be specified include:
+
+    :param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection.
+     If a :class:`_orm.registry` is constructed automatically, this
+     :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection will be used to construct it.
+     Otherwise, the local :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection will supercede
+     that used by an existing :class:`_orm.registry` passed using the
+     :paramref:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.registry` parameter.
+    :param type_annotation_map: optional type annotation map that will be
+     passed to the :class:`_orm.registry` as
+     :paramref:`_orm.registry.type_annotation_map`.
+    :param registry: supply a pre-existing :class:`_orm.registry` directly.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  Added :class:`.DeclarativeBase`, so that declarative
+       base classes may be constructed in such a way that is also recognized
+       by :pep:`484` type checkers.   As a result, :class:`.DeclarativeBase`
+       and other subclassing-oriented APIs should be seen as
+       superseding previous "class returned by a function" APIs, namely
+       :func:`_orm.declarative_base` and :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`,
+       where the base class returned cannot be recognized by type checkers
+       without using plugins.
+
+    **__init__ behavior**
+
+    In a plain Python class, the base-most ``__init__()`` method in the class
+    hierarchy is ``object.__init__()``, which accepts no arguments. However,
+    when the :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` subclass is first declared, the
+    class is given an ``__init__()`` method that links to the
+    :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` constructor function, if no
+    ``__init__()`` method is already present; this is the usual declarative
+    constructor that will assign keyword arguments as attributes on the
+    instance, assuming those attributes are established at the class level
+    (i.e. are mapped, or are linked to a descriptor). This constructor is
+    **never accessed by a mapped class without being called explicitly via
+    super()**, as mapped classes are themselves given an ``__init__()`` method
+    directly which calls :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor`, so in the
+    default case works independently of what the base-most ``__init__()``
+    method does.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.1  :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` has a default
+       constructor that links to :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` by
+       default, so that calls to ``super().__init__()`` can access this
+       constructor. Previously, due to an implementation mistake, this default
+       constructor was missing, and calling ``super().__init__()`` would invoke
+       ``object.__init__()``.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` subclass may also declare an explicit
+    ``__init__()`` method which will replace the use of the
+    :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` function at this level::
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            def __init__(self, id=None):
+                self.id = id
+
+    Mapped classes still will not invoke this constructor implicitly; it
+    remains only accessible by calling ``super().__init__()``::
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            def __init__(self, id=None, name=None):
+                self.name = name
+                super().__init__(id=id)
+
+    Note that this is a different behavior from what functions like the legacy
+    :func:`_orm.declarative_base` would do; the base created by those functions
+    would always install :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` for
+    ``__init__()``.
+
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _sa_inspect_type(self) -> Mapper[Self]: ...
+
+        def _sa_inspect_instance(self) -> InstanceState[Self]: ...
+
+        _sa_registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+
+        registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+        """Refers to the :class:`_orm.registry` in use where new
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects will be associated."""
+
+        metadata: ClassVar[MetaData]
+        """Refers to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection that will be used
+        for new :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+        """
+
+        __name__: ClassVar[str]
+
+        # this ideally should be Mapper[Self], but mypy as of 1.4.1 does not
+        # like it, and breaks the declared_attr_one test. Pyright/pylance is
+        # ok with it.
+        __mapper__: ClassVar[Mapper[Any]]
+        """The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object to which a particular class is
+        mapped.
+
+        May also be acquired using :func:`_sa.inspect`, e.g.
+        ``inspect(klass)``.
+
+        """
+
+        __table__: ClassVar[FromClause]
+        """The :class:`_sql.FromClause` to which a particular subclass is
+        mapped.
+
+        This is usually an instance of :class:`_schema.Table` but may also
+        refer to other kinds of :class:`_sql.FromClause` such as
+        :class:`_sql.Subquery`, depending on how the class is mapped.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+        """
+
+        # pyright/pylance do not consider a classmethod a ClassVar so use Any
+        # https://github.com/microsoft/pylance-release/issues/3484
+        __tablename__: Any
+        """String name to assign to the generated
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object, if not specified directly via
+        :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__table__`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table`
+
+        """
+
+        __mapper_args__: Any
+        """Dictionary of arguments which will be passed to the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapper_options`
+
+        """
+
+        __table_args__: Any
+        """A dictionary or tuple of arguments that will be passed to the
+        :class:`_schema.Table` constructor.  See
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+        for background on the specific structure of this collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, **kw: Any): ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if DeclarativeBase in cls.__bases__:
+            _check_not_declarative(cls, DeclarativeBase)
+            _setup_declarative_base(cls)
+        else:
+            _as_declarative(cls._sa_registry, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+
+def _check_not_declarative(cls: Type[Any], base: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    cls_dict = cls.__dict__
+    if (
+        "__table__" in cls_dict
+        and not (
+            callable(cls_dict["__table__"])
+            or hasattr(cls_dict["__table__"], "__get__")
+        )
+    ) or isinstance(cls_dict.get("__tablename__", None), str):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            f"Cannot use {base.__name__!r} directly as a declarative base "
+            "class. Create a Base by creating a subclass of it."
+        )
+
+
+class DeclarativeBaseNoMeta(
+    # Inspectable is used only by the mypy plugin
+    inspection.Inspectable[InstanceState[Any]]
+):
+    """Same as :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase`, but does not use a metaclass
+    to intercept new attributes.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBaseNoMeta` base may be used when use of
+    custom metaclasses is desirable.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+
+    _sa_registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+
+    registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+    """Refers to the :class:`_orm.registry` in use where new
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects will be associated."""
+
+    metadata: ClassVar[MetaData]
+    """Refers to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection that will be used
+    for new :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+    """
+
+    # this ideally should be Mapper[Self], but mypy as of 1.4.1 does not
+    # like it, and breaks the declared_attr_one test. Pyright/pylance is
+    # ok with it.
+    __mapper__: ClassVar[Mapper[Any]]
+    """The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object to which a particular class is
+    mapped.
+
+    May also be acquired using :func:`_sa.inspect`, e.g.
+    ``inspect(klass)``.
+
+    """
+
+    __table__: Optional[FromClause]
+    """The :class:`_sql.FromClause` to which a particular subclass is
+    mapped.
+
+    This is usually an instance of :class:`_schema.Table` but may also
+    refer to other kinds of :class:`_sql.FromClause` such as
+    :class:`_sql.Subquery`, depending on how the class is mapped.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _sa_inspect_type(self) -> Mapper[Self]: ...
+
+        def _sa_inspect_instance(self) -> InstanceState[Self]: ...
+
+        __tablename__: Any
+        """String name to assign to the generated
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object, if not specified directly via
+        :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__table__`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table`
+
+        """
+
+        __mapper_args__: Any
+        """Dictionary of arguments which will be passed to the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapper_options`
+
+        """
+
+        __table_args__: Any
+        """A dictionary or tuple of arguments that will be passed to the
+        :class:`_schema.Table` constructor.  See
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+        for background on the specific structure of this collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, **kw: Any): ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if DeclarativeBaseNoMeta in cls.__bases__:
+            _check_not_declarative(cls, DeclarativeBaseNoMeta)
+            _setup_declarative_base(cls)
+        else:
+            _as_declarative(cls._sa_registry, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+
+def add_mapped_attribute(
+    target: Type[_O], key: str, attr: MapperProperty[Any]
+) -> None:
+    """Add a new mapped attribute to an ORM mapped class.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        add_mapped_attribute(User, "addresses", relationship(Address))
+
+    This may be used for ORM mappings that aren't using a declarative
+    metaclass that intercepts attribute set operations.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+    _add_attribute(target, key, attr)
+
+
+def declarative_base(
+    *,
+    metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+    mapper: Optional[Callable[..., Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+    cls: Type[Any] = object,
+    name: str = "Base",
+    class_registry: Optional[clsregistry._ClsRegistryType] = None,
+    type_annotation_map: Optional[_TypeAnnotationMapType] = None,
+    constructor: Callable[..., None] = _declarative_constructor,
+    metaclass: Type[Any] = DeclarativeMeta,
+) -> Any:
+    r"""Construct a base class for declarative class definitions.
+
+    The new base class will be given a metaclass that produces
+    appropriate :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects and makes
+    the appropriate :class:`_orm.Mapper` calls based on the
+    information provided declaratively in the class and any subclasses
+    of the class.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Note that the :func:`_orm.declarative_base`
+       function is superseded by the new :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class,
+       which generates a new "base" class using subclassing, rather than
+       return value of a function.  This allows an approach that is compatible
+       with :pep:`484` typing tools.
+
+    The :func:`_orm.declarative_base` function is a shorthand version
+    of using the :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`
+    method.  That is, the following::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base
+
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+        mapper_registry = registry()
+        Base = mapper_registry.generate_base()
+
+    See the docstring for :class:`_orm.registry`
+    and :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`
+    for more details.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :func:`_orm.declarative_base`
+       function is now a specialization of the more generic
+       :class:`_orm.registry` class.  The function also moves to the
+       ``sqlalchemy.orm`` package from the ``declarative.ext`` package.
+
+
+    :param metadata:
+      An optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance.  All
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects implicitly declared by
+      subclasses of the base will share this MetaData.  A MetaData instance
+      will be created if none is provided.  The
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance will be available via the
+      ``metadata`` attribute of the generated declarative base class.
+
+    :param mapper:
+      An optional callable, defaults to :class:`_orm.Mapper`. Will
+      be used to map subclasses to their Tables.
+
+    :param cls:
+      Defaults to :class:`object`. A type to use as the base for the generated
+      declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes.
+
+    :param name:
+      Defaults to ``Base``.  The display name for the generated
+      class.  Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in
+      tracebacks and debugging.
+
+    :param constructor:
+      Specify the implementation for the ``__init__`` function on a mapped
+      class that has no ``__init__`` of its own.  Defaults to an
+      implementation that assigns \**kwargs for declared
+      fields and relationships to an instance.  If ``None`` is supplied,
+      no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to
+      cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics.
+
+    :param class_registry: optional dictionary that will serve as the
+      registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names
+      are used to identify classes inside of :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      and others.  Allows two or more declarative base classes
+      to share the same registry of class names for simplified
+      inter-base relationships.
+
+    :param type_annotation_map: optional dictionary of Python types to
+        SQLAlchemy :class:`_types.TypeEngine` classes or instances.  This
+        is used exclusively by the :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` construct
+        to produce column types based on annotations within the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapped` type.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapped_column_type_map`
+
+    :param metaclass:
+      Defaults to :class:`.DeclarativeMeta`.  A metaclass or __metaclass__
+      compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated
+      declarative base class.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_orm.registry`
+
+    """
+
+    return registry(
+        metadata=metadata,
+        class_registry=class_registry,
+        constructor=constructor,
+        type_annotation_map=type_annotation_map,
+    ).generate_base(
+        mapper=mapper,
+        cls=cls,
+        name=name,
+        metaclass=metaclass,
+    )
+
+
+class registry:
+    """Generalized registry for mapping classes.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.registry` serves as the basis for maintaining a collection
+    of mappings, and provides configurational hooks used to map classes.
+
+    The three general kinds of mappings supported are Declarative Base,
+    Declarative Decorator, and Imperative Mapping.   All of these mapping
+    styles may be used interchangeably:
+
+    * :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` returns a new declarative base
+      class, and is the underlying implementation of the
+      :func:`_orm.declarative_base` function.
+
+    * :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped` provides a class decorator that will
+      apply declarative mapping to a class without the use of a declarative
+      base class.
+
+    * :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` will produce a
+      :class:`_orm.Mapper` for a class without scanning the class for
+      declarative class attributes. This method suits the use case historically
+      provided by the ``sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()`` classical mapping function,
+      which is removed as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mapping_classes_toplevel` - overview of class mapping
+        styles.
+
+    """
+
+    _class_registry: clsregistry._ClsRegistryType
+    _managers: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[ClassManager[Any], Literal[True]]
+    _non_primary_mappers: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[Mapper[Any], Literal[True]]
+    metadata: MetaData
+    constructor: CallableReference[Callable[..., None]]
+    type_annotation_map: _MutableTypeAnnotationMapType
+    _dependents: Set[_RegistryType]
+    _dependencies: Set[_RegistryType]
+    _new_mappers: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+        class_registry: Optional[clsregistry._ClsRegistryType] = None,
+        type_annotation_map: Optional[_TypeAnnotationMapType] = None,
+        constructor: Callable[..., None] = _declarative_constructor,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_orm.registry`
+
+        :param metadata:
+          An optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` instance.  All
+          :class:`_schema.Table` objects generated using declarative
+          table mapping will make use of this :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+          collection.  If this argument is left at its default of ``None``,
+          a blank :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection is created.
+
+        :param constructor:
+          Specify the implementation for the ``__init__`` function on a mapped
+          class that has no ``__init__`` of its own.  Defaults to an
+          implementation that assigns \**kwargs for declared
+          fields and relationships to an instance.  If ``None`` is supplied,
+          no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to
+          cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics.
+
+        :param class_registry: optional dictionary that will serve as the
+          registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names
+          are used to identify classes inside of :func:`_orm.relationship`
+          and others.  Allows two or more declarative base classes
+          to share the same registry of class names for simplified
+          inter-base relationships.
+
+        :param type_annotation_map: optional dictionary of Python types to
+          SQLAlchemy :class:`_types.TypeEngine` classes or instances.
+          The provided dict will update the default type mapping.  This
+          is used exclusively by the :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` construct
+          to produce column types based on annotations within the
+          :class:`_orm.Mapped` type.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`orm_declarative_mapped_column_type_map`
+
+
+        """
+        lcl_metadata = metadata or MetaData()
+
+        if class_registry is None:
+            class_registry = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+        self._class_registry = class_registry
+        self._managers = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._non_primary_mappers = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.metadata = lcl_metadata
+        self.constructor = constructor
+        self.type_annotation_map = {}
+        if type_annotation_map is not None:
+            self.update_type_annotation_map(type_annotation_map)
+        self._dependents = set()
+        self._dependencies = set()
+
+        self._new_mappers = False
+
+        with mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            mapperlib._mapper_registries[self] = True
+
+    def update_type_annotation_map(
+        self,
+        type_annotation_map: _TypeAnnotationMapType,
+    ) -> None:
+        """update the :paramref:`_orm.registry.type_annotation_map` with new
+        values."""
+
+        self.type_annotation_map.update(
+            {
+                sub_type: sqltype
+                for typ, sqltype in type_annotation_map.items()
+                for sub_type in compat_typing.expand_unions(
+                    typ, include_union=True, discard_none=True
+                )
+            }
+        )
+
+    def _resolve_type(
+        self, python_type: _MatchedOnType
+    ) -> Optional[sqltypes.TypeEngine[Any]]:
+
+        python_type_to_check = python_type
+        while is_pep695(python_type_to_check):
+            python_type_to_check = python_type_to_check.__value__
+
+        check_is_pt = python_type is python_type_to_check
+
+        python_type_type: Type[Any]
+        search: Iterable[Tuple[_MatchedOnType, Type[Any]]]
+
+        if is_generic(python_type_to_check):
+            if is_literal(python_type_to_check):
+                python_type_type = cast("Type[Any]", python_type_to_check)
+
+                search = (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                    (python_type, python_type_type),
+                    (Literal, python_type_type),
+                )
+            else:
+                python_type_type = python_type_to_check.__origin__
+                search = ((python_type, python_type_type),)
+        elif is_newtype(python_type_to_check):
+            python_type_type = flatten_newtype(python_type_to_check)
+            search = ((python_type, python_type_type),)
+        elif isinstance(python_type_to_check, type):
+            python_type_type = python_type_to_check
+            search = (
+                (pt if check_is_pt else python_type, pt)
+                for pt in python_type_type.__mro__
+            )
+        else:
+            python_type_type = python_type_to_check  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            search = ((python_type, python_type_type),)
+
+        for pt, flattened in search:
+            # we search through full __mro__ for types.  however...
+            sql_type = self.type_annotation_map.get(pt)
+            if sql_type is None:
+                sql_type = sqltypes._type_map_get(pt)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+            if sql_type is not None:
+                sql_type_inst = sqltypes.to_instance(sql_type)
+
+                # ... this additional step will reject most
+                # type -> supertype matches, such as if we had
+                # a MyInt(int) subclass.  note also we pass NewType()
+                # here directly; these always have to be in the
+                # type_annotation_map to be useful
+                resolved_sql_type = sql_type_inst._resolve_for_python_type(
+                    python_type_type,
+                    pt,
+                    flattened,
+                )
+                if resolved_sql_type is not None:
+                    return resolved_sql_type
+
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def mappers(self) -> FrozenSet[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """read only collection of all :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects."""
+
+        return frozenset(manager.mapper for manager in self._managers).union(
+            self._non_primary_mappers
+        )
+
+    def _set_depends_on(self, registry: RegistryType) -> None:
+        if registry is self:
+            return
+        registry._dependents.add(self)
+        self._dependencies.add(registry)
+
+    def _flag_new_mapper(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        mapper._ready_for_configure = True
+        if self._new_mappers:
+            return
+
+        for reg in self._recurse_with_dependents({self}):
+            reg._new_mappers = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _recurse_with_dependents(
+        cls, registries: Set[RegistryType]
+    ) -> Iterator[RegistryType]:
+        todo = registries
+        done = set()
+        while todo:
+            reg = todo.pop()
+            done.add(reg)
+
+            # if yielding would remove dependents, make sure we have
+            # them before
+            todo.update(reg._dependents.difference(done))
+            yield reg
+
+            # if yielding would add dependents, make sure we have them
+            # after
+            todo.update(reg._dependents.difference(done))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _recurse_with_dependencies(
+        cls, registries: Set[RegistryType]
+    ) -> Iterator[RegistryType]:
+        todo = registries
+        done = set()
+        while todo:
+            reg = todo.pop()
+            done.add(reg)
+
+            # if yielding would remove dependencies, make sure we have
+            # them before
+            todo.update(reg._dependencies.difference(done))
+
+            yield reg
+
+            # if yielding would remove dependencies, make sure we have
+            # them before
+            todo.update(reg._dependencies.difference(done))
+
+    def _mappers_to_configure(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        return itertools.chain(
+            (
+                manager.mapper
+                for manager in list(self._managers)
+                if manager.is_mapped
+                and not manager.mapper.configured
+                and manager.mapper._ready_for_configure
+            ),
+            (
+                npm
+                for npm in list(self._non_primary_mappers)
+                if not npm.configured and npm._ready_for_configure
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _add_non_primary_mapper(self, np_mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        self._non_primary_mappers[np_mapper] = True
+
+    def _dispose_cls(self, cls: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        clsregistry.remove_class(cls.__name__, cls, self._class_registry)
+
+    def _add_manager(self, manager: ClassManager[Any]) -> None:
+        self._managers[manager] = True
+        if manager.is_mapped:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Class '%s' already has a primary mapper defined. "
+                % manager.class_
+            )
+        assert manager.registry is None
+        manager.registry = self
+
+    def configure(self, cascade: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Configure all as-yet unconfigured mappers in this
+        :class:`_orm.registry`.
+
+        The configure step is used to reconcile and initialize the
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` linkages between mapped classes, as well as
+        to invoke configuration events such as the
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_configured` and
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_configured`, which may be used by ORM
+        extensions or user-defined extension hooks.
+
+        If one or more mappers in this registry contain
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` constructs that refer to mapped classes in
+        other registries, this registry is said to be *dependent* on those
+        registries. In order to configure those dependent registries
+        automatically, the :paramref:`_orm.registry.configure.cascade` flag
+        should be set to ``True``. Otherwise, if they are not configured, an
+        exception will be raised.  The rationale behind this behavior is to
+        allow an application to programmatically invoke configuration of
+        registries while controlling whether or not the process implicitly
+        reaches other registries.
+
+        As an alternative to invoking :meth:`_orm.registry.configure`, the ORM
+        function :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function may be used to ensure
+        configuration is complete for all :class:`_orm.registry` objects in
+        memory. This is generally simpler to use and also predates the usage of
+        :class:`_orm.registry` objects overall. However, this function will
+        impact all mappings throughout the running Python process and may be
+        more memory/time consuming for an application that has many registries
+        in use for different purposes that may not be needed immediately.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_orm.configure_mappers`
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        mapperlib._configure_registries({self}, cascade=cascade)
+
+    def dispose(self, cascade: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Dispose of all mappers in this :class:`_orm.registry`.
+
+        After invocation, all the classes that were mapped within this registry
+        will no longer have class instrumentation associated with them. This
+        method is the per-:class:`_orm.registry` analogue to the
+        application-wide :func:`_orm.clear_mappers` function.
+
+        If this registry contains mappers that are dependencies of other
+        registries, typically via :func:`_orm.relationship` links, then those
+        registries must be disposed as well. When such registries exist in
+        relation to this one, their :meth:`_orm.registry.dispose` method will
+        also be called, if the :paramref:`_orm.registry.dispose.cascade` flag
+        is set to ``True``; otherwise, an error is raised if those registries
+        were not already disposed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_orm.clear_mappers`
+
+        """
+
+        mapperlib._dispose_registries({self}, cascade=cascade)
+
+    def _dispose_manager_and_mapper(self, manager: ClassManager[Any]) -> None:
+        if "mapper" in manager.__dict__:
+            mapper = manager.mapper
+
+            mapper._set_dispose_flags()
+
+        class_ = manager.class_
+        self._dispose_cls(class_)
+        instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+    def generate_base(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Callable[..., Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+        cls: Type[Any] = object,
+        name: str = "Base",
+        metaclass: Type[Any] = DeclarativeMeta,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Generate a declarative base class.
+
+        Classes that inherit from the returned class object will be
+        automatically mapped using declarative mapping.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            Base = mapper_registry.generate_base()
+
+            class MyClass(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "my_table"
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        The above dynamically generated class is equivalent to the
+        non-dynamic example below::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+            from sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api import DeclarativeMeta
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            class Base(metaclass=DeclarativeMeta):
+                __abstract__ = True
+                registry = mapper_registry
+                metadata = mapper_registry.metadata
+
+                __init__ = mapper_registry.constructor
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Note that the
+           :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` method is superseded by the new
+           :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class, which generates a new "base"
+           class using subclassing, rather than return value of a function.
+           This allows an approach that is compatible with :pep:`484` typing
+           tools.
+
+        The :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` method provides the
+        implementation for the :func:`_orm.declarative_base` function, which
+        creates the :class:`_orm.registry` and base class all at once.
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping` for background and
+        examples.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          An optional callable, defaults to :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+          This function is used to generate new :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects.
+
+        :param cls:
+          Defaults to :class:`object`. A type to use as the base for the
+          generated declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes.
+
+        :param name:
+          Defaults to ``Base``.  The display name for the generated
+          class.  Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in
+          tracebacks and debugging.
+
+        :param metaclass:
+          Defaults to :class:`.DeclarativeMeta`.  A metaclass or __metaclass__
+          compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated
+          declarative base class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+            :func:`_orm.declarative_base`
+
+        """
+        metadata = self.metadata
+
+        bases = not isinstance(cls, tuple) and (cls,) or cls
+
+        class_dict: Dict[str, Any] = dict(registry=self, metadata=metadata)
+        if isinstance(cls, type):
+            class_dict["__doc__"] = cls.__doc__
+
+        if self.constructor is not None:
+            class_dict["__init__"] = self.constructor
+
+        class_dict["__abstract__"] = True
+        if mapper:
+            class_dict["__mapper_cls__"] = mapper
+
+        if hasattr(cls, "__class_getitem__"):
+
+            def __class_getitem__(cls: Type[_T], key: Any) -> Type[_T]:
+                # allow generic classes in py3.9+
+                return cls
+
+            class_dict["__class_getitem__"] = __class_getitem__
+
+        return metaclass(name, bases, class_dict)
+
+    @compat_typing.dataclass_transform(
+        field_specifiers=(
+            MappedColumn,
+            RelationshipProperty,
+            Composite,
+            Synonym,
+            mapped_column,
+            relationship,
+            composite,
+            synonym,
+            deferred,
+        ),
+    )
+    @overload
+    def mapped_as_dataclass(self, __cls: Type[_O]) -> Type[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def mapped_as_dataclass(
+        self,
+        __cls: Literal[None] = ...,
+        *,
+        init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,  # noqa: A002
+        eq: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        order: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        dataclass_callable: Union[_NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]] = ...,
+    ) -> Callable[[Type[_O]], Type[_O]]: ...
+
+    def mapped_as_dataclass(
+        self,
+        __cls: Optional[Type[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+        eq: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        order: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        dataclass_callable: Union[
+            _NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    ) -> Union[Type[_O], Callable[[Type[_O]], Type[_O]]]:
+        """Class decorator that will apply the Declarative mapping process
+        to a given class, and additionally convert the class to be a
+        Python dataclass.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses` - complete background
+            on SQLAlchemy native dataclass mapping
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+        """
+
+        def decorate(cls: Type[_O]) -> Type[_O]:
+            setattr(
+                cls,
+                "_sa_apply_dc_transforms",
+                {
+                    "init": init,
+                    "repr": repr,
+                    "eq": eq,
+                    "order": order,
+                    "unsafe_hash": unsafe_hash,
+                    "match_args": match_args,
+                    "kw_only": kw_only,
+                    "dataclass_callable": dataclass_callable,
+                },
+            )
+            _as_declarative(self, cls, cls.__dict__)
+            return cls
+
+        if __cls:
+            return decorate(__cls)
+        else:
+            return decorate
+
+    def mapped(self, cls: Type[_O]) -> Type[_O]:
+        """Class decorator that will apply the Declarative mapping process
+        to a given class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            @mapper_registry.mapped
+            class Foo:
+                __tablename__ = 'some_table'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                name = Column(String)
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping` for complete
+        details and examples.
+
+        :param cls: class to be mapped.
+
+        :return: the class that was passed.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` - generates a base class
+            that will apply Declarative mapping to subclasses automatically
+            using a Python metaclass.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped_as_dataclass`
+
+        """
+        _as_declarative(self, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        return cls
+
+    def as_declarative_base(self, **kw: Any) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]:
+        """
+        Class decorator which will invoke
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`
+        for a given base class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            @mapper_registry.as_declarative_base()
+            class Base:
+                @declared_attr
+                def __tablename__(cls):
+                    return cls.__name__.lower()
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+            class MyMappedClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+        All keyword arguments passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.as_declarative_base` are passed
+        along to :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`.
+
+        """
+
+        def decorate(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
+            kw["cls"] = cls
+            kw["name"] = cls.__name__
+            return self.generate_base(**kw)  # type: ignore
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def map_declaratively(self, cls: Type[_O]) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        """Map a class declaratively.
+
+        In this form of mapping, the class is scanned for mapping information,
+        including for columns to be associated with a table, and/or an
+        actual table object.
+
+        Returns the :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            class Foo:
+                __tablename__ = 'some_table'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                name = Column(String)
+
+            mapper = mapper_registry.map_declaratively(Foo)
+
+        This function is more conveniently invoked indirectly via either the
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped` class decorator or by subclassing a
+        declarative metaclass generated from
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`.
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping` for complete
+        details and examples.
+
+        :param cls: class to be mapped.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped` - more common decorator interface
+            to this function.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively`
+
+        """
+        _as_declarative(self, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        return cls.__mapper__  # type: ignore
+
+    def map_imperatively(
+        self,
+        class_: Type[_O],
+        local_table: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        r"""Map a class imperatively.
+
+        In this form of mapping, the class is not scanned for any mapping
+        information.  Instead, all mapping constructs are passed as
+        arguments.
+
+        This method is intended to be fully equivalent to the now-removed
+        SQLAlchemy ``mapper()`` function, except that it's in terms of
+        a particular registry.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            my_table = Table(
+                "my_table",
+                mapper_registry.metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+            )
+
+            class MyClass:
+                pass
+
+            mapper_registry.map_imperatively(MyClass, my_table)
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_imperative_mapping` for complete background
+        and usage examples.
+
+        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.  Corresponds to the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.class_` parameter.
+
+        :param local_table: the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+         :class:`_sql.FromClause` object that is the subject of the mapping.
+         Corresponds to the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.local_table` parameter.
+
+        :param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
+         :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor directly.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_imperative_mapping`
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+        """
+        return _mapper(self, class_, local_table, kw)
+
+
+RegistryType = registry
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # allow for runtime type resolution of ``ClassVar[_RegistryType]``
+    _RegistryType = registry  # noqa
+
+
+def as_declarative(**kw: Any) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]:
+    """
+    Class decorator which will adapt a given class into a
+    :func:`_orm.declarative_base`.
+
+    This function makes use of the :meth:`_orm.registry.as_declarative_base`
+    method, by first creating a :class:`_orm.registry` automatically
+    and then invoking the decorator.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import as_declarative
+
+        @as_declarative()
+        class Base:
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        class MyMappedClass(Base):
+            # ...
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.as_declarative_base`
+
+    """
+    metadata, class_registry = (
+        kw.pop("metadata", None),
+        kw.pop("class_registry", None),
+    )
+
+    return registry(
+        metadata=metadata, class_registry=class_registry
+    ).as_declarative_base(**kw)
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(
+    DeclarativeMeta, DeclarativeBase, DeclarativeAttributeIntercept
+)
+def _inspect_decl_meta(cls: Type[Any]) -> Optional[Mapper[Any]]:
+    mp: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = _inspect_mapped_class(cls)
+    if mp is None:
+        if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+            _DeferredMapperConfig.raise_unmapped_for_cls(cls)
+    return mp
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54a85a02bac38b24aabfe24ae1657708f308af14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2152 @@
+# orm/decl_base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Internal implementation for declarative."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import dataclasses
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import clsregistry
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import mapperlib
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import attr_is_internal_proxy
+from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .base import _is_mapped_class
+from .base import InspectionAttr
+from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _DCAttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import _MappedAttribute
+from .interfaces import _MapsColumns
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .mapper import Mapper
+from .properties import ColumnProperty
+from .properties import MappedColumn
+from .util import _extract_mapped_subtype
+from .util import _is_mapped_annotation
+from .util import class_mapper
+from .util import de_stringify_annotation
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import Table
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+from ..util.typing import is_fwd_ref
+from ..util.typing import is_literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+from ..util.typing import typing_get_args
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ClassDict
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .decl_api import declared_attr
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from ..sql.elements import NamedColumn
+    from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_MapperKwArgs = Mapping[str, Any]
+_TableArgsType = Union[Tuple[Any, ...], Dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+class MappedClassProtocol(Protocol[_O]):
+    """A protocol representing a SQLAlchemy mapped class.
+
+    The protocol is generic on the type of class, use
+    ``MappedClassProtocol[Any]`` to allow any mapped class.
+    """
+
+    __name__: str
+    __mapper__: Mapper[_O]
+    __table__: FromClause
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw: Any) -> _O: ...
+
+
+class _DeclMappedClassProtocol(MappedClassProtocol[_O], Protocol):
+    "Internal more detailed version of ``MappedClassProtocol``."
+    metadata: MetaData
+    __tablename__: str
+    __mapper_args__: _MapperKwArgs
+    __table_args__: Optional[_TableArgsType]
+
+    _sa_apply_dc_transforms: Optional[_DataclassArguments]
+
+    def __declare_first__(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def __declare_last__(self) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _DataclassArguments(TypedDict):
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    eq: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    order: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclass_callable: Union[_NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]]
+
+
+def _declared_mapping_info(
+    cls: Type[Any],
+) -> Optional[Union[_DeferredMapperConfig, Mapper[Any]]]:
+    # deferred mapping
+    if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+        return _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+    # regular mapping
+    elif _is_mapped_class(cls):
+        return class_mapper(cls, configure=False)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_supercls_for_inherits(cls: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    """return True if this class will be used as a superclass to set in
+    'inherits'.
+
+    This includes deferred mapper configs that aren't mapped yet, however does
+    not include classes with _sa_decl_prepare_nocascade (e.g.
+    ``AbstractConcreteBase``); these concrete-only classes are not set up as
+    "inherits" until after mappers are configured using
+    mapper._set_concrete_base()
+
+    """
+    if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+        return not _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls, "_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade", strict=True
+        )
+    # regular mapping
+    elif _is_mapped_class(cls):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(cls: Type[Any]) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+    if cls is object:
+        return None
+
+    sup: Optional[Type[Any]]
+
+    if cls.__dict__.get("__abstract__", False):
+        for base_ in cls.__bases__:
+            sup = _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(base_)
+            if sup is not None:
+                return sup
+        else:
+            return None
+    else:
+        clsmanager = _dive_for_cls_manager(cls)
+
+        if clsmanager:
+            return clsmanager.class_
+        else:
+            return cls
+
+
+def _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+    cls: Type[Any], attrname: str, strict: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Any]:
+    """return an attribute of the class that is either present directly
+    on the class, e.g. not on a superclass, or is from a superclass but
+    this superclass is a non-mapped mixin, that is, not a descendant of
+    the declarative base and is also not classically mapped.
+
+    This is used to detect attributes that indicate something about
+    a mapped class independently from any mapped classes that it may
+    inherit from.
+
+    """
+
+    # the rules are different for this name than others,
+    # make sure we've moved it out.  transitional
+    assert attrname != "__abstract__"
+
+    if not issubclass(cls, object):
+        return None
+
+    if attrname in cls.__dict__:
+        return getattr(cls, attrname)
+
+    for base in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+        _is_classical_inherits = _dive_for_cls_manager(base) is not None
+
+        if attrname in base.__dict__ and (
+            base is cls
+            or (
+                (base in cls.__bases__ if strict else True)
+                and not _is_classical_inherits
+            )
+        ):
+            return getattr(base, attrname)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _dive_for_cls_manager(cls: Type[_O]) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]:
+    # because the class manager registration is pluggable,
+    # we need to do the search for every class in the hierarchy,
+    # rather than just a simple "cls._sa_class_manager"
+
+    for base in cls.__mro__:
+        manager: Optional[ClassManager[_O]] = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(
+            base
+        )
+        if manager:
+            return manager
+    return None
+
+
+def _as_declarative(
+    registry: _RegistryType, cls: Type[Any], dict_: _ClassDict
+) -> Optional[_MapperConfig]:
+    # declarative scans the class for attributes.  no table or mapper
+    # args passed separately.
+    return _MapperConfig.setup_mapping(registry, cls, dict_, None, {})
+
+
+def _mapper(
+    registry: _RegistryType,
+    cls: Type[_O],
+    table: Optional[FromClause],
+    mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+) -> Mapper[_O]:
+    _ImperativeMapperConfig(registry, cls, table, mapper_kw)
+    return cast("MappedClassProtocol[_O]", cls).__mapper__
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _is_declarative_props(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    _declared_attr_common = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api._declared_attr_common
+
+    return isinstance(obj, (_declared_attr_common, util.classproperty))
+
+
+def _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+    obj: Any, name: str, cls: Type[_O]
+) -> bool:
+    if _is_declarative_props(obj):
+        if getattr(obj, "_cascading", False):
+            util.warn(
+                "@declared_attr.cascading is not supported on the %s "
+                "attribute on class %s.  This attribute invokes for "
+                "subclasses in any case." % (name, cls)
+            )
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+class _MapperConfig:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "cls",
+        "classname",
+        "properties",
+        "declared_attr_reg",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    cls: Type[Any]
+    classname: str
+    properties: util.OrderedDict[
+        str,
+        Union[
+            Sequence[NamedColumn[Any]], NamedColumn[Any], MapperProperty[Any]
+        ],
+    ]
+    declared_attr_reg: Dict[declared_attr[Any], Any]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mapping(
+        cls,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[_O],
+        dict_: _ClassDict,
+        table: Optional[FromClause],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ) -> Optional[_MapperConfig]:
+        manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+        if manager and manager.class_ is cls_:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Class {cls!r} already has been instrumented declaratively"
+            )
+
+        if cls_.__dict__.get("__abstract__", False):
+            return None
+
+        defer_map = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls_, "_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade", strict=True
+        ) or hasattr(cls_, "_sa_decl_prepare")
+
+        if defer_map:
+            return _DeferredMapperConfig(
+                registry, cls_, dict_, table, mapper_kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return _ClassScanMapperConfig(
+                registry, cls_, dict_, table, mapper_kw
+            )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[Any],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ):
+        self.cls = util.assert_arg_type(cls_, type, "cls_")
+        self.classname = cls_.__name__
+        self.properties = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.declared_attr_reg = {}
+
+        if not mapper_kw.get("non_primary", False):
+            instrumentation.register_class(
+                self.cls,
+                finalize=False,
+                registry=registry,
+                declarative_scan=self,
+                init_method=registry.constructor,
+            )
+        else:
+            manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(self.cls)
+            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
+                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
+                    "Mapper." % self.cls
+                )
+
+    def set_cls_attribute(self, attrname: str, value: _T) -> _T:
+        manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(self.cls)
+        manager.install_member(attrname, value)
+        return value
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = ...) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _early_mapping(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        self.map(mapper_kw)
+
+
+class _ImperativeMapperConfig(_MapperConfig):
+    __slots__ = ("local_table", "inherits")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[_O],
+        table: Optional[FromClause],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(registry, cls_, mapper_kw)
+
+        self.local_table = self.set_cls_attribute("__table__", table)
+
+        with mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            if not mapper_kw.get("non_primary", False):
+                clsregistry.add_class(
+                    self.classname, self.cls, registry._class_registry
+                )
+
+            self._setup_inheritance(mapper_kw)
+
+            self._early_mapping(mapper_kw)
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = util.EMPTY_DICT) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        mapper_cls = Mapper
+
+        return self.set_cls_attribute(
+            "__mapper__",
+            mapper_cls(self.cls, self.local_table, **mapper_kw),
+        )
+
+    def _setup_inheritance(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        inherits = mapper_kw.get("inherits", None)
+
+        if inherits is None:
+            # since we search for classical mappings now, search for
+            # multiple mapped bases as well and raise an error.
+            inherits_search = []
+            for base_ in cls.__bases__:
+                c = _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(base_)
+                if c is None:
+                    continue
+
+                if _is_supercls_for_inherits(c) and c not in inherits_search:
+                    inherits_search.append(c)
+
+            if inherits_search:
+                if len(inherits_search) > 1:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Class %s has multiple mapped bases: %r"
+                        % (cls, inherits_search)
+                    )
+                inherits = inherits_search[0]
+        elif isinstance(inherits, Mapper):
+            inherits = inherits.class_
+
+        self.inherits = inherits
+
+
+class _CollectedAnnotation(NamedTuple):
+    raw_annotation: _AnnotationScanType
+    mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]]
+    extracted_mapped_annotation: Union[Type[Any], str]
+    is_dataclass: bool
+    attr_value: Any
+    originating_module: str
+    originating_class: Type[Any]
+
+
+class _ClassScanMapperConfig(_MapperConfig):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "registry",
+        "clsdict_view",
+        "collected_attributes",
+        "collected_annotations",
+        "local_table",
+        "persist_selectable",
+        "declared_columns",
+        "column_ordering",
+        "column_copies",
+        "table_args",
+        "tablename",
+        "mapper_args",
+        "mapper_args_fn",
+        "inherits",
+        "single",
+        "allow_dataclass_fields",
+        "dataclass_setup_arguments",
+        "is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping",
+        "allow_unmapped_annotations",
+    )
+
+    is_deferred = False
+    registry: _RegistryType
+    clsdict_view: _ClassDict
+    collected_annotations: Dict[str, _CollectedAnnotation]
+    collected_attributes: Dict[str, Any]
+    local_table: Optional[FromClause]
+    persist_selectable: Optional[FromClause]
+    declared_columns: util.OrderedSet[Column[Any]]
+    column_ordering: Dict[Column[Any], int]
+    column_copies: Dict[
+        Union[MappedColumn[Any], Column[Any]],
+        Union[MappedColumn[Any], Column[Any]],
+    ]
+    tablename: Optional[str]
+    mapper_args: Mapping[str, Any]
+    table_args: Optional[_TableArgsType]
+    mapper_args_fn: Optional[Callable[[], Dict[str, Any]]]
+    inherits: Optional[Type[Any]]
+    single: bool
+
+    is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping: bool
+    allow_unmapped_annotations: bool
+
+    dataclass_setup_arguments: Optional[_DataclassArguments]
+    """if the class has SQLAlchemy native dataclass parameters, where
+    we will turn the class into a dataclass within the declarative mapping
+    process.
+
+    """
+
+    allow_dataclass_fields: bool
+    """if true, look for dataclass-processed Field objects on the target
+    class as well as superclasses and extract ORM mapping directives from
+    the "metadata" attribute of each Field.
+
+    if False, dataclass fields can still be used, however they won't be
+    mapped.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[_O],
+        dict_: _ClassDict,
+        table: Optional[FromClause],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ):
+        # grab class dict before the instrumentation manager has been added.
+        # reduces cycles
+        self.clsdict_view = (
+            util.immutabledict(dict_) if dict_ else util.EMPTY_DICT
+        )
+        super().__init__(registry, cls_, mapper_kw)
+        self.registry = registry
+        self.persist_selectable = None
+
+        self.collected_attributes = {}
+        self.collected_annotations = {}
+        self.declared_columns = util.OrderedSet()
+        self.column_ordering = {}
+        self.column_copies = {}
+        self.single = False
+        self.dataclass_setup_arguments = dca = getattr(
+            self.cls, "_sa_apply_dc_transforms", None
+        )
+
+        self.allow_unmapped_annotations = getattr(
+            self.cls, "__allow_unmapped__", False
+        ) or bool(self.dataclass_setup_arguments)
+
+        self.is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping = cld = dataclasses.is_dataclass(
+            cls_
+        )
+
+        sdk = _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls_, "__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__")
+
+        # we don't want to consume Field objects from a not-already-dataclass.
+        # the Field objects won't have their "name" or "type" populated,
+        # and while it seems like we could just set these on Field as we
+        # read them, Field is documented as "user read only" and we need to
+        # stay far away from any off-label use of dataclasses APIs.
+        if (not cld or dca) and sdk:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "SQLAlchemy mapped dataclasses can't consume mapping "
+                "information from dataclass.Field() objects if the immediate "
+                "class is not already a dataclass."
+            )
+
+        # if already a dataclass, and __sa_dataclass_metadata_key__ present,
+        # then also look inside of dataclass.Field() objects yielded by
+        # dataclasses.get_fields(cls) when scanning for attributes
+        self.allow_dataclass_fields = bool(sdk and cld)
+
+        self._setup_declared_events()
+
+        self._scan_attributes()
+
+        self._setup_dataclasses_transforms()
+
+        with mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            clsregistry.add_class(
+                self.classname, self.cls, registry._class_registry
+            )
+
+            self._setup_inheriting_mapper(mapper_kw)
+
+            self._extract_mappable_attributes()
+
+            self._extract_declared_columns()
+
+            self._setup_table(table)
+
+            self._setup_inheriting_columns(mapper_kw)
+
+            self._early_mapping(mapper_kw)
+
+    def _setup_declared_events(self) -> None:
+        if _get_immediate_cls_attr(self.cls, "__declare_last__"):
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "after_configured")
+            def after_configured() -> None:
+                cast(
+                    "_DeclMappedClassProtocol[Any]", self.cls
+                ).__declare_last__()
+
+        if _get_immediate_cls_attr(self.cls, "__declare_first__"):
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configured")
+            def before_configured() -> None:
+                cast(
+                    "_DeclMappedClassProtocol[Any]", self.cls
+                ).__declare_first__()
+
+    def _cls_attr_override_checker(
+        self, cls: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Callable[[str, Any], bool]:
+        """Produce a function that checks if a class has overridden an
+        attribute, taking SQLAlchemy-enabled dataclass fields into account.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.allow_dataclass_fields:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+                cls, "__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__"
+            )
+        else:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key = None
+
+        if not sa_dataclass_metadata_key:
+
+            def attribute_is_overridden(key: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
+                return getattr(cls, key, obj) is not obj
+
+        else:
+            all_datacls_fields = {
+                f.name: f.metadata[sa_dataclass_metadata_key]
+                for f in util.dataclass_fields(cls)
+                if sa_dataclass_metadata_key in f.metadata
+            }
+            local_datacls_fields = {
+                f.name: f.metadata[sa_dataclass_metadata_key]
+                for f in util.local_dataclass_fields(cls)
+                if sa_dataclass_metadata_key in f.metadata
+            }
+
+            absent = object()
+
+            def attribute_is_overridden(key: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
+                if _is_declarative_props(obj):
+                    obj = obj.fget
+
+                # this function likely has some failure modes still if
+                # someone is doing a deep mixing of the same attribute
+                # name as plain Python attribute vs. dataclass field.
+
+                ret = local_datacls_fields.get(key, absent)
+                if _is_declarative_props(ret):
+                    ret = ret.fget
+
+                if ret is obj:
+                    return False
+                elif ret is not absent:
+                    return True
+
+                all_field = all_datacls_fields.get(key, absent)
+
+                ret = getattr(cls, key, obj)
+
+                if ret is obj:
+                    return False
+
+                # for dataclasses, this could be the
+                # 'default' of the field.  so filter more specifically
+                # for an already-mapped InstrumentedAttribute
+                if ret is not absent and isinstance(
+                    ret, InstrumentedAttribute
+                ):
+                    return True
+
+                if all_field is obj:
+                    return False
+                elif all_field is not absent:
+                    return True
+
+                # can't find another attribute
+                return False
+
+        return attribute_is_overridden
+
+    _include_dunders = {
+        "__table__",
+        "__mapper_args__",
+        "__tablename__",
+        "__table_args__",
+    }
+
+    _match_exclude_dunders = re.compile(r"^(?:_sa_|__)")
+
+    def _cls_attr_resolver(
+        self, cls: Type[Any]
+    ) -> Callable[[], Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]]:
+        """produce a function to iterate the "attributes" of a class
+        which we want to consider for mapping, adjusting for SQLAlchemy fields
+        embedded in dataclass fields.
+
+        """
+        cls_annotations = util.get_annotations(cls)
+
+        cls_vars = vars(cls)
+
+        _include_dunders = self._include_dunders
+        _match_exclude_dunders = self._match_exclude_dunders
+
+        names = [
+            n
+            for n in util.merge_lists_w_ordering(
+                list(cls_vars), list(cls_annotations)
+            )
+            if not _match_exclude_dunders.match(n) or n in _include_dunders
+        ]
+
+        if self.allow_dataclass_fields:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key: Optional[str] = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+                cls, "__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__"
+            )
+        else:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key = None
+
+        if not sa_dataclass_metadata_key:
+
+            def local_attributes_for_class() -> (
+                Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]
+            ):
+                return (
+                    (
+                        name,
+                        cls_vars.get(name),
+                        cls_annotations.get(name),
+                        False,
+                    )
+                    for name in names
+                )
+
+        else:
+            dataclass_fields = {
+                field.name: field for field in util.local_dataclass_fields(cls)
+            }
+
+            fixed_sa_dataclass_metadata_key = sa_dataclass_metadata_key
+
+            def local_attributes_for_class() -> (
+                Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]
+            ):
+                for name in names:
+                    field = dataclass_fields.get(name, None)
+                    if field and sa_dataclass_metadata_key in field.metadata:
+                        yield field.name, _as_dc_declaredattr(
+                            field.metadata, fixed_sa_dataclass_metadata_key
+                        ), cls_annotations.get(field.name), True
+                    else:
+                        yield name, cls_vars.get(name), cls_annotations.get(
+                            name
+                        ), False
+
+        return local_attributes_for_class
+
+    def _scan_attributes(self) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        cls_as_Decl = cast("_DeclMappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls)
+
+        clsdict_view = self.clsdict_view
+        collected_attributes = self.collected_attributes
+        column_copies = self.column_copies
+        _include_dunders = self._include_dunders
+        mapper_args_fn = None
+        table_args = inherited_table_args = None
+
+        tablename = None
+        fixed_table = "__table__" in clsdict_view
+
+        attribute_is_overridden = self._cls_attr_override_checker(self.cls)
+
+        bases = []
+
+        for base in cls.__mro__:
+            # collect bases and make sure standalone columns are copied
+            # to be the column they will ultimately be on the class,
+            # so that declared_attr functions use the right columns.
+            # need to do this all the way up the hierarchy first
+            # (see #8190)
+
+            class_mapped = base is not cls and _is_supercls_for_inherits(base)
+
+            local_attributes_for_class = self._cls_attr_resolver(base)
+
+            if not class_mapped and base is not cls:
+                locally_collected_columns = self._produce_column_copies(
+                    local_attributes_for_class,
+                    attribute_is_overridden,
+                    fixed_table,
+                    base,
+                )
+            else:
+                locally_collected_columns = {}
+
+            bases.append(
+                (
+                    base,
+                    class_mapped,
+                    local_attributes_for_class,
+                    locally_collected_columns,
+                )
+            )
+
+        for (
+            base,
+            class_mapped,
+            local_attributes_for_class,
+            locally_collected_columns,
+        ) in bases:
+            # this transfer can also take place as we scan each name
+            # for finer-grained control of how collected_attributes is
+            # populated, as this is what impacts column ordering.
+            # however it's simpler to get it out of the way here.
+            collected_attributes.update(locally_collected_columns)
+
+            for (
+                name,
+                obj,
+                annotation,
+                is_dataclass_field,
+            ) in local_attributes_for_class():
+                if name in _include_dunders:
+                    if name == "__mapper_args__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        if not mapper_args_fn and (
+                            not class_mapped or check_decl
+                        ):
+                            # don't even invoke __mapper_args__ until
+                            # after we've determined everything about the
+                            # mapped table.
+                            # make a copy of it so a class-level dictionary
+                            # is not overwritten when we update column-based
+                            # arguments.
+                            def _mapper_args_fn() -> Dict[str, Any]:
+                                return dict(cls_as_Decl.__mapper_args__)
+
+                            mapper_args_fn = _mapper_args_fn
+
+                    elif name == "__tablename__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        if not tablename and (not class_mapped or check_decl):
+                            tablename = cls_as_Decl.__tablename__
+                    elif name == "__table_args__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        if not table_args and (not class_mapped or check_decl):
+                            table_args = cls_as_Decl.__table_args__
+                            if not isinstance(
+                                table_args, (tuple, dict, type(None))
+                            ):
+                                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                                    "__table_args__ value must be a tuple, "
+                                    "dict, or None"
+                                )
+                            if base is not cls:
+                                inherited_table_args = True
+                    else:
+                        # skip all other dunder names, which at the moment
+                        # should only be __table__
+                        continue
+                elif class_mapped:
+                    if _is_declarative_props(obj) and not obj._quiet:
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Regular (i.e. not __special__) "
+                            "attribute '%s.%s' uses @declared_attr, "
+                            "but owning class %s is mapped - "
+                            "not applying to subclass %s."
+                            % (base.__name__, name, base, cls)
+                        )
+
+                    continue
+                elif base is not cls:
+                    # we're a mixin, abstract base, or something that is
+                    # acting like that for now.
+
+                    if isinstance(obj, (Column, MappedColumn)):
+                        # already copied columns to the mapped class.
+                        continue
+                    elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty):
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Mapper properties (i.e. deferred,"
+                            "column_property(), relationship(), etc.) must "
+                            "be declared as @declared_attr callables "
+                            "on declarative mixin classes.  For dataclass "
+                            "field() objects, use a lambda:"
+                        )
+                    elif _is_declarative_props(obj):
+                        # tried to get overloads to tell this to
+                        # pylance, no luck
+                        assert obj is not None
+
+                        if obj._cascading:
+                            if name in clsdict_view:
+                                # unfortunately, while we can use the user-
+                                # defined attribute here to allow a clean
+                                # override, if there's another
+                                # subclass below then it still tries to use
+                                # this.  not sure if there is enough
+                                # information here to add this as a feature
+                                # later on.
+                                util.warn(
+                                    "Attribute '%s' on class %s cannot be "
+                                    "processed due to "
+                                    "@declared_attr.cascading; "
+                                    "skipping" % (name, cls)
+                                )
+                            collected_attributes[name] = column_copies[obj] = (
+                                ret
+                            ) = obj.__get__(obj, cls)
+                            setattr(cls, name, ret)
+                        else:
+                            if is_dataclass_field:
+                                # access attribute using normal class access
+                                # first, to see if it's been mapped on a
+                                # superclass.   note if the dataclasses.field()
+                                # has "default", this value can be anything.
+                                ret = getattr(cls, name, None)
+
+                                # so, if it's anything that's not ORM
+                                # mapped, assume we should invoke the
+                                # declared_attr
+                                if not isinstance(ret, InspectionAttr):
+                                    ret = obj.fget()
+                            else:
+                                # access attribute using normal class access.
+                                # if the declared attr already took place
+                                # on a superclass that is mapped, then
+                                # this is no longer a declared_attr, it will
+                                # be the InstrumentedAttribute
+                                ret = getattr(cls, name)
+
+                            # correct for proxies created from hybrid_property
+                            # or similar.  note there is no known case that
+                            # produces nested proxies, so we are only
+                            # looking one level deep right now.
+
+                            if (
+                                isinstance(ret, InspectionAttr)
+                                and attr_is_internal_proxy(ret)
+                                and not isinstance(
+                                    ret.original_property, MapperProperty
+                                )
+                            ):
+                                ret = ret.descriptor
+
+                            collected_attributes[name] = column_copies[obj] = (
+                                ret
+                            )
+
+                        if (
+                            isinstance(ret, (Column, MapperProperty))
+                            and ret.doc is None
+                        ):
+                            ret.doc = obj.__doc__
+
+                        self._collect_annotation(
+                            name,
+                            obj._collect_return_annotation(),
+                            base,
+                            True,
+                            obj,
+                        )
+                    elif _is_mapped_annotation(annotation, cls, base):
+                        # Mapped annotation without any object.
+                        # product_column_copies should have handled this.
+                        # if future support for other MapperProperty,
+                        # then test if this name is already handled and
+                        # otherwise proceed to generate.
+                        if not fixed_table:
+                            assert (
+                                name in collected_attributes
+                                or attribute_is_overridden(name, None)
+                            )
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # here, the attribute is some other kind of
+                        # property that we assume is not part of the
+                        # declarative mapping.  however, check for some
+                        # more common mistakes
+                        self._warn_for_decl_attributes(base, name, obj)
+                elif is_dataclass_field and (
+                    name not in clsdict_view or clsdict_view[name] is not obj
+                ):
+                    # here, we are definitely looking at the target class
+                    # and not a superclass.   this is currently a
+                    # dataclass-only path.  if the name is only
+                    # a dataclass field and isn't in local cls.__dict__,
+                    # put the object there.
+                    # assert that the dataclass-enabled resolver agrees
+                    # with what we are seeing
+
+                    assert not attribute_is_overridden(name, obj)
+
+                    if _is_declarative_props(obj):
+                        obj = obj.fget()
+
+                    collected_attributes[name] = obj
+                    self._collect_annotation(
+                        name, annotation, base, False, obj
+                    )
+                else:
+                    collected_annotation = self._collect_annotation(
+                        name, annotation, base, None, obj
+                    )
+                    is_mapped = (
+                        collected_annotation is not None
+                        and collected_annotation.mapped_container is not None
+                    )
+                    generated_obj = (
+                        collected_annotation.attr_value
+                        if collected_annotation is not None
+                        else obj
+                    )
+                    if obj is None and not fixed_table and is_mapped:
+                        collected_attributes[name] = (
+                            generated_obj
+                            if generated_obj is not None
+                            else MappedColumn()
+                        )
+                    elif name in clsdict_view:
+                        collected_attributes[name] = obj
+                    # else if the name is not in the cls.__dict__,
+                    # don't collect it as an attribute.
+                    # we will see the annotation only, which is meaningful
+                    # both for mapping and dataclasses setup
+
+        if inherited_table_args and not tablename:
+            table_args = None
+
+        self.table_args = table_args
+        self.tablename = tablename
+        self.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args_fn
+
+    def _setup_dataclasses_transforms(self) -> None:
+        dataclass_setup_arguments = self.dataclass_setup_arguments
+        if not dataclass_setup_arguments:
+            return
+
+        # can't use is_dataclass since it uses hasattr
+        if "__dataclass_fields__" in self.cls.__dict__:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Class {self.cls} is already a dataclass; ensure that "
+                "base classes / decorator styles of establishing dataclasses "
+                "are not being mixed. "
+                "This can happen if a class that inherits from "
+                "'MappedAsDataclass', even indirectly, is been mapped with "
+                "'@registry.mapped_as_dataclass'"
+            )
+
+        warn_for_non_dc_attrs = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        def _allow_dataclass_field(
+            key: str, originating_class: Type[Any]
+        ) -> bool:
+            if (
+                originating_class is not self.cls
+                and "__dataclass_fields__" not in originating_class.__dict__
+            ):
+                warn_for_non_dc_attrs[originating_class].append(key)
+
+            return True
+
+        manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(self.cls)
+        assert manager is not None
+
+        field_list = [
+            _AttributeOptions._get_arguments_for_make_dataclass(
+                key,
+                anno,
+                mapped_container,
+                self.collected_attributes.get(key, _NoArg.NO_ARG),
+            )
+            for key, anno, mapped_container in (
+                (
+                    key,
+                    mapped_anno if mapped_anno else raw_anno,
+                    mapped_container,
+                )
+                for key, (
+                    raw_anno,
+                    mapped_container,
+                    mapped_anno,
+                    is_dc,
+                    attr_value,
+                    originating_module,
+                    originating_class,
+                ) in self.collected_annotations.items()
+                if _allow_dataclass_field(key, originating_class)
+                and (
+                    key not in self.collected_attributes
+                    # issue #9226; check for attributes that we've collected
+                    # which are already instrumented, which we would assume
+                    # mean we are in an ORM inheritance mapping and this
+                    # attribute is already mapped on the superclass.   Under
+                    # no circumstance should any QueryableAttribute be sent to
+                    # the dataclass() function; anything that's mapped should
+                    # be Field and that's it
+                    or not isinstance(
+                        self.collected_attributes[key], QueryableAttribute
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        ]
+
+        if warn_for_non_dc_attrs:
+            for (
+                originating_class,
+                non_dc_attrs,
+            ) in warn_for_non_dc_attrs.items():
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    f"When transforming {self.cls} to a dataclass, "
+                    f"attribute(s) "
+                    f"{', '.join(repr(key) for key in non_dc_attrs)} "
+                    f"originates from superclass "
+                    f"{originating_class}, which is not a dataclass.  This "
+                    f"usage is deprecated and will raise an error in "
+                    f"SQLAlchemy 2.1.  When declaring SQLAlchemy Declarative "
+                    f"Dataclasses, ensure that all mixin classes and other "
+                    f"superclasses which include attributes are also a "
+                    f"subclass of MappedAsDataclass.",
+                    "2.0",
+                    code="dcmx",
+                )
+
+        annotations = {}
+        defaults = {}
+        for item in field_list:
+            if len(item) == 2:
+                name, tp = item
+            elif len(item) == 3:
+                name, tp, spec = item
+                defaults[name] = spec
+            else:
+                assert False
+            annotations[name] = tp
+
+        for k, v in defaults.items():
+            setattr(self.cls, k, v)
+
+        self._apply_dataclasses_to_any_class(
+            dataclass_setup_arguments, self.cls, annotations
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _update_annotations_for_non_mapped_class(
+        cls, klass: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Mapping[str, _AnnotationScanType]:
+        cls_annotations = util.get_annotations(klass)
+
+        new_anno = {}
+        for name, annotation in cls_annotations.items():
+            if _is_mapped_annotation(annotation, klass, klass):
+                extracted = _extract_mapped_subtype(
+                    annotation,
+                    klass,
+                    klass.__module__,
+                    name,
+                    type(None),
+                    required=False,
+                    is_dataclass_field=False,
+                    expect_mapped=False,
+                )
+                if extracted:
+                    inner, _ = extracted
+                    new_anno[name] = inner
+            else:
+                new_anno[name] = annotation
+        return new_anno
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _apply_dataclasses_to_any_class(
+        cls,
+        dataclass_setup_arguments: _DataclassArguments,
+        klass: Type[_O],
+        use_annotations: Mapping[str, _AnnotationScanType],
+    ) -> None:
+        cls._assert_dc_arguments(dataclass_setup_arguments)
+
+        dataclass_callable = dataclass_setup_arguments["dataclass_callable"]
+        if dataclass_callable is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            dataclass_callable = dataclasses.dataclass
+
+        restored: Optional[Any]
+
+        if use_annotations:
+            # apply constructed annotations that should look "normal" to a
+            # dataclasses callable, based on the fields present.  This
+            # means remove the Mapped[] container and ensure all Field
+            # entries have an annotation
+            restored = getattr(klass, "__annotations__", None)
+            klass.__annotations__ = cast("Dict[str, Any]", use_annotations)
+        else:
+            restored = None
+
+        try:
+            dataclass_callable(
+                klass,
+                **{
+                    k: v
+                    for k, v in dataclass_setup_arguments.items()
+                    if v is not _NoArg.NO_ARG and k != "dataclass_callable"
+                },
+            )
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as ex:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Python dataclasses error encountered when creating "
+                f"dataclass for {klass.__name__!r}: "
+                f"{ex!r}. Please refer to Python dataclasses "
+                "documentation for additional information.",
+                code="dcte",
+            ) from ex
+        finally:
+            # restore original annotations outside of the dataclasses
+            # process; for mixins and __abstract__ superclasses, SQLAlchemy
+            # Declarative will need to see the Mapped[] container inside the
+            # annotations in order to map subclasses
+            if use_annotations:
+                if restored is None:
+                    del klass.__annotations__
+                else:
+                    klass.__annotations__ = restored
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_dc_arguments(cls, arguments: _DataclassArguments) -> None:
+        allowed = {
+            "init",
+            "repr",
+            "order",
+            "eq",
+            "unsafe_hash",
+            "kw_only",
+            "match_args",
+            "dataclass_callable",
+        }
+        disallowed_args = set(arguments).difference(allowed)
+        if disallowed_args:
+            msg = ", ".join(f"{arg!r}" for arg in sorted(disallowed_args))
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Dataclass argument(s) {msg} are not accepted"
+            )
+
+    def _collect_annotation(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        raw_annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+        originating_class: Type[Any],
+        expect_mapped: Optional[bool],
+        attr_value: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_CollectedAnnotation]:
+        if name in self.collected_annotations:
+            return self.collected_annotations[name]
+
+        if raw_annotation is None:
+            return None
+
+        is_dataclass = self.is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping
+        allow_unmapped = self.allow_unmapped_annotations
+
+        if expect_mapped is None:
+            is_dataclass_field = isinstance(attr_value, dataclasses.Field)
+            expect_mapped = (
+                not is_dataclass_field
+                and not allow_unmapped
+                and (
+                    attr_value is None
+                    or isinstance(attr_value, _MappedAttribute)
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            is_dataclass_field = False
+
+        is_dataclass_field = False
+        extracted = _extract_mapped_subtype(
+            raw_annotation,
+            self.cls,
+            originating_class.__module__,
+            name,
+            type(attr_value),
+            required=False,
+            is_dataclass_field=is_dataclass_field,
+            expect_mapped=expect_mapped
+            and not is_dataclass,  # self.allow_dataclass_fields,
+        )
+
+        if extracted is None:
+            # ClassVar can come out here
+            return None
+
+        extracted_mapped_annotation, mapped_container = extracted
+
+        if attr_value is None and not is_literal(extracted_mapped_annotation):
+            for elem in typing_get_args(extracted_mapped_annotation):
+                if isinstance(elem, str) or is_fwd_ref(
+                    elem, check_generic=True
+                ):
+                    elem = de_stringify_annotation(
+                        self.cls,
+                        elem,
+                        originating_class.__module__,
+                        include_generic=True,
+                    )
+                # look in Annotated[...] for an ORM construct,
+                # such as Annotated[int, mapped_column(primary_key=True)]
+                if isinstance(elem, _IntrospectsAnnotations):
+                    attr_value = elem.found_in_pep593_annotated()
+
+        self.collected_annotations[name] = ca = _CollectedAnnotation(
+            raw_annotation,
+            mapped_container,
+            extracted_mapped_annotation,
+            is_dataclass,
+            attr_value,
+            originating_class.__module__,
+            originating_class,
+        )
+        return ca
+
+    def _warn_for_decl_attributes(
+        self, cls: Type[Any], key: str, c: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(c, expression.ColumnElement):
+            util.warn(
+                f"Attribute '{key}' on class {cls} appears to "
+                "be a non-schema SQLAlchemy expression "
+                "object; this won't be part of the declarative mapping. "
+                "To map arbitrary expressions, use ``column_property()`` "
+                "or a similar function such as ``deferred()``, "
+                "``query_expression()`` etc. "
+            )
+
+    def _produce_column_copies(
+        self,
+        attributes_for_class: Callable[
+            [], Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]
+        ],
+        attribute_is_overridden: Callable[[str, Any], bool],
+        fixed_table: bool,
+        originating_class: Type[Any],
+    ) -> Dict[str, Union[Column[Any], MappedColumn[Any]]]:
+        cls = self.cls
+        dict_ = self.clsdict_view
+        locally_collected_attributes = {}
+        column_copies = self.column_copies
+        # copy mixin columns to the mapped class
+
+        for name, obj, annotation, is_dataclass in attributes_for_class():
+            if (
+                not fixed_table
+                and obj is None
+                and _is_mapped_annotation(annotation, cls, originating_class)
+            ):
+                # obj is None means this is the annotation only path
+
+                if attribute_is_overridden(name, obj):
+                    # perform same "overridden" check as we do for
+                    # Column/MappedColumn, this is how a mixin col is not
+                    # applied to an inherited subclass that does not have
+                    # the mixin.   the anno-only path added here for
+                    # #9564
+                    continue
+
+                collected_annotation = self._collect_annotation(
+                    name, annotation, originating_class, True, obj
+                )
+                obj = (
+                    collected_annotation.attr_value
+                    if collected_annotation is not None
+                    else obj
+                )
+                if obj is None:
+                    obj = MappedColumn()
+
+                locally_collected_attributes[name] = obj
+                setattr(cls, name, obj)
+
+            elif isinstance(obj, (Column, MappedColumn)):
+                if attribute_is_overridden(name, obj):
+                    # if column has been overridden
+                    # (like by the InstrumentedAttribute of the
+                    # superclass), skip.  don't collect the annotation
+                    # either (issue #8718)
+                    continue
+
+                collected_annotation = self._collect_annotation(
+                    name, annotation, originating_class, True, obj
+                )
+                obj = (
+                    collected_annotation.attr_value
+                    if collected_annotation is not None
+                    else obj
+                )
+
+                if name not in dict_ and not (
+                    "__table__" in dict_
+                    and (getattr(obj, "name", None) or name)
+                    in dict_["__table__"].c
+                ):
+                    if obj.foreign_keys:
+                        for fk in obj.foreign_keys:
+                            if (
+                                fk._table_column is not None
+                                and fk._table_column.table is None
+                            ):
+                                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                    "Columns with foreign keys to "
+                                    "non-table-bound "
+                                    "columns must be declared as "
+                                    "@declared_attr callables "
+                                    "on declarative mixin classes.  "
+                                    "For dataclass "
+                                    "field() objects, use a lambda:."
+                                )
+
+                    column_copies[obj] = copy_ = obj._copy()
+
+                    locally_collected_attributes[name] = copy_
+                    setattr(cls, name, copy_)
+
+        return locally_collected_attributes
+
+    def _extract_mappable_attributes(self) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+        collected_attributes = self.collected_attributes
+
+        our_stuff = self.properties
+
+        _include_dunders = self._include_dunders
+
+        late_mapped = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls, "_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade", strict=True
+        )
+
+        allow_unmapped_annotations = self.allow_unmapped_annotations
+        expect_annotations_wo_mapped = (
+            allow_unmapped_annotations or self.is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping
+        )
+
+        look_for_dataclass_things = bool(self.dataclass_setup_arguments)
+
+        for k in list(collected_attributes):
+            if k in _include_dunders:
+                continue
+
+            value = collected_attributes[k]
+
+            if _is_declarative_props(value):
+                # @declared_attr in collected_attributes only occurs here for a
+                # @declared_attr that's directly on the mapped class;
+                # for a mixin, these have already been evaluated
+                if value._cascading:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Use of @declared_attr.cascading only applies to "
+                        "Declarative 'mixin' and 'abstract' classes.  "
+                        "Currently, this flag is ignored on mapped class "
+                        "%s" % self.cls
+                    )
+
+                value = getattr(cls, k)
+
+            elif (
+                isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute)
+                and value.class_ is not cls
+                and value.key != k
+            ):
+                # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+                # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+                value = SynonymProperty(value.key)
+                setattr(cls, k, value)
+
+            if (
+                isinstance(value, tuple)
+                and len(value) == 1
+                and isinstance(value[0], (Column, _MappedAttribute))
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Ignoring declarative-like tuple value of attribute "
+                    "'%s': possibly a copy-and-paste error with a comma "
+                    "accidentally placed at the end of the line?" % k
+                )
+                continue
+            elif look_for_dataclass_things and isinstance(
+                value, dataclasses.Field
+            ):
+                # we collected a dataclass Field; dataclasses would have
+                # set up the correct state on the class
+                continue
+            elif not isinstance(value, (Column, _DCAttributeOptions)):
+                # using @declared_attr for some object that
+                # isn't Column/MapperProperty/_DCAttributeOptions; remove
+                # from the clsdict_view
+                # and place the evaluated value onto the class.
+                collected_attributes.pop(k)
+                self._warn_for_decl_attributes(cls, k, value)
+                if not late_mapped:
+                    setattr(cls, k, value)
+                continue
+            # we expect to see the name 'metadata' in some valid cases;
+            # however at this point we see it's assigned to something trying
+            # to be mapped, so raise for that.
+            # TODO: should "registry" here be also?   might be too late
+            # to change that now (2.0 betas)
+            elif k in ("metadata",):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Attribute name '{k}' is reserved when using the "
+                    "Declarative API."
+                )
+            elif isinstance(value, Column):
+                _undefer_column_name(
+                    k, self.column_copies.get(value, value)  # type: ignore
+                )
+            else:
+                if isinstance(value, _IntrospectsAnnotations):
+                    (
+                        annotation,
+                        mapped_container,
+                        extracted_mapped_annotation,
+                        is_dataclass,
+                        attr_value,
+                        originating_module,
+                        originating_class,
+                    ) = self.collected_annotations.get(
+                        k, (None, None, None, False, None, None, None)
+                    )
+
+                    # issue #8692 - don't do any annotation interpretation if
+                    # an annotation were present and a container such as
+                    # Mapped[] etc. were not used.  If annotation is None,
+                    # do declarative_scan so that the property can raise
+                    # for required
+                    if (
+                        mapped_container is not None
+                        or annotation is None
+                        # issue #10516: need to do declarative_scan even with
+                        # a non-Mapped annotation if we are doing
+                        # __allow_unmapped__, for things like col.name
+                        # assignment
+                        or allow_unmapped_annotations
+                    ):
+                        try:
+                            value.declarative_scan(
+                                self,
+                                self.registry,
+                                cls,
+                                originating_module,
+                                k,
+                                mapped_container,
+                                annotation,
+                                extracted_mapped_annotation,
+                                is_dataclass,
+                            )
+                        except NameError as ne:
+                            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                                f"Could not resolve all types within mapped "
+                                f'annotation: "{annotation}".  Ensure all '
+                                f"types are written correctly and are "
+                                f"imported within the module in use."
+                            ) from ne
+                    else:
+                        # assert that we were expecting annotations
+                        # without Mapped[] were going to be passed.
+                        # otherwise an error should have been raised
+                        # by util._extract_mapped_subtype before we got here.
+                        assert expect_annotations_wo_mapped
+
+                if isinstance(value, _DCAttributeOptions):
+                    if (
+                        value._has_dataclass_arguments
+                        and not look_for_dataclass_things
+                    ):
+                        if isinstance(value, MapperProperty):
+                            argnames = [
+                                "init",
+                                "default_factory",
+                                "repr",
+                                "default",
+                            ]
+                        else:
+                            argnames = ["init", "default_factory", "repr"]
+
+                        args = {
+                            a
+                            for a in argnames
+                            if getattr(
+                                value._attribute_options, f"dataclasses_{a}"
+                            )
+                            is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                        }
+
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Attribute '{k}' on class {cls} includes "
+                            f"dataclasses argument(s): "
+                            f"{', '.join(sorted(repr(a) for a in args))} but "
+                            f"class does not specify "
+                            "SQLAlchemy native dataclass configuration."
+                        )
+
+                    if not isinstance(value, (MapperProperty, _MapsColumns)):
+                        # filter for _DCAttributeOptions objects that aren't
+                        # MapperProperty / mapped_column().  Currently this
+                        # includes AssociationProxy.   pop it from the things
+                        # we're going to map and set it up as a descriptor
+                        # on the class.
+                        collected_attributes.pop(k)
+
+                        # Assoc Prox (or other descriptor object that may
+                        # use _DCAttributeOptions) is usually here, except if
+                        # 1. we're a
+                        # dataclass, dataclasses would have removed the
+                        # attr here or 2. assoc proxy is coming from a
+                        # superclass, we want it to be direct here so it
+                        # tracks state or 3. assoc prox comes from
+                        # declared_attr, uncommon case
+                        setattr(cls, k, value)
+                        continue
+
+            our_stuff[k] = value
+
+    def _extract_declared_columns(self) -> None:
+        our_stuff = self.properties
+
+        # extract columns from the class dict
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+        column_ordering = self.column_ordering
+        name_to_prop_key = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        for key, c in list(our_stuff.items()):
+            if isinstance(c, _MapsColumns):
+                mp_to_assign = c.mapper_property_to_assign
+                if mp_to_assign:
+                    our_stuff[key] = mp_to_assign
+                else:
+                    # if no mapper property to assign, this currently means
+                    # this is a MappedColumn that will produce a Column for us
+                    del our_stuff[key]
+
+                for col, sort_order in c.columns_to_assign:
+                    if not isinstance(c, CompositeProperty):
+                        name_to_prop_key[col.name].add(key)
+                    declared_columns.add(col)
+
+                    # we would assert this, however we want the below
+                    # warning to take effect instead.  See #9630
+                    # assert col not in column_ordering
+
+                    column_ordering[col] = sort_order
+
+                    # if this is a MappedColumn and the attribute key we
+                    # have is not what the column has for its key, map the
+                    # Column explicitly under the attribute key name.
+                    # otherwise, Mapper will map it under the column key.
+                    if mp_to_assign is None and key != col.key:
+                        our_stuff[key] = col
+            elif isinstance(c, Column):
+                # undefer previously occurred here, and now occurs earlier.
+                # ensure every column we get here has been named
+                assert c.name is not None
+                name_to_prop_key[c.name].add(key)
+                declared_columns.add(c)
+                # if the column is the same name as the key,
+                # remove it from the explicit properties dict.
+                # the normal rules for assigning column-based properties
+                # will take over, including precedence of columns
+                # in multi-column ColumnProperties.
+                if key == c.key:
+                    del our_stuff[key]
+
+        for name, keys in name_to_prop_key.items():
+            if len(keys) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "On class %r, Column object %r named "
+                    "directly multiple times, "
+                    "only one will be used: %s. "
+                    "Consider using orm.synonym instead"
+                    % (self.classname, name, (", ".join(sorted(keys))))
+                )
+
+    def _setup_table(self, table: Optional[FromClause] = None) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+        cls_as_Decl = cast("MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls)
+
+        tablename = self.tablename
+        table_args = self.table_args
+        clsdict_view = self.clsdict_view
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+        column_ordering = self.column_ordering
+
+        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(cls)
+
+        if "__table__" not in clsdict_view and table is None:
+            if hasattr(cls, "__table_cls__"):
+                table_cls = cast(
+                    Type[Table],
+                    util.unbound_method_to_callable(cls.__table_cls__),  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                )
+            else:
+                table_cls = Table
+
+            if tablename is not None:
+                args: Tuple[Any, ...] = ()
+                table_kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+                if table_args:
+                    if isinstance(table_args, dict):
+                        table_kw = table_args
+                    elif isinstance(table_args, tuple):
+                        if isinstance(table_args[-1], dict):
+                            args, table_kw = table_args[0:-1], table_args[-1]
+                        else:
+                            args = table_args
+
+                autoload_with = clsdict_view.get("__autoload_with__")
+                if autoload_with:
+                    table_kw["autoload_with"] = autoload_with
+
+                autoload = clsdict_view.get("__autoload__")
+                if autoload:
+                    table_kw["autoload"] = True
+
+                sorted_columns = sorted(
+                    declared_columns,
+                    key=lambda c: column_ordering.get(c, 0),
+                )
+                table = self.set_cls_attribute(
+                    "__table__",
+                    table_cls(
+                        tablename,
+                        self._metadata_for_cls(manager),
+                        *sorted_columns,
+                        *args,
+                        **table_kw,
+                    ),
+                )
+        else:
+            if table is None:
+                table = cls_as_Decl.__table__
+            if declared_columns:
+                for c in declared_columns:
+                    if not table.c.contains_column(c):
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Can't add additional column %r when "
+                            "specifying __table__" % c.key
+                        )
+
+        self.local_table = table
+
+    def _metadata_for_cls(self, manager: ClassManager[Any]) -> MetaData:
+        meta: Optional[MetaData] = getattr(self.cls, "metadata", None)
+        if meta is not None:
+            return meta
+        else:
+            return manager.registry.metadata
+
+    def _setup_inheriting_mapper(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        inherits = mapper_kw.get("inherits", None)
+
+        if inherits is None:
+            # since we search for classical mappings now, search for
+            # multiple mapped bases as well and raise an error.
+            inherits_search = []
+            for base_ in cls.__bases__:
+                c = _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(base_)
+                if c is None:
+                    continue
+
+                if _is_supercls_for_inherits(c) and c not in inherits_search:
+                    inherits_search.append(c)
+
+            if inherits_search:
+                if len(inherits_search) > 1:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Class %s has multiple mapped bases: %r"
+                        % (cls, inherits_search)
+                    )
+                inherits = inherits_search[0]
+        elif isinstance(inherits, Mapper):
+            inherits = inherits.class_
+
+        self.inherits = inherits
+
+        clsdict_view = self.clsdict_view
+        if "__table__" not in clsdict_view and self.tablename is None:
+            self.single = True
+
+    def _setup_inheriting_columns(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        table = self.local_table
+        cls = self.cls
+        table_args = self.table_args
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+
+        if (
+            table is None
+            and self.inherits is None
+            and not _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls, "__no_table__")
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Class %r does not have a __table__ or __tablename__ "
+                "specified and does not inherit from an existing "
+                "table-mapped class." % cls
+            )
+        elif self.inherits:
+            inherited_mapper_or_config = _declared_mapping_info(self.inherits)
+            assert inherited_mapper_or_config is not None
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper_or_config.local_table
+            inherited_persist_selectable = (
+                inherited_mapper_or_config.persist_selectable
+            )
+
+            if table is None:
+                # single table inheritance.
+                # ensure no table args
+                if table_args:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't place __table_args__ on an inherited class "
+                        "with no table."
+                    )
+
+                # add any columns declared here to the inherited table.
+                if declared_columns and not isinstance(inherited_table, Table):
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Can't declare columns on single-table-inherited "
+                        f"subclass {self.cls}; superclass {self.inherits} "
+                        "is not mapped to a Table"
+                    )
+
+                for col in declared_columns:
+                    assert inherited_table is not None
+                    if col.name in inherited_table.c:
+                        if inherited_table.c[col.name] is col:
+                            continue
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Column '{col}' on class {cls.__name__} "
+                            f"conflicts with existing column "
+                            f"'{inherited_table.c[col.name]}'.  If using "
+                            f"Declarative, consider using the "
+                            "use_existing_column parameter of mapped_column() "
+                            "to resolve conflicts."
+                        )
+                    if col.primary_key:
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Can't place primary key columns on an inherited "
+                            "class with no table."
+                        )
+
+                    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                        assert isinstance(inherited_table, Table)
+
+                    inherited_table.append_column(col)
+                    if (
+                        inherited_persist_selectable is not None
+                        and inherited_persist_selectable is not inherited_table
+                    ):
+                        inherited_persist_selectable._refresh_for_new_column(
+                            col
+                        )
+
+    def _prepare_mapper_arguments(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        properties = self.properties
+
+        if self.mapper_args_fn:
+            mapper_args = self.mapper_args_fn()
+        else:
+            mapper_args = {}
+
+        if mapper_kw:
+            mapper_args.update(mapper_kw)
+
+        if "properties" in mapper_args:
+            properties = dict(properties)
+            properties.update(mapper_args["properties"])
+
+        # make sure that column copies are used rather
+        # than the original columns from any mixins
+        for k in ("version_id_col", "polymorphic_on"):
+            if k in mapper_args:
+                v = mapper_args[k]
+                mapper_args[k] = self.column_copies.get(v, v)
+
+        if "primary_key" in mapper_args:
+            mapper_args["primary_key"] = [
+                self.column_copies.get(v, v)
+                for v in util.to_list(mapper_args["primary_key"])
+            ]
+
+        if "inherits" in mapper_args:
+            inherits_arg = mapper_args["inherits"]
+            if isinstance(inherits_arg, Mapper):
+                inherits_arg = inherits_arg.class_
+
+            if inherits_arg is not self.inherits:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "mapper inherits argument given for non-inheriting "
+                    "class %s" % (mapper_args["inherits"])
+                )
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            mapper_args["inherits"] = self.inherits
+
+        if self.inherits and not mapper_args.get("concrete", False):
+            # note the superclass is expected to have a Mapper assigned and
+            # not be a deferred config, as this is called within map()
+            inherited_mapper = class_mapper(self.inherits, False)
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper.local_table
+
+            # single or joined inheritance
+            # exclude any cols on the inherited table which are
+            # not mapped on the parent class, to avoid
+            # mapping columns specific to sibling/nephew classes
+            if "exclude_properties" not in mapper_args:
+                mapper_args["exclude_properties"] = exclude_properties = {
+                    c.key
+                    for c in inherited_table.c
+                    if c not in inherited_mapper._columntoproperty
+                }.union(inherited_mapper.exclude_properties or ())
+                exclude_properties.difference_update(
+                    [c.key for c in self.declared_columns]
+                )
+
+            # look through columns in the current mapper that
+            # are keyed to a propname different than the colname
+            # (if names were the same, we'd have popped it out above,
+            # in which case the mapper makes this combination).
+            # See if the superclass has a similar column property.
+            # If so, join them together.
+            for k, col in list(properties.items()):
+                if not isinstance(col, expression.ColumnElement):
+                    continue
+                if k in inherited_mapper._props:
+                    p = inherited_mapper._props[k]
+                    if isinstance(p, ColumnProperty):
+                        # note here we place the subclass column
+                        # first.  See [ticket:1892] for background.
+                        properties[k] = [col] + p.columns
+        result_mapper_args = mapper_args.copy()
+        result_mapper_args["properties"] = properties
+        self.mapper_args = result_mapper_args
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = util.EMPTY_DICT) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        self._prepare_mapper_arguments(mapper_kw)
+        if hasattr(self.cls, "__mapper_cls__"):
+            mapper_cls = cast(
+                "Type[Mapper[Any]]",
+                util.unbound_method_to_callable(
+                    self.cls.__mapper_cls__  # type: ignore
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            mapper_cls = Mapper
+
+        return self.set_cls_attribute(
+            "__mapper__",
+            mapper_cls(self.cls, self.local_table, **self.mapper_args),
+        )
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _as_dc_declaredattr(
+    field_metadata: Mapping[str, Any], sa_dataclass_metadata_key: str
+) -> Any:
+    # wrap lambdas inside dataclass fields inside an ad-hoc declared_attr.
+    # we can't write it because field.metadata is immutable :( so we have
+    # to go through extra trouble to compare these
+    decl_api = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api
+    obj = field_metadata[sa_dataclass_metadata_key]
+    if callable(obj) and not isinstance(obj, decl_api.declared_attr):
+        return decl_api.declared_attr(obj)
+    else:
+        return obj
+
+
+class _DeferredMapperConfig(_ClassScanMapperConfig):
+    _cls: weakref.ref[Type[Any]]
+
+    is_deferred = True
+
+    _configs: util.OrderedDict[
+        weakref.ref[Type[Any]], _DeferredMapperConfig
+    ] = util.OrderedDict()
+
+    def _early_mapping(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    # mypy disallows plain property override of variable
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    def cls(self) -> Type[Any]:
+        return self._cls()  # type: ignore
+
+    @cls.setter
+    def cls(self, class_: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        self._cls = weakref.ref(class_, self._remove_config_cls)
+        self._configs[self._cls] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove_config_cls(cls, ref: weakref.ref[Type[Any]]) -> None:
+        cls._configs.pop(ref, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_cls(cls, class_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+        # 2.6 fails on weakref if class_ is an old style class
+        return isinstance(class_, type) and weakref.ref(class_) in cls._configs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_unmapped_for_cls(cls, class_: Type[Any]) -> NoReturn:
+        if hasattr(class_, "_sa_raise_deferred_config"):
+            class_._sa_raise_deferred_config()
+
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            class_,
+            msg=(
+                f"Class {orm_exc._safe_cls_name(class_)} has a deferred "
+                "mapping on it.  It is not yet usable as a mapped class."
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def config_for_cls(cls, class_: Type[Any]) -> _DeferredMapperConfig:
+        return cls._configs[weakref.ref(class_)]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def classes_for_base(
+        cls, base_cls: Type[Any], sort: bool = True
+    ) -> List[_DeferredMapperConfig]:
+        classes_for_base = [
+            m
+            for m, cls_ in [(m, m.cls) for m in cls._configs.values()]
+            if cls_ is not None and issubclass(cls_, base_cls)
+        ]
+
+        if not sort:
+            return classes_for_base
+
+        all_m_by_cls = {m.cls: m for m in classes_for_base}
+
+        tuples: List[Tuple[_DeferredMapperConfig, _DeferredMapperConfig]] = []
+        for m_cls in all_m_by_cls:
+            tuples.extend(
+                (all_m_by_cls[base_cls], all_m_by_cls[m_cls])
+                for base_cls in m_cls.__bases__
+                if base_cls in all_m_by_cls
+            )
+        return list(topological.sort(tuples, classes_for_base))
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = util.EMPTY_DICT) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        self._configs.pop(self._cls, None)
+        return super().map(mapper_kw)
+
+
+def _add_attribute(
+    cls: Type[Any], key: str, value: MapperProperty[Any]
+) -> None:
+    """add an attribute to an existing declarative class.
+
+    This runs through the logic to determine MapperProperty,
+    adds it to the Mapper, adds a column to the mapped Table, etc.
+
+    """
+
+    if "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__:
+        mapped_cls = cast("MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls)
+
+        def _table_or_raise(mc: MappedClassProtocol[Any]) -> Table:
+            if isinstance(mc.__table__, Table):
+                return mc.__table__
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Cannot add a new attribute to mapped class {mc.__name__!r} "
+                "because it's not mapped against a table."
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(value, Column):
+            _undefer_column_name(key, value)
+            _table_or_raise(mapped_cls).append_column(
+                value, replace_existing=True
+            )
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, _MapsColumns):
+            mp = value.mapper_property_to_assign
+            for col, _ in value.columns_to_assign:
+                _undefer_column_name(key, col)
+                _table_or_raise(mapped_cls).append_column(
+                    col, replace_existing=True
+                )
+                if not mp:
+                    mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, col)
+            if mp:
+                mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, mp)
+        elif isinstance(value, MapperProperty):
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute) and value.key != key:
+            # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+            # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+            value = SynonymProperty(value.key)
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        else:
+            type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__._expire_memoizations()
+    else:
+        type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+
+
+def _del_attribute(cls: Type[Any], key: str) -> None:
+    if (
+        "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__
+        and key in cls.__dict__
+        and not cast(
+            "MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls
+        ).__mapper__._dispose_called
+    ):
+        value = cls.__dict__[key]
+        if isinstance(
+            value, (Column, _MapsColumns, MapperProperty, QueryableAttribute)
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't un-map individual mapped attributes on a mapped class."
+            )
+        else:
+            type.__delattr__(cls, key)
+            cast(
+                "MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls
+            ).__mapper__._expire_memoizations()
+    else:
+        type.__delattr__(cls, key)
+
+
+def _declarative_constructor(self: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+    """A simple constructor that allows initialization from kwargs.
+
+    Sets attributes on the constructed instance using the names and
+    values in ``kwargs``.
+
+    Only keys that are present as
+    attributes of the instance's class are allowed. These could be,
+    for example, any mapped columns or relationships.
+    """
+    cls_ = type(self)
+    for k in kwargs:
+        if not hasattr(cls_, k):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%r is an invalid keyword argument for %s" % (k, cls_.__name__)
+            )
+        setattr(self, k, kwargs[k])
+
+
+_declarative_constructor.__name__ = "__init__"
+
+
+def _undefer_column_name(key: str, column: Column[Any]) -> None:
+    if column.key is None:
+        column.key = key
+    if column.name is None:
+        column.name = key
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab75ddf5a7227b4b6344c04dc7b204a2132e8c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1304 @@
+# orm/dependency.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Relationship dependencies.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc
+from . import sync
+from . import unitofwork
+from . import util as mapperutil
+from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY
+from .interfaces import MANYTOONE
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+
+
+class DependencyProcessor:
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.cascade = prop.cascade
+        self.mapper = prop.mapper
+        self.parent = prop.parent
+        self.secondary = prop.secondary
+        self.direction = prop.direction
+        self.post_update = prop.post_update
+        self.passive_deletes = prop.passive_deletes
+        self.passive_updates = prop.passive_updates
+        self.enable_typechecks = prop.enable_typechecks
+        if self.passive_deletes:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+        if self.passive_updates:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        self.sort_key = "%s_%s" % (self.parent._sort_key, prop.key)
+        self.key = prop.key
+        if not self.prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't build a DependencyProcessor for relationship %s. "
+                "No target attributes to populate between parent and "
+                "child are present" % self.prop
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_relationship(cls, prop):
+        return _direction_to_processor[prop.direction](prop)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        """return True if the given object instance has a parent,
+        according to the ``InstrumentedAttribute`` handled by this
+        ``DependencyProcessor``.
+
+        """
+        return self.parent.class_manager.get_impl(self.key).hasparent(state)
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states in
+        the aggregate.
+
+        """
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, True)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+        before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        self.per_property_dependencies(
+            uow,
+            parent_saves,
+            child_saves,
+            parent_deletes,
+            child_deletes,
+            after_save,
+            before_delete,
+        )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states
+        individually.    This occurs only if there are cycles
+        in the 'aggregated' version of events.
+
+        """
+
+        child_base_mapper = self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+
+        # locate and disable the aggregate processors
+        # for this dependency
+
+        if isdelete:
+            before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+            before_delete.disabled = True
+        else:
+            after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+            after_save.disabled = True
+
+        # check if the "child" side is part of the cycle
+
+        if child_saves not in uow.cycles:
+            # based on the current dependencies we use, the saves/
+            # deletes should always be in the 'cycles' collection
+            # together.   if this changes, we will have to break up
+            # this method a bit more.
+            assert child_deletes not in uow.cycles
+
+            # child side is not part of the cycle, so we will link per-state
+            # actions to the aggregate "saves", "deletes" actions
+            child_actions = [(child_saves, False), (child_deletes, True)]
+            child_in_cycles = False
+        else:
+            child_in_cycles = True
+
+        # check if the "parent" side is part of the cycle
+        if not isdelete:
+            parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.parent.base_mapper
+            )
+            parent_deletes = before_delete = None
+            if parent_saves in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+        else:
+            parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, self.parent.base_mapper)
+            parent_saves = after_save = None
+            if parent_deletes in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+
+        # now create actions /dependencies for each state.
+
+        for state in states:
+            # detect if there's anything changed or loaded
+            # by a preprocessor on this state/attribute.   In the
+            # case of deletes we may try to load missing items here as well.
+            sum_ = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                (
+                    self._passive_delete_flag
+                    if isdelete
+                    else attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                ),
+            )
+
+            if not sum_:
+                continue
+
+            if isdelete:
+                before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow, self, True, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteState(uow, state)
+            else:
+                after_save = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow, self, False, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(uow, state)
+
+            if child_in_cycles:
+                child_actions = []
+                for child_state, child in sum_:
+                    if child_state not in uow.states:
+                        child_action = (None, None)
+                    else:
+                        (deleted, listonly) = uow.states[child_state]
+                        if deleted:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.DeleteState(uow, child_state),
+                                True,
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(uow, child_state),
+                                False,
+                            )
+                    child_actions.append(child_action)
+
+            # establish dependencies between our possibly per-state
+            # parent action and our possibly per-state child action.
+            for child_action, childisdelete in child_actions:
+                self.per_state_dependencies(
+                    uow,
+                    parent_saves,
+                    parent_deletes,
+                    child_action,
+                    after_save,
+                    before_delete,
+                    isdelete,
+                    childisdelete,
+                )
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uowcommit, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = (
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+            )
+        elif self.direction is MANYTOONE:
+            # here, we were hoping to optimize having to fetch many-to-one
+            # for history and ignore it, if there's no further cascades
+            # to take place.  however there are too many less common conditions
+            # that still take place and tests in test_relationships /
+            # test_cascade etc. will still fail.
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED
+        else:
+            passive = (
+                attributes.PASSIVE_OFF | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+            )
+
+        for s in states:
+            # TODO: add a high speed method
+            # to InstanceState which returns:  attribute
+            # has a non-None value, or had one
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(s, self.key, passive)
+            if history and not history.empty():
+                return True
+        else:
+            return (
+                states
+                and not self.prop._is_self_referential
+                and self.mapper in uowcommit.mappers
+            )
+
+    def _verify_canload(self, state):
+        if self.prop.uselist and state is None:
+            raise exc.FlushError(
+                "Can't flush None value found in "
+                "collection %s" % (self.prop,)
+            )
+        elif state is not None and not self.mapper._canload(
+            state, allow_subtypes=not self.enable_typechecks
+        ):
+            if self.mapper._canload(state, allow_subtypes=True):
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Attempting to flush an item of type "
+                    "%(x)s as a member of collection "
+                    '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                    "%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of "
+                    "this type. If %(x)s is a subclass of "
+                    '%(z)s, configure mapper "%(zm)s" to '
+                    "load this subtype polymorphically, or "
+                    "set enable_typechecks=False to allow "
+                    "any subtype to be accepted for flush. "
+                    % {
+                        "x": state.class_,
+                        "y": self.prop,
+                        "z": self.mapper.class_,
+                        "zm": self.mapper,
+                    }
+                )
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Attempting to flush an item of type "
+                    "%(x)s as a member of collection "
+                    '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                    "%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of "
+                    "this type."
+                    % {
+                        "x": state.class_,
+                        "y": self.prop,
+                        "z": self.mapper.class_,
+                    }
+                )
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_reversed_processed_set(self, uow):
+        if not self.prop._reverse_property:
+            return None
+
+        process_key = tuple(
+            sorted([self.key] + [p.key for p in self.prop._reverse_property])
+        )
+        return uow.memo(("reverse_key", process_key), set)
+
+    def _post_update(self, state, uowcommit, related, is_m2o_delete=False):
+        for x in related:
+            if not is_m2o_delete or x is not None:
+                uowcommit.register_post_update(
+                    state, [r for l, r in self.prop.synchronize_pairs]
+                )
+                break
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.prop)
+
+
+class OneToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def per_property_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        parent_saves,
+        child_saves,
+        parent_deletes,
+        child_deletes,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, False
+            )
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, True
+            )
+
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (child_saves, after_save),
+                    (parent_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                    (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                    (child_pre_updates, parent_deletes),
+                    (child_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (parent_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_saves),
+                    (after_save, child_deletes),
+                    (child_saves, parent_deletes),
+                    (child_deletes, parent_deletes),
+                    (before_delete, child_saves),
+                    (before_delete, child_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        save_parent,
+        delete_parent,
+        child_action,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+        isdelete,
+        childisdelete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, False
+            )
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, True
+            )
+
+            # TODO: this whole block is not covered
+            # by any tests
+            if not isdelete:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (child_action, after_save),
+                            (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                        ]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (save_parent, after_save),
+                            (child_action, after_save),
+                            (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                        ]
+                    )
+            else:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                            (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                        ]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                            (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                        ]
+                    )
+        elif not isdelete:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (save_parent, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_action),
+                    (save_parent, child_action),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [(before_delete, child_action), (child_action, delete_parent)]
+            )
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their
+        # foreign key to the parent set to NULL
+        should_null_fks = (
+            not self.cascade.delete and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if child is not None and self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child, isdelete=True)
+                        else:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child)
+
+                if should_null_fks:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child, operation="delete", prop=self.prop
+                            )
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        children_added = uowcommit.memo(("children_added", self), set)
+
+        should_null_fks = (
+            not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            pks_changed = self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state)
+
+            if not pks_changed or self.passive_updates:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+            else:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(state, self.key, passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if child is not None:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            cancel_delete=True,
+                            operation="add",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+
+                children_added.update(history.added)
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        if should_null_fks:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                isdelete=False,
+                                operation="delete",
+                                prop=self.prop,
+                            )
+                    elif self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                            "delete", child
+                        ):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+            if pks_changed:
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                False,
+                                self.passive_updates,
+                                operation="pk change",
+                                prop=self.prop,
+                            )
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their foreign
+        # key to the parent set to NULL this phase can be called
+        # safely for any cascade but is unnecessary if delete cascade
+        # is on.
+
+        if self.post_update or not self.passive_deletes == "all":
+            children_added = uowcommit.memo(("children_added", self), set)
+
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if (
+                            child is not None
+                            and self.hasparent(child) is False
+                        ):
+                            self._synchronize(
+                                state, child, None, True, uowcommit, False
+                            )
+                            if self.post_update and child:
+                                self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                    if self.post_update or not self.cascade.delete:
+                        for child in set(history.unchanged).difference(
+                            children_added
+                        ):
+                            if child is not None:
+                                self._synchronize(
+                                    state, child, None, True, uowcommit, False
+                                )
+                                if self.post_update and child:
+                                    self._post_update(
+                                        child, uowcommit, [state]
+                                    )
+
+                    # technically, we can even remove each child from the
+                    # collection here too.  but this would be a somewhat
+                    # inconsistent behavior since it wouldn't happen
+                    # if the old parent wasn't deleted but child was moved.
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        should_null_fks = (
+            not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    self._synchronize(
+                        state, child, None, False, uowcommit, False
+                    )
+                    if child is not None and self.post_update:
+                        self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if (
+                        should_null_fks
+                        and not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+                        and not self.hasparent(child)
+                    ):
+                        self._synchronize(
+                            state, child, None, True, uowcommit, False
+                        )
+
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        self._synchronize(
+                            state, child, None, False, uowcommit, True
+                        )
+
+    def _synchronize(
+        self, state, child, associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit, pks_changed
+    ):
+        source = state
+        dest = child
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+        if dest is None or (
+            not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(dest)
+        ):
+            return
+        if clearkeys:
+            sync.clear(dest, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            sync.populate(
+                source,
+                self.parent,
+                dest,
+                self.mapper,
+                self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                uowcommit,
+                self.passive_updates and pks_changed,
+            )
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+
+
+class ManyToOneDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        DependencyProcessor.__init__(self, prop)
+        for mapper in self.mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            mapper._dependency_processors.append(DetectKeySwitch(prop))
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        parent_saves,
+        child_saves,
+        parent_deletes,
+        child_deletes,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            parent_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, False
+            )
+            parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, True
+            )
+
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (child_saves, after_save),
+                    (parent_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                    (after_save, parent_pre_updates),
+                    (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, parent_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (child_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, parent_saves),
+                    (parent_saves, child_deletes),
+                    (parent_deletes, child_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        save_parent,
+        delete_parent,
+        child_action,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+        isdelete,
+        childisdelete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            if not isdelete:
+                parent_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                    uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, False
+                )
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                            (parent_post_updates, child_action),
+                        ]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (save_parent, after_save),
+                            (child_action, after_save),
+                            (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                        ]
+                    )
+            else:
+                parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                    uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, True
+                )
+
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [
+                        (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+                        (parent_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                        (parent_pre_updates, child_action),
+                    ]
+                )
+
+        elif not isdelete:
+            if not childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [(child_action, after_save), (after_save, save_parent)]
+                )
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update([(after_save, save_parent)])
+
+        else:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([(delete_parent, child_action)])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if self.cascade.delete or self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+                if history:
+                    if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        todelete = history.sum()
+                    else:
+                        todelete = history.non_deleted()
+                    for child in todelete:
+                        if child is None:
+                            continue
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+                        t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", child)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            uowcommit.register_object(state, operation="add", prop=self.prop)
+            if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                isdelete=True,
+                                operation="delete",
+                                prop=self.prop,
+                            )
+
+                            t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", child)
+                            for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                                uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if (
+            self.post_update
+            and not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        ):
+            # post_update means we have to update our
+            # row to not reference the child object
+            # before we can DELETE the row
+            for state in states:
+                self._synchronize(state, None, None, True, uowcommit)
+                if state and self.post_update:
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                    )
+                    if history:
+                        self._post_update(
+                            state, uowcommit, history.sum(), is_m2o_delete=True
+                        )
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            )
+            if history:
+                if history.added:
+                    for child in history.added:
+                        self._synchronize(
+                            state, child, None, False, uowcommit, "add"
+                        )
+                elif history.deleted:
+                    self._synchronize(
+                        state, None, None, True, uowcommit, "delete"
+                    )
+                if self.post_update:
+                    self._post_update(state, uowcommit, history.sum())
+
+    def _synchronize(
+        self,
+        state,
+        child,
+        associationrow,
+        clearkeys,
+        uowcommit,
+        operation=None,
+    ):
+        if state is None or (
+            not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(state)
+        ):
+            return
+
+        if (
+            operation is not None
+            and child is not None
+            and not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child)
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                "operation along '%s' won't proceed"
+                % (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop)
+            )
+            return
+
+        if clearkeys or child is None:
+            sync.clear(state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            self._verify_canload(child)
+            sync.populate(
+                child,
+                self.mapper,
+                state,
+                self.parent,
+                self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                uowcommit,
+                False,
+            )
+
+
+class DetectKeySwitch(DependencyProcessor):
+    """For many-to-one relationships with no one-to-many backref,
+    searches for parents through the unit of work when a primary
+    key has changed and updates them.
+
+    Theoretically, this approach could be expanded to support transparent
+    deletion of objects referenced via many-to-one as well, although
+    the current attribute system doesn't do enough bookkeeping for this
+    to be efficient.
+
+    """
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        if self.prop._reverse_property:
+            if self.passive_updates:
+                return
+            else:
+                if False in (
+                    prop.passive_updates
+                    for prop in self.prop._reverse_property
+                ):
+                    return
+
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, False)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, self.parent.base_mapper)
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, False)
+        uow.dependencies.update([(parent_saves, after_save)])
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uow, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # for non-passive updates, register in the preprocess stage
+            # so that mapper save_obj() gets a hold of changes
+            self._process_key_switches(states, uow)
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete and self.passive_updates:
+            d = self._key_switchers(uow, states)
+            return bool(d)
+
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        assert False
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # for passive updates, register objects in the process stage
+        # so that we avoid ManyToOneDP's registering the object without
+        # the listonly flag in its own preprocess stage (results in UPDATE)
+        # statements being emitted
+        assert self.passive_updates
+        self._process_key_switches(states, uowcommit)
+
+    def _key_switchers(self, uow, states):
+        switched, notswitched = uow.memo(
+            ("pk_switchers", self), lambda: (set(), set())
+        )
+
+        allstates = switched.union(notswitched)
+        for s in states:
+            if s not in allstates:
+                if self._pks_changed(uow, s):
+                    switched.add(s)
+                else:
+                    notswitched.add(s)
+        return switched
+
+    def _process_key_switches(self, deplist, uowcommit):
+        switchers = self._key_switchers(uowcommit, deplist)
+        if switchers:
+            # if primary key values have actually changed somewhere, perform
+            # a linear search through the UOW in search of a parent.
+            for state in uowcommit.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                if not issubclass(state.class_, self.parent.class_):
+                    continue
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                related = state.get_impl(self.key).get(
+                    state, dict_, passive=self._passive_update_flag
+                )
+                if (
+                    related is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                    and related is not None
+                ):
+                    if self.prop.uselist:
+                        if not related:
+                            continue
+                        related_obj = related[0]
+                    else:
+                        related_obj = related
+                    related_state = attributes.instance_state(related_obj)
+                    if related_state in switchers:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            state, False, self.passive_updates
+                        )
+                        sync.populate(
+                            related_state,
+                            self.mapper,
+                            state,
+                            self.parent,
+                            self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                            uowcommit,
+                            self.passive_updates,
+                        )
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return bool(state.key) and sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+
+
+class ManyToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def per_property_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        parent_saves,
+        child_saves,
+        parent_deletes,
+        child_deletes,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+    ):
+        uow.dependencies.update(
+            [
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_deletes),
+                # a rowswitch on the parent from  deleted to saved
+                # can make this one occur, as the "save" may remove
+                # an element from the
+                # "deleted" list before we have a chance to
+                # process its child rows
+                (before_delete, parent_saves),
+                (before_delete, parent_deletes),
+                (before_delete, child_deletes),
+                (before_delete, child_saves),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        save_parent,
+        delete_parent,
+        child_action,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+        isdelete,
+        childisdelete,
+    ):
+        if not isdelete:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [(save_parent, after_save), (after_save, child_action)]
+                )
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [(save_parent, after_save), (child_action, after_save)]
+                )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [(before_delete, child_action), (before_delete, delete_parent)]
+            )
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # TODO: no tests fail if this whole
+        # thing is removed !!!!
+        if not self.passive_deletes:
+            # if no passive deletes, load history on
+            # the collection, so that prop_has_changes()
+            # returns True
+            for state in states:
+                uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # if no passive updates, load history on
+            # each collection where parent has changed PK,
+            # so that prop_has_changes() returns True
+            for state in states:
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    )
+
+        if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            return
+
+        # check for child items removed from the collection
+        # if delete_orphan check is turned on.
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                            "delete", child
+                        ):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+        for state in states:
+            # this history should be cached already, as
+            # we loaded it in preprocess_deletes
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.non_added():
+                    if child is None or (
+                        processed is not None and (state, child) in processed
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                        state,
+                        child,
+                        associationrow,
+                        False,
+                        uowcommit,
+                        "delete",
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state) for c in history.non_added())
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(
+            uowcommit, secondary_insert, secondary_update, secondary_delete
+        )
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+
+        for state in states:
+            need_cascade_pks = not self.passive_updates and self._pks_changed(
+                uowcommit, state
+            )
+            if need_cascade_pks:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+            else:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(state, self.key, passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if processed is not None and (state, child) in processed:
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                        state, child, associationrow, False, uowcommit, "add"
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_insert.append(associationrow)
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if processed is not None and (state, child) in processed:
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                        state,
+                        child,
+                        associationrow,
+                        False,
+                        uowcommit,
+                        "delete",
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state) for c in history.added + history.deleted)
+
+                if need_cascade_pks:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        associationrow = {}
+                        sync.update(
+                            state,
+                            self.parent,
+                            associationrow,
+                            "old_",
+                            self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                        )
+                        sync.update(
+                            child,
+                            self.mapper,
+                            associationrow,
+                            "old_",
+                            self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs,
+                        )
+
+                        secondary_update.append(associationrow)
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(
+            uowcommit, secondary_insert, secondary_update, secondary_delete
+        )
+
+    def _run_crud(
+        self, uowcommit, secondary_insert, secondary_update, secondary_delete
+    ):
+        connection = uowcommit.transaction.connection(self.mapper)
+
+        if secondary_delete:
+            associationrow = secondary_delete[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.delete().where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    *[
+                        c == sql.bindparam(c.key, type_=c.type)
+                        for c in self.secondary.c
+                        if c.key in associationrow
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_delete)
+
+            if (
+                result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount()
+            ) and result.rowcount != len(secondary_delete):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to delete "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched."
+                    % (
+                        self.secondary.description,
+                        len(secondary_delete),
+                        result.rowcount,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if secondary_update:
+            associationrow = secondary_update[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.update().where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    *[
+                        c == sql.bindparam("old_" + c.key, type_=c.type)
+                        for c in self.secondary.c
+                        if c.key in associationrow
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_update)
+
+            if (
+                result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount()
+            ) and result.rowcount != len(secondary_update):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to update "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched."
+                    % (
+                        self.secondary.description,
+                        len(secondary_update),
+                        result.rowcount,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if secondary_insert:
+            statement = self.secondary.insert()
+            connection.execute(statement, secondary_insert)
+
+    def _synchronize(
+        self, state, child, associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit, operation
+    ):
+        # this checks for None if uselist=True
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+
+        # but if uselist=False we get here.   If child is None,
+        # no association row can be generated, so return.
+        if child is None:
+            return False
+
+        if child is not None and not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child):
+            if not child.deleted:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                    "operation along '%s' won't proceed"
+                    % (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop)
+                )
+            return False
+
+        sync.populate_dict(
+            state, self.parent, associationrow, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+        sync.populate_dict(
+            child,
+            self.mapper,
+            associationrow,
+            self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs,
+        )
+
+        return True
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+
+
+_direction_to_processor = {
+    ONETOMANY: OneToManyDP,
+    MANYTOONE: ManyToOneDP,
+    MANYTOMANY: ManyToManyDP,
+}
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06e10cdf47b40f3a055ed491244bf909d9999a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1074 @@
+# orm/descriptor_props.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Descriptor properties are more "auxiliary" properties
+that exist as configurational elements, but don't participate
+as actively in the load/persist ORM loop.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import is_dataclass
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import Mapped
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import SQLORMOperations
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import _MapsColumns
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import PropComparator
+from .util import _none_set
+from .util import de_stringify_annotation
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+from ..util.typing import is_fwd_ref
+from ..util.typing import is_pep593
+from ..util.typing import typing_get_args
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .attributes import History
+    from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .properties import ColumnProperty
+    from .properties import MappedColumn
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.row import Row
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseList
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import CallableReference
+    from ..util.typing import DescriptorReference
+    from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class DescriptorProperty(MapperProperty[_T]):
+    """:class:`.MapperProperty` which proxies access to a
+    user-defined descriptor."""
+
+    doc: Optional[str] = None
+
+    uses_objects = False
+    _links_to_entity = False
+
+    descriptor: DescriptorReference[Any]
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        prop = self
+
+        class _ProxyImpl(attributes.AttributeImpl):
+            accepts_scalar_loader = False
+            load_on_unexpire = True
+            collection = False
+
+            @property
+            def uses_objects(self) -> bool:  # type: ignore
+                return prop.uses_objects
+
+            def __init__(self, key: str):
+                self.key = key
+
+            def get_history(
+                self,
+                state: InstanceState[Any],
+                dict_: _InstanceDict,
+                passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+            ) -> History:
+                return prop.get_history(state, dict_, passive)
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+            desc = getattr(mapper.class_, self.key, None)
+            if mapper._is_userland_descriptor(self.key, desc):
+                self.descriptor = desc
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+
+            def fset(obj: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+                setattr(obj, self.name, value)
+
+            def fdel(obj: Any) -> None:
+                delattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            def fget(obj: Any) -> Any:
+                return getattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            self.descriptor = property(fget=fget, fset=fset, fdel=fdel)
+
+        proxy_attr = attributes.create_proxied_attribute(self.descriptor)(
+            self.parent.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self.descriptor,
+            lambda: self._comparator_factory(mapper),
+            doc=self.doc,
+            original_property=self,
+        )
+        proxy_attr.impl = _ProxyImpl(self.key)
+        mapper.class_manager.instrument_attribute(self.key, proxy_attr)
+
+
+_CompositeAttrType = Union[
+    str,
+    "Column[_T]",
+    "MappedColumn[_T]",
+    "InstrumentedAttribute[_T]",
+    "Mapped[_T]",
+]
+
+
+_CC = TypeVar("_CC", bound=Any)
+
+
+_composite_getters: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+    Type[Any], Callable[[Any], Tuple[Any, ...]]
+] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+
+class CompositeProperty(
+    _MapsColumns[_CC], _IntrospectsAnnotations, DescriptorProperty[_CC]
+):
+    """Defines a "composite" mapped attribute, representing a collection
+    of columns as one attribute.
+
+    :class:`.CompositeProperty` is constructed using the :func:`.composite`
+    function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_composite`
+
+    """
+
+    composite_class: Union[Type[_CC], Callable[..., _CC]]
+    attrs: Tuple[_CompositeAttrType[Any], ...]
+
+    _generated_composite_accessor: CallableReference[
+        Optional[Callable[[_CC], Tuple[Any, ...]]]
+    ]
+
+    comparator_factory: Type[Comparator[_CC]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        _class_or_attr: Union[
+            None, Type[_CC], Callable[..., _CC], _CompositeAttrType[Any]
+        ] = None,
+        *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        deferred: bool = False,
+        group: Optional[str] = None,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Comparator[_CC]]] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(attribute_options=attribute_options)
+
+        if isinstance(_class_or_attr, (Mapped, str, sql.ColumnElement)):
+            self.attrs = (_class_or_attr,) + attrs
+            # will initialize within declarative_scan
+            self.composite_class = None  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            self.composite_class = _class_or_attr  # type: ignore
+            self.attrs = attrs
+
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self.deferred = deferred
+        self.group = group
+        self.comparator_factory = (
+            comparator_factory
+            if comparator_factory is not None
+            else self.__class__.Comparator
+        )
+        self._generated_composite_accessor = None
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._create_descriptor()
+        self._init_accessor()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        super().instrument_class(mapper)
+        self._setup_event_handlers()
+
+    def _composite_values_from_instance(self, value: _CC) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if self._generated_composite_accessor:
+            return self._generated_composite_accessor(value)
+        else:
+            try:
+                accessor = value.__composite_values__
+            except AttributeError as ae:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Composite class {self.composite_class.__name__} is not "
+                    f"a dataclass and does not define a __composite_values__()"
+                    " method; can't get state"
+                ) from ae
+            else:
+                return accessor()  # type: ignore
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        """Initialization which occurs after the :class:`.Composite`
+        has been associated with its parent mapper.
+
+        """
+        self._setup_arguments_on_columns()
+
+    _COMPOSITE_FGET = object()
+
+    def _create_descriptor(self) -> None:
+        """Create the Python descriptor that will serve as
+        the access point on instances of the mapped class.
+
+        """
+
+        def fget(instance: Any) -> Any:
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                # key not present.  Iterate through related
+                # attributes, retrieve their values.  This
+                # ensures they all load.
+                values = [
+                    getattr(instance, key) for key in self._attribute_keys
+                ]
+
+                # current expected behavior here is that the composite is
+                # created on access if the object is persistent or if
+                # col attributes have non-None.  This would be better
+                # if the composite were created unconditionally,
+                # but that would be a behavioral change.
+                if self.key not in dict_ and (
+                    state.key is not None or not _none_set.issuperset(values)
+                ):
+                    dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(*values)
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(
+                        state, self._COMPOSITE_FGET, [self.key]
+                    )
+
+            return dict_.get(self.key, None)
+
+        def fset(instance: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+
+            if attr.dispatch._active_history:
+                previous = fget(instance)
+            else:
+                previous = dict_.get(self.key, LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE)
+
+            for fn in attr.dispatch.set:
+                value = fn(state, value, previous, attr.impl)
+            dict_[self.key] = value
+            if value is None:
+                for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                    setattr(instance, key, None)
+            else:
+                for key, value in zip(
+                    self._attribute_keys,
+                    self._composite_values_from_instance(value),
+                ):
+                    setattr(instance, key, value)
+
+        def fdel(instance: Any) -> None:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+
+            if attr.dispatch._active_history:
+                previous = fget(instance)
+                dict_.pop(self.key, None)
+            else:
+                previous = dict_.pop(self.key, LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE)
+
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+            attr.dispatch.remove(state, previous, attr.impl)
+            for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                setattr(instance, key, None)
+
+        self.descriptor = property(fget, fset, fdel)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+        if (
+            self.composite_class is None
+            and extracted_mapped_annotation is None
+        ):
+            self._raise_for_required(key, cls)
+        argument = extracted_mapped_annotation
+
+        if is_pep593(argument):
+            argument = typing_get_args(argument)[0]
+
+        if argument and self.composite_class is None:
+            if isinstance(argument, str) or is_fwd_ref(
+                argument, check_generic=True
+            ):
+                if originating_module is None:
+                    str_arg = (
+                        argument.__forward_arg__
+                        if hasattr(argument, "__forward_arg__")
+                        else str(argument)
+                    )
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Can't use forward ref {argument} for composite "
+                        f"class argument; set up the type as Mapped[{str_arg}]"
+                    )
+                argument = de_stringify_annotation(
+                    cls, argument, originating_module, include_generic=True
+                )
+
+            self.composite_class = argument
+
+        if is_dataclass(self.composite_class):
+            self._setup_for_dataclass(registry, cls, originating_module, key)
+        else:
+            for attr in self.attrs:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(attr, (MappedColumn, schema.Column))
+                    and attr.name is None
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Composite class column arguments must be named "
+                        "unless a dataclass is used"
+                    )
+        self._init_accessor()
+
+    def _init_accessor(self) -> None:
+        if is_dataclass(self.composite_class) and not hasattr(
+            self.composite_class, "__composite_values__"
+        ):
+            insp = inspect.signature(self.composite_class)
+            getter = operator.attrgetter(
+                *[p.name for p in insp.parameters.values()]
+            )
+            if len(insp.parameters) == 1:
+                self._generated_composite_accessor = lambda obj: (getter(obj),)
+            else:
+                self._generated_composite_accessor = getter
+
+        if (
+            self.composite_class is not None
+            and isinstance(self.composite_class, type)
+            and self.composite_class not in _composite_getters
+        ):
+            if self._generated_composite_accessor is not None:
+                _composite_getters[self.composite_class] = (
+                    self._generated_composite_accessor
+                )
+            elif hasattr(self.composite_class, "__composite_values__"):
+                _composite_getters[self.composite_class] = (
+                    lambda obj: obj.__composite_values__()
+                )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_base")
+    def _setup_for_dataclass(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+
+        decl_base = util.preloaded.orm_decl_base
+
+        insp = inspect.signature(self.composite_class)
+        for param, attr in itertools.zip_longest(
+            insp.parameters.values(), self.attrs
+        ):
+            if param is None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"number of composite attributes "
+                    f"{len(self.attrs)} exceeds "
+                    f"that of the number of attributes in class "
+                    f"{self.composite_class.__name__} {len(insp.parameters)}"
+                )
+            if attr is None:
+                # fill in missing attr spots with empty MappedColumn
+                attr = MappedColumn()
+                self.attrs += (attr,)
+
+            if isinstance(attr, MappedColumn):
+                attr.declarative_scan_for_composite(
+                    registry,
+                    cls,
+                    originating_module,
+                    key,
+                    param.name,
+                    param.annotation,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(attr, schema.Column):
+                decl_base._undefer_column_name(param.name, attr)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _comparable_elements(self) -> Sequence[QueryableAttribute[Any]]:
+        return [getattr(self.parent.class_, prop.key) for prop in self.props]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("orm.properties")
+    def props(self) -> Sequence[MapperProperty[Any]]:
+        props = []
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            if isinstance(attr, str):
+                prop = self.parent.get_property(attr, _configure_mappers=False)
+            elif isinstance(attr, schema.Column):
+                prop = self.parent._columntoproperty[attr]
+            elif isinstance(attr, MappedColumn):
+                prop = self.parent._columntoproperty[attr.column]
+            elif isinstance(attr, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute):
+                prop = attr.property
+            else:
+                prop = None
+
+            if not isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Composite expects Column objects or mapped "
+                    f"attributes/attribute names as arguments, got: {attr!r}"
+                )
+
+            props.append(prop)
+        return props
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("orm.properties")
+    def columns(self) -> Sequence[Column[Any]]:
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+        return [
+            a.column if isinstance(a, MappedColumn) else a
+            for a in self.attrs
+            if isinstance(a, (schema.Column, MappedColumn))
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_CC]]:
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[schema.Column[Any], int]]:
+        return [(c, 0) for c in self.columns if c.table is None]
+
+    @util.preload_module("orm.properties")
+    def _setup_arguments_on_columns(self) -> None:
+        """Propagate configuration arguments made on this composite
+        to the target columns, for those that apply.
+
+        """
+        ColumnProperty = util.preloaded.orm_properties.ColumnProperty
+
+        for prop in self.props:
+            if not isinstance(prop, ColumnProperty):
+                continue
+            else:
+                cprop = prop
+
+            cprop.active_history = self.active_history
+            if self.deferred:
+                cprop.deferred = self.deferred
+                cprop.strategy_key = (("deferred", True), ("instrument", True))
+            cprop.group = self.group
+
+    def _setup_event_handlers(self) -> None:
+        """Establish events that populate/expire the composite attribute."""
+
+        def load_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any], context: ORMCompileState
+        ) -> None:
+            _load_refresh_handler(state, context, None, is_refresh=False)
+
+        def refresh_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any],
+            context: ORMCompileState,
+            to_load: Optional[Sequence[str]],
+        ) -> None:
+            # note this corresponds to sqlalchemy.ext.mutable load_attrs()
+
+            if not to_load or (
+                {self.key}.union(self._attribute_keys)
+            ).intersection(to_load):
+                _load_refresh_handler(state, context, to_load, is_refresh=True)
+
+        def _load_refresh_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any],
+            context: ORMCompileState,
+            to_load: Optional[Sequence[str]],
+            is_refresh: bool,
+        ) -> None:
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            # if context indicates we are coming from the
+            # fget() handler, this already set the value; skip the
+            # handler here. (other handlers like mutablecomposite will still
+            # want to catch it)
+            # there's an insufficiency here in that the fget() handler
+            # really should not be using the refresh event and there should
+            # be some other event that mutablecomposite can subscribe
+            # towards for this.
+
+            if (
+                not is_refresh or context is self._COMPOSITE_FGET
+            ) and self.key in dict_:
+                return
+
+            # if column elements aren't loaded, skip.
+            # __get__() will initiate a load for those
+            # columns
+            for k in self._attribute_keys:
+                if k not in dict_:
+                    return
+
+            dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(
+                *[state.dict[key] for key in self._attribute_keys]
+            )
+
+        def expire_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any], keys: Optional[Sequence[str]]
+        ) -> None:
+            if keys is None or set(self._attribute_keys).intersection(keys):
+                state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        def insert_update_handler(
+            mapper: Mapper[Any],
+            connection: Connection,
+            state: InstanceState[Any],
+        ) -> None:
+            """After an insert or update, some columns may be expired due
+            to server side defaults, or re-populated due to client side
+            defaults.  Pop out the composite value here so that it
+            recreates.
+
+            """
+
+            state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "after_insert", insert_update_handler, raw=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "after_update", insert_update_handler, raw=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "load", load_handler, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "refresh", refresh_handler, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "expire", expire_handler, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+
+        proxy_attr = self.parent.class_manager[self.key]
+        proxy_attr.impl.dispatch = proxy_attr.dispatch  # type: ignore
+        proxy_attr.impl.dispatch._active_history = self.active_history
+
+        # TODO: need a deserialize hook here
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _attribute_keys(self) -> Sequence[str]:
+        return [prop.key for prop in self.props]
+
+    def _populate_composite_bulk_save_mappings_fn(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[Dict[str, Any]], None]:
+        if self._generated_composite_accessor:
+            get_values = self._generated_composite_accessor
+        else:
+
+            def get_values(val: Any) -> Tuple[Any]:
+                return val.__composite_values__()  # type: ignore
+
+        attrs = [prop.key for prop in self.props]
+
+        def populate(dest_dict: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            dest_dict.update(
+                {
+                    key: val
+                    for key, val in zip(
+                        attrs, get_values(dest_dict.pop(self.key))
+                    )
+                }
+            )
+
+        return populate
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        """Provided for userland code that uses attributes.get_history()."""
+
+        added: List[Any] = []
+        deleted: List[Any] = []
+
+        has_history = False
+        for prop in self.props:
+            key = prop.key
+            hist = state.manager[key].impl.get_history(state, dict_)
+            if hist.has_changes():
+                has_history = True
+
+            non_deleted = hist.non_deleted()
+            if non_deleted:
+                added.extend(non_deleted)
+            else:
+                added.append(None)
+            if hist.deleted:
+                deleted.extend(hist.deleted)
+            else:
+                deleted.append(None)
+
+        if has_history:
+            return attributes.History(
+                [self.composite_class(*added)],
+                (),
+                [self.composite_class(*deleted)],
+            )
+        else:
+            return attributes.History((), [self.composite_class(*added)], ())
+
+    def _comparator_factory(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    ) -> Composite.Comparator[_CC]:
+        return self.comparator_factory(self, mapper)
+
+    class CompositeBundle(orm_util.Bundle[_T]):
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            property_: Composite[_T],
+            expr: ClauseList,
+        ):
+            self.property = property_
+            super().__init__(property_.key, *expr)
+
+        def create_row_processor(
+            self,
+            query: Select[Any],
+            procs: Sequence[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]],
+            labels: Sequence[str],
+        ) -> Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]:
+            def proc(row: Row[Any]) -> Any:
+                return self.property.composite_class(
+                    *[proc(row) for proc in procs]
+                )
+
+            return proc
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator[_PT]):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.Composite` attributes.
+
+        See the example in :ref:`composite_operations` for an overview
+        of usage , as well as the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4266
+        __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+        prop: RODescriptorReference[Composite[_PT]]
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def clauses(self) -> ClauseList:
+            return expression.ClauseList(
+                group=False, *self._comparable_elements
+            )
+
+        def __clause_element__(self) -> CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle[_PT]:
+            return self.expression
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def expression(self) -> CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle[_PT]:
+            clauses = self.clauses._annotate(
+                {
+                    "parententity": self._parententity,
+                    "parentmapper": self._parententity,
+                    "proxy_key": self.prop.key,
+                }
+            )
+            return CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle(self.prop, clauses)
+
+        def _bulk_update_tuples(
+            self, value: Any
+        ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+            if isinstance(value, BindParameter):
+                value = value.value
+
+            values: Sequence[Any]
+
+            if value is None:
+                values = [None for key in self.prop._attribute_keys]
+            elif isinstance(self.prop.composite_class, type) and isinstance(
+                value, self.prop.composite_class
+            ):
+                values = self.prop._composite_values_from_instance(value)
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't UPDATE composite attribute %s to %r"
+                    % (self.prop, value)
+                )
+
+            return list(zip(self._comparable_elements, values))
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _comparable_elements(self) -> Sequence[QueryableAttribute[Any]]:
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return [
+                    getattr(self._adapt_to_entity.entity, prop.key)
+                    for prop in self.prop._comparable_elements
+                ]
+            else:
+                return self.prop._comparable_elements
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            return self._compare(operators.eq, other)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            return self._compare(operators.ne, other)
+
+        def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.lt, other)
+
+        def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.gt, other)
+
+        def __le__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.le, other)
+
+        def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.ge, other)
+
+        # what might be interesting would be if we create
+        # an instance of the composite class itself with
+        # the columns as data members, then use "hybrid style" comparison
+        # to create these comparisons.  then your Point.__eq__() method could
+        # be where comparison behavior is defined for SQL also.   Likely
+        # not a good choice for default behavior though, not clear how it would
+        # work w/ dataclasses, etc.  also no demand for any of this anyway.
+        def _compare(
+            self, operator: OperatorType, other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            values: Sequence[Any]
+            if other is None:
+                values = [None] * len(self.prop._comparable_elements)
+            else:
+                values = self.prop._composite_values_from_instance(other)
+            comparisons = [
+                operator(a, b)
+                for a, b in zip(self.prop._comparable_elements, values)
+            ]
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                assert self.adapter is not None
+                comparisons = [self.adapter(x) for x in comparisons]
+            return sql.and_(*comparisons)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+
+class Composite(CompositeProperty[_T], _DeclarativeMapped[_T]):
+    """Declarative-compatible front-end for the :class:`.CompositeProperty`
+    class.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.composite` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.Composite` as a Declarative
+       compatible subclass of :class:`_orm.CompositeProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_composite`
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+
+class ConcreteInheritedProperty(DescriptorProperty[_T]):
+    """A 'do nothing' :class:`.MapperProperty` that disables
+    an attribute on a concrete subclass that is only present
+    on the inherited mapper, not the concrete classes' mapper.
+
+    Cases where this occurs include:
+
+    * When the superclass mapper is mapped against a
+      "polymorphic union", which includes all attributes from
+      all subclasses.
+    * When a relationship() is configured on an inherited mapper,
+      but not on the subclass mapper.  Concrete mappers require
+      that relationship() is configured explicitly on each
+      subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def _comparator_factory(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    ) -> Type[PropComparator[_T]]:
+        comparator_callable = None
+
+        for m in self.parent.iterate_to_root():
+            p = m._props[self.key]
+            if getattr(p, "comparator_factory", None) is not None:
+                comparator_callable = p.comparator_factory
+                break
+        assert comparator_callable is not None
+        return comparator_callable(p, mapper)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        def warn() -> NoReturn:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Concrete %s does not implement "
+                "attribute %r at the instance level.  Add "
+                "this property explicitly to %s."
+                % (self.parent, self.key, self.parent)
+            )
+
+        class NoninheritedConcreteProp:
+            def __set__(s: Any, obj: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+                warn()
+
+            def __delete__(s: Any, obj: Any) -> NoReturn:
+                warn()
+
+            def __get__(s: Any, obj: Any, owner: Any) -> Any:
+                if obj is None:
+                    return self.descriptor
+                warn()
+
+        self.descriptor = NoninheritedConcreteProp()
+
+
+class SynonymProperty(DescriptorProperty[_T]):
+    """Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property,
+    in that the attribute will mirror the value and expression behavior
+    of another attribute.
+
+    :class:`.Synonym` is constructed using the :func:`_orm.synonym`
+    function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+    """
+
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        map_column: Optional[bool] = None,
+        descriptor: Optional[Any] = None,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(attribute_options=attribute_options)
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.map_column = map_column
+        self.descriptor = descriptor
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory
+        if doc:
+            self.doc = doc
+        elif descriptor and descriptor.__doc__:
+            self.doc = descriptor.__doc__
+        else:
+            self.doc = None
+        if info:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @property
+        def uses_objects(self) -> bool:
+            return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name).impl.uses_objects
+
+    # TODO: when initialized, check _proxied_object,
+    # emit a warning if its not a column-based property
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _proxied_object(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[MapperProperty[_T], SQLORMOperations[_T]]:
+        attr = getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name)
+        if not hasattr(attr, "property") or not isinstance(
+            attr.property, MapperProperty
+        ):
+            # attribute is a non-MapperProprerty proxy such as
+            # hybrid or association proxy
+            if isinstance(attr, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+                return attr.comparator
+            elif isinstance(attr, SQLORMOperations):
+                # assocaition proxy comes here
+                return attr
+
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                """synonym() attribute "%s.%s" only supports """
+                """ORM mapped attributes, got %r"""
+                % (self.parent.class_.__name__, self.name, attr)
+            )
+        return attr.property
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> SQLORMOperations[_T]:
+        prop = self._proxied_object
+
+        if isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
+            if self.comparator_factory:
+                comp = self.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+            else:
+                comp = prop.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+            return comp
+        else:
+            return prop
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        attr: QueryableAttribute[Any] = getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name)
+        return attr.impl.get_history(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+    def set_parent(self, parent: Mapper[Any], init: bool) -> None:
+        properties = util.preloaded.orm_properties
+
+        if self.map_column:
+            # implement the 'map_column' option.
+            if self.key not in parent.persist_selectable.c:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't compile synonym '%s': no column on table "
+                    "'%s' named '%s'"
+                    % (
+                        self.name,
+                        parent.persist_selectable.description,
+                        self.key,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif (
+                parent.persist_selectable.c[self.key]
+                in parent._columntoproperty
+                and parent._columntoproperty[
+                    parent.persist_selectable.c[self.key]
+                ].key
+                == self.name
+            ):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                    "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                    "%r for column %r"
+                    % (self.key, self.name, self.name, self.key)
+                )
+            p: ColumnProperty[Any] = properties.ColumnProperty(
+                parent.persist_selectable.c[self.key]
+            )
+            parent._configure_property(self.name, p, init=init, setparent=True)
+            p._mapped_by_synonym = self.key
+
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+class Synonym(SynonymProperty[_T], _DeclarativeMapped[_T]):
+    """Declarative front-end for the :class:`.SynonymProperty` class.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.synonym` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.Synonym` as a Declarative
+       compatible subclass for :class:`_orm.SynonymProperty`
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ced4affcba445ba0250fa9f46177096916b63559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+# orm/dynamic.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Dynamic collection API.
+
+Dynamic collections act like Query() objects for read operations and support
+basic add/delete mutation.
+
+.. legacy:: the "dynamic" loader is a legacy feature, superseded by the
+ "write_only" loader.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import relationships
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .query import Query
+from .session import object_session
+from .writeonly import AbstractCollectionWriter
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyHistory
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyLoader
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import result
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import QueryableAttribute
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipOrderByArg
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from ..event import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class DynamicCollectionHistory(WriteOnlyHistory[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: DynamicAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[_T],
+        passive: PassiveFlag,
+        apply_to: Optional[DynamicCollectionHistory[_T]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if apply_to:
+            coll = AppenderQuery(attr, state).autoflush(False)
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet(coll)
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = True
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+
+class DynamicAttributeImpl(WriteOnlyAttributeImpl):
+    _supports_dynamic_iteration = True
+    collection_history_cls = DynamicCollectionHistory[Any]
+    query_class: Type[AppenderMixin[Any]]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[Type[Any], AliasedClass[Any]],
+        key: str,
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        target_mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg,
+        query_class: Optional[Type[AppenderMixin[_T]]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        attributes.AttributeImpl.__init__(
+            self, class_, key, None, dispatch, **kw
+        )
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        if order_by:
+            self.order_by = tuple(order_by)
+        if not query_class:
+            self.query_class = AppenderQuery
+        elif AppenderMixin in query_class.mro():
+            self.query_class = query_class
+        else:
+            self.query_class = mixin_user_query(query_class)
+
+
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="dynamic")
+class DynaLoader(WriteOnlyLoader):
+    impl_class = DynamicAttributeImpl
+
+
+class AppenderMixin(AbstractCollectionWriter[_T]):
+    """A mixin that expects to be mixing in a Query class with
+    AbstractAppender.
+
+
+    """
+
+    query_class: Optional[Type[Query[_T]]] = None
+    _order_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, attr: DynamicAttributeImpl, state: InstanceState[_T]
+    ) -> None:
+        Query.__init__(
+            self,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            attr.target_mapper,
+            None,
+        )
+        super().__init__(attr, state)
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> Optional[Session]:
+        sess = object_session(self.instance)
+        if sess is not None and sess.autoflush and self.instance in sess:
+            sess.flush()
+        if not orm_util.has_identity(self.instance):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sess
+
+    @session.setter
+    def session(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        self.sess = session
+
+    def _iter(self) -> Union[result.ScalarResult[_T], result.Result[_T]]:
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(self.instance)
+            if state.detached:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Instance %s is detached, dynamic relationship cannot "
+                    "return a correct result.   This warning will become "
+                    "a DetachedInstanceError in a future release."
+                    % (orm_util.state_str(state))
+                )
+
+            return result.IteratorResult(
+                result.SimpleResultMetaData([self.attr.class_.__name__]),
+                self.attr._get_collection_history(  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                    PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                ).added_items,
+                _source_supports_scalars=True,
+            ).scalars()
+        else:
+            return self._generate(sess)._iter()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> Union[_T, List[_T]]:
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+            ).indexed(index)
+        else:
+            return self._generate(sess).__getitem__(index)  # type: ignore[no-any-return] # noqa: E501
+
+    def count(self) -> int:
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return len(
+                self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                    attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                    PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                ).added_items
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._generate(sess).count()
+
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        sess: Optional[Session] = None,
+    ) -> Query[_T]:
+        # note we're returning an entirely new Query class instance
+        # here without any assignment capabilities; the class of this
+        # query is determined by the session.
+        instance = self.instance
+        if sess is None:
+            sess = object_session(instance)
+            if sess is None:
+                raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                    "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session, and no "
+                    "contextual session is established; lazy load operation "
+                    "of attribute '%s' cannot proceed"
+                    % (orm_util.instance_str(instance), self.attr.key)
+                )
+
+        if self.query_class:
+            query = self.query_class(self.attr.target_mapper, session=sess)
+        else:
+            query = sess.query(self.attr.target_mapper)
+
+        query._where_criteria = self._where_criteria
+        query._from_obj = self._from_obj
+        query._order_by_clauses = self._order_by_clauses
+
+        return query
+
+    def add_all(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        This method is provided to assist in delivering forwards-compatibility
+        with the :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection` collection class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def add(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Add an item to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        This method is provided to assist in delivering forwards-compatibility
+        with the :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection` collection class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def extend(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def append(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Append an item to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def remove(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Remove an item from this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given item will be removed from the parent instance's collection on
+        the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._remove_impl(item)
+
+
+class AppenderQuery(AppenderMixin[_T], Query[_T]):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """A dynamic query that supports basic collection storage operations.
+
+    Methods on :class:`.AppenderQuery` include all methods of
+    :class:`_orm.Query`, plus additional methods used for collection
+    persistence.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+def mixin_user_query(cls: Any) -> type[AppenderMixin[Any]]:
+    """Return a new class with AppenderQuery functionality layered over."""
+    name = "Appender" + cls.__name__
+    return type(name, (AppenderMixin, cls), {"query_class": cls})
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b477f84f75fccfea73e05a210494ef8ca4211f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+# orm/evaluator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Evaluation functions used **INTERNALLY** by ORM DML use cases.
+
+
+This module is **private, for internal use by SQLAlchemy**.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.4 renamed ``EvaluatorCompiler`` to
+   ``_EvaluatorCompiler``.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Type
+
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Integer
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Numeric
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+
+
+class UnevaluatableError(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    pass
+
+
+class _NoObject(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    def operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return None
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return None
+
+
+class _ExpiredObject(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    def operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return self
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return self
+
+
+_NO_OBJECT = _NoObject()
+_EXPIRED_OBJECT = _ExpiredObject()
+
+
+class _EvaluatorCompiler:
+    def __init__(self, target_cls=None):
+        self.target_cls = target_cls
+
+    def process(self, clause, *clauses):
+        if clauses:
+            clause = and_(clause, *clauses)
+
+        meth = getattr(self, f"visit_{clause.__visit_name__}", None)
+        if not meth:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate {type(clause).__name__}"
+            )
+        return meth(clause)
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, clause):
+        return self.process(clause.element)
+
+    def visit_null(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: None
+
+    def visit_false(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: False
+
+    def visit_true(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: True
+
+    def visit_column(self, clause):
+        try:
+            parentmapper = clause._annotations["parentmapper"]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate column: {clause}"
+            ) from ke
+
+        if self.target_cls and not issubclass(
+            self.target_cls, parentmapper.class_
+        ):
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Can't evaluate criteria against "
+                f"alternate class {parentmapper.class_}"
+            )
+
+        parentmapper._check_configure()
+
+        # we'd like to use "proxy_key" annotation to get the "key", however
+        # in relationship primaryjoin cases proxy_key is sometimes deannotated
+        # and sometimes apparently not present in the first place (?).
+        # While I can stop it from being deannotated (though need to see if
+        # this breaks other things), not sure right now  about cases where it's
+        # not there in the first place.  can fix at some later point.
+        # key = clause._annotations["proxy_key"]
+
+        # for now, use the old way
+        try:
+            key = parentmapper._columntoproperty[clause].key
+        except orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate expression: {err}"
+            ) from err
+
+        # note this used to fall back to a simple `getattr(obj, key)` evaluator
+        # if impl was None; as of #8656, we ensure mappers are configured
+        # so that impl is available
+        impl = parentmapper.class_manager[key].impl
+
+        def get_corresponding_attr(obj):
+            if obj is None:
+                return _NO_OBJECT
+            state = inspect(obj)
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            value = impl.get(
+                state, dict_, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+            if value is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            return value
+
+        return get_corresponding_attr
+
+    def visit_tuple(self, clause):
+        return self.visit_clauselist(clause)
+
+    def visit_expression_clauselist(self, clause):
+        return self.visit_clauselist(clause)
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clause):
+        evaluators = [self.process(clause) for clause in clause.clauses]
+
+        dispatch = (
+            f"visit_{clause.operator.__name__.rstrip('_')}_clauselist_op"
+        )
+        meth = getattr(self, dispatch, None)
+        if meth:
+            return meth(clause.operator, evaluators, clause)
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate clauselist with operator {clause.operator}"
+            )
+
+    def visit_binary(self, clause):
+        eval_left = self.process(clause.left)
+        eval_right = self.process(clause.right)
+
+        dispatch = f"visit_{clause.operator.__name__.rstrip('_')}_binary_op"
+        meth = getattr(self, dispatch, None)
+        if meth:
+            return meth(clause.operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause)
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate {type(clause).__name__} with "
+                f"operator {clause.operator}"
+            )
+
+    def visit_or_clauselist_op(self, operator, evaluators, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            has_null = False
+            for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+                elif value:
+                    return True
+                has_null = has_null or value is None
+            if has_null:
+                return None
+            return False
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_and_clauselist_op(self, operator, evaluators, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+
+                if not value:
+                    if value is None or value is _NO_OBJECT:
+                        return None
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_comma_op_clauselist_op(self, operator, evaluators, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            values = []
+            for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+                elif value is None or value is _NO_OBJECT:
+                    return None
+                values.append(value)
+            return tuple(values)
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_custom_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        if operator.python_impl:
+            return self._straight_evaluate(
+                operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+            )
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Custom operator {operator.opstring!r} can't be evaluated "
+                "in Python unless it specifies a callable using "
+                "`.python_impl`."
+            )
+
+    def visit_is_binary_op(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            left_val = eval_left(obj)
+            right_val = eval_right(obj)
+            if left_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT or right_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            return left_val == right_val
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_is_not_binary_op(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            left_val = eval_left(obj)
+            right_val = eval_right(obj)
+            if left_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT or right_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            return left_val != right_val
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def _straight_evaluate(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            left_val = eval_left(obj)
+            right_val = eval_right(obj)
+            if left_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT or right_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            elif left_val is None or right_val is None:
+                return None
+
+            return operator(eval_left(obj), eval_right(obj))
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def _straight_evaluate_numeric_only(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        if clause.left.type._type_affinity not in (
+            Numeric,
+            Integer,
+        ) or clause.right.type._type_affinity not in (Numeric, Integer):
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f'Cannot evaluate math operator "{operator.__name__}" for '
+                f"datatypes {clause.left.type}, {clause.right.type}"
+            )
+
+        return self._straight_evaluate(operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause)
+
+    visit_add_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_mul_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_sub_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_mod_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_truediv_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_lt_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_le_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_ne_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_gt_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_ge_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_eq_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+
+    def visit_in_op_binary_op(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a in b if a is not _NO_OBJECT else None,
+            eval_left,
+            eval_right,
+            clause,
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_in_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a not in b if a is not _NO_OBJECT else None,
+            eval_left,
+            eval_right,
+            clause,
+        )
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a + b, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+        )
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a.startswith(b), eval_left, eval_right, clause
+        )
+
+    def visit_endswith_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a.endswith(b), eval_left, eval_right, clause
+        )
+
+    def visit_unary(self, clause):
+        eval_inner = self.process(clause.element)
+        if clause.operator is operators.inv:
+
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                value = eval_inner(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+                elif value is None:
+                    return None
+                return not value
+
+            return evaluate
+        raise UnevaluatableError(
+            f"Cannot evaluate {type(clause).__name__} "
+            f"with operator {clause.operator}"
+        )
+
+    def visit_bindparam(self, clause):
+        if clause.callable:
+            val = clause.callable()
+        else:
+            val = clause.value
+        return lambda obj: val
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Type[_EvaluatorCompiler]:
+    if name == "EvaluatorCompiler":
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "Direct use of 'EvaluatorCompiler' is not supported, and this "
+            "name will be removed in a future release.  "
+            "'_EvaluatorCompiler' is for internal use only",
+            "2.0",
+        )
+        return _EvaluatorCompiler
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91770c595a89d6c45a6880d3c27012049090d283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3259 @@
+# orm/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""ORM event interfaces.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import interfaces
+from . import mapperlib
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .base import _mapper_or_none
+from .base import NO_KEY
+from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+from .instrumentation import InstrumentationFactory
+from .query import BulkDelete
+from .query import BulkUpdate
+from .query import Query
+from .scoping import scoped_session
+from .session import Session
+from .session import sessionmaker
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..event.registry import _ET
+from ..util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from weakref import ReferenceType
+
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from ._typing import _T
+    from .attributes import Event
+    from .base import EventConstants
+    from .session import ORMExecuteState
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..event.base import _Dispatch
+    from ..event.base import _HasEventsDispatch
+    from ..event.registry import _EventKey
+    from ..orm.collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from ..orm.context import QueryContext
+    from ..orm.decl_api import DeclarativeAttributeIntercept
+    from ..orm.decl_api import DeclarativeMeta
+    from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+    from ..orm.state import InstanceState
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_ET2 = TypeVar("_ET2", bound=EventTarget)
+
+
+class InstrumentationEvents(event.Events[InstrumentationFactory]):
+    """Events related to class instrumentation events.
+
+    The listeners here support being established against
+    any new style class, that is any object that is a subclass
+    of 'type'.  Events will then be fired off for events
+    against that class.  If the "propagate=True" flag is passed
+    to event.listen(), the event will fire off for subclasses
+    of that class as well.
+
+    The Python ``type`` builtin is also accepted as a target,
+    which when used has the effect of events being emitted
+    for all classes.
+
+    Note the "propagate" flag here is defaulted to ``True``,
+    unlike the other class level events where it defaults
+    to ``False``.  This means that new subclasses will also
+    be the subject of these events, when a listener
+    is established on a superclass.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeBaseClass"
+    _dispatch_target = InstrumentationFactory
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[
+            InstrumentationFactory,
+            Type[InstrumentationFactory],
+        ],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[
+        Union[
+            InstrumentationFactory,
+            Type[InstrumentationFactory],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            return _InstrumentationEventsHold(target)  # type: ignore [return-value] # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls, event_key: _EventKey[_T], propagate: bool = True, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            event_key.dispatch_target,
+            event_key.identifier,
+            event_key._listen_fn,
+        )
+
+        def listen(target_cls: type, *arg: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+            listen_cls = target()
+
+            # if weakref were collected, however this is not something
+            # that normally happens.   it was occurring during test teardown
+            # between mapper/registry/instrumentation_manager, however this
+            # interaction was changed to not rely upon the event system.
+            if listen_cls is None:
+                return None
+
+            if propagate and issubclass(target_cls, listen_cls):
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+            elif not propagate and target_cls is listen_cls:
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        def remove(ref: ReferenceType[_T]) -> None:
+            key = event.registry._EventKey(  # type: ignore [type-var]
+                None,
+                identifier,
+                listen,
+                instrumentation._instrumentation_factory,
+            )
+            getattr(
+                instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch, identifier
+            ).remove(key)
+
+        target = weakref.ref(target.class_, remove)
+
+        event_key.with_dispatch_target(
+            instrumentation._instrumentation_factory
+        ).with_wrapper(listen).base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        super()._clear()
+        instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch._clear()
+
+    def class_instrument(self, cls: ClassManager[_O]) -> None:
+        """Called after the given class is instrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def class_uninstrument(self, cls: ClassManager[_O]) -> None:
+        """Called before the given class is uninstrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def attribute_instrument(
+        self, cls: ClassManager[_O], key: _KT, inst: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when an attribute is instrumented."""
+
+
+class _InstrumentationEventsHold:
+    """temporary marker object used to transfer from _accept_with() to
+    _listen() on the InstrumentationEvents class.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_: type) -> None:
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(InstrumentationEvents)
+
+
+class InstanceEvents(event.Events[ClassManager[Any]]):
+    """Define events specific to object lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_load_listener(target, context):
+            print("on load!")
+
+        event.listen(SomeClass, 'load', my_load_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class itself indicates listening for all
+      mappers.
+
+    Instance events are closely related to mapper events, but
+    are more specific to the instance and its instrumentation,
+    rather than its system of persistence.
+
+    When using :class:`.InstanceEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting classes as well as the
+       class which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param restore_load_context=False: Applies to the
+       :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` and :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh`
+       events.  Restores the loader context of the object when the event
+       hook is complete, so that ongoing eager load operations continue
+       to target the object appropriately.  A warning is emitted if the
+       object is moved to a new loader context from within one of these
+       events if this flag is not set.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+
+    _dispatch_target = ClassManager
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_classmanager_instance(
+        cls,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+        classmanager: ClassManager[_O],
+    ) -> None:
+        _InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, classmanager)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[
+            ClassManager[Any],
+            Type[ClassManager[Any]],
+        ],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[ClassManager[Any], Type[ClassManager[Any]]]]:
+        orm = util.preloaded.orm
+
+        if isinstance(target, ClassManager):
+            return target
+        elif isinstance(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+            return target.class_manager
+        elif target is orm.mapper:  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The `sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()` symbol is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in a future release. For the mapper-wide "
+                "event target, use the 'sqlalchemy.orm.Mapper' class.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            return ClassManager
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return ClassManager
+            else:
+                manager = instrumentation.opt_manager_of_class(target)
+                if manager:
+                    return manager
+                else:
+                    return _InstanceEventsHold(target)  # type: ignore [return-value] # noqa: E501
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[ClassManager[Any]],
+        raw: bool = False,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        restore_load_context: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, fn = (event_key.dispatch_target, event_key._listen_fn)
+
+        if not raw or restore_load_context:
+
+            def wrap(
+                state: InstanceState[_O], *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+            ) -> Optional[Any]:
+                if not raw:
+                    target: Any = state.obj()
+                else:
+                    target = state
+                if restore_load_context:
+                    runid = state.runid
+                try:
+                    return fn(target, *arg, **kw)
+                finally:
+                    if restore_load_context:
+                        state.runid = runid
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, **kw)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mgr in target.subclass_managers(True):
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr).base_listen(propagate=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        super()._clear()
+        _InstanceEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def first_init(self, manager: ClassManager[_O], cls: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        """Called when the first instance of a particular mapping is called.
+
+        This event is called when the ``__init__`` method of a class
+        is called the first time for that particular class.    The event
+        invokes before ``__init__`` actually proceeds as well as before
+        the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init` event is invoked.
+
+        """
+
+    def init(self, target: _O, args: Any, kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor is called.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object, in conjunction with the object's constructor, e.g.
+        its ``__init__`` method.  It is not called when an object is
+        loaded from the database; see the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+        event in order to intercept a database load.
+
+        The event is called before the actual ``__init__`` constructor
+        of the object is called.  The ``kwargs`` dictionary may be
+        modified in-place in order to affect what is passed to
+        ``__init__``.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param args: positional arguments passed to the ``__init__`` method.
+         This is passed as a tuple and is currently immutable.
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments passed to the ``__init__`` method.
+         This structure *can* be altered in place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init_failure`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def init_failure(self, target: _O, args: Any, kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor has been called,
+        and raised an exception.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object, in conjunction with the object's constructor, e.g.
+        its ``__init__`` method. It is not called when an object is loaded
+        from the database.
+
+        The event is invoked after an exception raised by the ``__init__``
+        method is caught.  After the event
+        is invoked, the original exception is re-raised outwards, so that
+        the construction of the object still raises an exception.   The
+        actual exception and stack trace raised should be present in
+        ``sys.exc_info()``.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param args: positional arguments that were passed to the ``__init__``
+         method.
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments that were passed to the ``__init__``
+         method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def _sa_event_merge_wo_load(
+        self, target: _O, context: QueryContext
+    ) -> None:
+        """receive an object instance after it was the subject of a merge()
+        call, when load=False was passed.
+
+        The target would be the already-loaded object in the Session which
+        would have had its attributes overwritten by the incoming object. This
+        overwrite operation does not use attribute events, instead just
+        populating dict directly. Therefore the purpose of this event is so
+        that extensions like sqlalchemy.ext.mutable know that object state has
+        changed and incoming state needs to be set up for "parents" etc.
+
+        This functionality is acceptable to be made public in a later release.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.41
+
+        """
+
+    def load(self, target: _O, context: QueryContext) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after it has been created via
+        ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has
+        occurred.
+
+        This typically occurs when the instance is created based on
+        incoming result rows, and is only called once for that
+        instance's lifetime.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            During a result-row load, this event is invoked when the
+            first row received for this instance is processed.  When using
+            eager loading with collection-oriented attributes, the additional
+            rows that are to be loaded / processed in order to load subsequent
+            collection items have not occurred yet.   This has the effect
+            both that collections will not be fully loaded, as well as that
+            if an operation occurs within this event handler that emits
+            another database load operation for the object, the "loading
+            context" for the object can change and interfere with the
+            existing eager loaders still in progress.
+
+            Examples of what can cause the "loading context" to change within
+            the event handler include, but are not necessarily limited to:
+
+            * accessing deferred attributes that weren't part of the row,
+              will trigger an "undefer" operation and refresh the object
+
+            * accessing attributes on a joined-inheritance subclass that
+              weren't part of the row, will trigger a refresh operation.
+
+            As of SQLAlchemy 1.3.14, a warning is emitted when this occurs. The
+            :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context` option may  be
+            used on the event to prevent this warning; this will ensure that
+            the existing loading context is maintained for the object after the
+            event is called::
+
+                @event.listens_for(
+                    SomeClass, "load", restore_load_context=True)
+                def on_load(instance, context):
+                    instance.some_unloaded_attribute
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 1.3.14 Added
+               :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context`
+               and :paramref:`.SessionEvents.restore_load_context` flags which
+               apply to "on load" events, which will ensure that the loading
+               context for an object is restored when the event hook is
+               complete; a warning is emitted if the load context of the object
+               changes without this flag being set.
+
+
+        The :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` event is also available in a
+        class-method decorator format called :func:`_orm.reconstructor`.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`_query.Query` in progress.  This argument may be
+         ``None`` if the load does not correspond to a :class:`_query.Query`,
+         such as during :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapped_class_load_events`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.loaded_as_persistent`
+
+        """
+
+    def refresh(
+        self, target: _O, context: QueryContext, attrs: Optional[Iterable[str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes have
+        been refreshed from a query.
+
+        Contrast this to the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` method, which
+        is invoked when the object is first loaded from a query.
+
+        .. note:: This event is invoked within the loader process before
+           eager loaders may have been completed, and the object's state may
+           not be complete.  Additionally, invoking row-level refresh
+           operations on the object will place the object into a new loader
+           context, interfering with the existing load context.   See the note
+           on :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` for background on making use of the
+           :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context` parameter, in
+           order to resolve this scenario.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`_query.Query` in progress.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute names which
+         were populated, or None if all column-mapped, non-deferred
+         attributes were populated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapped_class_load_events`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def refresh_flush(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        flush_context: UOWTransaction,
+        attrs: Optional[Iterable[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes that
+        contain a column-level default or onupdate handler have been refreshed
+        during persistence of the object's state.
+
+        This event is the same as :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh` except
+        it is invoked within the unit of work flush process, and includes
+        only non-primary-key columns that have column level default or
+        onupdate handlers, including Python callables as well as server side
+        defaults and triggers which may be fetched via the RETURNING clause.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            While the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh_flush` event is triggered
+            for an object that was INSERTed as well as for an object that was
+            UPDATEd, the event is geared primarily  towards the UPDATE process;
+            it is mostly an internal artifact that INSERT actions can also
+            trigger this event, and note that **primary key columns for an
+            INSERTed row are explicitly omitted** from this event.  In order to
+            intercept the newly INSERTed state of an object, the
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.pending_to_persistent` and
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_insert` are better choices.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute names which
+         were populated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapped_class_load_events`
+
+            :ref:`orm_server_defaults`
+
+            :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+    def expire(self, target: _O, attrs: Optional[Iterable[str]]) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after its attributes or some subset
+        have been expired.
+
+        'keys' is a list of attribute names.  If None, the entire
+        state was expired.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute
+         names which were expired, or None if all attributes were
+         expired.
+
+        """
+
+    def pickle(self, target: _O, state_dict: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance when its associated state is
+        being pickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary returned by
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__getstate__`, containing the state
+         to be pickled.
+
+        """
+
+    def unpickle(self, target: _O, state_dict: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after its associated state has
+        been unpickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary sent to
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__setstate__`, containing the state
+         dictionary which was pickled.
+
+        """
+
+
+class _EventsHold(event.RefCollection[_ET]):
+    """Hold onto listeners against unmapped, uninstrumented classes.
+
+    Establish _listen() for that class' mapper/instrumentation when
+    those objects are created for that class.
+
+    """
+
+    all_holds: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[Any, Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        cls.all_holds.clear()
+
+    class HoldEvents(Generic[_ET2]):
+        _dispatch_target: Optional[Type[_ET2]] = None
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _listen(
+            cls,
+            event_key: _EventKey[_ET2],
+            raw: bool = False,
+            propagate: bool = False,
+            retval: bool = False,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> None:
+            target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+            if target.class_ in target.all_holds:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            else:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] = {}
+
+            event.registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, target)
+            collection[event_key._key] = (
+                event_key,
+                raw,
+                propagate,
+                retval,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+            if propagate:
+                stack = list(target.class_.__subclasses__())
+                while stack:
+                    subclass = stack.pop(0)
+                    stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__())
+                    subject = target.resolve(subclass)
+                    if subject is not None:
+                        # we are already going through __subclasses__()
+                        # so leave generic propagate flag False
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).listen(
+                            raw=raw, propagate=False, retval=retval, **kw
+                        )
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+        if isinstance(target, _EventsHold):
+            collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            del collection[event_key._key]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def populate(
+        cls,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+        subject: Union[ClassManager[_O], Mapper[_O]],
+    ) -> None:
+        for subclass in class_.__mro__:
+            if subclass in cls.all_holds:
+                collection = cls.all_holds[subclass]
+                for (
+                    event_key,
+                    raw,
+                    propagate,
+                    retval,
+                    kw,
+                ) in collection.values():
+                    if propagate or subclass is class_:
+                        # since we can't be sure in what order different
+                        # classes in a hierarchy are triggered with
+                        # populate(), we rely upon _EventsHold for all event
+                        # assignment, instead of using the generic propagate
+                        # flag.
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).listen(
+                            raw=raw, propagate=False, retval=retval, **kw
+                        )
+
+
+class _InstanceEventsHold(_EventsHold[_ET]):
+    all_holds: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[Any, Any] = (
+        weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    )
+
+    def resolve(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]:
+        return instrumentation.opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    class HoldInstanceEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents[_ET], InstanceEvents):  # type: ignore [misc] # noqa: E501
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldInstanceEvents)
+
+
+class MapperEvents(event.Events[mapperlib.Mapper[Any]]):
+    """Define events specific to mappings.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_before_insert_listener(mapper, connection, target):
+            # execute a stored procedure upon INSERT,
+            # apply the value to the row to be inserted
+            target.calculated_value = connection.execute(
+                text("select my_special_function(%d)" % target.special_number)
+            ).scalar()
+
+        # associate the listener function with SomeClass,
+        # to execute during the "before_insert" hook
+        event.listen(
+            SomeClass, 'before_insert', my_before_insert_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class itself indicates listening for all
+      mappers.
+
+    Mapper events provide hooks into critical sections of the
+    mapper, including those related to object instrumentation,
+    object loading, and object persistence. In particular, the
+    persistence methods :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_insert`,
+    and :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` are popular
+    places to augment the state being persisted - however, these
+    methods operate with several significant restrictions. The
+    user is encouraged to evaluate the
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` and
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` methods as more
+    flexible and user-friendly hooks in which to apply
+    additional database state during a flush.
+
+    When using :class:`.MapperEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting mappers and/or the mappers of
+       inheriting classes, as well as any
+       mapper which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event function
+       must have a return value, the purpose of which is either to
+       control subsequent event propagation, or to otherwise alter
+       the operation in progress by the mapper.   Possible return
+       values are:
+
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE`` - continue event
+         processing normally.
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_STOP`` - cancel all subsequent
+         event handlers in the chain.
+       * other values - the return value specified by specific listeners.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+    _dispatch_target = mapperlib.Mapper
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_mapper_instance(
+        cls,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    ) -> None:
+        _MapperEventsHold.populate(class_, mapper)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[mapperlib.Mapper[Any], Type[mapperlib.Mapper[Any]]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[mapperlib.Mapper[Any], Type[mapperlib.Mapper[Any]]]]:
+        orm = util.preloaded.orm
+
+        if target is orm.mapper:  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The `sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()` symbol is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in a future release. For the mapper-wide "
+                "event target, use the 'sqlalchemy.orm.Mapper' class.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            return mapperlib.Mapper
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return target
+            else:
+                mapper = _mapper_or_none(target)
+                if mapper is not None:
+                    return mapper
+                else:
+                    return _MapperEventsHold(target)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        raw: bool = False,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            event_key.dispatch_target,
+            event_key.identifier,
+            event_key._listen_fn,
+        )
+
+        if (
+            identifier in ("before_configured", "after_configured")
+            and target is not mapperlib.Mapper
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                "'before_configured' and 'after_configured' ORM events "
+                "only invoke with the Mapper class "
+                "as the target."
+            )
+
+        if not raw or not retval:
+            if not raw:
+                meth = getattr(cls, identifier)
+                try:
+                    target_index = (
+                        inspect_getfullargspec(meth)[0].index("target") - 1
+                    )
+                except ValueError:
+                    target_index = None
+
+            def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                if not raw and target_index is not None:
+                    arg = list(arg)  # type: ignore [assignment]
+                    arg[target_index] = arg[target_index].obj()  # type: ignore [index] # noqa: E501
+                if not retval:
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mapper in target.self_and_descendants:
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mapper).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True, **kw
+                )
+        else:
+            event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        super()._clear()
+        _MapperEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        r"""Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed,
+        before instrumentation is applied to the mapped class.
+
+        This event is the earliest phase of mapper construction.
+        Most attributes of the mapper are not yet initialized.   To
+        receive an event within initial mapper construction where basic
+        state is available such as the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` collection,
+        the :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_mapper_constructed` event may
+        be a better choice.
+
+        This listener can either be applied to the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+        class overall, or to any un-mapped class which serves as a base
+        for classes that will be mapped (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)::
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            @event.listens_for(Base, "instrument_class", propagate=True)
+            def on_new_class(mapper, cls_):
+                " ... "
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_mapper_constructed`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_mapper_constructed(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a class and mapper when the :class:`_orm.Mapper` has been
+        fully constructed.
+
+        This event is called after the initial constructor for
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` completes.  This occurs after the
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.instrument_class` event and after the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` has done an initial pass of its arguments
+        to generate its collection of :class:`_orm.MapperProperty` objects,
+        which are accessible via the :meth:`_orm.Mapper.get_property`
+        method and the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.iterate_properties` attribute.
+
+        This event differs from the
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured` event in that it
+        is invoked within the constructor for :class:`_orm.Mapper`, rather
+        than within the :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` process.   Currently,
+        this event is the only one which is appropriate for handlers that
+        wish to create additional mapped classes in response to the
+        construction of this :class:`_orm.Mapper`, which will be part of the
+        same configure step when :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` next runs.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`examples_versioning` - an example which illustrates the use
+            of the :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+            event to create new mappers to record change-audit histories on
+            objects.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_mapper_configured(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called right before a specific mapper is to be configured.
+
+        This event is intended to allow a specific mapper to be skipped during
+        the configure step, by returning the :attr:`.orm.interfaces.EXT_SKIP`
+        symbol which indicates to the :func:`.configure_mappers` call that this
+        particular mapper (or hierarchy of mappers, if ``propagate=True`` is
+        used) should be skipped in the current configuration run. When one or
+        more mappers are skipped, the he "new mappers" flag will remain set,
+        meaning the :func:`.configure_mappers` function will continue to be
+        called when mappers are used, to continue to try to configure all
+        available mappers.
+
+        In comparison to the other configure-level events,
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`,
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`, and
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`, the
+        :meth;`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured` event provides for a
+        meaningful return value when it is registered with the ``retval=True``
+        parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import EXT_SKIP
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            DontConfigureBase = declarative_base()
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                DontConfigureBase,
+                "before_mapper_configured", retval=True, propagate=True)
+            def dont_configure(mapper, cls):
+                return EXT_SKIP
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def mapper_configured(self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        r"""Called when a specific mapper has completed its own configuration
+        within the scope of the :func:`.configure_mappers` call.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` event is invoked
+        for each mapper that is encountered when the
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function proceeds through the current
+        list of not-yet-configured mappers.
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        When the event is called, the mapper should be in its final
+        state, but **not including backrefs** that may be invoked from
+        other mappers; they might still be pending within the
+        configuration operation.    Bidirectional relationships that
+        are instead configured via the
+        :paramref:`.orm.relationship.back_populates` argument
+        *will* be fully available, since this style of relationship does not
+        rely upon other possibly-not-configured mappers to know that they
+        exist.
+
+        For an event that is guaranteed to have **all** mappers ready
+        to go including backrefs that are defined only on other
+        mappings, use the :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+        event; this event invokes only after all known mappings have been
+        fully configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` event, unlike
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` or
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`,
+        is called for each mapper/class individually, and the mapper is
+        passed to the event itself.  It also is called exactly once for
+        a particular mapper.  The event is therefore useful for
+        configurational steps that benefit from being invoked just once
+        on a specific mapper basis, which don't require that "backref"
+        configurations are necessarily ready yet.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+
+        """
+        # TODO: need coverage for this event
+
+    def before_configured(self) -> None:
+        """Called before a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` event is invoked
+        each time the :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function is
+        invoked, before the function has done any of its work.
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class,
+        and not to individual mappings or mapped classes. It is only invoked
+        for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configured")
+            def go():
+                ...
+
+        Contrast this event to :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`,
+        which is invoked after the series of mappers has been configured,
+        as well as :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+        and :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`, which are both invoked
+        on a per-mapper basis.
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        are to be affected by a :func:`_orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event will likely be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured", once=True)
+            def go():
+                ...
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_configured(self) -> None:
+        """Called after a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` event is invoked
+        each time the :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function is
+        invoked, after the function has completed its work.
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        Contrast this event to the :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+        event, which is called on a per-mapper basis while the configuration
+        operation proceeds; unlike that event, when this event is invoked,
+        all cross-configurations (e.g. backrefs) will also have been made
+        available for any mappers that were pending.
+        Also contrast to :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`,
+        which is invoked before the series of mappers has been configured.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class,
+        and not to individual mappings or
+        mapped classes.  It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "after_configured")
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        have been affected by a :func:`_orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event will likely be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured", once=True)
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_insert(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance before an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their INSERT statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` object can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_insert(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their INSERT statements have been
+        emitted at once in a previous step. In the extremely
+        rare case that this is not desirable, the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` object can be configured with ``batch=False``,
+        which will cause batches of instances to be broken up
+        into individual (and more poorly performing)
+        event->persist->event steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_update(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance before an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be
+        issued, although you can affect the outcome here by
+        modifying attributes so that a net change in value does
+        exist.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their UPDATE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_update(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*, and for which
+        no UPDATE statement has proceeded. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.after_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement has been
+        issued.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and therefore resulted in an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their UPDATE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_delete(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance before a DELETE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their DELETE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_delete(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after a DELETE statement
+        has been emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their DELETE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+
+class _MapperEventsHold(_EventsHold[_ET]):
+    all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def resolve(
+        self, class_: Union[Type[_T], _InternalEntityType[_T]]
+    ) -> Optional[Mapper[_T]]:
+        return _mapper_or_none(class_)
+
+    class HoldMapperEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents[_ET], MapperEvents):  # type: ignore [misc] # noqa: E501
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldMapperEvents)
+
+
+_sessionevents_lifecycle_event_names: Set[str] = set()
+
+
+class SessionEvents(event.Events[Session]):
+    """Define events specific to :class:`.Session` lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+        def my_before_commit(session):
+            print("before commit!")
+
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        event.listen(Session, "before_commit", my_before_commit)
+
+    The :func:`~.event.listen` function will accept
+    :class:`.Session` objects as well as the return result
+    of :class:`~.sessionmaker()` and :class:`~.scoped_session()`.
+
+    Additionally, it accepts the :class:`.Session` class which
+    will apply listeners to all :class:`.Session` instances
+    globally.
+
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions that work on individual
+       objects will be the instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+    :param restore_load_context=False: Applies to the
+       :meth:`.SessionEvents.loaded_as_persistent` event.  Restores the loader
+       context of the object when the event hook is complete, so that ongoing
+       eager load operations continue to target the object appropriately.  A
+       warning is emitted if the object is moved to a new loader context from
+       within this event if this flag is not set.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSessionClassOrObject"
+
+    _dispatch_target = Session
+
+    def _lifecycle_event(  # type: ignore [misc]
+        fn: Callable[[SessionEvents, Session, Any], None]
+    ) -> Callable[[SessionEvents, Session, Any], None]:
+        _sessionevents_lifecycle_event_names.add(fn.__name__)
+        return fn
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(  # type: ignore [return]
+        cls, target: Any, identifier: str
+    ) -> Union[Session, type]:
+        if isinstance(target, scoped_session):
+            target = target.session_factory
+            if not isinstance(target, sessionmaker) and (
+                not isinstance(target, type) or not issubclass(target, Session)
+            ):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Session event listen on a scoped_session "
+                    "requires that its creation callable "
+                    "is associated with the Session class."
+                )
+
+        if isinstance(target, sessionmaker):
+            return target.class_
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, scoped_session):
+                return Session
+            elif issubclass(target, Session):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Session):
+            return target
+        elif hasattr(target, "_no_async_engine_events"):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+        else:
+            # allows alternate SessionEvents-like-classes to be consulted
+            return event.Events._accept_with(target, identifier)  # type: ignore [return-value] # noqa: E501
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: Any,
+        *,
+        raw: bool = False,
+        restore_load_context: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        is_instance_event = (
+            event_key.identifier in _sessionevents_lifecycle_event_names
+        )
+
+        if is_instance_event:
+            if not raw or restore_load_context:
+                fn = event_key._listen_fn
+
+                def wrap(
+                    session: Session,
+                    state: InstanceState[_O],
+                    *arg: Any,
+                    **kw: Any,
+                ) -> Optional[Any]:
+                    if not raw:
+                        target = state.obj()
+                        if target is None:
+                            # existing behavior is that if the object is
+                            # garbage collected, no event is emitted
+                            return None
+                    else:
+                        target = state  # type: ignore [assignment]
+                    if restore_load_context:
+                        runid = state.runid
+                    try:
+                        return fn(session, target, *arg, **kw)
+                    finally:
+                        if restore_load_context:
+                            state.runid = runid
+
+                event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    def do_orm_execute(self, orm_execute_state: ORMExecuteState) -> None:
+        """Intercept statement executions that occur on behalf of an
+        ORM :class:`.Session` object.
+
+        This event is invoked for all top-level SQL statements invoked from the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method, as well as related methods such as
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` and :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar`. As of
+        SQLAlchemy 1.4, all ORM queries that run through the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method as well as related methods
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`, :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar` etc.
+        will participate in this event.
+        This event hook does **not** apply to the queries that are
+        emitted internally within the ORM flush process, i.e. the
+        process described at :ref:`session_flushing`.
+
+        .. note::  The :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook
+           is triggered **for ORM statement executions only**, meaning those
+           invoked via the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` and similar methods on
+           the :class:`_orm.Session` object. It does **not** trigger for
+           statements that are invoked by SQLAlchemy Core only, i.e. statements
+           invoked directly using :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` or
+           otherwise originating from an :class:`_engine.Engine` object without
+           any :class:`_orm.Session` involved. To intercept **all** SQL
+           executions regardless of whether the Core or ORM APIs are in use,
+           see the event hooks at :class:`.ConnectionEvents`, such as
+           :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_execute` and
+           :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute`.
+
+           Also, this event hook does **not** apply to queries that are
+           emitted internally within the ORM flush process,
+           i.e. the process described at :ref:`session_flushing`; to
+           intercept steps within the flush process, see the event
+           hooks described at :ref:`session_persistence_events` as
+           well as :ref:`session_persistence_mapper`.
+
+        This event is a ``do_`` event, meaning it has the capability to replace
+        the operation that the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method normally
+        performs.  The intended use for this includes sharding and
+        result-caching schemes which may seek to invoke the same statement
+        across  multiple database connections, returning a result that is
+        merged from each of them, or which don't invoke the statement at all,
+        instead returning data from a cache.
+
+        The hook intends to replace the use of the
+        ``Query._execute_and_instances`` method that could be subclassed prior
+        to SQLAlchemy 1.4.
+
+        :param orm_execute_state: an instance of :class:`.ORMExecuteState`
+         which contains all information about the current execution, as well
+         as helper functions used to derive other commonly required
+         information.   See that object for details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_execute_events` - top level documentation on how
+            to use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+
+            :class:`.ORMExecuteState` - the object passed to the
+            :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event which contains
+            all information about the statement to be invoked.  It also
+            provides an interface to extend the current statement, options,
+            and parameters as well as an option that allows programmatic
+            invocation of the statement at any point.
+
+            :ref:`examples_session_orm_events` - includes examples of using
+            :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+
+            :ref:`examples_caching` - an example of how to integrate
+            Dogpile caching with the ORM :class:`_orm.Session` making use
+            of the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+            :ref:`examples_sharding` - the Horizontal Sharding example /
+            extension relies upon the
+            :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook to invoke a
+            SQL statement on multiple backends and return a merged result.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+    def after_transaction_create(
+        self, session: Session, transaction: SessionTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute when a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+        in that it occurs for each :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        overall, as opposed to when transactions are begun
+        on individual database connections.  It is also invoked
+        for nested transactions and subtransactions, and is always
+        matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` event
+        (assuming normal operation of the :class:`.Session`).
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+         To detect if this is the outermost
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`, as opposed to a "subtransaction" or a
+         SAVEPOINT, test that the :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` attribute
+         is ``None``::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_create(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.parent is None:
+                        # work with top-level transaction
+
+         To detect if the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is a SAVEPOINT, use the
+         :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_create(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.nested:
+                        # work with SAVEPOINT transaction
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_transaction_end(
+        self, session: Session, transaction: SessionTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute when the span of a :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+        in that it corresponds to all :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        objects in use, including those for nested transactions
+        and subtransactions, and is always matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` event.
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+         To detect if this is the outermost
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`, as opposed to a "subtransaction" or a
+         SAVEPOINT, test that the :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` attribute
+         is ``None``::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_end(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.parent is None:
+                        # work with top-level transaction
+
+         To detect if the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is a SAVEPOINT, use the
+         :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_end(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.nested:
+                        # work with SAVEPOINT transaction
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_commit(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Execute before commit is called.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_commit(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Execute after a commit has occurred.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.Session` is not in an active transaction
+            when the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` event is invoked,
+            and therefore can not emit SQL.  To emit SQL corresponding to
+            every transaction, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+            event.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_rollback(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Execute after a real DBAPI rollback has occurred.
+
+        Note that this event only fires when the *actual* rollback against
+        the database occurs - it does *not* fire each time the
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback` method is called, if the underlying
+        DBAPI transaction has already been rolled back.  In many
+        cases, the :class:`.Session` will not be in
+        an "active" state during this event, as the current
+        transaction is not valid.   To acquire a :class:`.Session`
+        which is active after the outermost rollback has proceeded,
+        use the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback` event, checking the
+        :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_soft_rollback(
+        self, session: Session, previous_transaction: SessionTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after any rollback has occurred, including "soft"
+        rollbacks that don't actually emit at the DBAPI level.
+
+        This corresponds to both nested and outer rollbacks, i.e.
+        the innermost rollback that calls the DBAPI's
+        rollback() method, as well as the enclosing rollback
+        calls that only pop themselves from the transaction stack.
+
+        The given :class:`.Session` can be used to invoke SQL and
+        :meth:`.Session.query` operations after an outermost rollback
+        by first checking the :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Session, "after_soft_rollback")
+            def do_something(session, previous_transaction):
+                if session.is_active:
+                    session.execute(text("select * from some_table"))
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param previous_transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         transactional marker object which was just closed.   The current
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` for the given :class:`.Session` is
+         available via the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_flush(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        flush_context: UOWTransaction,
+        instances: Optional[Sequence[_O]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute before flush process has started.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param instances: Usually ``None``, this is the collection of
+         objects which can be passed to the :meth:`.Session.flush` method
+         (note this usage is deprecated).
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush(
+        self, session: Session, flush_context: UOWTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been
+        called.
+
+        Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new',
+        'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well
+        as the history settings on instance attributes.
+
+        .. warning:: This event runs after the :class:`.Session` has emitted
+           SQL to modify the database, but **before** it has altered its
+           internal state to reflect those changes, including that newly
+           inserted objects are placed into the identity map.  ORM operations
+           emitted within this event such as loads of related items
+           may produce new identity map entries that will immediately
+           be replaced, sometimes causing confusing results.  SQLAlchemy will
+           emit a warning for this condition as of version 1.3.9.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush_postexec(
+        self, session: Session, flush_context: UOWTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec
+        state occurs.
+
+        This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in
+        their final state.  An actual commit() may or may not have
+        occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own
+        transaction or participated in a larger transaction.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_begin(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        transaction: SessionTransaction,
+        connection: Connection,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection.
+
+        .. note:: This event is called within the process of the
+          :class:`_orm.Session` modifying its own internal state.
+          To invoke SQL operations within this hook, use the
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` provided to the event;
+          do not run SQL operations using the :class:`_orm.Session`
+          directly.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+        :param connection: The :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+         which will be used for SQL statements.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def before_attach(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Execute before an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called before an add, delete or merge causes
+        the object to be part of the session.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach`
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def after_attach(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Execute after an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called after an add, delete or merge.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           As of 0.8, this event fires off *after* the item
+           has been fully associated with the session, which is
+           different than previous releases.  For event
+           handlers that require the object not yet
+           be part of session state (such as handlers which
+           may autoflush while the target object is not
+           yet complete) consider the
+           new :meth:`.before_attach` event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_attach`
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "0.9",
+        ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+        lambda update_context: (
+            update_context.session,
+            update_context.query,
+            None,
+            update_context.result,
+        ),
+    )
+    def after_bulk_update(self, update_context: _O) -> None:
+        """Event for after the legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.update` method
+        has been called.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_bulk_update` method
+           is a legacy event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.   The event
+           **does not participate** in :term:`2.0 style` invocations
+           using :func:`_dml.update` documented at
+           :ref:`orm_queryguide_update_delete_where`.  For 2.0 style use,
+           the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook will intercept
+           these calls.
+
+        :param update_context: an "update context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`_query.Query`
+              object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``values`` The "values" dictionary that was passed to
+              :meth:`_query.Query.update`.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+              returned as a result of the
+              bulk UPDATE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the update_context no longer has a
+           ``QueryContext`` object associated with it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_delete`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "0.9",
+        ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+        lambda delete_context: (
+            delete_context.session,
+            delete_context.query,
+            None,
+            delete_context.result,
+        ),
+    )
+    def after_bulk_delete(self, delete_context: _O) -> None:
+        """Event for after the legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.delete` method
+        has been called.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_bulk_delete` method
+           is a legacy event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.   The event
+           **does not participate** in :term:`2.0 style` invocations
+           using :func:`_dml.delete` documented at
+           :ref:`orm_queryguide_update_delete_where`.  For 2.0 style use,
+           the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook will intercept
+           these calls.
+
+        :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`_query.Query`
+              object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+              returned as a result of the
+              bulk DELETE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the update_context no longer has a
+           ``QueryContext`` object associated with it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_update`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def transient_to_pending(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "transient to pending" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is a specialization of the
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_attach` event which is only invoked
+        for this specific transition.  It is invoked typically during the
+        :meth:`.Session.add` call.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def pending_to_transient(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "pending to transient" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This less common transition occurs when an pending object that has
+        not been flushed is evicted from the session; this can occur
+        when the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method rolls back the transaction,
+        or when the :meth:`.Session.expunge` method is used.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def persistent_to_transient(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "persistent to transient" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This less common transition occurs when an pending object that has
+        has been flushed is evicted from the session; this can occur
+        when the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method rolls back the transaction.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def pending_to_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "pending to persistent"" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked within the flush process, and is
+        similar to scanning the :attr:`.Session.new` collection within
+        the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` event.  However, in this
+        case the object has already been moved to the persistent state
+        when the event is called.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def detached_to_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "detached to persistent" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is a specialization of the
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_attach` event which is only invoked
+        for this specific transition.  It is invoked typically during the
+        :meth:`.Session.add` call, as well as during the
+        :meth:`.Session.delete` call if the object was not previously
+        associated with the
+        :class:`.Session` (note that an object marked as "deleted" remains
+        in the "persistent" state until the flush proceeds).
+
+        .. note::
+
+            If the object becomes persistent as part of a call to
+            :meth:`.Session.delete`, the object is **not** yet marked as
+            deleted when this event is called.  To detect deleted objects,
+            check the ``deleted`` flag sent to the
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.persistent_to_detached` to event after the
+            flush proceeds, or check the :attr:`.Session.deleted` collection
+            within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event if deleted
+            objects need to be intercepted before the flush.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def loaded_as_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "loaded as persistent" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked within the ORM loading process, and is invoked
+        very similarly to the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` event.  However,
+        the event here is linkable to a :class:`.Session` class or instance,
+        rather than to a mapper or class hierarchy, and integrates
+        with the other session lifecycle events smoothly.  The object
+        is guaranteed to be present in the session's identity map when
+        this event is called.
+
+        .. note:: This event is invoked within the loader process before
+           eager loaders may have been completed, and the object's state may
+           not be complete.  Additionally, invoking row-level refresh
+           operations on the object will place the object into a new loader
+           context, interfering with the existing load context.   See the note
+           on :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` for background on making use of the
+           :paramref:`.SessionEvents.restore_load_context` parameter, which
+           works in the same manner as that of
+           :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context`, in  order to
+           resolve this scenario.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def persistent_to_deleted(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "persistent to deleted" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked when a persistent object's identity
+        is deleted from the database within a flush, however the object
+        still remains associated with the :class:`.Session` until the
+        transaction completes.
+
+        If the transaction is rolled back, the object moves again
+        to the persistent state, and the
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.deleted_to_persistent` event is called.
+        If the transaction is committed, the object becomes detached,
+        which will emit the :meth:`.SessionEvents.deleted_to_detached`
+        event.
+
+        Note that while the :meth:`.Session.delete` method is the primary
+        public interface to mark an object as deleted, many objects
+        get deleted due to cascade rules, which are not always determined
+        until flush time.  Therefore, there's no way to catch
+        every object that will be deleted until the flush has proceeded.
+        the :meth:`.SessionEvents.persistent_to_deleted` event is therefore
+        invoked at the end of a flush.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def deleted_to_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "deleted to persistent" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This transition occurs only when an object that's been deleted
+        successfully in a flush is restored due to a call to
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback`.   The event is not called under
+        any other circumstances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def deleted_to_detached(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "deleted to detached" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked when a deleted object is evicted
+        from the session.   The typical case when this occurs is when
+        the transaction for a :class:`.Session` in which the object
+        was deleted is committed; the object moves from the deleted
+        state to the detached state.
+
+        It is also invoked for objects that were deleted in a flush
+        when the :meth:`.Session.expunge_all` or :meth:`.Session.close`
+        events are called, as well as if the object is individually
+        expunged from its deleted state via :meth:`.Session.expunge`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def persistent_to_detached(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "persistent to detached" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked when a persistent object is evicted
+        from the session.  There are many conditions that cause this
+        to happen, including:
+
+        * using a method such as :meth:`.Session.expunge`
+          or :meth:`.Session.close`
+
+        * Calling the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method, when the object
+          was part of an INSERT statement for that session's transaction
+
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        :param deleted: boolean.  If True, indicates this object moved
+         to the detached state because it was marked as deleted and flushed.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+
+class AttributeEvents(event.Events[QueryableAttribute[Any]]):
+    r"""Define events for object attributes.
+
+    These are typically defined on the class-bound descriptor for the
+    target class.
+
+    For example, to register a listener that will receive the
+    :meth:`_orm.AttributeEvents.append` event::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        @event.listens_for(MyClass.collection, 'append', propagate=True)
+        def my_append_listener(target, value, initiator):
+            print("received append event for target: %s" % target)
+
+
+    Listeners have the option to return a possibly modified version of the
+    value, when the :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.retval` flag is passed to
+    :func:`.event.listen` or :func:`.event.listens_for`, such as below,
+    illustrated using the :meth:`_orm.AttributeEvents.set` event::
+
+        def validate_phone(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            "Strip non-numeric characters from a phone number"
+
+            return re.sub(r'\D', '', value)
+
+        # setup listener on UserContact.phone attribute, instructing
+        # it to use the return value
+        listen(UserContact.phone, 'set', validate_phone, retval=True)
+
+    A validation function like the above can also raise an exception
+    such as :exc:`ValueError` to halt the operation.
+
+    The :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.propagate` flag is also important when
+    applying listeners to mapped classes that also have mapped subclasses,
+    as when using mapper inheritance patterns::
+
+
+        @event.listens_for(MySuperClass.attr, 'set', propagate=True)
+        def receive_set(target, value, initiator):
+            print("value set: %s" % target)
+
+    The full list of modifiers available to the :func:`.event.listen`
+    and :func:`.event.listens_for` functions are below.
+
+    :param active_history=False: When True, indicates that the
+      "set" event would like to receive the "old" value being
+      replaced unconditionally, even if this requires firing off
+      database loads. Note that ``active_history`` can also be
+      set directly via :func:`.column_property` and
+      :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+      be established not just for the class attribute given, but
+      for attributes of the same name on all current subclasses
+      of that class, as well as all future subclasses of that
+      class, using an additional listener that listens for
+      instrumentation events.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument to the
+      event will be the :class:`.InstanceState` management
+      object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event
+      listening must return the "value" argument from the
+      function.  This gives the listening function the opportunity
+      to change the value that is ultimately used for a "set"
+      or "append" event.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass.some_attribute"
+    _dispatch_target = QueryableAttribute
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(
+        cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[Any]], dispatch_cls: Type[_Dispatch[Any]]
+    ) -> _Dispatch[Any]:
+        dispatch = event.Events._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+        dispatch_cls._active_history = False
+        return dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[QueryableAttribute[Any], Type[QueryableAttribute[Any]]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Union[QueryableAttribute[Any], Type[QueryableAttribute[Any]]]:
+        # TODO: coverage
+        if isinstance(target, interfaces.MapperProperty):
+            return getattr(target.parent.class_, target.key)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(  # type: ignore [override]
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        raw: bool = False,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        include_key: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, fn = event_key.dispatch_target, event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if active_history:
+            target.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        if not raw or not retval or not include_key:
+
+            def wrap(target: InstanceState[_O], *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                if not raw:
+                    target = target.obj()  # type: ignore [assignment]
+                if not retval:
+                    if arg:
+                        value = arg[0]
+                    else:
+                        value = None
+                    if include_key:
+                        fn(target, *arg, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        fn(target, *arg)
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    if include_key:
+                        return fn(target, *arg, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        return fn(target, *arg)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate)
+
+        if propagate:
+            manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target.class_)
+
+            for mgr in manager.subclass_managers(True):  # type: ignore [no-untyped-call] # noqa: E501
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr[target.key]).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True
+                )
+                if active_history:
+                    mgr[target.key].dispatch._active_history = True
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        key: EventConstants = NO_KEY,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Receive a collection append event.
+
+        The append event is invoked for each element as it is appended
+        to the collection.  This occurs for single-item appends as well
+        as for a "bulk replace" operation.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being appended.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation, as well as be inspected for information
+          about the source of the event.
+        :param key: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the key used in the operation, such as
+         ``collection[some_key_or_index] = value``.
+         The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeEvents.bulk_replace`
+
+        """
+
+    def append_wo_mutation(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        key: EventConstants = NO_KEY,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a collection append event where the collection was not
+        actually mutated.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`_orm.AttributeEvents.append` in that
+        it is fired off for de-duplicating collections such as sets and
+        dictionaries, when the object already exists in the target collection.
+        The event does not have a return value and the identity of the
+        given object cannot be changed.
+
+        The event is used for cascading objects into a :class:`_orm.Session`
+        when the collection has already been mutated via a backref event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value that would be appended if the object did not
+          already exist in the collection.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation, as well as be inspected for information
+          about the source of the event.
+        :param key: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the key used in the operation, such as
+         ``collection[some_key_or_index] = value``.
+         The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: No return value is defined for this event.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.15
+
+        """
+
+    def bulk_replace(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        values: Iterable[_T],
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        keys: Optional[Iterable[EventConstants]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a collection 'bulk replace' event.
+
+        This event is invoked for a sequence of values as they are incoming
+        to a bulk collection set operation, which can be
+        modified in place before the values are treated as ORM objects.
+        This is an "early hook" that runs before the bulk replace routine
+        attempts to reconcile which objects are already present in the
+        collection and which are being removed by the net replace operation.
+
+        It is typical that this method be combined with use of the
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append` event.    When using both of these
+        events, note that a bulk replace operation will invoke
+        the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append` event for all new items,
+        even after :meth:`.AttributeEvents.bulk_replace` has been invoked
+        for the collection as a whole.  In order to determine if an
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append` event is part of a bulk replace,
+        use the symbol :attr:`~.attributes.OP_BULK_REPLACE` to test the
+        incoming initiator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm.attributes import OP_BULK_REPLACE
+
+            @event.listens_for(SomeObject.collection, "bulk_replace")
+            def process_collection(target, values, initiator):
+                values[:] = [_make_value(value) for value in values]
+
+            @event.listens_for(SomeObject.collection, "append", retval=True)
+            def process_collection(target, value, initiator):
+                # make sure bulk_replace didn't already do it
+                if initiator is None or initiator.op is not OP_BULK_REPLACE:
+                    return _make_value(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: a sequence (e.g. a list) of the values being set.  The
+          handler can modify this list in place.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.
+        :param keys: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the sequence of keys used in the operation,
+         typically only for a dictionary update.  The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        key: EventConstants = NO_KEY,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a collection remove event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being removed.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+        :param key: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the key used in the operation, such as
+         ``del collection[some_key_or_index]``.  The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: No return value is defined for this event.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+    def set(
+        self, target: _O, value: _T, oldvalue: _T, initiator: Event
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a scalar set event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being set.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param oldvalue: the previous value being replaced.  This
+          may also be the symbol ``NEVER_SET`` or ``NO_VALUE``.
+          If the listener is registered with ``active_history=True``,
+          the previous value of the attribute will be loaded from
+          the database if the existing value is currently unloaded
+          or expired.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+    def init_scalar(
+        self, target: _O, value: _T, dict_: Dict[Any, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Receive a scalar "init" event.
+
+        This event is invoked when an uninitialized, unpersisted scalar
+        attribute is accessed, e.g. read::
+
+
+            x = my_object.some_attribute
+
+        The ORM's default behavior when this occurs for an un-initialized
+        attribute is to return the value ``None``; note this differs from
+        Python's usual behavior of raising ``AttributeError``.    The
+        event here can be used to customize what value is actually returned,
+        with the assumption that the event listener would be mirroring
+        a default generator that is configured on the Core
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+        object as well.
+
+        Since a default generator on a :class:`_schema.Column`
+        might also produce
+        a changing value such as a timestamp, the
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_scalar`
+        event handler can also be used to **set** the newly returned value, so
+        that a Core-level default generation function effectively fires off
+        only once, but at the moment the attribute is accessed on the
+        non-persisted object.   Normally, no change to the object's state
+        is made when an uninitialized attribute is accessed (much older
+        SQLAlchemy versions did in fact change the object's state).
+
+        If a default generator on a column returned a particular constant,
+        a handler might be used as follows::
+
+            SOME_CONSTANT = 3.1415926
+
+            class MyClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                some_attribute = Column(Numeric, default=SOME_CONSTANT)
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                MyClass.some_attribute, "init_scalar",
+                retval=True, propagate=True)
+            def _init_some_attribute(target, dict_, value):
+                dict_['some_attribute'] = SOME_CONSTANT
+                return SOME_CONSTANT
+
+        Above, we initialize the attribute ``MyClass.some_attribute`` to the
+        value of ``SOME_CONSTANT``.   The above code includes the following
+        features:
+
+        * By setting the value ``SOME_CONSTANT`` in the given ``dict_``,
+          we indicate that this value is to be persisted to the database.
+          This supersedes the use of ``SOME_CONSTANT`` in the default generator
+          for the :class:`_schema.Column`.  The ``active_column_defaults.py``
+          example given at :ref:`examples_instrumentation` illustrates using
+          the same approach for a changing default, e.g. a timestamp
+          generator.    In this particular example, it is not strictly
+          necessary to do this since ``SOME_CONSTANT`` would be part of the
+          INSERT statement in either case.
+
+        * By establishing the ``retval=True`` flag, the value we return
+          from the function will be returned by the attribute getter.
+          Without this flag, the event is assumed to be a passive observer
+          and the return value of our function is ignored.
+
+        * The ``propagate=True`` flag is significant if the mapped class
+          includes inheriting subclasses, which would also make use of this
+          event listener.  Without this flag, an inheriting subclass will
+          not use our event handler.
+
+        In the above example, the attribute set event
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set` as well as the related validation feature
+        provided by :obj:`_orm.validates` is **not** invoked when we apply our
+        value to the given ``dict_``.  To have these events to invoke in
+        response to our newly generated value, apply the value to the given
+        object as a normal attribute set operation::
+
+            SOME_CONSTANT = 3.1415926
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                MyClass.some_attribute, "init_scalar",
+                retval=True, propagate=True)
+            def _init_some_attribute(target, dict_, value):
+                # will also fire off attribute set events
+                target.some_attribute = SOME_CONSTANT
+                return SOME_CONSTANT
+
+        When multiple listeners are set up, the generation of the value
+        is "chained" from one listener to the next by passing the value
+        returned by the previous listener that specifies ``retval=True``
+        as the ``value`` argument of the next listener.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+         If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+         be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value that is to be returned before this event
+         listener were invoked.  This value begins as the value ``None``,
+         however will be the return value of the previous event handler
+         function if multiple listeners are present.
+        :param dict\_: the attribute dictionary of this mapped object.
+         This is normally the ``__dict__`` of the object, but in all cases
+         represents the destination that the attribute system uses to get
+         at the actual value of this attribute.  Placing the value in this
+         dictionary has the effect that the value will be used in the
+         INSERT statement generated by the unit of work.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_collection` - collection version
+            of this event
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+            :ref:`examples_instrumentation` - see the
+            ``active_column_defaults.py`` example.
+
+        """
+
+    def init_collection(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        collection: Type[Collection[Any]],
+        collection_adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a 'collection init' event.
+
+        This event is triggered for a collection-based attribute, when
+        the initial "empty collection" is first generated for a blank
+        attribute, as well as for when the collection is replaced with
+        a new one, such as via a set event.
+
+        E.g., given that ``User.addresses`` is a relationship-based
+        collection, the event is triggered here::
+
+            u1 = User()
+            u1.addresses.append(a1)  #  <- new collection
+
+        and also during replace operations::
+
+            u1.addresses = [a2, a3]  #  <- new collection
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+         If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+         be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param collection: the new collection.  This will always be generated
+         from what was specified as
+         :paramref:`_orm.relationship.collection_class`, and will always
+         be empty.
+        :param collection_adapter: the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` that will
+         mediate internal access to the collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_scalar` - "scalar" version of this
+            event.
+
+        """
+
+    def dispose_collection(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        collection: Collection[Any],
+        collection_adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a 'collection dispose' event.
+
+        This event is triggered for a collection-based attribute when
+        a collection is replaced, that is::
+
+            u1.addresses.append(a1)
+
+            u1.addresses = [a2, a3]  # <- old collection is disposed
+
+        The old collection received will contain its previous contents.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.2 The collection passed to
+           :meth:`.AttributeEvents.dispose_collection` will now have its
+           contents before the dispose intact; previously, the collection
+           would be empty.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+    def modified(self, target: _O, initiator: Event) -> None:
+        """Receive a 'modified' event.
+
+        This event is triggered when the :func:`.attributes.flag_modified`
+        function is used to trigger a modify event on an attribute without
+        any specific value being set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+
+class QueryEvents(event.Events[Query[Any]]):
+    """Represent events within the construction of a :class:`_query.Query`
+    object.
+
+    .. legacy:: The :class:`_orm.QueryEvents` event methods are legacy
+        as of SQLAlchemy 2.0, and only apply to direct use of the
+        :class:`_orm.Query` object. They are not used for :term:`2.0 style`
+        statements. For events to intercept and modify 2.0 style ORM use,
+        use the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.
+
+
+    The :class:`_orm.QueryEvents` hooks are now superseded by the
+    :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeQuery"
+    _dispatch_target = Query
+
+    def before_compile(self, query: Query[Any]) -> None:
+        """Receive the :class:`_query.Query`
+        object before it is composed into a
+        core :class:`_expression.Select` object.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile` event
+           is superseded by the much more capable
+           :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.   In version 1.4,
+           the :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile` event is **no longer
+           used** for ORM-level attribute loads, such as loads of deferred
+           or expired attributes as well as relationship loaders.   See the
+           new examples in :ref:`examples_session_orm_events` which
+           illustrate new ways of intercepting and modifying ORM queries
+           for the most common purpose of adding arbitrary filter criteria.
+
+
+        This event is intended to allow changes to the query given::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc['type'] is User:
+                        entity = desc['entity']
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        The event should normally be listened with the ``retval=True``
+        parameter set, so that the modified query may be returned.
+
+        The :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event by default
+        will disallow "baked" queries from caching a query, if the event
+        hook returns a new :class:`_query.Query` object.
+        This affects both direct
+        use of the baked query extension as well as its operation within
+        lazy loaders and eager loaders for relationships.  In order to
+        re-establish the query being cached, apply the event adding the
+        ``bake_ok`` flag::
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                Query, "before_compile", retval=True, bake_ok=True)
+            def my_event(query):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc['type'] is User:
+                        entity = desc['entity']
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        When ``bake_ok`` is set to True, the event hook will only be invoked
+        once, and not called for subsequent invocations of a particular query
+        that is being cached.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.11  - added the "bake_ok" flag to the
+           :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event and disallowed caching via
+           the "baked" extension from occurring for event handlers that
+           return  a new :class:`_query.Query` object if this flag is not set.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+
+            :ref:`baked_with_before_compile`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_compile_update(
+        self, query: Query[Any], update_context: BulkUpdate
+    ) -> None:
+        """Allow modifications to the :class:`_query.Query` object within
+        :meth:`_query.Query.update`.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+           event is superseded by the much more capable
+           :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.
+
+        Like the :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event, if the event
+        is to be used to alter the :class:`_query.Query` object, it should
+        be configured with ``retval=True``, and the modified
+        :class:`_query.Query` object returned, as in ::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile_update", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query, update_context):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc['type'] is User:
+                        entity = desc['entity']
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+
+                        update_context.values['timestamp'] = datetime.utcnow()
+                return query
+
+        The ``.values`` dictionary of the "update context" object can also
+        be modified in place as illustrated above.
+
+        :param query: a :class:`_query.Query` instance; this is also
+         the ``.query`` attribute of the given "update context"
+         object.
+
+        :param update_context: an "update context" object which is
+         the same kind of object as described in
+         :paramref:`.QueryEvents.after_bulk_update.update_context`.
+         The object has a ``.values`` attribute in an UPDATE context which is
+         the dictionary of parameters passed to :meth:`_query.Query.update`.
+         This
+         dictionary can be modified to alter the VALUES clause of the
+         resulting UPDATE statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.17
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile`
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+
+
+        """
+
+    def before_compile_delete(
+        self, query: Query[Any], delete_context: BulkDelete
+    ) -> None:
+        """Allow modifications to the :class:`_query.Query` object within
+        :meth:`_query.Query.delete`.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+           event is superseded by the much more capable
+           :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.
+
+        Like the :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event, this event
+        should be configured with ``retval=True``, and the modified
+        :class:`_query.Query` object returned, as in ::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile_delete", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query, delete_context):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc['type'] is User:
+                        entity = desc['entity']
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        :param query: a :class:`_query.Query` instance; this is also
+         the ``.query`` attribute of the given "delete context"
+         object.
+
+        :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which is
+         the same kind of object as described in
+         :paramref:`.QueryEvents.after_bulk_delete.delete_context`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.17
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile`
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+
+
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        retval: bool = False,
+        bake_ok: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        fn = event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if not retval:
+
+            def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                if not retval:
+                    query = arg[0]
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return query
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+        else:
+            # don't assume we can apply an attribute to the callable
+            def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        wrap._bake_ok = bake_ok  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dead05d07432ff51b39e607f173dcc67b9a6c2f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# orm/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQLAlchemy ORM exceptions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .util import _mapper_property_as_plain_name
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..exc import MultipleResultsFound  # noqa
+from ..exc import NoResultFound  # noqa
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import LoaderStrategy
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+NO_STATE = (AttributeError, KeyError)
+"""Exception types that may be raised by instrumentation implementations."""
+
+
+class StaleDataError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation encountered database state that is unaccounted for.
+
+    Conditions which cause this to happen include:
+
+    * A flush may have attempted to update or delete rows
+      and an unexpected number of rows were matched during
+      the UPDATE or DELETE statement.   Note that when
+      version_id_col is used, rows in UPDATE or DELETE statements
+      are also matched against the current known version
+      identifier.
+
+    * A mapped object with version_id_col was refreshed,
+      and the version number coming back from the database does
+      not match that of the object itself.
+
+    * A object is detached from its parent object, however
+      the object was previously attached to a different parent
+      identity which was garbage collected, and a decision
+      cannot be made if the new parent was really the most
+      recent "parent".
+
+    """
+
+
+ConcurrentModificationError = StaleDataError
+
+
+class FlushError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A invalid condition was detected during flush()."""
+
+
+class UnmappedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Base for exceptions that involve expected mappings not present."""
+
+
+class ObjectDereferencedError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation cannot complete due to an object being garbage
+    collected.
+
+    """
+
+
+class DetachedInstanceError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An attempt to access unloaded attributes on a
+    mapped instance that is detached."""
+
+    code = "bhk3"
+
+
+class UnmappedInstanceError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown instance."""
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, obj: object, msg: Optional[str] = None):
+        base = util.preloaded.orm_base
+
+        if not msg:
+            try:
+                base.class_mapper(type(obj))
+                name = _safe_cls_name(type(obj))
+                msg = (
+                    "Class %r is mapped, but this instance lacks "
+                    "instrumentation.  This occurs when the instance "
+                    "is created before sqlalchemy.orm.mapper(%s) "
+                    "was called." % (name, name)
+                )
+            except UnmappedClassError:
+                msg = f"Class '{_safe_cls_name(type(obj))}' is not mapped"
+                if isinstance(obj, type):
+                    msg += (
+                        "; was a class (%s) supplied where an instance was "
+                        "required?" % _safe_cls_name(obj)
+                    )
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedClassError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown class."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cls: Type[_T], msg: Optional[str] = None):
+        if not msg:
+            msg = _default_unmapped(cls)
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class ObjectDeletedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A refresh operation failed to retrieve the database
+    row corresponding to an object's known primary key identity.
+
+    A refresh operation proceeds when an expired attribute is
+    accessed on an object, or when :meth:`_query.Query.get` is
+    used to retrieve an object which is, upon retrieval, detected
+    as expired.   A SELECT is emitted for the target row
+    based on primary key; if no row is returned, this
+    exception is raised.
+
+    The true meaning of this exception is simply that
+    no row exists for the primary key identifier associated
+    with a persistent object.   The row may have been
+    deleted, or in some cases the primary key updated
+    to a new value, outside of the ORM's management of the target
+    object.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, state: InstanceState[Any], msg: Optional[str] = None):
+        base = util.preloaded.orm_base
+
+        if not msg:
+            msg = (
+                "Instance '%s' has been deleted, or its "
+                "row is otherwise not present." % base.state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedColumnError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Mapping operation was requested on an unknown column."""
+
+
+class LoaderStrategyException(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A loader strategy for an attribute does not exist."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        applied_to_property_type: Type[Any],
+        requesting_property: MapperProperty[Any],
+        applies_to: Optional[Type[MapperProperty[Any]]],
+        actual_strategy_type: Optional[Type[LoaderStrategy]],
+        strategy_key: Tuple[Any, ...],
+    ):
+        if actual_strategy_type is None:
+            sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(
+                self,
+                "Can't find strategy %s for %s"
+                % (strategy_key, requesting_property),
+            )
+        else:
+            assert applies_to is not None
+            sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(
+                self,
+                'Can\'t apply "%s" strategy to property "%s", '
+                'which is a "%s"; this loader strategy is intended '
+                'to be used with a "%s".'
+                % (
+                    util.clsname_as_plain_name(actual_strategy_type),
+                    requesting_property,
+                    _mapper_property_as_plain_name(applied_to_property_type),
+                    _mapper_property_as_plain_name(applies_to),
+                ),
+            )
+
+
+def _safe_cls_name(cls: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    cls_name: Optional[str]
+    try:
+        cls_name = ".".join((cls.__module__, cls.__name__))
+    except AttributeError:
+        cls_name = getattr(cls, "__name__", None)
+        if cls_name is None:
+            cls_name = repr(cls)
+    return cls_name
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+def _default_unmapped(cls: Type[Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+    base = util.preloaded.orm_base
+
+    try:
+        mappers = base.manager_of_class(cls).mappers  # type: ignore
+    except (
+        UnmappedClassError,
+        TypeError,
+    ) + NO_STATE:
+        mappers = {}
+    name = _safe_cls_name(cls)
+
+    if not mappers:
+        return f"Class '{name}' is not mapped"
+    else:
+        return None
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c661b230b14dfb469ce86d04eaffe2285d209316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# orm/identity.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+import weakref
+
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+
+class IdentityMap:
+    _wr: weakref.ref[IdentityMap]
+
+    _dict: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], Any]
+    _modified: Set[InstanceState[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._dict = {}
+        self._modified = set()
+        self._wr = weakref.ref(self)
+
+    def _kill(self) -> None:
+        self._add_unpresent = _killed  # type: ignore
+
+    def all_states(self) -> List[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def contains_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def safe_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]) -> _O:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O], default: Optional[_O] = None
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fast_get_state(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]
+    ) -> Optional[InstanceState[_O]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def keys(self) -> Iterable[_IdentityKeyType[Any]]:
+        return self._dict.keys()
+
+    def values(self) -> Iterable[object]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def replace(self, state: InstanceState[_O]) -> Optional[InstanceState[_O]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def add(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fast_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _add_unpresent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """optional inlined form of add() which can assume item isn't present
+        in the map"""
+        self.add(state)
+
+    def _manage_incoming_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.add(state)
+
+    def _manage_removed_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        del state._instance_dict
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.discard(state)
+
+    def _dirty_states(self) -> Set[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        return self._modified
+
+    def check_modified(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if any InstanceStates present have been marked
+        as 'modified'.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self._modified)
+
+    def has_key(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> bool:
+        return key in self
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._dict)
+
+
+class WeakInstanceDict(IdentityMap):
+    _dict: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], InstanceState[Any]]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]) -> _O:
+        state = cast("InstanceState[_O]", self._dict[key])
+        o = state.obj()
+        if o is None:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return o
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> bool:
+        try:
+            if key in self._dict:
+                state = self._dict[key]
+                o = state.obj()
+            else:
+                return False
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return o is not None
+
+    def contains_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert state.key is not None
+            try:
+                return self._dict[state.key] is state
+            except KeyError:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def replace(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        assert state.key is not None
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            try:
+                existing = existing_non_none = self._dict[state.key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+                existing = None
+            else:
+                if existing_non_none is not state:
+                    self._manage_removed_state(existing_non_none)
+                else:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            existing = None
+
+        self._dict[state.key] = state
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+        return existing
+
+    def add(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        key = state.key
+        assert key is not None
+        # inline of self.__contains__
+        if key in self._dict:
+            try:
+                existing_state = self._dict[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+                pass
+            else:
+                if existing_state is not state:
+                    o = existing_state.obj()
+                    if o is not None:
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Can't attach instance "
+                            "%s; another instance with key %s is already "
+                            "present in this session."
+                            % (orm_util.state_str(state), state.key)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    return False
+        self._dict[key] = state
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+        return True
+
+    def _add_unpresent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        # inlined form of add() called by loading.py
+        self._dict[key] = state
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+    def fast_get_state(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]
+    ) -> Optional[InstanceState[_O]]:
+        return self._dict.get(key)
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O], default: Optional[_O] = None
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        if key not in self._dict:
+            return default
+        try:
+            state = cast("InstanceState[_O]", self._dict[key])
+        except KeyError:
+            # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+            return default
+        else:
+            o = state.obj()
+            if o is None:
+                return default
+            return o
+
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[_IdentityKeyType[Any], InstanceState[Any]]]:
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            key = state.key
+            assert key is not None
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append((key, value))
+        return result
+
+    def values(self) -> List[object]:
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append(value)
+
+        return result
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_IdentityKeyType[Any]]:
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def all_states(self) -> List[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        return list(self._dict.values())
+
+    def _fast_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        # used by InstanceState for state being
+        # GC'ed, inlines _managed_removed_state
+        key = state.key
+        assert key is not None
+        try:
+            st = self._dict[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+            pass
+        else:
+            if st is state:
+                self._dict.pop(key, None)
+
+    def discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        self.safe_discard(state)
+
+    def safe_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        key = state.key
+        if key in self._dict:
+            assert key is not None
+            try:
+                st = self._dict[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+                pass
+            else:
+                if st is state:
+                    self._dict.pop(key, None)
+                    self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+
+def _killed(state: InstanceState[Any], key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> NoReturn:
+    # external function to avoid creating cycles when assigned to
+    # the IdentityMap
+    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+        "Object %s cannot be converted to 'persistent' state, as this "
+        "identity map is no longer valid.  Has the owning Session "
+        "been closed?" % orm_util.state_str(state),
+        code="lkrp",
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c91b401578bf6716f54945a652628a8eeef621ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+# orm/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Defines SQLAlchemy's system of class instrumentation.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+instrumentation.py deals with registration of end-user classes
+for state tracking.   It interacts closely with state.py
+and attributes.py which establish per-instance and per-class-attribute
+instrumentation, respectively.
+
+The class instrumentation system can be customized on a per-class
+or global basis using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+module, which provides the means to build and specify
+alternate instrumentation forms.
+
+.. versionchanged: 0.8
+   The instrumentation extension system was moved out of the
+   ORM and into the external :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+   package.  When that package is imported, it installs
+   itself within sqlalchemy.orm so that its more comprehensive
+   resolution mechanics take effect.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import base
+from . import collections
+from . import exc
+from . import interfaces
+from . import state
+from ._typing import _O
+from .attributes import _is_collection_attribute_impl
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import _CollectionFactoryType
+    from .decl_base import _MapperConfig
+    from .events import InstanceEvents
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+DEL_ATTR = util.symbol("DEL_ATTR")
+
+
+class _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        state: state.InstanceState[Any],
+        toload: Set[str],
+        passive: base.PassiveFlag,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _ManagerFactory(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]: ...
+
+
+class ClassManager(
+    HasMemoized,
+    Dict[str, "QueryableAttribute[Any]"],
+    Generic[_O],
+    EventTarget,
+):
+    """Tracks state information at the class level."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ClassManager[_O]]
+
+    MANAGER_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR
+    STATE_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR
+
+    _state_setter = staticmethod(util.attrsetter(STATE_ATTR))
+
+    expired_attribute_loader: _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto
+    "previously known as deferred_scalar_loader"
+
+    init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]]
+    original_init: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None
+
+    factory: Optional[_ManagerFactory]
+
+    declarative_scan: Optional[weakref.ref[_MapperConfig]] = None
+
+    registry: _RegistryType
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # starts as None during setup
+        registry = None
+
+    class_: Type[_O]
+
+    _bases: List[ClassManager[Any]]
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The ClassManager.deferred_scalar_loader attribute is now "
+        "named expired_attribute_loader",
+    )
+    def deferred_scalar_loader(self):
+        return self.expired_attribute_loader
+
+    @deferred_scalar_loader.setter
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The ClassManager.deferred_scalar_loader attribute is now "
+        "named expired_attribute_loader",
+    )
+    def deferred_scalar_loader(self, obj):
+        self.expired_attribute_loader = obj
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.info = {}
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.local_attrs = {}
+        self.originals = {}
+        self._finalized = False
+        self.factory = None
+        self.init_method = None
+
+        self._bases = [
+            mgr
+            for mgr in cast(
+                "List[Optional[ClassManager[Any]]]",
+                [
+                    opt_manager_of_class(base)
+                    for base in self.class_.__bases__
+                    if isinstance(base, type)
+                ],
+            )
+            if mgr is not None
+        ]
+
+        for base_ in self._bases:
+            self.update(base_)
+
+        cast(
+            "InstanceEvents", self.dispatch._events
+        )._new_classmanager_instance(class_, self)
+
+        for basecls in class_.__mro__:
+            mgr = opt_manager_of_class(basecls)
+            if mgr is not None:
+                self.dispatch._update(mgr.dispatch)
+
+        self.manage()
+
+        if "__del__" in class_.__dict__:
+            util.warn(
+                "__del__() method on class %s will "
+                "cause unreachable cycles and memory leaks, "
+                "as SQLAlchemy instrumentation often creates "
+                "reference cycles.  Please remove this method." % class_
+            )
+
+    def _update_state(
+        self,
+        finalize: bool = False,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = None,
+        registry: Optional[_RegistryType] = None,
+        declarative_scan: Optional[_MapperConfig] = None,
+        expired_attribute_loader: Optional[
+            _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto
+        ] = None,
+        init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if mapper:
+            self.mapper = mapper  #
+        if registry:
+            registry._add_manager(self)
+        if declarative_scan:
+            self.declarative_scan = weakref.ref(declarative_scan)
+        if expired_attribute_loader:
+            self.expired_attribute_loader = expired_attribute_loader
+
+        if init_method:
+            assert not self._finalized, (
+                "class is already instrumented, "
+                "init_method %s can't be applied" % init_method
+            )
+            self.init_method = init_method
+
+        if not self._finalized:
+            self.original_init = (
+                self.init_method
+                if self.init_method is not None
+                and self.class_.__init__ is object.__init__
+                else self.class_.__init__
+            )
+
+        if finalize and not self._finalized:
+            self._finalize()
+
+    def _finalize(self) -> None:
+        if self._finalized:
+            return
+        self._finalized = True
+
+        self._instrument_init()
+
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.class_instrument(self.class_)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return other is self
+
+    @property
+    def is_mapped(self) -> bool:
+        return "mapper" in self.__dict__
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _all_key_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _collection_impl_keys(self):
+        return frozenset(
+            [attr.key for attr in self.values() if attr.impl.collection]
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _scalar_loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset(
+            [
+                attr.impl
+                for attr in self.values()
+                if attr.impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset([attr.impl for attr in self.values()])
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        # raises unless self.mapper has been assigned
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(self.class_)
+
+    def _all_sqla_attributes(self, exclude=None):
+        """return an iterator of all classbound attributes that are
+        implement :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        This includes :class:`.QueryableAttribute` as well as extension
+        types such as :class:`.hybrid_property` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        """
+
+        found: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # constraints:
+        # 1. yield keys in cls.__dict__ order
+        # 2. if a subclass has the same key as a superclass, include that
+        #    key as part of the ordering of the superclass, because an
+        #    overridden key is usually installed by the mapper which is going
+        #    on a different ordering
+        # 3. don't use getattr() as this fires off descriptors
+
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__[0:-1]:
+            inherits = supercls.__mro__[1]
+            for key in supercls.__dict__:
+                found.setdefault(key, supercls)
+                if key in inherits.__dict__:
+                    continue
+                val = found[key].__dict__[key]
+                if (
+                    isinstance(val, interfaces.InspectionAttr)
+                    and val.is_attribute
+                ):
+                    yield key, val
+
+    def _get_class_attr_mro(self, key, default=None):
+        """return an attribute on the class without tripping it."""
+
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__:
+            if key in supercls.__dict__:
+                return supercls.__dict__[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def _attr_has_impl(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given attribute is fully initialized.
+
+        i.e. has an impl.
+        """
+
+        return key in self and self[key].impl is not None
+
+    def _subclass_manager(self, cls: Type[_T]) -> ClassManager[_T]:
+        """Create a new ClassManager for a subclass of this ClassManager's
+        class.
+
+        This is called automatically when attributes are instrumented so that
+        the attributes can be propagated to subclasses against their own
+        class-local manager, without the need for mappers etc. to have already
+        pre-configured managers for the full class hierarchy.   Mappers
+        can post-configure the auto-generated ClassManager when needed.
+
+        """
+        return register_class(cls, finalize=False)
+
+    def _instrument_init(self):
+        self.new_init = _generate_init(self.class_, self, self.original_init)
+        self.install_member("__init__", self.new_init)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _state_constructor(self) -> Type[state.InstanceState[_O]]:
+        self.dispatch.first_init(self, self.class_)
+        return state.InstanceState
+
+    def manage(self):
+        """Mark this instance as the manager for its class."""
+
+        setattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR, self)
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return _default_manager_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def state_getter(self):
+        """Return a (instance) -> InstanceState callable.
+
+        "state getter" callables should raise either KeyError or
+        AttributeError if no InstanceState could be found for the
+        instance.
+        """
+
+        return _default_state_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return _default_dict_getter
+
+    def instrument_attribute(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        inst: QueryableAttribute[Any],
+        propagated: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't override local attr with inherited attr
+        else:
+            self.local_attrs[key] = inst
+            self.install_descriptor(key, inst)
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self[key] = inst
+
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = self._subclass_manager(cls)
+            manager.instrument_attribute(key, inst, True)
+
+    def subclass_managers(self, recursive):
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            mgr = opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+            if mgr is not None and mgr is not self:
+                yield mgr
+                if recursive:
+                    yield from mgr.subclass_managers(True)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.attribute_instrument(
+            self.class_, key, self[key]
+        )
+
+    def uninstrument_attribute(self, key, propagated=False):
+        if key not in self:
+            return
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't get rid of local attr
+        else:
+            del self.local_attrs[key]
+            self.uninstall_descriptor(key)
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        del self[key]
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+            if manager:
+                manager.uninstrument_attribute(key, True)
+
+    def unregister(self) -> None:
+        """remove all instrumentation established by this ClassManager."""
+
+        for key in list(self.originals):
+            self.uninstall_member(key)
+
+        self.mapper = None
+        self.dispatch = None  # type: ignore
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.info.clear()
+
+        for key in list(self):
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                self.uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+        if self.MANAGER_ATTR in self.class_.__dict__:
+            delattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    def install_descriptor(
+        self, key: str, inst: QueryableAttribute[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError(
+                "%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                "instrumentation attribute of the same name." % key
+            )
+        setattr(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key: str) -> None:
+        delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key: str, implementation: Any) -> None:
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError(
+                "%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                "instrumentation attribute of the same name." % key
+            )
+        self.originals.setdefault(key, self.class_.__dict__.get(key, DEL_ATTR))
+        setattr(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key: str) -> None:
+        original = self.originals.pop(key, None)
+        if original is not DEL_ATTR:
+            setattr(self.class_, key, original)
+        else:
+            delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(
+        self, key: str, collection_class: Type[Collection[Any]]
+    ) -> _CollectionFactoryType:
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        factory: _CollectionFactoryType,
+    ) -> Tuple[collections.CollectionAdapter, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        user_data = factory()
+        impl = self.get_impl(key)
+        assert _is_collection_attribute_impl(impl)
+        adapter = collections.CollectionAdapter(impl, state, user_data)
+        return adapter, user_data
+
+    def is_instrumented(self, key: str, search: bool = False) -> bool:
+        if search:
+            return key in self
+        else:
+            return key in self.local_attrs
+
+    def get_impl(self, key: str) -> AttributeImpl:
+        return self[key].impl
+
+    @property
+    def attributes(self) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+    # InstanceState management
+
+    def new_instance(self, state: Optional[InstanceState[_O]] = None) -> _O:
+        # here, we would prefer _O to be bound to "object"
+        # so that mypy sees that __new__ is present.   currently
+        # it's bound to Any as there were other problems not having
+        # it that way but these can be revisited
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def setup_instance(
+        self, instance: _O, state: Optional[InstanceState[_O]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance: _O) -> None:
+        delattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def _serialize(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> _SerializeManager:
+        return _SerializeManager(state, state_dict)
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(
+        self, instance: _O
+    ) -> Union[Literal[False], InstanceState[_O]]:
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR):
+            return False
+        elif self.class_ is not instance.__class__ and self.is_mapped:
+            # this will create a new ClassManager for the
+            # subclass, without a mapper.  This is likely a
+            # user error situation but allow the object
+            # to be constructed, so that it is usable
+            # in a non-ORM context at least.
+            return self._subclass_manager(
+                instance.__class__
+            )._new_state_if_none(instance)
+        else:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+            self._state_setter(instance, state)
+            return state
+
+    def has_state(self, instance: _O) -> bool:
+        return hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def has_parent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], key: str, optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """TODO"""
+        return self.get_impl(key).hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """All ClassManagers are non-zero regardless of attribute state."""
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<%s of %r at %x>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_,
+            id(self),
+        )
+
+
+class _SerializeManager:
+    """Provide serialization of a :class:`.ClassManager`.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` uses ``__init__()`` on serialize
+    and ``__call__()`` on deserialize.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state: state.InstanceState[Any], d: Dict[str, Any]):
+        self.class_ = state.class_
+        manager = state.manager
+        manager.dispatch.pickle(state, d)
+
+    def __call__(self, state, inst, state_dict):
+        state.manager = manager = opt_manager_of_class(self.class_)
+        if manager is None:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(
+                inst,
+                "Cannot deserialize object of type %r - "
+                "no mapper() has "
+                "been configured for this class within the current "
+                "Python process!" % self.class_,
+            )
+        elif manager.is_mapped and not manager.mapper.configured:
+            manager.mapper._check_configure()
+
+        # setup _sa_instance_state ahead of time so that
+        # unpickle events can access the object normally.
+        # see [ticket:2362]
+        if inst is not None:
+            manager.setup_instance(inst, state)
+        manager.dispatch.unpickle(state, state_dict)
+
+
+class InstrumentationFactory(EventTarget):
+    """Factory for new ClassManager instances."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[InstrumentationFactory]
+
+    def create_manager_for_cls(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]:
+        assert class_ is not None
+        assert opt_manager_of_class(class_) is None
+
+        # give a more complicated subclass
+        # a chance to do what it wants here
+        manager, factory = self._locate_extended_factory(class_)
+
+        if factory is None:
+            factory = ClassManager
+            manager = ClassManager(class_)
+        else:
+            assert manager is not None
+
+        self._check_conflicts(class_, factory)
+
+        manager.factory = factory
+
+        return manager
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(
+        self, class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[ClassManager[_O]], Optional[_ManagerFactory]]:
+        """Overridden by a subclass to do an extended lookup."""
+        return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(
+        self, class_: Type[_O], factory: Callable[[Type[_O]], ClassManager[_O]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Overridden by a subclass to test for conflicting factories."""
+
+    def unregister(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        manager.unregister()
+        self.dispatch.class_uninstrument(class_)
+
+
+# this attribute is replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when imported.
+_instrumentation_factory = InstrumentationFactory()
+
+# these attributes are replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when a non-standard InstrumentationManager class is first
+# used to instrument a class.
+instance_state = _default_state_getter = base.instance_state
+
+instance_dict = _default_dict_getter = base.instance_dict
+
+manager_of_class = _default_manager_getter = base.manager_of_class
+opt_manager_of_class = _default_opt_manager_getter = base.opt_manager_of_class
+
+
+def register_class(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    finalize: bool = True,
+    mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = None,
+    registry: Optional[_RegistryType] = None,
+    declarative_scan: Optional[_MapperConfig] = None,
+    expired_attribute_loader: Optional[_ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto] = None,
+    init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+) -> ClassManager[_O]:
+    """Register class instrumentation.
+
+    Returns the existing or newly created class manager.
+
+    """
+
+    manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+    if manager is None:
+        manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(class_)
+    manager._update_state(
+        mapper=mapper,
+        registry=registry,
+        declarative_scan=declarative_scan,
+        expired_attribute_loader=expired_attribute_loader,
+        init_method=init_method,
+        finalize=finalize,
+    )
+
+    return manager
+
+
+def unregister_class(class_):
+    """Unregister class instrumentation."""
+
+    _instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+
+def is_instrumented(instance, key):
+    """Return True if the given attribute on the given instance is
+    instrumented by the attributes package.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+
+    """
+    return manager_of_class(instance.__class__).is_instrumented(
+        key, search=True
+    )
+
+
+def _generate_init(class_, class_manager, original_init):
+    """Build an __init__ decorator that triggers ClassManager events."""
+
+    # TODO: we should use the ClassManager's notion of the
+    # original '__init__' method, once ClassManager is fixed
+    # to always reference that.
+
+    if original_init is None:
+        original_init = class_.__init__
+
+    # Go through some effort here and don't change the user's __init__
+    # calling signature, including the unlikely case that it has
+    # a return value.
+    # FIXME: need to juggle local names to avoid constructor argument
+    # clashes.
+    func_body = """\
+def __init__(%(apply_pos)s):
+    new_state = class_manager._new_state_if_none(%(self_arg)s)
+    if new_state:
+        return new_state._initialize_instance(%(apply_kw)s)
+    else:
+        return original_init(%(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+    func_vars = util.format_argspec_init(original_init, grouped=False)
+    func_text = func_body % func_vars
+
+    func_defaults = getattr(original_init, "__defaults__", None)
+    func_kw_defaults = getattr(original_init, "__kwdefaults__", None)
+
+    env = locals().copy()
+    env["__name__"] = __name__
+    exec(func_text, env)
+    __init__ = env["__init__"]
+    __init__.__doc__ = original_init.__doc__
+    __init__._sa_original_init = original_init
+
+    if func_defaults:
+        __init__.__defaults__ = func_defaults
+    if func_kw_defaults:
+        __init__.__kwdefaults__ = func_kw_defaults
+
+    return __init__
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cef573dc80c73b8c642cfe5cfac359d651526eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1469 @@
+# orm/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+Contains various base classes used throughout the ORM.
+
+Defines some key base classes prominent within the internals.
+
+This module and the classes within are mostly private, though some attributes
+are exposed when inspecting mappings.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import dataclasses
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import path_registry
+from .base import _MappedAttribute as _MappedAttribute
+from .base import EXT_CONTINUE as EXT_CONTINUE  # noqa: F401
+from .base import EXT_SKIP as EXT_SKIP  # noqa: F401
+from .base import EXT_STOP as EXT_STOP  # noqa: F401
+from .base import InspectionAttr as InspectionAttr  # noqa: F401
+from .base import InspectionAttrInfo as InspectionAttrInfo
+from .base import MANYTOMANY as MANYTOMANY  # noqa: F401
+from .base import MANYTOONE as MANYTOONE  # noqa: F401
+from .base import NO_KEY as NO_KEY  # noqa: F401
+from .base import NO_VALUE as NO_VALUE  # noqa: F401
+from .base import NotExtension as NotExtension  # noqa: F401
+from .base import ONETOMANY as ONETOMANY  # noqa: F401
+from .base import RelationshipDirection as RelationshipDirection  # noqa: F401
+from .base import SQLORMOperations
+from .. import ColumnElement
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from ..sql.operators import ColumnOperators
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _ORMAdapterProto
+    from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .context import _MapperEntity
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .context import QueryContext
+    from .decl_api import RegistryType
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .loading import _PopulatorDict
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import AbstractEntityRegistry
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .strategy_options import _LoadElement
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from .util import ORMAdapter
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+
+_StrategyKey = Tuple[Any, ...]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_TLS = TypeVar("_TLS", bound="Type[LoaderStrategy]")
+
+
+class ORMStatementRole(roles.StatementRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Executable SQL or text() construct, including ORM aware objects"
+    )
+
+
+class ORMColumnsClauseRole(
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole, roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T]
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORM mapped entity, aliased entity, or Column expression"
+
+
+class ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole(ORMColumnsClauseRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORM mapped or aliased entity"
+
+
+class ORMFromClauseRole(roles.StrictFromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORM mapped entity, aliased entity, or FROM expression"
+
+
+class ORMColumnDescription(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    # TODO: add python_type and sql_type here; combining them
+    # into "type" is a bad idea
+    type: Union[Type[Any], TypeEngine[Any]]
+    aliased: bool
+    expr: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    entity: Optional[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+
+
+class _IntrospectsAnnotations:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _mapper_property_name(cls) -> str:
+        return cls.__name__
+
+    def found_in_pep593_annotated(self) -> Any:
+        """return a copy of this object to use in declarative when the
+        object is found inside of an Annotated object."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Use of the {self._mapper_property_name()!r} "
+            "construct inside of an Annotated object is not yet supported."
+        )
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform class-specific initializaton at early declarative scanning
+        time.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+    def _raise_for_required(self, key: str, cls: Type[Any]) -> NoReturn:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Python typing annotation is required for attribute "
+            f'"{cls.__name__}.{key}" when primary argument(s) for '
+            f'"{self._mapper_property_name()}" '
+            "construct are None or not present"
+        )
+
+
+class _AttributeOptions(NamedTuple):
+    """define Python-local attribute behavior options common to all
+    :class:`.MapperProperty` objects.
+
+    Currently this includes dataclass-generation arguments.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    dataclasses_init: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_repr: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_default: Union[_NoArg, Any]
+    dataclasses_default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], Any]]
+    dataclasses_compare: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+
+    def _as_dataclass_field(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        """Return a ``dataclasses.Field`` object given these arguments."""
+
+        kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.dataclasses_default_factory is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["default_factory"] = self.dataclasses_default_factory
+        if self.dataclasses_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["default"] = self.dataclasses_default
+        if self.dataclasses_init is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["init"] = self.dataclasses_init
+        if self.dataclasses_repr is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["repr"] = self.dataclasses_repr
+        if self.dataclasses_compare is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["compare"] = self.dataclasses_compare
+        if self.dataclasses_kw_only is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["kw_only"] = self.dataclasses_kw_only
+
+        if "default" in kw and callable(kw["default"]):
+            # callable defaults are ambiguous. deprecate them in favour of
+            # insert_default or default_factory. #9936
+            warn_deprecated(
+                f"Callable object passed to the ``default`` parameter for "
+                f"attribute {key!r} in a ORM-mapped Dataclasses context is "
+                "ambiguous, "
+                "and this use will raise an error in a future release.  "
+                "If this callable is intended to produce Core level INSERT "
+                "default values for an underlying ``Column``, use "
+                "the ``mapped_column.insert_default`` parameter instead.  "
+                "To establish this callable as providing a default value "
+                "for instances of the dataclass itself, use the "
+                "``default_factory`` dataclasses parameter.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+        if (
+            "init" in kw
+            and not kw["init"]
+            and "default" in kw
+            and not callable(kw["default"])  # ignore callable defaults. #9936
+            and "default_factory" not in kw  # illegal but let dc.field raise
+        ):
+            # fix for #9879
+            default = kw.pop("default")
+            kw["default_factory"] = lambda: default
+
+        return dataclasses.field(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_arguments_for_make_dataclass(
+        cls,
+        key: str,
+        annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Any],
+        elem: _T,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Tuple[str, _AnnotationScanType],
+        Tuple[str, _AnnotationScanType, dataclasses.Field[Any]],
+    ]:
+        """given attribute key, annotation, and value from a class, return
+        the argument tuple we would pass to dataclasses.make_dataclass()
+        for this attribute.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(elem, _DCAttributeOptions):
+            dc_field = elem._attribute_options._as_dataclass_field(key)
+
+            return (key, annotation, dc_field)
+        elif elem is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            # why is typing not erroring on this?
+            return (key, annotation, elem)
+        elif mapped_container is not None:
+            # it's Mapped[], but there's no "element", which means declarative
+            # did not actually do anything for this field.  this shouldn't
+            # happen.
+            # previously, this would occur because _scan_attributes would
+            # skip a field that's on an already mapped superclass, but it
+            # would still include it in the annotations, leading
+            # to issue #8718
+
+            assert False, "Mapped[] received without a mapping declaration"
+
+        else:
+            # plain dataclass field, not mapped.  Is only possible
+            # if __allow_unmapped__ is set up.  I can see this mode causing
+            # problems...
+            return (key, annotation)
+
+
+_DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS = _AttributeOptions(
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+)
+
+_DEFAULT_READONLY_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS = _AttributeOptions(
+    False,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+)
+
+
+class _DCAttributeOptions:
+    """mixin for descriptors or configurational objects that include dataclass
+    field options.
+
+    This includes :class:`.MapperProperty`, :class:`._MapsColumn` within
+    the ORM, but also includes :class:`.AssociationProxy` within ext.
+    Can in theory be used for other descriptors that serve a similar role
+    as association proxy.   (*maybe* hybrids, not sure yet.)
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _attribute_options: _AttributeOptions
+    """behavioral options for ORM-enabled Python attributes
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    _has_dataclass_arguments: bool
+
+
+class _MapsColumns(_DCAttributeOptions, _MappedAttribute[_T]):
+    """interface for declarative-capable construct that delivers one or more
+    Column objects to the declarative process to be part of a Table.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_T]]:
+        """return a MapperProperty to be assigned to the declarative mapping"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[Column[_T], int]]:
+        """A list of Column objects that should be declaratively added to the
+        new Table object.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+# NOTE: MapperProperty needs to extend _MappedAttribute so that declarative
+# typing works, i.e. "Mapped[A] = relationship()".   This introduces an
+# inconvenience which is that all the MapperProperty objects are treated
+# as descriptors by typing tools, which are misled by this as assignment /
+# access to a descriptor attribute wants to move through __get__.
+# Therefore, references to MapperProperty as an instance variable, such
+# as in PropComparator, may have some special typing workarounds such as the
+# use of sqlalchemy.util.typing.DescriptorReference to avoid mis-interpretation
+# by typing tools
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class MapperProperty(
+    HasCacheKey,
+    _DCAttributeOptions,
+    _MappedAttribute[_T],
+    InspectionAttrInfo,
+    util.MemoizedSlots,
+):
+    """Represent a particular class attribute mapped by :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    The most common occurrences of :class:`.MapperProperty` are the
+    mapped :class:`_schema.Column`, which is represented in a mapping as
+    an instance of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    and a reference to another class produced by :func:`_orm.relationship`,
+    represented in the mapping as an instance of
+    :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_configure_started",
+        "_configure_finished",
+        "_attribute_options",
+        "_has_dataclass_arguments",
+        "parent",
+        "key",
+        "info",
+        "doc",
+    )
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("parent", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        ("key", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        cascade = None
+
+    is_property = True
+    """Part of the InspectionAttr interface; states this object is a
+    mapper property.
+
+    """
+
+    comparator: PropComparator[_T]
+    """The :class:`_orm.PropComparator` instance that implements SQL
+    expression construction on behalf of this mapped attribute."""
+
+    key: str
+    """name of class attribute"""
+
+    parent: Mapper[Any]
+    """the :class:`.Mapper` managing this property."""
+
+    _is_relationship = False
+
+    _links_to_entity: bool
+    """True if this MapperProperty refers to a mapped entity.
+
+    Should only be True for Relationship, False for all others.
+
+    """
+
+    doc: Optional[str]
+    """optional documentation string"""
+
+    info: _InfoType
+    """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+    data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+    The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+    it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+    :func:`.column_property`, :func:`_orm.relationship`, or :func:`.composite`
+    functions.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+        :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+    """
+
+    def _memoized_attr_info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`_orm.relationship`, or
+        :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def setup(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called by Query for the purposes of constructing a SQL statement.
+
+        Each MapperProperty associated with the target mapper processes the
+        statement referenced by the query context, adding columns and/or
+        criterion as appropriate.
+
+        """
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        result: Result[Any],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        populators: _PopulatorDict,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Produce row processing functions and append to the given
+        set of populators lists.
+
+        """
+
+    def cascade_iterator(
+        self,
+        type_: str,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        visited_states: Set[InstanceState[Any]],
+        halt_on: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[Any]], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[
+        Tuple[object, Mapper[Any], InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]
+    ]:
+        """Iterate through instances related to the given instance for
+        a particular 'cascade', starting with this MapperProperty.
+
+        Return an iterator3-tuples (instance, mapper, state).
+
+        Note that the 'cascade' collection on this MapperProperty is
+        checked first for the given type before cascade_iterator is called.
+
+        This method typically only applies to Relationship.
+
+        """
+
+        return iter(())
+
+    def set_parent(self, parent: Mapper[Any], init: bool) -> None:
+        """Set the parent mapper that references this MapperProperty.
+
+        This method is overridden by some subclasses to perform extra
+        setup when the mapper is first known.
+
+        """
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        """Hook called by the Mapper to the property to initiate
+        instrumentation of the class attribute managed by this
+        MapperProperty.
+
+        The MapperProperty here will typically call out to the
+        attributes module to set up an InstrumentedAttribute.
+
+        This step is the first of two steps to set up an InstrumentedAttribute,
+        and is called early in the mapper setup process.
+
+        The second step is typically the init_class_attribute step,
+        called from StrategizedProperty via the post_instrument_class()
+        hook.  This step assigns additional state to the InstrumentedAttribute
+        (specifically the "impl") which has been determined after the
+        MapperProperty has determined what kind of persistence
+        management it needs to do (e.g. scalar, object, collection, etc).
+
+        """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._configure_started = False
+        self._configure_finished = False
+
+        if _assume_readonly_dc_attributes:
+            default_attrs = _DEFAULT_READONLY_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+        else:
+            default_attrs = _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+
+        if attribute_options and attribute_options != default_attrs:
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = True
+            self._attribute_options = attribute_options
+        else:
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = False
+            self._attribute_options = default_attrs
+
+    def init(self) -> None:
+        """Called after all mappers are created to assemble
+        relationships between mappers and perform other post-mapper-creation
+        initialization steps.
+
+
+        """
+        self._configure_started = True
+        self.do_init()
+        self._configure_finished = True
+
+    @property
+    def class_attribute(self) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]:
+        """Return the class-bound descriptor corresponding to this
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        This is basically a ``getattr()`` call::
+
+            return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)
+
+        I.e. if this :class:`.MapperProperty` were named ``addresses``,
+        and the class to which it is mapped is ``User``, this sequence
+        is possible::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+            >>> mapper = inspect(User)
+            >>> addresses_property = mapper.attrs.addresses
+            >>> addresses_property.class_attribute is User.addresses
+            True
+            >>> User.addresses.property is addresses_property
+            True
+
+
+        """
+
+        return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)  # type: ignore
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        """Perform subclass-specific initialization post-mapper-creation
+        steps.
+
+        This is a template method called by the ``MapperProperty``
+        object's init() method.
+
+        """
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        """Perform instrumentation adjustments that need to occur
+        after init() has completed.
+
+        The given Mapper is the Mapper invoking the operation, which
+        may not be the same Mapper as self.parent in an inheritance
+        scenario; however, Mapper will always at least be a sub-mapper of
+        self.parent.
+
+        This method is typically used by StrategizedProperty, which delegates
+        it to LoaderStrategy.init_class_attribute() to perform final setup
+        on the class-bound InstrumentedAttribute.
+
+        """
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        source_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        source_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        dest_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dest_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Merge the attribute represented by this ``MapperProperty``
+        from source to destination object.
+
+        """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<%s at 0x%x; %s>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            id(self),
+            getattr(self, "key", "no key"),
+        )
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class PropComparator(SQLORMOperations[_T_co], Generic[_T_co], ColumnOperators):
+    r"""Defines SQL operations for ORM mapped attributes.
+
+    SQLAlchemy allows for operators to
+    be redefined at both the Core and ORM level.  :class:`.PropComparator`
+    is the base class of operator redefinition for ORM-level operations,
+    including those of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    :class:`.Relationship`, and :class:`.Composite`.
+
+    User-defined subclasses of :class:`.PropComparator` may be created. The
+    built-in Python comparison and math operator methods, such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__lt__`, and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__`, can be overridden to provide
+    new operator behavior. The custom :class:`.PropComparator` is passed to
+    the :class:`.MapperProperty` instance via the ``comparator_factory``
+    argument. In each case,
+    the appropriate subclass of :class:`.PropComparator` should be used::
+
+        # definition of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import \
+                                ColumnProperty,\
+                                Composite,\
+                                Relationship
+
+        class MyColumnComparator(ColumnProperty.Comparator):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return self.__clause_element__() == other
+
+        class MyRelationshipComparator(Relationship.Comparator):
+            def any(self, expression):
+                "define the 'any' operation"
+                # ...
+
+        class MyCompositeComparator(Composite.Comparator):
+            def __gt__(self, other):
+                "redefine the 'greater than' operation"
+
+                return sql.and_(*[a>b for a, b in
+                                  zip(self.__clause_element__().clauses,
+                                      other.__composite_values__())])
+
+
+        # application of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import column_property, relationship, composite
+        from sqlalchemy import Column, String
+
+        class SomeMappedClass(Base):
+            some_column = column_property(Column("some_column", String),
+                                comparator_factory=MyColumnComparator)
+
+            some_relationship = relationship(SomeOtherClass,
+                                comparator_factory=MyRelationshipComparator)
+
+            some_composite = composite(
+                    Column("a", String), Column("b", String),
+                    comparator_factory=MyCompositeComparator
+                )
+
+    Note that for column-level operator redefinition, it's usually
+    simpler to define the operators at the Core level, using the
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory` attribute.  See
+    :ref:`types_operators` for more detail.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.Relationship.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.Composite.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "prop", "_parententity", "_adapt_to_entity"
+
+    __visit_name__ = "orm_prop_comparator"
+
+    _parententity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    _adapt_to_entity: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]]
+    prop: RODescriptorReference[MapperProperty[_T_co]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prop: MapperProperty[_T],
+        parentmapper: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+        adapt_to_entity: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self._parententity = adapt_to_entity or parentmapper
+        self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def property(self) -> MapperProperty[_T_co]:
+        """Return the :class:`.MapperProperty` associated with this
+        :class:`.PropComparator`.
+
+
+        Return values here will commonly be instances of
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` or :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.prop
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        raise NotImplementedError("%r" % self)
+
+    def _bulk_update_tuples(
+        self, value: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+        """Receive a SQL expression that represents a value in the SET
+        clause of an UPDATE statement.
+
+        Return a tuple that can be passed to a :class:`_expression.Update`
+        construct.
+
+        """
+
+        return [(cast("_DMLColumnArgument", self.__clause_element__()), value)]
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(
+        self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]
+    ) -> PropComparator[_T_co]:
+        """Return a copy of this PropComparator which will use the given
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp` to produce corresponding expressions.
+        """
+        return self.__class__(self.prop, self._parententity, adapt_to_entity)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _parentmapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        """legacy; this is renamed to _parententity to be
+        compatible with QueryableAttribute."""
+        return self._parententity.mapper
+
+    def _criterion_exists(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self.prop.comparator._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def adapter(self) -> Optional[_ORMAdapterProto]:
+        """Produce a callable that adapts column expressions
+        to suit an aliased version of this comparator.
+
+        """
+        if self._adapt_to_entity is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._adapt_to_entity._orm_adapt_element
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return self.prop.info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _any_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return a.any(b, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _has_op(left: Any, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return left.has(other, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _of_type_op(a: Any, class_: Any) -> Any:
+        return a.of_type(class_)
+
+    any_op = cast(operators.OperatorType, _any_op)
+    has_op = cast(operators.OperatorType, _has_op)
+    of_type_op = cast(operators.OperatorType, _of_type_op)
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    def of_type(self, class_: _EntityType[Any]) -> PropComparator[_T_co]:
+        r"""Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass,
+        :func:`_orm.with_polymorphic` construct, or :func:`_orm.aliased`
+        construct.
+
+        Returns a new PropComparator from which further criterion can be
+        evaluated.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            query.join(Company.employees.of_type(Engineer)).\
+               filter(Engineer.name=='foo')
+
+        :param \class_: a class or mapper indicating that criterion will be
+            against this specific subclass.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joining_relationships_aliased` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_of_type`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.of_type_op, class_)  # type: ignore
+
+    def and_(
+        self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> PropComparator[bool]:
+        """Add additional criteria to the ON clause that's represented by this
+        relationship attribute.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+
+            stmt = select(User).join(
+                User.addresses.and_(Address.email_address != 'foo')
+            )
+
+            stmt = select(User).options(
+                joinedload(User.addresses.and_(Address.email_address != 'foo'))
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_join_on_augmented`
+
+            :ref:`loader_option_criteria`
+
+            :func:`.with_loader_criteria`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(operators.and_, *criteria)  # type: ignore
+
+    def any(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        r"""Return a SQL expression representing true if this element
+        references a member which meets the given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``any()`` is
+        :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.any_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+    def has(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        r"""Return a SQL expression representing true if this element
+        references a member which meets the given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``has()`` is
+        :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.has_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+
+class StrategizedProperty(MapperProperty[_T]):
+    """A MapperProperty which uses selectable strategies to affect
+    loading behavior.
+
+    There is a single strategy selected by default.  Alternate
+    strategies can be selected at Query time through the usage of
+    ``StrategizedOption`` objects via the Query.options() method.
+
+    The mechanics of StrategizedProperty are used for every Query
+    invocation for every mapped attribute participating in that Query,
+    to determine first how the attribute will be rendered in SQL
+    and secondly how the attribute will retrieve a value from a result
+    row and apply it to a mapped object.  The routines here are very
+    performance-critical.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_strategies",
+        "strategy",
+        "_wildcard_token",
+        "_default_path_loader_key",
+        "strategy_key",
+    )
+    inherit_cache = True
+    strategy_wildcard_key: ClassVar[str]
+
+    strategy_key: _StrategyKey
+
+    _strategies: Dict[_StrategyKey, LoaderStrategy]
+
+    def _memoized_attr__wildcard_token(self) -> Tuple[str]:
+        return (
+            f"{self.strategy_wildcard_key}:{path_registry._WILDCARD_TOKEN}",
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__default_path_loader_key(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[str]]:
+        return (
+            "loader",
+            (f"{self.strategy_wildcard_key}:{path_registry._DEFAULT_TOKEN}",),
+        )
+
+    def _get_context_loader(
+        self, context: ORMCompileState, path: AbstractEntityRegistry
+    ) -> Optional[_LoadElement]:
+        load: Optional[_LoadElement] = None
+
+        search_path = path[self]
+
+        # search among: exact match, "attr.*", "default" strategy
+        # if any.
+        for path_key in (
+            search_path._loader_key,
+            search_path._wildcard_path_loader_key,
+            search_path._default_path_loader_key,
+        ):
+            if path_key in context.attributes:
+                load = context.attributes[path_key]
+                break
+
+                # note that if strategy_options.Load is placing non-actionable
+                # objects in the context like defaultload(), we would
+                # need to continue the loop here if we got such an
+                # option as below.
+                # if load.strategy or load.local_opts:
+                #    break
+
+        return load
+
+    def _get_strategy(self, key: _StrategyKey) -> LoaderStrategy:
+        try:
+            return self._strategies[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # run outside to prevent transfer of exception context
+        cls = self._strategy_lookup(self, *key)
+        # this previously was setting self._strategies[cls], that's
+        # a bad idea; should use strategy key at all times because every
+        # strategy has multiple keys at this point
+        self._strategies[key] = strategy = cls(self, key)
+        return strategy
+
+    def setup(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.setup_query(
+            context, query_entity, path, loader, adapter, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        result: Result[Any],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        populators: _PopulatorDict,
+    ) -> None:
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.create_row_processor(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            loader,
+            mapper,
+            result,
+            adapter,
+            populators,
+        )
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        self._strategies = {}
+        self.strategy = self._get_strategy(self.strategy_key)
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        if (
+            not self.parent.non_primary
+            and not mapper.class_manager._attr_has_impl(self.key)
+        ):
+            self.strategy.init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    _all_strategies: collections.defaultdict[
+        Type[MapperProperty[Any]], Dict[_StrategyKey, Type[LoaderStrategy]]
+    ] = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strategy_for(cls, **kw: Any) -> Callable[[_TLS], _TLS]:
+        def decorate(dec_cls: _TLS) -> _TLS:
+            # ensure each subclass of the strategy has its
+            # own _strategy_keys collection
+            if "_strategy_keys" not in dec_cls.__dict__:
+                dec_cls._strategy_keys = []
+            key = tuple(sorted(kw.items()))
+            cls._all_strategies[cls][key] = dec_cls
+            dec_cls._strategy_keys.append(key)
+            return dec_cls
+
+        return decorate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _strategy_lookup(
+        cls, requesting_property: MapperProperty[Any], *key: Any
+    ) -> Type[LoaderStrategy]:
+        requesting_property.parent._with_polymorphic_mappers
+
+        for prop_cls in cls.__mro__:
+            if prop_cls in cls._all_strategies:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert issubclass(prop_cls, MapperProperty)
+                strategies = cls._all_strategies[prop_cls]
+                try:
+                    return strategies[key]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+
+        for property_type, strats in cls._all_strategies.items():
+            if key in strats:
+                intended_property_type = property_type
+                actual_strategy = strats[key]
+                break
+        else:
+            intended_property_type = None
+            actual_strategy = None
+
+        raise orm_exc.LoaderStrategyException(
+            cls,
+            requesting_property,
+            intended_property_type,
+            actual_strategy,
+            key,
+        )
+
+
+class ORMOption(ExecutableOption):
+    """Base class for option objects that are passed to ORM queries.
+
+    These options may be consumed by :meth:`.Query.options`,
+    :meth:`.Select.options`, or in a more general sense by any
+    :meth:`.Executable.options` method.   They are interpreted at
+    statement compile time or execution time in modern use.  The
+    deprecated :class:`.MapperOption` is consumed at ORM query construction
+    time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_legacy_option = False
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" SELECT statements that occur for relationship
+    lazy loaders as well as attribute load / refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_core = False
+
+    _is_user_defined = False
+
+    _is_compile_state = False
+
+    _is_criteria_option = False
+
+    _is_strategy_option = False
+
+    def _adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(
+        self, context: QueryContext, uncached_opt: ORMOption
+    ) -> ORMOption:
+        """adapt this option to the "uncached" version of itself in a
+        loader strategy context.
+
+        given "self" which is an option from a cached query, as well as the
+        corresponding option from the uncached version of the same query,
+        return the option we should use in a new query, in the context of a
+        loader strategy being asked to load related rows on behalf of that
+        cached query, which is assumed to be building a new query based on
+        entities passed to us from the cached query.
+
+        Currently this routine chooses between "self" and "uncached" without
+        manufacturing anything new. If the option is itself a loader strategy
+        option which has a path, that path needs to match to the entities being
+        passed to us by the cached query, so the :class:`_orm.Load` subclass
+        overrides this to return "self". For all other options, we return the
+        uncached form which may have changing state, such as a
+        with_loader_criteria() option which will very often have new state.
+
+        This routine could in the future involve
+        generating a new option based on both inputs if use cases arise,
+        such as if with_loader_criteria() needed to match up to
+        ``AliasedClass`` instances given in the parent query.
+
+        However, longer term it might be better to restructure things such that
+        ``AliasedClass`` entities are always matched up on their cache key,
+        instead of identity, in things like paths and such, so that this whole
+        issue of "the uncached option does not match the entities" goes away.
+        However this would make ``PathRegistry`` more complicated and difficult
+        to debug as well as potentially less performant in that it would be
+        hashing enormous cache keys rather than a simple AliasedInsp. UNLESS,
+        we could get cache keys overall to be reliably hashed into something
+        like an md5 key.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.41
+
+        """
+        if uncached_opt is not None:
+            return uncached_opt
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class CompileStateOption(HasCacheKey, ORMOption):
+    """base for :class:`.ORMOption` classes that affect the compilation of
+    a SQL query and therefore need to be part of the cache key.
+
+    .. note::  :class:`.CompileStateOption` is generally non-public and
+       should not be used as a base class for user-defined options; instead,
+       use :class:`.UserDefinedOption`, which is easier to use as it does not
+       interact with ORM compilation internals or caching.
+
+    :class:`.CompileStateOption` defines an internal attribute
+    ``_is_compile_state=True`` which has the effect of the ORM compilation
+    routines for SELECT and other statements will call upon these options when
+    a SQL string is being compiled. As such, these classes implement
+    :class:`.HasCacheKey` and need to provide robust ``_cache_key_traversal``
+    structures.
+
+    The :class:`.CompileStateOption` class is used to implement the ORM
+    :class:`.LoaderOption` and :class:`.CriteriaOption` classes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_compile_state = True
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to a given :class:`.ORMCompileState`.
+
+        This method is part of the implementation of a particular
+        :class:`.CompileStateOption` and is only invoked internally
+        when an ORM query is compiled.
+
+        """
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to a given :class:`.ORMCompileState`,
+        given entities that were replaced by with_only_columns() or
+        with_entities().
+
+        This method is part of the implementation of a particular
+        :class:`.CompileStateOption` and is only invoked internally
+        when an ORM query is compiled.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.19
+
+        """
+
+
+class LoaderOption(CompileStateOption):
+    """Describe a loader modification to an ORM statement at compilation time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.process_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+
+class CriteriaOption(CompileStateOption):
+    """Describe a WHERE criteria modification to an ORM statement at
+    compilation time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_criteria_option = True
+
+    def get_global_criteria(self, attributes: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """update additional entity criteria options in the given
+        attributes dictionary.
+
+        """
+
+
+class UserDefinedOption(ORMOption):
+    """Base class for a user-defined option that can be consumed from the
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("payload",)
+
+    _is_legacy_option = False
+
+    _is_user_defined = True
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" Query objects produced during lazy loads
+    or refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, payload: Optional[Any] = None):
+        self.payload = payload
+
+
+@util.deprecated_cls(
+    "1.4",
+    "The :class:`.MapperOption class is deprecated and will be removed "
+    "in a future release.   For "
+    "modifications to queries on a per-execution basis, use the "
+    ":class:`.UserDefinedOption` class to establish state within a "
+    ":class:`.Query` or other Core statement, then use the "
+    ":meth:`.SessionEvents.before_orm_execute` hook to consume them.",
+    constructor=None,
+)
+class MapperOption(ORMOption):
+    """Describe a modification to a Query"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_legacy_option = True
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" Query objects produced during lazy loads
+    or refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def process_query(self, query: Query[Any]) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to the given :class:`_query.Query`."""
+
+    def process_query_conditionally(self, query: Query[Any]) -> None:
+        """same as process_query(), except that this option may not
+        apply to the given query.
+
+        This is typically applied during a lazy load or scalar refresh
+        operation to propagate options stated in the original Query to the
+        new Query being used for the load.  It occurs for those options that
+        specify propagate_to_loaders=True.
+
+        """
+
+        self.process_query(query)
+
+
+class LoaderStrategy:
+    """Describe the loading behavior of a StrategizedProperty object.
+
+    The ``LoaderStrategy`` interacts with the querying process in three
+    ways:
+
+    * it controls the configuration of the ``InstrumentedAttribute``
+      placed on a class to handle the behavior of the attribute.  this
+      may involve setting up class-level callable functions to fire
+      off a select operation when the attribute is first accessed
+      (i.e. a lazy load)
+
+    * it processes the ``QueryContext`` at statement construction time,
+      where it can modify the SQL statement that is being produced.
+      For example, simple column attributes will add their represented
+      column to the list of selected columns, a joined eager loader
+      may establish join clauses to add to the statement.
+
+    * It produces "row processor" functions at result fetching time.
+      These "row processor" functions populate a particular attribute
+      on a particular mapped instance.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "parent_property",
+        "is_class_level",
+        "parent",
+        "key",
+        "strategy_key",
+        "strategy_opts",
+    )
+
+    _strategy_keys: ClassVar[List[_StrategyKey]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: MapperProperty[Any], strategy_key: _StrategyKey
+    ):
+        self.parent_property = parent
+        self.is_class_level = False
+        self.parent = self.parent_property.parent
+        self.key = self.parent_property.key
+        self.strategy_key = strategy_key
+        self.strategy_opts = dict(strategy_key)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        loadopt: Optional[_LoadElement],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish column and other state for a given QueryContext.
+
+        This method fulfills the contract specified by MapperProperty.setup().
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its setup() method
+        directly to this method.
+
+        """
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        loadopt: Optional[_LoadElement],
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        result: Result[Any],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        populators: _PopulatorDict,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish row processing functions for a given QueryContext.
+
+        This method fulfills the contract specified by
+        MapperProperty.create_row_processor().
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its create_row_processor() method
+        directly to this method.
+
+        """
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.parent_property)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efd85064c5b96fb7aedf0a7ef3aef9be9ef23caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1682 @@
+# orm/loading.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""private module containing functions used to convert database
+rows into object instances and associated state.
+
+the functions here are called primarily by Query, Mapper,
+as well as some of the attribute loading strategies.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import path_registry
+from .base import _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _RAISE_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .util import _none_set
+from .util import state_str
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import result_tuple
+from ..engine.result import ChunkedIteratorResult
+from ..engine.result import FrozenResult
+from ..engine.result import SimpleResultMetaData
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectState
+from ..util import EMPTY_DICT
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+    from ..sql import Select
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+_new_runid = util.counter()
+
+
+_PopulatorDict = Dict[str, List[Tuple[str, Any]]]
+
+
+def instances(cursor: CursorResult[Any], context: QueryContext) -> Result[Any]:
+    """Return a :class:`.Result` given an ORM query context.
+
+    :param cursor: a :class:`.CursorResult`, generated by a statement
+     which came from :class:`.ORMCompileState`
+
+    :param context: a :class:`.QueryContext` object
+
+    :return: a :class:`.Result` object representing ORM results
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The instances() function now uses
+       :class:`.Result` objects and has an all new interface.
+
+    """
+
+    context.runid = _new_runid()
+
+    if context.top_level_context:
+        is_top_level = False
+        context.post_load_paths = context.top_level_context.post_load_paths
+    else:
+        is_top_level = True
+        context.post_load_paths = {}
+
+    compile_state = context.compile_state
+    filtered = compile_state._has_mapper_entities
+    single_entity = (
+        not context.load_options._only_return_tuples
+        and len(compile_state._entities) == 1
+        and compile_state._entities[0].supports_single_entity
+    )
+
+    try:
+        (process, labels, extra) = list(
+            zip(
+                *[
+                    query_entity.row_processor(context, cursor)
+                    for query_entity in context.compile_state._entities
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if context.yield_per and (
+            context.loaders_require_buffering
+            or context.loaders_require_uniquing
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't use yield_per with eager loaders that require uniquing "
+                "or row buffering, e.g. joinedload() against collections "
+                "or subqueryload().  Consider the selectinload() strategy "
+                "for better flexibility in loading objects."
+            )
+
+    except Exception:
+        with util.safe_reraise():
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def _no_unique(entry):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Can't use the ORM yield_per feature in conjunction with unique()"
+        )
+
+    def _not_hashable(datatype, *, legacy=False, uncertain=False):
+        if not legacy:
+
+            def go(obj):
+                if uncertain:
+                    try:
+                        return hash(obj)
+                    except:
+                        pass
+
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't apply uniqueness to row tuple containing value of "
+                    f"""type {datatype!r}; {
+                        'the values returned appear to be'
+                        if uncertain
+                        else 'this datatype produces'
+                    } non-hashable values"""
+                )
+
+            return go
+        elif not uncertain:
+            return id
+        else:
+            _use_id = False
+
+            def go(obj):
+                nonlocal _use_id
+
+                if not _use_id:
+                    try:
+                        return hash(obj)
+                    except:
+                        pass
+
+                    # in #10459, we considered using a warning here, however
+                    # as legacy query uses result.unique() in all cases, this
+                    # would lead to too many warning cases.
+                    _use_id = True
+
+                return id(obj)
+
+            return go
+
+    unique_filters = [
+        (
+            _no_unique
+            if context.yield_per
+            else (
+                _not_hashable(
+                    ent.column.type,  # type: ignore
+                    legacy=context.load_options._legacy_uniquing,
+                    uncertain=ent._null_column_type,
+                )
+                if (
+                    not ent.use_id_for_hash
+                    and (ent._non_hashable_value or ent._null_column_type)
+                )
+                else id if ent.use_id_for_hash else None
+            )
+        )
+        for ent in context.compile_state._entities
+    ]
+
+    row_metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(
+        labels, extra, _unique_filters=unique_filters
+    )
+
+    def chunks(size):  # type: ignore
+        while True:
+            yield_per = size
+
+            context.partials = {}
+
+            if yield_per:
+                fetch = cursor.fetchmany(yield_per)
+
+                if not fetch:
+                    break
+            else:
+                fetch = cursor._raw_all_rows()
+
+            if single_entity:
+                proc = process[0]
+                rows = [proc(row) for row in fetch]
+            else:
+                rows = [
+                    tuple([proc(row) for proc in process]) for row in fetch
+                ]
+
+            # if we are the originating load from a query, meaning we
+            # aren't being called as a result of a nested "post load",
+            # iterate through all the collected post loaders and fire them
+            # off.  Previously this used to work recursively, however that
+            # prevented deeply nested structures from being loadable
+            if is_top_level:
+                if yield_per:
+                    # if using yield per, memoize the state of the
+                    # collection so that it can be restored
+                    top_level_post_loads = list(
+                        context.post_load_paths.items()
+                    )
+
+                while context.post_load_paths:
+                    post_loads = list(context.post_load_paths.items())
+                    context.post_load_paths.clear()
+                    for path, post_load in post_loads:
+                        post_load.invoke(context, path)
+
+                if yield_per:
+                    context.post_load_paths.clear()
+                    context.post_load_paths.update(top_level_post_loads)
+
+            yield rows
+
+            if not yield_per:
+                break
+
+    if context.execution_options.get("prebuffer_rows", False):
+        # this is a bit of a hack at the moment.
+        # I would rather have some option in the result to pre-buffer
+        # internally.
+        _prebuffered = list(chunks(None))
+
+        def chunks(size):
+            return iter(_prebuffered)
+
+    result = ChunkedIteratorResult(
+        row_metadata,
+        chunks,
+        source_supports_scalars=single_entity,
+        raw=cursor,
+        dynamic_yield_per=cursor.context._is_server_side,
+    )
+
+    # filtered and single_entity are used to indicate to legacy Query that the
+    # query has ORM entities, so legacy deduping and scalars should be called
+    # on the result.
+    result._attributes = result._attributes.union(
+        dict(filtered=filtered, is_single_entity=single_entity)
+    )
+
+    # multi_row_eager_loaders OTOH is specific to joinedload.
+    if context.compile_state.multi_row_eager_loaders:
+
+        def require_unique(obj):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The unique() method must be invoked on this Result, "
+                "as it contains results that include joined eager loads "
+                "against collections"
+            )
+
+        result._unique_filter_state = (None, require_unique)
+
+    if context.yield_per:
+        result.yield_per(context.yield_per)
+
+    return result
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.context")
+def merge_frozen_result(session, statement, frozen_result, load=True):
+    """Merge a :class:`_engine.FrozenResult` back into a :class:`_orm.Session`,
+    returning a new :class:`_engine.Result` object with :term:`persistent`
+    objects.
+
+    See the section :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` for an example.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing`
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.freeze`
+
+        :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`
+
+    """
+    querycontext = util.preloaded.orm_context
+
+    if load:
+        # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+        session._autoflush()
+
+    ctx = querycontext.ORMSelectCompileState._create_entities_collection(
+        statement, legacy=False
+    )
+
+    autoflush = session.autoflush
+    try:
+        session.autoflush = False
+        mapped_entities = [
+            i
+            for i, e in enumerate(ctx._entities)
+            if isinstance(e, querycontext._MapperEntity)
+        ]
+        keys = [ent._label_name for ent in ctx._entities]
+
+        keyed_tuple = result_tuple(
+            keys, [ent._extra_entities for ent in ctx._entities]
+        )
+
+        result = []
+        for newrow in frozen_result.rewrite_rows():
+            for i in mapped_entities:
+                if newrow[i] is not None:
+                    newrow[i] = session._merge(
+                        attributes.instance_state(newrow[i]),
+                        attributes.instance_dict(newrow[i]),
+                        load=load,
+                        _recursive={},
+                        _resolve_conflict_map={},
+                    )
+
+            result.append(keyed_tuple(newrow))
+
+        return frozen_result.with_new_rows(result)
+    finally:
+        session.autoflush = autoflush
+
+
+@util.became_legacy_20(
+    ":func:`_orm.merge_result`",
+    alternative="The function as well as the method on :class:`_orm.Query` "
+    "is superseded by the :func:`_orm.merge_frozen_result` function.",
+)
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.context")
+def merge_result(
+    query: Query[Any],
+    iterator: Union[FrozenResult, Iterable[Sequence[Any]], Iterable[object]],
+    load: bool = True,
+) -> Union[FrozenResult, Iterable[Any]]:
+    """Merge a result into the given :class:`.Query` object's Session.
+
+    See :meth:`_orm.Query.merge_result` for top-level documentation on this
+    function.
+
+    """
+
+    querycontext = util.preloaded.orm_context
+
+    session = query.session
+    if load:
+        # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+        session._autoflush()
+
+    # TODO: need test coverage and documentation for the FrozenResult
+    # use case.
+    if isinstance(iterator, FrozenResult):
+        frozen_result = iterator
+        iterator = iter(frozen_result.data)
+    else:
+        frozen_result = None
+
+    ctx = querycontext.ORMSelectCompileState._create_entities_collection(
+        query, legacy=True
+    )
+
+    autoflush = session.autoflush
+    try:
+        session.autoflush = False
+        single_entity = not frozen_result and len(ctx._entities) == 1
+
+        if single_entity:
+            if isinstance(ctx._entities[0], querycontext._MapperEntity):
+                result = [
+                    session._merge(
+                        attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                        attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                        load=load,
+                        _recursive={},
+                        _resolve_conflict_map={},
+                    )
+                    for instance in iterator
+                ]
+            else:
+                result = list(iterator)
+        else:
+            mapped_entities = [
+                i
+                for i, e in enumerate(ctx._entities)
+                if isinstance(e, querycontext._MapperEntity)
+            ]
+            result = []
+            keys = [ent._label_name for ent in ctx._entities]
+
+            keyed_tuple = result_tuple(
+                keys, [ent._extra_entities for ent in ctx._entities]
+            )
+
+            for row in iterator:
+                newrow = list(row)
+                for i in mapped_entities:
+                    if newrow[i] is not None:
+                        newrow[i] = session._merge(
+                            attributes.instance_state(newrow[i]),
+                            attributes.instance_dict(newrow[i]),
+                            load=load,
+                            _recursive={},
+                            _resolve_conflict_map={},
+                        )
+                result.append(keyed_tuple(newrow))
+
+        if frozen_result:
+            return frozen_result.with_new_rows(result)
+        else:
+            return iter(result)
+    finally:
+        session.autoflush = autoflush
+
+
+def get_from_identity(
+    session: Session,
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    key: _IdentityKeyType[_O],
+    passive: PassiveFlag,
+) -> Union[LoaderCallableStatus, Optional[_O]]:
+    """Look up the given key in the given session's identity map,
+    check the object for expired state if found.
+
+    """
+    instance = session.identity_map.get(key)
+    if instance is not None:
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+        if mapper.inherits and not state.mapper.isa(mapper):
+            return attributes.PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH
+
+        # expired - ensure it still exists
+        if state.expired:
+            if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+                # TODO: no coverage here
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif not passive & attributes.RELATED_OBJECT_OK:
+                # this mode is used within a flush and the instance's
+                # expired state will be checked soon enough, if necessary.
+                # also used by immediateloader for a mutually-dependent
+                # o2m->m2m load, :ticket:`6301`
+                return instance
+            try:
+                state._load_expired(state, passive)
+            except orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted([state])
+                return None
+        return instance
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def load_on_ident(
+    session: Session,
+    statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+    key: Optional[_IdentityKeyType],
+    *,
+    load_options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    refresh_state: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+    with_for_update: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None,
+    only_load_props: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    no_autoflush: bool = False,
+    bind_arguments: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    require_pk_cols: bool = False,
+    is_user_refresh: bool = False,
+):
+    """Load the given identity key from the database."""
+    if key is not None:
+        ident = key[1]
+        identity_token = key[2]
+    else:
+        ident = identity_token = None
+
+    return load_on_pk_identity(
+        session,
+        statement,
+        ident,
+        load_options=load_options,
+        refresh_state=refresh_state,
+        with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        only_load_props=only_load_props,
+        identity_token=identity_token,
+        no_autoflush=no_autoflush,
+        bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        execution_options=execution_options,
+        require_pk_cols=require_pk_cols,
+        is_user_refresh=is_user_refresh,
+    )
+
+
+def load_on_pk_identity(
+    session: Session,
+    statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+    primary_key_identity: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]],
+    *,
+    load_options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    refresh_state: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+    with_for_update: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None,
+    only_load_props: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    no_autoflush: bool = False,
+    bind_arguments: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    require_pk_cols: bool = False,
+    is_user_refresh: bool = False,
+):
+    """Load the given primary key identity from the database."""
+
+    query = statement
+    q = query._clone()
+
+    assert not q._is_lambda_element
+
+    if load_options is None:
+        load_options = QueryContext.default_load_options
+
+    if (
+        statement._compile_options
+        is SelectState.default_select_compile_options
+    ):
+        compile_options = ORMCompileState.default_compile_options
+    else:
+        compile_options = statement._compile_options
+
+    if primary_key_identity is not None:
+        mapper = query._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+
+        (_get_clause, _get_params) = mapper._get_clause
+
+        # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+        # into "IS NULL"
+        if None in primary_key_identity:
+            nones = {
+                _get_params[col].key
+                for col, value in zip(mapper.primary_key, primary_key_identity)
+                if value is None
+            }
+
+            _get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(_get_clause, nones)
+
+            if len(nones) == len(primary_key_identity):
+                util.warn(
+                    "fully NULL primary key identity cannot load any "
+                    "object.  This condition may raise an error in a future "
+                    "release."
+                )
+
+        q._where_criteria = (
+            sql_util._deep_annotate(_get_clause, {"_orm_adapt": True}),
+        )
+
+        params = {
+            _get_params[primary_key].key: id_val
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(
+                primary_key_identity, mapper.primary_key
+            )
+        }
+    else:
+        params = None
+
+    if with_for_update is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q._for_update_arg = with_for_update
+    elif query._for_update_arg is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q._for_update_arg = query._for_update_arg
+    else:
+        version_check = False
+
+    if require_pk_cols and only_load_props:
+        if not refresh_state:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "refresh_state is required when require_pk_cols is present"
+            )
+
+        refresh_state_prokeys = refresh_state.mapper._primary_key_propkeys
+        has_changes = {
+            key
+            for key in refresh_state_prokeys.difference(only_load_props)
+            if refresh_state.attrs[key].history.has_changes()
+        }
+        if has_changes:
+            # raise if pending pk changes are present.
+            # technically, this could be limited to the case where we have
+            # relationships in the only_load_props collection to be refreshed
+            # also (and only ones that have a secondary eager loader, at that).
+            # however, the error is in place across the board so that behavior
+            # here is easier to predict.   The use case it prevents is one
+            # of mutating PK attrs, leaving them unflushed,
+            # calling session.refresh(), and expecting those attrs to remain
+            # still unflushed.   It seems likely someone doing all those
+            # things would be better off having the PK attributes flushed
+            # to the database before tinkering like that (session.refresh() is
+            # tinkering).
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Please flush pending primary key changes on "
+                "attributes "
+                f"{has_changes} for mapper {refresh_state.mapper} before "
+                "proceeding with a refresh"
+            )
+
+        # overall, the ORM has no internal flow right now for "dont load the
+        # primary row of an object at all, but fire off
+        # selectinload/subqueryload/immediateload for some relationships".
+        # It would probably be a pretty big effort to add such a flow.  So
+        # here, the case for #8703 is introduced; user asks to refresh some
+        # relationship attributes only which are
+        # selectinload/subqueryload/immediateload/ etc. (not joinedload).
+        # ORM complains there's no columns in the primary row to load.
+        # So here, we just add the PK cols if that
+        # case is detected, so that there is a SELECT emitted for the primary
+        # row.
+        #
+        # Let's just state right up front, for this one little case,
+        # the ORM here is adding a whole extra SELECT just to satisfy
+        # limitations in the internal flow.  This is really not a thing
+        # SQLAlchemy finds itself doing like, ever, obviously, we are
+        # constantly working to *remove* SELECTs we don't need.   We
+        # rationalize this for now based on 1. session.refresh() is not
+        # commonly used 2. session.refresh() with only relationship attrs is
+        # even less commonly used 3. the SELECT in question is very low
+        # latency.
+        #
+        # to add the flow to not include the SELECT, the quickest way
+        # might be to just manufacture a single-row result set to send off to
+        # instances(), but we'd have to weave that into context.py and all
+        # that.  For 2.0.0, we have enough big changes to navigate for now.
+        #
+        mp = refresh_state.mapper._props
+        for p in only_load_props:
+            if mp[p]._is_relationship:
+                only_load_props = refresh_state_prokeys.union(only_load_props)
+                break
+
+    if refresh_state and refresh_state.load_options:
+        compile_options += {"_current_path": refresh_state.load_path.parent}
+        q = q.options(*refresh_state.load_options)
+
+    new_compile_options, load_options = _set_get_options(
+        compile_options,
+        load_options,
+        version_check=version_check,
+        only_load_props=only_load_props,
+        refresh_state=refresh_state,
+        identity_token=identity_token,
+        is_user_refresh=is_user_refresh,
+    )
+
+    q._compile_options = new_compile_options
+    q._order_by = None
+
+    if no_autoflush:
+        load_options += {"_autoflush": False}
+
+    execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+        execution_options, {"_sa_orm_load_options": load_options}
+    )
+    result = (
+        session.execute(
+            q,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+        .unique()
+        .scalars()
+    )
+
+    try:
+        return result.one()
+    except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+        return None
+
+
+def _set_get_options(
+    compile_opt,
+    load_opt,
+    populate_existing=None,
+    version_check=None,
+    only_load_props=None,
+    refresh_state=None,
+    identity_token=None,
+    is_user_refresh=None,
+):
+    compile_options = {}
+    load_options = {}
+    if version_check:
+        load_options["_version_check"] = version_check
+    if populate_existing:
+        load_options["_populate_existing"] = populate_existing
+    if refresh_state:
+        load_options["_refresh_state"] = refresh_state
+        compile_options["_for_refresh_state"] = True
+    if only_load_props:
+        compile_options["_only_load_props"] = frozenset(only_load_props)
+    if identity_token:
+        load_options["_identity_token"] = identity_token
+
+    if is_user_refresh:
+        load_options["_is_user_refresh"] = is_user_refresh
+    if load_options:
+        load_opt += load_options
+    if compile_options:
+        compile_opt += compile_options
+
+    return compile_opt, load_opt
+
+
+def _setup_entity_query(
+    compile_state,
+    mapper,
+    query_entity,
+    path,
+    adapter,
+    column_collection,
+    with_polymorphic=None,
+    only_load_props=None,
+    polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+    **kw,
+):
+    if with_polymorphic:
+        poly_properties = mapper._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+            with_polymorphic
+        )
+    else:
+        poly_properties = mapper._polymorphic_properties
+
+    quick_populators = {}
+
+    path.set(compile_state.attributes, "memoized_setups", quick_populators)
+
+    # for the lead entities in the path, e.g. not eager loads, and
+    # assuming a user-passed aliased class, e.g. not a from_self() or any
+    # implicit aliasing, don't add columns to the SELECT that aren't
+    # in the thing that's aliased.
+    check_for_adapt = adapter and len(path) == 1 and path[-1].is_aliased_class
+
+    for value in poly_properties:
+        if only_load_props and value.key not in only_load_props:
+            continue
+        value.setup(
+            compile_state,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            adapter,
+            only_load_props=only_load_props,
+            column_collection=column_collection,
+            memoized_populators=quick_populators,
+            check_for_adapt=check_for_adapt,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    if (
+        polymorphic_discriminator is not None
+        and polymorphic_discriminator is not mapper.polymorphic_on
+    ):
+        if adapter:
+            pd = adapter.columns[polymorphic_discriminator]
+        else:
+            pd = polymorphic_discriminator
+        column_collection.append(pd)
+
+
+def _warn_for_runid_changed(state):
+    util.warn(
+        "Loading context for %s has changed within a load/refresh "
+        "handler, suggesting a row refresh operation took place. If this "
+        "event handler is expected to be "
+        "emitting row refresh operations within an existing load or refresh "
+        "operation, set restore_load_context=True when establishing the "
+        "listener to ensure the context remains unchanged when the event "
+        "handler completes." % (state_str(state),)
+    )
+
+
+def _instance_processor(
+    query_entity,
+    mapper,
+    context,
+    result,
+    path,
+    adapter,
+    only_load_props=None,
+    refresh_state=None,
+    polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+    _polymorphic_from=None,
+):
+    """Produce a mapper level row processor callable
+    which processes rows into mapped instances."""
+
+    # note that this method, most of which exists in a closure
+    # called _instance(), resists being broken out, as
+    # attempts to do so tend to add significant function
+    # call overhead.  _instance() is the most
+    # performance-critical section in the whole ORM.
+
+    identity_class = mapper._identity_class
+    compile_state = context.compile_state
+
+    # look for "row getter" functions that have been assigned along
+    # with the compile state that were cached from a previous load.
+    # these are operator.itemgetter() objects that each will extract a
+    # particular column from each row.
+
+    getter_key = ("getters", mapper)
+    getters = path.get(compile_state.attributes, getter_key, None)
+
+    if getters is None:
+        # no getters, so go through a list of attributes we are loading for,
+        # and the ones that are column based will have already put information
+        # for us in another collection "memoized_setups", which represents the
+        # output of the LoaderStrategy.setup_query() method.  We can just as
+        # easily call LoaderStrategy.create_row_processor for each, but by
+        # getting it all at once from setup_query we save another method call
+        # per attribute.
+        props = mapper._prop_set
+        if only_load_props is not None:
+            props = props.intersection(
+                mapper._props[k] for k in only_load_props
+            )
+
+        quick_populators = path.get(
+            context.attributes, "memoized_setups", EMPTY_DICT
+        )
+
+        todo = []
+        cached_populators = {
+            "new": [],
+            "quick": [],
+            "deferred": [],
+            "expire": [],
+            "existing": [],
+            "eager": [],
+        }
+
+        if refresh_state is None:
+            # we can also get the "primary key" tuple getter function
+            pk_cols = mapper.primary_key
+
+            if adapter:
+                pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+            primary_key_getter = result._tuple_getter(pk_cols)
+        else:
+            primary_key_getter = None
+
+        getters = {
+            "cached_populators": cached_populators,
+            "todo": todo,
+            "primary_key_getter": primary_key_getter,
+        }
+        for prop in props:
+            if prop in quick_populators:
+                # this is an inlined path just for column-based attributes.
+                col = quick_populators[prop]
+                if col is _DEFER_FOR_STATE:
+                    cached_populators["new"].append(
+                        (prop.key, prop._deferred_column_loader)
+                    )
+                elif col is _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED:
+                    # note that in this path, we are no longer
+                    # searching in the result to see if the column might
+                    # be present in some unexpected way.
+                    cached_populators["expire"].append((prop.key, False))
+                elif col is _RAISE_FOR_STATE:
+                    cached_populators["new"].append(
+                        (prop.key, prop._raise_column_loader)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    getter = None
+                    if adapter:
+                        # this logic had been removed for all 1.4 releases
+                        # up until 1.4.18; the adapter here is particularly
+                        # the compound eager adapter which isn't accommodated
+                        # in the quick_populators right now.  The "fallback"
+                        # logic below instead took over in many more cases
+                        # until issue #6596 was identified.
+
+                        # note there is still an issue where this codepath
+                        # produces no "getter" for cases where a joined-inh
+                        # mapping includes a labeled column property, meaning
+                        # KeyError is caught internally and we fall back to
+                        # _getter(col), which works anyway.   The adapter
+                        # here for joined inh without any aliasing might not
+                        # be useful.  Tests which see this include
+                        # test.orm.inheritance.test_basic ->
+                        # EagerTargetingTest.test_adapt_stringency
+                        # OptimizedLoadTest.test_column_expression_joined
+                        # PolymorphicOnNotLocalTest.test_polymorphic_on_column_prop  # noqa: E501
+                        #
+
+                        adapted_col = adapter.columns[col]
+                        if adapted_col is not None:
+                            getter = result._getter(adapted_col, False)
+                    if not getter:
+                        getter = result._getter(col, False)
+                    if getter:
+                        cached_populators["quick"].append((prop.key, getter))
+                    else:
+                        # fall back to the ColumnProperty itself, which
+                        # will iterate through all of its columns
+                        # to see if one fits
+                        prop.create_row_processor(
+                            context,
+                            query_entity,
+                            path,
+                            mapper,
+                            result,
+                            adapter,
+                            cached_populators,
+                        )
+            else:
+                # loader strategies like subqueryload, selectinload,
+                # joinedload, basically relationships, these need to interact
+                # with the context each time to work correctly.
+                todo.append(prop)
+
+        path.set(compile_state.attributes, getter_key, getters)
+
+    cached_populators = getters["cached_populators"]
+
+    populators = {key: list(value) for key, value in cached_populators.items()}
+    for prop in getters["todo"]:
+        prop.create_row_processor(
+            context, query_entity, path, mapper, result, adapter, populators
+        )
+
+    propagated_loader_options = context.propagated_loader_options
+    load_path = (
+        context.compile_state.current_path + path
+        if context.compile_state.current_path.path
+        else path
+    )
+
+    session_identity_map = context.session.identity_map
+
+    populate_existing = context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh
+    load_evt = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.load)
+    refresh_evt = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh)
+    persistent_evt = bool(context.session.dispatch.loaded_as_persistent)
+    if persistent_evt:
+        loaded_as_persistent = context.session.dispatch.loaded_as_persistent
+    instance_state = attributes.instance_state
+    instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict
+    session_id = context.session.hash_key
+    runid = context.runid
+    identity_token = context.identity_token
+
+    version_check = context.version_check
+    if version_check:
+        version_id_col = mapper.version_id_col
+        if version_id_col is not None:
+            if adapter:
+                version_id_col = adapter.columns[version_id_col]
+            version_id_getter = result._getter(version_id_col)
+        else:
+            version_id_getter = None
+
+    if not refresh_state and _polymorphic_from is not None:
+        key = ("loader", path.path)
+
+        if key in context.attributes and context.attributes[key].strategy == (
+            ("selectinload_polymorphic", True),
+        ):
+            option_entities = context.attributes[key].local_opts["entities"]
+        else:
+            option_entities = None
+        selectin_load_via = mapper._should_selectin_load(
+            option_entities,
+            _polymorphic_from,
+        )
+
+        if selectin_load_via and selectin_load_via is not _polymorphic_from:
+            # only_load_props goes w/ refresh_state only, and in a refresh
+            # we are a single row query for the exact entity; polymorphic
+            # loading does not apply
+            assert only_load_props is None
+
+            if selectin_load_via.is_mapper:
+                _load_supers = []
+                _endmost_mapper = selectin_load_via
+                while (
+                    _endmost_mapper
+                    and _endmost_mapper is not _polymorphic_from
+                ):
+                    _load_supers.append(_endmost_mapper)
+                    _endmost_mapper = _endmost_mapper.inherits
+            else:
+                _load_supers = [selectin_load_via]
+
+            for _selectinload_entity in _load_supers:
+                if PostLoad.path_exists(
+                    context, load_path, _selectinload_entity
+                ):
+                    continue
+                callable_ = _load_subclass_via_in(
+                    context,
+                    path,
+                    _selectinload_entity,
+                    _polymorphic_from,
+                    option_entities,
+                )
+                PostLoad.callable_for_path(
+                    context,
+                    load_path,
+                    _selectinload_entity.mapper,
+                    _selectinload_entity,
+                    callable_,
+                    _selectinload_entity,
+                )
+
+    post_load = PostLoad.for_context(context, load_path, only_load_props)
+
+    if refresh_state:
+        refresh_identity_key = refresh_state.key
+        if refresh_identity_key is None:
+            # super-rare condition; a refresh is being called
+            # on a non-instance-key instance; this is meant to only
+            # occur within a flush()
+            refresh_identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(
+                refresh_state
+            )
+    else:
+        refresh_identity_key = None
+
+        primary_key_getter = getters["primary_key_getter"]
+
+    if mapper.allow_partial_pks:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issuperset
+    else:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.intersection
+
+    def _instance(row):
+        # determine the state that we'll be populating
+        if refresh_identity_key:
+            # fixed state that we're refreshing
+            state = refresh_state
+            instance = state.obj()
+            dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+            isnew = state.runid != runid
+            currentload = True
+            loaded_instance = False
+        else:
+            # look at the row, see if that identity is in the
+            # session, or we have to create a new one
+            identitykey = (
+                identity_class,
+                primary_key_getter(row),
+                identity_token,
+            )
+
+            instance = session_identity_map.get(identitykey)
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                # existing instance
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+                dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+
+                isnew = state.runid != runid
+                currentload = not isnew
+                loaded_instance = False
+
+                if version_check and version_id_getter and not currentload:
+                    _validate_version_id(
+                        mapper, state, dict_, row, version_id_getter
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                # create a new instance
+
+                # check for non-NULL values in the primary key columns,
+                # else no entity is returned for the row
+                if is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
+                    return None
+
+                isnew = True
+                currentload = True
+                loaded_instance = True
+
+                instance = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+
+                dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+                state.key = identitykey
+                state.identity_token = identity_token
+
+                # attach instance to session.
+                state.session_id = session_id
+                session_identity_map._add_unpresent(state, identitykey)
+
+        effective_populate_existing = populate_existing
+        if refresh_state is state:
+            effective_populate_existing = True
+
+        # populate.  this looks at whether this state is new
+        # for this load or was existing, and whether or not this
+        # row is the first row with this identity.
+        if currentload or effective_populate_existing:
+            # full population routines.  Objects here are either
+            # just created, or we are doing a populate_existing
+
+            # be conservative about setting load_path when populate_existing
+            # is in effect; want to maintain options from the original
+            # load.  see test_expire->test_refresh_maintains_deferred_options
+            if isnew and (
+                propagated_loader_options or not effective_populate_existing
+            ):
+                state.load_options = propagated_loader_options
+                state.load_path = load_path
+
+            _populate_full(
+                context,
+                row,
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                isnew,
+                load_path,
+                loaded_instance,
+                effective_populate_existing,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+            if isnew:
+                # state.runid should be equal to context.runid / runid
+                # here, however for event checks we are being more conservative
+                # and checking against existing run id
+                # assert state.runid == runid
+
+                existing_runid = state.runid
+
+                if loaded_instance:
+                    if load_evt:
+                        state.manager.dispatch.load(state, context)
+                        if state.runid != existing_runid:
+                            _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+                    if persistent_evt:
+                        loaded_as_persistent(context.session, state)
+                        if state.runid != existing_runid:
+                            _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+                elif refresh_evt:
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(
+                        state, context, only_load_props
+                    )
+                    if state.runid != runid:
+                        _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+
+                if effective_populate_existing or state.modified:
+                    if refresh_state and only_load_props:
+                        state._commit(dict_, only_load_props)
+                    else:
+                        state._commit_all(dict_, session_identity_map)
+
+            if post_load:
+                post_load.add_state(state, True)
+
+        else:
+            # partial population routines, for objects that were already
+            # in the Session, but a row matches them; apply eager loaders
+            # on existing objects, etc.
+            unloaded = state.unloaded
+            isnew = state not in context.partials
+
+            if not isnew or unloaded or populators["eager"]:
+                # state is having a partial set of its attributes
+                # refreshed.  Populate those attributes,
+                # and add to the "context.partials" collection.
+
+                to_load = _populate_partial(
+                    context,
+                    row,
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    isnew,
+                    load_path,
+                    unloaded,
+                    populators,
+                )
+
+                if isnew:
+                    if refresh_evt:
+                        existing_runid = state.runid
+                        state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, context, to_load)
+                        if state.runid != existing_runid:
+                            _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+
+                    state._commit(dict_, to_load)
+
+            if post_load and context.invoke_all_eagers:
+                post_load.add_state(state, False)
+
+        return instance
+
+    if mapper.polymorphic_map and not _polymorphic_from and not refresh_state:
+        # if we are doing polymorphic, dispatch to a different _instance()
+        # method specific to the subclass mapper
+        def ensure_no_pk(row):
+            identitykey = (
+                identity_class,
+                primary_key_getter(row),
+                identity_token,
+            )
+            if not is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
+                return identitykey
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        _instance = _decorate_polymorphic_switch(
+            _instance,
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            mapper,
+            result,
+            path,
+            polymorphic_discriminator,
+            adapter,
+            ensure_no_pk,
+        )
+
+    return _instance
+
+
+def _load_subclass_via_in(
+    context, path, entity, polymorphic_from, option_entities
+):
+    mapper = entity.mapper
+
+    # TODO: polymorphic_from seems to be a Mapper in all cases.
+    # this is likely not needed, but as we dont have typing in loading.py
+    # yet, err on the safe side
+    polymorphic_from_mapper = polymorphic_from.mapper
+    not_against_basemost = polymorphic_from_mapper.inherits is not None
+
+    zero_idx = len(mapper.base_mapper.primary_key) == 1
+
+    if entity.is_aliased_class or not_against_basemost:
+        q, enable_opt, disable_opt = mapper._subclass_load_via_in(
+            entity, polymorphic_from
+        )
+    else:
+        q, enable_opt, disable_opt = mapper._subclass_load_via_in_mapper
+
+    def do_load(context, path, states, load_only, effective_entity):
+        if not option_entities:
+            # filter out states for those that would have selectinloaded
+            # from another loader
+            # TODO: we are currently ignoring the case where the
+            # "selectin_polymorphic" option is used, as this is much more
+            # complex / specific / very uncommon API use
+            states = [
+                (s, v)
+                for s, v in states
+                if s.mapper._would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(mapper)
+            ]
+
+            if not states:
+                return
+
+        orig_query = context.query
+
+        if path.parent:
+            enable_opt_lcl = enable_opt._prepend_path(path)
+            disable_opt_lcl = disable_opt._prepend_path(path)
+        else:
+            enable_opt_lcl = enable_opt
+            disable_opt_lcl = disable_opt
+        options = (
+            (enable_opt_lcl,) + orig_query._with_options + (disable_opt_lcl,)
+        )
+
+        q2 = q.options(*options)
+
+        q2._compile_options = context.compile_state.default_compile_options
+        q2._compile_options += {"_current_path": path.parent}
+
+        if context.populate_existing:
+            q2 = q2.execution_options(populate_existing=True)
+
+        context.session.execute(
+            q2,
+            dict(
+                primary_keys=[
+                    state.key[1][0] if zero_idx else state.key[1]
+                    for state, load_attrs in states
+                ]
+            ),
+        ).unique().scalars().all()
+
+    return do_load
+
+
+def _populate_full(
+    context,
+    row,
+    state,
+    dict_,
+    isnew,
+    load_path,
+    loaded_instance,
+    populate_existing,
+    populators,
+):
+    if isnew:
+        # first time we are seeing a row with this identity.
+        state.runid = context.runid
+
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            dict_[key] = getter(row)
+        if populate_existing:
+            for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+                dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        else:
+            for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+
+        for key, populator in populators["new"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    elif load_path != state.load_path:
+        # new load path, e.g. object is present in more than one
+        # column position in a series of rows
+        state.load_path = load_path
+
+        # if we have data, and the data isn't in the dict, OK, let's put
+        # it in.
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            if key not in dict_:
+                dict_[key] = getter(row)
+
+        # otherwise treat like an "already seen" row
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+            # TODO:  allow "existing" populator to know this is
+            # a new path for the state:
+            # populator(state, dict_, row, new_path=True)
+
+    else:
+        # have already seen rows with this identity in this same path.
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+            # TODO: same path
+            # populator(state, dict_, row, new_path=False)
+
+
+def _populate_partial(
+    context, row, state, dict_, isnew, load_path, unloaded, populators
+):
+    if not isnew:
+        if unloaded:
+            # extra pass, see #8166
+            for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+                if key in unloaded:
+                    dict_[key] = getter(row)
+
+        to_load = context.partials[state]
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+    else:
+        to_load = unloaded
+        context.partials[state] = to_load
+
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                dict_[key] = getter(row)
+        for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        for key, populator in populators["new"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    for key, populator in populators["eager"]:
+        if key not in unloaded:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    return to_load
+
+
+def _validate_version_id(mapper, state, dict_, row, getter):
+    if mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+        state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
+    ) != getter(row):
+        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+            "Instance '%s' has version id '%s' which "
+            "does not match database-loaded version id '%s'."
+            % (
+                state_str(state),
+                mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
+                ),
+                getter(row),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _decorate_polymorphic_switch(
+    instance_fn,
+    context,
+    query_entity,
+    mapper,
+    result,
+    path,
+    polymorphic_discriminator,
+    adapter,
+    ensure_no_pk,
+):
+    if polymorphic_discriminator is not None:
+        polymorphic_on = polymorphic_discriminator
+    else:
+        polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+    if polymorphic_on is None:
+        return instance_fn
+
+    if adapter:
+        polymorphic_on = adapter.columns[polymorphic_on]
+
+    def configure_subclass_mapper(discriminator):
+        try:
+            sub_mapper = mapper.polymorphic_map[discriminator]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "No such polymorphic_identity %r is defined" % discriminator
+            )
+        else:
+            if sub_mapper is mapper:
+                return None
+            elif not sub_mapper.isa(mapper):
+                return False
+
+            return _instance_processor(
+                query_entity,
+                sub_mapper,
+                context,
+                result,
+                path,
+                adapter,
+                _polymorphic_from=mapper,
+            )
+
+    polymorphic_instances = util.PopulateDict(configure_subclass_mapper)
+
+    getter = result._getter(polymorphic_on)
+
+    def polymorphic_instance(row):
+        discriminator = getter(row)
+        if discriminator is not None:
+            _instance = polymorphic_instances[discriminator]
+            if _instance:
+                return _instance(row)
+            elif _instance is False:
+                identitykey = ensure_no_pk(row)
+
+                if identitykey:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Row with identity key %s can't be loaded into an "
+                        "object; the polymorphic discriminator column '%s' "
+                        "refers to %s, which is not a sub-mapper of "
+                        "the requested %s"
+                        % (
+                            identitykey,
+                            polymorphic_on,
+                            mapper.polymorphic_map[discriminator],
+                            mapper,
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                return instance_fn(row)
+        else:
+            identitykey = ensure_no_pk(row)
+
+            if identitykey:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Row with identity key %s can't be loaded into an "
+                    "object; the polymorphic discriminator column '%s' is "
+                    "NULL" % (identitykey, polymorphic_on)
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    return polymorphic_instance
+
+
+class PostLoad:
+    """Track loaders and states for "post load" operations."""
+
+    __slots__ = "loaders", "states", "load_keys"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.loaders = {}
+        self.states = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.load_keys = None
+
+    def add_state(self, state, overwrite):
+        # the states for a polymorphic load here are all shared
+        # within a single PostLoad object among multiple subtypes.
+        # Filtering of callables on a per-subclass basis needs to be done at
+        # the invocation level
+        self.states[state] = overwrite
+
+    def invoke(self, context, path):
+        if not self.states:
+            return
+        path = path_registry.PathRegistry.coerce(path)
+        for (
+            effective_context,
+            token,
+            limit_to_mapper,
+            loader,
+            arg,
+            kw,
+        ) in self.loaders.values():
+            states = [
+                (state, overwrite)
+                for state, overwrite in self.states.items()
+                if state.manager.mapper.isa(limit_to_mapper)
+            ]
+            if states:
+                loader(
+                    effective_context, path, states, self.load_keys, *arg, **kw
+                )
+        self.states.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def for_context(cls, context, path, only_load_props):
+        pl = context.post_load_paths.get(path.path)
+        if pl is not None and only_load_props:
+            pl.load_keys = only_load_props
+        return pl
+
+    @classmethod
+    def path_exists(self, context, path, key):
+        return (
+            path.path in context.post_load_paths
+            and key in context.post_load_paths[path.path].loaders
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def callable_for_path(
+        cls, context, path, limit_to_mapper, token, loader_callable, *arg, **kw
+    ):
+        if path.path in context.post_load_paths:
+            pl = context.post_load_paths[path.path]
+        else:
+            pl = context.post_load_paths[path.path] = PostLoad()
+        pl.loaders[token] = (
+            context,
+            token,
+            limit_to_mapper,
+            loader_callable,
+            arg,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+
+def load_scalar_attributes(mapper, state, attribute_names, passive):
+    """initiate a column-based attribute refresh operation."""
+
+    # assert mapper is _state_mapper(state)
+    session = state.session
+    if not session:
+        raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+            "Instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+            "attribute refresh operation cannot proceed" % (state_str(state))
+        )
+
+    no_autoflush = bool(passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH)
+
+    # in the case of inheritance, particularly concrete and abstract
+    # concrete inheritance, the class manager might have some keys
+    # of attributes on the superclass that we didn't actually map.
+    # These could be mapped as "concrete, don't load" or could be completely
+    # excluded from the mapping and we know nothing about them.  Filter them
+    # here to prevent them from coming through.
+    if attribute_names:
+        attribute_names = attribute_names.intersection(mapper.attrs.keys())
+
+    if mapper.inherits and not mapper.concrete:
+        # load based on committed attributes in the object, formed into
+        # a truncated SELECT that only includes relevant tables.  does not
+        # currently use state.key
+        statement = mapper._optimized_get_statement(state, attribute_names)
+        if statement is not None:
+            # undefer() isn't needed here because statement has the
+            # columns needed already, this implicitly undefers that column
+            stmt = FromStatement(mapper, statement)
+
+            return load_on_ident(
+                session,
+                stmt,
+                None,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names,
+                refresh_state=state,
+                no_autoflush=no_autoflush,
+            )
+
+    # normal load, use state.key as the identity to SELECT
+    has_key = bool(state.key)
+
+    if has_key:
+        identity_key = state.key
+    else:
+        # this codepath is rare - only valid when inside a flush, and the
+        # object is becoming persistent but hasn't yet been assigned
+        # an identity_key.
+        # check here to ensure we have the attrs we need.
+        pk_attrs = [
+            mapper._columntoproperty[col].key for col in mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+        if state.expired_attributes.intersection(pk_attrs):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance %s cannot be refreshed - it's not "
+                " persistent and does not "
+                "contain a full primary key." % state_str(state)
+            )
+        identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+    if (
+        _none_set.issubset(identity_key) and not mapper.allow_partial_pks
+    ) or _none_set.issuperset(identity_key):
+        util.warn_limited(
+            "Instance %s to be refreshed doesn't "
+            "contain a full primary key - can't be refreshed "
+            "(and shouldn't be expired, either).",
+            state_str(state),
+        )
+        return
+
+    result = load_on_ident(
+        session,
+        select(mapper).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL),
+        identity_key,
+        refresh_state=state,
+        only_load_props=attribute_names,
+        no_autoflush=no_autoflush,
+    )
+
+    # if instance is pending, a refresh operation
+    # may not complete (even if PK attributes are assigned)
+    if has_key and result is None:
+        raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(state)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapped_collection.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapped_collection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3730f8dfbbc2544f8dd4c2ca620741d784627fad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapped_collection.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+# orm/mapped_collection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base
+from .collections import collection
+from .collections import collection_adapter
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import AttributeEventToken
+    from . import Mapper
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[[Any], Any])
+
+
+class _PlainColumnGetter(Generic[_KT]):
+    """Plain column getter, stores collection of Column objects
+    directly.
+
+    Serializes to a :class:`._SerializableColumnGetterV2`
+    which has more expensive __call__() performance
+    and some rare caveats.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("cols", "composite")
+
+    def __init__(self, cols: Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]) -> None:
+        self.cols = cols
+        self.composite = len(cols) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Type[_SerializableColumnGetterV2[_KT]],
+        Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]],
+    ]:
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2._reduce_from_cols(self.cols)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper: Mapper[_KT]) -> Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]:
+        return self.cols
+
+    def __call__(self, value: _KT) -> Union[_KT, Tuple[_KT, ...]]:
+        state = base.instance_state(value)
+        m = base._state_mapper(state)
+
+        key: List[_KT] = [
+            m._get_state_attr_by_column(state, state.dict, col)
+            for col in self._cols(m)
+        ]
+        if self.composite:
+            return tuple(key)
+        else:
+            obj = key[0]
+            if obj is None:
+                return _UNMAPPED_AMBIGUOUS_NONE
+            else:
+                return obj
+
+
+class _SerializableColumnGetterV2(_PlainColumnGetter[_KT]):
+    """Updated serializable getter which deals with
+    multi-table mapped classes.
+
+    Two extremely unusual cases are not supported.
+    Mappings which have tables across multiple metadata
+    objects, or which are mapped to non-Table selectables
+    linked across inheriting mappers may fail to function
+    here.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("colkeys",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, colkeys: Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.colkeys = colkeys
+        self.composite = len(colkeys) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Type[_SerializableColumnGetterV2[_KT]],
+        Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]],
+    ]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.colkeys,)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reduce_from_cols(cls, cols: Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]) -> Tuple[
+        Type[_SerializableColumnGetterV2[_KT]],
+        Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]],
+    ]:
+        def _table_key(c: ColumnElement[_KT]) -> Optional[str]:
+            if not isinstance(c.table, expression.TableClause):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return c.table.key  # type: ignore
+
+        colkeys = [(c.key, _table_key(c)) for c in cols]
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2, (colkeys,)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper: Mapper[_KT]) -> Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]:
+        cols: List[ColumnElement[_KT]] = []
+        metadata = getattr(mapper.local_table, "metadata", None)
+        for ckey, tkey in self.colkeys:
+            if tkey is None or metadata is None or tkey not in metadata:
+                cols.append(mapper.local_table.c[ckey])  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                cols.append(metadata.tables[tkey].c[ckey])
+        return cols
+
+
+def column_keyed_dict(
+    mapping_spec: Union[Type[_KT], Callable[[_KT], _VT]],
+    *,
+    ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False,
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]]:
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with column-based keying.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.column_mapped_collection` to
+       :class:`.column_keyed_dict`.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.KeyFuncDict` factory which will produce new
+    dictionary keys based on the value of a particular :class:`.Column`-mapped
+    attribute on ORM mapped instances to be added to the dictionary.
+
+    .. note:: the value of the target attribute must be assigned with its
+       value at the time that the object is being added to the
+       dictionary collection.   Additionally, changes to the key attribute
+       are **not tracked**, which means the key in the dictionary is not
+       automatically synchronized with the key value on the target object
+       itself.  See :ref:`key_collections_mutations` for further details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection` - background on use
+
+    :param mapping_spec: a :class:`_schema.Column` object that is expected
+     to be mapped by the target mapper to a particular attribute on the
+     mapped class, the value of which on a particular instance is to be used
+     as the key for a new dictionary entry for that instance.
+    :param ignore_unpopulated_attribute:  if True, and the mapped attribute
+     indicated by the given :class:`_schema.Column` target attribute
+     on an object is not populated at all, the operation will be silently
+     skipped.  By default, an error is raised.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0 an error is raised by default if the attribute
+        being used for the dictionary key is determined that it was never
+        populated with any value.  The
+        :paramref:`_orm.column_keyed_dict.ignore_unpopulated_attribute`
+        parameter may be set which will instead indicate that this condition
+        should be ignored, and the append operation silently skipped.
+        This is in contrast to the behavior of the 1.x series which would
+        erroneously populate the value in the dictionary with an arbitrary key
+        value of ``None``.
+
+
+    """
+    cols = [
+        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnArgumentRole, q, argname="mapping_spec")
+        for q in util.to_list(mapping_spec)
+    ]
+    keyfunc = _PlainColumnGetter(cols)
+    return _mapped_collection_cls(
+        keyfunc,
+        ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute,
+    )
+
+
+_UNMAPPED_AMBIGUOUS_NONE = object()
+
+
+class _AttrGetter:
+    __slots__ = ("attr_name", "getter")
+
+    def __init__(self, attr_name: str):
+        self.attr_name = attr_name
+        self.getter = operator.attrgetter(attr_name)
+
+    def __call__(self, mapped_object: Any) -> Any:
+        obj = self.getter(mapped_object)
+        if obj is None:
+            state = base.instance_state(mapped_object)
+            mp = state.mapper
+            if self.attr_name in mp.attrs:
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                obj = dict_.get(self.attr_name, base.NO_VALUE)
+                if obj is None:
+                    return _UNMAPPED_AMBIGUOUS_NONE
+            else:
+                return _UNMAPPED_AMBIGUOUS_NONE
+
+        return obj
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Type[_AttrGetter], Tuple[str]]:
+        return _AttrGetter, (self.attr_name,)
+
+
+def attribute_keyed_dict(
+    attr_name: str, *, ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[Any, Any]]:
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with attribute-based keying.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.attribute_mapped_collection` to
+       :func:`.attribute_keyed_dict`.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.KeyFuncDict` factory which will produce new
+    dictionary keys based on the value of a particular named attribute on
+    ORM mapped instances to be added to the dictionary.
+
+    .. note:: the value of the target attribute must be assigned with its
+       value at the time that the object is being added to the
+       dictionary collection.   Additionally, changes to the key attribute
+       are **not tracked**, which means the key in the dictionary is not
+       automatically synchronized with the key value on the target object
+       itself.  See :ref:`key_collections_mutations` for further details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection` - background on use
+
+    :param attr_name: string name of an ORM-mapped attribute
+     on the mapped class, the value of which on a particular instance
+     is to be used as the key for a new dictionary entry for that instance.
+    :param ignore_unpopulated_attribute:  if True, and the target attribute
+     on an object is not populated at all, the operation will be silently
+     skipped.  By default, an error is raised.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0 an error is raised by default if the attribute
+        being used for the dictionary key is determined that it was never
+        populated with any value.  The
+        :paramref:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict.ignore_unpopulated_attribute`
+        parameter may be set which will instead indicate that this condition
+        should be ignored, and the append operation silently skipped.
+        This is in contrast to the behavior of the 1.x series which would
+        erroneously populate the value in the dictionary with an arbitrary key
+        value of ``None``.
+
+
+    """
+
+    return _mapped_collection_cls(
+        _AttrGetter(attr_name),
+        ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute,
+    )
+
+
+def keyfunc_mapping(
+    keyfunc: _F,
+    *,
+    ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False,
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[_KT, Any]]:
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with arbitrary keying.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.mapped_collection` to
+       :func:`.keyfunc_mapping`.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.KeyFuncDict` factory with a keying function
+    generated from keyfunc, a callable that takes an entity and returns a
+    key value.
+
+    .. note:: the given keyfunc is called only once at the time that the
+       target object is being added to the collection.   Changes to the
+       effective value returned by the function are not tracked.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection` - background on use
+
+    :param keyfunc: a callable that will be passed the ORM-mapped instance
+     which should then generate a new key to use in the dictionary.
+     If the value returned is :attr:`.LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE`, an error
+     is raised.
+    :param ignore_unpopulated_attribute:  if True, and the callable returns
+     :attr:`.LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE` for a particular instance, the
+     operation will be silently skipped.  By default, an error is raised.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0 an error is raised by default if the callable
+        being used for the dictionary key returns
+        :attr:`.LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE`, which in an ORM attribute
+        context indicates an attribute that was never populated with any value.
+        The :paramref:`_orm.mapped_collection.ignore_unpopulated_attribute`
+        parameter may be set which will instead indicate that this condition
+        should be ignored, and the append operation silently skipped. This is
+        in contrast to the behavior of the 1.x series which would erroneously
+        populate the value in the dictionary with an arbitrary key value of
+        ``None``.
+
+
+    """
+    return _mapped_collection_cls(
+        keyfunc, ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute
+    )
+
+
+class KeyFuncDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Base for ORM mapped dictionary classes.
+
+    Extends the ``dict`` type with additional methods needed by SQLAlchemy ORM
+    collection classes. Use of :class:`_orm.KeyFuncDict` is most directly
+    by using the :func:`.attribute_keyed_dict` or
+    :func:`.column_keyed_dict` class factories.
+    :class:`_orm.KeyFuncDict` may also serve as the base for user-defined
+    custom dictionary classes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :class:`.MappedCollection` to
+       :class:`.KeyFuncDict`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict`
+
+        :func:`_orm.column_keyed_dict`
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection`
+
+        :ref:`orm_custom_collection`
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keyfunc: _F,
+        *dict_args: Any,
+        ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new collection with keying provided by keyfunc.
+
+        keyfunc may be any callable that takes an object and returns an object
+        for use as a dictionary key.
+
+        The keyfunc will be called every time the ORM needs to add a member by
+        value-only (such as when loading instances from the database) or
+        remove a member.  The usual cautions about dictionary keying apply-
+        ``keyfunc(object)`` should return the same output for the life of the
+        collection.  Keying based on mutable properties can result in
+        unreachable instances "lost" in the collection.
+
+        """
+        self.keyfunc = keyfunc
+        self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute = ignore_unpopulated_attribute
+        super().__init__(*dict_args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _unreduce(
+        cls,
+        keyfunc: _F,
+        values: Dict[_KT, _KT],
+        adapter: Optional[CollectionAdapter] = None,
+    ) -> "KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]":
+        mp: KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT] = KeyFuncDict(keyfunc)
+        mp.update(values)
+        # note that the adapter sets itself up onto this collection
+        # when its `__setstate__` method is called
+        return mp
+
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Callable[[_KT, _KT], KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]],
+        Tuple[Any, Union[Dict[_KT, _KT], Dict[_KT, _KT]], CollectionAdapter],
+    ]:
+        return (
+            KeyFuncDict._unreduce,
+            (
+                self.keyfunc,
+                dict(self),
+                collection_adapter(self),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.attributes")
+    def _raise_for_unpopulated(
+        self,
+        value: _KT,
+        initiator: Union[AttributeEventToken, Literal[None, False]] = None,
+        *,
+        warn_only: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        mapper = base.instance_state(value).mapper
+
+        attributes = util.preloaded.orm_attributes
+
+        if not isinstance(initiator, attributes.AttributeEventToken):
+            relationship = "unknown relationship"
+        elif initiator.key in mapper.attrs:
+            relationship = f"{mapper.attrs[initiator.key]}"
+        else:
+            relationship = initiator.key
+
+        if warn_only:
+            util.warn(
+                f"Attribute keyed dictionary value for "
+                f"attribute '{relationship}' was None; this will raise "
+                "in a future release. "
+                f"To skip this assignment entirely, "
+                f'Set the "ignore_unpopulated_attribute=True" '
+                f"parameter on the mapped collection factory."
+            )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "In event triggered from population of "
+                f"attribute '{relationship}' "
+                "(potentially from a backref), "
+                f"can't populate value in KeyFuncDict; "
+                "dictionary key "
+                f"derived from {base.instance_str(value)} is not "
+                f"populated. Ensure appropriate state is set up on "
+                f"the {base.instance_str(value)} object "
+                f"before assigning to the {relationship} attribute. "
+                f"To skip this assignment entirely, "
+                f'Set the "ignore_unpopulated_attribute=True" '
+                f"parameter on the mapped collection factory."
+            )
+
+    @collection.appender  # type: ignore[misc]
+    @collection.internally_instrumented  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def set(
+        self,
+        value: _KT,
+        _sa_initiator: Union[AttributeEventToken, Literal[None, False]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+
+        if key is base.NO_VALUE:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=False
+                )
+            else:
+                return
+        elif key is _UNMAPPED_AMBIGUOUS_NONE:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=True
+                )
+                key = None
+            else:
+                return
+
+        self.__setitem__(key, value, _sa_initiator)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    @collection.remover  # type: ignore[misc]
+    @collection.internally_instrumented  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        value: _KT,
+        _sa_initiator: Union[AttributeEventToken, Literal[None, False]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Remove an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+
+        if key is base.NO_VALUE:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=False
+                )
+            return
+        elif key is _UNMAPPED_AMBIGUOUS_NONE:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=True
+                )
+                key = None
+            else:
+                return
+
+        # Let self[key] raise if key is not in this collection
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__ne__
+        if self[key] != value:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can not remove '%s': collection holds '%s' for key '%s'. "
+                "Possible cause: is the KeyFuncDict key function "
+                "based on mutable properties or properties that only obtain "
+                "values after flush?" % (value, self[key], key)
+            )
+        self.__delitem__(key, _sa_initiator)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+
+def _mapped_collection_cls(
+    keyfunc: _F, ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]]:
+    class _MKeyfuncMapped(KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]):
+        def __init__(self, *dict_args: Any) -> None:
+            super().__init__(
+                keyfunc,
+                *dict_args,
+                ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute,
+            )
+
+    return _MKeyfuncMapped
+
+
+MappedCollection = KeyFuncDict
+"""A synonym for :class:`.KeyFuncDict`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :class:`.MappedCollection` to
+   :class:`.KeyFuncDict`.
+
+"""
+
+mapped_collection = keyfunc_mapping
+"""A synonym for :func:`_orm.keyfunc_mapping`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.mapped_collection` to
+   :func:`_orm.keyfunc_mapping`
+
+"""
+
+attribute_mapped_collection = attribute_keyed_dict
+"""A synonym for :func:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.attribute_mapped_collection` to
+   :func:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict`
+
+"""
+
+column_mapped_collection = column_keyed_dict
+"""A synonym for :func:`_orm.column_keyed_dict.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :func:`.column_mapped_collection` to
+   :func:`_orm.column_keyed_dict`
+
+"""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9423c30f14595f922f1dc1b22a4b638b3fc17371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,4421 @@
+# orm/mapper.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Logic to map Python classes to and from selectables.
+
+Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper` class, the central
+configurational unit which associates a class with a database table.
+
+This is a semi-private module; the main configurational API of the ORM is
+available in :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+from functools import reduce
+from itertools import chain
+import sys
+import threading
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import loading
+from . import properties
+from . import util as orm_util
+from ._typing import _O
+from .base import _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _parse_mapper_argument
+from .base import _state_mapper
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import state_str
+from .interfaces import _MappedAttribute
+from .interfaces import EXT_SKIP
+from .interfaces import InspectionAttr
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole
+from .interfaces import ORMFromClauseRole
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import log
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..sql import base as sql_base
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import TableClause
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey
+from ..sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import Table
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _ORMColumnExprArgument
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .decl_api import registry
+    from .dependency import DependencyProcessor
+    from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty
+    from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+    from .events import MapperEvents
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .path_registry import CachingEntityRegistry
+    from .properties import ColumnProperty
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import ORMAdapter
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ..sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnClause
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..util import OrderedSet
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_MP = TypeVar("_MP", bound="MapperProperty[Any]")
+_Fn = TypeVar("_Fn", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+
+_WithPolymorphicArg = Union[
+    Literal["*"],
+    Tuple[
+        Union[Literal["*"], Sequence[Union["Mapper[Any]", Type[Any]]]],
+        Optional["FromClause"],
+    ],
+    Sequence[Union["Mapper[Any]", Type[Any]]],
+]
+
+
+_mapper_registries: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[_RegistryType, bool] = (
+    weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+)
+
+
+def _all_registries() -> Set[registry]:
+    with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+        return set(_mapper_registries)
+
+
+def _unconfigured_mappers() -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+    for reg in _all_registries():
+        yield from reg._mappers_to_configure()
+
+
+_already_compiling = False
+
+
+# a constant returned by _get_attr_by_column to indicate
+# this mapper is not handling an attribute for a particular
+# column
+NO_ATTRIBUTE = util.symbol("NO_ATTRIBUTE")
+
+# lock used to synchronize the "mapper configure" step
+_CONFIGURE_MUTEX = threading.RLock()
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Mapper(
+    ORMFromClauseRole,
+    ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole[_O],
+    MemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    InspectionAttr,
+    log.Identified,
+    inspection.Inspectable["Mapper[_O]"],
+    EventTarget,
+    Generic[_O],
+):
+    """Defines an association between a Python class and a database table or
+    other relational structure, so that ORM operations against the class may
+    proceed.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object is instantiated using mapping methods
+    present on the :class:`_orm.registry` object.  For information
+    about instantiating new :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects, see
+    :ref:`orm_mapping_classes_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Mapper[_O]]
+
+    _dispose_called = False
+    _configure_failed: Any = False
+    _ready_for_configure = False
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        non_primary=(
+            "1.3",
+            "The :paramref:`.mapper.non_primary` parameter is deprecated, "
+            "and will be removed in a future release.  The functionality "
+            "of non primary mappers is now better suited using the "
+            ":class:`.AliasedClass` construct, which can also be used "
+            "as the target of a :func:`_orm.relationship` in 1.3.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Type[_O],
+        local_table: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        properties: Optional[Mapping[str, MapperProperty[Any]]] = None,
+        primary_key: Optional[Iterable[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any]]] = None,
+        non_primary: bool = False,
+        inherits: Optional[Union[Mapper[Any], Type[Any]]] = None,
+        inherit_condition: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        inherit_foreign_keys: Optional[
+            Sequence[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        always_refresh: bool = False,
+        version_id_col: Optional[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any]] = None,
+        version_id_generator: Optional[
+            Union[Literal[False], Callable[[Any], Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        polymorphic_on: Optional[
+            Union[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any], str, MapperProperty[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        _polymorphic_map: Optional[Dict[Any, Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+        polymorphic_identity: Optional[Any] = None,
+        concrete: bool = False,
+        with_polymorphic: Optional[_WithPolymorphicArg] = None,
+        polymorphic_abstract: bool = False,
+        polymorphic_load: Optional[Literal["selectin", "inline"]] = None,
+        allow_partial_pks: bool = True,
+        batch: bool = True,
+        column_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_properties: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_properties: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        passive_updates: bool = True,
+        passive_deletes: bool = False,
+        confirm_deleted_rows: bool = True,
+        eager_defaults: Literal[True, False, "auto"] = "auto",
+        legacy_is_orphan: bool = False,
+        _compiled_cache_size: int = 100,
+    ):
+        r"""Direct constructor for a new :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor is not called directly, and
+        is normally invoked through the
+        use of the :class:`_orm.registry` object through either the
+        :ref:`Declarative <orm_declarative_mapping>` or
+        :ref:`Imperative <orm_imperative_mapping>` mapping styles.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 The public facing ``mapper()`` function is
+           removed; for a classical mapping configuration, use the
+           :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` method.
+
+        Parameters documented below may be passed to either the
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` method, or may be passed in the
+        ``__mapper_args__`` declarative class attribute described at
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_mapper_options`.
+
+        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.  When using Declarative,
+          this argument is automatically passed as the declared class
+          itself.
+
+        :param local_table: The :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+           :class:`_sql.FromClause` (i.e. selectable) to which the class is
+           mapped. May be ``None`` if this mapper inherits from another mapper
+           using single-table inheritance. When using Declarative, this
+           argument is automatically passed by the extension, based on what is
+           configured via the :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__table__` attribute
+           or via the :class:`_schema.Table` produced as a result of
+           the :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__tablename__` attribute being
+           present.
+
+        :param polymorphic_abstract: Indicates this class will be mapped in a
+            polymorphic hierarchy, but not directly instantiated. The class is
+            mapped normally, except that it has no requirement for a
+            :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_identity` within an inheritance
+            hierarchy. The class however must be part of a polymorphic
+            inheritance scheme which uses
+            :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` at the base.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`orm_inheritance_abstract_poly`
+
+        :param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
+           class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
+           exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
+           whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
+           flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
+           :meth:`_query.Query.populate_existing`.
+
+        :param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True.  Indicates that a
+           composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
+           possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
+           mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
+           as if :meth:`.Session.merge` will check the database first for a
+           particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
+           one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.
+
+        :param batch: Defaults to ``True``, indicating that save operations
+           of multiple entities can be batched together for efficiency.
+           Setting to False indicates
+           that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
+           instance.  This is used in the extremely rare case that a
+           :class:`.MapperEvents` listener requires being called
+           in between individual row persistence operations.
+
+        :param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended
+           to the mapped attribute name when :class:`_schema.Column`
+           objects are automatically assigned as attributes to the
+           mapped class.  Does not affect :class:`.Column` objects that
+           are mapped explicitly in the :paramref:`.Mapper.properties`
+           dictionary.
+
+           This parameter is typically useful with imperative mappings
+           that keep the :class:`.Table` object separate.  Below, assuming
+           the ``user_table`` :class:`.Table` object has columns named
+           ``user_id``, ``user_name``, and ``password``::
+
+                class User(Base):
+                    __table__ = user_table
+                    __mapper_args__ = {'column_prefix':'_'}
+
+           The above mapping will assign the ``user_id``, ``user_name``, and
+           ``password`` columns to attributes named ``_user_id``,
+           ``_user_name``, and ``_password`` on the mapped ``User`` class.
+
+           The :paramref:`.Mapper.column_prefix` parameter is uncommon in
+           modern use. For dealing with reflected tables, a more flexible
+           approach to automating a naming scheme is to intercept the
+           :class:`.Column` objects as they are reflected; see the section
+           :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` for notes on this usage
+           pattern.
+
+        :param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
+           table inheritance with its parent mapper.
+
+           See the section :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example.
+
+        :param confirm_deleted_rows: defaults to True; when a DELETE occurs
+          of one more rows based on specific primary keys, a warning is
+          emitted when the number of rows matched does not equal the number
+          of rows expected.  This parameter may be set to False to handle the
+          case where database ON DELETE CASCADE rules may be deleting some of
+          those rows automatically.  The warning may be changed to an
+          exception in a future release.
+
+        :param eager_defaults: if True, the ORM will immediately fetch the
+          value of server-generated default values after an INSERT or UPDATE,
+          rather than leaving them as expired to be fetched on next access.
+          This can be used for event schemes where the server-generated values
+          are needed immediately before the flush completes.
+
+          The fetch of values occurs either by using ``RETURNING`` inline
+          with the ``INSERT`` or ``UPDATE`` statement, or by adding an
+          additional ``SELECT`` statement subsequent to the ``INSERT`` or
+          ``UPDATE``, if the backend does not support ``RETURNING``.
+
+          The use of ``RETURNING`` is extremely performant in particular for
+          ``INSERT`` statements where SQLAlchemy can take advantage of
+          :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`, whereas the use of
+          an additional ``SELECT`` is relatively poor performing, adding
+          additional SQL round trips which would be unnecessary if these new
+          attributes are not to be accessed in any case.
+
+          For this reason, :paramref:`.Mapper.eager_defaults` defaults to the
+          string value ``"auto"``, which indicates that server defaults for
+          INSERT should be fetched using ``RETURNING`` if the backing database
+          supports it and if the dialect in use supports "insertmanyreturning"
+          for an INSERT statement. If the backing database does not support
+          ``RETURNING`` or "insertmanyreturning" is not available, server
+          defaults will not be fetched.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0rc1 added the "auto" option for
+             :paramref:`.Mapper.eager_defaults`
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`orm_server_defaults`
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0  RETURNING now works with multiple rows
+             INSERTed at once using the
+             :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` feature, which
+             among other things allows the :paramref:`.Mapper.eager_defaults`
+             feature to be very performant on supporting backends.
+
+        :param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to
+          be excluded from mapping.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`include_exclude_cols`
+
+        :param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
+          names to map.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`include_exclude_cols`
+
+        :param inherits: A mapped class or the corresponding
+          :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+          of one indicating a superclass to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+          should *inherit* from.   The mapped class here must be a subclass
+          of the other mapper's class.   When using Declarative, this argument
+          is passed automatically as a result of the natural class
+          hierarchy of the declared classes.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
+           expression which will
+           define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
+           between the two tables.
+
+        :param inherit_foreign_keys: When ``inherit_condition`` is used and
+           the columns present are missing a :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+           configuration, this parameter can be used to specify which columns
+           are "foreign".  In most cases can be left as ``None``.
+
+        :param legacy_is_orphan: Boolean, defaults to ``False``.
+          When ``True``, specifies that "legacy" orphan consideration
+          is to be applied to objects mapped by this mapper, which means
+          that a pending (that is, not persistent) object is auto-expunged
+          from an owning :class:`.Session` only when it is de-associated
+          from *all* parents that specify a ``delete-orphan`` cascade towards
+          this mapper.  The new default behavior is that the object is
+          auto-expunged when it is de-associated with *any* of its parents
+          that specify ``delete-orphan`` cascade.  This behavior is more
+          consistent with that of a persistent object, and allows behavior to
+          be consistent in more scenarios independently of whether or not an
+          orphan object has been flushed yet or not.
+
+          See the change note and example at :ref:`legacy_is_orphan_addition`
+          for more detail on this change.
+
+        :param non_primary: Specify that this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+          is in addition
+          to the "primary" mapper, that is, the one used for persistence.
+          The :class:`_orm.Mapper` created here may be used for ad-hoc
+          mapping of the class to an alternate selectable, for loading
+          only.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationship_aliased_class` - the new pattern that removes
+            the need for the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.non_primary` flag.
+
+        :param passive_deletes: Indicates DELETE behavior of foreign key
+           columns when a joined-table inheritance entity is being deleted.
+           Defaults to ``False`` for a base mapper; for an inheriting mapper,
+           defaults to ``False`` unless the value is set to ``True``
+           on the superclass mapper.
+
+           When ``True``, it is assumed that ON DELETE CASCADE is configured
+           on the foreign key relationships that link this mapper's table
+           to its superclass table, so that when the unit of work attempts
+           to delete the entity, it need only emit a DELETE statement for the
+           superclass table, and not this table.
+
+           When ``False``, a DELETE statement is emitted for this mapper's
+           table individually.  If the primary key attributes local to this
+           table are unloaded, then a SELECT must be emitted in order to
+           validate these attributes; note that the primary key columns
+           of a joined-table subclass are not part of the "primary key" of
+           the object as a whole.
+
+           Note that a value of ``True`` is **always** forced onto the
+           subclass mappers; that is, it's not possible for a superclass
+           to specify passive_deletes without this taking effect for
+           all subclass mappers.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`passive_deletes` - description of similar feature as
+               used with :func:`_orm.relationship`
+
+               :paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - supporting ON UPDATE
+               CASCADE for joined-table inheritance mappers
+
+        :param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign key
+           columns when a primary key column changes on a joined-table
+           inheritance mapping.   Defaults to ``True``.
+
+           When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
+           the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
+           propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent columns
+           on joined-table rows.
+
+           When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
+           referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
+           operation for an update.  The unit of work process will
+           emit an UPDATE statement for the dependent columns during a
+           primary key change.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`passive_updates` - description of a similar feature as
+               used with :func:`_orm.relationship`
+
+               :paramref:`.mapper.passive_deletes` - supporting ON DELETE
+               CASCADE for joined-table inheritance mappers
+
+        :param polymorphic_load: Specifies "polymorphic loading" behavior
+         for a subclass in an inheritance hierarchy (joined and single
+         table inheritance only).   Valid values are:
+
+          * "'inline'" - specifies this class should be part of
+            the "with_polymorphic" mappers, e.g. its columns will be included
+            in a SELECT query against the base.
+
+          * "'selectin'" - specifies that when instances of this class
+            are loaded, an additional SELECT will be emitted to retrieve
+            the columns specific to this subclass.  The SELECT uses
+            IN to fetch multiple subclasses at once.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`with_polymorphic_mapper_config`
+
+            :ref:`polymorphic_selectin`
+
+        :param polymorphic_on: Specifies the column, attribute, or
+          SQL expression used to determine the target class for an
+          incoming row, when inheriting classes are present.
+
+          May be specified as a string attribute name, or as a SQL
+          expression such as a :class:`_schema.Column` or in a Declarative
+          mapping a :func:`_orm.mapped_column` object.  It is typically
+          expected that the SQL expression corresponds to a column in the
+          base-most mapped :class:`.Table`::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+                discriminator: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on":discriminator,
+                    "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                }
+
+          It may also be specified
+          as a SQL expression, as in this example where we
+          use the :func:`.case` construct to provide a conditional
+          approach::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+                discriminator: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on":case(
+                        (discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
+                        (discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
+                        else_="employee"),
+                    "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                }
+
+          It may also refer to any attribute using its string name,
+          which is of particular use when using annotated column
+          configurations::
+
+                class Employee(Base):
+                    __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+                    discriminator: Mapped[str]
+
+                    __mapper_args__ = {
+                        "polymorphic_on": "discriminator",
+                        "polymorphic_identity": "employee"
+                    }
+
+          When setting ``polymorphic_on`` to reference an
+          attribute or expression that's not present in the
+          locally mapped :class:`_schema.Table`, yet the value
+          of the discriminator should be persisted to the database,
+          the value of the
+          discriminator is not automatically set on new
+          instances; this must be handled by the user,
+          either through manual means or via event listeners.
+          A typical approach to establishing such a listener
+          looks like::
+
+                from sqlalchemy import event
+                from sqlalchemy.orm import object_mapper
+
+                @event.listens_for(Employee, "init", propagate=True)
+                def set_identity(instance, *arg, **kw):
+                    mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+                    instance.discriminator = mapper.polymorphic_identity
+
+          Where above, we assign the value of ``polymorphic_identity``
+          for the mapped class to the ``discriminator`` attribute,
+          thus persisting the value to the ``discriminator`` column
+          in the database.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+             Currently, **only one discriminator column may be set**, typically
+             on the base-most class in the hierarchy. "Cascading" polymorphic
+             columns are not yet supported.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param polymorphic_identity: Specifies the value which
+          identifies this particular class as returned by the column expression
+          referred to by the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` setting. As
+          rows are received, the value corresponding to the
+          :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column expression is compared
+          to this value, indicating which subclass should be used for the newly
+          reconstructed object.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
+           attributes to :class:`.MapperProperty` instances, which define the
+           persistence behavior of that attribute.  Note that
+           :class:`_schema.Column`
+           objects present in
+           the mapped :class:`_schema.Table` are automatically placed into
+           ``ColumnProperty`` instances upon mapping, unless overridden.
+           When using Declarative, this argument is passed automatically,
+           based on all those :class:`.MapperProperty` instances declared
+           in the declared class body.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`orm_mapping_properties` - in the
+               :ref:`orm_mapping_classes_toplevel`
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of :class:`_schema.Column`
+           objects, or alternatively string names of attribute names which
+           refer to :class:`_schema.Column`, which define
+           the primary key to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
+           This is normally simply the primary key of the ``local_table``, but
+           can be overridden here.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 2.0.2 :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key`
+              arguments may be indicated as string attribute names as well.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`mapper_primary_key` - background and example use
+
+        :param version_id_col: A :class:`_schema.Column`
+           that will be used to keep a running version id of rows
+           in the table.  This is used to detect concurrent updates or
+           the presence of stale data in a flush.  The methodology is to
+           detect if an UPDATE statement does not match the last known
+           version id, a
+           :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.StaleDataError` exception is
+           thrown.
+           By default, the column must be of :class:`.Integer` type,
+           unless ``version_id_generator`` specifies an alternative version
+           generator.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`mapper_version_counter` - discussion of version counting
+              and rationale.
+
+        :param version_id_generator: Define how new version ids should
+          be generated.  Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that
+          a simple integer counting scheme be employed.  To provide a custom
+          versioning scheme, provide a callable function of the form::
+
+              def generate_version(version):
+                  return next_version
+
+          Alternatively, server-side versioning functions such as triggers,
+          or programmatic versioning schemes outside of the version id
+          generator may be used, by specifying the value ``False``.
+          Please see :ref:`server_side_version_counter` for a discussion
+          of important points when using this option.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`custom_version_counter`
+
+             :ref:`server_side_version_counter`
+
+
+        :param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(<classes>,
+            <selectable>)`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
+            loading, that is, which tables are queried at once. <classes> is
+            any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
+            inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
+            ``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
+            loaded immediately. The second tuple argument <selectable>
+            indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
+            classes.
+
+            The :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_load` parameter may be
+            preferable over the use of :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.with_polymorphic`
+            in modern mappings to indicate a per-subclass technique of
+            indicating polymorphic loading styles.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`with_polymorphic_mapper_config`
+
+        """
+        self.class_ = util.assert_arg_type(class_, type, "class_")
+        self._sort_key = "%s.%s" % (
+            self.class_.__module__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+        )
+
+        self._primary_key_argument = util.to_list(primary_key)
+        self.non_primary = non_primary
+
+        self.always_refresh = always_refresh
+
+        if isinstance(version_id_col, MapperProperty):
+            self.version_id_prop = version_id_col
+            self.version_id_col = None
+        else:
+            self.version_id_col = (
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole,
+                    version_id_col,
+                    argname="version_id_col",
+                )
+                if version_id_col is not None
+                else None
+            )
+
+        if version_id_generator is False:
+            self.version_id_generator = False
+        elif version_id_generator is None:
+            self.version_id_generator = lambda x: (x or 0) + 1
+        else:
+            self.version_id_generator = version_id_generator
+
+        self.concrete = concrete
+        self.single = False
+
+        if inherits is not None:
+            self.inherits = _parse_mapper_argument(inherits)
+        else:
+            self.inherits = None
+
+        if local_table is not None:
+            self.local_table = coercions.expect(
+                roles.StrictFromClauseRole,
+                local_table,
+                disable_inspection=True,
+                argname="local_table",
+            )
+        elif self.inherits:
+            # note this is a new flow as of 2.0 so that
+            # .local_table need not be Optional
+            self.local_table = self.inherits.local_table
+            self.single = True
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Mapper[{self.class_.__name__}(None)] has None for a "
+                "primary table argument and does not specify 'inherits'"
+            )
+
+        if inherit_condition is not None:
+            self.inherit_condition = coercions.expect(
+                roles.OnClauseRole, inherit_condition
+            )
+        else:
+            self.inherit_condition = None
+
+        self.inherit_foreign_keys = inherit_foreign_keys
+        self._init_properties = dict(properties) if properties else {}
+        self._delete_orphans = []
+        self.batch = batch
+        self.eager_defaults = eager_defaults
+        self.column_prefix = column_prefix
+
+        # interim - polymorphic_on is further refined in
+        # _configure_polymorphic_setter
+        self.polymorphic_on = (
+            coercions.expect(  # type: ignore
+                roles.ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole,
+                polymorphic_on,
+                argname="polymorphic_on",
+            )
+            if polymorphic_on is not None
+            else None
+        )
+        self.polymorphic_abstract = polymorphic_abstract
+        self._dependency_processors = []
+        self.validators = util.EMPTY_DICT
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
+        self.legacy_is_orphan = legacy_is_orphan
+        self._clause_adapter = None
+        self._requires_row_aliasing = False
+        self._inherits_equated_pairs = None
+        self._memoized_values = {}
+        self._compiled_cache_size = _compiled_cache_size
+        self._reconstructor = None
+        self.allow_partial_pks = allow_partial_pks
+
+        if self.inherits and not self.concrete:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = False
+        else:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = confirm_deleted_rows
+
+        self._set_with_polymorphic(with_polymorphic)
+        self.polymorphic_load = polymorphic_load
+
+        # our 'polymorphic identity', a string name that when located in a
+        #  result set row indicates this Mapper should be used to construct
+        # the object instance for that row.
+        self.polymorphic_identity = polymorphic_identity
+
+        # a dictionary of 'polymorphic identity' names, associating those
+        # names with Mappers that will be used to construct object instances
+        # upon a select operation.
+        if _polymorphic_map is None:
+            self.polymorphic_map = {}
+        else:
+            self.polymorphic_map = _polymorphic_map
+
+        if include_properties is not None:
+            self.include_properties = util.to_set(include_properties)
+        else:
+            self.include_properties = None
+        if exclude_properties:
+            self.exclude_properties = util.to_set(exclude_properties)
+        else:
+            self.exclude_properties = None
+
+        # prevent this mapper from being constructed
+        # while a configure_mappers() is occurring (and defer a
+        # configure_mappers() until construction succeeds)
+        with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            cast("MapperEvents", self.dispatch._events)._new_mapper_instance(
+                class_, self
+            )
+            self._configure_inheritance()
+            self._configure_class_instrumentation()
+            self._configure_properties()
+            self._configure_polymorphic_setter()
+            self._configure_pks()
+            self.registry._flag_new_mapper(self)
+            self._log("constructed")
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+        self.dispatch.after_mapper_constructed(self, self.class_)
+
+    def _prefer_eager_defaults(self, dialect, table):
+        if self.eager_defaults == "auto":
+            if not table.implicit_returning:
+                return False
+
+            return (
+                table in self._server_default_col_keys
+                and dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.eager_defaults
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        return (self,)
+
+    # ### BEGIN
+    # ATTRIBUTE DECLARATIONS START HERE
+
+    is_mapper = True
+    """Part of the inspection API."""
+
+    represents_outer_join = False
+
+    registry: _RegistryType
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        """Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self):
+        r"""Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.class\_.
+
+        """
+        return self.class_
+
+    class_: Type[_O]
+    """The class to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is mapped."""
+
+    _identity_class: Type[_O]
+
+    _delete_orphans: List[Tuple[str, Type[Any]]]
+    _dependency_processors: List[DependencyProcessor]
+    _memoized_values: Dict[Any, Callable[[], Any]]
+    _inheriting_mappers: util.WeakSequence[Mapper[Any]]
+    _all_tables: Set[TableClause]
+    _polymorphic_attr_key: Optional[str]
+
+    _pks_by_table: Dict[FromClause, OrderedSet[ColumnClause[Any]]]
+    _cols_by_table: Dict[FromClause, OrderedSet[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+    _props: util.OrderedDict[str, MapperProperty[Any]]
+    _init_properties: Dict[str, MapperProperty[Any]]
+
+    _columntoproperty: _ColumnMapping
+
+    _set_polymorphic_identity: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[_O]], None]]
+    _validate_polymorphic_identity: Optional[
+        Callable[[Mapper[_O], InstanceState[_O], _InstanceDict], None]
+    ]
+
+    tables: Sequence[TableClause]
+    """A sequence containing the collection of :class:`_schema.Table`
+    or :class:`_schema.TableClause` objects which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    is aware of.
+
+    If the mapper is mapped to a :class:`_expression.Join`, or an
+    :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    representing a :class:`_expression.Select`, the individual
+    :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects that comprise the full construct will be represented here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    validators: util.immutabledict[str, Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]]
+    """An immutable dictionary of attributes which have been decorated
+    using the :func:`_orm.validates` decorator.
+
+    The dictionary contains string attribute names as keys
+    mapped to the actual validation method.
+
+    """
+
+    always_refresh: bool
+    allow_partial_pks: bool
+    version_id_col: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    with_polymorphic: Optional[
+        Tuple[
+            Union[Literal["*"], Sequence[Union[Mapper[Any], Type[Any]]]],
+            Optional[FromClause],
+        ]
+    ]
+
+    version_id_generator: Optional[Union[Literal[False], Callable[[Any], Any]]]
+
+    local_table: FromClause
+    """The immediate :class:`_expression.FromClause` to which this
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` refers.
+
+    Typically is an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`, may be any
+    :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    The "local" table is the
+    selectable that the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is directly responsible for
+    managing from an attribute access and flush perspective.   For
+    non-inheriting mappers, :attr:`.Mapper.local_table` will be the same
+    as :attr:`.Mapper.persist_selectable`.  For inheriting mappers,
+    :attr:`.Mapper.local_table` refers to the specific portion of
+    :attr:`.Mapper.persist_selectable` that includes the columns to which
+    this :class:`.Mapper` is loading/persisting, such as a particular
+    :class:`.Table` within a join.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable`.
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.selectable`.
+
+    """
+
+    persist_selectable: FromClause
+    """The :class:`_expression.FromClause` to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    is mapped.
+
+    Typically is an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`, may be any
+    :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable` is similar to
+    :attr:`.Mapper.local_table`, but represents the :class:`.FromClause` that
+    represents the inheriting class hierarchy overall in an inheritance
+    scenario.
+
+    :attr.`.Mapper.persist_selectable` is also separate from the
+    :attr:`.Mapper.selectable` attribute, the latter of which may be an
+    alternate subquery used for selecting columns.
+    :attr.`.Mapper.persist_selectable` is oriented towards columns that
+    will be written on a persist operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.selectable`.
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherits: Optional[Mapper[Any]]
+    """References the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    inherits from, if any.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_condition: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+
+    configured: bool = False
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` has been configured.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.configure_mappers`.
+
+    """
+
+    concrete: bool
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a concrete
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    primary_key: Tuple[Column[Any], ...]
+    """An iterable containing the collection of :class:`_schema.Column`
+    objects
+    which comprise the 'primary key' of the mapped table, from the
+    perspective of this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    This list is against the selectable in
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable`.
+    In the case of inheriting mappers, some columns may be managed by a
+    superclass mapper.  For example, in the case of a
+    :class:`_expression.Join`, the
+    primary key is determined by all of the primary key columns across all
+    tables referenced by the :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+    The list is also not necessarily the same as the primary key column
+    collection associated with the underlying tables; the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    features a ``primary_key`` argument that can override what the
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` considers as primary key columns.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    class_manager: ClassManager[_O]
+    """The :class:`.ClassManager` which maintains event listeners
+    and class-bound descriptors for this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    single: bool
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a single table
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table` will be ``None`` if this flag is set.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    non_primary: bool
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a "non-primary"
+    mapper, e.g. a mapper that is used only to select rows but not for
+    persistence management.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_on: Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]
+    """The :class:`_schema.Column` or SQL expression specified as the
+    ``polymorphic_on`` argument
+    for this :class:`_orm.Mapper`, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    This attribute is normally a :class:`_schema.Column` instance but
+    may also be an expression, such as one derived from
+    :func:`.cast`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_map: Dict[Any, Mapper[Any]]
+    """A mapping of "polymorphic identity" identifiers mapped to
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` instances, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    The identifiers can be of any type which is comparable to the
+    type of column represented by :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    An inheritance chain of mappers will all reference the same
+    polymorphic map object.  The object is used to correlate incoming
+    result rows to target mappers.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_identity: Optional[Any]
+    """Represent an identifier which is matched against the
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column during result row loading.
+
+    Used only with inheritance, this object can be of any type which is
+    comparable to the type of column represented by
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    base_mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    """The base-most :class:`_orm.Mapper` in an inheritance chain.
+
+    In a non-inheriting scenario, this attribute will always be this
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper`.   In an inheritance scenario, it references
+    the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is parent to all other :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    objects in the inheritance chain.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A collection of :class:`_schema.Column` or other scalar expression
+    objects maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    The collection behaves the same as that of the ``c`` attribute on
+    any :class:`_schema.Table` object,
+    except that only those columns included in
+    this mapping are present, and are keyed based on the attribute name
+    defined in the mapping, not necessarily the ``key`` attribute of the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` itself.   Additionally, scalar expressions mapped
+    by :func:`.column_property` are also present here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    c: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A synonym for :attr:`_orm.Mapper.columns`."""
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @util.deprecated("1.3", "Use .persist_selectable")
+    def mapped_table(self):
+        return self.persist_selectable
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _path_registry(self) -> CachingEntityRegistry:
+        return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def _configure_inheritance(self):
+        """Configure settings related to inheriting and/or inherited mappers
+        being present."""
+
+        # a set of all mappers which inherit from this one.
+        self._inheriting_mappers = util.WeakSequence()
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            if not issubclass(self.class_, self.inherits.class_):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Class '%s' does not inherit from '%s'"
+                    % (self.class_.__name__, self.inherits.class_.__name__)
+                )
+
+            self.dispatch._update(self.inherits.dispatch)
+
+            if self.non_primary != self.inherits.non_primary:
+                np = not self.non_primary and "primary" or "non-primary"
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Inheritance of %s mapper for class '%s' is "
+                    "only allowed from a %s mapper"
+                    % (np, self.class_.__name__, np)
+                )
+
+            if self.single:
+                self.persist_selectable = self.inherits.persist_selectable
+            elif self.local_table is not self.inherits.local_table:
+                if self.concrete:
+                    self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
+                    for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                        if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                            mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+                else:
+                    if self.inherit_condition is None:
+                        # figure out inherit condition from our table to the
+                        # immediate table of the inherited mapper, not its
+                        # full table which could pull in other stuff we don't
+                        # want (allows test/inheritance.InheritTest4 to pass)
+                        try:
+                            self.inherit_condition = sql_util.join_condition(
+                                self.inherits.local_table, self.local_table
+                            )
+                        except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError as nfe:
+                            assert self.inherits.local_table is not None
+                            assert self.local_table is not None
+                            raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                                "Can't determine the inherit condition "
+                                "between inherited table '%s' and "
+                                "inheriting "
+                                "table '%s'; tables have no "
+                                "foreign key relationships established.  "
+                                "Please ensure the inheriting table has "
+                                "a foreign key relationship to the "
+                                "inherited "
+                                "table, or provide an "
+                                "'on clause' using "
+                                "the 'inherit_condition' mapper argument."
+                                % (
+                                    self.inherits.local_table.description,
+                                    self.local_table.description,
+                                )
+                            ) from nfe
+                        except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError as afe:
+                            assert self.inherits.local_table is not None
+                            assert self.local_table is not None
+                            raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                                "Can't determine the inherit condition "
+                                "between inherited table '%s' and "
+                                "inheriting "
+                                "table '%s'; tables have more than one "
+                                "foreign key relationship established.  "
+                                "Please specify the 'on clause' using "
+                                "the 'inherit_condition' mapper argument."
+                                % (
+                                    self.inherits.local_table.description,
+                                    self.local_table.description,
+                                )
+                            ) from afe
+                    assert self.inherits.persist_selectable is not None
+                    self.persist_selectable = sql.join(
+                        self.inherits.persist_selectable,
+                        self.local_table,
+                        self.inherit_condition,
+                    )
+
+                    fks = util.to_set(self.inherit_foreign_keys)
+                    self._inherits_equated_pairs = sql_util.criterion_as_pairs(
+                        self.persist_selectable.onclause,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=fks,
+                    )
+            else:
+                self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is None:
+                self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+                if (
+                    not self.polymorphic_abstract
+                    and self.inherits.base_mapper.polymorphic_on is not None
+                ):
+                    util.warn(
+                        f"{self} does not indicate a 'polymorphic_identity', "
+                        "yet is part of an inheritance hierarchy that has a "
+                        f"'polymorphic_on' column of "
+                        f"'{self.inherits.base_mapper.polymorphic_on}'. "
+                        "If this is an intermediary class that should not be "
+                        "instantiated, the class may either be left unmapped, "
+                        "or may include the 'polymorphic_abstract=True' "
+                        "parameter in its Mapper arguments. To leave the "
+                        "class unmapped when using Declarative, set the "
+                        "'__abstract__ = True' attribute on the class."
+                    )
+            elif self.concrete:
+                self._identity_class = self.class_
+            else:
+                self._identity_class = self.inherits._identity_class
+
+            if self.version_id_col is None:
+                self.version_id_col = self.inherits.version_id_col
+                self.version_id_generator = self.inherits.version_id_generator
+            elif (
+                self.inherits.version_id_col is not None
+                and self.version_id_col is not self.inherits.version_id_col
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Inheriting version_id_col '%s' does not match inherited "
+                    "version_id_col '%s' and will not automatically populate "
+                    "the inherited versioning column. "
+                    "version_id_col should only be specified on "
+                    "the base-most mapper that includes versioning."
+                    % (
+                        self.version_id_col.description,
+                        self.inherits.version_id_col.description,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+            self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+            self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+            self.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+            self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+            self.passive_deletes = (
+                self.inherits.passive_deletes or self.passive_deletes
+            )
+            self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                if self.polymorphic_identity in self.polymorphic_map:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Reassigning polymorphic association for identity %r "
+                        "from %r to %r: Check for duplicate use of %r as "
+                        "value for polymorphic_identity."
+                        % (
+                            self.polymorphic_identity,
+                            self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity],
+                            self,
+                            self.polymorphic_identity,
+                        )
+                    )
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+
+            if self.polymorphic_load and self.concrete:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "polymorphic_load is not currently supported "
+                    "with concrete table inheritance"
+                )
+            if self.polymorphic_load == "inline":
+                self.inherits._add_with_polymorphic_subclass(self)
+            elif self.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
+                pass
+            elif self.polymorphic_load is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "unknown argument for polymorphic_load: %r"
+                    % self.polymorphic_load
+                )
+
+        else:
+            self._all_tables = set()
+            self.base_mapper = self
+            assert self.local_table is not None
+            self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+            self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+        if self.persist_selectable is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper '%s' does not have a persist_selectable specified."
+                % self
+            )
+
+    def _set_with_polymorphic(
+        self, with_polymorphic: Optional[_WithPolymorphicArg]
+    ) -> None:
+        if with_polymorphic == "*":
+            self.with_polymorphic = ("*", None)
+        elif isinstance(with_polymorphic, (tuple, list)):
+            if isinstance(with_polymorphic[0], (str, tuple, list)):
+                self.with_polymorphic = cast(
+                    """Tuple[
+                        Union[
+                            Literal["*"],
+                            Sequence[Union["Mapper[Any]", Type[Any]]],
+                        ],
+                        Optional["FromClause"],
+                    ]""",
+                    with_polymorphic,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.with_polymorphic = (with_polymorphic, None)
+        elif with_polymorphic is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Invalid setting for with_polymorphic: {with_polymorphic!r}"
+            )
+        else:
+            self.with_polymorphic = None
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic and self.with_polymorphic[1] is not None:
+            self.with_polymorphic = (
+                self.with_polymorphic[0],
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.StrictFromClauseRole,
+                    self.with_polymorphic[1],
+                    allow_select=True,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+    def _add_with_polymorphic_subclass(self, mapper):
+        subcl = mapper.class_
+        if self.with_polymorphic is None:
+            self._set_with_polymorphic((subcl,))
+        elif self.with_polymorphic[0] != "*":
+            assert isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[0], tuple)
+            self._set_with_polymorphic(
+                (self.with_polymorphic[0] + (subcl,), self.with_polymorphic[1])
+            )
+
+    def _set_concrete_base(self, mapper):
+        """Set the given :class:`_orm.Mapper` as the 'inherits' for this
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper`, assuming this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is concrete
+        and does not already have an inherits."""
+
+        assert self.concrete
+        assert not self.inherits
+        assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
+        self.inherits = mapper
+        self.inherits.polymorphic_map.update(self.polymorphic_map)
+        self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+        self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+        for mp in self.self_and_descendants:
+            mp.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+        self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+        self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+        self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+
+        for key, prop in mapper._props.items():
+            if key not in self._props and not self._should_exclude(
+                key, key, local=False, column=None
+            ):
+                self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
+
+    def _set_polymorphic_on(self, polymorphic_on):
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._configure_polymorphic_setter(True)
+
+    def _configure_class_instrumentation(self):
+        """If this mapper is to be a primary mapper (i.e. the
+        non_primary flag is not set), associate this Mapper with the
+        given class and entity name.
+
+        Subsequent calls to ``class_mapper()`` for the ``class_`` / ``entity``
+        name combination will return this mapper.  Also decorate the
+        `__init__` method on the mapped class to include optional
+        auto-session attachment logic.
+
+        """
+
+        # we expect that declarative has applied the class manager
+        # already and set up a registry.  if this is None,
+        # this raises as of 2.0.
+        manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(self.class_)
+
+        if self.non_primary:
+            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
+                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
+                    "Mapper." % self.class_
+                )
+            self.class_manager = manager
+
+            assert manager.registry is not None
+            self.registry = manager.registry
+            self._identity_class = manager.mapper._identity_class
+            manager.registry._add_non_primary_mapper(self)
+            return
+
+        if manager is None or not manager.registry:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The _mapper() function and Mapper() constructor may not be "
+                "invoked directly outside of a declarative registry."
+                " Please use the sqlalchemy.orm.registry.map_imperatively() "
+                "function for a classical mapping."
+            )
+
+        self.dispatch.instrument_class(self, self.class_)
+
+        # this invokes the class_instrument event and sets up
+        # the __init__ method.  documented behavior is that this must
+        # occur after the instrument_class event above.
+        # yes two events with the same two words reversed and different APIs.
+        # :(
+
+        manager = instrumentation.register_class(
+            self.class_,
+            mapper=self,
+            expired_attribute_loader=util.partial(
+                loading.load_scalar_attributes, self
+            ),
+            # finalize flag means instrument the __init__ method
+            # and call the class_instrument event
+            finalize=True,
+        )
+
+        self.class_manager = manager
+
+        assert manager.registry is not None
+        self.registry = manager.registry
+
+        # The remaining members can be added by any mapper,
+        # e_name None or not.
+        if manager.mapper is None:
+            return
+
+        event.listen(manager, "init", _event_on_init, raw=True)
+
+        for key, method in util.iterate_attributes(self.class_):
+            if key == "__init__" and hasattr(method, "_sa_original_init"):
+                method = method._sa_original_init
+                if hasattr(method, "__func__"):
+                    method = method.__func__
+            if callable(method):
+                if hasattr(method, "__sa_reconstructor__"):
+                    self._reconstructor = method
+                    event.listen(manager, "load", _event_on_load, raw=True)
+                elif hasattr(method, "__sa_validators__"):
+                    validation_opts = method.__sa_validation_opts__
+                    for name in method.__sa_validators__:
+                        if name in self.validators:
+                            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                "A validation function for mapped "
+                                "attribute %r on mapper %s already exists."
+                                % (name, self)
+                            )
+                        self.validators = self.validators.union(
+                            {name: (method, validation_opts)}
+                        )
+
+    def _set_dispose_flags(self) -> None:
+        self.configured = True
+        self._ready_for_configure = True
+        self._dispose_called = True
+
+        self.__dict__.pop("_configure_failed", None)
+
+    def _str_arg_to_mapped_col(self, argname: str, key: str) -> Column[Any]:
+        try:
+            prop = self._props[key]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't determine {argname} column '{key}' - "
+                "no attribute is mapped to this name."
+            ) from err
+        try:
+            expr = prop.expression
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't determine {argname} column '{key}'; "
+                "property does not refer to a single mapped Column"
+            ) from ae
+        if not isinstance(expr, Column):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't determine {argname} column '{key}'; "
+                "property does not refer to a single "
+                "mapped Column"
+            )
+        return expr
+
+    def _configure_pks(self) -> None:
+        self.tables = sql_util.find_tables(self.persist_selectable)
+
+        self._all_tables.update(t for t in self.tables)
+
+        self._pks_by_table = {}
+        self._cols_by_table = {}
+
+        all_cols = util.column_set(
+            chain(*[col.proxy_set for col in self._columntoproperty])
+        )
+
+        pk_cols = util.column_set(c for c in all_cols if c.primary_key)
+
+        # identify primary key columns which are also mapped by this mapper.
+        for fc in set(self.tables).union([self.persist_selectable]):
+            if fc.primary_key and pk_cols.issuperset(fc.primary_key):
+                # ordering is important since it determines the ordering of
+                # mapper.primary_key (and therefore query.get())
+                self._pks_by_table[fc] = util.ordered_column_set(  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                    fc.primary_key
+                ).intersection(
+                    pk_cols
+                )
+            self._cols_by_table[fc] = util.ordered_column_set(fc.c).intersection(  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                all_cols
+            )
+
+        if self._primary_key_argument:
+            coerced_pk_arg = [
+                (
+                    self._str_arg_to_mapped_col("primary_key", c)
+                    if isinstance(c, str)
+                    else c
+                )
+                for c in (
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+                        coerce_pk,
+                        argname="primary_key",
+                    )
+                    for coerce_pk in self._primary_key_argument
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            coerced_pk_arg = None
+
+        # if explicit PK argument sent, add those columns to the
+        # primary key mappings
+        if coerced_pk_arg:
+            for k in coerced_pk_arg:
+                if k.table not in self._pks_by_table:
+                    self._pks_by_table[k.table] = util.OrderedSet()
+                self._pks_by_table[k.table].add(k)
+
+        # otherwise, see that we got a full PK for the mapped table
+        elif (
+            self.persist_selectable not in self._pks_by_table
+            or len(self._pks_by_table[self.persist_selectable]) == 0
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                "key columns for mapped table '%s'"
+                % (self, self.persist_selectable.description)
+            )
+        elif self.local_table not in self._pks_by_table and isinstance(
+            self.local_table, schema.Table
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                "Could not assemble any primary "
+                "keys for locally mapped table '%s' - "
+                "no rows will be persisted in this Table."
+                % self.local_table.description
+            )
+
+        if (
+            self.inherits
+            and not self.concrete
+            and not self._primary_key_argument
+        ):
+            # if inheriting, the "primary key" for this mapper is
+            # that of the inheriting (unless concrete or explicit)
+            self.primary_key = self.inherits.primary_key
+        else:
+            # determine primary key from argument or persist_selectable pks
+            primary_key: Collection[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+            if coerced_pk_arg:
+                primary_key = [
+                    cc if cc is not None else c
+                    for cc, c in (
+                        (self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c), c)
+                        for c in coerced_pk_arg
+                    )
+                ]
+            else:
+                # if heuristically determined PKs, reduce to the minimal set
+                # of columns by eliminating FK->PK pairs for a multi-table
+                # expression.   May over-reduce for some kinds of UNIONs
+                # / CTEs; use explicit PK argument for these special cases
+                primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                    self._pks_by_table[self.persist_selectable],
+                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True,
+                )
+
+            if len(primary_key) == 0:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                    "key columns for mapped table '%s'"
+                    % (self, self.persist_selectable.description)
+                )
+
+            self.primary_key = tuple(primary_key)
+            self._log("Identified primary key columns: %s", primary_key)
+
+        # determine cols that aren't expressed within our tables; mark these
+        # as "read only" properties which are refreshed upon INSERT/UPDATE
+        self._readonly_props = {
+            self._columntoproperty[col]
+            for col in self._columntoproperty
+            if self._columntoproperty[col] not in self._identity_key_props
+            and (
+                not hasattr(col, "table")
+                or col.table not in self._cols_by_table
+            )
+        }
+
+    def _configure_properties(self) -> None:
+        self.columns = self.c = sql_base.ColumnCollection()  # type: ignore
+
+        # object attribute names mapped to MapperProperty objects
+        self._props = util.OrderedDict()
+
+        # table columns mapped to MapperProperty
+        self._columntoproperty = _ColumnMapping(self)
+
+        explicit_col_props_by_column: Dict[
+            KeyedColumnElement[Any], Tuple[str, ColumnProperty[Any]]
+        ] = {}
+        explicit_col_props_by_key: Dict[str, ColumnProperty[Any]] = {}
+
+        # step 1: go through properties that were explicitly passed
+        # in the properties dictionary.  For Columns that are local, put them
+        # aside in a separate collection we will reconcile with the Table
+        # that's given.  For other properties, set them up in _props now.
+        if self._init_properties:
+            for key, prop_arg in self._init_properties.items():
+                if not isinstance(prop_arg, MapperProperty):
+                    possible_col_prop = self._make_prop_from_column(
+                        key, prop_arg
+                    )
+                else:
+                    possible_col_prop = prop_arg
+
+                # issue #8705.  if the explicit property is actually a
+                # Column that is local to the local Table, don't set it up
+                # in ._props yet, integrate it into the order given within
+                # the Table.
+
+                _map_as_property_now = True
+                if isinstance(possible_col_prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+                    for given_col in possible_col_prop.columns:
+                        if self.local_table.c.contains_column(given_col):
+                            _map_as_property_now = False
+                            explicit_col_props_by_key[key] = possible_col_prop
+                            explicit_col_props_by_column[given_col] = (
+                                key,
+                                possible_col_prop,
+                            )
+
+                if _map_as_property_now:
+                    self._configure_property(
+                        key,
+                        possible_col_prop,
+                        init=False,
+                    )
+
+        # step 2: pull properties from the inherited mapper.  reconcile
+        # columns with those which are explicit above.  for properties that
+        # are only in the inheriting mapper, set them up as local props
+        if self.inherits:
+            for key, inherited_prop in self.inherits._props.items():
+                if self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False, column=None):
+                    continue
+
+                incoming_prop = explicit_col_props_by_key.get(key)
+                if incoming_prop:
+                    new_prop = self._reconcile_prop_with_incoming_columns(
+                        key,
+                        inherited_prop,
+                        warn_only=False,
+                        incoming_prop=incoming_prop,
+                    )
+                    explicit_col_props_by_key[key] = new_prop
+
+                    for inc_col in incoming_prop.columns:
+                        explicit_col_props_by_column[inc_col] = (
+                            key,
+                            new_prop,
+                        )
+                elif key not in self._props:
+                    self._adapt_inherited_property(key, inherited_prop, False)
+
+        # step 3.  Iterate through all columns in the persist selectable.
+        # this includes not only columns in the local table / fromclause,
+        # but also those columns in the superclass table if we are joined
+        # inh or single inh mapper.  map these columns as well. additional
+        # reconciliation against inherited columns occurs here also.
+
+        for column in self.persist_selectable.columns:
+            if column in explicit_col_props_by_column:
+                # column was explicitly passed to properties; configure
+                # it now in the order in which it corresponds to the
+                # Table / selectable
+                key, prop = explicit_col_props_by_column[column]
+                self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False)
+                continue
+
+            elif column in self._columntoproperty:
+                continue
+
+            column_key = (self.column_prefix or "") + column.key
+            if self._should_exclude(
+                column.key,
+                column_key,
+                local=self.local_table.c.contains_column(column),
+                column=column,
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            # adjust the "key" used for this column to that
+            # of the inheriting mapper
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if column in mapper._columntoproperty:
+                    column_key = mapper._columntoproperty[column].key
+
+            self._configure_property(
+                column_key,
+                column,
+                init=False,
+                setparent=True,
+            )
+
+    def _configure_polymorphic_setter(self, init=False):
+        """Configure an attribute on the mapper representing the
+        'polymorphic_on' column, if applicable, and not
+        already generated by _configure_properties (which is typical).
+
+        Also create a setter function which will assign this
+        attribute to the value of the 'polymorphic_identity'
+        upon instance construction, also if applicable.  This
+        routine will run when an instance is created.
+
+        """
+        setter = False
+        polymorphic_key: Optional[str] = None
+
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            setter = True
+
+            if isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, str):
+                # polymorphic_on specified as a string - link
+                # it to mapped ColumnProperty
+                try:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = self._props[self.polymorphic_on]
+                except KeyError as err:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine polymorphic_on "
+                        "value '%s' - no attribute is "
+                        "mapped to this name." % self.polymorphic_on
+                    ) from err
+
+            if self.polymorphic_on in self._columntoproperty:
+                # polymorphic_on is a column that is already mapped
+                # to a ColumnProperty
+                prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
+            elif isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, MapperProperty):
+                # polymorphic_on is directly a MapperProperty,
+                # ensure it's a ColumnProperty
+                if not isinstance(
+                    self.polymorphic_on, properties.ColumnProperty
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Only direct column-mapped "
+                        "property or SQL expression "
+                        "can be passed for polymorphic_on"
+                    )
+                prop = self.polymorphic_on
+            else:
+                # polymorphic_on is a Column or SQL expression and
+                # doesn't appear to be mapped. this means it can be 1.
+                # only present in the with_polymorphic selectable or
+                # 2. a totally standalone SQL expression which we'd
+                # hope is compatible with this mapper's persist_selectable
+                col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(
+                    self.polymorphic_on
+                )
+                if col is None:
+                    # polymorphic_on doesn't derive from any
+                    # column/expression isn't present in the mapped
+                    # table. we will make a "hidden" ColumnProperty
+                    # for it. Just check that if it's directly a
+                    # schema.Column and we have with_polymorphic, it's
+                    # likely a user error if the schema.Column isn't
+                    # represented somehow in either persist_selectable or
+                    # with_polymorphic.   Otherwise as of 0.7.4 we
+                    # just go with it and assume the user wants it
+                    # that way (i.e. a CASE statement)
+                    setter = False
+                    instrument = False
+                    col = self.polymorphic_on
+                    if isinstance(col, schema.Column) and (
+                        self.with_polymorphic is None
+                        or self.with_polymorphic[1] is None
+                        or self.with_polymorphic[1].corresponding_column(col)
+                        is None
+                    ):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Could not map polymorphic_on column "
+                            "'%s' to the mapped table - polymorphic "
+                            "loads will not function properly"
+                            % col.description
+                        )
+                else:
+                    # column/expression that polymorphic_on derives from
+                    # is present in our mapped table
+                    # and is probably mapped, but polymorphic_on itself
+                    # is not.  This happens when
+                    # the polymorphic_on is only directly present in the
+                    # with_polymorphic selectable, as when use
+                    # polymorphic_union.
+                    # we'll make a separate ColumnProperty for it.
+                    instrument = True
+                key = getattr(col, "key", None)
+                if key:
+                    if self._should_exclude(key, key, False, col):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Cannot exclude or override the "
+                            "discriminator column %r" % key
+                        )
+                else:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = col = col.label("_sa_polymorphic_on")
+                    key = col.key
+
+                prop = properties.ColumnProperty(col, _instrument=instrument)
+                self._configure_property(key, prop, init=init, setparent=True)
+
+            # the actual polymorphic_on should be the first public-facing
+            # column in the property
+            self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
+            polymorphic_key = prop.key
+        else:
+            # no polymorphic_on was set.
+            # check inheriting mappers for one.
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                # determine if polymorphic_on of the parent
+                # should be propagated here.   If the col
+                # is present in our mapped table, or if our mapped
+                # table is the same as the parent (i.e. single table
+                # inheritance), we can use it
+                if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                    if self.persist_selectable is mapper.persist_selectable:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+                    else:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = (
+                            self.persist_selectable
+                        ).corresponding_column(mapper.polymorphic_on)
+                    # we can use the parent mapper's _set_polymorphic_identity
+                    # directly; it ensures the polymorphic_identity of the
+                    # instance's mapper is used so is portable to subclasses.
+                    if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = (
+                            mapper._set_polymorphic_identity
+                        )
+                        self._polymorphic_attr_key = (
+                            mapper._polymorphic_attr_key
+                        )
+                        self._validate_polymorphic_identity = (
+                            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+                        self._polymorphic_attr_key = None
+                    return
+
+        if self.polymorphic_abstract and self.polymorphic_on is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The Mapper.polymorphic_abstract parameter may only be used "
+                "on a mapper hierarchy which includes the "
+                "Mapper.polymorphic_on parameter at the base of the hierarchy."
+            )
+
+        if setter:
+
+            def _set_polymorphic_identity(state):
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                # TODO: what happens if polymorphic_on column attribute name
+                # does not match .key?
+
+                polymorphic_identity = (
+                    state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_identity
+                )
+                if (
+                    polymorphic_identity is None
+                    and state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_abstract
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Can't instantiate class for {state.manager.mapper}; "
+                        "mapper is marked polymorphic_abstract=True"
+                    )
+
+                state.get_impl(polymorphic_key).set(
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    polymorphic_identity,
+                    None,
+                )
+
+            self._polymorphic_attr_key = polymorphic_key
+
+            def _validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_):
+                if (
+                    polymorphic_key in dict_
+                    and dict_[polymorphic_key]
+                    not in mapper._acceptable_polymorphic_identities
+                ):
+                    util.warn_limited(
+                        "Flushing object %s with "
+                        "incompatible polymorphic identity %r; the "
+                        "object may not refresh and/or load correctly",
+                        (state_str(state), dict_[polymorphic_key]),
+                    )
+
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = _set_polymorphic_identity
+            self._validate_polymorphic_identity = (
+                _validate_polymorphic_identity
+            )
+        else:
+            self._polymorphic_attr_key = None
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    _validate_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _version_id_prop(self):
+        if self.version_id_col is not None:
+            return self._columntoproperty[self.version_id_col]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _acceptable_polymorphic_identities(self):
+        identities = set()
+
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            if item.persist_selectable is self.persist_selectable:
+                identities.add(item.polymorphic_identity)
+                stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+
+        return identities
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _prop_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self._props.values())
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _adapt_inherited_property(self, key, prop, init):
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        if not self.concrete:
+            self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False, setparent=False)
+        elif key not in self._props:
+            # determine if the class implements this attribute; if not,
+            # or if it is implemented by the attribute that is handling the
+            # given superclass-mapped property, then we need to report that we
+            # can't use this at the instance level since we are a concrete
+            # mapper and we don't map this.  don't trip user-defined
+            # descriptors that might have side effects when invoked.
+            implementing_attribute = self.class_manager._get_class_attr_mro(
+                key, prop
+            )
+            if implementing_attribute is prop or (
+                isinstance(
+                    implementing_attribute, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute
+                )
+                and implementing_attribute._parententity is prop.parent
+            ):
+                self._configure_property(
+                    key,
+                    descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty(),
+                    init=init,
+                    setparent=True,
+                )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _configure_property(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        prop_arg: Union[KeyedColumnElement[Any], MapperProperty[Any]],
+        *,
+        init: bool = True,
+        setparent: bool = True,
+        warn_for_existing: bool = False,
+    ) -> MapperProperty[Any]:
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+        self._log(
+            "_configure_property(%s, %s)", key, prop_arg.__class__.__name__
+        )
+
+        if not isinstance(prop_arg, MapperProperty):
+            prop: MapperProperty[Any] = self._property_from_column(
+                key, prop_arg
+            )
+        else:
+            prop = prop_arg
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+
+            # if the column is not present in the mapped table,
+            # test if a column has been added after the fact to the
+            # parent table (or their parent, etc.) [ticket:1570]
+            if col is None and self.inherits:
+                path = [self]
+                for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root():
+                    col = m.local_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+                    if col is not None:
+                        for m2 in path:
+                            m2.persist_selectable._refresh_for_new_column(col)
+                        col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(
+                            prop.columns[0]
+                        )
+                        break
+                    path.append(m)
+
+            # subquery expression, column not present in the mapped
+            # selectable.
+            if col is None:
+                col = prop.columns[0]
+
+                # column is coming in after _readonly_props was
+                # initialized; check for 'readonly'
+                if hasattr(self, "_readonly_props") and (
+                    not hasattr(col, "table")
+                    or col.table not in self._cols_by_table
+                ):
+                    self._readonly_props.add(prop)
+
+            else:
+                # if column is coming in after _cols_by_table was
+                # initialized, ensure the col is in the right set
+                if (
+                    hasattr(self, "_cols_by_table")
+                    and col.table in self._cols_by_table
+                    and col not in self._cols_by_table[col.table]
+                ):
+                    self._cols_by_table[col.table].add(col)
+
+            # if this properties.ColumnProperty represents the "polymorphic
+            # discriminator" column, mark it.  We'll need this when rendering
+            # columns in SELECT statements.
+            if not hasattr(prop, "_is_polymorphic_discriminator"):
+                prop._is_polymorphic_discriminator = (
+                    col is self.polymorphic_on
+                    or prop.columns[0] is self.polymorphic_on
+                )
+
+            if isinstance(col, expression.Label):
+                # new in 1.4, get column property against expressions
+                # to be addressable in subqueries
+                col.key = col._tq_key_label = key
+
+            self.columns.add(col, key)
+
+            for col in prop.columns:
+                for proxy_col in col.proxy_set:
+                    self._columntoproperty[proxy_col] = prop
+
+        if getattr(prop, "key", key) != key:
+            util.warn(
+                f"ORM mapped property {self.class_.__name__}.{prop.key} being "
+                "assigned to attribute "
+                f"{key!r} is already associated with "
+                f"attribute {prop.key!r}. The attribute will be de-associated "
+                f"from {prop.key!r}."
+            )
+
+        prop.key = key
+
+        if setparent:
+            prop.set_parent(self, init)
+
+        if key in self._props and getattr(
+            self._props[key], "_mapped_by_synonym", False
+        ):
+            syn = self._props[key]._mapped_by_synonym
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                "%r for column %r" % (syn, key, key, syn)
+            )
+
+        # replacement cases
+
+        # case one: prop is replacing a prop that we have mapped.  this is
+        # independent of whatever might be in the actual class dictionary
+        if (
+            key in self._props
+            and not isinstance(
+                self._props[key], descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty
+            )
+            and not isinstance(prop, descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+        ):
+            if warn_for_existing:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    f"User-placed attribute {self.class_.__name__}.{key} on "
+                    f"{self} is replacing an existing ORM-mapped attribute.  "
+                    "Behavior is not fully defined in this case.  This "
+                    "use is deprecated and will raise an error in a future "
+                    "release",
+                    "2.0",
+                )
+            oldprop = self._props[key]
+            self._path_registry.pop(oldprop, None)
+
+        # case two: prop is replacing an attribute on the class of some kind.
+        # we have to be more careful here since it's normal when using
+        # Declarative that all the "declared attributes" on the class
+        # get replaced.
+        elif (
+            warn_for_existing
+            and self.class_.__dict__.get(key, None) is not None
+            and not isinstance(prop, descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+            and not isinstance(
+                self._props.get(key, None),
+                descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty,
+            )
+        ):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                f"User-placed attribute {self.class_.__name__}.{key} on "
+                f"{self} is replacing an existing class-bound "
+                "attribute of the same name.  "
+                "Behavior is not fully defined in this case.  This "
+                "use is deprecated and will raise an error in a future "
+                "release",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+        self._props[key] = prop
+
+        if not self.non_primary:
+            prop.instrument_class(self)
+
+        for mapper in self._inheriting_mappers:
+            mapper._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, init)
+
+        if init:
+            prop.init()
+            prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+        return prop
+
+    def _make_prop_from_column(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        column: Union[
+            Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]], KeyedColumnElement[Any]
+        ],
+    ) -> ColumnProperty[Any]:
+        columns = util.to_list(column)
+        mapped_column = []
+        for c in columns:
+            mc = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
+            if mc is None:
+                mc = self.local_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                if mc is not None:
+                    # if the column is in the local table but not the
+                    # mapped table, this corresponds to adding a
+                    # column after the fact to the local table.
+                    # [ticket:1523]
+                    self.persist_selectable._refresh_for_new_column(mc)
+                mc = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
+                if mc is None:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "When configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                        "column '%s' is not represented in the mapper's "
+                        "table. Use the `column_property()` function to "
+                        "force this column to be mapped as a read-only "
+                        "attribute." % (key, self, c)
+                    )
+            mapped_column.append(mc)
+        return properties.ColumnProperty(*mapped_column)
+
+    def _reconcile_prop_with_incoming_columns(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        existing_prop: MapperProperty[Any],
+        warn_only: bool,
+        incoming_prop: Optional[ColumnProperty[Any]] = None,
+        single_column: Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnProperty[Any]:
+        if incoming_prop and (
+            self.concrete
+            or not isinstance(existing_prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
+        ):
+            return incoming_prop
+
+        existing_column = existing_prop.columns[0]
+
+        if incoming_prop and existing_column in incoming_prop.columns:
+            return incoming_prop
+
+        if incoming_prop is None:
+            assert single_column is not None
+            incoming_column = single_column
+            equated_pair_key = (existing_prop.columns[0], incoming_column)
+        else:
+            assert single_column is None
+            incoming_column = incoming_prop.columns[0]
+            equated_pair_key = (incoming_column, existing_prop.columns[0])
+
+        if (
+            (
+                not self._inherits_equated_pairs
+                or (equated_pair_key not in self._inherits_equated_pairs)
+            )
+            and not existing_column.shares_lineage(incoming_column)
+            and existing_column is not self.version_id_col
+            and incoming_column is not self.version_id_col
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "Implicitly combining column %s with column "
+                "%s under attribute '%s'.  Please configure one "
+                "or more attributes for these same-named columns "
+                "explicitly."
+                % (
+                    existing_prop.columns[-1],
+                    incoming_column,
+                    key,
+                )
+            )
+            if warn_only:
+                util.warn(msg)
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
+
+        # existing properties.ColumnProperty from an inheriting
+        # mapper. make a copy and append our column to it
+        # breakpoint()
+        new_prop = existing_prop.copy()
+
+        new_prop.columns.insert(0, incoming_column)
+        self._log(
+            "inserting column to existing list "
+            "in properties.ColumnProperty %s",
+            key,
+        )
+        return new_prop  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _property_from_column(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        column: KeyedColumnElement[Any],
+    ) -> ColumnProperty[Any]:
+        """generate/update a :class:`.ColumnProperty` given a
+        :class:`_schema.Column` or other SQL expression object."""
+
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        prop = self._props.get(key)
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            return self._reconcile_prop_with_incoming_columns(
+                key,
+                prop,
+                single_column=column,
+                warn_only=prop.parent is not self,
+            )
+        elif prop is None or isinstance(
+            prop, descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty
+        ):
+            return self._make_prop_from_column(key, column)
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "WARNING: when configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                "column '%s' conflicts with property '%r'. "
+                "To resolve this, map the column to the class under a "
+                "different name in the 'properties' dictionary.  Or, "
+                "to remove all awareness of the column entirely "
+                "(including its availability as a foreign key), "
+                "use the 'include_properties' or 'exclude_properties' "
+                "mapper arguments to control specifically which table "
+                "columns get mapped." % (key, self, column.key, prop)
+            )
+
+    @util.langhelpers.tag_method_for_warnings(
+        "This warning originated from the `configure_mappers()` process, "
+        "which was invoked automatically in response to a user-initiated "
+        "operation.",
+        sa_exc.SAWarning,
+    )
+    def _check_configure(self) -> None:
+        if self.registry._new_mappers:
+            _configure_registries({self.registry}, cascade=True)
+
+    def _post_configure_properties(self) -> None:
+        """Call the ``init()`` method on all ``MapperProperties``
+        attached to this mapper.
+
+        This is a deferred configuration step which is intended
+        to execute once all mappers have been constructed.
+
+        """
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() started")
+        l = [(key, prop) for key, prop in self._props.items()]
+        for key, prop in l:
+            self._log("initialize prop %s", key)
+
+            if prop.parent is self and not prop._configure_started:
+                prop.init()
+
+            if prop._configure_finished:
+                prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() complete")
+        self.configured = True
+
+    def add_properties(self, dict_of_properties):
+        """Add the given dictionary of properties to this mapper,
+        using `add_property`.
+
+        """
+        for key, value in dict_of_properties.items():
+            self.add_property(key, value)
+
+    def add_property(
+        self, key: str, prop: Union[Column[Any], MapperProperty[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an individual MapperProperty to this mapper.
+
+        If the mapper has not been configured yet, just adds the
+        property to the initial properties dictionary sent to the
+        constructor.  If this Mapper has already been configured, then
+        the given MapperProperty is configured immediately.
+
+        """
+        prop = self._configure_property(
+            key, prop, init=self.configured, warn_for_existing=True
+        )
+        assert isinstance(prop, MapperProperty)
+        self._init_properties[key] = prop
+
+    def _expire_memoizations(self) -> None:
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            mapper._reset_memoizations()
+
+    @property
+    def _log_desc(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "("
+            + self.class_.__name__
+            + "|"
+            + (
+                self.local_table is not None
+                and self.local_table.description
+                or str(self.local_table)
+            )
+            + (self.non_primary and "|non-primary" or "")
+            + ")"
+        )
+
+    def _log(self, msg: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+        self.logger.info("%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args))
+
+    def _log_debug(self, msg: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+        self.logger.debug("%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<Mapper at 0x%x; %s>" % (id(self), self.class_.__name__)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "Mapper[%s%s(%s)]" % (
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            self.non_primary and " (non-primary)" or "",
+            (
+                self.local_table.description
+                if self.local_table is not None
+                else self.persist_selectable.description
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _is_orphan(self, state: InstanceState[_O]) -> bool:
+        orphan_possible = False
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            for key, cls in mapper._delete_orphans:
+                orphan_possible = True
+
+                has_parent = attributes.manager_of_class(cls).has_parent(
+                    state, key, optimistic=state.has_identity
+                )
+
+                if self.legacy_is_orphan and has_parent:
+                    return False
+                elif not self.legacy_is_orphan and not has_parent:
+                    return True
+
+        if self.legacy_is_orphan:
+            return orphan_possible
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def has_property(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self._props
+
+    def get_property(
+        self, key: str, _configure_mappers: bool = False
+    ) -> MapperProperty[Any]:
+        """return a MapperProperty associated with the given key."""
+
+        if _configure_mappers:
+            self._check_configure()
+
+        try:
+            return self._props[key]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Mapper '{self}' has no property '{key}'.  If this property "
+                "was indicated from other mappers or configure events, ensure "
+                "registry.configure() has been called."
+            ) from err
+
+    def get_property_by_column(
+        self, column: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> MapperProperty[_T]:
+        """Given a :class:`_schema.Column` object, return the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` which maps this column."""
+
+        return self._columntoproperty[column]
+
+    @property
+    def iterate_properties(self):
+        """return an iterator of all MapperProperty objects."""
+
+        return iter(self._props.values())
+
+    def _mappers_from_spec(
+        self, spec: Any, selectable: Optional[FromClause]
+    ) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """given a with_polymorphic() argument, return the set of mappers it
+        represents.
+
+        Trims the list of mappers to just those represented within the given
+        selectable, if present. This helps some more legacy-ish mappings.
+
+        """
+        if spec == "*":
+            mappers = list(self.self_and_descendants)
+        elif spec:
+            mapper_set = set()
+            for m in util.to_list(spec):
+                m = _class_to_mapper(m)
+                if not m.isa(self):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "%r does not inherit from %r" % (m, self)
+                    )
+
+                if selectable is None:
+                    mapper_set.update(m.iterate_to_root())
+                else:
+                    mapper_set.add(m)
+            mappers = [m for m in self.self_and_descendants if m in mapper_set]
+        else:
+            mappers = []
+
+        if selectable is not None:
+            tables = set(
+                sql_util.find_tables(selectable, include_aliases=True)
+            )
+            mappers = [m for m in mappers if m.local_table in tables]
+        return mappers
+
+    def _selectable_from_mappers(
+        self, mappers: Iterable[Mapper[Any]], innerjoin: bool
+    ) -> FromClause:
+        """given a list of mappers (assumed to be within this mapper's
+        inheritance hierarchy), construct an outerjoin amongst those mapper's
+        mapped tables.
+
+        """
+        from_obj = self.persist_selectable
+        for m in mappers:
+            if m is self:
+                continue
+            if m.concrete:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'with_polymorphic()' requires 'selectable' argument "
+                    "when concrete-inheriting mappers are used."
+                )
+            elif not m.single:
+                if innerjoin:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.join(
+                        m.local_table, m.inherit_condition
+                    )
+                else:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.outerjoin(
+                        m.local_table, m.inherit_condition
+                    )
+
+        return from_obj
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _version_id_has_server_side_value(self) -> bool:
+        vid_col = self.version_id_col
+
+        if vid_col is None:
+            return False
+
+        elif not isinstance(vid_col, Column):
+            return True
+        else:
+            return vid_col.server_default is not None or (
+                vid_col.default is not None
+                and (
+                    not vid_col.default.is_scalar
+                    and not vid_col.default.is_callable
+                )
+            )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _single_table_criterion(self):
+        if self.single and self.inherits and self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            return self.polymorphic_on._annotate(
+                {"parententity": self, "parentmapper": self}
+            ).in_(
+                [
+                    m.polymorphic_identity
+                    for m in self.self_and_descendants
+                    if not m.polymorphic_abstract
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause(self):
+        """return True if with_polymorphic[1] is an aliased fromclause,
+        like a subquery.
+
+        As of #8168, polymorphic adaption with ORMAdapter is used only
+        if this is present.
+
+        """
+        return self.with_polymorphic and isinstance(
+            self.with_polymorphic[1],
+            expression.AliasedReturnsRows,
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _should_select_with_poly_adapter(self):
+        """determine if _MapperEntity or _ORMColumnEntity will need to use
+        polymorphic adaption when setting up a SELECT as well as fetching
+        rows for mapped classes and subclasses against this Mapper.
+
+        moved here from context.py for #8456 to generalize the ruleset
+        for this condition.
+
+        """
+
+        # this has been simplified as of #8456.
+        # rule is: if we have a with_polymorphic or a concrete-style
+        # polymorphic selectable, *or* if the base mapper has either of those,
+        # we turn on the adaption thing.  if not, we do *no* adaption.
+        #
+        # (UPDATE for #8168: the above comment was not accurate, as we were
+        # still saying "do polymorphic" if we were using an auto-generated
+        # flattened JOIN for with_polymorphic.)
+        #
+        # this splits the behavior among the "regular" joined inheritance
+        # and single inheritance mappers, vs. the "weird / difficult"
+        # concrete and joined inh mappings that use a with_polymorphic of
+        # some kind or polymorphic_union.
+        #
+        # note we have some tests in test_polymorphic_rel that query against
+        # a subclass, then refer to the superclass that has a with_polymorphic
+        # on it (such as test_join_from_polymorphic_explicit_aliased_three).
+        # these tests actually adapt the polymorphic selectable (like, the
+        # UNION or the SELECT subquery with JOIN in it) to be just the simple
+        # subclass table.   Hence even if we are a "plain" inheriting mapper
+        # but our base has a wpoly on it, we turn on adaption.  This is a
+        # legacy case we should probably disable.
+        #
+        #
+        # UPDATE: simplified way more as of #8168.   polymorphic adaption
+        # is turned off even if with_polymorphic is set, as long as there
+        # is no user-defined aliased selectable / subquery configured.
+        # this scales back the use of polymorphic adaption in practice
+        # to basically no cases except for concrete inheritance with a
+        # polymorphic base class.
+        #
+        return (
+            self._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause
+            or self._requires_row_aliasing
+            or (self.base_mapper._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause)
+            or self.base_mapper._requires_row_aliasing
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _with_polymorphic_mappers(self) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        self._check_configure()
+
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return []
+        return self._mappers_from_spec(*self.with_polymorphic)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _post_inspect(self):
+        """This hook is invoked by attribute inspection.
+
+        E.g. when Query calls:
+
+            coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, ent, keep_inspect=True)
+
+        This allows the inspection process run a configure mappers hook.
+
+        """
+        self._check_configure()
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _with_polymorphic_selectable(self) -> FromClause:
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return self.persist_selectable
+
+        spec, selectable = self.with_polymorphic
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return selectable
+        else:
+            return self._selectable_from_mappers(
+                self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable), False
+            )
+
+    with_polymorphic_mappers = _with_polymorphic_mappers
+    """The list of :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects included in the
+    default "polymorphic" query.
+
+    """
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _insert_cols_evaluating_none(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                col for col in columns if col.type.should_evaluate_none
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _insert_cols_as_none(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                col.key
+                for col in columns
+                if not col.primary_key
+                and not col.server_default
+                and not col.default
+                and not col.type.should_evaluate_none
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _propkey_to_col(self):
+        return {
+            table: {self._columntoproperty[col].key: col for col in columns}
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _pk_keys_by_table(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset([col.key for col in pks])
+            for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _pk_attr_keys_by_table(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset([self._columntoproperty[col].key for col in pks])
+            for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_default_cols(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[Column[Any]]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                [
+                    col
+                    for col in cast("Iterable[Column[Any]]", columns)
+                    if col.server_default is not None
+                    or (
+                        col.default is not None
+                        and col.default.is_clause_element
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_onupdate_default_cols(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[Column[Any]]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                [
+                    col
+                    for col in cast("Iterable[Column[Any]]", columns)
+                    if col.server_onupdate is not None
+                    or (
+                        col.onupdate is not None
+                        and col.onupdate.is_clause_element
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_default_col_keys(self) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[str]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(col.key for col in cols if col.key is not None)
+            for table, cols in self._server_default_cols.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_onupdate_default_col_keys(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[str]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(col.key for col in cols if col.key is not None)
+            for table, cols in self._server_onupdate_default_cols.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_default_plus_onupdate_propkeys(self) -> Set[str]:
+        result: Set[str] = set()
+
+        col_to_property = self._columntoproperty
+        for table, columns in self._server_default_cols.items():
+            result.update(
+                col_to_property[col].key
+                for col in columns.intersection(col_to_property)
+            )
+        for table, columns in self._server_onupdate_default_cols.items():
+            result.update(
+                col_to_property[col].key
+                for col in columns.intersection(col_to_property)
+            )
+        return result
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_instancemethod
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        annotations: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "entity_namespace": self,
+            "parententity": self,
+            "parentmapper": self,
+        }
+        if self.persist_selectable is not self.local_table:
+            # joined table inheritance, with polymorphic selectable,
+            # etc.
+            annotations["dml_table"] = self.local_table._annotate(
+                {
+                    "entity_namespace": self,
+                    "parententity": self,
+                    "parentmapper": self,
+                }
+            )._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+            )
+
+        return self.selectable._annotate(annotations)._set_propagate_attrs(
+            {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def select_identity_token(self):
+        return (
+            expression.null()
+            ._annotate(
+                {
+                    "entity_namespace": self,
+                    "parententity": self,
+                    "parentmapper": self,
+                    "identity_token": True,
+                }
+            )
+            ._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self) -> FromClause:
+        """The :class:`_schema.FromClause` construct this
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` selects from by default.
+
+        Normally, this is equivalent to :attr:`.persist_selectable`, unless
+        the ``with_polymorphic`` feature is in use, in which case the
+        full "polymorphic" selectable is returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+    def _with_polymorphic_args(
+        self,
+        spec: Any = None,
+        selectable: Union[Literal[False, None], FromClause] = False,
+        innerjoin: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[Sequence[Mapper[Any]], FromClause]:
+        if selectable not in (None, False):
+            selectable = coercions.expect(
+                roles.StrictFromClauseRole, selectable, allow_select=True
+            )
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic:
+            if not spec:
+                spec = self.with_polymorphic[0]
+            if selectable is False:
+                selectable = self.with_polymorphic[1]
+        elif selectable is False:
+            selectable = None
+        mappers = self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable)
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return mappers, selectable
+        else:
+            return mappers, self._selectable_from_mappers(mappers, innerjoin)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _polymorphic_properties(self):
+        return list(
+            self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+                self._with_polymorphic_mappers
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _all_column_expressions(self):
+        poly_properties = self._polymorphic_properties
+        adapter = self._polymorphic_adapter
+
+        return [
+            adapter.columns[c] if adapter else c
+            for prop in poly_properties
+            if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
+            and prop._renders_in_subqueries
+            for c in prop.columns
+        ]
+
+    def _columns_plus_keys(self, polymorphic_mappers=()):
+        if polymorphic_mappers:
+            poly_properties = self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+                polymorphic_mappers
+            )
+        else:
+            poly_properties = self._polymorphic_properties
+
+        return [
+            (prop.key, prop.columns[0])
+            for prop in poly_properties
+            if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
+        ]
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _polymorphic_adapter(self) -> Optional[orm_util.ORMAdapter]:
+        if self._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause:
+            return orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.MAPPER_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER,
+                self,
+                selectable=self.selectable,
+                equivalents=self._equivalent_columns,
+                limit_on_entity=False,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _iterate_polymorphic_properties(self, mappers=None):
+        """Return an iterator of MapperProperty objects which will render into
+        a SELECT."""
+        if mappers is None:
+            mappers = self._with_polymorphic_mappers
+
+        if not mappers:
+            for c in self.iterate_properties:
+                yield c
+        else:
+            # in the polymorphic case, filter out discriminator columns
+            # from other mappers, as these are sometimes dependent on that
+            # mapper's polymorphic selectable (which we don't want rendered)
+            for c in util.unique_list(
+                chain(
+                    *[
+                        list(mapper.iterate_properties)
+                        for mapper in [self] + mappers
+                    ]
+                )
+            ):
+                if getattr(c, "_is_polymorphic_discriminator", False) and (
+                    self.polymorphic_on is None
+                    or c.columns[0] is not self.polymorphic_on
+                ):
+                    continue
+                yield c
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def attrs(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[MapperProperty[Any]]:
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty` objects
+        associated this mapper.
+
+        This is an object that provides each property based on
+        its key name.  For instance, the mapper for a
+        ``User`` class which has ``User.name`` attribute would
+        provide ``mapper.attrs.name``, which would be the
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` representing the ``name``
+        column.   The namespace object can also be iterated,
+        which would yield each :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` has several pre-filtered views
+        of this attribute which limit the types of properties
+        returned, including :attr:`.synonyms`, :attr:`.column_attrs`,
+        :attr:`.relationships`, and :attr:`.composites`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.attrs[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.attrs, somename)`` to avoid name collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        """
+
+        self._check_configure()
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(self._props)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def all_orm_descriptors(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[InspectionAttr]:
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.InspectionAttr` attributes associated
+        with the mapped class.
+
+        These attributes are in all cases Python :term:`descriptors`
+        associated with the mapped class or its superclasses.
+
+        This namespace includes attributes that are mapped to the class
+        as well as attributes declared by extension modules.
+        It includes any Python descriptor type that inherits from
+        :class:`.InspectionAttr`.  This includes
+        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, as well as extension types such as
+        :class:`.hybrid_property`, :class:`.hybrid_method` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        To distinguish between mapped attributes and extension attributes,
+        the attribute :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer
+        to a constant that distinguishes between different extension types.
+
+        The sorting of the attributes is based on the following rules:
+
+        1. Iterate through the class and its superclasses in order from
+           subclass to superclass (i.e. iterate through ``cls.__mro__``)
+
+        2. For each class, yield the attributes in the order in which they
+           appear in ``__dict__``, with the exception of those in step
+           3 below.  In Python 3.6 and above this ordering will be the
+           same as that of the class' construction, with the exception
+           of attributes that were added after the fact by the application
+           or the mapper.
+
+        3. If a certain attribute key is also in the superclass ``__dict__``,
+           then it's included in the iteration for that class, and not the
+           class in which it first appeared.
+
+        The above process produces an ordering that is deterministic in terms
+        of the order in which attributes were assigned to the class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.19 ensured deterministic ordering for
+           :meth:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`.
+
+        When dealing with a :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, the
+        :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute refers to the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` property, which is what you get when
+        referring to the collection of mapped properties via
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+            accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.all_orm_descriptors[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.all_orm_descriptors, somename)`` to avoid name
+            collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`
+
+        """
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(
+            dict(self.class_manager._all_sqla_attributes())
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _pk_synonyms(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """return a dictionary of {syn_attribute_name: pk_attr_name} for
+        all synonyms that refer to primary key columns
+
+        """
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        pk_keys = {prop.key for prop in self._identity_key_props}
+
+        return {
+            syn.key: syn.name
+            for k, syn in self._props.items()
+            if isinstance(syn, descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+            and syn.name in pk_keys
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def synonyms(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[SynonymProperty[Any]]:
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.Synonym`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        return self._filter_properties(descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        return self.class_
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def column_attrs(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[ColumnProperty[Any]]:
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.ColumnProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.ColumnProperty)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.relationships")
+    def relationships(
+        self,
+    ) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[RelationshipProperty[Any]]:
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.Relationship` properties
+        maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.relationships` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.relationships[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.relationships, somename)`` to avoid name
+            collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(
+            util.preloaded.orm_relationships.RelationshipProperty
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def composites(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[CompositeProperty[Any]]:
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.Composite`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(
+            util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props.CompositeProperty
+        )
+
+    def _filter_properties(
+        self, type_: Type[_MP]
+    ) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[_MP]:
+        self._check_configure()
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(
+            util.OrderedDict(
+                (k, v) for k, v in self._props.items() if isinstance(v, type_)
+            )
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _get_clause(self):
+        """create a "get clause" based on the primary key.  this is used
+        by query.get() and many-to-one lazyloads to load this item
+        by primary key.
+
+        """
+        params = [
+            (
+                primary_key,
+                sql.bindparam("pk_%d" % idx, type_=primary_key.type),
+            )
+            for idx, primary_key in enumerate(self.primary_key, 1)
+        ]
+        return (
+            sql.and_(*[k == v for (k, v) in params]),
+            util.column_dict(params),
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _equivalent_columns(self) -> _EquivalentColumnMap:
+        """Create a map of all equivalent columns, based on
+        the determination of column pairs that are equated to
+        one another based on inherit condition.  This is designed
+        to work with the queries that util.polymorphic_union
+        comes up with, which often don't include the columns from
+        the base table directly (including the subclass table columns
+        only).
+
+        The resulting structure is a dictionary of columns mapped
+        to lists of equivalent columns, e.g.::
+
+            {
+                tablea.col1:
+                    {tableb.col1, tablec.col1},
+                tablea.col2:
+                    {tabled.col2}
+            }
+
+        """
+        result: _EquivalentColumnMap = {}
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                if binary.left in result:
+                    result[binary.left].add(binary.right)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.left] = {binary.right}
+                if binary.right in result:
+                    result[binary.right].add(binary.left)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.right] = {binary.left}
+
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            if mapper.inherit_condition is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(
+                    mapper.inherit_condition, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+                )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _is_userland_descriptor(self, assigned_name: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(
+            obj,
+            (
+                _MappedAttribute,
+                instrumentation.ClassManager,
+                expression.ColumnElement,
+            ),
+        ):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return assigned_name not in self._dataclass_fields
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _dataclass_fields(self):
+        return [f.name for f in util.dataclass_fields(self.class_)]
+
+    def _should_exclude(self, name, assigned_name, local, column):
+        """determine whether a particular property should be implicitly
+        present on the class.
+
+        This occurs when properties are propagated from an inherited class, or
+        are applied from the columns present in the mapped table.
+
+        """
+
+        if column is not None and sql_base._never_select_column(column):
+            return True
+
+        # check for class-bound attributes and/or descriptors,
+        # either local or from an inherited class
+        # ignore dataclass field default values
+        if local:
+            if self.class_.__dict__.get(
+                assigned_name, None
+            ) is not None and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                assigned_name, self.class_.__dict__[assigned_name]
+            ):
+                return True
+        else:
+            attr = self.class_manager._get_class_attr_mro(assigned_name, None)
+            if attr is not None and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                assigned_name, attr
+            ):
+                return True
+
+        if (
+            self.include_properties is not None
+            and name not in self.include_properties
+            and (column is None or column not in self.include_properties)
+        ):
+            self._log("not including property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        if self.exclude_properties is not None and (
+            name in self.exclude_properties
+            or (column is not None and column in self.exclude_properties)
+        ):
+            self._log("excluding property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def common_parent(self, other: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return true if the given mapper shares a
+        common inherited parent as this mapper."""
+
+        return self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
+
+    def is_sibling(self, other: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """return true if the other mapper is an inheriting sibling to this
+        one.  common parent but different branch
+
+        """
+        return (
+            self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
+            and not self.isa(other)
+            and not other.isa(self)
+        )
+
+    def _canload(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], allow_subtypes: bool
+    ) -> bool:
+        s = self.primary_mapper()
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None or allow_subtypes:
+            return _state_mapper(state).isa(s)
+        else:
+            return _state_mapper(state) is s
+
+    def isa(self, other: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the this mapper inherits from the given mapper."""
+
+        m: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self
+        while m and m is not other:
+            m = m.inherits
+        return bool(m)
+
+    def iterate_to_root(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        m: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self
+        while m:
+            yield m
+            m = m.inherits
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def self_and_descendants(self) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """The collection including this mapper and all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        """
+        descendants = []
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            descendants.append(item)
+            stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+        return util.WeakSequence(descendants)
+
+    def polymorphic_iterator(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """Iterate through the collection including this mapper and
+        all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        To iterate through an entire hierarchy, use
+        ``mapper.base_mapper.polymorphic_iterator()``.
+
+        """
+        return iter(self.self_and_descendants)
+
+    def primary_mapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        """Return the primary mapper corresponding to this mapper's class key
+        (class)."""
+
+        return self.class_manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def primary_base_mapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        return self.class_manager.mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def _result_has_identity_key(self, result, adapter=None):
+        pk_cols: Sequence[ColumnClause[Any]] = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+        rk = result.keys()
+        for col in pk_cols:
+            if col not in rk:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def identity_key_from_row(
+        self,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from the identity map.
+
+        :param row: A :class:`.Row` or :class:`.RowMapping` produced from a
+         result set that selected from the ORM mapped primary key columns.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+            :class:`.Row` or :class:`.RowMapping` are accepted
+            for the "row" argument
+
+        """
+        pk_cols: Sequence[ColumnClause[Any]] = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+
+        if hasattr(row, "_mapping"):
+            mapping = row._mapping  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            mapping = cast("Mapping[Any, Any]", row)
+
+        return (
+            self._identity_class,
+            tuple(mapping[column] for column in pk_cols),  # type: ignore
+            identity_token,
+        )
+
+    def identity_key_from_primary_key(
+        self,
+        primary_key: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from an identity map.
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of values indicating the identifier.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            self._identity_class,
+            tuple(primary_key),
+            identity_token,
+        )
+
+    def identity_key_from_instance(self, instance: _O) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        """Return the identity key for the given instance, based on
+        its primary key attributes.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        This value is typically also found on the instance state under the
+        attribute name `key`.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        return self._identity_key_from_state(state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+    def _identity_key_from_state(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        dict_ = state.dict
+        manager = state.manager
+        return (
+            self._identity_class,
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive)
+                    for prop in self._identity_key_props
+                ]
+            ),
+            state.identity_token,
+        )
+
+    def primary_key_from_instance(self, instance: _O) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Return the list of primary key values for the given
+        instance.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        identity_key = self._identity_key_from_state(
+            state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+        )
+        return identity_key[1]
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _persistent_sortkey_fn(self):
+        key_fns = [col.type.sort_key_function for col in self.primary_key]
+
+        if set(key_fns).difference([None]):
+
+            def key(state):
+                return tuple(
+                    key_fn(val) if key_fn is not None else val
+                    for key_fn, val in zip(key_fns, state.key[1])
+                )
+
+        else:
+
+            def key(state):
+                return state.key[1]
+
+        return key
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _identity_key_props(self):
+        return [self._columntoproperty[col] for col in self.primary_key]
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _all_pk_cols(self):
+        collection: Set[ColumnClause[Any]] = set()
+        for table in self.tables:
+            collection.update(self._pks_by_table[table])
+        return collection
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _should_undefer_in_wildcard(self):
+        cols: Set[ColumnElement[Any]] = set(self.primary_key)
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            cols.add(self.polymorphic_on)
+        return cols
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _primary_key_propkeys(self):
+        return {self._columntoproperty[col].key for col in self._all_pk_cols}
+
+    def _get_state_attr_by_column(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        column: ColumnElement[Any],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE,
+    ) -> Any:
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def _set_committed_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+    def _set_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
+
+    def _get_committed_attr_by_column(self, obj, column):
+        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(obj)
+        return self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+            state, dict_, column, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+        )
+
+    def _get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+        self, state, dict_, column, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE
+    ):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_committed_value(
+            state, dict_, passive=passive
+        )
+
+    def _optimized_get_statement(self, state, attribute_names):
+        """assemble a WHERE clause which retrieves a given state by primary
+        key, using a minimized set of tables.
+
+        Applies to a joined-table inheritance mapper where the
+        requested attribute names are only present on joined tables,
+        not the base table.  The WHERE clause attempts to include
+        only those tables to minimize joins.
+
+        """
+        props = self._props
+
+        col_attribute_names = set(attribute_names).intersection(
+            state.mapper.column_attrs.keys()
+        )
+        tables: Set[FromClause] = set(
+            chain(
+                *[
+                    sql_util.find_tables(c, check_columns=True)
+                    for key in col_attribute_names
+                    for c in props[key].columns
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if self.base_mapper.local_table in tables:
+            return None
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            leftcol = binary.left
+            rightcol = binary.right
+            if leftcol is None or rightcol is None:
+                return
+
+            if leftcol.table not in tables:
+                leftval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state.dict,
+                    leftcol,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+                if leftval in orm_util._none_set:
+                    raise _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.left = sql.bindparam(
+                    None, leftval, type_=binary.right.type
+                )
+            elif rightcol.table not in tables:
+                rightval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state.dict,
+                    rightcol,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+                if rightval in orm_util._none_set:
+                    raise _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.right = sql.bindparam(
+                    None, rightval, type_=binary.right.type
+                )
+
+        allconds: List[ColumnElement[bool]] = []
+
+        start = False
+
+        # as of #7507, from the lowest base table on upwards,
+        # we include all intermediary tables.
+
+        for mapper in reversed(list(self.iterate_to_root())):
+            if mapper.local_table in tables:
+                start = True
+            elif not isinstance(mapper.local_table, expression.TableClause):
+                return None
+            if start and not mapper.single:
+                assert mapper.inherits
+                assert not mapper.concrete
+                assert mapper.inherit_condition is not None
+                allconds.append(mapper.inherit_condition)
+                tables.add(mapper.local_table)
+
+        # only the bottom table needs its criteria to be altered to fit
+        # the primary key ident - the rest of the tables upwards to the
+        # descendant-most class should all be present and joined to each
+        # other.
+        try:
+            _traversed = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                allconds[0], {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+            )
+        except _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable:
+            return None
+        else:
+            allconds[0] = _traversed
+
+        cond = sql.and_(*allconds)
+
+        cols = []
+        for key in col_attribute_names:
+            cols.extend(props[key].columns)
+        return (
+            sql.select(*cols)
+            .where(cond)
+            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+        )
+
+    def _iterate_to_target_viawpoly(self, mapper):
+        if self.isa(mapper):
+            prev = self
+            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
+                yield m
+
+                if m is not prev and prev not in m._with_polymorphic_mappers:
+                    break
+
+                prev = m
+                if m is mapper:
+                    break
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _would_selectinload_combinations_cache(self):
+        return {}
+
+    def _would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(self, super_mapper):
+        """return True if this mapper would "selectin" polymorphic load based
+        on the given super mapper, and not from a setting from a subclass.
+
+        given::
+
+            class A:
+                ...
+
+            class B(A):
+                __mapper_args__ = {"polymorphic_load": "selectin"}
+
+            class C(B):
+                ...
+
+            class D(B):
+                __mapper_args__ = {"polymorphic_load": "selectin"}
+
+        ``inspect(C)._would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(inspect(B))``
+        returns True, because C does selectin loading because of B's setting.
+
+        OTOH, ``inspect(D)
+        ._would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(inspect(B))``
+        returns False, because D does selectin loading because of its own
+        setting; when we are doing a selectin poly load from B, we want to
+        filter out D because it would already have its own selectin poly load
+        set up separately.
+
+        Added as part of #9373.
+
+        """
+        cache = self._would_selectinload_combinations_cache
+
+        try:
+            return cache[super_mapper]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # assert that given object is a supermapper, meaning we already
+        # strong reference it directly or indirectly.  this allows us
+        # to not worry that we are creating new strongrefs to unrelated
+        # mappers or other objects.
+        assert self.isa(super_mapper)
+
+        mapper = super_mapper
+        for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
+            if m.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
+                retval = m is super_mapper
+                break
+        else:
+            retval = False
+
+        cache[super_mapper] = retval
+        return retval
+
+    def _should_selectin_load(self, enabled_via_opt, polymorphic_from):
+        if not enabled_via_opt:
+            # common case, takes place for all polymorphic loads
+            mapper = polymorphic_from
+            for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
+                if m.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
+                    return m
+        else:
+            # uncommon case, selectin load options were used
+            enabled_via_opt = set(enabled_via_opt)
+            enabled_via_opt_mappers = {e.mapper: e for e in enabled_via_opt}
+            for entity in enabled_via_opt.union([polymorphic_from]):
+                mapper = entity.mapper
+                for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
+                    if (
+                        m.polymorphic_load == "selectin"
+                        or m in enabled_via_opt_mappers
+                    ):
+                        return enabled_via_opt_mappers.get(m, m)
+
+        return None
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options")
+    def _subclass_load_via_in(self, entity, polymorphic_from):
+        """Assemble a that can load the columns local to
+        this subclass as a SELECT with IN.
+
+        """
+
+        strategy_options = util.preloaded.orm_strategy_options
+
+        assert self.inherits
+
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            polymorphic_prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
+            keep_props = set([polymorphic_prop] + self._identity_key_props)
+        else:
+            keep_props = set(self._identity_key_props)
+
+        disable_opt = strategy_options.Load(entity)
+        enable_opt = strategy_options.Load(entity)
+
+        classes_to_include = {self}
+        m: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self.inherits
+        while (
+            m is not None
+            and m is not polymorphic_from
+            and m.polymorphic_load == "selectin"
+        ):
+            classes_to_include.add(m)
+            m = m.inherits
+
+        for prop in self.column_attrs + self.relationships:
+            # skip prop keys that are not instrumented on the mapped class.
+            # this is primarily the "_sa_polymorphic_on" property that gets
+            # created for an ad-hoc polymorphic_on SQL expression, issue #8704
+            if prop.key not in self.class_manager:
+                continue
+
+            if prop.parent in classes_to_include or prop in keep_props:
+                # "enable" options, to turn on the properties that we want to
+                # load by default (subject to options from the query)
+                if not isinstance(prop, StrategizedProperty):
+                    continue
+
+                enable_opt = enable_opt._set_generic_strategy(
+                    # convert string name to an attribute before passing
+                    # to loader strategy.   note this must be in terms
+                    # of given entity, such as AliasedClass, etc.
+                    (getattr(entity.entity_namespace, prop.key),),
+                    dict(prop.strategy_key),
+                    _reconcile_to_other=True,
+                )
+            else:
+                # "disable" options, to turn off the properties from the
+                # superclass that we *don't* want to load, applied after
+                # the options from the query to override them
+                disable_opt = disable_opt._set_generic_strategy(
+                    # convert string name to an attribute before passing
+                    # to loader strategy.   note this must be in terms
+                    # of given entity, such as AliasedClass, etc.
+                    (getattr(entity.entity_namespace, prop.key),),
+                    {"do_nothing": True},
+                    _reconcile_to_other=False,
+                )
+
+        primary_key = [
+            sql_util._deep_annotate(pk, {"_orm_adapt": True})
+            for pk in self.primary_key
+        ]
+
+        in_expr: ColumnElement[Any]
+
+        if len(primary_key) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*primary_key)
+        else:
+            in_expr = primary_key[0]
+
+        if entity.is_aliased_class:
+            assert entity.mapper is self
+
+            q = sql.select(entity).set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+
+            in_expr = entity._adapter.traverse(in_expr)
+            primary_key = [entity._adapter.traverse(k) for k in primary_key]
+            q = q.where(
+                in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys", expanding=True))
+            ).order_by(*primary_key)
+        else:
+            q = sql.select(self).set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+            q = q.where(
+                in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys", expanding=True))
+            ).order_by(*primary_key)
+
+        return q, enable_opt, disable_opt
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _subclass_load_via_in_mapper(self):
+        # the default is loading this mapper against the basemost mapper
+        return self._subclass_load_via_in(self, self.base_mapper)
+
+    def cascade_iterator(
+        self,
+        type_: str,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        halt_on: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[Any]], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[
+        Tuple[object, Mapper[Any], InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]
+    ]:
+        r"""Iterate each element and its mapper in an object graph,
+        for all relationships that meet the given cascade rule.
+
+        :param type\_:
+          The name of the cascade rule (i.e. ``"save-update"``, ``"delete"``,
+          etc.).
+
+          .. note::  the ``"all"`` cascade is not accepted here.  For a generic
+             object traversal function, see :ref:`faq_walk_objects`.
+
+        :param state:
+          The lead InstanceState.  child items will be processed per
+          the relationships defined for this object's mapper.
+
+        :return: the method yields individual object instances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades`
+
+            :ref:`faq_walk_objects` - illustrates a generic function to
+            traverse all objects without relying on cascades.
+
+        """
+        visited_states: Set[InstanceState[Any]] = set()
+        prp, mpp = object(), object()
+
+        assert state.mapper.isa(self)
+
+        # this is actually a recursive structure, fully typing it seems
+        # a little too difficult for what it's worth here
+        visitables: Deque[
+            Tuple[
+                Deque[Any],
+                object,
+                Optional[InstanceState[Any]],
+                Optional[_InstanceDict],
+            ]
+        ]
+
+        visitables = deque(
+            [(deque(state.mapper._props.values()), prp, state, state.dict)]
+        )
+
+        while visitables:
+            iterator, item_type, parent_state, parent_dict = visitables[-1]
+            if not iterator:
+                visitables.pop()
+                continue
+
+            if item_type is prp:
+                prop = iterator.popleft()
+                if not prop.cascade or type_ not in prop.cascade:
+                    continue
+                assert parent_state is not None
+                assert parent_dict is not None
+                queue = deque(
+                    prop.cascade_iterator(
+                        type_,
+                        parent_state,
+                        parent_dict,
+                        visited_states,
+                        halt_on,
+                    )
+                )
+                if queue:
+                    visitables.append((queue, mpp, None, None))
+            elif item_type is mpp:
+                (
+                    instance,
+                    instance_mapper,
+                    corresponding_state,
+                    corresponding_dict,
+                ) = iterator.popleft()
+                yield (
+                    instance,
+                    instance_mapper,
+                    corresponding_state,
+                    corresponding_dict,
+                )
+                visitables.append(
+                    (
+                        deque(instance_mapper._props.values()),
+                        prp,
+                        corresponding_state,
+                        corresponding_dict,
+                    )
+                )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _compiled_cache(self):
+        return util.LRUCache(self._compiled_cache_size)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _multiple_persistence_tables(self):
+        return len(self.tables) > 1
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _sorted_tables(self):
+        table_to_mapper: Dict[TableClause, Mapper[Any]] = {}
+
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for t in mapper.tables:
+                table_to_mapper.setdefault(t, mapper)
+
+        extra_dependencies = []
+        for table, mapper in table_to_mapper.items():
+            super_ = mapper.inherits
+            if super_:
+                extra_dependencies.extend(
+                    [(super_table, table) for super_table in super_.tables]
+                )
+
+        def skip(fk):
+            # attempt to skip dependencies that are not
+            # significant to the inheritance chain
+            # for two tables that are related by inheritance.
+            # while that dependency may be important, it's technically
+            # not what we mean to sort on here.
+            parent = table_to_mapper.get(fk.parent.table)
+            dep = table_to_mapper.get(fk.column.table)
+            if (
+                parent is not None
+                and dep is not None
+                and dep is not parent
+                and dep.inherit_condition is not None
+            ):
+                cols = set(sql_util._find_columns(dep.inherit_condition))
+                if parent.inherit_condition is not None:
+                    cols = cols.union(
+                        sql_util._find_columns(parent.inherit_condition)
+                    )
+                    return fk.parent not in cols and fk.column not in cols
+                else:
+                    return fk.parent not in cols
+            return False
+
+        sorted_ = sql_util.sort_tables(
+            table_to_mapper,
+            skip_fn=skip,
+            extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies,
+        )
+
+        ret = util.OrderedDict()
+        for t in sorted_:
+            ret[t] = table_to_mapper[t]
+        return ret
+
+    def _memo(self, key: Any, callable_: Callable[[], _T]) -> _T:
+        if key in self._memoized_values:
+            return cast(_T, self._memoized_values[key])
+        else:
+            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_()
+            return value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _table_to_equated(self):
+        """memoized map of tables to collections of columns to be
+        synchronized upwards to the base mapper."""
+
+        result: util.defaultdict[
+            Table,
+            List[
+                Tuple[
+                    Mapper[Any],
+                    List[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]],
+                ]
+            ],
+        ] = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+        def set_union(x, y):
+            return x.union(y)
+
+        for table in self._sorted_tables:
+            cols = set(table.c)
+
+            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if m._inherits_equated_pairs and cols.intersection(
+                    reduce(
+                        set_union,
+                        [l.proxy_set for l, r in m._inherits_equated_pairs],
+                    )
+                ):
+                    result[table].append((m, m._inherits_equated_pairs))
+
+        return result
+
+
+class _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def configure_mappers() -> None:
+    """Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that
+    have been constructed thus far across all :class:`_orm.registry`
+    collections.
+
+    The configure step is used to reconcile and initialize the
+    :func:`_orm.relationship` linkages between mapped classes, as well as to
+    invoke configuration events such as the
+    :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_configured` and
+    :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_configured`, which may be used by ORM
+    extensions or user-defined extension hooks.
+
+    Mapper configuration is normally invoked automatically, the first time
+    mappings from a particular :class:`_orm.registry` are used, as well as
+    whenever mappings are used and additional not-yet-configured mappers have
+    been constructed. The automatic configuration process however is local only
+    to the :class:`_orm.registry` involving the target mapper and any related
+    :class:`_orm.registry` objects which it may depend on; this is
+    equivalent to invoking the :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method
+    on a particular :class:`_orm.registry`.
+
+    By contrast, the :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function will invoke the
+    configuration process on all :class:`_orm.registry` objects that
+    exist in memory, and may be useful for scenarios where many individual
+    :class:`_orm.registry` objects that are nonetheless interrelated are
+    in use.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4.0b2, this function works on a
+        per-:class:`_orm.registry` basis, locating all :class:`_orm.registry`
+        objects present and invoking the :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method
+        on each. The :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method may be preferred to
+        limit the configuration of mappers to those local to a particular
+        :class:`_orm.registry` and/or declarative base class.
+
+    Points at which automatic configuration is invoked include when a mapped
+    class is instantiated into an instance, as well as when ORM queries
+    are emitted using :meth:`.Session.query` or :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`
+    with an ORM-enabled statement.
+
+    The mapper configure process, whether invoked by
+    :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` or from :meth:`_orm.registry.configure`,
+    provides several event hooks that can be used to augment the mapper
+    configuration step. These hooks include:
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` - called once before
+      :func:`.configure_mappers` or :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` does any
+      work; this can be used to establish additional options, properties, or
+      related mappings before the operation proceeds.
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` - called as each individual
+      :class:`_orm.Mapper` is configured within the process; will include all
+      mapper state except for backrefs set up by other mappers that are still
+      to be configured.
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` - called once after
+      :func:`.configure_mappers` or :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` is
+      complete; at this stage, all :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that fall
+      within the scope of the configuration operation will be fully configured.
+      Note that the calling application may still have other mappings that
+      haven't been produced yet, such as if they are in modules as yet
+      unimported, and may also have mappings that are still to be configured,
+      if they are in other :class:`_orm.registry` collections not part of the
+      current scope of configuration.
+
+    """
+
+    _configure_registries(_all_registries(), cascade=True)
+
+
+def _configure_registries(
+    registries: Set[_RegistryType], cascade: bool
+) -> None:
+    for reg in registries:
+        if reg._new_mappers:
+            break
+    else:
+        return
+
+    with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+        global _already_compiling
+        if _already_compiling:
+            return
+        _already_compiling = True
+        try:
+            # double-check inside mutex
+            for reg in registries:
+                if reg._new_mappers:
+                    break
+            else:
+                return
+
+            Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).before_configured()  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            # initialize properties on all mappers
+            # note that _mapper_registry is unordered, which
+            # may randomly conceal/reveal issues related to
+            # the order of mapper compilation
+
+            _do_configure_registries(registries, cascade)
+        finally:
+            _already_compiling = False
+    Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).after_configured()  # type: ignore
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _do_configure_registries(
+    registries: Set[_RegistryType], cascade: bool
+) -> None:
+    registry = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api.registry
+
+    orig = set(registries)
+
+    for reg in registry._recurse_with_dependencies(registries):
+        has_skip = False
+
+        for mapper in reg._mappers_to_configure():
+            run_configure = None
+
+            for fn in mapper.dispatch.before_mapper_configured:
+                run_configure = fn(mapper, mapper.class_)
+                if run_configure is EXT_SKIP:
+                    has_skip = True
+                    break
+            if run_configure is EXT_SKIP:
+                continue
+
+            if getattr(mapper, "_configure_failed", False):
+                e = sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "One or more mappers failed to initialize - "
+                    "can't proceed with initialization of other "
+                    "mappers. Triggering mapper: '%s'. "
+                    "Original exception was: %s"
+                    % (mapper, mapper._configure_failed)
+                )
+                e._configure_failed = mapper._configure_failed  # type: ignore
+                raise e
+
+            if not mapper.configured:
+                try:
+                    mapper._post_configure_properties()
+                    mapper._expire_memoizations()
+                    mapper.dispatch.mapper_configured(mapper, mapper.class_)
+                except Exception:
+                    exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                    if not hasattr(exc, "_configure_failed"):
+                        mapper._configure_failed = exc
+                    raise
+        if not has_skip:
+            reg._new_mappers = False
+
+        if not cascade and reg._dependencies.difference(orig):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "configure was called with cascade=False but "
+                "additional registries remain"
+            )
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _dispose_registries(registries: Set[_RegistryType], cascade: bool) -> None:
+    registry = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api.registry
+
+    orig = set(registries)
+
+    for reg in registry._recurse_with_dependents(registries):
+        if not cascade and reg._dependents.difference(orig):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Registry has dependent registries that are not disposed; "
+                "pass cascade=True to clear these also"
+            )
+
+        while reg._managers:
+            try:
+                manager, _ = reg._managers.popitem()
+            except KeyError:
+                # guard against race between while and popitem
+                pass
+            else:
+                reg._dispose_manager_and_mapper(manager)
+
+        reg._non_primary_mappers.clear()
+        reg._dependents.clear()
+        for dep in reg._dependencies:
+            dep._dependents.discard(reg)
+        reg._dependencies.clear()
+        # this wasn't done in the 1.3 clear_mappers() and in fact it
+        # was a bug, as it could cause configure_mappers() to invoke
+        # the "before_configured" event even though mappers had all been
+        # disposed.
+        reg._new_mappers = False
+
+
+def reconstructor(fn):
+    """Decorate a method as the 'reconstructor' hook.
+
+    Designates a single method as the "reconstructor", an ``__init__``-like
+    method that will be called by the ORM after the instance has been
+    loaded from the database or otherwise reconstituted.
+
+    .. tip::
+
+        The :func:`_orm.reconstructor` decorator makes use of the
+        :meth:`_orm.InstanceEvents.load` event hook, which can be
+        used directly.
+
+    The reconstructor will be invoked with no arguments.  Scalar
+    (non-collection) database-mapped attributes of the instance will
+    be available for use within the function.  Eagerly-loaded
+    collections are generally not yet available and will usually only
+    contain the first element.  ORM state changes made to objects at
+    this stage will not be recorded for the next flush() operation, so
+    the activity within a reconstructor should be conservative.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+    """
+    fn.__sa_reconstructor__ = True
+    return fn
+
+
+def validates(
+    *names: str, include_removes: bool = False, include_backrefs: bool = True
+) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+    r"""Decorate a method as a 'validator' for one or more named properties.
+
+    Designates a method as a validator, a method which receives the
+    name of the attribute as well as a value to be assigned, or in the
+    case of a collection, the value to be added to the collection.
+    The function can then raise validation exceptions to halt the
+    process from continuing (where Python's built-in ``ValueError``
+    and ``AssertionError`` exceptions are reasonable choices), or can
+    modify or replace the value before proceeding. The function should
+    otherwise return the given value.
+
+    Note that a validator for a collection **cannot** issue a load of that
+    collection within the validation routine - this usage raises
+    an assertion to avoid recursion overflows.  This is a reentrant
+    condition which is not supported.
+
+    :param \*names: list of attribute names to be validated.
+    :param include_removes: if True, "remove" events will be
+     sent as well - the validation function must accept an additional
+     argument "is_remove" which will be a boolean.
+
+    :param include_backrefs: defaults to ``True``; if ``False``, the
+     validation function will not emit if the originator is an attribute
+     event related via a backref.  This can be used for bi-directional
+     :func:`.validates` usage where only one validator should emit per
+     attribute operation.
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 2.0.16 This paramter inadvertently defaulted to
+        ``False`` for releases 2.0.0 through 2.0.15.  Its correct default
+        of ``True`` is restored in 2.0.16.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+      :ref:`simple_validators` - usage examples for :func:`.validates`
+
+    """
+
+    def wrap(fn: _Fn) -> _Fn:
+        fn.__sa_validators__ = names  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        fn.__sa_validation_opts__ = {  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            "include_removes": include_removes,
+            "include_backrefs": include_backrefs,
+        }
+        return fn
+
+    return wrap
+
+
+def _event_on_load(state, ctx):
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+    if instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor:
+        instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor(state.obj())
+
+
+def _event_on_init(state, args, kwargs):
+    """Run init_instance hooks.
+
+    This also includes mapper compilation, normally not needed
+    here but helps with some piecemeal configuration
+    scenarios (such as in the ORM tutorial).
+
+    """
+
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        instrumenting_mapper._check_configure()
+        if instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
+            instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity(state)
+
+
+class _ColumnMapping(Dict["ColumnElement[Any]", "MapperProperty[Any]"]):
+    """Error reporting helper for mapper._columntoproperty."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("mapper",)
+
+    def __init__(self, mapper):
+        # TODO: weakref would be a good idea here
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def __missing__(self, column):
+        prop = self.mapper._props.get(column)
+        if prop:
+            raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+                "Column '%s.%s' is not available, due to "
+                "conflicting property '%s':%r"
+                % (column.table.name, column.name, column.key, prop)
+            )
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "No column %s is configured on mapper %s..."
+            % (column, self.mapper)
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccc185b78850133677463e56ee6acca7cf1c7b7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+# orm/path_registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Path tracking utilities, representing mapper graph traversals.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import reduce
+from itertools import chain
+import logging
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base as orm_base
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper_property
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql.cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.visitors import anon_map
+    from ..util.typing import _LiteralStar
+    from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+    def is_root(path: PathRegistry) -> TypeGuard[RootRegistry]: ...
+
+    def is_entity(path: PathRegistry) -> TypeGuard[AbstractEntityRegistry]: ...
+
+else:
+    is_root = operator.attrgetter("is_root")
+    is_entity = operator.attrgetter("is_entity")
+
+
+_SerializedPath = List[Any]
+_StrPathToken = str
+_PathElementType = Union[
+    _StrPathToken, "_InternalEntityType[Any]", "StrategizedProperty[Any]"
+]
+
+# the representation is in fact
+# a tuple with alternating:
+# [_InternalEntityType[Any], Union[str, StrategizedProperty[Any]],
+# _InternalEntityType[Any], Union[str, StrategizedProperty[Any]], ...]
+# this might someday be a tuple of 2-tuples instead, but paths can be
+# chopped at odd intervals as well so this is less flexible
+_PathRepresentation = Tuple[_PathElementType, ...]
+
+# NOTE: these names are weird since the array is 0-indexed,
+# the "_Odd" entries are at 0, 2, 4, etc
+_OddPathRepresentation = Sequence["_InternalEntityType[Any]"]
+_EvenPathRepresentation = Sequence[Union["StrategizedProperty[Any]", str]]
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _unreduce_path(path: _SerializedPath) -> PathRegistry:
+    return PathRegistry.deserialize(path)
+
+
+_WILDCARD_TOKEN: _LiteralStar = "*"
+_DEFAULT_TOKEN = "_sa_default"
+
+
+class PathRegistry(HasCacheKey):
+    """Represent query load paths and registry functions.
+
+    Basically represents structures like:
+
+    (<User mapper>, "orders", <Order mapper>, "items", <Item mapper>)
+
+    These structures are generated by things like
+    query options (joinedload(), subqueryload(), etc.) and are
+    used to compose keys stored in the query._attributes dictionary
+    for various options.
+
+    They are then re-composed at query compile/result row time as
+    the query is formed and as rows are fetched, where they again
+    serve to compose keys to look up options in the context.attributes
+    dictionary, which is copied from query._attributes.
+
+    The path structure has a limited amount of caching, where each
+    "root" ultimately pulls from a fixed registry associated with
+    the first mapper, that also contains elements for each of its
+    property keys.  However paths longer than two elements, which
+    are the exception rather than the rule, are generated on an
+    as-needed basis.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    is_token = False
+    is_root = False
+    has_entity = False
+    is_property = False
+    is_entity = False
+
+    is_unnatural: bool
+
+    path: _PathRepresentation
+    natural_path: _PathRepresentation
+    parent: Optional[PathRegistry]
+    root: RootRegistry
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = [
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list)
+    ]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return other is not None and self.path == other._path_for_compare
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "Comparison of PathRegistry to %r is not supported"
+                % (type(other))
+            )
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return other is None or self.path != other._path_for_compare
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "Comparison of PathRegistry to %r is not supported"
+                % (type(other))
+            )
+            return True
+
+    @property
+    def _path_for_compare(self) -> Optional[_PathRepresentation]:
+        return self.path
+
+    def odd_element(self, index: int) -> _InternalEntityType[Any]:
+        return self.path[index]  # type: ignore
+
+    def set(self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+        log.debug("set '%s' on path '%s' to '%s'", key, self, value)
+        attributes[(key, self.natural_path)] = value
+
+    def setdefault(
+        self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        log.debug("setdefault '%s' on path '%s' to '%s'", key, self, value)
+        attributes.setdefault((key, self.natural_path), value)
+
+    def get(
+        self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any, value: Optional[Any] = None
+    ) -> Any:
+        key = (key, self.natural_path)
+        if key in attributes:
+            return attributes[key]
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, entity: _StrPathToken) -> TokenRegistry: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, entity: int) -> _PathElementType: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, entity: slice) -> _PathRepresentation: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    ) -> AbstractEntityRegistry: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, entity: StrategizedProperty[Any]
+    ) -> PropRegistry: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self,
+        entity: Union[
+            _StrPathToken,
+            int,
+            slice,
+            _InternalEntityType[Any],
+            StrategizedProperty[Any],
+        ],
+    ) -> Union[
+        TokenRegistry,
+        _PathElementType,
+        _PathRepresentation,
+        PropRegistry,
+        AbstractEntityRegistry,
+    ]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    # TODO: what are we using this for?
+    @property
+    def length(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    def pairs(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterator[
+        Tuple[_InternalEntityType[Any], Union[str, StrategizedProperty[Any]]]
+    ]:
+        odd_path = cast(_OddPathRepresentation, self.path)
+        even_path = cast(_EvenPathRepresentation, odd_path)
+        for i in range(0, len(odd_path), 2):
+            yield odd_path[i], even_path[i + 1]
+
+    def contains_mapper(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        _m_path = cast(_OddPathRepresentation, self.path)
+        for path_mapper in [_m_path[i] for i in range(0, len(_m_path), 2)]:
+            if path_mapper.mapper.isa(mapper):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def contains(self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any) -> bool:
+        return (key, self.path) in attributes
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return _unreduce_path, (self.serialize(),)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _serialize_path(cls, path: _PathRepresentation) -> _SerializedPath:
+        _m_path = cast(_OddPathRepresentation, path)
+        _p_path = cast(_EvenPathRepresentation, path)
+
+        return list(
+            zip(
+                tuple(
+                    m.class_ if (m.is_mapper or m.is_aliased_class) else str(m)
+                    for m in [_m_path[i] for i in range(0, len(_m_path), 2)]
+                ),
+                tuple(
+                    p.key if insp_is_mapper_property(p) else str(p)
+                    for p in [_p_path[i] for i in range(1, len(_p_path), 2)]
+                )
+                + (None,),
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _deserialize_path(cls, path: _SerializedPath) -> _PathRepresentation:
+        def _deserialize_mapper_token(mcls: Any) -> Any:
+            return (
+                # note: we likely dont want configure=True here however
+                # this is maintained at the moment for backwards compatibility
+                orm_base._inspect_mapped_class(mcls, configure=True)
+                if mcls not in PathToken._intern
+                else PathToken._intern[mcls]
+            )
+
+        def _deserialize_key_token(mcls: Any, key: Any) -> Any:
+            if key is None:
+                return None
+            elif key in PathToken._intern:
+                return PathToken._intern[key]
+            else:
+                mp = orm_base._inspect_mapped_class(mcls, configure=True)
+                assert mp is not None
+                return mp.attrs[key]
+
+        p = tuple(
+            chain(
+                *[
+                    (
+                        _deserialize_mapper_token(mcls),
+                        _deserialize_key_token(mcls, key),
+                    )
+                    for mcls, key in path
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        if p and p[-1] is None:
+            p = p[0:-1]
+        return p
+
+    def serialize(self) -> _SerializedPath:
+        path = self.path
+        return self._serialize_path(path)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, path: _SerializedPath) -> PathRegistry:
+        assert path is not None
+        p = cls._deserialize_path(path)
+        return cls.coerce(p)
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(cls, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> CachingEntityRegistry: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(cls, mapper: AliasedInsp[Any]) -> SlotsEntityRegistry: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(
+        cls, mapper: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    ) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        if mapper.is_mapper:
+            return CachingEntityRegistry(cls.root, mapper)
+        else:
+            return SlotsEntityRegistry(cls.root, mapper)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, raw: _PathRepresentation) -> PathRegistry:
+        def _red(prev: PathRegistry, next_: _PathElementType) -> PathRegistry:
+            return prev[next_]
+
+        # can't quite get mypy to appreciate this one :)
+        return reduce(_red, raw, cls.root)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __add__(self, other: PathRegistry) -> PathRegistry:
+        def _red(prev: PathRegistry, next_: _PathElementType) -> PathRegistry:
+            return prev[next_]
+
+        return reduce(_red, other.path, self)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ORM Path[{' -> '.join(str(elem) for elem in self.path)}]"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.path!r})"
+
+
+class CreatesToken(PathRegistry):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+    is_root: bool
+
+    def token(self, token: _StrPathToken) -> TokenRegistry:
+        if token.endswith(f":{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"):
+            return TokenRegistry(self, token)
+        elif token.endswith(f":{_DEFAULT_TOKEN}"):
+            return TokenRegistry(self.root, token)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(f"invalid token: {token}")
+
+
+class RootRegistry(CreatesToken):
+    """Root registry, defers to mappers so that
+    paths are maintained per-root-mapper.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    path = natural_path = ()
+    has_entity = False
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    is_root = True
+    is_unnatural = False
+
+    def _getitem(
+        self, entity: Any
+    ) -> Union[TokenRegistry, AbstractEntityRegistry]:
+        if entity in PathToken._intern:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(entity, _StrPathToken)
+            return TokenRegistry(self, PathToken._intern[entity])
+        else:
+            try:
+                return entity._path_registry  # type: ignore
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise IndexError(
+                    f"invalid argument for RootRegistry.__getitem__: {entity}"
+                )
+
+    def _truncate_recursive(self) -> RootRegistry:
+        return self
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+PathRegistry.root = RootRegistry()
+
+
+class PathToken(orm_base.InspectionAttr, HasCacheKey, str):
+    """cacheable string token"""
+
+    _intern: Dict[str, PathToken] = {}
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (str(self),)
+
+    @property
+    def _path_for_compare(self) -> Optional[_PathRepresentation]:
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def intern(cls, strvalue: str) -> PathToken:
+        if strvalue in cls._intern:
+            return cls._intern[strvalue]
+        else:
+            cls._intern[strvalue] = result = PathToken(strvalue)
+            return result
+
+
+class TokenRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    __slots__ = ("token", "parent", "path", "natural_path")
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    token: _StrPathToken
+    parent: CreatesToken
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: CreatesToken, token: _StrPathToken):
+        token = PathToken.intern(token)
+
+        self.token = token
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (token,)
+        self.natural_path = parent.natural_path + (token,)
+
+    has_entity = False
+
+    is_token = True
+
+    def generate_for_superclasses(self) -> Iterator[PathRegistry]:
+        # NOTE: this method is no longer used.  consider removal
+        parent = self.parent
+        if is_root(parent):
+            yield self
+            return
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(parent, AbstractEntityRegistry)
+        if not parent.is_aliased_class:
+            for mp_ent in parent.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+                yield TokenRegistry(parent.parent[mp_ent], self.token)
+        elif (
+            parent.is_aliased_class
+            and cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]",
+                parent.entity,
+            )._is_with_polymorphic
+        ):
+            yield self
+            for ent in cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]", parent.entity
+            )._with_polymorphic_entities:
+                yield TokenRegistry(parent.parent[ent], self.token)
+        else:
+            yield self
+
+    def _generate_natural_for_superclasses(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterator[_PathRepresentation]:
+        parent = self.parent
+        if is_root(parent):
+            yield self.natural_path
+            return
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(parent, AbstractEntityRegistry)
+        for mp_ent in parent.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+            yield TokenRegistry(parent.parent[mp_ent], self.token).natural_path
+        if (
+            parent.is_aliased_class
+            and cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]",
+                parent.entity,
+            )._is_with_polymorphic
+        ):
+            yield self.natural_path
+            for ent in cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]", parent.entity
+            )._with_polymorphic_entities:
+                yield (
+                    TokenRegistry(parent.parent[ent], self.token).natural_path
+                )
+        else:
+            yield self.natural_path
+
+    def _getitem(self, entity: Any) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self.path[entity]
+        except TypeError as err:
+            raise IndexError(f"{entity}") from err
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+class PropRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "prop",
+        "parent",
+        "path",
+        "natural_path",
+        "has_entity",
+        "entity",
+        "mapper",
+        "_wildcard_path_loader_key",
+        "_default_path_loader_key",
+        "_loader_key",
+        "is_unnatural",
+    )
+    inherit_cache = True
+    is_property = True
+
+    prop: StrategizedProperty[Any]
+    mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]]
+    entity: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: AbstractEntityRegistry, prop: StrategizedProperty[Any]
+    ):
+
+        # restate this path in terms of the
+        # given StrategizedProperty's parent.
+        insp = cast("_InternalEntityType[Any]", parent[-1])
+        natural_parent: AbstractEntityRegistry = parent
+
+        # inherit "is_unnatural" from the parent
+        self.is_unnatural = parent.parent.is_unnatural or bool(
+            parent.mapper.inherits
+        )
+
+        if not insp.is_aliased_class or insp._use_mapper_path:  # type: ignore
+            parent = natural_parent = parent.parent[prop.parent]
+        elif (
+            insp.is_aliased_class
+            and insp.with_polymorphic_mappers
+            and prop.parent in insp.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        ):
+            subclass_entity: _InternalEntityType[Any] = parent[-1]._entity_for_mapper(prop.parent)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+            parent = parent.parent[subclass_entity]
+
+            # when building a path where with_polymorphic() is in use,
+            # special logic to determine the "natural path" when subclass
+            # entities are used.
+            #
+            # here we are trying to distinguish between a path that starts
+            # on a the with_polymorhpic entity vs. one that starts on a
+            # normal entity that introduces a with_polymorphic() in the
+            # middle using of_type():
+            #
+            #  # as in test_polymorphic_rel->
+            #  #    test_subqueryload_on_subclass_uses_path_correctly
+            #  wp = with_polymorphic(RegularEntity, "*")
+            #  sess.query(wp).options(someload(wp.SomeSubEntity.foos))
+            #
+            # vs
+            #
+            #  # as in test_relationship->JoinedloadWPolyOfTypeContinued
+            #  wp = with_polymorphic(SomeFoo, "*")
+            #  sess.query(RegularEntity).options(
+            #       someload(RegularEntity.foos.of_type(wp))
+            #       .someload(wp.SubFoo.bar)
+            #   )
+            #
+            # in the former case, the Query as it generates a path that we
+            # want to match will be in terms of the with_polymorphic at the
+            # beginning.  in the latter case, Query will generate simple
+            # paths that don't know about this with_polymorphic, so we must
+            # use a separate natural path.
+            #
+            #
+            if parent.parent:
+                natural_parent = parent.parent[subclass_entity.mapper]
+                self.is_unnatural = True
+            else:
+                natural_parent = parent
+        elif (
+            natural_parent.parent
+            and insp.is_aliased_class
+            and prop.parent  # this should always be the case here
+            is not insp.mapper
+            and insp.mapper.isa(prop.parent)
+        ):
+            natural_parent = parent.parent[prop.parent]
+
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (prop,)
+        self.natural_path = natural_parent.natural_path + (prop,)
+
+        self.has_entity = prop._links_to_entity
+        if prop._is_relationship:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(prop, RelationshipProperty)
+            self.entity = prop.entity
+            self.mapper = prop.mapper
+        else:
+            self.entity = None
+            self.mapper = None
+
+        self._wildcard_path_loader_key = (
+            "loader",
+            parent.natural_path + self.prop._wildcard_token,
+        )
+        self._default_path_loader_key = self.prop._default_path_loader_key
+        self._loader_key = ("loader", self.natural_path)
+
+    def _truncate_recursive(self) -> PropRegistry:
+        earliest = None
+        for i, token in enumerate(reversed(self.path[:-1])):
+            if token is self.prop:
+                earliest = i
+
+        if earliest is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self.coerce(self.path[0 : -(earliest + 1)])  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def entity_path(self) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        assert self.entity is not None
+        return self[self.entity]
+
+    def _getitem(
+        self, entity: Union[int, slice, _InternalEntityType[Any]]
+    ) -> Union[AbstractEntityRegistry, _PathElementType, _PathRepresentation]:
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        else:
+            return SlotsEntityRegistry(self, entity)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+class AbstractEntityRegistry(CreatesToken):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "key",
+        "parent",
+        "is_aliased_class",
+        "path",
+        "entity",
+        "natural_path",
+    )
+
+    has_entity = True
+    is_entity = True
+
+    parent: Union[RootRegistry, PropRegistry]
+    key: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: Union[RootRegistry, PropRegistry],
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+    ):
+        self.key = entity
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.is_aliased_class = entity.is_aliased_class
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.path = parent.path + (entity,)
+
+        # the "natural path" is the path that we get when Query is traversing
+        # from the lead entities into the various relationships; it corresponds
+        # to the structure of mappers and relationships. when we are given a
+        # path that comes from loader options, as of 1.3 it can have ac-hoc
+        # with_polymorphic() and other AliasedInsp objects inside of it, which
+        # are usually not present in mappings.  So here we track both the
+        # "enhanced" path in self.path and the "natural" path that doesn't
+        # include those objects so these two traversals can be matched up.
+
+        # the test here for "(self.is_aliased_class or parent.is_unnatural)"
+        # are to avoid the more expensive conditional logic that follows if we
+        # know we don't have to do it.   This conditional can just as well be
+        # "if parent.path:", it just is more function calls.
+        #
+        # This is basically the only place that the "is_unnatural" flag
+        # actually changes behavior.
+        if parent.path and (self.is_aliased_class or parent.is_unnatural):
+            # this is an infrequent code path used only for loader strategies
+            # that also make use of of_type().
+            if entity.mapper.isa(parent.natural_path[-1].mapper):  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+                self.natural_path = parent.natural_path + (entity.mapper,)
+            else:
+                self.natural_path = parent.natural_path + (
+                    parent.natural_path[-1].entity,  # type: ignore
+                )
+        # it seems to make sense that since these paths get mixed up
+        # with statements that are cached or not, we should make
+        # sure the natural path is cacheable across different occurrences
+        # of equivalent AliasedClass objects.  however, so far this
+        # does not seem to be needed for whatever reason.
+        # elif not parent.path and self.is_aliased_class:
+        #     self.natural_path = (self.entity._generate_cache_key()[0], )
+        else:
+            self.natural_path = self.path
+
+    def _truncate_recursive(self) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        return self.parent._truncate_recursive()[self.entity]
+
+    @property
+    def root_entity(self) -> _InternalEntityType[Any]:
+        return self.odd_element(0)
+
+    @property
+    def entity_path(self) -> PathRegistry:
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        return self.entity.mapper
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _getitem(
+        self, entity: Any
+    ) -> Union[_PathElementType, _PathRepresentation, PathRegistry]:
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        elif entity in PathToken._intern:
+            return TokenRegistry(self, PathToken._intern[entity])
+        else:
+            return PropRegistry(self, entity)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+class SlotsEntityRegistry(AbstractEntityRegistry):
+    # for aliased class, return lightweight, no-cycles created
+    # version
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _ERDict(Dict[Any, Any]):
+    def __init__(self, registry: CachingEntityRegistry):
+        self.registry = registry
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: Any) -> PropRegistry:
+        self[key] = item = PropRegistry(self.registry, key)
+
+        return item
+
+
+class CachingEntityRegistry(AbstractEntityRegistry):
+    # for long lived mapper, return dict based caching
+    # version that creates reference cycles
+
+    __slots__ = ("_cache",)
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: Union[RootRegistry, PropRegistry],
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(parent, entity)
+        self._cache = _ERDict(self)
+
+    def pop(self, key: Any, default: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._cache.pop(key, default)
+
+    def _getitem(self, entity: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        elif isinstance(entity, PathToken):
+            return TokenRegistry(self, entity)
+        else:
+            return self._cache[entity]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def path_is_entity(
+        path: PathRegistry,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[AbstractEntityRegistry]: ...
+
+    def path_is_property(path: PathRegistry) -> TypeGuard[PropRegistry]: ...
+
+else:
+    path_is_entity = operator.attrgetter("is_entity")
+    path_is_property = operator.attrgetter("is_property")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97d0b3fb4c470847ccc763457bb147d1bcdce0b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1782 @@
+# orm/persistence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""private module containing functions used to emit INSERT, UPDATE
+and DELETE statements on behalf of a :class:`_orm.Mapper` and its descending
+mappers.
+
+The functions here are called only by the unit of work functions
+in unitofwork.py.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from itertools import chain
+from itertools import groupby
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import operator
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import loading
+from . import sync
+from .base import state_str
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import future
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql.elements import BooleanClauseList
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+
+
+def save_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, single=False):
+    """Issue ``INSERT`` and/or ``UPDATE`` statements for a list
+    of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation, given a list of states to be flushed.  The
+    base mapper in an inheritance hierarchy handles the inserts/
+    updates for all descendant mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    # if batch=false, call _save_obj separately for each object
+    if not single and not base_mapper.batch:
+        for state in _sort_states(base_mapper, states):
+            save_obj(base_mapper, [state], uowtransaction, single=True)
+        return
+
+    states_to_update = []
+    states_to_insert = []
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        dict_,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        has_identity,
+        row_switch,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+        if has_identity or row_switch:
+            states_to_update.append(
+                (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
+            )
+        else:
+            states_to_insert.append((state, dict_, mapper, connection))
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+        insert = _collect_insert_commands(table, states_to_insert)
+
+        update = _collect_update_commands(
+            uowtransaction, table, states_to_update
+        )
+
+        _emit_update_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            update,
+        )
+
+        _emit_insert_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            insert,
+        )
+
+    _finalize_insert_update_commands(
+        base_mapper,
+        uowtransaction,
+        chain(
+            (
+                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, False)
+                for (state, state_dict, mapper, connection) in states_to_insert
+            ),
+            (
+                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, True)
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    update_version_id,
+                ) in states_to_update
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, post_update_cols):
+    """Issue UPDATE statements on behalf of a relationship() which
+    specifies post_update.
+
+    """
+
+    states_to_update = list(
+        _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction)
+    )
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        update = (
+            (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                sub_mapper,
+                connection,
+                (
+                    mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, state_dict, mapper.version_id_col
+                    )
+                    if mapper.version_id_col is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+            )
+            for state, state_dict, sub_mapper, connection in states_to_update
+            if table in sub_mapper._pks_by_table
+        )
+
+        update = _collect_post_update_commands(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, update, post_update_cols
+        )
+
+        _emit_post_update_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            update,
+        )
+
+
+def delete_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Issue ``DELETE`` statements for a list of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation.
+
+    """
+
+    states_to_delete = list(
+        _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction)
+    )
+
+    table_to_mapper = base_mapper._sorted_tables
+
+    for table in reversed(list(table_to_mapper.keys())):
+        mapper = table_to_mapper[table]
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+        elif mapper.inherits and mapper.passive_deletes:
+            continue
+
+        delete = _collect_delete_commands(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_delete
+        )
+
+        _emit_delete_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            delete,
+        )
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_delete:
+        mapper.dispatch.after_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for INSERT or
+    UPDATE.
+
+    This includes splitting out into distinct lists for
+    each, calling before_insert/before_update, obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state,
+    and the identity flag.
+
+    """
+
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+        base_mapper, uowtransaction, states
+    ):
+        has_identity = bool(state.key)
+
+        instance_key = state.key or mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        row_switch = update_version_id = None
+
+        # call before_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity:
+            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_)
+
+        # detect if we have a "pending" instance (i.e. has
+        # no instance_key attached to it), and another instance
+        # with the same identity key already exists as persistent.
+        # convert to an UPDATE if so.
+        if (
+            not has_identity
+            and instance_key in uowtransaction.session.identity_map
+        ):
+            instance = uowtransaction.session.identity_map[instance_key]
+            existing = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+            if not uowtransaction.was_already_deleted(existing):
+                if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(existing):
+                    util.warn(
+                        "New instance %s with identity key %s conflicts "
+                        "with persistent instance %s"
+                        % (state_str(state), instance_key, state_str(existing))
+                    )
+                else:
+                    base_mapper._log_debug(
+                        "detected row switch for identity %s.  "
+                        "will update %s, remove %s from "
+                        "transaction",
+                        instance_key,
+                        state_str(state),
+                        state_str(existing),
+                    )
+
+                    # remove the "delete" flag from the existing element
+                    uowtransaction.remove_state_actions(existing)
+                    row_switch = existing
+
+        if (has_identity or row_switch) and mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                row_switch if row_switch else state,
+                row_switch.dict if row_switch else dict_,
+                mapper.version_id_col,
+            )
+
+        yield (
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            mapper,
+            connection,
+            has_identity,
+            row_switch,
+            update_version_id,
+        )
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for UPDATE
+    corresponding to post_update.
+
+    This includes obtaining key information for each state
+    including its dictionary, mapper, the connection to use for
+    the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    return _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for DELETE.
+
+    This includes calling out before_delete and obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+        base_mapper, uowtransaction, states
+    ):
+        mapper.dispatch.before_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
+            )
+        else:
+            update_version_id = None
+
+        yield (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
+
+
+def _collect_insert_commands(
+    table,
+    states_to_insert,
+    *,
+    bulk=False,
+    return_defaults=False,
+    render_nulls=False,
+    include_bulk_keys=(),
+):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in INSERT statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_insert:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        value_params = {}
+
+        propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]
+
+        eval_none = mapper._insert_cols_evaluating_none[table]
+
+        for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(state_dict):
+            value = state_dict[propkey]
+            col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
+            if value is None and col not in eval_none and not render_nulls:
+                continue
+            elif not bulk and (
+                hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                or isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement)
+            ):
+                value_params[col] = (
+                    value.__clause_element__()
+                    if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                    else value
+                )
+            else:
+                params[col.key] = value
+
+        if not bulk:
+            # for all the columns that have no default and we don't have
+            # a value and where "None" is not a special value, add
+            # explicit None to the INSERT.   This is a legacy behavior
+            # which might be worth removing, as it should not be necessary
+            # and also produces confusion, given that "missing" and None
+            # now have distinct meanings
+            for colkey in (
+                mapper._insert_cols_as_none[table]
+                .difference(params)
+                .difference([c.key for c in value_params])
+            ):
+                params[colkey] = None
+
+        if not bulk or return_defaults:
+            # params are in terms of Column key objects, so
+            # compare to pk_keys_by_table
+            has_all_pks = mapper._pk_keys_by_table[table].issubset(params)
+
+            if mapper.base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
+                connection.dialect, table
+            ):
+                has_all_defaults = mapper._server_default_col_keys[
+                    table
+                ].issubset(params)
+            else:
+                has_all_defaults = True
+        else:
+            has_all_defaults = has_all_pks = True
+
+        if (
+            mapper.version_id_generator is not False
+            and mapper.version_id_col is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+        ):
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = mapper.version_id_generator(
+                None
+            )
+
+        if bulk:
+            if mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
+                params.setdefault(
+                    mapper._polymorphic_attr_key, mapper.polymorphic_identity
+                )
+
+            if include_bulk_keys:
+                params.update((k, state_dict[k]) for k in include_bulk_keys)
+
+        yield (
+            state,
+            state_dict,
+            params,
+            mapper,
+            connection,
+            value_params,
+            has_all_pks,
+            has_all_defaults,
+        )
+
+
+def _collect_update_commands(
+    uowtransaction,
+    table,
+    states_to_update,
+    *,
+    bulk=False,
+    use_orm_update_stmt=None,
+    include_bulk_keys=(),
+):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    This function works intricately with the history system
+    to determine exactly what values should be updated
+    as well as how the row should be matched within an UPDATE
+    statement.  Includes some tricky scenarios where the primary
+    key of an object might have been changed.
+
+    """
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_update:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+
+        if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+            # TODO: ordered values, etc
+            value_params = use_orm_update_stmt._values
+        else:
+            value_params = {}
+
+        propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]
+
+        if bulk:
+            # keys here are mapped attribute keys, so
+            # look at mapper attribute keys for pk
+            params = {
+                propkey_to_col[propkey].key: state_dict[propkey]
+                for propkey in set(propkey_to_col)
+                .intersection(state_dict)
+                .difference(mapper._pk_attr_keys_by_table[table])
+            }
+            has_all_defaults = True
+        else:
+            params = {}
+            for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
+                state.committed_state
+            ):
+                value = state_dict[propkey]
+                col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
+
+                if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__") or isinstance(
+                    value, sql.ClauseElement
+                ):
+                    value_params[col] = (
+                        value.__clause_element__()
+                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                        else value
+                    )
+                # guard against values that generate non-__nonzero__
+                # objects for __eq__()
+                elif (
+                    state.manager[propkey].impl.is_equal(
+                        value, state.committed_state[propkey]
+                    )
+                    is not True
+                ):
+                    params[col.key] = value
+
+            if mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults is True:
+                has_all_defaults = (
+                    mapper._server_onupdate_default_col_keys[table]
+                ).issubset(params)
+            else:
+                has_all_defaults = True
+
+        if (
+            update_version_id is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+        ):
+            if not bulk and not (params or value_params):
+                # HACK: check for history in other tables, in case the
+                # history is only in a different table than the one
+                # where the version_id_col is.  This logic was lost
+                # from 0.9 -> 1.0.0 and restored in 1.0.6.
+                for prop in mapper._columntoproperty.values():
+                    history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                        state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                    )
+                    if history.added:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    # no net change, break
+                    continue
+
+            col = mapper.version_id_col
+            no_params = not params and not value_params
+            params[col._label] = update_version_id
+
+            if (
+                bulk or col.key not in params
+            ) and mapper.version_id_generator is not False:
+                val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
+                params[col.key] = val
+            elif mapper.version_id_generator is False and no_params:
+                # no version id generator, no values set on the table,
+                # and version id wasn't manually incremented.
+                # set version id to itself so we get an UPDATE
+                # statement
+                params[col.key] = update_version_id
+
+        elif not (params or value_params):
+            continue
+
+        has_all_pks = True
+        expect_pk_cascaded = False
+        if bulk:
+            # keys here are mapped attribute keys, so
+            # look at mapper attribute keys for pk
+            pk_params = {
+                propkey_to_col[propkey]._label: state_dict.get(propkey)
+                for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
+                    mapper._pk_attr_keys_by_table[table]
+                )
+            }
+            if util.NONE_SET.intersection(pk_params.values()):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"No primary key value supplied for column(s) "
+                    f"""{
+                        ', '.join(
+                            str(c) for c in pks if pk_params[c._label] is None
+                        )
+                    }; """
+                    "per-row ORM Bulk UPDATE by Primary Key requires that "
+                    "records contain primary key values",
+                    code="bupq",
+                )
+
+        else:
+            pk_params = {}
+            for col in pks:
+                propkey = mapper._columntoproperty[col].key
+
+                history = state.manager[propkey].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                )
+
+                if history.added:
+                    if (
+                        not history.deleted
+                        or ("pk_cascaded", state, col)
+                        in uowtransaction.attributes
+                    ):
+                        expect_pk_cascaded = True
+                        pk_params[col._label] = history.added[0]
+                        params.pop(col.key, None)
+                    else:
+                        # else, use the old value to locate the row
+                        pk_params[col._label] = history.deleted[0]
+                        if col in value_params:
+                            has_all_pks = False
+                else:
+                    pk_params[col._label] = history.unchanged[0]
+                if pk_params[col._label] is None:
+                    raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                        "Can't update table %s using NULL for primary "
+                        "key value on column %s" % (table, col)
+                    )
+
+        if include_bulk_keys:
+            params.update((k, state_dict[k]) for k in include_bulk_keys)
+
+        if params or value_params:
+            params.update(pk_params)
+            yield (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mapper,
+                connection,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_defaults,
+                has_all_pks,
+            )
+        elif expect_pk_cascaded:
+            # no UPDATE occurs on this table, but we expect that CASCADE rules
+            # have changed the primary key of the row; propagate this event to
+            # other columns that expect to have been modified. this normally
+            # occurs after the UPDATE is emitted however we invoke it here
+            # explicitly in the absence of our invoking an UPDATE
+            for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+                sync.populate(
+                    state,
+                    m,
+                    state,
+                    m,
+                    equated_pairs,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    mapper.passive_updates,
+                )
+
+
+def _collect_post_update_commands(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_update, post_update_cols
+):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states within a post_update operation.
+
+    """
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_update:
+        # assert table in mapper._pks_by_table
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+        params = {}
+        hasdata = False
+
+        for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            if col in pks:
+                params[col._label] = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state_dict, col, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                )
+
+            elif col in post_update_cols or col.onupdate is not None:
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                )
+                if history.added:
+                    value = history.added[0]
+                    params[col.key] = value
+                    hasdata = True
+        if hasdata:
+            if (
+                update_version_id is not None
+                and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+            ):
+                col = mapper.version_id_col
+                params[col._label] = update_version_id
+
+                if (
+                    bool(state.key)
+                    and col.key not in params
+                    and mapper.version_id_generator is not False
+                ):
+                    val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
+                    params[col.key] = val
+            yield state, state_dict, mapper, connection, params
+
+
+def _collect_delete_commands(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_delete
+):
+    """Identify values to use in DELETE statements for a list of
+    states to be deleted."""
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_delete:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            params[col.key] = value = (
+                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state_dict, col
+                )
+            )
+            if value is None:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Can't delete from table %s "
+                    "using NULL for primary "
+                    "key value on column %s" % (table, col)
+                )
+
+        if (
+            update_version_id is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+        ):
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = update_version_id
+        yield params, connection
+
+
+def _emit_update_statements(
+    base_mapper,
+    uowtransaction,
+    mapper,
+    table,
+    update,
+    *,
+    bookkeeping=True,
+    use_orm_update_stmt=None,
+    enable_check_rowcount=True,
+):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_update_commands()."""
+
+    needs_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+
+    def update_stmt(existing_stmt=None):
+        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col._label, type_=col.type)
+            )
+
+        if needs_version_id:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                mapper.version_id_col
+                == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type,
+                )
+            )
+
+        if existing_stmt is not None:
+            stmt = existing_stmt.where(clauses)
+        else:
+            stmt = table.update().where(clauses)
+        return stmt
+
+    if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+        cached_stmt = update_stmt(use_orm_update_stmt)
+
+    else:
+        cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(("update", table), update_stmt)
+
+    for (
+        (connection, paramkeys, hasvalue, has_all_defaults, has_all_pks),
+        records,
+    ) in groupby(
+        update,
+        lambda rec: (
+            rec[4],  # connection
+            set(rec[2]),  # set of parameter keys
+            bool(rec[5]),  # whether or not we have "value" parameters
+            rec[6],  # has_all_defaults
+            rec[7],  # has all pks
+        ),
+    ):
+        rows = 0
+        records = list(records)
+
+        statement = cached_stmt
+
+        if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+            statement = statement._annotate(
+                {
+                    "_emit_update_table": table,
+                    "_emit_update_mapper": mapper,
+                }
+            )
+
+        return_defaults = False
+
+        if not has_all_pks:
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(*mapper._pks_by_table[table])
+            return_defaults = True
+
+        if (
+            bookkeeping
+            and not has_all_defaults
+            and mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults is True
+            # change as of #8889 - if RETURNING is not going to be used anyway,
+            # (applies to MySQL, MariaDB which lack UPDATE RETURNING) ensure
+            # we can do an executemany UPDATE which is more efficient
+            and table.implicit_returning
+            and connection.dialect.update_returning
+        ):
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                *mapper._server_onupdate_default_cols[table]
+            )
+            return_defaults = True
+
+        if mapper._version_id_has_server_side_value:
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+            return_defaults = True
+
+        assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+        assert_multirow = (
+            assert_singlerow
+            and connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        )
+
+        # change as of #8889 - if RETURNING is not going to be used anyway,
+        # (applies to MySQL, MariaDB which lack UPDATE RETURNING) ensure
+        # we can do an executemany UPDATE which is more efficient
+        allow_executemany = not return_defaults and not needs_version_id
+
+        if hasvalue:
+            for (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mapper,
+                connection,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_defaults,
+                has_all_pks,
+            ) in records:
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement.values(value_params),
+                    params,
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                )
+                if bookkeeping:
+                    _postfetch(
+                        mapper,
+                        uowtransaction,
+                        table,
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        c,
+                        c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                        value_params,
+                        True,
+                        c.returned_defaults,
+                    )
+                rows += c.rowcount
+                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and assert_singlerow
+        else:
+            if not allow_executemany:
+                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and assert_singlerow
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    params,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    value_params,
+                    has_all_defaults,
+                    has_all_pks,
+                ) in records:
+                    c = connection.execute(
+                        statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+                    )
+
+                    # TODO: why with bookkeeping=False?
+                    if bookkeeping:
+                        _postfetch(
+                            mapper,
+                            uowtransaction,
+                            table,
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            c,
+                            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                            value_params,
+                            True,
+                            c.returned_defaults,
+                        )
+                    rows += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and (
+                    assert_multirow
+                    or (assert_singlerow and len(multiparams) == 1)
+                )
+
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+
+                rows += c.rowcount
+
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    params,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    value_params,
+                    has_all_defaults,
+                    has_all_pks,
+                ) in records:
+                    if bookkeeping:
+                        _postfetch(
+                            mapper,
+                            uowtransaction,
+                            table,
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            c,
+                            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                            value_params,
+                            True,
+                            (
+                                c.returned_defaults
+                                if not c.context.executemany
+                                else None
+                            ),
+                        )
+
+        if check_rowcount:
+            if rows != len(records):
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "update %d row(s); %d were matched."
+                    % (table.description, len(records), rows)
+                )
+
+        elif needs_version_id:
+            util.warn(
+                "Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
+                "- versioning cannot be verified."
+                % c.dialect.dialect_description
+            )
+
+
+def _emit_insert_statements(
+    base_mapper,
+    uowtransaction,
+    mapper,
+    table,
+    insert,
+    *,
+    bookkeeping=True,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt=None,
+    execution_options=None,
+):
+    """Emit INSERT statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_insert_commands()."""
+
+    if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+        cached_stmt = use_orm_insert_stmt
+        exec_opt = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+        # if a user query with RETURNING was passed, we definitely need
+        # to use RETURNING.
+        returning_is_required_anyway = bool(use_orm_insert_stmt._returning)
+        deterministic_results_reqd = (
+            returning_is_required_anyway
+            and use_orm_insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+        ) or bookkeeping
+    else:
+        returning_is_required_anyway = False
+        deterministic_results_reqd = bookkeeping
+        cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(("insert", table), table.insert)
+        exec_opt = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+
+    if execution_options:
+        execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+            exec_opt, execution_options
+        )
+    else:
+        execution_options = exec_opt
+
+    return_result = None
+
+    for (
+        (connection, _, hasvalue, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults),
+        records,
+    ) in groupby(
+        insert,
+        lambda rec: (
+            rec[4],  # connection
+            set(rec[2]),  # parameter keys
+            bool(rec[5]),  # whether we have "value" parameters
+            rec[6],
+            rec[7],
+        ),
+    ):
+        statement = cached_stmt
+
+        if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+            statement = statement._annotate(
+                {
+                    "_emit_insert_table": table,
+                    "_emit_insert_mapper": mapper,
+                }
+            )
+
+        if (
+            (
+                not bookkeeping
+                or (
+                    has_all_defaults
+                    or not base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
+                        connection.dialect, table
+                    )
+                    or not table.implicit_returning
+                    or not connection.dialect.insert_returning
+                )
+            )
+            and not returning_is_required_anyway
+            and has_all_pks
+            and not hasvalue
+        ):
+            # the "we don't need newly generated values back" section.
+            # here we have all the PKs, all the defaults or we don't want
+            # to fetch them, or the dialect doesn't support RETURNING at all
+            # so we have to post-fetch / use lastrowid anyway.
+            records = list(records)
+            multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+            if bookkeeping:
+                for (
+                    (
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        params,
+                        mapper_rec,
+                        conn,
+                        value_params,
+                        has_all_pks,
+                        has_all_defaults,
+                    ),
+                    last_inserted_params,
+                ) in zip(records, result.context.compiled_parameters):
+                    if state:
+                        _postfetch(
+                            mapper_rec,
+                            uowtransaction,
+                            table,
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            result,
+                            last_inserted_params,
+                            value_params,
+                            False,
+                            (
+                                result.returned_defaults
+                                if not result.context.executemany
+                                else None
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
+
+        else:
+            # here, we need defaults and/or pk values back or we otherwise
+            # know that we are using RETURNING in any case
+
+            records = list(records)
+
+            if returning_is_required_anyway or (
+                table.implicit_returning and not hasvalue and len(records) > 1
+            ):
+                if (
+                    deterministic_results_reqd
+                    and connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order  # noqa: E501
+                ) or (
+                    not deterministic_results_reqd
+                    and connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+                ):
+                    do_executemany = True
+                elif returning_is_required_anyway:
+                    if deterministic_results_reqd:
+                        dt = " with RETURNING and sort by parameter order"
+                    else:
+                        dt = " with RETURNING"
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Can't use explicit RETURNING for bulk INSERT "
+                        f"operation with "
+                        f"{connection.dialect.dialect_description} backend; "
+                        f"executemany{dt} is not enabled for this dialect."
+                    )
+                else:
+                    do_executemany = False
+            else:
+                do_executemany = False
+
+            if use_orm_insert_stmt is None:
+                if (
+                    not has_all_defaults
+                    and base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
+                        connection.dialect, table
+                    )
+                ):
+                    statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                        *mapper._server_default_cols[table],
+                        sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping,
+                    )
+
+            if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping,
+                )
+            elif do_executemany:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                    *table.primary_key, sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping
+                )
+
+            if do_executemany:
+                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+                result = connection.execute(
+                    statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+
+                if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+                    if return_result is None:
+                        return_result = result
+                    else:
+                        return_result = return_result.splice_vertically(result)
+
+                if bookkeeping:
+                    for (
+                        (
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            params,
+                            mapper_rec,
+                            conn,
+                            value_params,
+                            has_all_pks,
+                            has_all_defaults,
+                        ),
+                        last_inserted_params,
+                        inserted_primary_key,
+                        returned_defaults,
+                    ) in zip_longest(
+                        records,
+                        result.context.compiled_parameters,
+                        result.inserted_primary_key_rows,
+                        result.returned_defaults_rows or (),
+                    ):
+                        if inserted_primary_key is None:
+                            # this is a real problem and means that we didn't
+                            # get back as many PK rows.  we can't continue
+                            # since this indicates PK rows were missing, which
+                            # means we likely mis-populated records starting
+                            # at that point with incorrectly matched PK
+                            # values.
+                            raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                                "Multi-row INSERT statement for %s did not "
+                                "produce "
+                                "the correct number of INSERTed rows for "
+                                "RETURNING.  Ensure there are no triggers or "
+                                "special driver issues preventing INSERT from "
+                                "functioning properly." % mapper_rec
+                            )
+
+                        for pk, col in zip(
+                            inserted_primary_key,
+                            mapper._pks_by_table[table],
+                        ):
+                            prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
+                            if state_dict.get(prop.key) is None:
+                                state_dict[prop.key] = pk
+
+                        if state:
+                            _postfetch(
+                                mapper_rec,
+                                uowtransaction,
+                                table,
+                                state,
+                                state_dict,
+                                result,
+                                last_inserted_params,
+                                value_params,
+                                False,
+                                returned_defaults,
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
+            else:
+                assert not returning_is_required_anyway
+
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    params,
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    connection,
+                    value_params,
+                    has_all_pks,
+                    has_all_defaults,
+                ) in records:
+                    if value_params:
+                        result = connection.execute(
+                            statement.values(value_params),
+                            params,
+                            execution_options=execution_options,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        result = connection.execute(
+                            statement,
+                            params,
+                            execution_options=execution_options,
+                        )
+
+                    primary_key = result.inserted_primary_key
+                    if primary_key is None:
+                        raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                            "Single-row INSERT statement for %s "
+                            "did not produce a "
+                            "new primary key result "
+                            "being invoked.  Ensure there are no triggers or "
+                            "special driver issues preventing INSERT from "
+                            "functioning properly." % (mapper_rec,)
+                        )
+                    for pk, col in zip(
+                        primary_key, mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+                    ):
+                        prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
+                        if (
+                            col in value_params
+                            or state_dict.get(prop.key) is None
+                        ):
+                            state_dict[prop.key] = pk
+                    if bookkeeping:
+                        if state:
+                            _postfetch(
+                                mapper_rec,
+                                uowtransaction,
+                                table,
+                                state,
+                                state_dict,
+                                result,
+                                result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                                value_params,
+                                False,
+                                (
+                                    result.returned_defaults
+                                    if not result.context.executemany
+                                    else None
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
+
+    if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+        if return_result is None:
+            return _cursor.null_dml_result()
+        else:
+            return return_result
+
+
+def _emit_post_update_statements(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, mapper, table, update
+):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_post_update_commands()."""
+
+    execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+
+    needs_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    def update_stmt():
+        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col._label, type_=col.type)
+            )
+
+        if needs_version_id:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                mapper.version_id_col
+                == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type,
+                )
+            )
+
+        stmt = table.update().where(clauses)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(("post_update", table), update_stmt)
+
+    if mapper._version_id_has_server_side_value:
+        statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+    # execute each UPDATE in the order according to the original
+    # list of states to guarantee row access order, but
+    # also group them into common (connection, cols) sets
+    # to support executemany().
+    for key, records in groupby(
+        update,
+        lambda rec: (rec[3], set(rec[4])),  # connection  # parameter keys
+    ):
+        rows = 0
+
+        records = list(records)
+        connection = key[0]
+
+        assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+        assert_multirow = (
+            assert_singlerow
+            and connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        )
+        allow_executemany = not needs_version_id or assert_multirow
+
+        if not allow_executemany:
+            check_rowcount = assert_singlerow
+            for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, connection, params in records:
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+
+                _postfetch_post_update(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    c,
+                    c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                )
+                rows += c.rowcount
+        else:
+            multiparams = [
+                params
+                for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, conn, params in records
+            ]
+
+            check_rowcount = assert_multirow or (
+                assert_singlerow and len(multiparams) == 1
+            )
+
+            c = connection.execute(
+                statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+            rows += c.rowcount
+            for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, connection, params in records:
+                _postfetch_post_update(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    c,
+                    c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                )
+
+        if check_rowcount:
+            if rows != len(records):
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "update %d row(s); %d were matched."
+                    % (table.description, len(records), rows)
+                )
+
+        elif needs_version_id:
+            util.warn(
+                "Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
+                "- versioning cannot be verified."
+                % c.dialect.dialect_description
+            )
+
+
+def _emit_delete_statements(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, mapper, table, delete
+):
+    """Emit DELETE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_delete_commands()."""
+
+    need_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    def delete_stmt():
+        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col.key, type_=col.type)
+            )
+
+        if need_version_id:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                mapper.version_id_col
+                == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col.key, type_=mapper.version_id_col.type
+                )
+            )
+
+        return table.delete().where(clauses)
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(("delete", table), delete_stmt)
+    for connection, recs in groupby(delete, lambda rec: rec[1]):  # connection
+        del_objects = [params for params, connection in recs]
+
+        execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+        expected = len(del_objects)
+        rows_matched = -1
+        only_warn = False
+
+        if (
+            need_version_id
+            and not connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        ):
+            if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
+                rows_matched = 0
+                # execute deletes individually so that versioned
+                # rows can be verified
+                for params in del_objects:
+                    c = connection.execute(
+                        statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+                    )
+                    rows_matched += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Dialect %s does not support deleted rowcount "
+                    "- versioning cannot be verified."
+                    % connection.dialect.dialect_description
+                )
+                connection.execute(
+                    statement, del_objects, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+        else:
+            c = connection.execute(
+                statement, del_objects, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+            if not need_version_id:
+                only_warn = True
+
+            rows_matched = c.rowcount
+
+        if (
+            base_mapper.confirm_deleted_rows
+            and rows_matched > -1
+            and expected != rows_matched
+            and (
+                connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+                or len(del_objects) == 1
+            )
+        ):
+            # TODO: why does this "only warn" if versioning is turned off,
+            # whereas the UPDATE raises?
+            if only_warn:
+                util.warn(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning."
+                    % (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+            else:
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning."
+                    % (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+
+
+def _finalize_insert_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """finalize state on states that have been inserted or updated,
+    including calling after_insert/after_update events.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity in states:
+        if mapper._readonly_props:
+            readonly = state.unmodified_intersection(
+                [
+                    p.key
+                    for p in mapper._readonly_props
+                    if (
+                        p.expire_on_flush
+                        and (not p.deferred or p.key in state.dict)
+                    )
+                    or (
+                        not p.expire_on_flush
+                        and not p.deferred
+                        and p.key not in state.dict
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            if readonly:
+                state._expire_attributes(state.dict, readonly)
+
+        # if eager_defaults option is enabled, load
+        # all expired cols.  Else if we have a version_id_col, make sure
+        # it isn't expired.
+        toload_now = []
+
+        # this is specifically to emit a second SELECT for eager_defaults,
+        # so only if it's set to True, not "auto"
+        if base_mapper.eager_defaults is True:
+            toload_now.extend(
+                state._unloaded_non_object.intersection(
+                    mapper._server_default_plus_onupdate_propkeys
+                )
+            )
+
+        if (
+            mapper.version_id_col is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_generator is False
+        ):
+            if mapper._version_id_prop.key in state.unloaded:
+                toload_now.extend([mapper._version_id_prop.key])
+
+        if toload_now:
+            state.key = base_mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            stmt = future.select(mapper).set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+            loading.load_on_ident(
+                uowtransaction.session,
+                stmt,
+                state.key,
+                refresh_state=state,
+                only_load_props=toload_now,
+            )
+
+        # call after_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if (
+            mapper.version_id_generator is False
+            and mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        ):
+            if state_dict[mapper._version_id_prop.key] is None:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Instance does not contain a non-NULL version value"
+                )
+
+
+def _postfetch_post_update(
+    mapper, uowtransaction, table, state, dict_, result, params
+):
+    needs_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(state):
+        # post updating after a regular INSERT or UPDATE, do a full postfetch
+        prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
+        postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
+    elif needs_version_id:
+        # post updating before a DELETE with a version_id_col, need to
+        # postfetch just version_id_col
+        prefetch_cols = postfetch_cols = ()
+    else:
+        # post updating before a DELETE without a version_id_col,
+        # don't need to postfetch
+        return
+
+    if needs_version_id:
+        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]
+
+    refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
+    if refresh_flush:
+        load_evt_attrs = []
+
+    for c in prefetch_cols:
+        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
+            dict_[mapper._columntoproperty[c].key] = params[c.key]
+            if refresh_flush:
+                load_evt_attrs.append(mapper._columntoproperty[c].key)
+
+    if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
+        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
+            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs
+        )
+
+    if postfetch_cols:
+        state._expire_attributes(
+            state.dict,
+            [
+                mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+                for c in postfetch_cols
+                if c in mapper._columntoproperty
+            ],
+        )
+
+
+def _postfetch(
+    mapper,
+    uowtransaction,
+    table,
+    state,
+    dict_,
+    result,
+    params,
+    value_params,
+    isupdate,
+    returned_defaults,
+):
+    """Expire attributes in need of newly persisted database state,
+    after an INSERT or UPDATE statement has proceeded for that
+    state."""
+
+    prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
+    postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
+    returning_cols = result.context.compiled.effective_returning
+
+    if (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    ):
+        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]
+
+    refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
+    if refresh_flush:
+        load_evt_attrs = []
+
+    if returning_cols:
+        row = returned_defaults
+        if row is not None:
+            for row_value, col in zip(row, returning_cols):
+                # pk cols returned from insert are handled
+                # distinctly, don't step on the values here
+                if col.primary_key and result.context.isinsert:
+                    continue
+
+                # note that columns can be in the "return defaults" that are
+                # not mapped to this mapper, typically because they are
+                # "excluded", which can be specified directly or also occurs
+                # when using declarative w/ single table inheritance
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty.get(col)
+                if prop:
+                    dict_[prop.key] = row_value
+                    if refresh_flush:
+                        load_evt_attrs.append(prop.key)
+
+    for c in prefetch_cols:
+        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
+            pkey = mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+
+            # set prefetched value in dict and also pop from committed_state,
+            # since this is new database state that replaces whatever might
+            # have previously been fetched (see #10800).  this is essentially a
+            # shorthand version of set_committed_value(), which could also be
+            # used here directly (with more overhead)
+            dict_[pkey] = params[c.key]
+            state.committed_state.pop(pkey, None)
+
+            if refresh_flush:
+                load_evt_attrs.append(pkey)
+
+    if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
+        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
+            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs
+        )
+
+    if isupdate and value_params:
+        # explicitly suit the use case specified by
+        # [ticket:3801], PK SQL expressions for UPDATE on non-RETURNING
+        # database which are set to themselves in order to do a version bump.
+        postfetch_cols.extend(
+            [
+                col
+                for col in value_params
+                if col.primary_key and col not in returning_cols
+            ]
+        )
+
+    if postfetch_cols:
+        state._expire_attributes(
+            state.dict,
+            [
+                mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+                for c in postfetch_cols
+                if c in mapper._columntoproperty
+            ],
+        )
+
+    # synchronize newly inserted ids from one table to the next
+    # TODO: this still goes a little too often.  would be nice to
+    # have definitive list of "columns that changed" here
+    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+        sync.populate(
+            state,
+            m,
+            state,
+            m,
+            equated_pairs,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper.passive_updates,
+        )
+
+
+def _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper, dict_, table):
+    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+        sync.bulk_populate_inherit_keys(dict_, m, equated_pairs)
+
+
+def _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """Return an iterator of (state, state.dict, mapper, connection).
+
+    The states are sorted according to _sort_states, then paired
+    with the connection they should be using for the given
+    unit of work transaction.
+
+    """
+    # if session has a connection callable,
+    # organize individual states with the connection
+    # to use for update
+    if uowtransaction.session.connection_callable:
+        connection_callable = uowtransaction.session.connection_callable
+    else:
+        connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+        connection_callable = None
+
+    for state in _sort_states(base_mapper, states):
+        if connection_callable:
+            connection = connection_callable(base_mapper, state.obj())
+
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        yield state, state.dict, mapper, connection
+
+
+def _sort_states(mapper, states):
+    pending = set(states)
+    persistent = {s for s in pending if s.key is not None}
+    pending.difference_update(persistent)
+
+    try:
+        persistent_sorted = sorted(
+            persistent, key=mapper._persistent_sortkey_fn
+        )
+    except TypeError as err:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Could not sort objects by primary key; primary key "
+            "values must be sortable in Python (was: %s)" % err
+        ) from err
+    return (
+        sorted(pending, key=operator.attrgetter("insert_order"))
+        + persistent_sorted
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86cec95807958b31d3051607ab05d7d9535b2638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,886 @@
+# orm/properties.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""MapperProperty implementations.
+
+This is a private module which defines the behavior of individual ORM-
+mapped attributes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import strategy_options
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import class_mapper
+from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty
+from .descriptor_props import ConcreteInheritedProperty
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import _MapsColumns
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import PropComparator
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .util import de_stringify_annotation
+from .util import de_stringify_union_elements
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import ForeignKey
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import SchemaConst
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util.typing import de_optionalize_union_types
+from ..util.typing import is_fwd_ref
+from ..util.typing import is_optional_union
+from ..util.typing import is_pep593
+from ..util.typing import is_pep695
+from ..util.typing import is_union
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import typing_get_args
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _ORMColumnExprArgument
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import _InstallLoaderCallableProto
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.elements import NamedColumn
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+_NC = TypeVar("_NC", bound="NamedColumn[Any]")
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ColumnProperty",
+    "CompositeProperty",
+    "ConcreteInheritedProperty",
+    "RelationshipProperty",
+    "SynonymProperty",
+]
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class ColumnProperty(
+    _MapsColumns[_T],
+    StrategizedProperty[_T],
+    _IntrospectsAnnotations,
+    log.Identified,
+):
+    """Describes an object attribute that corresponds to a table column
+    or other column expression.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.column_property` function.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = strategy_options._COLUMN_TOKEN
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    _links_to_entity = False
+
+    columns: List[NamedColumn[Any]]
+
+    _is_polymorphic_discriminator: bool
+
+    _mapped_by_synonym: Optional[str]
+
+    comparator_factory: Type[PropComparator[_T]]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "columns",
+        "group",
+        "deferred",
+        "instrument",
+        "comparator_factory",
+        "active_history",
+        "expire_on_flush",
+        "_creation_order",
+        "_is_polymorphic_discriminator",
+        "_mapped_by_synonym",
+        "_deferred_column_loader",
+        "_raise_column_loader",
+        "_renders_in_subqueries",
+        "raiseload",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        column: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T],
+        *additional_columns: _ORMColumnExprArgument[Any],
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        group: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferred: bool = False,
+        raiseload: bool = False,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        _instrument: bool = True,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            attribute_options=attribute_options,
+            _assume_readonly_dc_attributes=_assume_readonly_dc_attributes,
+        )
+        columns = (column,) + additional_columns
+        self.columns = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, c) for c in columns
+        ]
+        self.group = group
+        self.deferred = deferred
+        self.raiseload = raiseload
+        self.instrument = _instrument
+        self.comparator_factory = (
+            comparator_factory
+            if comparator_factory is not None
+            else self.__class__.Comparator
+        )
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self.expire_on_flush = expire_on_flush
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        if doc is not None:
+            self.doc = doc
+        else:
+            for col in reversed(self.columns):
+                doc = getattr(col, "doc", None)
+                if doc is not None:
+                    self.doc = doc
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.doc = None
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        self.strategy_key = (
+            ("deferred", self.deferred),
+            ("instrument", self.instrument),
+        )
+        if self.raiseload:
+            self.strategy_key += (("raiseload", True),)
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        column = self.columns[0]
+        if column.key is None:
+            column.key = key
+        if column.name is None:
+            column.name = key
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_T]]:
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[Column[Any], int]]:
+        # mypy doesn't care about the isinstance here
+        return [
+            (c, 0)  # type: ignore
+            for c in self.columns
+            if isinstance(c, Column) and c.table is None
+        ]
+
+    def _memoized_attr__renders_in_subqueries(self) -> bool:
+        if ("query_expression", True) in self.strategy_key:
+            return self.strategy._have_default_expression  # type: ignore
+
+        return ("deferred", True) not in self.strategy_key or (
+            self not in self.parent._readonly_props  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.state", "sqlalchemy.orm.strategies")
+    def _memoized_attr__deferred_column_loader(
+        self,
+    ) -> _InstallLoaderCallableProto[Any]:
+        state = util.preloaded.orm_state
+        strategies = util.preloaded.orm_strategies
+        return state.InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor(
+            self.parent.class_manager,
+            strategies.LoadDeferredColumns(self.key),
+            self.key,
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.state", "sqlalchemy.orm.strategies")
+    def _memoized_attr__raise_column_loader(
+        self,
+    ) -> _InstallLoaderCallableProto[Any]:
+        state = util.preloaded.orm_state
+        strategies = util.preloaded.orm_strategies
+        return state.InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor(
+            self.parent.class_manager,
+            strategies.LoadDeferredColumns(self.key, True),
+            self.key,
+        )
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        """Allow the ColumnProperty to work in expression before it is turned
+        into an instrumented attribute.
+        """
+
+        return self.expression
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        """Return the primary column or expression for this ColumnProperty.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+
+            class File(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                name = Column(String(64))
+                extension = Column(String(8))
+                filename = column_property(name + '.' + extension)
+                path = column_property('C:/' + filename.expression)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions_composed`
+
+        """
+        return self.columns[0]
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc,
+        )
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        super().do_init()
+
+        if len(self.columns) > 1 and set(self.parent.primary_key).issuperset(
+            self.columns
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                (
+                    "On mapper %s, primary key column '%s' is being combined "
+                    "with distinct primary key column '%s' in attribute '%s'. "
+                    "Use explicit properties to give each column its own "
+                    "mapped attribute name."
+                )
+                % (self.parent, self.columns[1], self.columns[0], self.key)
+            )
+
+    def copy(self) -> ColumnProperty[_T]:
+        return ColumnProperty(
+            *self.columns,
+            deferred=self.deferred,
+            group=self.group,
+            active_history=self.active_history,
+        )
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        source_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        source_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        dest_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dest_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+        elif self.key in source_dict:
+            value = source_dict[self.key]
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = value
+            else:
+                impl = dest_state.get_impl(self.key)
+                impl.set(dest_state, dest_dict, value, None)
+        elif dest_state.has_identity and self.key not in dest_dict:
+            dest_state._expire_attributes(
+                dest_dict, [self.key], no_loader=True
+            )
+
+    class Comparator(util.MemoizedSlots, PropComparator[_PT]):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+            # prevent pylance from being clever about slots
+            __slots__ = "__clause_element__", "info", "expressions"
+
+        prop: RODescriptorReference[ColumnProperty[_PT]]
+
+        expressions: Sequence[NamedColumn[Any]]
+        """The full sequence of columns referenced by this
+         attribute, adjusted for any aliasing in progress.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.17
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :ref:`maptojoin` - usage example
+        """
+
+        def _orm_annotate_column(self, column: _NC) -> _NC:
+            """annotate and possibly adapt a column to be returned
+            as the mapped-attribute exposed version of the column.
+
+            The column in this context needs to act as much like the
+            column in an ORM mapped context as possible, so includes
+            annotations to give hints to various ORM functions as to
+            the source entity of this column.   It also adapts it
+            to the mapper's with_polymorphic selectable if one is
+            present.
+
+            """
+
+            pe = self._parententity
+            annotations: Dict[str, Any] = {
+                "entity_namespace": pe,
+                "parententity": pe,
+                "parentmapper": pe,
+                "proxy_key": self.prop.key,
+            }
+
+            col = column
+
+            # for a mapper with polymorphic_on and an adapter, return
+            # the column against the polymorphic selectable.
+            # see also orm.util._orm_downgrade_polymorphic_columns
+            # for the reverse operation.
+            if self._parentmapper._polymorphic_adapter:
+                mapper_local_col = col
+                col = self._parentmapper._polymorphic_adapter.traverse(col)
+
+                # this is a clue to the ORM Query etc. that this column
+                # was adapted to the mapper's polymorphic_adapter.  the
+                # ORM uses this hint to know which column its adapting.
+                annotations["adapt_column"] = mapper_local_col
+
+            return col._annotate(annotations)._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": pe}
+            )
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+            def __clause_element__(self) -> NamedColumn[_PT]: ...
+
+        def _memoized_method___clause_element__(
+            self,
+        ) -> NamedColumn[_PT]:
+            if self.adapter:
+                return self.adapter(self.prop.columns[0], self.prop.key)
+            else:
+                return self._orm_annotate_column(self.prop.columns[0])
+
+        def _memoized_attr_info(self) -> _InfoType:
+            """The .info dictionary for this attribute."""
+
+            ce = self.__clause_element__()
+            try:
+                return ce.info  # type: ignore
+            except AttributeError:
+                return self.prop.info
+
+        def _memoized_attr_expressions(self) -> Sequence[NamedColumn[Any]]:
+            """The full sequence of columns referenced by this
+            attribute, adjusted for any aliasing in progress.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.17
+
+            """
+            if self.adapter:
+                return [
+                    self.adapter(col, self.prop.key)
+                    for col in self.prop.columns
+                ]
+            else:
+                return [
+                    self._orm_annotate_column(col) for col in self.prop.columns
+                ]
+
+        def _fallback_getattr(self, key: str) -> Any:
+            """proxy attribute access down to the mapped column.
+
+            this allows user-defined comparison methods to be accessed.
+            """
+            return getattr(self.__clause_element__(), key)
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+            return op(self.__clause_element__(), *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+            col = self.__clause_element__()
+            return op(col._bind_param(op, other), col, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if not self.parent or not self.key:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+
+class MappedSQLExpression(ColumnProperty[_T], _DeclarativeMapped[_T]):
+    """Declarative front-end for the :class:`.ColumnProperty` class.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.column_property` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.MappedSQLExpression` as
+       a Declarative compatible subclass for :class:`_orm.ColumnProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MappedColumn`
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+
+class MappedColumn(
+    _IntrospectsAnnotations,
+    _MapsColumns[_T],
+    _DeclarativeMapped[_T],
+):
+    """Maps a single :class:`_schema.Column` on a class.
+
+    :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` is a specialization of the
+    :class:`_orm.ColumnProperty` class and is oriented towards declarative
+    configuration.
+
+    To construct :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` objects, use the
+    :func:`_orm.mapped_column` constructor function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "column",
+        "_creation_order",
+        "_sort_order",
+        "foreign_keys",
+        "_has_nullable",
+        "_has_insert_default",
+        "deferred",
+        "deferred_group",
+        "deferred_raiseload",
+        "active_history",
+        "_attribute_options",
+        "_has_dataclass_arguments",
+        "_use_existing_column",
+    )
+
+    deferred: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    deferred_raiseload: bool
+    deferred_group: Optional[str]
+
+    column: Column[_T]
+    foreign_keys: Optional[Set[ForeignKey]]
+    _attribute_options: _AttributeOptions
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        self._attribute_options = attr_opts = kw.pop(
+            "attribute_options", _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+        )
+
+        self._use_existing_column = kw.pop("use_existing_column", False)
+
+        self._has_dataclass_arguments = (
+            attr_opts is not None
+            and attr_opts != _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+            and any(
+                attr_opts[i] is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                for i, attr in enumerate(attr_opts._fields)
+                if attr != "dataclasses_default"
+            )
+        )
+
+        insert_default = kw.pop("insert_default", _NoArg.NO_ARG)
+        self._has_insert_default = insert_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+
+        if self._has_insert_default:
+            kw["default"] = insert_default
+        elif attr_opts.dataclasses_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["default"] = attr_opts.dataclasses_default
+
+        self.deferred_group = kw.pop("deferred_group", None)
+        self.deferred_raiseload = kw.pop("deferred_raiseload", None)
+        self.deferred = kw.pop("deferred", _NoArg.NO_ARG)
+        self.active_history = kw.pop("active_history", False)
+
+        self._sort_order = kw.pop("sort_order", _NoArg.NO_ARG)
+        self.column = cast("Column[_T]", Column(*arg, **kw))
+        self.foreign_keys = self.column.foreign_keys
+        self._has_nullable = "nullable" in kw and kw.get("nullable") not in (
+            None,
+            SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED,
+        )
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        new = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        new.column = self.column._copy(**kw)
+        new.deferred = self.deferred
+        new.deferred_group = self.deferred_group
+        new.deferred_raiseload = self.deferred_raiseload
+        new.foreign_keys = new.column.foreign_keys
+        new.active_history = self.active_history
+        new._has_nullable = self._has_nullable
+        new._attribute_options = self._attribute_options
+        new._has_insert_default = self._has_insert_default
+        new._has_dataclass_arguments = self._has_dataclass_arguments
+        new._use_existing_column = self._use_existing_column
+        new._sort_order = self._sort_order
+        util.set_creation_order(new)
+        return new
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.column.name
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_T]]:
+        effective_deferred = self.deferred
+        if effective_deferred is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            effective_deferred = bool(
+                self.deferred_group or self.deferred_raiseload
+            )
+
+        if effective_deferred or self.active_history:
+            return ColumnProperty(
+                self.column,
+                deferred=effective_deferred,
+                group=self.deferred_group,
+                raiseload=self.deferred_raiseload,
+                attribute_options=self._attribute_options,
+                active_history=self.active_history,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[Column[Any], int]]:
+        return [
+            (
+                self.column,
+                (
+                    self._sort_order
+                    if self._sort_order is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                    else 0
+                ),
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> Column[_T]:
+        return self.column
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.__clause_element__(), *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        col = self.__clause_element__()
+        return op(col._bind_param(op, other), col, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def found_in_pep593_annotated(self) -> Any:
+        # return a blank mapped_column().  This mapped_column()'s
+        # Column will be merged into it in _init_column_for_annotation().
+        return MappedColumn()
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        column = self.column
+
+        if (
+            self._use_existing_column
+            and decl_scan.inherits
+            and decl_scan.single
+        ):
+            if decl_scan.is_deferred:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't use use_existing_column with deferred mappers"
+                )
+            supercls_mapper = class_mapper(decl_scan.inherits, False)
+
+            colname = column.name if column.name is not None else key
+            column = self.column = supercls_mapper.local_table.c.get(  # type: ignore[assignment] # noqa: E501
+                colname, column
+            )
+
+        if column.key is None:
+            column.key = key
+        if column.name is None:
+            column.name = key
+
+        sqltype = column.type
+
+        if extracted_mapped_annotation is None:
+            if sqltype._isnull and not self.column.foreign_keys:
+                self._raise_for_required(key, cls)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        self._init_column_for_annotation(
+            cls,
+            registry,
+            extracted_mapped_annotation,
+            originating_module,
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_base")
+    def declarative_scan_for_composite(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        param_name: str,
+        param_annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+    ) -> None:
+        decl_base = util.preloaded.orm_decl_base
+        decl_base._undefer_column_name(param_name, self.column)
+        self._init_column_for_annotation(
+            cls, registry, param_annotation, originating_module
+        )
+
+    def _init_column_for_annotation(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        argument: _AnnotationScanType,
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        sqltype = self.column.type
+
+        if isinstance(argument, str) or is_fwd_ref(
+            argument, check_generic=True
+        ):
+            assert originating_module is not None
+            argument = de_stringify_annotation(
+                cls, argument, originating_module, include_generic=True
+            )
+
+        if is_union(argument):
+            assert originating_module is not None
+            argument = de_stringify_union_elements(
+                cls, argument, originating_module
+            )
+
+        nullable = is_optional_union(argument)
+
+        if not self._has_nullable:
+            self.column.nullable = nullable
+
+        our_type = de_optionalize_union_types(argument)
+
+        use_args_from = None
+
+        our_original_type = our_type
+
+        if is_pep695(our_type):
+            our_type = our_type.__value__
+
+        if is_pep593(our_type):
+            our_type_is_pep593 = True
+
+            pep_593_components = typing_get_args(our_type)
+            raw_pep_593_type = pep_593_components[0]
+            if is_optional_union(raw_pep_593_type):
+                raw_pep_593_type = de_optionalize_union_types(raw_pep_593_type)
+
+                nullable = True
+                if not self._has_nullable:
+                    self.column.nullable = nullable
+            for elem in pep_593_components[1:]:
+                if isinstance(elem, MappedColumn):
+                    use_args_from = elem
+                    break
+        else:
+            our_type_is_pep593 = False
+            raw_pep_593_type = None
+
+        if use_args_from is not None:
+            if (
+                not self._has_insert_default
+                and use_args_from.column.default is not None
+            ):
+                self.column.default = None
+
+            use_args_from.column._merge(self.column)
+            sqltype = self.column.type
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.deferred is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                and self.deferred is _NoArg.NO_ARG
+            ):
+                self.deferred = use_args_from.deferred
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.deferred_group is not None
+                and self.deferred_group is None
+            ):
+                self.deferred_group = use_args_from.deferred_group
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.deferred_raiseload is not None
+                and self.deferred_raiseload is None
+            ):
+                self.deferred_raiseload = use_args_from.deferred_raiseload
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from._use_existing_column
+                and not self._use_existing_column
+            ):
+                self._use_existing_column = True
+
+            if use_args_from.active_history:
+                self.active_history = use_args_from.active_history
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from._sort_order is not None
+                and self._sort_order is _NoArg.NO_ARG
+            ):
+                self._sort_order = use_args_from._sort_order
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.column.key is not None
+                or use_args_from.column.name is not None
+            ):
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Can't use the 'key' or 'name' arguments in "
+                    "Annotated with mapped_column(); this will be ignored",
+                    "2.0.22",
+                )
+
+            if use_args_from._has_dataclass_arguments:
+                for idx, arg in enumerate(
+                    use_args_from._attribute_options._fields
+                ):
+                    if (
+                        use_args_from._attribute_options[idx]
+                        is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                    ):
+                        arg = arg.replace("dataclasses_", "")
+                        util.warn_deprecated(
+                            f"Argument '{arg}' is a dataclass argument and "
+                            "cannot be specified within a mapped_column() "
+                            "bundled inside of an Annotated object",
+                            "2.0.22",
+                        )
+
+        if sqltype._isnull and not self.column.foreign_keys:
+            new_sqltype = None
+
+            if our_type_is_pep593:
+                checks = [our_original_type, raw_pep_593_type]
+            else:
+                checks = [our_original_type]
+
+            for check_type in checks:
+                new_sqltype = registry._resolve_type(check_type)
+                if new_sqltype is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                if isinstance(our_type, TypeEngine) or (
+                    isinstance(our_type, type)
+                    and issubclass(our_type, TypeEngine)
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"The type provided inside the {self.column.key!r} "
+                        "attribute Mapped annotation is the SQLAlchemy type "
+                        f"{our_type}. Expected a Python type instead"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Could not locate SQLAlchemy Core type for Python "
+                        f"type {our_type} inside the {self.column.key!r} "
+                        "attribute Mapped annotation"
+                    )
+
+            self.column._set_type(new_sqltype)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1072b548230ad3eef9c27d5515d89c1212337214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3394 @@
+# orm/query.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The Query class and support.
+
+Defines the :class:`_query.Query` class, the central
+construct used by the ORM to construct database queries.
+
+The :class:`_query.Query` class should not be confused with the
+:class:`_expression.Select` class, which defines database
+SELECT operations at the SQL (non-ORM) level.  ``Query`` differs from
+``Select`` in that it returns ORM-mapped objects and interacts with an
+ORM session, whereas the ``Select`` construct interacts directly with the
+database to return iterable result sets.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import loading
+from . import util as orm_util
+from ._typing import _O
+from .base import _assertions
+from .context import _column_descriptions
+from .context import _determine_last_joined_entity
+from .context import _legacy_filter_by_entity_zero
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnDescription
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnsClauseRole
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .util import object_mapper
+from .util import with_parent
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import log
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import Result
+from ..engine import Row
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import Select
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+from ..sql._typing import _TP
+from ..sql.annotation import SupportsCloneAnnotations
+from ..sql.base import _entity_namespace_key
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import Executable
+from ..sql.base import Generative
+from ..sql.elements import BooleanClauseList
+from ..sql.expression import Exists
+from ..sql.selectable import _MemoizedSelectEntities
+from ..sql.selectable import _SelectFromElements
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+from ..sql.selectable import HasHints
+from ..sql.selectable import HasPrefixes
+from ..sql.selectable import HasSuffixes
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectLabelStyle
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+    from .session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ImmutableExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ..engine.result import FrozenResult
+    from ..engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _JoinTargetArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _LimitOffsetType
+    from ..sql._typing import _MAYBE_ENTITY
+    from ..sql._typing import _no_kw
+    from ..sql._typing import _NOT_ENTITY
+    from ..sql._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ..sql._typing import _T0
+    from ..sql._typing import _T1
+    from ..sql._typing import _T2
+    from ..sql._typing import _T3
+    from ..sql._typing import _T4
+    from ..sql._typing import _T5
+    from ..sql._typing import _T6
+    from ..sql._typing import _T7
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ..sql.base import CacheableOptions
+    from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.elements import Label
+    from ..sql.selectable import _ForUpdateOfArgument
+    from ..sql.selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import _SetupJoinsElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import Alias
+    from ..sql.selectable import CTE
+    from ..sql.selectable import ExecutableReturnsRows
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..sql.selectable import ScalarSelect
+    from ..sql.selectable import Subquery
+
+
+__all__ = ["Query", "QueryContext"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Query(
+    _SelectFromElements,
+    SupportsCloneAnnotations,
+    HasPrefixes,
+    HasSuffixes,
+    HasHints,
+    EventTarget,
+    log.Identified,
+    Generative,
+    Executable,
+    Generic[_T],
+):
+    """ORM-level SQL construction object.
+
+    .. legacy:: The ORM :class:`.Query` object is a legacy construct
+       as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.   See the notes at the top of
+       :ref:`query_api_toplevel` for an overview, including links to migration
+       documentation.
+
+    :class:`_query.Query` objects are normally initially generated using the
+    :meth:`~.Session.query` method of :class:`.Session`, and in
+    less common cases by instantiating the :class:`_query.Query` directly and
+    associating with a :class:`.Session` using the
+    :meth:`_query.Query.with_session`
+    method.
+
+    """
+
+    # elements that are in Core and can be cached in the same way
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _having_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+
+    _order_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _group_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _limit_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _offset_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+
+    _distinct: bool = False
+    _distinct_on: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+
+    _for_update_arg: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None
+    _correlate: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _auto_correlate: bool = True
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...] = ()
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM
+
+    _memoized_select_entities = ()
+
+    _compile_options: Union[Type[CacheableOptions], CacheableOptions] = (
+        ORMCompileState.default_compile_options
+    )
+
+    _with_options: Tuple[ExecutableOption, ...]
+    load_options = QueryContext.default_load_options + {
+        "_legacy_uniquing": True
+    }
+
+    _params: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    # local Query builder state, not needed for
+    # compilation or execution
+    _enable_assertions = True
+
+    _statement: Optional[ExecutableReturnsRows] = None
+
+    session: Session
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Query[_T]]
+
+    # mirrors that of ClauseElement, used to propagate the "orm"
+    # plugin as well as the "subject" of the plugin, e.g. the mapper
+    # we are querying against.
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType:
+        return util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entities: Union[
+            _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], Sequence[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+        ],
+        session: Optional[Session] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`_query.Query` directly.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            q = Query([User, Address], session=some_session)
+
+        The above is equivalent to::
+
+            q = some_session.query(User, Address)
+
+        :param entities: a sequence of entities and/or SQL expressions.
+
+        :param session: a :class:`.Session` with which the
+         :class:`_query.Query`
+         will be associated.   Optional; a :class:`_query.Query`
+         can be associated
+         with a :class:`.Session` generatively via the
+         :meth:`_query.Query.with_session` method as well.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Session.query`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.with_session`
+
+        """
+
+        # session is usually present.  There's one case in subqueryloader
+        # where it stores a Query without a Session and also there are tests
+        # for the query(Entity).with_session(session) API which is likely in
+        # some old recipes, however these are legacy as select() can now be
+        # used.
+        self.session = session  # type: ignore
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+
+    def _set_propagate_attrs(self, values: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Self:
+        self._propagate_attrs = util.immutabledict(values)
+        return self
+
+    def _set_entities(
+        self,
+        entities: Union[
+            _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], Iterable[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                ent,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                post_inspect=True,
+            )
+            for ent in util.to_list(entities)
+        ]
+
+    def tuples(self: Query[_O]) -> Query[Tuple[_O]]:
+        """return a tuple-typed form of this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        This method invokes the :meth:`.Query.only_return_tuples`
+        method with a value of ``True``, which by itself ensures that this
+        :class:`.Query` will always return :class:`.Row` objects, even
+        if the query is made against a single entity.  It then also
+        at the typing level will return a "typed" query, if possible,
+        that will type result rows as ``Tuple`` objects with typed
+        elements.
+
+        This method can be compared to the :meth:`.Result.tuples` method,
+        which returns "self", but from a typing perspective returns an object
+        that will yield typed ``Tuple`` objects for results.   Typing
+        takes effect only if this :class:`.Query` object is a typed
+        query object already.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Result.tuples` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self.only_return_tuples(True)  # type: ignore
+
+    def _entity_from_pre_ent_zero(self) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+        if not self._raw_columns:
+            return None
+
+        ent = self._raw_columns[0]
+
+        if "parententity" in ent._annotations:
+            return ent._annotations["parententity"]  # type: ignore
+        elif "bundle" in ent._annotations:
+            return ent._annotations["bundle"]  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            # label, other SQL expression
+            for element in visitors.iterate(ent):
+                if "parententity" in element._annotations:
+                    return element._annotations["parententity"]  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def _only_full_mapper_zero(self, methname: str) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        if (
+            len(self._raw_columns) != 1
+            or "parententity" not in self._raw_columns[0]._annotations
+            or not self._raw_columns[0].is_selectable
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "%s() can only be used against "
+                "a single mapped class." % methname
+            )
+
+        return self._raw_columns[0]._annotations["parententity"]  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+    def _set_select_from(
+        self, obj: Iterable[_FromClauseArgument], set_base_alias: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        fa = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.StrictFromClauseRole,
+                elem,
+                allow_select=True,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for elem in obj
+        ]
+
+        self._compile_options += {"_set_base_alias": set_base_alias}
+        self._from_obj = tuple(fa)
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_lazyload_from(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> Self:
+        self.load_options += {"_lazy_loaded_from": state}
+        return self
+
+    def _get_condition(self) -> None:
+        """used by legacy BakedQuery"""
+        self._no_criterion_condition("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _get_existing_condition(self) -> None:
+        self._no_criterion_assertion("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _no_criterion_assertion(
+        self, meth: str, order_by: bool = True, distinct: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if (
+            self._where_criteria
+            or self._statement is not None
+            or self._from_obj
+            or self._setup_joins
+            or self._limit_clause is not None
+            or self._offset_clause is not None
+            or self._group_by_clauses
+            or (order_by and self._order_by_clauses)
+            or (distinct and self._distinct)
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth
+            )
+
+    def _no_criterion_condition(
+        self, meth: str, order_by: bool = True, distinct: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        self._no_criterion_assertion(meth, order_by, distinct)
+
+        self._from_obj = self._setup_joins = ()
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            self._compile_options += {"_statement": None}
+        self._where_criteria = ()
+        self._distinct = False
+
+        self._order_by_clauses = self._group_by_clauses = ()
+
+    def _no_clauseelement_condition(self, meth: str) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._order_by_clauses:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth
+            )
+        self._no_criterion_condition(meth)
+
+    def _no_statement_condition(self, meth: str) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                (
+                    "Query.%s() being called on a Query with an existing full "
+                    "statement - can't apply criterion."
+                )
+                % meth
+            )
+
+    def _no_limit_offset(self, meth: str) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._limit_clause is not None or self._offset_clause is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a Query which already has LIMIT "
+                "or OFFSET applied.  Call %s() before limit() or offset() "
+                "are applied." % (meth, meth)
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _has_row_limiting_clause(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._limit_clause is not None or self._offset_clause is not None
+        )
+
+    def _get_options(
+        self,
+        populate_existing: Optional[bool] = None,
+        version_check: Optional[bool] = None,
+        only_load_props: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        refresh_state: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        load_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        compile_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if version_check:
+            load_options["_version_check"] = version_check
+        if populate_existing:
+            load_options["_populate_existing"] = populate_existing
+        if refresh_state:
+            load_options["_refresh_state"] = refresh_state
+            compile_options["_for_refresh_state"] = True
+        if only_load_props:
+            compile_options["_only_load_props"] = frozenset(only_load_props)
+        if identity_token:
+            load_options["_identity_token"] = identity_token
+
+        if load_options:
+            self.load_options += load_options
+        if compile_options:
+            self._compile_options += compile_options
+
+        return self
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._generate()
+
+    def _get_select_statement_only(self) -> Select[_T]:
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't call this method on a Query that uses from_statement()"
+            )
+        return cast("Select[_T]", self.statement)
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]:
+        """The full SELECT statement represented by this Query.
+
+        The statement by default will not have disambiguating labels
+        applied to the construct unless with_labels(True) is called
+        first.
+
+        """
+
+        # .statement can return the direct future.Select() construct here, as
+        # long as we are not using subsequent adaption features that
+        # are made against raw entities, e.g. from_self(), with_polymorphic(),
+        # select_entity_from().  If these features are being used, then
+        # the Select() we return will not have the correct .selected_columns
+        # collection and will not embed in subsequent queries correctly.
+        # We could find a way to make this collection "correct", however
+        # this would not be too different from doing the full compile as
+        # we are doing in any case, the Select() would still not have the
+        # proper state for other attributes like whereclause, order_by,
+        # and these features are all deprecated in any case.
+        #
+        # for these reasons, Query is not a Select, it remains an ORM
+        # object for which __clause_element__() must be called in order for
+        # it to provide a real expression object.
+        #
+        # from there, it starts to look much like Query itself won't be
+        # passed into the execute process and won't generate its own cache
+        # key; this will all occur in terms of the ORM-enabled Select.
+        if not self._compile_options._set_base_alias:
+            # if we don't have legacy top level aliasing features in use
+            # then convert to a future select() directly
+            stmt = self._statement_20(for_statement=True)
+        else:
+            stmt = self._compile_state(for_statement=True).statement
+
+        if self._params:
+            stmt = stmt.params(self._params)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    def _final_statement(self, legacy_query_style: bool = True) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Return the 'final' SELECT statement for this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        This is used by the testing suite only and is fairly inefficient.
+
+        This is the Core-only select() that will be rendered by a complete
+        compilation of this query, and is what .statement used to return
+        in 1.3.
+
+
+        """
+
+        q = self._clone()
+
+        return q._compile_state(
+            use_legacy_query_style=legacy_query_style
+        ).statement  # type: ignore
+
+    def _statement_20(
+        self, for_statement: bool = False, use_legacy_query_style: bool = True
+    ) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]:
+        # TODO: this event needs to be deprecated, as it currently applies
+        # only to ORM query and occurs at this spot that is now more
+        # or less an artificial spot
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile:
+                new_query = fn(self)
+                if new_query is not None and new_query is not self:
+                    self = new_query
+                    if not fn._bake_ok:  # type: ignore
+                        self._compile_options += {"_bake_ok": False}
+
+        compile_options = self._compile_options
+        compile_options += {
+            "_for_statement": for_statement,
+            "_use_legacy_query_style": use_legacy_query_style,
+        }
+
+        stmt: Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]
+
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            stmt = FromStatement(self._raw_columns, self._statement)
+            stmt.__dict__.update(
+                _with_options=self._with_options,
+                _with_context_options=self._with_context_options,
+                _compile_options=compile_options,
+                _execution_options=self._execution_options,
+                _propagate_attrs=self._propagate_attrs,
+            )
+        else:
+            # Query / select() internal attributes are 99% cross-compatible
+            stmt = Select._create_raw_select(**self.__dict__)
+            stmt.__dict__.update(
+                _label_style=self._label_style,
+                _compile_options=compile_options,
+                _propagate_attrs=self._propagate_attrs,
+            )
+            stmt.__dict__.pop("session", None)
+
+        # ensure the ORM context is used to compile the statement, even
+        # if it has no ORM entities.  This is so ORM-only things like
+        # _legacy_joins are picked up that wouldn't be picked up by the
+        # Core statement context
+        if "compile_state_plugin" not in stmt._propagate_attrs:
+            stmt._propagate_attrs = stmt._propagate_attrs.union(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": None}
+            )
+
+        return stmt
+
+    def subquery(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        with_labels: bool = False,
+        reduce_columns: bool = False,
+    ) -> Subquery:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by
+        this :class:`_query.Query`, embedded within an
+        :class:`_expression.Alias`.
+
+        Eager JOIN generation within the query is disabled.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.subquery` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias;
+            this is passed through to :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`.
+            If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated
+            at compile time.
+
+        :param with_labels: if True, :meth:`.with_labels` will be called
+         on the :class:`_query.Query` first to apply table-qualified labels
+         to all columns.
+
+        :param reduce_columns: if True,
+         :meth:`_expression.Select.reduce_columns` will
+         be called on the resulting :func:`_expression.select` construct,
+         to remove same-named columns where one also refers to the other
+         via foreign key or WHERE clause equivalence.
+
+        """
+        q = self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        if with_labels:
+            q = q.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+
+        stmt = q._get_select_statement_only()
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(stmt, Select)
+
+        if reduce_columns:
+            stmt = stmt.reduce_columns()
+        return stmt.subquery(name=name)
+
+    def cte(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+        nesting: bool = False,
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query` represented as a common table expression (CTE).
+
+        Parameters and usage are the same as those of the
+        :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.cte` method; see that method for
+        further details.
+
+        Here is the `PostgreSQL WITH
+        RECURSIVE example
+        <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html>`_.
+        Note that, in this example, the ``included_parts`` cte and the
+        ``incl_alias`` alias of it are Core selectables, which
+        means the columns are accessed via the ``.c.`` attribute.  The
+        ``parts_alias`` object is an :func:`_orm.aliased` instance of the
+        ``Part`` entity, so column-mapped attributes are available
+        directly::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+            class Part(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'part'
+                part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                sub_part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                quantity = Column(Integer)
+
+            included_parts = session.query(
+                            Part.sub_part,
+                            Part.part,
+                            Part.quantity).\
+                                filter(Part.part=="our part").\
+                                cte(name="included_parts", recursive=True)
+
+            incl_alias = aliased(included_parts, name="pr")
+            parts_alias = aliased(Part, name="p")
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                session.query(
+                    parts_alias.sub_part,
+                    parts_alias.part,
+                    parts_alias.quantity).\
+                        filter(parts_alias.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+                )
+
+            q = session.query(
+                    included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                    func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
+                        label('total_quantity')
+                ).\
+                group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.cte` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .cte(name=name, recursive=recursive, nesting=nesting)
+        )
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[Any]:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`, converted
+        to a scalar subquery with a label of the given name.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.label` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .label(name)
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def as_scalar(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_MAYBE_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[_MAYBE_ENTITY]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def as_scalar(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_NOT_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[_NOT_ENTITY]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_query.Query.as_scalar` method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.scalar_subquery`.",
+    )
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`, converted to a scalar subquery.
+
+        """
+        return self.scalar_subquery()
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_subquery(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_MAYBE_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_subquery(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_NOT_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[_NOT_ENTITY]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`, converted to a scalar subquery.
+
+        Analogous to
+        :meth:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_query.Query.scalar_subquery`
+           method replaces the :meth:`_query.Query.as_scalar` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.scalar_subquery` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .scalar_subquery()
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]:
+        """Return the :class:`_expression.Select` object emitted by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        Used for :func:`_sa.inspect` compatibility, this is equivalent to::
+
+            query.enable_eagerloads(False).with_labels().statement
+
+        """
+        return self.__clause_element__()
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]:
+        return (
+            self._with_compile_options(
+                _enable_eagerloads=False, _render_for_subquery=True
+            )
+            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+            .statement
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def only_return_tuples(
+        self: Query[_O], value: Literal[True]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_O]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def only_return_tuples(
+        self: Query[_O], value: Literal[False]
+    ) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def only_return_tuples(self, value: bool) -> Query[Any]:
+        """When set to True, the query results will always be a
+        :class:`.Row` object.
+
+        This can change a query that normally returns a single entity
+        as a scalar to return a :class:`.Row` result in all cases.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.tuples` - returns tuples, but also at the typing
+            level will type results as ``Tuple``.
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.is_single_entity`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.tuples` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += dict(_only_return_tuples=value)
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def is_single_entity(self) -> bool:
+        """Indicates if this :class:`_query.Query`
+        returns tuples or single entities.
+
+        Returns True if this query returns a single entity for each instance
+        in its result list, and False if this query returns a tuple of entities
+        for each result.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.only_return_tuples`
+
+        """
+        return (
+            not self.load_options._only_return_tuples
+            and len(self._raw_columns) == 1
+            and "parententity" in self._raw_columns[0]._annotations
+            and isinstance(
+                self._raw_columns[0]._annotations["parententity"],
+                ORMColumnsClauseRole,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def enable_eagerloads(self, value: bool) -> Self:
+        """Control whether or not eager joins and subqueries are
+        rendered.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will not render
+        eager joins regardless of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.joinedload`,
+        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.subqueryload` options
+        or mapper-level ``lazy='joined'``/``lazy='subquery'``
+        configurations.
+
+        This is used primarily when nesting the Query's
+        statement into a subquery or other
+        selectable, or when using :meth:`_query.Query.yield_per`.
+
+        """
+        self._compile_options += {"_enable_eagerloads": value}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _with_compile_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self:
+        self._compile_options += opt
+        return self
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.with_labels` and :meth:`_orm.Query.apply_labels`",
+        alternative="Use set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL) "
+        "instead.",
+    )
+    def with_labels(self) -> Self:
+        return self.set_label_style(
+            SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        )
+
+    apply_labels = with_labels
+
+    @property
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        """
+        Retrieve the current label style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.get_label_style` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._label_style
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        """Apply column labels to the return value of Query.statement.
+
+        Indicates that this Query's `statement` accessor should return
+        a SELECT statement that applies labels to all columns in the
+        form <tablename>_<columnname>; this is commonly used to
+        disambiguate columns from multiple tables which have the same
+        name.
+
+        When the `Query` actually issues SQL to load rows, it always
+        uses column labeling.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`_query.Query.set_label_style` method *only* applies
+           the output of :attr:`_query.Query.statement`, and *not* to any of
+           the result-row invoking systems of :class:`_query.Query` itself,
+           e.g.
+           :meth:`_query.Query.first`, :meth:`_query.Query.all`, etc.
+           To execute
+           a query using :meth:`_query.Query.set_label_style`, invoke the
+           :attr:`_query.Query.statement` using :meth:`.Session.execute`::
+
+                result = session.execute(
+                    query
+                    .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+                    .statement
+                )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """  # noqa
+        if self._label_style is not style:
+            self = self._generate()
+            self._label_style = style
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def enable_assertions(self, value: bool) -> Self:
+        """Control whether assertions are generated.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will
+        not assert its state before certain operations,
+        including that LIMIT/OFFSET has not been applied
+        when filter() is called, no criterion exists
+        when get() is called, and no "from_statement()"
+        exists when filter()/order_by()/group_by() etc.
+        is called.  This more permissive mode is used by
+        custom Query subclasses to specify criterion or
+        other modifiers outside of the usual usage patterns.
+
+        Care should be taken to ensure that the usage
+        pattern is even possible.  A statement applied
+        by from_statement() will override any criterion
+        set by filter() or order_by(), for example.
+
+        """
+        self._enable_assertions = value
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self) -> Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]:
+        """A readonly attribute which returns the current WHERE criterion for
+        this Query.
+
+        This returned value is a SQL expression construct, or ``None`` if no
+        criterion has been established.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.whereclause` - v2 equivalent property.
+
+        """
+        return BooleanClauseList._construct_for_whereclause(
+            self._where_criteria
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def _with_current_path(self, path: PathRegistry) -> Self:
+        """indicate that this query applies to objects loaded
+        within a certain path.
+
+        Used by deferred loaders (see strategies.py) which transfer
+        query options from an originating query to a newly generated
+        query intended for the deferred load.
+
+        """
+        self._compile_options += {"_current_path": path}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, count: int) -> Self:
+        r"""Yield only ``count`` rows at a time.
+
+        The purpose of this method is when fetching very large result sets
+        (> 10K rows), to batch results in sub-collections and yield them
+        out partially, so that the Python interpreter doesn't need to declare
+        very large areas of memory which is both time consuming and leads
+        to excessive memory use.   The performance from fetching hundreds of
+        thousands of rows can often double when a suitable yield-per setting
+        (e.g. approximately 1000) is used, even with DBAPIs that buffer
+        rows (which are most).
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the :meth:`_orm.Query.yield_per` method is
+        equivalent to using the ``yield_per`` execution option at the ORM
+        level. See the section :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` for further
+        background on this option.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per`
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_yield_per": count}
+        return self
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.get`",
+        alternative="The method is now available as :meth:`_orm.Session.get`",
+    )
+    def get(self, ident: _PKIdentityArgument) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.query(User).get(5)
+
+            some_object = session.query(VersionedFoo).get((5, 10))
+
+            some_object = session.query(VersionedFoo).get(
+                {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the owning :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get` is only used to return a single
+        mapped instance, not multiple instances or
+        individual column constructs, and strictly
+        on a single primary key value.  The originating
+        :class:`_query.Query` must be constructed in this way,
+        i.e. against a single mapped entity,
+        with no additional filtering criterion.  Loading
+        options via :meth:`_query.Query.options` may be applied
+        however, and will be used if the object is not
+        yet locally present.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar, tuple, or dictionary representing the
+         primary key.  For a composite (e.g. multiple column) primary key,
+         a tuple or dictionary should be passed.
+
+         For a single-column primary key, the scalar calling form is typically
+         the most expedient.  If the primary key of a row is the value "5",
+         the call looks like::
+
+            my_object = query.get(5)
+
+         The tuple form contains primary key values typically in
+         the order in which they correspond to the mapped
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         object's primary key columns, or if the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key` configuration parameter were
+         used, in
+         the order used for that parameter. For example, if the primary key
+         of a row is represented by the integer
+         digits "5, 10" the call would look like::
+
+             my_object = query.get((5, 10))
+
+         The dictionary form should include as keys the mapped attribute names
+         corresponding to each element of the primary key.  If the mapped class
+         has the attributes ``id``, ``version_id`` as the attributes which
+         store the object's primary key value, the call would look like::
+
+            my_object = query.get({"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.3 the :meth:`_query.Query.get`
+            method now optionally
+            accepts a dictionary of attribute names to values in order to
+            indicate a primary key identifier.
+
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+        """
+        self._no_criterion_assertion("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+        # we still implement _get_impl() so that baked query can override
+        # it
+        return self._get_impl(ident, loading.load_on_pk_identity)
+
+    def _get_impl(
+        self,
+        primary_key_identity: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        db_load_fn: Callable[..., Any],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+        mapper = self._only_full_mapper_zero("get")
+        return self.session._get_impl(
+            mapper,
+            primary_key_identity,
+            db_load_fn,
+            populate_existing=self.load_options._populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=self._for_update_arg,
+            options=self._with_options,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=self._execution_options,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def lazy_loaded_from(self) -> Optional[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        """An :class:`.InstanceState` that is using this :class:`_query.Query`
+        for a lazy load operation.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  This attribute should be viewed via the
+           :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.lazy_loaded_from` attribute, within
+           the context of the :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+           event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.lazy_loaded_from`
+
+        """
+        return self.load_options._lazy_loaded_from  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def _current_path(self) -> PathRegistry:
+        return self._compile_options._current_path  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` construct which will correlate the given
+        FROM clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`.Query` or
+        :func:`~.expression.select`.
+
+        The method here accepts mapped classes, :func:`.aliased` constructs,
+        and :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructs as arguments, which are resolved
+        into expression constructs, in addition to appropriate expression
+        constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments are ultimately passed to
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+        after coercion to expression constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments take effect in such cases
+        as when :meth:`_query.Query.from_self` is used, or when
+        a subquery as returned by :meth:`_query.Query.subquery` is
+        embedded in another :func:`_expression.select` construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.correlate` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if fromclauses and fromclauses[0] in {None, False}:
+            self._correlate = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate = self._correlate + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, f) for f in fromclauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def autoflush(self, setting: bool) -> Self:
+        """Return a Query with a specific 'autoflush' setting.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the :meth:`_orm.Query.autoflush` method
+        is equivalent to using the ``autoflush`` execution option at the
+        ORM level. See the section :ref:`orm_queryguide_autoflush` for
+        further background on this option.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_autoflush": setting}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def populate_existing(self) -> Self:
+        """Return a :class:`_query.Query`
+        that will expire and refresh all instances
+        as they are loaded, or reused from the current :class:`.Session`.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` method
+        is equivalent to using the ``populate_existing`` execution option at
+        the ORM level. See the section :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing`
+        for further background on this option.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_populate_existing": True}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _with_invoke_all_eagers(self, value: bool) -> Self:
+        """Set the 'invoke all eagers' flag which causes joined- and
+        subquery loaders to traverse into already-loaded related objects
+        and collections.
+
+        Default is that of :attr:`_query.Query._invoke_all_eagers`.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_invoke_all_eagers": value}
+        return self
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.with_parent`",
+        alternative="Use the :func:`_orm.with_parent` standalone construct.",
+    )
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.relationships")
+    def with_parent(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        property: Optional[  # noqa: A002
+            attributes.QueryableAttribute[Any]
+        ] = None,
+        from_entity: Optional[_ExternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Add filtering criterion that relates the given instance
+        to a child object or collection, using its attribute state
+        as well as an established :func:`_orm.relationship()`
+        configuration.
+
+        The method uses the :func:`.with_parent` function to generate
+        the clause, the result of which is passed to
+        :meth:`_query.Query.filter`.
+
+        Parameters are the same as :func:`.with_parent`, with the exception
+        that the given property can be None, in which case a search is
+        performed against this :class:`_query.Query` object's target mapper.
+
+        :param instance:
+          An instance which has some :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+        :param property:
+          Class bound attribute which indicates
+          what relationship from the instance should be used to reconcile the
+          parent/child relationship.
+
+        :param from_entity:
+          Entity in which to consider as the left side.  This defaults to the
+          "zero" entity of the :class:`_query.Query` itself.
+
+        """
+        relationships = util.preloaded.orm_relationships
+
+        if from_entity:
+            entity_zero = inspect(from_entity)
+        else:
+            entity_zero = _legacy_filter_by_entity_zero(self)
+        if property is None:
+            # TODO: deprecate, property has to be supplied
+            mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(prop, relationships.RelationshipProperty)
+                    and prop.mapper is entity_zero.mapper  # type: ignore
+                ):
+                    property = prop  # type: ignore  # noqa: A001
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Could not locate a property which relates instances "
+                    "of class '%s' to instances of class '%s'"
+                    % (
+                        entity_zero.mapper.class_.__name__,  # type: ignore
+                        instance.__class__.__name__,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return self.filter(
+            with_parent(
+                instance,
+                property,  # type: ignore
+                entity_zero.entity,  # type: ignore
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_entity(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityType[Any],
+        alias: Optional[Union[Alias, Subquery]] = None,
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """add a mapped entity to the list of result columns
+        to be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.add_columns` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            # TODO: deprecate
+            entity = AliasedClass(entity, alias)
+
+        self._raw_columns = list(self._raw_columns)
+
+        self._raw_columns.append(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, entity, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_session(self, session: Session) -> Self:
+        """Return a :class:`_query.Query` that will use the given
+        :class:`.Session`.
+
+        While the :class:`_query.Query`
+        object is normally instantiated using the
+        :meth:`.Session.query` method, it is legal to build the
+        :class:`_query.Query`
+        directly without necessarily using a :class:`.Session`.  Such a
+        :class:`_query.Query` object, or any :class:`_query.Query`
+        already associated
+        with a different :class:`.Session`, can produce a new
+        :class:`_query.Query`
+        object associated with a target session using this method::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Query
+
+            query = Query([MyClass]).filter(MyClass.id == 5)
+
+            result = query.with_session(my_session).one()
+
+        """
+
+        self.session = session
+        return self
+
+    def _legacy_from_self(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Self:
+        # used for query.count() as well as for the same
+        # function in BakedQuery, as well as some old tests in test_baked.py.
+
+        fromclause = (
+            self.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+            .correlate(None)
+            .subquery()
+            ._anonymous_fromclause()
+        )
+
+        q = self._from_selectable(fromclause)
+
+        if entities:
+            q._set_entities(entities)
+        return q
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_enable_single_crit(self, val: bool) -> Self:
+        self._compile_options += {"_enable_single_crit": val}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _from_selectable(
+        self, fromclause: FromClause, set_entity_from: bool = True
+    ) -> Self:
+        for attr in (
+            "_where_criteria",
+            "_order_by_clauses",
+            "_group_by_clauses",
+            "_limit_clause",
+            "_offset_clause",
+            "_last_joined_entity",
+            "_setup_joins",
+            "_memoized_select_entities",
+            "_distinct",
+            "_distinct_on",
+            "_having_criteria",
+            "_prefixes",
+            "_suffixes",
+        ):
+            self.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        self._set_select_from([fromclause], set_entity_from)
+        self._compile_options += {
+            "_enable_single_crit": False,
+        }
+
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.values` "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a "
+        "future release.  Please use :meth:`_query.Query.with_entities`",
+    )
+    def values(self, *columns: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        """Return an iterator yielding result tuples corresponding
+        to the given list of columns
+
+        """
+        return self._values_no_warn(*columns)
+
+    _values = values
+
+    def _values_no_warn(
+        self, *columns: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        if not columns:
+            return iter(())
+        q = self._clone().enable_eagerloads(False)
+        q._set_entities(columns)
+        if not q.load_options._yield_per:
+            q.load_options += {"_yield_per": 10}
+        return iter(q)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.value` "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a "
+        "future release.  Please use :meth:`_query.Query.with_entities` "
+        "in combination with :meth:`_query.Query.scalar`",
+    )
+    def value(self, column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Any:
+        """Return a scalar result corresponding to the given
+        column expression.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return next(self._values_no_warn(column))[0]  # type: ignore
+        except StopIteration:
+            return None
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(self, _entity: _EntityType[_O]) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        _colexpr: roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T]]: ...
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_entities RowReturningQuery 2-8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_entities
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Query[Any]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_entities(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_query.Query`
+        replacing the SELECT list with the
+        given entities.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            # Users, filtered on some arbitrary criterion
+            # and then ordered by related email address
+            q = session.query(User).\
+                        join(User.address).\
+                        filter(User.name.like('%ed%')).\
+                        order_by(Address.email)
+
+            # given *only* User.id==5, Address.email, and 'q', what
+            # would the *next* User in the result be ?
+            subq = q.with_entities(Address.email).\
+                        order_by(None).\
+                        filter(User.id==5).\
+                        subquery()
+            q = q.join((subq, subq.c.email < Address.email)).\
+                        limit(1)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+        if __kw:
+            raise _no_kw()
+
+        # Query has all the same fields as Select for this operation
+        # this could in theory be based on a protocol but not sure if it's
+        # worth it
+        _MemoizedSelectEntities._generate_for_statement(self)  # type: ignore
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_columns(
+        self, *column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Add one or more column expressions to the list
+        of result columns to be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.add_columns` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+
+        self._raw_columns = list(self._raw_columns)
+
+        self._raw_columns.extend(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                c,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                post_inspect=True,
+            )
+            for c in column
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.add_column` "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a "
+        "future release.  Please use :meth:`_query.Query.add_columns`",
+    )
+    def add_column(self, column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Add a column expression to the list of result columns to be
+        returned.
+
+        """
+        return self.add_columns(column)
+
+    @_generative
+    def options(self, *args: ExecutableOption) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object,
+        applying the given list of
+        mapper options.
+
+        Most supplied options regard changing how column- and
+        relationship-mapped attributes are loaded.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_columns`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_loader_options`
+
+        """
+
+        opts = tuple(util.flatten_iterator(args))
+        if self._compile_options._current_path:
+            # opting for lower method overhead for the checks
+            for opt in opts:
+                if not opt._is_core and opt._is_legacy_option:  # type: ignore
+                    opt.process_query_conditionally(self)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            for opt in opts:
+                if not opt._is_core and opt._is_legacy_option:  # type: ignore
+                    opt.process_query(self)  # type: ignore
+
+        self._with_options += opts
+        return self
+
+    def with_transformation(
+        self, fn: Callable[[Query[Any]], Query[Any]]
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object transformed by
+        the given function.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def filter_something(criterion):
+                def transform(q):
+                    return q.filter(criterion)
+                return transform
+
+            q = q.with_transformation(filter_something(x==5))
+
+        This allows ad-hoc recipes to be created for :class:`_query.Query`
+        objects.
+
+        """
+        return fn(self)
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ImmutableExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.get_execution_options` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        autoflush: bool = False,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def execution_options(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        """Set non-SQL options which take effect during execution.
+
+        Options allowed here include all of those accepted by
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, as well as a series
+        of ORM specific options:
+
+        ``populate_existing=True`` - equivalent to using
+        :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+        ``autoflush=True|False`` - equivalent to using
+        :meth:`_orm.Query.autoflush`
+
+        ``yield_per=<value>`` - equivalent to using
+        :meth:`_orm.Query.yield_per`
+
+        Note that the ``stream_results`` execution option is enabled
+        automatically if the :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per()`
+        method or execution option is used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - added ORM options to
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.execution_options`
+
+        The execution options may also be specified on a per execution basis
+        when using :term:`2.0 style` queries via the
+        :paramref:`_orm.Session.execution_options` parameter.
+
+        .. warning:: The
+           :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+           parameter should not be used at the level of individual ORM
+           statement executions, as the :class:`_orm.Session` will not track
+           objects from different schema translate maps within a single
+           session.  For multiple schema translate maps within the scope of a
+           single :class:`_orm.Session`, see :ref:`examples_sharding`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.get_execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.execution_options` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kwargs)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_for_update(
+        self,
+        *,
+        nowait: bool = False,
+        read: bool = False,
+        of: Optional[_ForUpdateOfArgument] = None,
+        skip_locked: bool = False,
+        key_share: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """return a new :class:`_query.Query`
+        with the specified options for the
+        ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        The behavior of this method is identical to that of
+        :meth:`_expression.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update`.
+        When called with no arguments,
+        the resulting ``SELECT`` statement will have a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause
+        appended.  When additional arguments are specified, backend-specific
+        options such as ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` or ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE``
+        can take effect.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            q = sess.query(User).populate_existing().with_for_update(nowait=True, of=User)
+
+        The above query on a PostgreSQL backend will render like::
+
+            SELECT users.id AS users_id FROM users FOR UPDATE OF users NOWAIT
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Using ``with_for_update`` in the context of eager loading
+            relationships is not officially supported or recommended by
+            SQLAlchemy and may not work with certain queries on various
+            database backends.  When ``with_for_update`` is successfully used
+            with a query that involves :func:`_orm.joinedload`, SQLAlchemy will
+            attempt to emit SQL that locks all involved tables.
+
+        .. note::  It is generally a good idea to combine the use of the
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` method when using the
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.with_for_update` method.   The purpose of
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` is to force all the data read
+           from the SELECT to be populated into the ORM objects returned,
+           even if these objects are already in the :term:`identity map`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update`
+            - Core level method with
+            full argument and behavioral description.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` - overwrites attributes of
+            objects already loaded in the identity map.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg(
+            read=read,
+            nowait=nowait,
+            of=of,
+            skip_locked=skip_locked,
+            key_share=key_share,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def params(
+        self, __params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add values for bind parameters which may have been
+        specified in filter().
+
+        Parameters may be specified using \**kwargs, or optionally a single
+        dictionary as the first positional argument. The reason for both is
+        that \**kwargs is convenient, however some parameter dictionaries
+        contain unicode keys in which case \**kwargs cannot be used.
+
+        """
+        if __params:
+            kw.update(__params)
+        self._params = self._params.union(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def where(self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`.Query.filter`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.where` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self.filter(*criterion)
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def filter(self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`_query.Query`, using SQL expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.name == 'some name')
+
+        Multiple criteria may be specified as comma separated; the effect
+        is that they will be joined together using the :func:`.and_`
+        function::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).\
+                filter(MyClass.name == 'some name', MyClass.id > 5)
+
+        The criterion is any SQL expression object applicable to the
+        WHERE clause of a select.   String expressions are coerced
+        into SQL expression constructs via the :func:`_expression.text`
+        construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.filter_by` - filter on keyword expressions.
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.where` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        for crit in list(criterion):
+            crit = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, crit, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+
+            self._where_criteria += (crit,)
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _last_joined_entity(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_InternalEntityType[Any], _JoinTargetElement]]:
+        if self._setup_joins:
+            return _determine_last_joined_entity(
+                self._setup_joins,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _filter_by_zero(self) -> Any:
+        """for the filter_by() method, return the target entity for which
+        we will attempt to derive an expression from based on string name.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._setup_joins:
+            _last_joined_entity = self._last_joined_entity
+            if _last_joined_entity is not None:
+                return _last_joined_entity
+
+        # discussion related to #7239
+        # special check determines if we should try to derive attributes
+        # for filter_by() from the "from object", i.e., if the user
+        # called query.select_from(some selectable).filter_by(some_attr=value).
+        # We don't want to do that in the case that methods like
+        # from_self(), select_entity_from(), or a set op like union() were
+        # called; while these methods also place a
+        # selectable in the _from_obj collection, they also set up
+        # the _set_base_alias boolean which turns on the whole "adapt the
+        # entity to this selectable" thing, meaning the query still continues
+        # to construct itself in terms of the lead entity that was passed
+        # to query(), e.g. query(User).from_self() is still in terms of User,
+        # and not the subquery that from_self() created.   This feature of
+        # "implicitly adapt all occurrences of entity X to some arbitrary
+        # subquery" is the main thing I am trying to do away with in 2.0 as
+        # users should now used aliased() for that, but I can't entirely get
+        # rid of it due to query.union() and other set ops relying upon it.
+        #
+        # compare this to the base Select()._filter_by_zero() which can
+        # just return self._from_obj[0] if present, because there is no
+        # "_set_base_alias" feature.
+        #
+        # IOW, this conditional essentially detects if
+        # "select_from(some_selectable)" has been called, as opposed to
+        # "select_entity_from()", "from_self()"
+        # or "union() / some_set_op()".
+        if self._from_obj and not self._compile_options._set_base_alias:
+            return self._from_obj[0]
+
+        return self._raw_columns[0]
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`_query.Query`, using keyword expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter_by(name = 'some name')
+
+        Multiple criteria may be specified as comma separated; the effect
+        is that they will be joined together using the :func:`.and_`
+        function::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).\
+                filter_by(name = 'some name', id = 5)
+
+        The keyword expressions are extracted from the primary
+        entity of the query, or the last entity that was the
+        target of a call to :meth:`_query.Query.join`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.filter` - filter on SQL expressions.
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.filter_by` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        from_entity = self._filter_by_zero()
+
+        clauses = [
+            _entity_namespace_key(from_entity, key) == value
+            for key, value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return self.filter(*clauses)
+
+    @_generative
+    def order_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, False, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply one or more ORDER BY criteria to the query and return
+        the newly resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q = session.query(Entity).order_by(Entity.id, Entity.name)
+
+        Calling this method multiple times is equivalent to calling it once
+        with all the clauses concatenated. All existing ORDER BY criteria may
+        be cancelled by passing ``None`` by itself.  New ORDER BY criteria may
+        then be added by invoking :meth:`_orm.Query.order_by` again, e.g.::
+
+            # will erase all ORDER BY and ORDER BY new_col alone
+            q = q.order_by(None).order_by(new_col)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            These sections describe ORDER BY in terms of :term:`2.0 style`
+            invocation but apply to :class:`_orm.Query` as well:
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.order_by` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        for assertion in (self._no_statement_condition, self._no_limit_offset):
+            assertion("order_by")
+
+        if not clauses and (__first is None or __first is False):
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            criterion = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.OrderByRole, clause)
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+            self._order_by_clauses += criterion
+
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def group_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, False, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply one or more GROUP BY criterion to the query and return
+        the newly resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        All existing GROUP BY settings can be suppressed by
+        passing ``None`` - this will suppress any GROUP BY configured
+        on mappers as well.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            These sections describe GROUP BY in terms of :term:`2.0 style`
+            invocation but apply to :class:`_orm.Query` as well:
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_group_by_w_aggregates` - in the
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.group_by` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        for assertion in (self._no_statement_condition, self._no_limit_offset):
+            assertion("group_by")
+
+        if not clauses and (__first is None or __first is False):
+            self._group_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            criterion = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.GroupByRole, clause)
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+            self._group_by_clauses += criterion
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def having(self, *having: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a HAVING criterion to the query and return the
+        newly resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.having` is used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`_query.Query.group_by`.
+
+        HAVING criterion makes it possible to use filters on aggregate
+        functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN, eg.::
+
+            q = session.query(User.id).\
+                        join(User.addresses).\
+                        group_by(User.id).\
+                        having(func.count(Address.id) > 2)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.having` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in having:
+            having_criteria = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion
+            )
+            self._having_criteria += (having_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    def _set_op(self, expr_fn: Any, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        list_of_queries = (self,) + q
+        return self._from_selectable(expr_fn(*(list_of_queries)).subquery())
+
+    def union(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce a UNION of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q1 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.foo=='bar')
+            q2 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.bar=='foo')
+
+            q3 = q1.union(q2)
+
+        The method accepts multiple Query objects so as to control
+        the level of nesting.  A series of ``union()`` calls such as::
+
+            x.union(y).union(z).all()
+
+        will nest on each ``union()``, and produces::
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM y) UNION SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Whereas::
+
+            x.union(y, z).all()
+
+        produces::
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION SELECT * FROM y UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Note that many database backends do not allow ORDER BY to
+        be rendered on a query called within UNION, EXCEPT, etc.
+        To disable all ORDER BY clauses including those configured
+        on mappers, issue ``query.order_by(None)`` - the resulting
+        :class:`_query.Query` object will not render ORDER BY within
+        its SELECT statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.union` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.union, *q)
+
+    def union_all(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce a UNION ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.union_all` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.union_all, *q)
+
+    def intersect(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an INTERSECT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.intersect` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.intersect, *q)
+
+    def intersect_all(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an INTERSECT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.intersect_all` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.intersect_all, *q)
+
+    def except_(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an EXCEPT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.except_` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.except_, *q)
+
+    def except_all(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an EXCEPT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.except_all` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.except_all, *q)
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def join(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`_query.Query`
+        object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting
+        :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        **Simple Relationship Joins**
+
+        Consider a mapping between two classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+        with a relationship ``User.addresses`` representing a collection
+        of ``Address`` objects associated with each ``User``.   The most
+        common usage of :meth:`_query.Query.join`
+        is to create a JOIN along this
+        relationship, using the ``User.addresses`` attribute as an indicator
+        for how this should occur::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses)
+
+        Where above, the call to :meth:`_query.Query.join` along
+        ``User.addresses`` will result in SQL approximately equivalent to::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name
+            FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        In the above example we refer to ``User.addresses`` as passed to
+        :meth:`_query.Query.join` as the "on clause", that is, it indicates
+        how the "ON" portion of the JOIN should be constructed.
+
+        To construct a chain of joins, multiple :meth:`_query.Query.join`
+        calls may be used.  The relationship-bound attribute implies both
+        the left and right side of the join at once::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\
+                    join(User.orders).\
+                    join(Order.items).\
+                    join(Item.keywords)
+
+        .. note:: as seen in the above example, **the order in which each
+           call to the join() method occurs is important**.    Query would not,
+           for example, know how to join correctly if we were to specify
+           ``User``, then ``Item``, then ``Order``, in our chain of joins; in
+           such a case, depending on the arguments passed, it may raise an
+           error that it doesn't know how to join, or it may produce invalid
+           SQL in which case the database will raise an error. In correct
+           practice, the
+           :meth:`_query.Query.join` method is invoked in such a way that lines
+           up with how we would want the JOIN clauses in SQL to be
+           rendered, and each call should represent a clear link from what
+           precedes it.
+
+        **Joins to a Target Entity or Selectable**
+
+        A second form of :meth:`_query.Query.join` allows any mapped entity or
+        core selectable construct as a target.   In this usage,
+        :meth:`_query.Query.join` will attempt to create a JOIN along the
+        natural foreign key relationship between two entities::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address)
+
+        In the above calling form, :meth:`_query.Query.join` is called upon to
+        create the "on clause" automatically for us.  This calling form will
+        ultimately raise an error if either there are no foreign keys between
+        the two entities, or if there are multiple foreign key linkages between
+        the target entity and the entity or entities already present on the
+        left side such that creating a join requires more information.  Note
+        that when indicating a join to a target without any ON clause, ORM
+        configured relationships are not taken into account.
+
+        **Joins to a Target with an ON Clause**
+
+        The third calling form allows both the target entity as well
+        as the ON clause to be passed explicitly.    A example that includes
+        a SQL expression as the ON clause is as follows::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address, User.id==Address.user_id)
+
+        The above form may also use a relationship-bound attribute as the
+        ON clause as well::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address, User.addresses)
+
+        The above syntax can be useful for the case where we wish
+        to join to an alias of a particular target entity.  If we wanted
+        to join to ``Address`` twice, it could be achieved using two
+        aliases set up using the :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased` function::
+
+            a1 = aliased(Address)
+            a2 = aliased(Address)
+
+            q = session.query(User).\
+                    join(a1, User.addresses).\
+                    join(a2, User.addresses).\
+                    filter(a1.email_address=='ed@foo.com').\
+                    filter(a2.email_address=='ed@bar.com')
+
+        The relationship-bound calling form can also specify a target entity
+        using the :meth:`_orm.PropComparator.of_type` method; a query
+        equivalent to the one above would be::
+
+            a1 = aliased(Address)
+            a2 = aliased(Address)
+
+            q = session.query(User).\
+                    join(User.addresses.of_type(a1)).\
+                    join(User.addresses.of_type(a2)).\
+                    filter(a1.email_address == 'ed@foo.com').\
+                    filter(a2.email_address == 'ed@bar.com')
+
+        **Augmenting Built-in ON Clauses**
+
+        As a substitute for providing a full custom ON condition for an
+        existing relationship, the :meth:`_orm.PropComparator.and_` function
+        may be applied to a relationship attribute to augment additional
+        criteria into the ON clause; the additional criteria will be combined
+        with the default criteria using AND::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(
+                User.addresses.and_(Address.email_address != 'foo@bar.com')
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        **Joining to Tables and Subqueries**
+
+
+        The target of a join may also be any table or SELECT statement,
+        which may be related to a target entity or not.   Use the
+        appropriate ``.subquery()`` method in order to make a subquery
+        out of a query::
+
+            subq = session.query(Address).\
+                filter(Address.email_address == 'ed@foo.com').\
+                subquery()
+
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(
+                subq, User.id == subq.c.user_id
+            )
+
+        Joining to a subquery in terms of a specific relationship and/or
+        target entity may be achieved by linking the subquery to the
+        entity using :func:`_orm.aliased`::
+
+            subq = session.query(Address).\
+                filter(Address.email_address == 'ed@foo.com').\
+                subquery()
+
+            address_subq = aliased(Address, subq)
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(
+                User.addresses.of_type(address_subq)
+            )
+
+
+        **Controlling what to Join From**
+
+        In cases where the left side of the current state of
+        :class:`_query.Query` is not in line with what we want to join from,
+        the :meth:`_query.Query.select_from` method may be used::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).select_from(User).\
+                            join(User.addresses).\
+                            filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Which will produce SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+                JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+                WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.join` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        :param \*props: Incoming arguments for :meth:`_query.Query.join`,
+         the props collection in modern use should be considered to be a  one
+         or two argument form, either as a single "target" entity or ORM
+         attribute-bound relationship, or as a target entity plus an "on
+         clause" which  may be a SQL expression or ORM attribute-bound
+         relationship.
+
+        :param isouter=False: If True, the join used will be a left outer join,
+         just as if the :meth:`_query.Query.outerjoin` method were called.
+
+        :param full=False: render FULL OUTER JOIN; implies ``isouter``.
+
+        """
+
+        join_target = coercions.expect(
+            roles.JoinTargetRole,
+            target,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            legacy=True,
+        )
+        if onclause is not None:
+            onclause_element = coercions.expect(
+                roles.OnClauseRole, onclause, legacy=True
+            )
+        else:
+            onclause_element = None
+
+        self._setup_joins += (
+            (
+                join_target,
+                onclause_element,
+                None,
+                {
+                    "isouter": isouter,
+                    "full": full,
+                },
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.__dict__.pop("_last_joined_entity", None)
+        return self
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a left outer join against this ``Query`` object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting ``Query``.
+
+        Usage is the same as the ``join()`` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.outerjoin` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self.join(target, onclause=onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def reset_joinpoint(self) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query`, where the "join point" has
+        been reset back to the base FROM entities of the query.
+
+        This method is usually used in conjunction with the
+        ``aliased=True`` feature of the :meth:`~.Query.join`
+        method.  See the example in :meth:`~.Query.join` for how
+        this is used.
+
+        """
+        self._last_joined_entity = None
+
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def select_from(self, *from_obj: _FromClauseArgument) -> Self:
+        r"""Set the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query` explicitly.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.select_from` is often used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`.Query.join` in order to control which entity is selected
+        from on the "left" side of the join.
+
+        The entity or selectable object here effectively replaces the
+        "left edge" of any calls to :meth:`~.Query.join`, when no
+        joinpoint is otherwise established - usually, the default "join
+        point" is the leftmost entity in the :class:`~.Query` object's
+        list of entities to be selected.
+
+        A typical example::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).select_from(User).\
+                join(User.addresses).\
+                filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Which produces SQL equivalent to::
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+            WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        :param \*from_obj: collection of one or more entities to apply
+         to the FROM clause.  Entities can be mapped classes,
+         :class:`.AliasedClass` objects, :class:`.Mapper` objects
+         as well as core :class:`.FromClause` elements like subqueries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.Query.join`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_select_from(from_obj, False)
+        return self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: Any) -> Any:
+        return orm_util._getitem(
+            self,
+            item,
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def slice(
+        self,
+        start: int,
+        stop: int,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Computes the "slice" of the :class:`_query.Query` represented by
+        the given indices and returns the resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        The start and stop indices behave like the argument to Python's
+        built-in :func:`range` function. This method provides an
+        alternative to using ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` to get a slice of the
+        query.
+
+        For example, ::
+
+            session.query(User).order_by(User.id).slice(1, 3)
+
+        renders as
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+           SELECT users.id AS users_id,
+                  users.name AS users_name
+           FROM users ORDER BY users.id
+           LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
+           (2, 1)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_query.Query.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_query.Query.offset`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.slice` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause = sql_util._make_slice(
+            self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause, start, stop
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def limit(self, limit: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Apply a ``LIMIT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        self._limit_clause = sql_util._offset_or_limit_clause(limit)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def offset(self, offset: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Apply an ``OFFSET`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` - v2 equivalent method.
+        """
+        self._offset_clause = sql_util._offset_or_limit_clause(offset)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def distinct(self, *expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a ``DISTINCT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The ORM-level :meth:`.distinct` call includes logic that will
+            automatically add columns from the ORDER BY of the query to the
+            columns clause of the SELECT statement, to satisfy the common need
+            of the database backend that ORDER BY columns be part of the SELECT
+            list when DISTINCT is used.   These columns *are not* added to the
+            list of columns actually fetched by the :class:`_query.Query`,
+            however,
+            so would not affect results. The columns are passed through when
+            using the :attr:`_query.Query.statement` accessor, however.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0  This logic is deprecated and will be removed
+               in SQLAlchemy 2.0.     See :ref:`migration_20_query_distinct`
+               for a description of this use case in 2.0.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.distinct` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the PostgreSQL dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (<expressions>)``
+         construct.
+
+         .. deprecated:: 1.4 Using \*expr in other dialects is deprecated
+            and will raise :class:`_exc.CompileError` in a future version.
+
+        """
+        if expr:
+            self._distinct = True
+            self._distinct_on = self._distinct_on + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, e) for e in expr
+            )
+        else:
+            self._distinct = True
+        return self
+
+    def all(self) -> List[_T]:
+        """Return the results represented by this :class:`_query.Query`
+        as a list.
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying SQL statement.
+
+        .. warning::  The :class:`_query.Query` object,
+           when asked to return either
+           a sequence or iterator that consists of full ORM-mapped entities,
+           will **deduplicate entries based on primary key**.  See the FAQ for
+           more details.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`faq_query_deduplicating`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.all` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+        return self._iter().all()  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def from_statement(self, statement: ExecutableReturnsRows) -> Self:
+        """Execute the given SELECT statement and return results.
+
+        This method bypasses all internal statement compilation, and the
+        statement is executed without modification.
+
+        The statement is typically either a :func:`_expression.text`
+        or :func:`_expression.select` construct, and should return the set
+        of columns
+        appropriate to the entity class represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        statement = coercions.expect(
+            roles.SelectStatementRole, statement, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        self._statement = statement
+        return self
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Return the first result of this ``Query`` or
+        None if the result doesn't contain any row.
+
+        first() applies a limit of one within the generated SQL, so that
+        only one primary entity row is generated on the server side
+        (note this may consist of multiple result rows if join-loaded
+        collections are present).
+
+        Calling :meth:`_query.Query.first`
+        results in an execution of the underlying
+        query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.first` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        # replicates limit(1) behavior
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            return self._iter().first()  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self.limit(1)._iter().first()  # type: ignore
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that returns only scalar values
+        as opposed to full identity-mapped entities.
+
+        Calling :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`
+        results in an execution of the
+        underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.first`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one_or_none` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one_or_none()  # type: ignore
+
+    def one(self) -> _T:
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that returns only scalar values
+        as opposed to full identity-mapped entities.
+
+        Calling :meth:`.one` results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.first`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one()  # type: ignore
+
+    def scalar(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the first element of the first result or None
+        if no rows present.  If multiple rows are returned,
+        raises MultipleResultsFound.
+
+          >>> session.query(Item).scalar()
+          <Item>
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).filter(Item.id < 0).scalar()
+          None
+          >>> session.query(Item.id, Item.name).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(func.count(Parent.id)).scalar()
+          20
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        # TODO: not sure why we can't use result.scalar() here
+        try:
+            ret = self.one()
+            if not isinstance(ret, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                return ret
+            return ret[0]
+        except sa_exc.NoResultFound:
+            return None
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        result = self._iter()
+        try:
+            yield from result  # type: ignore
+        except GeneratorExit:
+            # issue #8710 - direct iteration is not re-usable after
+            # an iterable block is broken, so close the result
+            result._soft_close()
+            raise
+
+    def _iter(self) -> Union[ScalarResult[_T], Result[_T]]:
+        # new style execution.
+        params = self._params
+
+        statement = self._statement_20()
+        result: Union[ScalarResult[_T], Result[_T]] = self.session.execute(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options={"_sa_orm_load_options": self.load_options},
+        )
+
+        # legacy: automatically set scalars, unique
+        if result._attributes.get("is_single_entity", False):
+            result = cast("Result[_T]", result).scalars()
+
+        if (
+            result._attributes.get("filtered", False)
+            and not self.load_options._yield_per
+        ):
+            result = result.unique()
+
+        return result
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        statement = self._statement_20()
+
+        try:
+            bind = (
+                self._get_bind_args(statement, self.session.get_bind)
+                if self.session
+                else None
+            )
+        except sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError:
+            bind = None
+
+        return str(statement.compile(bind))
+
+    def _get_bind_args(self, statement: Any, fn: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        return fn(clause=statement, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self) -> List[ORMColumnDescription]:
+        """Return metadata about the columns which would be
+        returned by this :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        Format is a list of dictionaries::
+
+            user_alias = aliased(User, name='user2')
+            q = sess.query(User, User.id, user_alias)
+
+            # this expression:
+            q.column_descriptions
+
+            # would return:
+            [
+                {
+                    'name':'User',
+                    'type':User,
+                    'aliased':False,
+                    'expr':User,
+                    'entity': User
+                },
+                {
+                    'name':'id',
+                    'type':Integer(),
+                    'aliased':False,
+                    'expr':User.id,
+                    'entity': User
+                },
+                {
+                    'name':'user2',
+                    'type':User,
+                    'aliased':True,
+                    'expr':user_alias,
+                    'entity': user_alias
+                }
+            ]
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            This API is available using :term:`2.0 style` queries as well,
+            documented at:
+
+            * :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+
+            * :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions`
+
+        """
+
+        return _column_descriptions(self, legacy=True)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :meth:`_orm.Query.instances` method is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release. "
+        "Use the Select.from_statement() method or aliased() construct in "
+        "conjunction with Session.execute() instead.",
+    )
+    def instances(
+        self,
+        result_proxy: CursorResult[Any],
+        context: Optional[QueryContext] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Return an ORM result given a :class:`_engine.CursorResult` and
+        :class:`.QueryContext`.
+
+        """
+        if context is None:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Using the Query.instances() method without a context "
+                "is deprecated and will be disallowed in a future release.  "
+                "Please make use of :meth:`_query.Query.from_statement` "
+                "for linking ORM results to arbitrary select constructs.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            compile_state = self._compile_state(for_statement=False)
+
+            context = QueryContext(
+                compile_state,
+                compile_state.statement,
+                self._params,
+                self.session,
+                self.load_options,
+            )
+
+        result = loading.instances(result_proxy, context)
+
+        # legacy: automatically set scalars, unique
+        if result._attributes.get("is_single_entity", False):
+            result = result.scalars()  # type: ignore
+
+        if result._attributes.get("filtered", False):
+            result = result.unique()
+
+        # TODO: isn't this supposed to be a list?
+        return result
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.merge_result`",
+        alternative="The method is superseded by the "
+        ":func:`_orm.merge_frozen_result` function.",
+        enable_warnings=False,  # warnings occur via loading.merge_result
+    )
+    def merge_result(
+        self,
+        iterator: Union[
+            FrozenResult[Any], Iterable[Sequence[Any]], Iterable[object]
+        ],
+        load: bool = True,
+    ) -> Union[FrozenResult[Any], Iterable[Any]]:
+        """Merge a result into this :class:`_query.Query` object's Session.
+
+        Given an iterator returned by a :class:`_query.Query`
+        of the same structure
+        as this one, return an identical iterator of results, with all mapped
+        instances merged into the session using :meth:`.Session.merge`. This
+        is an optimized method which will merge all mapped instances,
+        preserving the structure of the result rows and unmapped columns with
+        less method overhead than that of calling :meth:`.Session.merge`
+        explicitly for each value.
+
+        The structure of the results is determined based on the column list of
+        this :class:`_query.Query` - if these do not correspond,
+        unchecked errors
+        will occur.
+
+        The 'load' argument is the same as that of :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        For an example of how :meth:`_query.Query.merge_result` is used, see
+        the source code for the example :ref:`examples_caching`, where
+        :meth:`_query.Query.merge_result` is used to efficiently restore state
+        from a cache back into a target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return loading.merge_result(self, iterator, load)
+
+    def exists(self) -> Exists:
+        """A convenience method that turns a query into an EXISTS subquery
+        of the form EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ... WHERE ...).
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name == 'fred')
+            session.query(q.exists())
+
+        Producing SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE users.name = :name_1
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        The EXISTS construct is usually used in the WHERE clause::
+
+            session.query(User.id).filter(q.exists()).scalar()
+
+        Note that some databases such as SQL Server don't allow an
+        EXISTS expression to be present in the columns clause of a
+        SELECT.    To select a simple boolean value based on the exists
+        as a WHERE, use :func:`.literal`::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import literal
+
+            session.query(literal(True)).filter(q.exists()).scalar()
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.exists` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+
+        # .add_columns() for the case that we are a query().select_from(X),
+        # so that ".statement" can be produced (#2995) but also without
+        # omitting the FROM clause from a query(X) (#2818);
+        # .with_only_columns() after we have a core select() so that
+        # we get just "SELECT 1" without any entities.
+
+        inner = (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            .add_columns(sql.literal_column("1"))
+            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .with_only_columns(1)
+        )
+
+        ezero = self._entity_from_pre_ent_zero()
+        if ezero is not None:
+            inner = inner.select_from(ezero)
+
+        return sql.exists(inner)
+
+    def count(self) -> int:
+        r"""Return a count of rows this the SQL formed by this :class:`Query`
+        would return.
+
+        This generates the SQL for this Query as follows::
+
+            SELECT count(1) AS count_1 FROM (
+                SELECT <rest of query follows...>
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        The above SQL returns a single row, which is the aggregate value
+        of the count function; the :meth:`_query.Query.count`
+        method then returns
+        that single integer value.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            It is important to note that the value returned by
+            count() is **not the same as the number of ORM objects that this
+            Query would return from a method such as the .all() method**.
+            The :class:`_query.Query` object,
+            when asked to return full entities,
+            will **deduplicate entries based on primary key**, meaning if the
+            same primary key value would appear in the results more than once,
+            only one object of that primary key would be present.  This does
+            not apply to a query that is against individual columns.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`faq_query_deduplicating`
+
+        For fine grained control over specific columns to count, to skip the
+        usage of a subquery or otherwise control of the FROM clause, or to use
+        other aggregate functions, use :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`
+        expressions in conjunction with :meth:`~.Session.query`, i.e.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import func
+
+            # count User records, without
+            # using a subquery.
+            session.query(func.count(User.id))
+
+            # return count of user "id" grouped
+            # by "name"
+            session.query(func.count(User.id)).\
+                    group_by(User.name)
+
+            from sqlalchemy import distinct
+
+            # count distinct "name" values
+            session.query(func.count(distinct(User.name)))
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`migration_20_query_usage`
+
+        """
+        col = sql.func.count(sql.literal_column("*"))
+        return (  # type: ignore
+            self._legacy_from_self(col).enable_eagerloads(False).scalar()
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self, synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = "auto"
+    ) -> int:
+        r"""Perform a DELETE with an arbitrary WHERE clause.
+
+        Deletes rows matched by this query from the database.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\
+                delete(synchronize_session=False)
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\
+                delete(synchronize_session='evaluate')
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            See the section :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for important
+            caveats and warnings, including limitations when using bulk UPDATE
+            and DELETE with mapper inheritance configurations.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy to update the
+         attributes on objects in the session.   See the section
+         :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for a discussion of these
+         strategies.
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+          "row count" feature.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`
+
+        """
+
+        bulk_del = BulkDelete(self)
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile_delete:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile_delete:
+                new_query = fn(bulk_del.query, bulk_del)
+                if new_query is not None:
+                    bulk_del.query = new_query
+
+                self = bulk_del.query
+
+        delete_ = sql.delete(*self._raw_columns)  # type: ignore
+        delete_._where_criteria = self._where_criteria
+        result: CursorResult[Any] = self.session.execute(
+            delete_,
+            self._params,
+            execution_options=self._execution_options.union(
+                {"synchronize_session": synchronize_session}
+            ),
+        )
+        bulk_del.result = result  # type: ignore
+        self.session.dispatch.after_bulk_delete(bulk_del)
+        result.close()
+
+        return result.rowcount
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        values: Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any],
+        synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = "auto",
+        update_args: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        r"""Perform an UPDATE with an arbitrary WHERE clause.
+
+        Updates rows matched by this query in the database.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\
+                update({User.age: User.age - 10}, synchronize_session=False)
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\
+                update({"age": User.age - 10}, synchronize_session='evaluate')
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            See the section :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for important
+            caveats and warnings, including limitations when using arbitrary
+            UPDATE and DELETE with mapper inheritance configurations.
+
+        :param values: a dictionary with attributes names, or alternatively
+         mapped attributes or SQL expressions, as keys, and literal
+         values or sql expressions as values.   If :ref:`parameter-ordered
+         mode <tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates>` is desired, the values can
+         be passed as a list of 2-tuples; this requires that the
+         :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+         flag is passed to the :paramref:`.Query.update.update_args` dictionary
+         as well.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy to update the
+         attributes on objects in the session.   See the section
+         :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for a discussion of these
+         strategies.
+
+        :param update_args: Optional dictionary, if present will be passed
+         to the underlying :func:`_expression.update`
+         construct as the ``**kw`` for
+         the object.  May be used to pass dialect-specific arguments such
+         as ``mysql_limit``, as well as other special arguments such as
+         :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`.
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+         "row count" feature.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`
+
+        """
+
+        update_args = update_args or {}
+
+        bulk_ud = BulkUpdate(self, values, update_args)
+
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile_update:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile_update:
+                new_query = fn(bulk_ud.query, bulk_ud)
+                if new_query is not None:
+                    bulk_ud.query = new_query
+            self = bulk_ud.query
+
+        upd = sql.update(*self._raw_columns)  # type: ignore
+
+        ppo = update_args.pop("preserve_parameter_order", False)
+        if ppo:
+            upd = upd.ordered_values(*values)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            upd = upd.values(values)
+        if update_args:
+            upd = upd.with_dialect_options(**update_args)
+
+        upd._where_criteria = self._where_criteria
+        result: CursorResult[Any] = self.session.execute(
+            upd,
+            self._params,
+            execution_options=self._execution_options.union(
+                {"synchronize_session": synchronize_session}
+            ),
+        )
+        bulk_ud.result = result  # type: ignore
+        self.session.dispatch.after_bulk_update(bulk_ud)
+        result.close()
+        return result.rowcount
+
+    def _compile_state(
+        self, for_statement: bool = False, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ORMCompileState:
+        """Create an out-of-compiler ORMCompileState object.
+
+        The ORMCompileState object is normally created directly as a result
+        of the SQLCompiler.process() method being handed a Select()
+        or FromStatement() object that uses the "orm" plugin.   This method
+        provides a means of creating this ORMCompileState object directly
+        without using the compiler.
+
+        This method is used only for deprecated cases, which include
+        the .from_self() method for a Query that has multiple levels
+        of .from_self() in use, as well as the instances() method.  It is
+        also used within the test suite to generate ORMCompileState objects
+        for test purposes.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = self._statement_20(for_statement=for_statement, **kw)
+        assert for_statement == stmt._compile_options._for_statement
+
+        # this chooses between ORMFromStatementCompileState and
+        # ORMSelectCompileState.  We could also base this on
+        # query._statement is not None as we have the ORM Query here
+        # however this is the more general path.
+        compile_state_cls = cast(
+            ORMCompileState,
+            ORMCompileState._get_plugin_class_for_plugin(stmt, "orm"),
+        )
+
+        return compile_state_cls.create_for_statement(stmt, None)
+
+    def _compile_context(self, for_statement: bool = False) -> QueryContext:
+        compile_state = self._compile_state(for_statement=for_statement)
+        context = QueryContext(
+            compile_state,
+            compile_state.statement,
+            self._params,
+            self.session,
+            self.load_options,
+        )
+
+        return context
+
+
+class AliasOption(interfaces.LoaderOption):
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :class:`.AliasOption` object is not necessary "
+        "for entities to be matched up to a query that is established "
+        "via :meth:`.Query.from_statement` and now does nothing.",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, alias: Union[Alias, Subquery]):
+        r"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the
+        :class:`_query.Query`
+        that the main table has been aliased.
+
+        """
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class BulkUD:
+    """State used for the orm.Query version of update() / delete().
+
+    This object is now specific to Query only.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, query: Query[Any]):
+        self.query = query.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        self._validate_query_state()
+        self.mapper = self.query._entity_from_pre_ent_zero()
+
+    def _validate_query_state(self) -> None:
+        for attr, methname, notset, op in (
+            ("_limit_clause", "limit()", None, operator.is_),
+            ("_offset_clause", "offset()", None, operator.is_),
+            ("_order_by_clauses", "order_by()", (), operator.eq),
+            ("_group_by_clauses", "group_by()", (), operator.eq),
+            ("_distinct", "distinct()", False, operator.is_),
+            (
+                "_from_obj",
+                "join(), outerjoin(), select_from(), or from_self()",
+                (),
+                operator.eq,
+            ),
+            (
+                "_setup_joins",
+                "join(), outerjoin(), select_from(), or from_self()",
+                (),
+                operator.eq,
+            ),
+        ):
+            if not op(getattr(self.query, attr), notset):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't call Query.update() or Query.delete() "
+                    "when %s has been called" % (methname,)
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> Session:
+        return self.query.session
+
+
+class BulkUpdate(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        query: Query[Any],
+        values: Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any],
+        update_kwargs: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(query)
+        self.values = values
+        self.update_kwargs = update_kwargs
+
+
+class BulkDelete(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs."""
+
+
+class RowReturningQuery(Query[Row[_TP]]):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def tuples(self) -> Query[_TP]:  # type: ignore
+            ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a15ce7ba0daca59c38493670091deeca42b1ced5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3500 @@
+# orm/relationships.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Heuristics related to join conditions as used in
+:func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+Provides the :class:`.JoinCondition` object, which encapsulates
+SQL annotation and aliasing behavior focused on the `primaryjoin`
+and `secondaryjoin` aspects of :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from collections import abc
+import dataclasses
+import inspect as _py_inspect
+import itertools
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import strategy_options
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from ._typing import is_has_collection_adapter
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import _is_mapped_class
+from .base import class_mapper
+from .base import DynamicMapped
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import state_str
+from .base import WriteOnlyMapped
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY
+from .interfaces import MANYTOONE
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY
+from .interfaces import PropComparator
+from .interfaces import RelationshipDirection
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .util import _orm_annotate
+from .util import _orm_deannotate
+from .util import CascadeOptions
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import Exists
+from .. import log
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+from ..sql._typing import _HasClauseElement
+from ..sql.annotation import _safe_annotate
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnClause
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..sql.util import _deep_annotate
+from ..sql.util import _deep_deannotate
+from ..sql.util import _shallow_annotate
+from ..sql.util import adapt_criterion_to_null
+from ..sql.util import ClauseAdapter
+from ..sql.util import join_condition
+from ..sql.util import selectables_overlap
+from ..sql.util import visit_binary_product
+from ..util.typing import de_optionalize_union_types
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import resolve_name_to_real_class_name
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .clsregistry import _class_resolver
+    from .clsregistry import _ModNS
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .dependency import DependencyProcessor
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .strategies import LazyLoader
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql._typing import _CoreAdapterProto
+    from ..sql._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from ..sql.annotation import SupportsAnnotations
+    from ..sql.elements import BinaryExpression
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.schema import Table
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T1 = TypeVar("_T1", bound=Any)
+_T2 = TypeVar("_T2", bound=Any)
+
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+
+_PT2 = TypeVar("_PT2", bound=Any)
+
+
+_RelationshipArgumentType = Union[
+    str,
+    Type[_T],
+    Callable[[], Type[_T]],
+    "Mapper[_T]",
+    "AliasedClass[_T]",
+    Callable[[], "Mapper[_T]"],
+    Callable[[], "AliasedClass[_T]"],
+]
+
+_LazyLoadArgumentType = Literal[
+    "select",
+    "joined",
+    "selectin",
+    "subquery",
+    "raise",
+    "raise_on_sql",
+    "noload",
+    "immediate",
+    "write_only",
+    "dynamic",
+    True,
+    False,
+    None,
+]
+
+
+_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument = Union[
+    str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+]
+_RelationshipSecondaryArgument = Union[
+    "FromClause", str, Callable[[], "FromClause"]
+]
+_ORMOrderByArgument = Union[
+    Literal[False],
+    str,
+    _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    Callable[[], _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+    Callable[[], Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]]],
+    Iterable[Union[str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]]],
+]
+ORMBackrefArgument = Union[str, Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]]
+
+_ORMColCollectionElement = Union[
+    ColumnClause[Any],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    "Mapped[Any]",
+]
+_ORMColCollectionArgument = Union[
+    str,
+    Sequence[_ORMColCollectionElement],
+    Callable[[], Sequence[_ORMColCollectionElement]],
+    Callable[[], _ORMColCollectionElement],
+    _ORMColCollectionElement,
+]
+
+
+_CEA = TypeVar("_CEA", bound=_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any])
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+
+_ColumnPairIterable = Iterable[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+_ColumnPairs = Sequence[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+_MutableColumnPairs = List[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+
+def remote(expr: _CEA) -> _CEA:
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'remote' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.foreign`
+
+    """
+    return _annotate_columns(  # type: ignore
+        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnArgumentRole, expr), {"remote": True}
+    )
+
+
+def foreign(expr: _CEA) -> _CEA:
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'foreign' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.remote`
+
+    """
+
+    return _annotate_columns(  # type: ignore
+        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnArgumentRole, expr), {"foreign": True}
+    )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _RelationshipArg(Generic[_T1, _T2]):
+    """stores a user-defined parameter value that must be resolved and
+    parsed later at mapper configuration time.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "name", "argument", "resolved"
+    name: str
+    argument: _T1
+    resolved: Optional[_T2]
+
+    def _is_populated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.argument is not None
+
+    def _resolve_against_registry(
+        self, clsregistry_resolver: Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver]
+    ) -> None:
+        attr_value = self.argument
+
+        if isinstance(attr_value, str):
+            self.resolved = clsregistry_resolver(
+                attr_value, self.name == "secondary"
+            )()
+        elif callable(attr_value) and not _is_mapped_class(attr_value):
+            self.resolved = attr_value()
+        else:
+            self.resolved = attr_value
+
+
+_RelationshipOrderByArg = Union[Literal[False], Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]]
+
+
+class _RelationshipArgs(NamedTuple):
+    """stores user-passed parameters that are resolved at mapper configuration
+    time.
+
+    """
+
+    secondary: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_RelationshipSecondaryArgument],
+        Optional[FromClause],
+    ]
+    primaryjoin: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]
+    secondaryjoin: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]
+    order_by: _RelationshipArg[_ORMOrderByArgument, _RelationshipOrderByArg]
+    foreign_keys: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument], Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ]
+    remote_side: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument], Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ]
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class RelationshipProperty(
+    _IntrospectsAnnotations, StrategizedProperty[_T], log.Identified
+):
+    """Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
+    of items that correspond to a related database table.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.relationship` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = strategy_options._RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    _links_to_entity = True
+    _is_relationship = True
+
+    _overlaps: Sequence[str]
+
+    _lazy_strategy: LazyLoader
+
+    _persistence_only = dict(
+        passive_deletes=False,
+        passive_updates=True,
+        enable_typechecks=True,
+        active_history=False,
+        cascade_backrefs=False,
+    )
+
+    _dependency_processor: Optional[DependencyProcessor] = None
+
+    primaryjoin: ColumnElement[bool]
+    secondaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    secondary: Optional[FromClause]
+    _join_condition: JoinCondition
+    order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg
+
+    _user_defined_foreign_keys: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    _calculated_foreign_keys: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    remote_side: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    local_columns: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    synchronize_pairs: _ColumnPairs
+    secondary_synchronize_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs]
+
+    local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs]
+
+    direction: RelationshipDirection
+
+    _init_args: _RelationshipArgs
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        argument: Optional[_RelationshipArgumentType[_T]] = None,
+        secondary: Optional[_RelationshipSecondaryArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        uselist: Optional[bool] = None,
+        collection_class: Optional[
+            Union[Type[Collection[Any]], Callable[[], Collection[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+        primaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+        secondaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+        back_populates: Optional[str] = None,
+        order_by: _ORMOrderByArgument = False,
+        backref: Optional[ORMBackrefArgument] = None,
+        overlaps: Optional[str] = None,
+        post_update: bool = False,
+        cascade: str = "save-update, merge",
+        viewonly: bool = False,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        lazy: _LazyLoadArgumentType = "select",
+        passive_deletes: Union[Literal["all"], bool] = False,
+        passive_updates: bool = True,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        enable_typechecks: bool = True,
+        foreign_keys: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+        remote_side: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+        join_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[
+            Type[RelationshipProperty.Comparator[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        single_parent: bool = False,
+        innerjoin: bool = False,
+        distinct_target_key: Optional[bool] = None,
+        load_on_pending: bool = False,
+        query_class: Optional[Type[Query[Any]]] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        omit_join: Literal[None, False] = None,
+        sync_backref: Optional[bool] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        bake_queries: Literal[True] = True,
+        cascade_backrefs: Literal[False] = False,
+        _local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs] = None,
+        _legacy_inactive_history_style: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(attribute_options=attribute_options)
+
+        self.uselist = uselist
+        self.argument = argument
+
+        self._init_args = _RelationshipArgs(
+            _RelationshipArg("secondary", secondary, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("primaryjoin", primaryjoin, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("secondaryjoin", secondaryjoin, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("order_by", order_by, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("foreign_keys", foreign_keys, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("remote_side", remote_side, None),
+        )
+
+        self.post_update = post_update
+        self.viewonly = viewonly
+        if viewonly:
+            self._warn_for_persistence_only_flags(
+                passive_deletes=passive_deletes,
+                passive_updates=passive_updates,
+                enable_typechecks=enable_typechecks,
+                active_history=active_history,
+                cascade_backrefs=cascade_backrefs,
+            )
+        if viewonly and sync_backref:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "sync_backref and viewonly cannot both be True"
+            )
+        self.sync_backref = sync_backref
+        self.lazy = lazy
+        self.single_parent = single_parent
+        self.collection_class = collection_class
+        self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
+
+        if cascade_backrefs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The 'cascade_backrefs' parameter passed to "
+                "relationship() may only be set to False."
+            )
+
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.enable_typechecks = enable_typechecks
+        self.query_class = query_class
+        self.innerjoin = innerjoin
+        self.distinct_target_key = distinct_target_key
+        self.doc = doc
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self._legacy_inactive_history_style = _legacy_inactive_history_style
+
+        self.join_depth = join_depth
+        if omit_join:
+            util.warn(
+                "setting omit_join to True is not supported; selectin "
+                "loading of this relationship may not work correctly if this "
+                "flag is set explicitly.  omit_join optimization is "
+                "automatically detected for conditions under which it is "
+                "supported."
+            )
+
+        self.omit_join = omit_join
+        self.local_remote_pairs = _local_remote_pairs
+        self.load_on_pending = load_on_pending
+        self.comparator_factory = (
+            comparator_factory or RelationshipProperty.Comparator
+        )
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
+
+        self._reverse_property: Set[RelationshipProperty[Any]] = set()
+
+        if overlaps:
+            self._overlaps = set(re.split(r"\s*,\s*", overlaps))  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            self._overlaps = ()
+
+        # mypy ignoring the @property setter
+        self.cascade = cascade  # type: ignore
+
+        self.back_populates = back_populates
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            if backref:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "backref and back_populates keyword arguments "
+                    "are mutually exclusive"
+                )
+            self.backref = None
+        else:
+            self.backref = backref
+
+    def _warn_for_persistence_only_flags(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        for k, v in kw.items():
+            if v != self._persistence_only[k]:
+                # we are warning here rather than warn deprecated as this is a
+                # configuration mistake, and Python shows regular warnings more
+                # aggressively than deprecation warnings by default. Unlike the
+                # case of setting viewonly with cascade, the settings being
+                # warned about here are not actively doing the wrong thing
+                # against viewonly=True, so it is not as urgent to have these
+                # raise an error.
+                util.warn(
+                    "Setting %s on relationship() while also "
+                    "setting viewonly=True does not make sense, as a "
+                    "viewonly=True relationship does not perform persistence "
+                    "operations. This configuration may raise an error "
+                    "in a future release." % (k,)
+                )
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc,
+        )
+
+    class Comparator(util.MemoizedSlots, PropComparator[_PT]):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview of ORM level operator definition.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = (
+            "entity",
+            "mapper",
+            "property",
+            "_of_type",
+            "_extra_criteria",
+        )
+
+        prop: RODescriptorReference[RelationshipProperty[_PT]]
+        _of_type: Optional[_EntityType[_PT]]
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            prop: RelationshipProperty[_PT],
+            parentmapper: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+            adapt_to_entity: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]] = None,
+            of_type: Optional[_EntityType[_PT]] = None,
+            extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+        ):
+            """Construction of :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+            is internal to the ORM's attribute mechanics.
+
+            """
+            self.prop = prop
+            self._parententity = parentmapper
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            if of_type:
+                self._of_type = of_type
+            else:
+                self._of_type = None
+            self._extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(
+            self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]
+        ) -> RelationshipProperty.Comparator[Any]:
+            return self.__class__(
+                self.prop,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=self._of_type,
+            )
+
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[_PT]
+        """The target entity referred to by this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
+
+        This is either a :class:`_orm.Mapper` or :class:`.AliasedInsp`
+        object.
+
+        This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
+        :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+        """
+
+        mapper: Mapper[_PT]
+        """The target :class:`_orm.Mapper` referred to by this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
+
+        This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
+        :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+        """
+
+        def _memoized_attr_entity(self) -> _InternalEntityType[_PT]:
+            if self._of_type:
+                return inspect(self._of_type)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                return self.prop.entity
+
+        def _memoized_attr_mapper(self) -> Mapper[_PT]:
+            return self.entity.mapper
+
+        def _source_selectable(self) -> FromClause:
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return self._adapt_to_entity.selectable
+            else:
+                return self.property.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        def __clause_element__(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            adapt_from = self._source_selectable()
+            if self._of_type:
+                of_type_entity = inspect(self._of_type)
+            else:
+                of_type_entity = None
+
+            (
+                pj,
+                sj,
+                source,
+                dest,
+                secondary,
+                target_adapter,
+            ) = self.prop._create_joins(
+                source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                source_polymorphic=True,
+                of_type_entity=of_type_entity,
+                alias_secondary=True,
+                extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+            )
+            if sj is not None:
+                return pj & sj
+            else:
+                return pj
+
+        def of_type(self, class_: _EntityType[Any]) -> PropComparator[_PT]:
+            r"""Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass.
+
+            See :meth:`.PropComparator.of_type` for an example.
+
+
+            """
+            return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
+                self.prop,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=class_,
+                extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+            )
+
+        def and_(
+            self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+        ) -> PropComparator[Any]:
+            """Add AND criteria.
+
+            See :meth:`.PropComparator.and_` for an example.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+            """
+            exprs = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, clause)
+                for clause in util.coerce_generator_arg(criteria)
+            )
+
+            return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
+                self.prop,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=self._of_type,
+                extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria + exprs,
+            )
+
+        def in_(self, other: Any) -> NoReturn:
+            """Produce an IN clause - this is not implemented
+            for :func:`_orm.relationship`-based attributes at this time.
+
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "in_() not yet supported for "
+                "relationships.  For a simple "
+                "many-to-one, use in_() against "
+                "the set of foreign key values."
+            )
+
+        # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4266
+        __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as::
+
+              MyClass.some_prop == <some object>
+
+            this will typically produce a
+            clause such as::
+
+              mytable.related_id == <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the given
+            object.
+
+            The ``==`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce a NOT EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if other is None or isinstance(other, expression.Null):
+                if self.property.direction in [ONETOMANY, MANYTOMANY]:
+                    return ~self._criterion_exists()
+                else:
+                    return _orm_annotate(
+                        self.property._optimized_compare(
+                            None, adapt_source=self.adapter
+                        )
+                    )
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection to an object or collection; "
+                    "use contains() to test for membership."
+                )
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(
+                    self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        other, adapt_source=self.adapter
+                    )
+                )
+
+        def _criterion_exists(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> Exists:
+            where_criteria = (
+                coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion)
+                if criterion is not None
+                else None
+            )
+
+            if getattr(self, "_of_type", None):
+                info: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = inspect(
+                    self._of_type
+                )
+                assert info is not None
+                target_mapper, to_selectable, is_aliased_class = (
+                    info.mapper,
+                    info.selectable,
+                    info.is_aliased_class,
+                )
+                if self.property._is_self_referential and not is_aliased_class:
+                    to_selectable = to_selectable._anonymous_fromclause()
+
+                single_crit = target_mapper._single_table_criterion
+                if single_crit is not None:
+                    if where_criteria is not None:
+                        where_criteria = single_crit & where_criteria
+                    else:
+                        where_criteria = single_crit
+            else:
+                is_aliased_class = False
+                to_selectable = None
+
+            if self.adapter:
+                source_selectable = self._source_selectable()
+            else:
+                source_selectable = None
+
+            (
+                pj,
+                sj,
+                source,
+                dest,
+                secondary,
+                target_adapter,
+            ) = self.property._create_joins(
+                dest_selectable=to_selectable,
+                source_selectable=source_selectable,
+            )
+
+            for k in kwargs:
+                crit = getattr(self.property.mapper.class_, k) == kwargs[k]
+                if where_criteria is None:
+                    where_criteria = crit
+                else:
+                    where_criteria = where_criteria & crit
+
+            # annotate the *local* side of the join condition, in the case
+            # of pj + sj this is the full primaryjoin, in the case of just
+            # pj its the local side of the primaryjoin.
+            if sj is not None:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj) & sj
+            else:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj, exclude=self.property.remote_side)
+
+            if (
+                where_criteria is not None
+                and target_adapter
+                and not is_aliased_class
+            ):
+                # limit this adapter to annotated only?
+                where_criteria = target_adapter.traverse(where_criteria)
+
+            # only have the "joined left side" of what we
+            # return be subject to Query adaption.  The right
+            # side of it is used for an exists() subquery and
+            # should not correlate or otherwise reach out
+            # to anything in the enclosing query.
+            if where_criteria is not None:
+                where_criteria = where_criteria._annotate(
+                    {"no_replacement_traverse": True}
+                )
+
+            crit = j & sql.True_._ifnone(where_criteria)
+
+            if secondary is not None:
+                ex = (
+                    sql.exists(1)
+                    .where(crit)
+                    .select_from(dest, secondary)
+                    .correlate_except(dest, secondary)
+                )
+            else:
+                ex = (
+                    sql.exists(1)
+                    .where(crit)
+                    .select_from(dest)
+                    .correlate_except(dest)
+                )
+            return ex
+
+        def any(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Produce an expression that tests a collection against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.any(SomeRelated.x==2)
+                )
+
+
+            Will produce a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE related.my_id=my_table.id
+                AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` is particularly
+            useful for testing for empty collections::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    ~MyClass.somereference.any()
+                )
+
+            will produce::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                NOT (EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.my_id=my_table.id))
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` is only
+            valid for collections, i.e. a :func:`_orm.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=True``.  For scalar references,
+            use :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has`.
+
+            """
+            if not self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'any()' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes. Use has()."
+                )
+
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def has(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Produce an expression that tests a scalar reference against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.has(SomeRelated.x==2)
+                )
+
+
+            Will produce a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.id==my_table.related_id AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` is only
+            valid for scalar references, i.e. a :func:`_orm.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=False``.  For collection references,
+            use :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any`.
+
+            """
+            if self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'has()' not implemented for collections. Use any()."
+                )
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def contains(
+            self, other: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Return a simple expression that tests a collection for
+            containment of a particular item.
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains` is
+            only valid for a collection, i.e. a
+            :func:`_orm.relationship` that implements
+            one-to-many or many-to-many with ``uselist=True``.
+
+            When used in a simple one-to-many context, an
+            expression like::
+
+                MyClass.contains(other)
+
+            Produces a clause like::
+
+                mytable.id == <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the value of the foreign key
+            attribute on ``other`` which refers to the primary
+            key of its parent object. From this it follows that
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains` is
+            very useful when used with simple one-to-many
+            operations.
+
+            For many-to-many operations, the behavior of
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+            has more caveats. The association table will be
+            rendered in the statement, producing an "implicit"
+            join, that is, includes multiple tables in the FROM
+            clause which are equated in the WHERE clause::
+
+                query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.contains(other))
+
+            Produces a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table, my_association_table AS
+                my_association_table_1 WHERE
+                my_table.id = my_association_table_1.parent_id
+                AND my_association_table_1.child_id = <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` would be the primary key of
+            ``other``. From the above, it is clear that
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+            will **not** work with many-to-many collections when
+            used in queries that move beyond simple AND
+            conjunctions, such as multiple
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+            expressions joined by OR. In such cases subqueries or
+            explicit "outer joins" will need to be used instead.
+            See :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` for
+            a less-performant alternative using EXISTS, or refer
+            to :meth:`_query.Query.outerjoin`
+            as well as :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins`
+            for more details on constructing outer joins.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            if not self.prop.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'contains' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes.  Use =="
+                )
+
+            clause = self.prop._optimized_compare(
+                other, adapt_source=self.adapter
+            )
+
+            if self.prop.secondaryjoin is not None:
+                clause.negation_clause = self.__negated_contains_or_equals(
+                    other
+                )
+
+            return clause
+
+        def __negated_contains_or_equals(
+            self, other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            if self.prop.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                state = attributes.instance_state(other)
+
+                def state_bindparam(
+                    local_col: ColumnElement[Any],
+                    state: InstanceState[Any],
+                    remote_col: ColumnElement[Any],
+                ) -> BindParameter[Any]:
+                    dict_ = state.dict
+                    return sql.bindparam(
+                        local_col.key,
+                        type_=local_col.type,
+                        unique=True,
+                        callable_=self.prop._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                            self.prop.mapper, state, dict_, remote_col
+                        ),
+                    )
+
+                def adapt(col: _CE) -> _CE:
+                    if self.adapter:
+                        return self.adapter(col)
+                    else:
+                        return col
+
+                if self.property._use_get:
+                    return sql.and_(
+                        *[
+                            sql.or_(
+                                adapt(x)
+                                != state_bindparam(adapt(x), state, y),
+                                adapt(x) == None,
+                            )
+                            for (x, y) in self.property.local_remote_pairs
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+            criterion = sql.and_(
+                *[
+                    x == y
+                    for (x, y) in zip(
+                        self.property.mapper.primary_key,
+                        self.property.mapper.primary_key_from_instance(other),
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+            return ~self._criterion_exists(criterion)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as::
+
+              MyClass.some_prop != <some object>
+
+            This will typically produce a clause such as::
+
+              mytable.related_id != <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the
+            given object.
+
+            The ``!=`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use
+              :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+              in conjunction with :func:`_expression.not_`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` in
+              conjunction with :func:`_expression.not_` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce an EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if other is None or isinstance(other, expression.Null):
+                if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                    return _orm_annotate(
+                        ~self.property._optimized_compare(
+                            None, adapt_source=self.adapter
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                else:
+                    return self._criterion_exists()
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection"
+                    " to an object or collection; use "
+                    "contains() to test for membership."
+                )
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other))
+
+        def _memoized_attr_property(self) -> RelationshipProperty[_PT]:
+            self.prop.parent._check_configure()
+            return self.prop
+
+    def _with_parent(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        alias_secondary: bool = True,
+        from_entity: Optional[_EntityType[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        assert instance is not None
+        adapt_source: Optional[_CoreAdapterProto] = None
+        if from_entity is not None:
+            insp: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = inspect(from_entity)
+            assert insp is not None
+            if insp_is_aliased_class(insp):
+                adapt_source = insp._adapter.adapt_clause
+        return self._optimized_compare(
+            instance,
+            value_is_parent=True,
+            adapt_source=adapt_source,
+            alias_secondary=alias_secondary,
+        )
+
+    def _optimized_compare(
+        self,
+        state: Any,
+        value_is_parent: bool = False,
+        adapt_source: Optional[_CoreAdapterProto] = None,
+        alias_secondary: bool = True,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if state is not None:
+            try:
+                state = inspect(state)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                state = None
+
+            if state is None or not getattr(state, "is_instance", False):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Mapped instance expected for relationship "
+                    "comparison to object.   Classes, queries and other "
+                    "SQL elements are not accepted in this context; for "
+                    "comparison with a subquery, "
+                    "use %s.has(**criteria)." % self
+                )
+        reverse_direction = not value_is_parent
+
+        if state is None:
+            return self._lazy_none_clause(
+                reverse_direction, adapt_source=adapt_source
+            )
+
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col,
+            )
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col,
+            )
+
+        if reverse_direction:
+            mapper = self.mapper
+        else:
+            mapper = self.parent
+
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(state.obj())
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam: BindParameter[Any]) -> None:
+            if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                bindparam.callable = self._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                    mapper,
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                )
+
+        if self.secondary is not None and alias_secondary:
+            criterion = ClauseAdapter(
+                self.secondary._anonymous_fromclause()
+            ).traverse(criterion)
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
+        )
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def _get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        column: ColumnElement[Any],
+    ) -> Callable[[], Any]:
+        """Create the callable that is used in a many-to-one expression.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            u1 = s.query(User).get(5)
+
+            expr = Address.user == u1
+
+        Above, the SQL should be "address.user_id = 5". The callable
+        returned by this method produces the value "5" based on the identity
+        of ``u1``.
+
+        """
+
+        # in this callable, we're trying to thread the needle through
+        # a wide variety of scenarios, including:
+        #
+        # * the object hasn't been flushed yet and there's no value for
+        #   the attribute as of yet
+        #
+        # * the object hasn't been flushed yet but it has a user-defined
+        #   value
+        #
+        # * the object has a value but it's expired and not locally present
+        #
+        # * the object has a value but it's expired and not locally present,
+        #   and the object is also detached
+        #
+        # * The object hadn't been flushed yet, there was no value, but
+        #   later, the object has been expired and detached, and *now*
+        #   they're trying to evaluate it
+        #
+        # * the object had a value, but it was changed to a new value, and
+        #   then expired
+        #
+        # * the object had a value, but it was changed to a new value, and
+        #   then expired, then the object was detached
+        #
+        # * the object has a user-set value, but it's None and we don't do
+        #   the comparison correctly for that so warn
+        #
+
+        prop = mapper.get_property_by_column(column)
+
+        # by invoking this method, InstanceState will track the last known
+        # value for this key each time the attribute is to be expired.
+        # this feature was added explicitly for use in this method.
+        state._track_last_known_value(prop.key)
+
+        lkv_fixed = state._last_known_values
+
+        def _go() -> Any:
+            assert lkv_fixed is not None
+            last_known = to_return = lkv_fixed[prop.key]
+            existing_is_available = (
+                last_known is not LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE
+            )
+
+            # we support that the value may have changed.  so here we
+            # try to get the most recent value including re-fetching.
+            # only if we can't get a value now due to detachment do we return
+            # the last known value
+            current_value = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                column,
+                passive=(
+                    PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    if state.persistent
+                    else PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ PassiveFlag.INIT_OK
+                ),
+            )
+
+            if current_value is LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET:
+                if not existing_is_available:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't resolve value for column %s on object "
+                        "%s; no value has been set for this column"
+                        % (column, state_str(state))
+                    )
+            elif current_value is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                if not existing_is_available:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't resolve value for column %s on object "
+                        "%s; the object is detached and the value was "
+                        "expired" % (column, state_str(state))
+                    )
+            else:
+                to_return = current_value
+            if to_return is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Got None for value of column %s; this is unsupported "
+                    "for a relationship comparison and will not "
+                    "currently produce an IS comparison "
+                    "(but may in a future release)" % column
+                )
+            return to_return
+
+        return _go
+
+    def _lazy_none_clause(
+        self,
+        reverse_direction: bool = False,
+        adapt_source: Optional[_CoreAdapterProto] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col,
+            )
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col,
+            )
+
+        criterion = adapt_criterion_to_null(criterion, bind_to_col)
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        source_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        source_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        dest_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dest_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> None:
+        if load:
+            for r in self._reverse_property:
+                if (source_state, r) in _recursive:
+                    return
+
+        if "merge" not in self._cascade:
+            return
+
+        if self.key not in source_dict:
+            return
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            impl = source_state.get_impl(self.key)
+
+            assert is_has_collection_adapter(impl)
+            instances_iterable = impl.get_collection(source_state, source_dict)
+
+            # if this is a CollectionAttributeImpl, then empty should
+            # be False, otherwise "self.key in source_dict" should not be
+            # True
+            assert not instances_iterable.empty if impl.collection else True
+
+            if load:
+                # for a full merge, pre-load the destination collection,
+                # so that individual _merge of each item pulls from identity
+                # map for those already present.
+                # also assumes CollectionAttributeImpl behavior of loading
+                # "old" list in any case
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).get(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_MERGE
+                )
+
+            dest_list = []
+            for current in instances_iterable:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(
+                    current_state,
+                    current_dict,
+                    load=load,
+                    _recursive=_recursive,
+                    _resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
+                )
+                if obj is not None:
+                    dest_list.append(obj)
+
+            if not load:
+                coll = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, self.key
+                )
+                for c in dest_list:
+                    coll.append_without_event(c)
+            else:
+                dest_impl = dest_state.get_impl(self.key)
+                assert is_has_collection_adapter(dest_impl)
+                dest_impl.set(
+                    dest_state,
+                    dest_dict,
+                    dest_list,
+                    _adapt=False,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_MERGE,
+                )
+        else:
+            current = source_dict[self.key]
+            if current is not None:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(
+                    current_state,
+                    current_dict,
+                    load=load,
+                    _recursive=_recursive,
+                    _resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
+                )
+            else:
+                obj = None
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = obj
+            else:
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).set(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, obj, None
+                )
+
+    def _value_as_iterable(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        key: str,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[InstanceState[_O], _O]]:
+        """Return a list of tuples (state, obj) for the given
+        key.
+
+        returns an empty list if the value is None/empty/PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+        """
+
+        impl = state.manager[key].impl
+        x = impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if x is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or x is None:
+            return []
+        elif is_has_collection_adapter(impl):
+            return [
+                (attributes.instance_state(o), o)
+                for o in impl.get_collection(state, dict_, x, passive=passive)
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x)]
+
+    def cascade_iterator(
+        self,
+        type_: str,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        visited_states: Set[InstanceState[Any]],
+        halt_on: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[Any]], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, Mapper[Any], InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]]:
+        # assert type_ in self._cascade
+
+        # only actively lazy load on the 'delete' cascade
+        if type_ != "delete" or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            passive = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF | PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+
+        if type_ == "save-update":
+            tuples = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(state, dict_)
+        else:
+            tuples = self._value_as_iterable(
+                state, dict_, self.key, passive=passive
+            )
+
+        skip_pending = (
+            type_ == "refresh-expire" and "delete-orphan" not in self._cascade
+        )
+
+        for instance_state, c in tuples:
+            if instance_state in visited_states:
+                continue
+
+            if c is None:
+                # would like to emit a warning here, but
+                # would not be consistent with collection.append(None)
+                # current behavior of silently skipping.
+                # see [ticket:2229]
+                continue
+
+            assert instance_state is not None
+            instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict(c)
+
+            if halt_on and halt_on(instance_state):
+                continue
+
+            if skip_pending and not instance_state.key:
+                continue
+
+            instance_mapper = instance_state.manager.mapper
+
+            if not instance_mapper.isa(self.mapper.class_manager.mapper):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Attribute '%s' on class '%s' "
+                    "doesn't handle objects "
+                    "of type '%s'"
+                    % (self.key, self.parent.class_, c.__class__)
+                )
+
+            visited_states.add(instance_state)
+
+            yield c, instance_mapper, instance_state, instance_dict
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_sync_backref(self) -> bool:
+        if self.viewonly:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.sync_backref is not False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_sync_backref(
+        rel_a: RelationshipProperty[Any], rel_b: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if rel_a.viewonly and rel_b.sync_backref:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Relationship %s cannot specify sync_backref=True since %s "
+                "includes viewonly=True." % (rel_b, rel_a)
+            )
+        if (
+            rel_a.viewonly
+            and not rel_b.viewonly
+            and rel_b.sync_backref is not False
+        ):
+            rel_b.sync_backref = False
+
+    def _add_reverse_property(self, key: str) -> None:
+        other = self.mapper.get_property(key, _configure_mappers=False)
+        if not isinstance(other, RelationshipProperty):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "back_populates on relationship '%s' refers to attribute '%s' "
+                "that is not a relationship.  The back_populates parameter "
+                "should refer to the name of a relationship on the target "
+                "class." % (self, other)
+            )
+        # viewonly and sync_backref cases
+        # 1. self.viewonly==True and other.sync_backref==True -> error
+        # 2. self.viewonly==True and other.viewonly==False and
+        #    other.sync_backref==None -> warn sync_backref=False, set to False
+        self._check_sync_backref(self, other)
+        # 3. other.viewonly==True and self.sync_backref==True -> error
+        # 4. other.viewonly==True and self.viewonly==False and
+        #    self.sync_backref==None -> warn sync_backref=False, set to False
+        self._check_sync_backref(other, self)
+
+        self._reverse_property.add(other)
+        other._reverse_property.add(self)
+
+        other._setup_entity()
+
+        if not other.mapper.common_parent(self.parent):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "reverse_property %r on "
+                "relationship %s references relationship %s, which "
+                "does not reference mapper %s"
+                % (key, self, other, self.parent)
+            )
+
+        if (
+            other._configure_started
+            and self.direction in (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE)
+            and self.direction == other.direction
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "%s and back-reference %s are "
+                "both of the same direction %r.  Did you mean to "
+                "set remote_side on the many-to-one side ?"
+                % (other, self, self.direction)
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def entity(self) -> _InternalEntityType[_T]:
+        """Return the target mapped entity, which is an inspect() of the
+        class or aliased class that is referenced by this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        """
+        self.parent._check_configure()
+        return self.entity
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_T]:
+        """Return the targeted :class:`_orm.Mapper` for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        """
+        return self.entity.mapper
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        self._check_conflicts()
+        self._process_dependent_arguments()
+        self._setup_entity()
+        self._setup_registry_dependencies()
+        self._setup_join_conditions()
+        self._check_cascade_settings(self._cascade)
+        self._post_init()
+        self._generate_backref()
+        self._join_condition._warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets()
+        super().do_init()
+        self._lazy_strategy = cast(
+            "LazyLoader", self._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+        )
+
+    def _setup_registry_dependencies(self) -> None:
+        self.parent.mapper.registry._set_depends_on(
+            self.entity.mapper.registry
+        )
+
+    def _process_dependent_arguments(self) -> None:
+        """Convert incoming configuration arguments to their
+        proper form.
+
+        Callables are resolved, ORM annotations removed.
+
+        """
+
+        # accept callables for other attributes which may require
+        # deferred initialization.  This technique is used
+        # by declarative "string configs" and some recipes.
+        init_args = self._init_args
+
+        for attr in (
+            "order_by",
+            "primaryjoin",
+            "secondaryjoin",
+            "secondary",
+            "foreign_keys",
+            "remote_side",
+        ):
+            rel_arg = getattr(init_args, attr)
+
+            rel_arg._resolve_against_registry(self._clsregistry_resolvers[1])
+
+        # remove "annotations" which are present if mapped class
+        # descriptors are used to create the join expression.
+        for attr in "primaryjoin", "secondaryjoin":
+            rel_arg = getattr(init_args, attr)
+            val = rel_arg.resolved
+            if val is not None:
+                rel_arg.resolved = _orm_deannotate(
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        roles.ColumnArgumentRole, val, argname=attr
+                    )
+                )
+
+        secondary = init_args.secondary.resolved
+        if secondary is not None and _is_mapped_class(secondary):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "secondary argument %s passed to to relationship() %s must "
+                "be a Table object or other FROM clause; can't send a mapped "
+                "class directly as rows in 'secondary' are persisted "
+                "independently of a class that is mapped "
+                "to that same table." % (secondary, self)
+            )
+
+        # ensure expressions in self.order_by, foreign_keys,
+        # remote_side are all columns, not strings.
+        if (
+            init_args.order_by.resolved is not False
+            and init_args.order_by.resolved is not None
+        ):
+            self.order_by = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ColumnArgumentRole, x, argname="order_by"
+                )
+                for x in util.to_list(init_args.order_by.resolved)
+            )
+        else:
+            self.order_by = False
+
+        self._user_defined_foreign_keys = util.column_set(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnArgumentRole, x, argname="foreign_keys"
+            )
+            for x in util.to_column_set(init_args.foreign_keys.resolved)
+        )
+
+        self.remote_side = util.column_set(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnArgumentRole, x, argname="remote_side"
+            )
+            for x in util.to_column_set(init_args.remote_side.resolved)
+        )
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        argument = extracted_mapped_annotation
+
+        if extracted_mapped_annotation is None:
+            if self.argument is None:
+                self._raise_for_required(key, cls)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        argument = extracted_mapped_annotation
+        assert originating_module is not None
+
+        if mapped_container is not None:
+            is_write_only = issubclass(mapped_container, WriteOnlyMapped)
+            is_dynamic = issubclass(mapped_container, DynamicMapped)
+            if is_write_only:
+                self.lazy = "write_only"
+                self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
+            elif is_dynamic:
+                self.lazy = "dynamic"
+                self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
+        else:
+            is_write_only = is_dynamic = False
+
+        argument = de_optionalize_union_types(argument)
+
+        if hasattr(argument, "__origin__"):
+            arg_origin = argument.__origin__
+            if isinstance(arg_origin, type) and issubclass(
+                arg_origin, abc.Collection
+            ):
+                if self.collection_class is None:
+                    if _py_inspect.isabstract(arg_origin):
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Collection annotation type {arg_origin} cannot "
+                            "be instantiated; please provide an explicit "
+                            "'collection_class' parameter "
+                            "(e.g. list, set, etc.) to the "
+                            "relationship() function to accompany this "
+                            "annotation"
+                        )
+
+                    self.collection_class = arg_origin
+
+            elif not is_write_only and not is_dynamic:
+                self.uselist = False
+
+            if argument.__args__:  # type: ignore
+                if isinstance(arg_origin, type) and issubclass(
+                    arg_origin, typing.Mapping
+                ):
+                    type_arg = argument.__args__[-1]  # type: ignore
+                else:
+                    type_arg = argument.__args__[0]  # type: ignore
+                if hasattr(type_arg, "__forward_arg__"):
+                    str_argument = type_arg.__forward_arg__
+
+                    argument = resolve_name_to_real_class_name(
+                        str_argument, originating_module
+                    )
+                else:
+                    argument = type_arg
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Generic alias {argument} requires an argument"
+                )
+        elif hasattr(argument, "__forward_arg__"):
+            argument = argument.__forward_arg__
+
+            argument = resolve_name_to_real_class_name(
+                argument, originating_module
+            )
+
+        if (
+            self.collection_class is None
+            and not is_write_only
+            and not is_dynamic
+        ):
+            self.uselist = False
+
+        # ticket #8759
+        # if a lead argument was given to relationship(), like
+        # `relationship("B")`, use that, don't replace it with class we
+        # found in the annotation.  The declarative_scan() method call here is
+        # still useful, as we continue to derive collection type and do
+        # checking of the annotation in any case.
+        if self.argument is None:
+            self.argument = cast("_RelationshipArgumentType[_T]", argument)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.mapper")
+    def _setup_entity(self, __argument: Any = None) -> None:
+        if "entity" in self.__dict__:
+            return
+
+        mapperlib = util.preloaded.orm_mapper
+
+        if __argument:
+            argument = __argument
+        else:
+            argument = self.argument
+
+        resolved_argument: _ExternalEntityType[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(argument, str):
+            # we might want to cleanup clsregistry API to make this
+            # more straightforward
+            resolved_argument = cast(
+                "_ExternalEntityType[Any]",
+                self._clsregistry_resolve_name(argument)(),
+            )
+        elif callable(argument) and not isinstance(
+            argument, (type, mapperlib.Mapper)
+        ):
+            resolved_argument = argument()
+        else:
+            resolved_argument = argument
+
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(resolved_argument, type):
+            entity = class_mapper(resolved_argument, configure=False)
+        else:
+            try:
+                entity = inspect(resolved_argument)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                entity = None  # type: ignore
+
+            if not hasattr(entity, "mapper"):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "relationship '%s' expects "
+                    "a class or a mapper argument (received: %s)"
+                    % (self.key, type(resolved_argument))
+                )
+
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.target = self.entity.persist_selectable
+
+    def _setup_join_conditions(self) -> None:
+        self._join_condition = jc = JoinCondition(
+            parent_persist_selectable=self.parent.persist_selectable,
+            child_persist_selectable=self.entity.persist_selectable,
+            parent_local_selectable=self.parent.local_table,
+            child_local_selectable=self.entity.local_table,
+            primaryjoin=self._init_args.primaryjoin.resolved,
+            secondary=self._init_args.secondary.resolved,
+            secondaryjoin=self._init_args.secondaryjoin.resolved,
+            parent_equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
+            child_equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            consider_as_foreign_keys=self._user_defined_foreign_keys,
+            local_remote_pairs=self.local_remote_pairs,
+            remote_side=self.remote_side,
+            self_referential=self._is_self_referential,
+            prop=self,
+            support_sync=not self.viewonly,
+            can_be_synced_fn=self._columns_are_mapped,
+        )
+        self.primaryjoin = jc.primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = jc.secondaryjoin
+        self.secondary = jc.secondary
+        self.direction = jc.direction
+        self.local_remote_pairs = jc.local_remote_pairs
+        self.remote_side = jc.remote_columns
+        self.local_columns = jc.local_columns
+        self.synchronize_pairs = jc.synchronize_pairs
+        self._calculated_foreign_keys = jc.foreign_key_columns
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = jc.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+
+    @property
+    def _clsregistry_resolve_arg(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver]:
+        return self._clsregistry_resolvers[1]
+
+    @property
+    def _clsregistry_resolve_name(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[str], Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]]:
+        return self._clsregistry_resolvers[0]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.clsregistry")
+    def _clsregistry_resolvers(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Callable[[str], Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]],
+        Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver],
+    ]:
+        _resolver = util.preloaded.orm_clsregistry._resolver
+
+        return _resolver(self.parent.class_, self)
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self) -> None:
+        """Test that this relationship is legal, warn about
+        inheritance conflicts."""
+        if self.parent.non_primary and not class_mapper(
+            self.parent.class_, configure=False
+        ).has_property(self.key):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Attempting to assign a new "
+                "relationship '%s' to a non-primary mapper on "
+                "class '%s'.  New relationships can only be added "
+                "to the primary mapper, i.e. the very first mapper "
+                "created for class '%s' "
+                % (
+                    self.key,
+                    self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                    self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                )
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def cascade(self) -> CascadeOptions:
+        """Return the current cascade setting for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+        """
+        return self._cascade
+
+    @cascade.setter
+    def cascade(self, cascade: Union[str, CascadeOptions]) -> None:
+        self._set_cascade(cascade)
+
+    def _set_cascade(self, cascade_arg: Union[str, CascadeOptions]) -> None:
+        cascade = CascadeOptions(cascade_arg)
+
+        if self.viewonly:
+            cascade = CascadeOptions(
+                cascade.intersection(CascadeOptions._viewonly_cascades)
+            )
+
+        if "mapper" in self.__dict__:
+            self._check_cascade_settings(cascade)
+        self._cascade = cascade
+
+        if self._dependency_processor:
+            self._dependency_processor.cascade = cascade
+
+    def _check_cascade_settings(self, cascade: CascadeOptions) -> None:
+        if (
+            cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.single_parent
+            and (self.direction is MANYTOMANY or self.direction is MANYTOONE)
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "For %(direction)s relationship %(rel)s, delete-orphan "
+                "cascade is normally "
+                'configured only on the "one" side of a one-to-many '
+                "relationship, "
+                'and not on the "many" side of a many-to-one or many-to-many '
+                "relationship.  "
+                "To force this relationship to allow a particular "
+                '"%(relatedcls)s" object to be referenced by only '
+                'a single "%(clsname)s" object at a time via the '
+                "%(rel)s relationship, which "
+                "would allow "
+                "delete-orphan cascade to take place in this direction, set "
+                "the single_parent=True flag."
+                % {
+                    "rel": self,
+                    "direction": (
+                        "many-to-one"
+                        if self.direction is MANYTOONE
+                        else "many-to-many"
+                    ),
+                    "clsname": self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                    "relatedcls": self.mapper.class_.__name__,
+                },
+                code="bbf0",
+            )
+
+        if self.passive_deletes == "all" and (
+            "delete" in cascade or "delete-orphan" in cascade
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "On %s, can't set passive_deletes='all' in conjunction "
+                "with 'delete' or 'delete-orphan' cascade" % self
+            )
+
+        if cascade.delete_orphan:
+            self.mapper.primary_mapper()._delete_orphans.append(
+                (self.key, self.parent.class_)
+            )
+
+    def _persists_for(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this property will persist values on behalf
+        of the given mapper.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.key in mapper.relationships
+            and mapper.relationships[self.key] is self
+        )
+
+    def _columns_are_mapped(self, *cols: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if all columns in the given collection are
+        mapped by the tables referenced by this :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        """
+
+        secondary = self._init_args.secondary.resolved
+        for c in cols:
+            if secondary is not None and secondary.c.contains_column(c):
+                continue
+            if not self.parent.persist_selectable.c.contains_column(
+                c
+            ) and not self.target.c.contains_column(c):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _generate_backref(self) -> None:
+        """Interpret the 'backref' instruction to create a
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` complementary to this one."""
+
+        if self.parent.non_primary:
+            return
+        if self.backref is not None and not self.back_populates:
+            kwargs: Dict[str, Any]
+            if isinstance(self.backref, str):
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref, {}
+            else:
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref
+            mapper = self.mapper.primary_mapper()
+
+            if not mapper.concrete:
+                check = set(mapper.iterate_to_root()).union(
+                    mapper.self_and_descendants
+                )
+                for m in check:
+                    if m.has_property(backref_key) and not m.concrete:
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Error creating backref "
+                            "'%s' on relationship '%s': property of that "
+                            "name exists on mapper '%s'"
+                            % (backref_key, self, m)
+                        )
+
+            # determine primaryjoin/secondaryjoin for the
+            # backref.  Use the one we had, so that
+            # a custom join doesn't have to be specified in
+            # both directions.
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                # for many to many, just switch primaryjoin/
+                # secondaryjoin.   use the annotated
+                # pj/sj on the _join_condition.
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    "primaryjoin",
+                    self._join_condition.secondaryjoin_minus_local,
+                )
+                sj = kwargs.pop(
+                    "secondaryjoin",
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_minus_local,
+                )
+            else:
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    "primaryjoin",
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_reverse_remote,
+                )
+                sj = kwargs.pop("secondaryjoin", None)
+                if sj:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't assign 'secondaryjoin' on a backref "
+                        "against a non-secondary relationship."
+                    )
+
+            foreign_keys = kwargs.pop(
+                "foreign_keys", self._user_defined_foreign_keys
+            )
+            parent = self.parent.primary_mapper()
+            kwargs.setdefault("viewonly", self.viewonly)
+            kwargs.setdefault("post_update", self.post_update)
+            kwargs.setdefault("passive_updates", self.passive_updates)
+            kwargs.setdefault("sync_backref", self.sync_backref)
+            self.back_populates = backref_key
+            relationship = RelationshipProperty(
+                parent,
+                self.secondary,
+                primaryjoin=pj,
+                secondaryjoin=sj,
+                foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                back_populates=self.key,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            mapper._configure_property(
+                backref_key, relationship, warn_for_existing=True
+            )
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            self._add_reverse_property(self.back_populates)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.dependency")
+    def _post_init(self) -> None:
+        dependency = util.preloaded.orm_dependency
+
+        if self.uselist is None:
+            self.uselist = self.direction is not MANYTOONE
+        if not self.viewonly:
+            self._dependency_processor = (  # type: ignore
+                dependency.DependencyProcessor.from_relationship
+            )(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _use_get(self) -> bool:
+        """memoize the 'use_get' attribute of this RelationshipLoader's
+        lazyloader."""
+
+        strategy = self._lazy_strategy
+        return strategy.use_get
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_self_referential(self) -> bool:
+        return self.mapper.common_parent(self.parent)
+
+    def _create_joins(
+        self,
+        source_polymorphic: bool = False,
+        source_selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        dest_selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        of_type_entity: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+        alias_secondary: bool = False,
+        extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        ColumnElement[bool],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[bool]],
+        FromClause,
+        FromClause,
+        Optional[FromClause],
+        Optional[ClauseAdapter],
+    ]:
+        aliased = False
+
+        if alias_secondary and self.secondary is not None:
+            aliased = True
+
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            if source_polymorphic and self.parent.with_polymorphic:
+                source_selectable = self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        if of_type_entity:
+            dest_mapper = of_type_entity.mapper
+            if dest_selectable is None:
+                dest_selectable = of_type_entity.selectable
+                aliased = True
+        else:
+            dest_mapper = self.mapper
+
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            dest_selectable = self.entity.selectable
+            if self.mapper.with_polymorphic:
+                aliased = True
+
+            if self._is_self_referential and source_selectable is None:
+                dest_selectable = dest_selectable._anonymous_fromclause()
+                aliased = True
+        elif (
+            dest_selectable is not self.mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable
+            or self.mapper.with_polymorphic
+        ):
+            aliased = True
+
+        single_crit = dest_mapper._single_table_criterion
+        aliased = aliased or (
+            source_selectable is not None
+            and (
+                source_selectable
+                is not self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+                or source_selectable._is_subquery
+            )
+        )
+
+        (
+            primaryjoin,
+            secondaryjoin,
+            secondary,
+            target_adapter,
+            dest_selectable,
+        ) = self._join_condition.join_targets(
+            source_selectable,
+            dest_selectable,
+            aliased,
+            single_crit,
+            extra_criteria,
+        )
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            source_selectable = self.parent.local_table
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            dest_selectable = self.entity.local_table
+        return (
+            primaryjoin,
+            secondaryjoin,
+            source_selectable,
+            dest_selectable,
+            secondary,
+            target_adapter,
+        )
+
+
+def _annotate_columns(element: _CE, annotations: _AnnotationDict) -> _CE:
+    def clone(elem: _CE) -> _CE:
+        if isinstance(elem, expression.ColumnClause):
+            elem = elem._annotate(annotations.copy())  # type: ignore
+        elem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+        return elem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    clone = None  # type: ignore # remove gc cycles
+    return element
+
+
+class JoinCondition:
+    primaryjoin_initial: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    primaryjoin: ColumnElement[bool]
+    secondaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    secondary: Optional[FromClause]
+    prop: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+
+    synchronize_pairs: _ColumnPairs
+    secondary_synchronize_pairs: _ColumnPairs
+    direction: RelationshipDirection
+
+    parent_persist_selectable: FromClause
+    child_persist_selectable: FromClause
+    parent_local_selectable: FromClause
+    child_local_selectable: FromClause
+
+    _local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent_persist_selectable: FromClause,
+        child_persist_selectable: FromClause,
+        parent_local_selectable: FromClause,
+        child_local_selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        primaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None,
+        secondary: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        secondaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None,
+        parent_equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        child_equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Any = None,
+        local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs] = None,
+        remote_side: Any = None,
+        self_referential: Any = False,
+        prop: RelationshipProperty[Any],
+        support_sync: bool = True,
+        can_be_synced_fn: Callable[..., bool] = lambda *c: True,
+    ):
+        self.parent_persist_selectable = parent_persist_selectable
+        self.parent_local_selectable = parent_local_selectable
+        self.child_persist_selectable = child_persist_selectable
+        self.child_local_selectable = child_local_selectable
+        self.parent_equivalents = parent_equivalents
+        self.child_equivalents = child_equivalents
+        self.primaryjoin_initial = primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
+        self.secondary = secondary
+        self.consider_as_foreign_keys = consider_as_foreign_keys
+        self._local_remote_pairs = local_remote_pairs
+        self._remote_side = remote_side
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.self_referential = self_referential
+        self.support_sync = support_sync
+        self.can_be_synced_fn = can_be_synced_fn
+
+        self._determine_joins()
+        assert self.primaryjoin is not None
+
+        self._sanitize_joins()
+        self._annotate_fks()
+        self._annotate_remote()
+        self._annotate_local()
+        self._annotate_parentmapper()
+        self._setup_pairs()
+        self._check_foreign_cols(self.primaryjoin, True)
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self._check_foreign_cols(self.secondaryjoin, False)
+        self._determine_direction()
+        self._check_remote_side()
+        self._log_joins()
+
+    def _log_joins(self) -> None:
+        log = self.prop.logger
+        log.info("%s setup primary join %s", self.prop, self.primaryjoin)
+        log.info("%s setup secondary join %s", self.prop, self.secondaryjoin)
+        log.info(
+            "%s synchronize pairs [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join(
+                "(%s => %s)" % (l, r) for (l, r) in self.synchronize_pairs
+            ),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s secondary synchronize pairs [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join(
+                "(%s => %s)" % (l, r)
+                for (l, r) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs or []
+            ),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s local/remote pairs [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join(
+                "(%s / %s)" % (l, r) for (l, r) in self.local_remote_pairs
+            ),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s remote columns [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join("%s" % col for col in self.remote_columns),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s local columns [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join("%s" % col for col in self.local_columns),
+        )
+        log.info("%s relationship direction %s", self.prop, self.direction)
+
+    def _sanitize_joins(self) -> None:
+        """remove the parententity annotation from our join conditions which
+        can leak in here based on some declarative patterns and maybe others.
+
+        "parentmapper" is relied upon both by the ORM evaluator as well as
+        the use case in _join_fixture_inh_selfref_w_entity
+        that relies upon it being present, see :ticket:`3364`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.primaryjoin = _deep_deannotate(
+            self.primaryjoin, values=("parententity", "proxy_key")
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = _deep_deannotate(
+                self.secondaryjoin, values=("parententity", "proxy_key")
+            )
+
+    def _determine_joins(self) -> None:
+        """Determine the 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' attributes,
+        if not passed to the constructor already.
+
+        This is based on analysis of the foreign key relationships
+        between the parent and target mapped selectables.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None and self.secondary is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Property %s specified with secondary "
+                "join condition but "
+                "no secondary argument" % self.prop
+            )
+
+        # find a join between the given mapper's mapped table and
+        # the given table. will try the mapper's local table first
+        # for more specificity, then if not found will try the more
+        # general mapped table, which in the case of inheritance is
+        # a join.
+        try:
+            consider_as_foreign_keys = self.consider_as_foreign_keys or None
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                if self.secondaryjoin is None:
+                    self.secondaryjoin = join_condition(
+                        self.child_persist_selectable,
+                        self.secondary,
+                        a_subset=self.child_local_selectable,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+                    )
+                if self.primaryjoin_initial is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = join_condition(
+                        self.parent_persist_selectable,
+                        self.secondary,
+                        a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.primaryjoin = self.primaryjoin_initial
+            else:
+                if self.primaryjoin_initial is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = join_condition(
+                        self.parent_persist_selectable,
+                        self.child_persist_selectable,
+                        a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.primaryjoin = self.primaryjoin_initial
+        except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError as nfe:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' "
+                    "expressions." % (self.prop, self.secondary)
+                ) from nfe
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify a 'primaryjoin' expression." % self.prop
+                ) from nfe
+        except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError as afe:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Specify the 'foreign_keys' "
+                    "argument, providing a list of those columns which "
+                    "should be counted as containing a foreign key "
+                    "reference from the secondary table to each of the "
+                    "parent and child tables." % (self.prop, self.secondary)
+                ) from afe
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables.  Specify the "
+                    "'foreign_keys' argument, providing a list of those "
+                    "columns which should be counted as containing a "
+                    "foreign key reference to the parent table." % self.prop
+                ) from afe
+
+    @property
+    def primaryjoin_minus_local(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @property
+    def secondaryjoin_minus_local(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        assert self.secondaryjoin is not None
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def primaryjoin_reverse_remote(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Return the primaryjoin condition suitable for the
+        "reverse" direction.
+
+        If the primaryjoin was delivered here with pre-existing
+        "remote" annotations, the local/remote annotations
+        are reversed.  Otherwise, the local/remote annotations
+        are removed.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+
+            def replace(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+                if "remote" in element._annotations:
+                    v = dict(element._annotations)
+                    del v["remote"]
+                    v["local"] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+                elif "local" in element._annotations:
+                    v = dict(element._annotations)
+                    del v["local"]
+                    v["remote"] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+
+                return None
+
+            return visitors.replacement_traverse(self.primaryjoin, {}, replace)
+        else:
+            if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+                # TODO: coverage
+                return _deep_deannotate(
+                    self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote")
+                )
+            else:
+                return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
+
+    def _has_annotation(self, clause: ClauseElement, annotation: str) -> bool:
+        for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {}):
+            if annotation in col._annotations:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_foreign_annotations(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "foreign")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_remote_annotations(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "remote")
+
+    def _annotate_fks(self) -> None:
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'foreign' annotations marking columns
+        considered as foreign.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            self._annotate_from_fk_list()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_present_fks()
+
+    def _annotate_from_fk_list(self) -> None:
+        def check_fk(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if element in self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                return element._annotate({"foreign": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, check_fk
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin, {}, check_fk
+            )
+
+    def _annotate_present_fks(self) -> None:
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            secondarycols = util.column_set(self.secondary.c)
+        else:
+            secondarycols = set()
+
+        def is_foreign(
+            a: ColumnElement[Any], b: ColumnElement[Any]
+        ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(a, schema.Column) and isinstance(b, schema.Column):
+                if a.references(b):
+                    return a
+                elif b.references(a):
+                    return b
+
+            if secondarycols:
+                if a in secondarycols and b not in secondarycols:
+                    return a
+                elif b in secondarycols and a not in secondarycols:
+                    return b
+
+            return None
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            if not isinstance(
+                binary.left, sql.ColumnElement
+            ) or not isinstance(binary.right, sql.ColumnElement):
+                return
+
+            if (
+                "foreign" not in binary.left._annotations
+                and "foreign" not in binary.right._annotations
+            ):
+                col = is_foreign(binary.left, binary.right)
+                if col is not None:
+                    if col.compare(binary.left):
+                        binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"foreign": True})
+                    elif col.compare(binary.right):
+                        binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
+                            {"foreign": True}
+                        )
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+            )
+
+    def _refers_to_parent_table(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the join condition contains column
+        comparisons where both columns are in both tables.
+
+        """
+        pt = self.parent_persist_selectable
+        mt = self.child_persist_selectable
+        result = False
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            nonlocal result
+            c, f = binary.left, binary.right
+            if (
+                isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause)
+                and isinstance(f, expression.ColumnClause)
+                and pt.is_derived_from(c.table)
+                and pt.is_derived_from(f.table)
+                and mt.is_derived_from(c.table)
+                and mt.is_derived_from(f.table)
+            ):
+                result = True
+
+        visitors.traverse(self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+        return result
+
+    def _tables_overlap(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if parent/child tables have some overlap."""
+
+        return selectables_overlap(
+            self.parent_persist_selectable, self.child_persist_selectable
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_remote(self) -> None:
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'remote' annotations marking columns
+        considered as part of the 'remote' side.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            self._annotate_remote_secondary()
+        elif self._local_remote_pairs or self._remote_side:
+            self._annotate_remote_from_args()
+        elif self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(
+                lambda col: "foreign" in col._annotations, False
+            )
+        elif self._tables_overlap():
+            self._annotate_remote_with_overlap()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_remote_distinct_selectables()
+
+    def _annotate_remote_secondary(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when 'secondary' is present.
+
+        """
+
+        assert self.secondary is not None
+        fixed_secondary = self.secondary
+
+        def repl(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if fixed_secondary.c.contains_column(element):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
+        )
+
+        assert self.secondaryjoin is not None
+        self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.secondaryjoin, {}, repl
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_selfref(
+        self, fn: Callable[[ColumnElement[Any]], bool], remote_side_given: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the relationship is detected as self-referential.
+
+        """
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            equated = binary.left.compare(binary.right)
+            if isinstance(binary.left, expression.ColumnClause) and isinstance(
+                binary.right, expression.ColumnClause
+            ):
+                # assume one to many - FKs are "remote"
+                if fn(binary.left):
+                    binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"remote": True})
+                if fn(binary.right) and not equated:
+                    binary.right = binary.right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif not remote_side_given:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_remote_from_args(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the 'remote_side' or '_local_remote_pairs'
+        arguments are used.
+
+        """
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            if self._remote_side:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "remote_side argument is redundant "
+                    "against more detailed _local_remote_side "
+                    "argument."
+                )
+
+            remote_side = [r for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
+        else:
+            remote_side = self._remote_side
+
+        if self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: col in remote_side, True)
+        else:
+
+            def repl(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+                # use set() to avoid generating ``__eq__()`` expressions
+                # against each element
+                if element in set(remote_side):
+                    return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+                return None
+
+            self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
+            )
+
+    def _annotate_remote_with_overlap(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables have some set of
+        tables in common, though is not a fully self-referential
+        relationship.
+
+        """
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            binary.left, binary.right = proc_left_right(
+                binary.left, binary.right
+            )
+            binary.right, binary.left = proc_left_right(
+                binary.right, binary.left
+            )
+
+        check_entities = (
+            self.prop is not None and self.prop.mapper is not self.prop.parent
+        )
+
+        def proc_left_right(
+            left: ColumnElement[Any], right: ColumnElement[Any]
+        ) -> Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(left, expression.ColumnClause) and isinstance(
+                right, expression.ColumnClause
+            ):
+                if self.child_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(
+                    right
+                ) and self.parent_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(left):
+                    right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif (
+                check_entities
+                and right._annotations.get("parentmapper") is self.prop.mapper
+            ):
+                right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif (
+                check_entities
+                and left._annotations.get("parentmapper") is self.prop.mapper
+            ):
+                left = left._annotate({"remote": True})
+            else:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+            return left, right
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_remote_distinct_selectables(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables are entirely
+        separate.
+
+        """
+
+        def repl(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if self.child_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(element) and (
+                not self.parent_local_selectable.c.contains_column(element)
+                or self.child_local_selectable.c.contains_column(element)
+            ):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
+        )
+
+    def _warn_non_column_elements(self) -> None:
+        util.warn(
+            "Non-simple column elements in primary "
+            "join condition for property %s - consider using "
+            "remote() annotations to mark the remote side." % self.prop
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_local(self) -> None:
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'local' annotations.
+
+        This annotates all column elements found
+        simultaneously in the parent table
+        and the join condition that don't have a
+        'remote' annotation set up from
+        _annotate_remote() or user-defined.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "local"):
+            return
+
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            local_side = util.column_set(
+                [l for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
+            )
+        else:
+            local_side = util.column_set(self.parent_persist_selectable.c)
+
+        def locals_(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if "remote" not in element._annotations and element in local_side:
+                return element._annotate({"local": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, locals_
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_parentmapper(self) -> None:
+        def parentmappers_(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if "remote" in element._annotations:
+                return element._annotate({"parentmapper": self.prop.mapper})
+            elif "local" in element._annotations:
+                return element._annotate({"parentmapper": self.prop.parent})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, parentmappers_
+        )
+
+    def _check_remote_side(self) -> None:
+        if not self.local_remote_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Relationship %s could "
+                "not determine any unambiguous local/remote column "
+                "pairs based on join condition and remote_side "
+                "arguments.  "
+                "Consider using the remote() annotation to "
+                "accurately mark those elements of the join "
+                "condition that are on the remote side of "
+                "the relationship." % (self.prop,)
+            )
+        else:
+            not_target = util.column_set(
+                self.parent_persist_selectable.c
+            ).difference(self.child_persist_selectable.c)
+
+            for _, rmt in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                if rmt in not_target:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Expression %s is marked as 'remote', but these "
+                        "column(s) are local to the local side.  The "
+                        "remote() annotation is needed only for a "
+                        "self-referential relationship where both sides "
+                        "of the relationship refer to the same tables."
+                        % (rmt,)
+                    )
+
+    def _check_foreign_cols(
+        self, join_condition: ColumnElement[bool], primary: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Check the foreign key columns collected and emit error
+        messages."""
+
+        can_sync = False
+
+        foreign_cols = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+            join_condition, "foreign"
+        )
+
+        has_foreign = bool(foreign_cols)
+
+        if primary:
+            can_sync = bool(self.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            can_sync = bool(self.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+        if (
+            self.support_sync
+            and can_sync
+            or (not self.support_sync and has_foreign)
+        ):
+            return
+
+        # from here below is just determining the best error message
+        # to report.  Check for a join condition using any operator
+        # (not just ==), perhaps they need to turn on "viewonly=True".
+        if self.support_sync and has_foreign and not can_sync:
+            err = (
+                "Could not locate any simple equality expressions "
+                "involving locally mapped foreign key columns for "
+                "%s join condition "
+                "'%s' on relationship %s."
+                % (
+                    primary and "primary" or "secondary",
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop,
+                )
+            )
+            err += (
+                "  Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "
+                "annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "
+                "annotation. To allow comparison operators other than "
+                "'==', the relationship can be marked as viewonly=True."
+            )
+
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+        else:
+            err = (
+                "Could not locate any relevant foreign key columns "
+                "for %s join condition '%s' on relationship %s."
+                % (
+                    primary and "primary" or "secondary",
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop,
+                )
+            )
+            err += (
+                "  Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "
+                "annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "
+                "annotation."
+            )
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+
+    def _determine_direction(self) -> None:
+        """Determine if this relationship is one to many, many to one,
+        many to many.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.direction = MANYTOMANY
+        else:
+            parentcols = util.column_set(self.parent_persist_selectable.c)
+            targetcols = util.column_set(self.child_persist_selectable.c)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests ONETOMANY.
+            onetomany_fk = targetcols.intersection(self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests MANYTOONE.
+
+            manytoone_fk = parentcols.intersection(self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            if onetomany_fk and manytoone_fk:
+                # fks on both sides.  test for overlap of local/remote
+                # with foreign key.
+                # we will gather columns directly from their annotations
+                # without deannotating, so that we can distinguish on a column
+                # that refers to itself.
+
+                # 1. columns that are both remote and FK suggest
+                # onetomany.
+                onetomany_local = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.primaryjoin, "remote", "foreign"
+                )
+
+                # 2. columns that are FK but are not remote (e.g. local)
+                # suggest manytoone.
+                manytoone_local = {
+                    c
+                    for c in self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                        self.primaryjoin, "foreign"
+                    )
+                    if "remote" not in c._annotations
+                }
+
+                # 3. if both collections are present, remove columns that
+                # refer to themselves.  This is for the case of
+                # and_(Me.id == Me.remote_id, Me.version == Me.version)
+                if onetomany_local and manytoone_local:
+                    self_equated = self.remote_columns.intersection(
+                        self.local_columns
+                    )
+                    onetomany_local = onetomany_local.difference(self_equated)
+                    manytoone_local = manytoone_local.difference(self_equated)
+
+                # at this point, if only one or the other collection is
+                # present, we know the direction, otherwise it's still
+                # ambiguous.
+
+                if onetomany_local and not manytoone_local:
+                    self.direction = ONETOMANY
+                elif manytoone_local and not onetomany_local:
+                    self.direction = MANYTOONE
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine relationship"
+                        " direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                        "key columns within the join condition are present "
+                        "in both the parent and the child's mapped tables.  "
+                        "Ensure that only those columns referring "
+                        "to a parent column are marked as foreign, "
+                        "either via the foreign() annotation or "
+                        "via the foreign_keys argument." % self.prop
+                    )
+            elif onetomany_fk:
+                self.direction = ONETOMANY
+            elif manytoone_fk:
+                self.direction = MANYTOONE
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't determine relationship "
+                    "direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                    "key columns are present in neither the parent "
+                    "nor the child's mapped tables" % self.prop
+                )
+
+    def _deannotate_pairs(
+        self, collection: _ColumnPairIterable
+    ) -> _MutableColumnPairs:
+        """provide deannotation for the various lists of
+        pairs, so that using them in hashes doesn't incur
+        high-overhead __eq__() comparisons against
+        original columns mapped.
+
+        """
+        return [(x._deannotate(), y._deannotate()) for x, y in collection]
+
+    def _setup_pairs(self) -> None:
+        sync_pairs: _MutableColumnPairs = []
+        lrp: util.OrderedSet[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]] = (
+            util.OrderedSet([])
+        )
+        secondary_sync_pairs: _MutableColumnPairs = []
+
+        def go(
+            joincond: ColumnElement[bool],
+            collection: _MutableColumnPairs,
+        ) -> None:
+            def visit_binary(
+                binary: BinaryExpression[Any],
+                left: ColumnElement[Any],
+                right: ColumnElement[Any],
+            ) -> None:
+                if (
+                    "remote" in right._annotations
+                    and "remote" not in left._annotations
+                    and self.can_be_synced_fn(left)
+                ):
+                    lrp.add((left, right))
+                elif (
+                    "remote" in left._annotations
+                    and "remote" not in right._annotations
+                    and self.can_be_synced_fn(right)
+                ):
+                    lrp.add((right, left))
+                if binary.operator is operators.eq and self.can_be_synced_fn(
+                    left, right
+                ):
+                    if "foreign" in right._annotations:
+                        collection.append((left, right))
+                    elif "foreign" in left._annotations:
+                        collection.append((right, left))
+
+            visit_binary_product(visit_binary, joincond)
+
+        for joincond, collection in [
+            (self.primaryjoin, sync_pairs),
+            (self.secondaryjoin, secondary_sync_pairs),
+        ]:
+            if joincond is None:
+                continue
+            go(joincond, collection)
+
+        self.local_remote_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(lrp)
+        self.synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(sync_pairs)
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(
+            secondary_sync_pairs
+        )
+
+    _track_overlapping_sync_targets: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+        ColumnElement[Any],
+        weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+            RelationshipProperty[Any], ColumnElement[Any]
+        ],
+    ] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets(self) -> None:
+        if not self.support_sync:
+            return
+
+        # we would like to detect if we are synchronizing any column
+        # pairs in conflict with another relationship that wishes to sync
+        # an entirely different column to the same target.   This is a
+        # very rare edge case so we will try to minimize the memory/overhead
+        # impact of this check
+        for from_, to_ in [
+            (from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.synchronize_pairs
+        ] + [
+            (from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+        ]:
+            # save ourselves a ton of memory and overhead by only
+            # considering columns that are subject to a overlapping
+            # FK constraints at the core level.   This condition can arise
+            # if multiple relationships overlap foreign() directly, but
+            # we're going to assume it's typically a ForeignKeyConstraint-
+            # level configuration that benefits from this warning.
+
+            if to_ not in self._track_overlapping_sync_targets:
+                self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_] = (
+                    weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({self.prop: from_})
+                )
+            else:
+                other_props = []
+                prop_to_from = self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_]
+
+                for pr, fr_ in prop_to_from.items():
+                    if (
+                        not pr.mapper._dispose_called
+                        and pr not in self.prop._reverse_property
+                        and pr.key not in self.prop._overlaps
+                        and self.prop.key not in pr._overlaps
+                        # note: the "__*" symbol is used internally by
+                        # SQLAlchemy as a general means of suppressing the
+                        # overlaps warning for some extension cases, however
+                        # this is not currently
+                        # a publicly supported symbol and may change at
+                        # any time.
+                        and "__*" not in self.prop._overlaps
+                        and "__*" not in pr._overlaps
+                        and not self.prop.parent.is_sibling(pr.parent)
+                        and not self.prop.mapper.is_sibling(pr.mapper)
+                        and not self.prop.parent.is_sibling(pr.mapper)
+                        and not self.prop.mapper.is_sibling(pr.parent)
+                        and (
+                            self.prop.key != pr.key
+                            or not self.prop.parent.common_parent(pr.parent)
+                        )
+                    ):
+                        other_props.append((pr, fr_))
+
+                if other_props:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "relationship '%s' will copy column %s to column %s, "
+                        "which conflicts with relationship(s): %s. "
+                        "If this is not the intention, consider if these "
+                        "relationships should be linked with "
+                        "back_populates, or if viewonly=True should be "
+                        "applied to one or more if they are read-only. "
+                        "For the less common case that foreign key "
+                        "constraints are partially overlapping, the "
+                        "orm.foreign() "
+                        "annotation can be used to isolate the columns that "
+                        "should be written towards.   To silence this "
+                        "warning, add the parameter 'overlaps=\"%s\"' to the "
+                        "'%s' relationship."
+                        % (
+                            self.prop,
+                            from_,
+                            to_,
+                            ", ".join(
+                                sorted(
+                                    "'%s' (copies %s to %s)" % (pr, fr_, to_)
+                                    for (pr, fr_) in other_props
+                                )
+                            ),
+                            ",".join(sorted(pr.key for pr, fr in other_props)),
+                            self.prop,
+                        ),
+                        code="qzyx",
+                    )
+                self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_][self.prop] = from_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def remote_columns(self) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("remote")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def local_columns(self) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("local")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def foreign_key_columns(self) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("foreign")
+
+    def _gather_join_annotations(
+        self, annotation: str
+    ) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        s = set(
+            self._gather_columns_with_annotation(self.primaryjoin, annotation)
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            s.update(
+                self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.secondaryjoin, annotation
+                )
+            )
+        return {x._deannotate() for x in s}
+
+    def _gather_columns_with_annotation(
+        self, clause: ColumnElement[Any], *annotation: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        annotation_set = set(annotation)
+        return {
+            cast(ColumnElement[Any], col)
+            for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {})
+            if annotation_set.issubset(col._annotations)
+        }
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _secondary_lineage_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            return frozenset(
+                itertools.chain(*[c.proxy_set for c in self.secondary.c])
+            )
+        else:
+            return util.EMPTY_SET
+
+    def join_targets(
+        self,
+        source_selectable: Optional[FromClause],
+        dest_selectable: FromClause,
+        aliased: bool,
+        single_crit: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        ColumnElement[bool],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[bool]],
+        Optional[FromClause],
+        Optional[ClauseAdapter],
+        FromClause,
+    ]:
+        """Given a source and destination selectable, create a
+        join between them.
+
+        This takes into account aliasing the join clause
+        to reference the appropriate corresponding columns
+        in the target objects, as well as the extra child
+        criterion, equivalent column sets, etc.
+
+        """
+        # place a barrier on the destination such that
+        # replacement traversals won't ever dig into it.
+        # its internal structure remains fixed
+        # regardless of context.
+        dest_selectable = _shallow_annotate(
+            dest_selectable, {"no_replacement_traverse": True}
+        )
+
+        primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary = (
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            self.secondaryjoin,
+            self.secondary,
+        )
+
+        # adjust the join condition for single table inheritance,
+        # in the case that the join is to a subclass
+        # this is analogous to the
+        # "_adjust_for_single_table_inheritance()" method in Query.
+
+        if single_crit is not None:
+            if secondaryjoin is not None:
+                secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & single_crit
+            else:
+                primaryjoin = primaryjoin & single_crit
+
+        if extra_criteria:
+
+            def mark_exclude_cols(
+                elem: SupportsAnnotations, annotations: _AnnotationDict
+            ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+                """note unrelated columns in the "extra criteria" as either
+                should be adapted or not adapted, even though they are not
+                part of our "local" or "remote" side.
+
+                see #9779 for this case, as well as #11010 for a follow up
+
+                """
+
+                parentmapper_for_element = elem._annotations.get(
+                    "parentmapper", None
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    parentmapper_for_element is not self.prop.parent
+                    and parentmapper_for_element is not self.prop.mapper
+                    and elem not in self._secondary_lineage_set
+                ):
+                    return _safe_annotate(elem, annotations)
+                else:
+                    return elem
+
+            extra_criteria = tuple(
+                _deep_annotate(
+                    elem,
+                    {"should_not_adapt": True},
+                    annotate_callable=mark_exclude_cols,
+                )
+                for elem in extra_criteria
+            )
+
+            if secondaryjoin is not None:
+                secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & sql.and_(*extra_criteria)
+            else:
+                primaryjoin = primaryjoin & sql.and_(*extra_criteria)
+
+        if aliased:
+            if secondary is not None:
+                secondary = secondary._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True)
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    secondary,
+                    exclude_fn=_local_col_exclude,
+                )
+                secondary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    dest_selectable, equivalents=self.child_equivalents
+                ).chain(primary_aliasizer)
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                        secondary,
+                        exclude_fn=_local_col_exclude,
+                    ).chain(
+                        ClauseAdapter(
+                            source_selectable,
+                            equivalents=self.parent_equivalents,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                secondaryjoin = secondary_aliasizer.traverse(secondaryjoin)
+            else:
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    dest_selectable,
+                    exclude_fn=_local_col_exclude,
+                    equivalents=self.child_equivalents,
+                )
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer.chain(
+                        ClauseAdapter(
+                            source_selectable,
+                            exclude_fn=_remote_col_exclude,
+                            equivalents=self.parent_equivalents,
+                        )
+                    )
+                secondary_aliasizer = None
+
+            primaryjoin = primary_aliasizer.traverse(primaryjoin)
+            target_adapter = secondary_aliasizer or primary_aliasizer
+            target_adapter.exclude_fn = None
+        else:
+            target_adapter = None
+        return (
+            primaryjoin,
+            secondaryjoin,
+            secondary,
+            target_adapter,
+            dest_selectable,
+        )
+
+    def create_lazy_clause(self, reverse_direction: bool = False) -> Tuple[
+        ColumnElement[bool],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]:
+        binds: Dict[ColumnElement[Any], BindParameter[Any]] = {}
+        equated_columns: Dict[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]] = {}
+
+        has_secondary = self.secondaryjoin is not None
+
+        if has_secondary:
+            lookup = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                lookup[l].append((l, r))
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+        elif not reverse_direction:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+        else:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                equated_columns[l] = r
+
+        def col_to_bind(
+            element: ColumnElement[Any], **kw: Any
+        ) -> Optional[BindParameter[Any]]:
+            if (
+                (not reverse_direction and "local" in element._annotations)
+                or reverse_direction
+                and (
+                    (has_secondary and element in lookup)
+                    or (not has_secondary and "remote" in element._annotations)
+                )
+            ):
+                if element not in binds:
+                    binds[element] = sql.bindparam(
+                        None, None, type_=element.type, unique=True
+                    )
+                return binds[element]
+            return None
+
+        lazywhere = self.primaryjoin
+        if self.secondaryjoin is None or not reverse_direction:
+            lazywhere = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                lazywhere, {}, col_to_bind
+            )
+
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            secondaryjoin = self.secondaryjoin
+            if reverse_direction:
+                secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                    secondaryjoin, {}, col_to_bind
+                )
+            lazywhere = sql.and_(lazywhere, secondaryjoin)
+
+        bind_to_col = {binds[col].key: col for col in binds}
+
+        return lazywhere, bind_to_col, equated_columns
+
+
+class _ColInAnnotations:
+    """Serializable object that tests for names in c._annotations.
+
+    TODO: does this need to be serializable anymore?  can we find what the
+    use case was for that?
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("names",)
+
+    def __init__(self, *names: str):
+        self.names = frozenset(names)
+
+    def __call__(self, c: ClauseElement) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.names.intersection(c._annotations))
+
+
+_local_col_exclude = _ColInAnnotations("local", "should_not_adapt")
+_remote_col_exclude = _ColInAnnotations("remote", "should_not_adapt")
+
+
+class Relationship(
+    RelationshipProperty[_T],
+    _DeclarativeMapped[_T],
+):
+    """Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
+    of items that correspond to a related database table.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.relationship` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.Relationship` as a Declarative
+       compatible subclass for :class:`_orm.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+
+class _RelationshipDeclared(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    Relationship[_T],
+    WriteOnlyMapped[_T],  # not compatible with Mapped[_T]
+    DynamicMapped[_T],  # not compatible with Mapped[_T]
+):
+    """Relationship subclass used implicitly for declarative mapping."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _mapper_property_name(cls) -> str:
+        return "Relationship"
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..802cf50271c03d381334d61eff573de8c29f80ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2165 @@
+# orm/scoping.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .session import _S
+from .session import Session
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import create_proxy_methods
+from ..util import ScopedRegistry
+from ..util import ThreadLocalRegistry
+from ..util import warn
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .identity import IdentityMap
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .query import RowReturningQuery
+    from .session import _BindArguments
+    from .session import _EntityBindKey
+    from .session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from .session import _SessionBind
+    from .session import sessionmaker
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import CursorResult
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine import Result
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _T0
+    from ..sql._typing import _T1
+    from ..sql._typing import _T2
+    from ..sql._typing import _T3
+    from ..sql._typing import _T4
+    from ..sql._typing import _T5
+    from ..sql._typing import _T6
+    from ..sql._typing import _T7
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ..sql.base import Executable
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.roles import TypedColumnsClauseRole
+    from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class QueryPropertyDescriptor(Protocol):
+    """Describes the type applied to a class-level
+    :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.query_property` attribute.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.5
+
+    """
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Type[_T]) -> Query[_T]: ...
+
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+__all__ = ["scoped_session"]
+
+
+@create_proxy_methods(
+    Session,
+    ":class:`_orm.Session`",
+    ":class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session`",
+    classmethods=["close_all", "object_session", "identity_key"],
+    methods=[
+        "__contains__",
+        "__iter__",
+        "add",
+        "add_all",
+        "begin",
+        "begin_nested",
+        "close",
+        "reset",
+        "commit",
+        "connection",
+        "delete",
+        "execute",
+        "expire",
+        "expire_all",
+        "expunge",
+        "expunge_all",
+        "flush",
+        "get",
+        "get_one",
+        "get_bind",
+        "is_modified",
+        "bulk_save_objects",
+        "bulk_insert_mappings",
+        "bulk_update_mappings",
+        "merge",
+        "query",
+        "refresh",
+        "rollback",
+        "scalar",
+        "scalars",
+    ],
+    attributes=[
+        "bind",
+        "dirty",
+        "deleted",
+        "new",
+        "identity_map",
+        "is_active",
+        "autoflush",
+        "no_autoflush",
+        "info",
+    ],
+)
+class scoped_session(Generic[_S]):
+    """Provides scoped management of :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+    See :ref:`unitofwork_contextual` for a tutorial.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       When using :ref:`asyncio_toplevel`, the async-compatible
+       :class:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session` class should be
+       used in place of :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+    """
+
+    _support_async: bool = False
+
+    session_factory: sessionmaker[_S]
+    """The `session_factory` provided to `__init__` is stored in this
+    attribute and may be accessed at a later time.  This can be useful when
+    a new non-scoped :class:`.Session` is needed."""
+
+    registry: ScopedRegistry[_S]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_factory: sessionmaker[_S],
+        scopefunc: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        :param session_factory: a factory to create new :class:`.Session`
+         instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance
+         of :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+        :param scopefunc: optional function which defines
+         the current scope.   If not passed, the :class:`.scoped_session`
+         object assumes "thread-local" scope, and will use
+         a Python ``threading.local()`` in order to maintain the current
+         :class:`.Session`.  If passed, the function should return
+         a hashable token; this token will be used as the key in a
+         dictionary in order to store and retrieve the current
+         :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+        self.session_factory = session_factory
+
+        if scopefunc:
+            self.registry = ScopedRegistry(session_factory, scopefunc)
+        else:
+            self.registry = ThreadLocalRegistry(session_factory)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxied(self) -> _S:
+        return self.registry()
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw: Any) -> _S:
+        r"""Return the current :class:`.Session`, creating it
+        using the :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` if not present.
+
+        :param \**kw: Keyword arguments will be passed to the
+         :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` callable, if an existing
+         :class:`.Session` is not present.  If the :class:`.Session` is present
+         and keyword arguments have been passed,
+         :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if kw:
+            if self.registry.has():
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Scoped session is already present; "
+                    "no new arguments may be specified."
+                )
+            else:
+                sess = self.session_factory(**kw)
+                self.registry.set(sess)
+        else:
+            sess = self.registry()
+        if not self._support_async and sess._is_asyncio:
+            warn_deprecated(
+                "Using `scoped_session` with asyncio is deprecated and "
+                "will raise an error in a future version. "
+                "Please use `async_scoped_session` instead.",
+                "1.4.23",
+            )
+        return sess
+
+    def configure(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """reconfigure the :class:`.sessionmaker` used by this
+        :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        See :meth:`.sessionmaker.configure`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            warn(
+                "At least one scoped session is already present. "
+                " configure() can not affect sessions that have "
+                "already been created."
+            )
+
+        self.session_factory.configure(**kwargs)
+
+    def remove(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the current :class:`.Session`, if present.
+
+        This will first call :meth:`.Session.close` method
+        on the current :class:`.Session`, which releases any existing
+        transactional/connection resources still being held; transactions
+        specifically are rolled back.  The :class:`.Session` is then
+        discarded.   Upon next usage within the same scope,
+        the :class:`.scoped_session` will produce a new
+        :class:`.Session` object.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            self.registry().close()
+        self.registry.clear()
+
+    def query_property(
+        self, query_cls: Optional[Type[Query[_T]]] = None
+    ) -> QueryPropertyDescriptor:
+        """return a class property which produces a legacy
+        :class:`_query.Query` object against the class and the current
+        :class:`.Session` when called.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.query_property` accessor
+           is specific to the legacy :class:`.Query` object and is not
+           considered to be part of :term:`2.0-style` ORM use.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import QueryPropertyDescriptor
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+            Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+            class MyClass:
+                query: QueryPropertyDescriptor = Session.query_property()
+
+            # after mappers are defined
+            result = MyClass.query.filter(MyClass.name=='foo').all()
+
+        Produces instances of the session's configured query class by
+        default.  To override and use a custom implementation, provide
+        a ``query_cls`` callable.  The callable will be invoked with
+        the class's mapper as a positional argument and a session
+        keyword argument.
+
+        There is no limit to the number of query properties placed on
+        a class.
+
+        """
+
+        class query:
+            def __get__(s, instance: Any, owner: Type[_O]) -> Query[_O]:
+                if query_cls:
+                    # custom query class
+                    return query_cls(owner, session=self.registry())  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                else:
+                    # session's configured query class
+                    return self.registry().query(owner)
+
+        return query()
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS scoped_session
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__contains__(instance)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        r"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__iter__()
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        r"""Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add(instance, _warn=_warn)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        r"""Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add_all(instances)
+
+    def begin(self, nested: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        r"""Begin a transaction, or nested transaction,
+        on this :class:`.Session`, if one is not already begun.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Session` object features **autobegin** behavior,
+        so that normally it is not necessary to call the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`
+        method explicitly. However, it may be used in order to control
+        the scope of when the transactional state is begun.
+
+        When used to begin the outermost transaction, an error is raised
+        if this :class:`.Session` is already inside of a transaction.
+
+        :param nested: if True, begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is
+         equivalent to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For
+         documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see
+         :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         acts as a Python context manager, allowing :meth:`.Session.begin`
+         to be used in a "with" block.  See :ref:`session_explicit_begin` for
+         an example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_autobegin`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin(nested=nested)
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> SessionTransaction:
+        r"""Begin a "nested" transaction on this Session, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The target database(s) and associated drivers must support SQL
+        SAVEPOINT for this method to function correctly.
+
+        For documentation on SAVEPOINT
+        transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` acts as a context manager, allowing
+         :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` to be used in a "with" block.
+         See :ref:`session_begin_nested` for a usage example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_begin_nested`
+
+            :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly. For asyncio use cases, see the section
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin_nested()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This expunges all ORM objects associated with this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, ends any transaction in progress and
+        :term:`releases` any :class:`_engine.Connection` objects which this
+        :class:`_orm.Session` itself has checked out from associated
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` objects. The operation then leaves the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` in a state which it may be used again.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            In the default running mode the :meth:`_orm.Session.close`
+            method **does not prevent the Session from being used again**.
+            The :class:`_orm.Session` itself does not actually have a
+            distinct "closed" state; it merely means
+            the :class:`_orm.Session` will release all database connections
+            and ORM objects.
+
+            Setting the parameter :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only`
+            to ``False`` will instead make the ``close`` final, meaning that
+            any further action on the session will be forbidden.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :meth:`.Session.close` method does not
+           immediately create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` object;
+           instead, the new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created only if
+           the :class:`.Session` is used again for a database operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - a similar method that behaves like
+            ``close()`` with  the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` set to ``True``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.close()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This method provides for same "reset-only" behavior that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.close` method has provided historically, where the
+        state of the :class:`_orm.Session` is reset as though the object were
+        brand new, and ready to be used again.
+        This method may then be useful for :class:`_orm.Session` objects
+        which set :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` to ``False``,
+        so that "reset only" behavior is still available.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - a similar method will additionally
+            prevent re-use of the Session when the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` is set to ``False``.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.reset()
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        r"""Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        When the COMMIT operation is complete, all objects are fully
+        :term:`expired`, erasing their internal contents, which will be
+        automatically re-loaded when the objects are next accessed. In the
+        interim, these objects are in an expired state and will not function if
+        they are :term:`detached` from the :class:`.Session`. Additionally,
+        this re-load operation is not supported when using asyncio-oriented
+        APIs. The :paramref:`.Session.expire_on_commit` parameter may be used
+        to disable this behavior.
+
+        When there is no transaction in place for the :class:`.Session`,
+        indicating that no operations were invoked on this :class:`.Session`
+        since the previous call to :meth:`.Session.commit`, the method will
+        begin and commit an internal-only "logical" transaction, that does not
+        normally affect the database unless pending flush changes were
+        detected, but will still invoke event handlers and object expiration
+        rules.
+
+        The outermost database transaction is committed unconditionally,
+        automatically releasing any SAVEPOINTs in effect.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_committing`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_orm_avoid_lazyloads`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.commit()
+
+    def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Either the :class:`_engine.Connection` corresponding to the current
+        transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
+        one is begun and the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        returned (note that no
+        transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
+        SQL statement is emitted).
+
+        Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
+        resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments.   This
+        ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of bind arguments.  May include
+         "mapper", "bind", "clause", other custom arguments that are passed
+         to :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.
+
+        :param execution_options: a dictionary of execution options that will
+         be passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, **when the
+         connection is first procured only**.   If the connection is already
+         present within the :class:`.Session`, a warning is emitted and
+         the arguments are ignored.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_transaction_isolation`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.connection(
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+
+    def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The object is assumed to be either :term:`persistent` or
+        :term:`detached` when passed; after the method is called, the
+        object will remain in the :term:`persistent` state until the next
+        flush proceeds.  During this time, the object will also be a member
+        of the :attr:`_orm.Session.deleted` collection.
+
+        When the next flush proceeds, the object will move to the
+        :term:`deleted` state, indicating a ``DELETE`` statement was emitted
+        for its row within the current transaction.   When the transaction
+        is successfully committed,
+        the deleted object is moved to the :term:`detached` state and is
+        no longer present within this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_deleting` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.delete(instance)
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a SQL expression construct.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Returns a :class:`_engine.Result` object representing
+        results of the statement execution.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+            result = session.execute(
+                select(User).where(User.id == 5)
+            )
+
+        The API contract of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` is similar to that
+        of :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, the :term:`2.0 style` version
+        of :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method is
+           now the primary point of ORM statement execution when using
+           :term:`2.0 style` ORM usage.
+
+        :param statement:
+            An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
+            such as :func:`_expression.select`).
+
+        :param params:
+            Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
+            bound parameter values.   If a single dictionary, single-row
+            execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
+            "executemany" will be invoked.  The keys in each dictionary
+            must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may also
+         provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.execute(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _parent_execute_state=_parent_execute_state,
+            _add_event=_add_event,
+        )
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire(instance, attribute_names=attribute_names)
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire_all()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge(instance)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge_all()
+
+    def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        r"""Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
+        to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc.  Operations are
+        automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
+        solver.
+
+        Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
+        context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
+        error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
+        You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
+        changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
+
+        :param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
+          only on elements that are in the given collection.
+
+          This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
+          particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
+          full flush() occurs.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.flush(objects=objects)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        r"""Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.get(User, 5)
+
+            some_object = session.get(VersionedFoo, (5, 10))
+
+            some_object = session.get(
+                VersionedFoo,
+                {"id": 5, "version_id": 10}
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.get`, which is moved
+           from the now legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.get` method.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :param entity: a mapped class or :class:`.Mapper` indicating the
+         type of entity to be loaded.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar, tuple, or dictionary representing the
+         primary key.  For a composite (e.g. multiple column) primary key,
+         a tuple or dictionary should be passed.
+
+         For a single-column primary key, the scalar calling form is typically
+         the most expedient.  If the primary key of a row is the value "5",
+         the call looks like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, 5)
+
+         The tuple form contains primary key values typically in
+         the order in which they correspond to the mapped
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         object's primary key columns, or if the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key` configuration parameter were
+         used, in
+         the order used for that parameter. For example, if the primary key
+         of a row is represented by the integer
+         digits "5, 10" the call would look like::
+
+             my_object = session.get(SomeClass, (5, 10))
+
+         The dictionary form should include as keys the mapped attribute names
+         corresponding to each element of the primary key.  If the mapped class
+         has the attributes ``id``, ``version_id`` as the attributes which
+         store the object's primary key value, the call would look like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the query, if one is emitted.
+
+        :param populate_existing: causes the method to unconditionally emit
+         a SQL query and refresh the object with the newly loaded data,
+         regardless of whether or not the object is already present.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the query execution if one is emitted.
+         This dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are
+         accepted by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may
+         also provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.29
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+         .. versionadded: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Return exactly one instance based on the given primary key
+        identifier, or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query
+        selects no rows.
+
+        For a detailed documentation of the arguments see the
+        method :meth:`.Session.get`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        :return: The object instance.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Session.get` - equivalent method that instead
+              returns ``None`` if no row was found with the provided primary
+              key
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_one(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        _sa_skip_events: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _sa_skip_for_implicit_returning: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        r"""Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+        except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
+        explicitly bound directly to a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
+        ``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
+        appropriate bind to return.
+
+        Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
+        when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
+        operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
+        individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
+        :meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
+
+        The order of resolution is:
+
+        1. if mapper given and :paramref:`.Session.binds` is present,
+           locate a bind based first on the mapper in use, then
+           on the mapped class in use, then on any base classes that are
+           present in the ``__mro__`` of the mapped class, from more specific
+           superclasses to more general.
+        2. if clause given and ``Session.binds`` is present,
+           locate a bind based on :class:`_schema.Table` objects
+           found in the given clause present in ``Session.binds``.
+        3. if ``Session.binds`` is present, return that.
+        4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the clause.
+        5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+           selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
+        6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
+           is raised.
+
+        Note that the :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method can be overridden on
+        a user-defined subclass of :class:`.Session` to provide any kind
+        of bind resolution scheme.  See the example at
+        :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional mapped class or corresponding :class:`_orm.Mapper` instance.
+          The bind can be derived from a :class:`_orm.Mapper` first by
+          consulting the "binds" map associated with this :class:`.Session`,
+          and secondly by consulting the :class:`_schema.MetaData` associated
+          with the :class:`_schema.Table` to which the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is
+          mapped for a bind.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` (i.e.
+            :func:`_expression.select`,
+            :func:`_expression.text`,
+            etc.).  If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
+            produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
+            for a bound element, typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            associated with
+            bound :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+             :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_bind(
+            mapper=mapper,
+            clause=clause,
+            bind=bind,
+            _sa_skip_events=_sa_skip_events,
+            _sa_skip_for_implicit_returning=_sa_skip_for_implicit_returning,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_modified(
+            instance, include_collections=include_collections
+        )
+
+    def bulk_save_objects(
+        self,
+        objects: Iterable[object],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        update_changed_only: bool = True,
+        preserve_order: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Perform a bulk save of the given list of objects.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.
+
+            For general INSERT and UPDATE of existing ORM mapped objects,
+            prefer standard :term:`unit of work` data management patterns,
+            introduced in the :ref:`unified_tutorial` at
+            :ref:`tutorial_orm_data_manipulation`.  SQLAlchemy 2.0
+            now uses :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` with modern dialects
+            which solves previous issues of bulk INSERT slowness.
+
+        :param objects: a sequence of mapped object instances.  The mapped
+         objects are persisted as is, and are **not** associated with the
+         :class:`.Session` afterwards.
+
+         For each object, whether the object is sent as an INSERT or an
+         UPDATE is dependent on the same rules used by the :class:`.Session`
+         in traditional operation; if the object has the
+         :attr:`.InstanceState.key`
+         attribute set, then the object is assumed to be "detached" and
+         will result in an UPDATE.  Otherwise, an INSERT is used.
+
+         In the case of an UPDATE, statements are grouped based on which
+         attributes have changed, and are thus to be the subject of each
+         SET clause.  If ``update_changed_only`` is False, then all
+         attributes present within each object are applied to the UPDATE
+         statement, which may help in allowing the statements to be grouped
+         together into a larger executemany(), and will also reduce the
+         overhead of checking history on attributes.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
+         generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
+         will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
+         is available.  In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
+         and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
+         to provide primary key values ahead of time; however,
+         :paramref:`.Session.bulk_save_objects.return_defaults` **greatly
+         reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.  It is strongly
+         advised to please use the standard :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+         approach.
+
+        :param update_changed_only: when True, UPDATE statements are rendered
+         based on those attributes in each state that have logged changes.
+         When False, all attributes present are rendered into the SET clause
+         with the exception of primary key attributes.
+
+        :param preserve_order: when True, the order of inserts and updates
+         matches exactly the order in which the objects are given.   When
+         False, common types of objects are grouped into inserts
+         and updates, to allow for more batching opportunities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bulk_save_objects(
+            objects,
+            return_defaults=return_defaults,
+            update_changed_only=update_changed_only,
+            preserve_order=preserve_order,
+        )
+
+    def bulk_insert_mappings(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        render_nulls: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Perform a bulk insert of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be inserted, in terms of the attribute
+         names on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
+         such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary must contain all
+         keys to be populated into all tables.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, the INSERT process will be altered
+         to ensure that newly generated primary key values will be fetched.
+         The rationale for this parameter is typically to enable
+         :ref:`Joined Table Inheritance <joined_inheritance>` mappings to
+         be bulk inserted.
+
+         .. note:: for backends that don't support RETURNING, the
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.bulk_insert_mappings.return_defaults`
+            parameter can significantly decrease performance as INSERT
+            statements can no longer be batched.   See
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+            for background on which backends are affected.
+
+        :param render_nulls: When True, a value of ``None`` will result
+         in a NULL value being included in the INSERT statement, rather
+         than the column being omitted from the INSERT.   This allows all
+         the rows being INSERTed to have the identical set of columns which
+         allows the full set of rows to be batched to the DBAPI.  Normally,
+         each column-set that contains a different combination of NULL values
+         than the previous row must omit a different series of columns from
+         the rendered INSERT statement, which means it must be emitted as a
+         separate statement.   By passing this flag, the full set of rows
+         are guaranteed to be batchable into one batch; the cost however is
+         that server-side defaults which are invoked by an omitted column will
+         be skipped, so care must be taken to ensure that these are not
+         necessary.
+
+         .. warning::
+
+            When this flag is set, **server side default SQL values will
+            not be invoked** for those columns that are inserted as NULL;
+            the NULL value will be sent explicitly.   Care must be taken
+            to ensure that no server-side default functions need to be
+            invoked for the operation as a whole.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bulk_insert_mappings(
+            mapper,
+            mappings,
+            return_defaults=return_defaults,
+            render_nulls=render_nulls,
+        )
+
+    def bulk_update_mappings(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any], mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Perform a bulk update of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be updated, in terms of the attribute names
+         on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables, such
+         as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary may contain keys
+         corresponding to all tables.   All those keys which are present and
+         are not part of the primary key are applied to the SET clause of the
+         UPDATE statement; the primary key values, which are required, are
+         applied to the WHERE clause.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bulk_update_mappings(mapper, mappings)
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
+        source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
+        same primary key in the session.   If not found locally, it attempts
+        to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
+        none can be located, creates a new instance.  The state of each
+        attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
+        instance.  The resulting target instance is then returned by the
+        method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
+        un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
+
+        This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
+        mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
+
+        See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
+
+        :param instance: Instance to be merged.
+        :param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
+         a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
+         events as well as all database access.  This flag is used for
+         cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
+         from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
+         into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
+         without re-querying the database.
+
+         The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
+         object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
+         to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
+         :class:`.Session`.   This is so that when
+         the merge operation populates local attributes and
+         cascades to related objects and
+         collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
+         target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
+         events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
+         any existing related objects or collections that might not
+         be loaded.  The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
+         produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
+         should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
+         method.
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get` method when the merge
+         operation loads the existing version of the object from the database.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - provides for an alternative
+            means of "merging" a single object into the :class:`.Session`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.merge(instance, load=load, options=options)
+
+    @overload
+    def query(self, _entity: _EntityType[_O]) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, _colexpr: TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T]]: ...
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query RowReturningQuery 2-8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]: ...
+
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_query.Query` object is legacy as of
+        SQLAlchemy 2.0; the :func:`_sql.select` construct is now used
+        to construct ORM queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`query_api_toplevel` - legacy API doc
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.query(*entities, **kwargs)
+
+    def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire and refresh attributes on the given instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The selected attributes will first be expired as they would when using
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.expire`; then a SELECT statement will be issued to
+        the database to refresh column-oriented attributes with the current
+        value available in the current transaction.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes will also be immediately
+        loaded if they were already eagerly loaded on the object, using the
+        same eager loading strategy that they were loaded with originally.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           can also refresh eagerly loaded attributes.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes that would normally
+        load using the ``select`` (or "lazy") loader strategy will also
+        load **if they are named explicitly in the attribute_names
+        collection**, emitting a SELECT statement for the attribute using the
+        ``immediate`` loader strategy.  If lazy-loaded relationships are not
+        named in :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names`, then
+        they remain as "lazy loaded" attributes and are not implicitly
+        refreshed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.4  The :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           will now refresh lazy-loaded :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented
+           attributes for those which are named explicitly in the
+           :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names` collection.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            While the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method is capable of
+            refreshing both column and relationship oriented attributes, its
+            primary focus is on refreshing of local column-oriented attributes
+            on a single instance. For more open ended "refresh" functionality,
+            including the ability to refresh the attributes on many objects at
+            once while having explicit control over relationship loader
+            strategies, use the
+            :ref:`populate existing <orm_queryguide_populate_existing>` feature
+            instead.
+
+        Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
+        were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.   Refreshing
+        attributes usually only makes sense at the start of a transaction
+        where database rows have not yet been accessed.
+
+        :param attribute_names: optional.  An iterable collection of
+          string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
+          be refreshed.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire_all`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing` - allows any ORM query
+            to refresh objects as they would be loaded normally.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.refresh(
+            instance,
+            attribute_names=attribute_names,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        )
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        r"""Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
+
+        The method always rolls back
+        the topmost database transaction, discarding any nested
+        transactions that may be in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_rollback`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.rollback()
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a scalar Python
+        value.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.scalar(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return the results as scalars.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a
+        :class:`_result.ScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        :return:  a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_select_orm_entities` - contrasts the behavior
+            of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` to :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.scalars(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self) -> Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]]:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.bind` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bind
+
+    @bind.setter
+    def bind(self, attr: Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]]) -> None:
+        self._proxied.bind = attr
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dirty
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.deleted
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.new
+
+    @property
+    def identity_map(self) -> IdentityMap:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.identity_map` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.identity_map
+
+    @identity_map.setter
+    def identity_map(self, attr: IdentityMap) -> None:
+        self._proxied.identity_map = attr
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> Any:
+        r"""True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def autoflush(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.autoflush` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.autoflush
+
+    @autoflush.setter
+    def autoflush(self, attr: bool) -> None:
+        self._proxied.autoflush = attr
+
+    @property
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.no_autoflush
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        r"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @classmethod
+    def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        r"""Close *all* sessions in memory.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.3 The :meth:`.Session.close_all` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  Please refer to :func:`.session.close_all_sessions`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.close_all()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        r"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.object_session(instance)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        r"""Return an identity key.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.identity_key(
+            class_=class_,
+            ident=ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS scoped_session
+
+
+ScopedSession = scoped_session
+"""Old name for backwards compatibility."""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02836d8c14079b0246ad92f90eece6bb700d51a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,5290 @@
+# orm/session.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides the Session class and related utilities."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import bulk_persistence
+from . import context
+from . import descriptor_props
+from . import exc
+from . import identity
+from . import loading
+from . import query
+from . import state as statelib
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from ._typing import is_composite_class
+from ._typing import is_orm_option
+from ._typing import is_user_defined_option
+from .base import _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _none_set
+from .base import _state_mapper
+from .base import instance_str
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import object_mapper
+from .base import object_state
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import state_str
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .identity import IdentityMap
+from .query import Query
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .state_changes import _StateChange
+from .state_changes import _StateChangeState
+from .state_changes import _StateChangeStates
+from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+from .. import engine
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import Connection
+from ..engine import Engine
+from ..engine.util import TransactionalContext
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from ..inspection import Inspectable
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import dml
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import Select
+from ..sql import TableClause
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import CompileState
+from ..sql.schema import Table
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..util import IdentitySet
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .interfaces import UserDefinedOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+    from .query import RowReturningQuery
+    from ..engine import CursorResult
+    from ..engine import Result
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..engine.base import Transaction
+    from ..engine.base import TwoPhaseTransaction
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ..event import _InstanceLevelDispatch
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql._typing import _T0
+    from ..sql._typing import _T1
+    from ..sql._typing import _T2
+    from ..sql._typing import _T3
+    from ..sql._typing import _T4
+    from ..sql._typing import _T5
+    from ..sql._typing import _T6
+    from ..sql._typing import _T7
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ..sql.base import Executable
+    from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.roles import TypedColumnsClauseRole
+    from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Session",
+    "SessionTransaction",
+    "sessionmaker",
+    "ORMExecuteState",
+    "close_all_sessions",
+    "make_transient",
+    "make_transient_to_detached",
+    "object_session",
+]
+
+_sessions: weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, Session] = (
+    weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+)
+"""Weak-referencing dictionary of :class:`.Session` objects.
+"""
+
+statelib._sessions = _sessions
+
+_PKIdentityArgument = Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]]
+
+_BindArguments = Dict[str, Any]
+
+_EntityBindKey = Union[Type[_O], "Mapper[_O]"]
+_SessionBindKey = Union[Type[Any], "Mapper[Any]", "TableClause", str]
+_SessionBind = Union["Engine", "Connection"]
+
+JoinTransactionMode = Literal[
+    "conditional_savepoint",
+    "rollback_only",
+    "control_fully",
+    "create_savepoint",
+]
+
+
+class _ConnectionCallableProto(Protocol):
+    """a callable that returns a :class:`.Connection` given an instance.
+
+    This callable, when present on a :class:`.Session`, is called only from the
+    ORM's persistence mechanism (i.e. the unit of work flush process) to allow
+    for connection-per-instance schemes (i.e. horizontal sharding) to be used
+    as persistence time.
+
+    This callable is not present on a plain :class:`.Session`, however
+    is established when using the horizontal sharding extension.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = None,
+        instance: Optional[object] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Connection: ...
+
+
+def _state_session(state: InstanceState[Any]) -> Optional[Session]:
+    """Given an :class:`.InstanceState`, return the :class:`.Session`
+    associated, if any.
+    """
+    return state.session
+
+
+class _SessionClassMethods:
+    """Class-level methods for :class:`.Session`, :class:`.sessionmaker`."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.3",
+        "The :meth:`.Session.close_all` method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":func:`.session.close_all_sessions`.",
+    )
+    def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        """Close *all* sessions in memory."""
+
+        close_all_sessions()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.util")
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        """Return an identity key.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.orm_util.identity_key(
+            class_,
+            ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        """Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return object_session(instance)
+
+
+class SessionTransactionState(_StateChangeState):
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    PREPARED = 2
+    COMMITTED = 3
+    DEACTIVE = 4
+    CLOSED = 5
+    PROVISIONING_CONNECTION = 6
+
+
+# backwards compatibility
+ACTIVE, PREPARED, COMMITTED, DEACTIVE, CLOSED, PROVISIONING_CONNECTION = tuple(
+    SessionTransactionState
+)
+
+
+class ORMExecuteState(util.MemoizedSlots):
+    """Represents a call to the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method, as passed
+    to the :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_execute_events` - top level documentation on how
+        to use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "session",
+        "statement",
+        "parameters",
+        "execution_options",
+        "local_execution_options",
+        "bind_arguments",
+        "identity_token",
+        "_compile_state_cls",
+        "_starting_event_idx",
+        "_events_todo",
+        "_update_execution_options",
+    )
+
+    session: Session
+    """The :class:`_orm.Session` in use."""
+
+    statement: Executable
+    """The SQL statement being invoked.
+
+    For an ORM selection as would
+    be retrieved from :class:`_orm.Query`, this is an instance of
+    :class:`_sql.select` that was generated from the ORM query.
+    """
+
+    parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams]
+    """Dictionary of parameters that was passed to
+    :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`."""
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+    """The complete dictionary of current execution options.
+
+    This is a merge of the statement level options with the
+    locally passed execution options.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.local_execution_options`
+
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options`
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options`
+
+    """
+
+    local_execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+    """Dictionary view of the execution options passed to the
+    :meth:`.Session.execute` method.
+
+    This does not include options that may be associated with the statement
+    being invoked.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.execution_options`
+
+    """
+
+    bind_arguments: _BindArguments
+    """The dictionary passed as the
+    :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.bind_arguments` dictionary.
+
+    This dictionary may be used by extensions to :class:`_orm.Session` to pass
+    arguments that will assist in determining amongst a set of database
+    connections which one should be used to invoke this statement.
+
+    """
+
+    _compile_state_cls: Optional[Type[ORMCompileState]]
+    _starting_event_idx: int
+    _events_todo: List[Any]
+    _update_execution_options: Optional[_ExecuteOptions]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams],
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        compile_state_cls: Optional[Type[ORMCompileState]],
+        events_todo: List[_InstanceLevelDispatch[Session]],
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_orm.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+        this object is constructed internally.
+
+        """
+        self.session = session
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.local_execution_options = execution_options
+        self.execution_options = statement._execution_options.union(
+            execution_options
+        )
+        self.bind_arguments = bind_arguments
+        self._compile_state_cls = compile_state_cls
+        self._events_todo = list(events_todo)
+
+    def _remaining_events(self) -> List[_InstanceLevelDispatch[Session]]:
+        return self._events_todo[self._starting_event_idx + 1 :]
+
+    def invoke_statement(
+        self,
+        statement: Optional[Executable] = None,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        """Execute the statement represented by this
+        :class:`.ORMExecuteState`, without re-invoking events that have
+        already proceeded.
+
+        This method essentially performs a re-entrant execution of the current
+        statement for which the :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event is
+        being currently invoked.    The use case for this is for event handlers
+        that want to override how the ultimate
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object is returned, such as for schemes that
+        retrieve results from an offline cache or which concatenate results
+        from multiple executions.
+
+        When the :class:`_engine.Result` object is returned by the actual
+        handler function within :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` and
+        is propagated to the calling
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method, the remainder of the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method is preempted and the
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object is returned to the caller of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` immediately.
+
+        :param statement: optional statement to be invoked, in place of the
+         statement currently represented by :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.statement`.
+
+        :param params: optional dictionary of parameters or list of parameters
+         which will be merged into the existing
+         :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.parameters` of this :class:`.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0 a list of parameter dictionaries is accepted
+            for executemany executions.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options
+         will be merged into the existing
+         :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.execution_options` of this
+         :class:`.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+        :param bind_arguments: optional dictionary of bind_arguments
+         which will be merged amongst the current
+         :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.bind_arguments`
+         of this :class:`.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object with ORM-level results.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - background and examples on the
+            appropriate usage of :meth:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.invoke_statement`.
+
+
+        """
+
+        if statement is None:
+            statement = self.statement
+
+        _bind_arguments = dict(self.bind_arguments)
+        if bind_arguments:
+            _bind_arguments.update(bind_arguments)
+        _bind_arguments["_sa_skip_events"] = True
+
+        _params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams]
+        if params:
+            if self.is_executemany:
+                _params = []
+                exec_many_parameters = cast(
+                    "List[Dict[str, Any]]", self.parameters
+                )
+                for _existing_params, _new_params in itertools.zip_longest(
+                    exec_many_parameters,
+                    cast("List[Dict[str, Any]]", params),
+                ):
+                    if _existing_params is None or _new_params is None:
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            f"Can't apply executemany parameters to "
+                            f"statement; number of parameter sets passed to "
+                            f"Session.execute() ({len(exec_many_parameters)}) "
+                            f"does not match number of parameter sets given "
+                            f"to ORMExecuteState.invoke_statement() "
+                            f"({len(params)})"
+                        )
+                    _existing_params = dict(_existing_params)
+                    _existing_params.update(_new_params)
+                    _params.append(_existing_params)
+            else:
+                _params = dict(cast("Dict[str, Any]", self.parameters))
+                _params.update(cast("Dict[str, Any]", params))
+        else:
+            _params = self.parameters
+
+        _execution_options = self.local_execution_options
+        if execution_options:
+            _execution_options = _execution_options.union(execution_options)
+
+        return self.session._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            _params,
+            execution_options=_execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=_bind_arguments,
+            _parent_execute_state=self,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bind_mapper(self) -> Optional[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """Return the :class:`_orm.Mapper` that is the primary "bind" mapper.
+
+        For an :class:`_orm.ORMExecuteState` object invoking an ORM
+        statement, that is, the :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_orm_statement`
+        attribute is ``True``, this attribute will return the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` that is considered to be the "primary" mapper
+        of the statement.   The term "bind mapper" refers to the fact that
+        a :class:`_orm.Session` object may be "bound" to multiple
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` objects keyed to mapped classes, and the
+        "bind mapper" determines which of those :class:`_engine.Engine` objects
+        would be selected.
+
+        For a statement that is invoked against a single mapped class,
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.bind_mapper` is intended to be a reliable
+        way of getting this mapper.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.all_mappers`
+
+
+        """
+        mp: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self.bind_arguments.get("mapper", None)
+        return mp
+
+    @property
+    def all_mappers(self) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """Return a sequence of all :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that are
+        involved at the top level of this statement.
+
+        By "top level" we mean those :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that would
+        be represented in the result set rows for a :func:`_sql.select`
+        query, or for a :func:`_dml.update` or :func:`_dml.delete` query,
+        the mapper that is the main subject of the UPDATE or DELETE.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.bind_mapper`
+
+
+
+        """
+        if not self.is_orm_statement:
+            return []
+        elif isinstance(self.statement, (Select, FromStatement)):
+            result = []
+            seen = set()
+            for d in self.statement.column_descriptions:
+                ent = d["entity"]
+                if ent:
+                    insp = inspect(ent, raiseerr=False)
+                    if insp and insp.mapper and insp.mapper not in seen:
+                        seen.add(insp.mapper)
+                        result.append(insp.mapper)
+            return result
+        elif self.statement.is_dml and self.bind_mapper:
+            return [self.bind_mapper]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @property
+    def is_orm_statement(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if the operation is an ORM statement.
+
+        This indicates that the select(), insert(), update(), or delete()
+        being invoked contains ORM entities as subjects.   For a statement
+        that does not have ORM entities and instead refers only to
+        :class:`.Table` metadata, it is invoked as a Core SQL statement
+        and no ORM-level automation takes place.
+
+        """
+        return self._compile_state_cls is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_executemany(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if the parameters are a multi-element list of
+        dictionaries with more than one dictionary.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return isinstance(self.parameters, list)
+
+    @property
+    def is_select(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is a SELECT operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Select` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(select(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_select
+
+    @property
+    def is_from_statement(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this operation is a
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` operation.
+
+        This is independent from :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_select`, as a
+        ``select().from_statement()`` construct can be used with
+        INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE RETURNING types of statements as well.
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_select` will only be set if the
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` is itself against a
+        :class:`_sql.Select` construct.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.30
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_from_statement
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is an INSERT operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Insert` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(insert(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_dml and self.statement.is_insert
+
+    @property
+    def is_update(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is an UPDATE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Update` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(update(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_dml and self.statement.is_update
+
+    @property
+    def is_delete(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is a DELETE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Delete` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(delete(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_dml and self.statement.is_delete
+
+    @property
+    def _is_crud(self) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(self.statement, (dml.Update, dml.Delete))
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opts: Any) -> None:
+        """Update the local execution options with new values."""
+        self.local_execution_options = self.local_execution_options.union(opts)
+
+    def _orm_compile_options(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[
+        Union[
+            context.ORMCompileState.default_compile_options,
+            Type[context.ORMCompileState.default_compile_options],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        if not self.is_select:
+            return None
+        try:
+            opts = self.statement._compile_options
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+
+        if opts is not None and opts.isinstance(
+            context.ORMCompileState.default_compile_options
+        ):
+            return opts  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def lazy_loaded_from(self) -> Optional[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        """An :class:`.InstanceState` that is using this statement execution
+        for a lazy load operation.
+
+        The primary rationale for this attribute is to support the horizontal
+        sharding extension, where it is available within specific query
+        execution time hooks created by this extension.   To that end, the
+        attribute is only intended to be meaningful at **query execution
+        time**, and importantly not any time prior to that, including query
+        compilation time.
+
+        """
+        return self.load_options._lazy_loaded_from
+
+    @property
+    def loader_strategy_path(self) -> Optional[PathRegistry]:
+        """Return the :class:`.PathRegistry` for the current load path.
+
+        This object represents the "path" in a query along relationships
+        when a particular object or collection is being loaded.
+
+        """
+        opts = self._orm_compile_options()
+        if opts is not None:
+            return opts._current_path
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_column_load(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the operation is refreshing column-oriented
+        attributes on an existing ORM object.
+
+        This occurs during operations such as :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh`,
+        as well as when an attribute deferred by :func:`_orm.defer` is
+        being loaded, or an attribute that was expired either directly
+        by :meth:`_orm.Session.expire` or via a commit operation is being
+        loaded.
+
+        Handlers will very likely not want to add any options to queries
+        when such an operation is occurring as the query should be a straight
+        primary key fetch which should not have any additional WHERE criteria,
+        and loader options travelling with the instance
+        will have already been added to the query.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_relationship_load`
+
+        """
+        opts = self._orm_compile_options()
+        return opts is not None and opts._for_refresh_state
+
+    @property
+    def is_relationship_load(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this load is loading objects on behalf of a
+        relationship.
+
+        This means, the loader in effect is either a LazyLoader,
+        SelectInLoader, SubqueryLoader, or similar, and the entire
+        SELECT statement being emitted is on behalf of a relationship
+        load.
+
+        Handlers will very likely not want to add any options to queries
+        when such an operation is occurring, as loader options are already
+        capable of being propagated to relationship loaders and should
+        be already present.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_column_load`
+
+        """
+        opts = self._orm_compile_options()
+        if opts is None:
+            return False
+        path = self.loader_strategy_path
+        return path is not None and not path.is_root
+
+    @property
+    def load_options(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        context.QueryContext.default_load_options,
+        Type[context.QueryContext.default_load_options],
+    ]:
+        """Return the load_options that will be used for this execution."""
+
+        if not self.is_select:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ORM execution is not against a SELECT statement "
+                "so there are no load options."
+            )
+
+        lo: Union[
+            context.QueryContext.default_load_options,
+            Type[context.QueryContext.default_load_options],
+        ] = self.execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options", context.QueryContext.default_load_options
+        )
+        return lo
+
+    @property
+    def update_delete_options(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+        Type[bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options],
+    ]:
+        """Return the update_delete_options that will be used for this
+        execution."""
+
+        if not self._is_crud:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ORM execution is not against an UPDATE or DELETE "
+                "statement so there are no update options."
+            )
+        uo: Union[
+            bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+            Type[bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options],
+        ] = self.execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options",
+            bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+        )
+        return uo
+
+    @property
+    def _non_compile_orm_options(self) -> Sequence[ORMOption]:
+        return [
+            opt
+            for opt in self.statement._with_options
+            if is_orm_option(opt) and not opt._is_compile_state
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def user_defined_options(self) -> Sequence[UserDefinedOption]:
+        """The sequence of :class:`.UserDefinedOptions` that have been
+        associated with the statement being invoked.
+
+        """
+        return [
+            opt
+            for opt in self.statement._with_options
+            if is_user_defined_option(opt)
+        ]
+
+
+class SessionTransactionOrigin(Enum):
+    """indicates the origin of a :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    This enumeration is present on the
+    :attr:`.SessionTransaction.origin` attribute of any
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    AUTOBEGIN = 0
+    """transaction were started by autobegin"""
+
+    BEGIN = 1
+    """transaction were started by calling :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`"""
+
+    BEGIN_NESTED = 2
+    """tranaction were started by :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested`"""
+
+    SUBTRANSACTION = 3
+    """transaction is an internal "subtransaction" """
+
+
+class SessionTransaction(_StateChange, TransactionalContext):
+    """A :class:`.Session`-level transaction.
+
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` is produced from the
+    :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`
+    and :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested` methods.   It's largely an internal
+    object that in modern use provides a context manager for session
+    transactions.
+
+    Documentation on interacting with :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` is
+    at: :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`.
+
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The scoping and API methods to work with the
+       :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` object directly have been simplified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.begin`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.in_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.in_nested_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.get_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.get_nested_transaction`
+
+
+    """
+
+    _rollback_exception: Optional[BaseException] = None
+
+    _connections: Dict[
+        Union[Engine, Connection], Tuple[Connection, Transaction, bool, bool]
+    ]
+    session: Session
+    _parent: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+
+    _state: SessionTransactionState
+
+    _new: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[InstanceState[Any], object]
+    _deleted: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[InstanceState[Any], object]
+    _dirty: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[InstanceState[Any], object]
+    _key_switches: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+        InstanceState[Any], Tuple[Any, Any]
+    ]
+
+    origin: SessionTransactionOrigin
+    """Origin of this :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    Refers to a :class:`.SessionTransactionOrigin` instance which is an
+    enumeration indicating the source event that led to constructing
+    this :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    nested: bool = False
+    """Indicates if this is a nested, or SAVEPOINT, transaction.
+
+    When :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` is True, it is expected
+    that :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` will be present as well,
+    linking to the enclosing :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.SessionTransaction.origin`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        origin: SessionTransactionOrigin,
+        parent: Optional[SessionTransaction] = None,
+    ):
+        TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(session)
+
+        self.session = session
+        self._connections = {}
+        self._parent = parent
+        self.nested = nested = origin is SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN_NESTED
+        self.origin = origin
+
+        if session._close_state is _SessionCloseState.CLOSED:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This Session has been permanently closed and is unable "
+                "to handle any more transaction requests."
+            )
+
+        if nested:
+            if not parent:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't start a SAVEPOINT transaction when no existing "
+                    "transaction is in progress"
+                )
+
+            self._previous_nested_transaction = session._nested_transaction
+        elif origin is SessionTransactionOrigin.SUBTRANSACTION:
+            assert parent is not None
+        else:
+            assert parent is None
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+
+        self._take_snapshot()
+
+        # make sure transaction is assigned before we call the
+        # dispatch
+        self.session._transaction = self
+
+        self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create(self.session, self)
+
+    def _raise_for_prerequisite_state(
+        self, operation_name: str, state: _StateChangeState
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        if state is SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE:
+            if self._rollback_exception:
+                raise sa_exc.PendingRollbackError(
+                    "This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
+                    "due to a previous exception during flush."
+                    " To begin a new transaction with this Session, "
+                    "first issue Session.rollback()."
+                    f" Original exception was: {self._rollback_exception}",
+                    code="7s2a",
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This session is in 'inactive' state, due to the "
+                    "SQL transaction being rolled back; no further SQL "
+                    "can be emitted within this transaction."
+                )
+        elif state is SessionTransactionState.CLOSED:
+            raise sa_exc.ResourceClosedError("This transaction is closed")
+        elif state is SessionTransactionState.PROVISIONING_CONNECTION:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This session is provisioning a new connection; concurrent "
+                "operations are not permitted",
+                code="isce",
+            )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"This session is in '{state.name.lower()}' state; no "
+                "further SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self) -> Optional[SessionTransaction]:
+        """The parent :class:`.SessionTransaction` of this
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+        If this attribute is ``None``, indicates this
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` is at the top of the stack, and
+        corresponds to a real "COMMIT"/"ROLLBACK"
+        block.  If non-``None``, then this is either a "subtransaction"
+        (an internal marker object used by the flush process) or a
+        "nested" / SAVEPOINT transaction.  If the
+        :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute is ``True``, then
+        this is a SAVEPOINT, and if ``False``, indicates this a subtransaction.
+
+        """
+        return self._parent
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self.session is not None
+            and self._state is SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _is_transaction_boundary(self) -> bool:
+        return self.nested or not self._parent
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    )
+    def connection(
+        self,
+        bindkey: Optional[Mapper[Any]],
+        execution_options: Optional[_ExecuteOptions] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        bind = self.session.get_bind(bindkey, **kwargs)
+        return self._connection_for_bind(bind, execution_options)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    )
+    def _begin(self, nested: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        return SessionTransaction(
+            self.session,
+            (
+                SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN_NESTED
+                if nested
+                else SessionTransactionOrigin.SUBTRANSACTION
+            ),
+            self,
+        )
+
+    def _iterate_self_and_parents(
+        self, upto: Optional[SessionTransaction] = None
+    ) -> Iterable[SessionTransaction]:
+        current = self
+        result: Tuple[SessionTransaction, ...] = ()
+        while current:
+            result += (current,)
+            if current._parent is upto:
+                break
+            elif current._parent is None:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Transaction %s is not on the active transaction list"
+                    % (upto)
+                )
+            else:
+                current = current._parent
+
+        return result
+
+    def _take_snapshot(self) -> None:
+        if not self._is_transaction_boundary:
+            parent = self._parent
+            assert parent is not None
+            self._new = parent._new
+            self._deleted = parent._deleted
+            self._dirty = parent._dirty
+            self._key_switches = parent._key_switches
+            return
+
+        is_begin = self.origin in (
+            SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN,
+            SessionTransactionOrigin.AUTOBEGIN,
+        )
+        if not is_begin and not self.session._flushing:
+            self.session.flush()
+
+        self._new = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._deleted = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._dirty = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._key_switches = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _restore_snapshot(self, dirty_only: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Restore the restoration state taken before a transaction began.
+
+        Corresponds to a rollback.
+
+        """
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        to_expunge = set(self._new).union(self.session._new)
+        self.session._expunge_states(to_expunge, to_transient=True)
+
+        for s, (oldkey, newkey) in self._key_switches.items():
+            # we probably can do this conditionally based on
+            # if we expunged or not, but safe_discard does that anyway
+            self.session.identity_map.safe_discard(s)
+
+            # restore the old key
+            s.key = oldkey
+
+            # now restore the object, but only if we didn't expunge
+            if s not in to_expunge:
+                self.session.identity_map.replace(s)
+
+        for s in set(self._deleted).union(self.session._deleted):
+            self.session._update_impl(s, revert_deletion=True)
+
+        assert not self.session._deleted
+
+        for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+            if not dirty_only or s.modified or s in self._dirty:
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def _remove_snapshot(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the restoration state taken before a transaction began.
+
+        Corresponds to a commit.
+
+        """
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        if not self.nested and self.session.expire_on_commit:
+            for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+
+            statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(
+                list(self._deleted), self.session
+            )
+            self._deleted.clear()
+        elif self.nested:
+            parent = self._parent
+            assert parent is not None
+            parent._new.update(self._new)
+            parent._dirty.update(self._dirty)
+            parent._deleted.update(self._deleted)
+            parent._key_switches.update(self._key_switches)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    )
+    def _connection_for_bind(
+        self,
+        bind: _SessionBind,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter],
+    ) -> Connection:
+        if bind in self._connections:
+            if execution_options:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Connection is already established for the "
+                    "given bind; execution_options ignored"
+                )
+            return self._connections[bind][0]
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.PROVISIONING_CONNECTION
+
+        local_connect = False
+        should_commit = True
+
+        try:
+            if self._parent:
+                conn = self._parent._connection_for_bind(
+                    bind, execution_options
+                )
+                if not self.nested:
+                    return conn
+            else:
+                if isinstance(bind, engine.Connection):
+                    conn = bind
+                    if conn.engine in self._connections:
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Session already has a Connection associated "
+                            "for the given Connection's Engine"
+                        )
+                else:
+                    conn = bind.connect()
+                    local_connect = True
+
+            try:
+                if execution_options:
+                    conn = conn.execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+                transaction: Transaction
+                if self.session.twophase and self._parent is None:
+                    # TODO: shouldn't we only be here if not
+                    # conn.in_transaction() ?
+                    # if twophase is set and conn.in_transaction(), validate
+                    # that it is in fact twophase.
+                    transaction = conn.begin_twophase()
+                elif self.nested:
+                    transaction = conn.begin_nested()
+                elif conn.in_transaction():
+                    join_transaction_mode = self.session.join_transaction_mode
+
+                    if join_transaction_mode == "conditional_savepoint":
+                        if conn.in_nested_transaction():
+                            join_transaction_mode = "create_savepoint"
+                        else:
+                            join_transaction_mode = "rollback_only"
+
+                    if join_transaction_mode in (
+                        "control_fully",
+                        "rollback_only",
+                    ):
+                        if conn.in_nested_transaction():
+                            transaction = (
+                                conn._get_required_nested_transaction()
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            transaction = conn._get_required_transaction()
+                        if join_transaction_mode == "rollback_only":
+                            should_commit = False
+                    elif join_transaction_mode == "create_savepoint":
+                        transaction = conn.begin_nested()
+                    else:
+                        assert False, join_transaction_mode
+                else:
+                    transaction = conn.begin()
+            except:
+                # connection will not not be associated with this Session;
+                # close it immediately so that it isn't closed under GC
+                if local_connect:
+                    conn.close()
+                raise
+            else:
+                bind_is_connection = isinstance(bind, engine.Connection)
+
+                self._connections[conn] = self._connections[conn.engine] = (
+                    conn,
+                    transaction,
+                    should_commit,
+                    not bind_is_connection,
+                )
+                self.session.dispatch.after_begin(self.session, self, conn)
+                return conn
+        finally:
+            self._state = SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        if self._parent is not None or not self.session.twophase:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'twophase' mode not enabled, or not root transaction; "
+                "can't prepare."
+            )
+        self._prepare_impl()
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), SessionTransactionState.PREPARED
+    )
+    def _prepare_impl(self) -> None:
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            self.session.dispatch.before_commit(self.session)
+
+        stx = self.session._transaction
+        assert stx is not None
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_self_and_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.commit()
+
+        if not self.session._flushing:
+            for _flush_guard in range(100):
+                if self.session._is_clean():
+                    break
+                self.session.flush()
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Over 100 subsequent flushes have occurred within "
+                    "session.commit() - is an after_flush() hook "
+                    "creating new objects?"
+                )
+
+        if self._parent is None and self.session.twophase:
+            try:
+                for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+                    cast("TwoPhaseTransaction", t[1]).prepare()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.PREPARED
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE, SessionTransactionState.PREPARED),
+        SessionTransactionState.CLOSED,
+    )
+    def commit(self, _to_root: bool = False) -> None:
+        if self._state is not SessionTransactionState.PREPARED:
+            with self._expect_state(SessionTransactionState.PREPARED):
+                self._prepare_impl()
+
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            for conn, trans, should_commit, autoclose in set(
+                self._connections.values()
+            ):
+                if should_commit:
+                    trans.commit()
+
+            self._state = SessionTransactionState.COMMITTED
+            self.session.dispatch.after_commit(self.session)
+
+            self._remove_snapshot()
+
+        with self._expect_state(SessionTransactionState.CLOSED):
+            self.close()
+
+        if _to_root and self._parent:
+            self._parent.commit(_to_root=True)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (
+            SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,
+            SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE,
+            SessionTransactionState.PREPARED,
+        ),
+        SessionTransactionState.CLOSED,
+    )
+    def rollback(
+        self, _capture_exception: bool = False, _to_root: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        stx = self.session._transaction
+        assert stx is not None
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_self_and_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.close()
+
+        boundary = self
+        rollback_err = None
+        if self._state in (
+            SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,
+            SessionTransactionState.PREPARED,
+        ):
+            for transaction in self._iterate_self_and_parents():
+                if transaction._parent is None or transaction.nested:
+                    try:
+                        for t in set(transaction._connections.values()):
+                            t[1].rollback()
+
+                        transaction._state = SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE
+                        self.session.dispatch.after_rollback(self.session)
+                    except:
+                        rollback_err = sys.exc_info()
+                    finally:
+                        transaction._state = SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE
+                        transaction._restore_snapshot(
+                            dirty_only=transaction.nested
+                        )
+                    boundary = transaction
+                    break
+                else:
+                    transaction._state = SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE
+
+        sess = self.session
+
+        if not rollback_err and not sess._is_clean():
+            # if items were added, deleted, or mutated
+            # here, we need to re-restore the snapshot
+            util.warn(
+                "Session's state has been changed on "
+                "a non-active transaction - this state "
+                "will be discarded."
+            )
+            boundary._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=boundary.nested)
+
+        with self._expect_state(SessionTransactionState.CLOSED):
+            self.close()
+
+        if self._parent and _capture_exception:
+            self._parent._rollback_exception = sys.exc_info()[1]
+
+        if rollback_err and rollback_err[1]:
+            raise rollback_err[1].with_traceback(rollback_err[2])
+
+        sess.dispatch.after_soft_rollback(sess, self)
+
+        if _to_root and self._parent:
+            self._parent.rollback(_to_root=True)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        _StateChangeStates.ANY, SessionTransactionState.CLOSED
+    )
+    def close(self, invalidate: bool = False) -> None:
+        if self.nested:
+            self.session._nested_transaction = (
+                self._previous_nested_transaction
+            )
+
+        self.session._transaction = self._parent
+
+        for connection, transaction, should_commit, autoclose in set(
+            self._connections.values()
+        ):
+            if invalidate and self._parent is None:
+                connection.invalidate()
+            if should_commit and transaction.is_active:
+                transaction.close()
+            if autoclose and self._parent is None:
+                connection.close()
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.CLOSED
+        sess = self.session
+
+        # TODO: these two None sets were historically after the
+        # event hook below, and in 2.0 I changed it this way for some reason,
+        # and I remember there being a reason, but not what it was.
+        # Why do we need to get rid of them at all?  test_memusage::CycleTest
+        # passes with these commented out.
+        # self.session = None  # type: ignore
+        # self._connections = None  # type: ignore
+
+        sess.dispatch.after_transaction_end(sess, self)
+
+    def _get_subject(self) -> Session:
+        return self.session
+
+    def _transaction_is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state is SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+
+    def _transaction_is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state is SessionTransactionState.CLOSED
+
+    def _rollback_can_be_called(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state not in (COMMITTED, CLOSED)
+
+
+class _SessionCloseState(Enum):
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    CLOSED = 2
+    CLOSE_IS_RESET = 3
+
+
+class Session(_SessionClassMethods, EventTarget):
+    """Manages persistence operations for ORM-mapped objects.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.Session` is **not safe for use in concurrent threads.**.
+    See :ref:`session_faq_threadsafe` for background.
+
+    The Session's usage paradigm is described at :doc:`/orm/session`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = False
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Session]
+
+    identity_map: IdentityMap
+    """A mapping of object identities to objects themselves.
+
+    Iterating through ``Session.identity_map.values()`` provides
+    access to the full set of persistent objects (i.e., those
+    that have row identity) currently in the session.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.identity_key` - helper function to produce the keys used
+        in this dictionary.
+
+    """
+
+    _new: Dict[InstanceState[Any], Any]
+    _deleted: Dict[InstanceState[Any], Any]
+    bind: Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]]
+    __binds: Dict[_SessionBindKey, _SessionBind]
+    _flushing: bool
+    _warn_on_events: bool
+    _transaction: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+    _nested_transaction: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+    hash_key: int
+    autoflush: bool
+    expire_on_commit: bool
+    enable_baked_queries: bool
+    twophase: bool
+    join_transaction_mode: JoinTransactionMode
+    _query_cls: Type[Query[Any]]
+    _close_state: _SessionCloseState
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        autoflush: bool = True,
+        future: Literal[True] = True,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = True,
+        autobegin: bool = True,
+        twophase: bool = False,
+        binds: Optional[Dict[_SessionBindKey, _SessionBind]] = None,
+        enable_baked_queries: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        query_cls: Optional[Type[Query[Any]]] = None,
+        autocommit: Literal[False] = False,
+        join_transaction_mode: JoinTransactionMode = "conditional_savepoint",
+        close_resets_only: Union[bool, _NoArg] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        See also the :class:`.sessionmaker` function which is used to
+        generate a :class:`.Session`-producing callable with a given
+        set of arguments.
+
+        :param autoflush: When ``True``, all query operations will issue a
+           :meth:`~.Session.flush` call to this ``Session`` before proceeding.
+           This is a convenience feature so that :meth:`~.Session.flush` need
+           not be called repeatedly in order for database queries to retrieve
+           results.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`session_flushing` - additional background on autoflush
+
+        :param autobegin: Automatically start transactions (i.e. equivalent to
+           invoking :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`) when database access is
+           requested by an operation.   Defaults to ``True``.    Set to
+           ``False`` to prevent a :class:`_orm.Session` from implicitly
+           beginning transactions after construction, as well as after any of
+           the :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback`, :meth:`_orm.Session.commit`,
+           or :meth:`_orm.Session.close` methods are called.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`session_autobegin_disable`
+
+        :param bind: An optional :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+           :class:`_engine.Connection` to
+           which this ``Session`` should be bound. When specified, all SQL
+           operations performed by this session will execute via this
+           connectable.
+
+        :param binds: A dictionary which may specify any number of
+           :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+           objects as the source of
+           connectivity for SQL operations on a per-entity basis.   The keys
+           of the dictionary consist of any series of mapped classes,
+           arbitrary Python classes that are bases for mapped classes,
+           :class:`_schema.Table` objects and :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects.
+           The
+           values of the dictionary are then instances of
+           :class:`_engine.Engine`
+           or less commonly :class:`_engine.Connection` objects.
+           Operations which
+           proceed relative to a particular mapped class will consult this
+           dictionary for the closest matching entity in order to determine
+           which :class:`_engine.Engine` should be used for a particular SQL
+           operation.    The complete heuristics for resolution are
+           described at :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.  Usage looks like::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(binds={
+                SomeMappedClass: create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://engine1'),
+                SomeDeclarativeBase: create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://engine2'),
+                some_mapper: create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://engine3'),
+                some_table: create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://engine4'),
+                })
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+                :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+                :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+                :meth:`.Session.get_bind`
+
+
+        :param \class_: Specify an alternate class other than
+           ``sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`` which should be used by the
+           returned class. This is the only argument that is local to the
+           :class:`.sessionmaker` function, and is not sent directly to the
+           constructor for ``Session``.
+
+        :param enable_baked_queries: legacy; defaults to ``True``.
+           A parameter consumed
+           by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.baked` extension to determine if
+           "baked queries" should be cached, as is the normal operation
+           of this extension.  When set to ``False``, caching as used by
+           this particular extension is disabled.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``sqlalchemy.ext.baked`` extension is
+              legacy and is not used by any of SQLAlchemy's internals. This
+              flag therefore only affects applications that are making explicit
+              use of this extension within their own code.
+
+        :param expire_on_commit:  Defaults to ``True``. When ``True``, all
+           instances will be fully expired after each :meth:`~.commit`,
+           so that all attribute/object access subsequent to a completed
+           transaction will load from the most recent database state.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`session_committing`
+
+        :param future: Deprecated; this flag is always True.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`migration_20_toplevel`
+
+        :param info: optional dictionary of arbitrary data to be associated
+           with this :class:`.Session`.  Is available via the
+           :attr:`.Session.info` attribute.  Note the dictionary is copied at
+           construction time so that modifications to the per-
+           :class:`.Session` dictionary will be local to that
+           :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :param query_cls:  Class which should be used to create new Query
+          objects, as returned by the :meth:`~.Session.query` method.
+          Defaults to :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        :param twophase:  When ``True``, all transactions will be started as
+            a "two phase" transaction, i.e. using the "two phase" semantics
+            of the database in use along with an XID.  During a
+            :meth:`~.commit`, after :meth:`~.flush` has been issued for all
+            attached databases, the :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare`
+            method on each database's :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` will be
+            called. This allows each database to roll back the entire
+            transaction, before each transaction is committed.
+
+        :param autocommit: the "autocommit" keyword is present for backwards
+            compatibility but must remain at its default value of ``False``.
+
+        :param join_transaction_mode: Describes the transactional behavior to
+          take when a given bind is a :class:`_engine.Connection` that
+          has already begun a transaction outside the scope of this
+          :class:`_orm.Session`; in other words the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.in_transaction()` method returns True.
+
+          The following behaviors only take effect when the :class:`_orm.Session`
+          **actually makes use of the connection given**; that is, a method
+          such as :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`, :meth:`_orm.Session.connection`,
+          etc. are actually invoked:
+
+          * ``"conditional_savepoint"`` - this is the default.  if the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection` is begun within a transaction but
+            does not have a SAVEPOINT, then ``"rollback_only"`` is used.
+            If the :class:`_engine.Connection` is additionally within
+            a SAVEPOINT, in other words
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.in_nested_transaction()` method returns
+            True, then ``"create_savepoint"`` is used.
+
+            ``"conditional_savepoint"`` behavior attempts to make use of
+            savepoints in order to keep the state of the existing transaction
+            unchanged, but only if there is already a savepoint in progress;
+            otherwise, it is not assumed that the backend in use has adequate
+            support for SAVEPOINT, as availability of this feature varies.
+            ``"conditional_savepoint"`` also seeks to establish approximate
+            backwards compatibility with previous :class:`_orm.Session`
+            behavior, for applications that are not setting a specific mode. It
+            is recommended that one of the explicit settings be used.
+
+          * ``"create_savepoint"`` - the :class:`_orm.Session` will use
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested()` in all cases to create
+            its own transaction.  This transaction by its nature rides
+            "on top" of any existing transaction that's opened on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`; if the underlying database and
+            the driver in use has full, non-broken support for SAVEPOINT, the
+            external transaction will remain unaffected throughout the
+            lifespan of the :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+            The ``"create_savepoint"`` mode is the most useful for integrating
+            a :class:`_orm.Session` into a test suite where an externally
+            initiated transaction should remain unaffected; however, it relies
+            on proper SAVEPOINT support from the underlying driver and
+            database.
+
+            .. tip:: When using SQLite, the SQLite driver included through
+               Python 3.11 does not handle SAVEPOINTs correctly in all cases
+               without workarounds. See the sections
+               :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` and :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`
+               for details on current workarounds.
+
+          * ``"control_fully"`` - the :class:`_orm.Session` will take
+            control of the given transaction as its own;
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` will call ``.commit()`` on the
+            transaction, :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` will call
+            ``.rollback()`` on the transaction, :meth:`_orm.Session.close` will
+            call ``.rollback`` on the transaction.
+
+            .. tip:: This mode of use is equivalent to how SQLAlchemy 1.4 would
+               handle a :class:`_engine.Connection` given with an existing
+               SAVEPOINT (i.e. :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested`); the
+               :class:`_orm.Session` would take full control of the existing
+               SAVEPOINT.
+
+          * ``"rollback_only"`` - the :class:`_orm.Session` will take control
+            of the given transaction for ``.rollback()`` calls only;
+            ``.commit()`` calls will not be propagated to the given
+            transaction.  ``.close()`` calls will have no effect on the
+            given transaction.
+
+            .. tip:: This mode of use is equivalent to how SQLAlchemy 1.4 would
+               handle a :class:`_engine.Connection` given with an existing
+               regular database transaction (i.e.
+               :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`); the :class:`_orm.Session`
+               would propagate :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` calls to the
+               underlying transaction, but not :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` or
+               :meth:`_orm.Session.close` calls.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        :param close_resets_only: Defaults to ``True``. Determines if
+          the session should reset itself after calling ``.close()``
+          or should pass in a no longer usable state, disabling re-use.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0.22 added flag ``close_resets_only``.
+            A future SQLAlchemy version may change the default value of
+            this flag to ``False``.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - Detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+        """  # noqa
+
+        # considering allowing the "autocommit" keyword to still be accepted
+        # as long as it's False, so that external test suites, oslo.db etc
+        # continue to function as the argument appears to be passed in lots
+        # of cases including in our own test suite
+        if autocommit:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "autocommit=True is no longer supported"
+            )
+        self.identity_map = identity.WeakInstanceDict()
+
+        if not future:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The 'future' parameter passed to "
+                "Session() may only be set to True."
+            )
+
+        self._new = {}  # InstanceState->object, strong refs object
+        self._deleted = {}  # same
+        self.bind = bind
+        self.__binds = {}
+        self._flushing = False
+        self._warn_on_events = False
+        self._transaction = None
+        self._nested_transaction = None
+        self.hash_key = _new_sessionid()
+        self.autobegin = autobegin
+        self.autoflush = autoflush
+        self.expire_on_commit = expire_on_commit
+        self.enable_baked_queries = enable_baked_queries
+
+        # the idea is that at some point NO_ARG will warn that in the future
+        # the default will switch to close_resets_only=False.
+        if close_resets_only or close_resets_only is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self._close_state = _SessionCloseState.CLOSE_IS_RESET
+        else:
+            self._close_state = _SessionCloseState.ACTIVE
+        if (
+            join_transaction_mode
+            and join_transaction_mode
+            not in JoinTransactionMode.__args__  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"invalid selection for join_transaction_mode: "
+                f'"{join_transaction_mode}"'
+            )
+        self.join_transaction_mode = join_transaction_mode
+
+        self.twophase = twophase
+        self._query_cls = query_cls if query_cls else query.Query
+        if info:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        if binds is not None:
+            for key, bind in binds.items():
+                self._add_bind(key, bind)
+
+        _sessions[self.hash_key] = self
+
+    # used by sqlalchemy.engine.util.TransactionalContext
+    _trans_context_manager: Optional[TransactionalContext] = None
+
+    connection_callable: Optional[_ConnectionCallableProto] = None
+
+    def __enter__(self: _S) -> _S:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _maker_context_manager(self: _S) -> Iterator[_S]:
+        with self:
+            with self.begin():
+                yield self
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a transaction.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active`
+
+
+        """
+        return self._transaction is not None
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a nested
+        transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self._nested_transaction is not None
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[SessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        trans = self._transaction
+        while trans is not None and trans._parent is not None:
+            trans = trans._parent
+        return trans
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[SessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self._nested_transaction
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def _autobegin_t(self, begin: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            if not begin and not self.autobegin:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Autobegin is disabled on this Session; please call "
+                    "session.begin() to start a new transaction"
+                )
+            trans = SessionTransaction(
+                self,
+                (
+                    SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN
+                    if begin
+                    else SessionTransactionOrigin.AUTOBEGIN
+                ),
+            )
+            assert self._transaction is trans
+            return trans
+
+        return self._transaction
+
+    def begin(self, nested: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        """Begin a transaction, or nested transaction,
+        on this :class:`.Session`, if one is not already begun.
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Session` object features **autobegin** behavior,
+        so that normally it is not necessary to call the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`
+        method explicitly. However, it may be used in order to control
+        the scope of when the transactional state is begun.
+
+        When used to begin the outermost transaction, an error is raised
+        if this :class:`.Session` is already inside of a transaction.
+
+        :param nested: if True, begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is
+         equivalent to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For
+         documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see
+         :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         acts as a Python context manager, allowing :meth:`.Session.begin`
+         to be used in a "with" block.  See :ref:`session_explicit_begin` for
+         an example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_autobegin`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t(begin=True)
+
+            if not nested:
+                return trans
+
+        assert trans is not None
+
+        if nested:
+            trans = trans._begin(nested=nested)
+            assert self._transaction is trans
+            self._nested_transaction = trans
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "A transaction is already begun on this Session."
+            )
+
+        return trans  # needed for __enter__/__exit__ hook
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> SessionTransaction:
+        """Begin a "nested" transaction on this Session, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        The target database(s) and associated drivers must support SQL
+        SAVEPOINT for this method to function correctly.
+
+        For documentation on SAVEPOINT
+        transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` acts as a context manager, allowing
+         :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` to be used in a "with" block.
+         See :ref:`session_begin_nested` for a usage example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_begin_nested`
+
+            :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly. For asyncio use cases, see the section
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`.
+
+        """
+        return self.begin(nested=True)
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
+
+        The method always rolls back
+        the topmost database transaction, discarding any nested
+        transactions that may be in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_rollback`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self._transaction.rollback(_to_root=True)
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
+
+        When the COMMIT operation is complete, all objects are fully
+        :term:`expired`, erasing their internal contents, which will be
+        automatically re-loaded when the objects are next accessed. In the
+        interim, these objects are in an expired state and will not function if
+        they are :term:`detached` from the :class:`.Session`. Additionally,
+        this re-load operation is not supported when using asyncio-oriented
+        APIs. The :paramref:`.Session.expire_on_commit` parameter may be used
+        to disable this behavior.
+
+        When there is no transaction in place for the :class:`.Session`,
+        indicating that no operations were invoked on this :class:`.Session`
+        since the previous call to :meth:`.Session.commit`, the method will
+        begin and commit an internal-only "logical" transaction, that does not
+        normally affect the database unless pending flush changes were
+        detected, but will still invoke event handlers and object expiration
+        rules.
+
+        The outermost database transaction is committed unconditionally,
+        automatically releasing any SAVEPOINTs in effect.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_committing`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_orm_avoid_lazyloads`
+
+        """
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t()
+
+        trans.commit(_to_root=True)
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """Prepare the current transaction in progress for two phase commit.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+
+        Only root transactions of two phase sessions can be prepared. If the
+        current transaction is not such, an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t()
+
+        trans.prepare()
+
+    def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        Either the :class:`_engine.Connection` corresponding to the current
+        transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
+        one is begun and the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        returned (note that no
+        transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
+        SQL statement is emitted).
+
+        Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
+        resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments.   This
+        ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of bind arguments.  May include
+         "mapper", "bind", "clause", other custom arguments that are passed
+         to :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.
+
+        :param execution_options: a dictionary of execution options that will
+         be passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, **when the
+         connection is first procured only**.   If the connection is already
+         present within the :class:`.Session`, a warning is emitted and
+         the arguments are ignored.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_transaction_isolation`
+
+        """
+
+        if bind_arguments:
+            bind = bind_arguments.pop("bind", None)
+
+            if bind is None:
+                bind = self.get_bind(**bind_arguments)
+        else:
+            bind = self.get_bind()
+
+        return self._connection_for_bind(
+            bind,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _connection_for_bind(
+        self,
+        engine: _SessionBind,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(self)
+
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t()
+        return trans._connection_for_bind(engine, execution_options)
+
+    @overload
+    def _execute_internal(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _scalar_result: Literal[True] = ...,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _execute_internal(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _scalar_result: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    def _execute_internal(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _scalar_result: bool = False,
+    ) -> Any:
+        statement = coercions.expect(roles.StatementRole, statement)
+
+        if not bind_arguments:
+            bind_arguments = {}
+        else:
+            bind_arguments = dict(bind_arguments)
+
+        if (
+            statement._propagate_attrs.get("compile_state_plugin", None)
+            == "orm"
+        ):
+            compile_state_cls = CompileState._get_plugin_class_for_plugin(
+                statement, "orm"
+            )
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(
+                    compile_state_cls, context.AbstractORMCompileState
+                )
+        else:
+            compile_state_cls = None
+            bind_arguments.setdefault("clause", statement)
+
+        execution_options = util.coerce_to_immutabledict(execution_options)
+
+        if _parent_execute_state:
+            events_todo = _parent_execute_state._remaining_events()
+        else:
+            events_todo = self.dispatch.do_orm_execute
+            if _add_event:
+                events_todo = list(events_todo) + [_add_event]
+
+        if events_todo:
+            if compile_state_cls is not None:
+                # for event handlers, do the orm_pre_session_exec
+                # pass ahead of the event handlers, so that things like
+                # .load_options, .update_delete_options etc. are populated.
+                # is_pre_event=True allows the hook to hold off on things
+                # it doesn't want to do twice, including autoflush as well
+                # as "pre fetch" for DML, etc.
+                (
+                    statement,
+                    execution_options,
+                ) = compile_state_cls.orm_pre_session_exec(
+                    self,
+                    statement,
+                    params,
+                    execution_options,
+                    bind_arguments,
+                    True,
+                )
+
+            orm_exec_state = ORMExecuteState(
+                self,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                compile_state_cls,
+                events_todo,
+            )
+            for idx, fn in enumerate(events_todo):
+                orm_exec_state._starting_event_idx = idx
+                fn_result: Optional[Result[Any]] = fn(orm_exec_state)
+                if fn_result:
+                    if _scalar_result:
+                        return fn_result.scalar()
+                    else:
+                        return fn_result
+
+            statement = orm_exec_state.statement
+            execution_options = orm_exec_state.local_execution_options
+
+        if compile_state_cls is not None:
+            # now run orm_pre_session_exec() "for real".   if there were
+            # event hooks, this will re-run the steps that interpret
+            # new execution_options into load_options / update_delete_options,
+            # which we assume the event hook might have updated.
+            # autoflush will also be invoked in this step if enabled.
+            (
+                statement,
+                execution_options,
+            ) = compile_state_cls.orm_pre_session_exec(
+                self,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        bind = self.get_bind(**bind_arguments)
+
+        conn = self._connection_for_bind(bind)
+
+        if _scalar_result and not compile_state_cls:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                params = cast(_CoreSingleExecuteParams, params)
+            return conn.scalar(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+        if compile_state_cls:
+            result: Result[Any] = compile_state_cls.orm_execute_statement(
+                self,
+                statement,
+                params or {},
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                conn,
+            )
+        else:
+            result = conn.execute(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+        if _scalar_result:
+            return result.scalar()
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a SQL expression construct.
+
+        Returns a :class:`_engine.Result` object representing
+        results of the statement execution.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+            result = session.execute(
+                select(User).where(User.id == 5)
+            )
+
+        The API contract of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` is similar to that
+        of :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, the :term:`2.0 style` version
+        of :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method is
+           now the primary point of ORM statement execution when using
+           :term:`2.0 style` ORM usage.
+
+        :param statement:
+            An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
+            such as :func:`_expression.select`).
+
+        :param params:
+            Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
+            bound parameter values.   If a single dictionary, single-row
+            execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
+            "executemany" will be invoked.  The keys in each dictionary
+            must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may also
+         provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _parent_execute_state=_parent_execute_state,
+            _add_event=_add_event,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a scalar Python
+        value.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _scalar_result=True,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return the results as scalars.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a
+        :class:`_result.ScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        :return:  a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_select_orm_entities` - contrasts the behavior
+            of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` to :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _scalar_result=False,  # mypy appreciates this
+            **kw,
+        ).scalars()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        This expunges all ORM objects associated with this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, ends any transaction in progress and
+        :term:`releases` any :class:`_engine.Connection` objects which this
+        :class:`_orm.Session` itself has checked out from associated
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` objects. The operation then leaves the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` in a state which it may be used again.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            In the default running mode the :meth:`_orm.Session.close`
+            method **does not prevent the Session from being used again**.
+            The :class:`_orm.Session` itself does not actually have a
+            distinct "closed" state; it merely means
+            the :class:`_orm.Session` will release all database connections
+            and ORM objects.
+
+            Setting the parameter :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only`
+            to ``False`` will instead make the ``close`` final, meaning that
+            any further action on the session will be forbidden.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :meth:`.Session.close` method does not
+           immediately create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` object;
+           instead, the new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created only if
+           the :class:`.Session` is used again for a database operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - a similar method that behaves like
+            ``close()`` with  the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` set to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=False)
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        This method provides for same "reset-only" behavior that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.close` method has provided historically, where the
+        state of the :class:`_orm.Session` is reset as though the object were
+        brand new, and ready to be used again.
+        This method may then be useful for :class:`_orm.Session` objects
+        which set :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` to ``False``,
+        so that "reset only" behavior is still available.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - a similar method will additionally
+            prevent re-use of the Session when the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` is set to ``False``.
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=False, is_reset=True)
+
+    def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        """Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        This is a variant of :meth:`.Session.close` that will additionally
+        ensure that the :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate`
+        method will be called on each :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        that is currently in use for a transaction (typically there is only
+        one connection unless the :class:`_orm.Session` is used with
+        multiple engines).
+
+        This can be called when the database is known to be in a state where
+        the connections are no longer safe to be used.
+
+        Below illustrates a scenario when using `gevent
+        <https://www.gevent.org/>`_, which can produce ``Timeout`` exceptions
+        that may mean the underlying connection should be discarded::
+
+            import gevent
+
+            try:
+                sess = Session()
+                sess.add(User())
+                sess.commit()
+            except gevent.Timeout:
+                sess.invalidate()
+                raise
+            except:
+                sess.rollback()
+                raise
+
+        The method additionally does everything that :meth:`_orm.Session.close`
+        does, including that all ORM objects are expunged.
+
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=True)
+
+    def _close_impl(self, invalidate: bool, is_reset: bool = False) -> None:
+        if not is_reset and self._close_state is _SessionCloseState.ACTIVE:
+            self._close_state = _SessionCloseState.CLOSED
+        self.expunge_all()
+        if self._transaction is not None:
+            for transaction in self._transaction._iterate_self_and_parents():
+                transaction.close(invalidate)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        """Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+        """
+
+        all_states = self.identity_map.all_states() + list(self._new)
+        self.identity_map._kill()
+        self.identity_map = identity.WeakInstanceDict()
+        self._new = {}
+        self._deleted = {}
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(all_states, self)
+
+    def _add_bind(self, key: _SessionBindKey, bind: _SessionBind) -> None:
+        try:
+            insp = inspect(key)
+        except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
+            if not isinstance(key, type):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Not an acceptable bind target: %s" % key
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                self.__binds[key] = bind
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(insp, Inspectable)
+
+            if isinstance(insp, TableClause):
+                self.__binds[insp] = bind
+            elif insp_is_mapper(insp):
+                self.__binds[insp.class_] = bind
+                for _selectable in insp._all_tables:
+                    self.__binds[_selectable] = bind
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Not an acceptable bind target: %s" % key
+                )
+
+    def bind_mapper(
+        self, mapper: _EntityBindKey[_O], bind: _SessionBind
+    ) -> None:
+        """Associate a :class:`_orm.Mapper` or arbitrary Python class with a
+        "bind", e.g. an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        The given entity is added to a lookup used by the
+        :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :param mapper: a :class:`_orm.Mapper` object,
+         or an instance of a mapped
+         class, or any Python class that is the base of a set of mapped
+         classes.
+
+        :param bind: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+                    object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+            :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+
+        """
+        self._add_bind(mapper, bind)
+
+    def bind_table(self, table: TableClause, bind: _SessionBind) -> None:
+        """Associate a :class:`_schema.Table` with a "bind", e.g. an
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        or :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        The given :class:`_schema.Table` is added to a lookup used by the
+        :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :param table: a :class:`_schema.Table` object,
+         which is typically the target
+         of an ORM mapping, or is present within a selectable that is
+         mapped.
+
+        :param bind: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+         object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+            :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+
+        """
+        self._add_bind(table, bind)
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        _sa_skip_events: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _sa_skip_for_implicit_returning: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        """Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
+
+        The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+        except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
+        explicitly bound directly to a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
+        ``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
+        appropriate bind to return.
+
+        Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
+        when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
+        operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
+        individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
+        :meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
+
+        The order of resolution is:
+
+        1. if mapper given and :paramref:`.Session.binds` is present,
+           locate a bind based first on the mapper in use, then
+           on the mapped class in use, then on any base classes that are
+           present in the ``__mro__`` of the mapped class, from more specific
+           superclasses to more general.
+        2. if clause given and ``Session.binds`` is present,
+           locate a bind based on :class:`_schema.Table` objects
+           found in the given clause present in ``Session.binds``.
+        3. if ``Session.binds`` is present, return that.
+        4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the clause.
+        5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+           selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
+        6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
+           is raised.
+
+        Note that the :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method can be overridden on
+        a user-defined subclass of :class:`.Session` to provide any kind
+        of bind resolution scheme.  See the example at
+        :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional mapped class or corresponding :class:`_orm.Mapper` instance.
+          The bind can be derived from a :class:`_orm.Mapper` first by
+          consulting the "binds" map associated with this :class:`.Session`,
+          and secondly by consulting the :class:`_schema.MetaData` associated
+          with the :class:`_schema.Table` to which the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is
+          mapped for a bind.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` (i.e.
+            :func:`_expression.select`,
+            :func:`_expression.text`,
+            etc.).  If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
+            produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
+            for a bound element, typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            associated with
+            bound :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+             :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+        """
+
+        # this function is documented as a subclassing hook, so we have
+        # to call this method even if the return is simple
+        if bind:
+            return bind
+        elif not self.__binds and self.bind:
+            # simplest and most common case, we have a bind and no
+            # per-mapper/table binds, we're done
+            return self.bind
+
+        # we don't have self.bind and either have self.__binds
+        # or we don't have self.__binds (which is legacy).  Look at the
+        # mapper and the clause
+        if mapper is None and clause is None:
+            if self.bind:
+                return self.bind
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+                    "This session is not bound to a single Engine or "
+                    "Connection, and no context was provided to locate "
+                    "a binding."
+                )
+
+        # look more closely at the mapper.
+        if mapper is not None:
+            try:
+                inspected_mapper = inspect(mapper)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
+                if isinstance(mapper, type):
+                    raise exc.UnmappedClassError(mapper) from err
+                else:
+                    raise
+        else:
+            inspected_mapper = None
+
+        # match up the mapper or clause in the __binds
+        if self.__binds:
+            # matching mappers and selectables to entries in the
+            # binds dictionary; supported use case.
+            if inspected_mapper:
+                for cls in inspected_mapper.class_.__mro__:
+                    if cls in self.__binds:
+                        return self.__binds[cls]
+                if clause is None:
+                    clause = inspected_mapper.persist_selectable
+
+            if clause is not None:
+                plugin_subject = clause._propagate_attrs.get(
+                    "plugin_subject", None
+                )
+
+                if plugin_subject is not None:
+                    for cls in plugin_subject.mapper.class_.__mro__:
+                        if cls in self.__binds:
+                            return self.__binds[cls]
+
+                for obj in visitors.iterate(clause):
+                    if obj in self.__binds:
+                        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                            assert isinstance(obj, Table)
+                        return self.__binds[obj]
+
+        # none of the __binds matched, but we have a fallback bind.
+        # return that
+        if self.bind:
+            return self.bind
+
+        context = []
+        if inspected_mapper is not None:
+            context.append(f"mapper {inspected_mapper}")
+        if clause is not None:
+            context.append("SQL expression")
+
+        raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+            f"Could not locate a bind configured on "
+            f'{", ".join(context)} or this Session.'
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def query(self, _entity: _EntityType[_O]) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, _colexpr: TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T]]: ...
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query RowReturningQuery 2-8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]: ...
+
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_query.Query` object is legacy as of
+        SQLAlchemy 2.0; the :func:`_sql.select` construct is now used
+        to construct ORM queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`query_api_toplevel` - legacy API doc
+
+        """
+
+        return self._query_cls(entities, self, **kwargs)
+
+    def _identity_lookup(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+        primary_key_identity: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]],
+        identity_token: Any = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Union[Optional[_O], LoaderCallableStatus]:
+        """Locate an object in the identity map.
+
+        Given a primary key identity, constructs an identity key and then
+        looks in the session's identity map.  If present, the object may
+        be run through unexpiration rules (e.g. load unloaded attributes,
+        check if was deleted).
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            obj = session._identity_lookup(inspect(SomeClass), (1, ))
+
+        :param mapper: mapper in use
+        :param primary_key_identity: the primary key we are searching for, as
+         a tuple.
+        :param identity_token: identity token that should be used to create
+         the identity key.  Used as is, however overriding subclasses can
+         repurpose this in order to interpret the value in a special way,
+         such as if None then look among multiple target tokens.
+        :param passive: passive load flag passed to
+         :func:`.loading.get_from_identity`, which impacts the behavior if
+         the object is found; the object may be validated and/or unexpired
+         if the flag allows for SQL to be emitted.
+        :param lazy_loaded_from: an :class:`.InstanceState` that is
+         specifically asking for this identity as a related identity.  Used
+         for sharding schemes where there is a correspondence between an object
+         and a related object being lazy-loaded (or otherwise
+         relationship-loaded).
+
+        :return: None if the object is not found in the identity map, *or*
+         if the object was unexpired and found to have been deleted.
+         if passive flags disallow SQL and the object is expired, returns
+         PASSIVE_NO_RESULT.   In all other cases the instance is returned.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.0 - the :meth:`.Session._identity_lookup`
+           method was moved from :class:`_query.Query` to
+           :class:`.Session`, to avoid having to instantiate the
+           :class:`_query.Query` object.
+
+
+        """
+
+        key = mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+            primary_key_identity, identity_token=identity_token
+        )
+
+        # work around: https://github.com/python/typing/discussions/1143
+        return_value = loading.get_from_identity(self, mapper, key, passive)
+        return return_value
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Iterator[Session]:
+        """Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+        """
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        self.autoflush = False
+        try:
+            yield self
+        finally:
+            self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    @util.langhelpers.tag_method_for_warnings(
+        "This warning originated from the Session 'autoflush' process, "
+        "which was invoked automatically in response to a user-initiated "
+        "operation.",
+        sa_exc.SAWarning,
+    )
+    def _autoflush(self) -> None:
+        if self.autoflush and not self._flushing:
+            try:
+                self.flush()
+            except sa_exc.StatementError as e:
+                # note we are reraising StatementError as opposed to
+                # raising FlushError with "chaining" to remain compatible
+                # with code that catches StatementError, IntegrityError,
+                # etc.
+                e.add_detail(
+                    "raised as a result of Query-invoked autoflush; "
+                    "consider using a session.no_autoflush block if this "
+                    "flush is occurring prematurely"
+                )
+                raise e.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
+
+    def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire and refresh attributes on the given instance.
+
+        The selected attributes will first be expired as they would when using
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.expire`; then a SELECT statement will be issued to
+        the database to refresh column-oriented attributes with the current
+        value available in the current transaction.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes will also be immediately
+        loaded if they were already eagerly loaded on the object, using the
+        same eager loading strategy that they were loaded with originally.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           can also refresh eagerly loaded attributes.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes that would normally
+        load using the ``select`` (or "lazy") loader strategy will also
+        load **if they are named explicitly in the attribute_names
+        collection**, emitting a SELECT statement for the attribute using the
+        ``immediate`` loader strategy.  If lazy-loaded relationships are not
+        named in :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names`, then
+        they remain as "lazy loaded" attributes and are not implicitly
+        refreshed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.4  The :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           will now refresh lazy-loaded :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented
+           attributes for those which are named explicitly in the
+           :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names` collection.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            While the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method is capable of
+            refreshing both column and relationship oriented attributes, its
+            primary focus is on refreshing of local column-oriented attributes
+            on a single instance. For more open ended "refresh" functionality,
+            including the ability to refresh the attributes on many objects at
+            once while having explicit control over relationship loader
+            strategies, use the
+            :ref:`populate existing <orm_queryguide_populate_existing>` feature
+            instead.
+
+        Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
+        were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.   Refreshing
+        attributes usually only makes sense at the start of a transaction
+        where database rows have not yet been accessed.
+
+        :param attribute_names: optional.  An iterable collection of
+          string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
+          be refreshed.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire_all`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing` - allows any ORM query
+            to refresh objects as they would be loaded normally.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+        # this autoflush previously used to occur as a secondary effect
+        # of the load_on_ident below.   Meaning we'd organize the SELECT
+        # based on current DB pks, then flush, then if pks changed in that
+        # flush, crash.  this was unticketed but discovered as part of
+        # #8703.  So here, autoflush up front, dont autoflush inside
+        # load_on_ident.
+        self._autoflush()
+
+        if with_for_update == {}:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "with_for_update should be the boolean value "
+                "True, or a dictionary with options.  "
+                "A blank dictionary is ambiguous."
+            )
+
+        with_for_update = ForUpdateArg._from_argument(with_for_update)
+
+        stmt: Select[Any] = sql.select(object_mapper(instance))
+        if (
+            loading.load_on_ident(
+                self,
+                stmt,
+                state.key,
+                refresh_state=state,
+                with_for_update=with_for_update,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names,
+                require_pk_cols=True,
+                # technically unnecessary as we just did autoflush
+                # above, however removes the additional unnecessary
+                # call to _autoflush()
+                no_autoflush=True,
+                is_user_refresh=True,
+            )
+            is None
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not refresh instance '%s'" % instance_str(instance)
+            )
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        """Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+        """
+        for state in self.identity_map.all_states():
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+    def _expire_state(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._validate_persistent(state)
+        if attribute_names:
+            state._expire_attributes(state.dict, attribute_names)
+        else:
+            # pre-fetch the full cascade since the expire is going to
+            # remove associations
+            cascaded = list(
+                state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("refresh-expire", state)
+            )
+            self._conditional_expire(state)
+            for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
+                self._conditional_expire(st_)
+
+    def _conditional_expire(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], autoflush: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire a state if persistent, else expunge if pending"""
+
+        if state.key:
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+        elif state in self._new:
+            self._new.pop(state)
+            state._detach(self)
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        """Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+        if state.session_id is not self.hash_key:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance %s is not present in this Session" % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        cascaded = list(
+            state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("expunge", state)
+        )
+        self._expunge_states([state] + [st_ for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded])
+
+    def _expunge_states(
+        self, states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]], to_transient: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        for state in states:
+            if state in self._new:
+                self._new.pop(state)
+            elif self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+                self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+                self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            elif self._transaction:
+                # state is "detached" from being deleted, but still present
+                # in the transaction snapshot
+                self._transaction._deleted.pop(state, None)
+        statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(
+            states, self, to_transient=to_transient
+        )
+
+    def _register_persistent(self, states: Set[InstanceState[Any]]) -> None:
+        """Register all persistent objects from a flush.
+
+        This is used both for pending objects moving to the persistent
+        state as well as already persistent objects.
+
+        """
+
+        pending_to_persistent = self.dispatch.pending_to_persistent or None
+        for state in states:
+            mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+
+            # prevent against last minute dereferences of the object
+            obj = state.obj()
+            if obj is not None:
+                instance_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+                if (
+                    _none_set.intersection(instance_key[1])
+                    and not mapper.allow_partial_pks
+                    or _none_set.issuperset(instance_key[1])
+                ):
+                    raise exc.FlushError(
+                        "Instance %s has a NULL identity key.  If this is an "
+                        "auto-generated value, check that the database table "
+                        "allows generation of new primary key values, and "
+                        "that the mapped Column object is configured to "
+                        "expect these generated values.  Ensure also that "
+                        "this flush() is not occurring at an inappropriate "
+                        "time, such as within a load() event."
+                        % state_str(state)
+                    )
+
+                if state.key is None:
+                    state.key = instance_key
+                elif state.key != instance_key:
+                    # primary key switch. use safe_discard() in case another
+                    # state has already replaced this one in the identity
+                    # map (see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py ReversePKsTest)
+                    self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+                    trans = self._transaction
+                    assert trans is not None
+                    if state in trans._key_switches:
+                        orig_key = trans._key_switches[state][0]
+                    else:
+                        orig_key = state.key
+                    trans._key_switches[state] = (
+                        orig_key,
+                        instance_key,
+                    )
+                    state.key = instance_key
+
+                # there can be an existing state in the identity map
+                # that is replaced when the primary keys of two instances
+                # are swapped; see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py -> test_reverse
+                old = self.identity_map.replace(state)
+                if (
+                    old is not None
+                    and mapper._identity_key_from_state(old) == instance_key
+                    and old.obj() is not None
+                ):
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Identity map already had an identity for %s, "
+                        "replacing it with newly flushed object.   Are there "
+                        "load operations occurring inside of an event handler "
+                        "within the flush?" % (instance_key,)
+                    )
+                state._orphaned_outside_of_session = False
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+            ((state, state.dict) for state in states), self.identity_map
+        )
+
+        self._register_altered(states)
+
+        if pending_to_persistent is not None:
+            for state in states.intersection(self._new):
+                pending_to_persistent(self, state)
+
+        # remove from new last, might be the last strong ref
+        for state in set(states).intersection(self._new):
+            self._new.pop(state)
+
+    def _register_altered(self, states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]) -> None:
+        if self._transaction:
+            for state in states:
+                if state in self._new:
+                    self._transaction._new[state] = True
+                else:
+                    self._transaction._dirty[state] = True
+
+    def _remove_newly_deleted(
+        self, states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        persistent_to_deleted = self.dispatch.persistent_to_deleted or None
+        for state in states:
+            if self._transaction:
+                self._transaction._deleted[state] = True
+
+            if persistent_to_deleted is not None:
+                # get a strong reference before we pop out of
+                # self._deleted
+                obj = state.obj()  # noqa
+
+            self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+            self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state._deleted = True
+            # can't call state._detach() here, because this state
+            # is still in the transaction snapshot and needs to be
+            # tracked as part of that
+            if persistent_to_deleted is not None:
+                persistent_to_deleted(self, state)
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+        """
+        if _warn and self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+
+        self._save_or_update_state(state)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        """Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add_all()")
+
+        for instance in instances:
+            self.add(instance, _warn=False)
+
+    def _save_or_update_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        state._orphaned_outside_of_session = False
+        self._save_or_update_impl(state)
+
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in mapper.cascade_iterator(
+            "save-update", state, halt_on=self._contains_state
+        ):
+            self._save_or_update_impl(st_)
+
+    def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        """Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        The object is assumed to be either :term:`persistent` or
+        :term:`detached` when passed; after the method is called, the
+        object will remain in the :term:`persistent` state until the next
+        flush proceeds.  During this time, the object will also be a member
+        of the :attr:`_orm.Session.deleted` collection.
+
+        When the next flush proceeds, the object will move to the
+        :term:`deleted` state, indicating a ``DELETE`` statement was emitted
+        for its row within the current transaction.   When the transaction
+        is successfully committed,
+        the deleted object is moved to the :term:`detached` state and is
+        no longer present within this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_deleting` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+        """
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.delete()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+
+        self._delete_impl(state, instance, head=True)
+
+    def _delete_impl(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], obj: object, head: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        if state.key is None:
+            if head:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance '%s' is not persisted" % state_str(state)
+                )
+            else:
+                return
+
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+
+        if state in self._deleted:
+            return
+
+        self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+
+        if head:
+            # grab the cascades before adding the item to the deleted list
+            # so that autoflush does not delete the item
+            # the strong reference to the instance itself is significant here
+            cascade_states = list(
+                state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", state)
+            )
+        else:
+            cascade_states = None
+
+        self._deleted[state] = obj
+
+        if head:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert cascade_states is not None
+            for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascade_states:
+                self._delete_impl(st_, o, False)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.get(User, 5)
+
+            some_object = session.get(VersionedFoo, (5, 10))
+
+            some_object = session.get(
+                VersionedFoo,
+                {"id": 5, "version_id": 10}
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.get`, which is moved
+           from the now legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.get` method.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :param entity: a mapped class or :class:`.Mapper` indicating the
+         type of entity to be loaded.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar, tuple, or dictionary representing the
+         primary key.  For a composite (e.g. multiple column) primary key,
+         a tuple or dictionary should be passed.
+
+         For a single-column primary key, the scalar calling form is typically
+         the most expedient.  If the primary key of a row is the value "5",
+         the call looks like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, 5)
+
+         The tuple form contains primary key values typically in
+         the order in which they correspond to the mapped
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         object's primary key columns, or if the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key` configuration parameter were
+         used, in
+         the order used for that parameter. For example, if the primary key
+         of a row is represented by the integer
+         digits "5, 10" the call would look like::
+
+             my_object = session.get(SomeClass, (5, 10))
+
+         The dictionary form should include as keys the mapped attribute names
+         corresponding to each element of the primary key.  If the mapped class
+         has the attributes ``id``, ``version_id`` as the attributes which
+         store the object's primary key value, the call would look like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the query, if one is emitted.
+
+        :param populate_existing: causes the method to unconditionally emit
+         a SQL query and refresh the object with the newly loaded data,
+         regardless of whether or not the object is already present.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the query execution if one is emitted.
+         This dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are
+         accepted by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may
+         also provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.29
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+         .. versionadded: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+        """
+        return self._get_impl(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            loading.load_on_pk_identity,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Return exactly one instance based on the given primary key
+        identifier, or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query
+        selects no rows.
+
+        For a detailed documentation of the arguments see the
+        method :meth:`.Session.get`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        :return: The object instance.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Session.get` - equivalent method that instead
+              returns ``None`` if no row was found with the provided primary
+              key
+
+        """
+
+        instance = self.get(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+        if instance is None:
+            raise sa_exc.NoResultFound(
+                "No row was found when one was required"
+            )
+
+        return instance
+
+    def _get_impl(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        primary_key_identity: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        db_load_fn: Callable[..., _O],
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ExecutableOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        # convert composite types to individual args
+        if (
+            is_composite_class(primary_key_identity)
+            and type(primary_key_identity)
+            in descriptor_props._composite_getters
+        ):
+            getter = descriptor_props._composite_getters[
+                type(primary_key_identity)
+            ]
+            primary_key_identity = getter(primary_key_identity)
+
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = inspect(entity)
+
+        if mapper is None or not mapper.is_mapper:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected mapped class or mapper, got: %r" % entity
+            )
+
+        is_dict = isinstance(primary_key_identity, dict)
+        if not is_dict:
+            primary_key_identity = util.to_list(
+                primary_key_identity, default=[None]
+            )
+
+        if len(primary_key_identity) != len(mapper.primary_key):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Incorrect number of values in identifier to formulate "
+                "primary key for session.get(); primary key columns "
+                "are %s" % ",".join("'%s'" % c for c in mapper.primary_key)
+            )
+
+        if is_dict:
+            pk_synonyms = mapper._pk_synonyms
+
+            if pk_synonyms:
+                correct_keys = set(pk_synonyms).intersection(
+                    primary_key_identity
+                )
+
+                if correct_keys:
+                    primary_key_identity = dict(primary_key_identity)
+                    for k in correct_keys:
+                        primary_key_identity[pk_synonyms[k]] = (
+                            primary_key_identity[k]
+                        )
+
+            try:
+                primary_key_identity = list(
+                    primary_key_identity[prop.key]
+                    for prop in mapper._identity_key_props
+                )
+
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Incorrect names of values in identifier to formulate "
+                    "primary key for session.get(); primary key attribute "
+                    "names are %s (synonym names are also accepted)"
+                    % ",".join(
+                        "'%s'" % prop.key
+                        for prop in mapper._identity_key_props
+                    )
+                ) from err
+
+        if (
+            not populate_existing
+            and not mapper.always_refresh
+            and with_for_update is None
+        ):
+            instance = self._identity_lookup(
+                mapper,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                identity_token=identity_token,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+                bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            )
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                # reject calls for id in identity map but class
+                # mismatch.
+                if not isinstance(instance, mapper.class_):
+                    return None
+                return instance
+
+            # TODO: this was being tested before, but this is not possible
+            assert instance is not LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH
+
+        # set_label_style() not strictly necessary, however this will ensure
+        # that tablename_colname style is used which at the moment is
+        # asserted in a lot of unit tests :)
+
+        load_options = context.QueryContext.default_load_options
+
+        if populate_existing:
+            load_options += {"_populate_existing": populate_existing}
+        statement = sql.select(mapper).set_label_style(
+            LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        )
+        if with_for_update is not None:
+            statement._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg._from_argument(
+                with_for_update
+            )
+
+        if options:
+            statement = statement.options(*options)
+        return db_load_fn(
+            self,
+            statement,
+            primary_key_identity,
+            load_options=load_options,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
+        source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
+        same primary key in the session.   If not found locally, it attempts
+        to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
+        none can be located, creates a new instance.  The state of each
+        attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
+        instance.  The resulting target instance is then returned by the
+        method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
+        un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
+
+        This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
+        mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
+
+        See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
+
+        :param instance: Instance to be merged.
+        :param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
+         a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
+         events as well as all database access.  This flag is used for
+         cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
+         from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
+         into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
+         without re-querying the database.
+
+         The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
+         object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
+         to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
+         :class:`.Session`.   This is so that when
+         the merge operation populates local attributes and
+         cascades to related objects and
+         collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
+         target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
+         events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
+         any existing related objects or collections that might not
+         be loaded.  The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
+         produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
+         should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
+         method.
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get` method when the merge
+         operation loads the existing version of the object from the database.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - provides for an alternative
+            means of "merging" a single object into the :class:`.Session`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.merge()")
+
+        _recursive: Dict[InstanceState[Any], object] = {}
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object] = {}
+
+        if load:
+            # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+            self._autoflush()
+
+        object_mapper(instance)  # verify mapped
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        try:
+            self.autoflush = False
+            return self._merge(
+                attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                load=load,
+                options=options,
+                _recursive=_recursive,
+                _resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    def _merge(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        state_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> _O:
+        mapper: Mapper[_O] = _state_mapper(state)
+        if state in _recursive:
+            return cast(_O, _recursive[state])
+
+        new_instance = False
+        key = state.key
+
+        merged: Optional[_O]
+
+        if key is None:
+            if state in self._new:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Instance %s is already pending in this Session yet is "
+                    "being merged again; this is probably not what you want "
+                    "to do" % state_str(state)
+                )
+
+            if not load:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                    "objects transient (i.e. unpersisted) objects.  flush() "
+                    "all changes on mapped instances before merging with "
+                    "load=False."
+                )
+            key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            key_is_persistent = LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET not in key[
+                1
+            ] and (
+                not _none_set.intersection(key[1])
+                or (
+                    mapper.allow_partial_pks
+                    and not _none_set.issuperset(key[1])
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            key_is_persistent = True
+
+        if key in self.identity_map:
+            try:
+                merged = self.identity_map[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # object was GC'ed right as we checked for it
+                merged = None
+        else:
+            merged = None
+
+        if merged is None:
+            if key_is_persistent and key in _resolve_conflict_map:
+                merged = cast(_O, _resolve_conflict_map[key])
+
+            elif not load:
+                if state.modified:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                        "objects marked as 'dirty'.  flush() all changes on "
+                        "mapped instances before merging with load=False."
+                    )
+                merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+                merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+                merged_state.key = key
+                self._update_impl(merged_state)
+                new_instance = True
+
+            elif key_is_persistent:
+                merged = self.get(
+                    mapper.class_,
+                    key[1],
+                    identity_token=key[2],
+                    options=options,
+                )
+
+        if merged is None:
+            merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+            new_instance = True
+            self._save_or_update_state(merged_state)
+        else:
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+
+        _recursive[state] = merged
+        _resolve_conflict_map[key] = merged
+
+        # check that we didn't just pull the exact same
+        # state out.
+        if state is not merged_state:
+            # version check if applicable
+            if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                existing_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+
+                merged_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    merged_state,
+                    merged_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    existing_version
+                    is not LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                    and merged_version
+                    is not LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                    and existing_version != merged_version
+                ):
+                    raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                        "Version id '%s' on merged state %s "
+                        "does not match existing version '%s'. "
+                        "Leave the version attribute unset when "
+                        "merging to update the most recent version."
+                        % (
+                            existing_version,
+                            state_str(merged_state),
+                            merged_version,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+            merged_state.load_path = state.load_path
+            merged_state.load_options = state.load_options
+
+            # since we are copying load_options, we need to copy
+            # the callables_ that would have been generated by those
+            # load_options.
+            # assumes that the callables we put in state.callables_
+            # are not instance-specific (which they should not be)
+            merged_state._copy_callables(state)
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                prop.merge(
+                    self,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    merged_state,
+                    merged_dict,
+                    load,
+                    _recursive,
+                    _resolve_conflict_map,
+                )
+
+        if not load:
+            # remove any history
+            merged_state._commit_all(merged_dict, self.identity_map)
+            merged_state.manager.dispatch._sa_event_merge_wo_load(
+                merged_state, None
+            )
+
+        if new_instance:
+            merged_state.manager.dispatch.load(merged_state, None)
+
+        return merged
+
+    def _validate_persistent(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persistent within this Session"
+                % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+    def _save_impl(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if state.key is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' already has an identity - "
+                "it can't be registered as pending" % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        obj = state.obj()
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+        if state not in self._new:
+            self._new[state] = obj
+            state.insert_order = len(self._new)
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+
+    def _update_impl(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], revert_deletion: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        if state.key is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persisted" % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        if state._deleted:
+            if revert_deletion:
+                if not state._attached:
+                    return
+                del state._deleted
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance '%s' has been deleted.  "
+                    "Use the make_transient() "
+                    "function to send this object back "
+                    "to the transient state." % state_str(state)
+                )
+
+        obj = state.obj()
+
+        # check for late gc
+        if obj is None:
+            return
+
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+
+        self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+        if revert_deletion:
+            self.identity_map.replace(state)
+        else:
+            self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+        elif revert_deletion:
+            self.dispatch.deleted_to_persistent(self, state)
+
+    def _save_or_update_impl(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if state.key is None:
+            self._save_impl(state)
+        else:
+            self._update_impl(state)
+
+    def enable_relationship_loading(self, obj: object) -> None:
+        """Associate an object with this :class:`.Session` for related
+        object loading.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            :meth:`.enable_relationship_loading` exists to serve special
+            use cases and is not recommended for general use.
+
+        Accesses of attributes mapped with :func:`_orm.relationship`
+        will attempt to load a value from the database using this
+        :class:`.Session` as the source of connectivity.  The values
+        will be loaded based on foreign key and primary key values
+        present on this object - if not present, then those relationships
+        will be unavailable.
+
+        The object will be attached to this session, but will
+        **not** participate in any persistence operations; its state
+        for almost all purposes will remain either "transient" or
+        "detached", except for the case of relationship loading.
+
+        Also note that backrefs will often not work as expected.
+        Altering a relationship-bound attribute on the target object
+        may not fire off a backref event, if the effective value
+        is what was already loaded from a foreign-key-holding value.
+
+        The :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` method is
+        similar to the ``load_on_pending`` flag on :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+        Unlike that flag, :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` allows
+        an object to remain transient while still being able to load
+        related items.
+
+        To make a transient object associated with a :class:`.Session`
+        via :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` pending, add
+        it to the :class:`.Session` using :meth:`.Session.add` normally.
+        If the object instead represents an existing identity in the database,
+        it should be merged using :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` does not improve
+        behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+        constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+        that they are present in an ordinary way before flush()
+        proceeds.  This method is not intended for general use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_orm.relationship.load_on_pending` - this flag
+            allows per-relationship loading of many-to-ones on items that
+            are pending.
+
+            :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - allows for an object to
+            be added to a :class:`.Session` without SQL emitted, which then
+            will unexpire attributes on access.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(obj) from err
+
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+        state._load_pending = True
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+
+    def _before_attach(self, state: InstanceState[Any], obj: object) -> bool:
+        self._autobegin_t()
+
+        if state.session_id == self.hash_key:
+            return False
+
+        if state.session_id and state.session_id in _sessions:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' is already attached to session '%s' "
+                "(this is '%s')"
+                % (state_str(state), state.session_id, self.hash_key)
+            )
+
+        self.dispatch.before_attach(self, state)
+
+        return True
+
+    def _after_attach(self, state: InstanceState[Any], obj: object) -> None:
+        state.session_id = self.hash_key
+        if state.modified and state._strong_obj is None:
+            state._strong_obj = obj
+        self.dispatch.after_attach(self, state)
+
+        if state.key:
+            self.dispatch.detached_to_persistent(self, state)
+        else:
+            self.dispatch.transient_to_pending(self, state)
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+        return self._contains_state(state)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        """Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        """
+        return iter(
+            list(self._new.values()) + list(self.identity_map.values())
+        )
+
+    def _contains_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        return state in self._new or self.identity_map.contains_state(state)
+
+    def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        """Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
+        to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc.  Operations are
+        automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
+        solver.
+
+        Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
+        context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
+        error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
+        You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
+        changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
+
+        :param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
+          only on elements that are in the given collection.
+
+          This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
+          particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
+          full flush() occurs.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._flushing:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Session is already flushing")
+
+        if self._is_clean():
+            return
+        try:
+            self._flushing = True
+            self._flush(objects)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def _flush_warning(self, method: Any) -> None:
+        util.warn(
+            "Usage of the '%s' operation is not currently supported "
+            "within the execution stage of the flush process. "
+            "Results may not be consistent.  Consider using alternative "
+            "event listeners or connection-level operations instead." % method
+        )
+
+    def _is_clean(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            not self.identity_map.check_modified()
+            and not self._deleted
+            and not self._new
+        )
+
+    def _flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[object]] = None) -> None:
+        dirty = self._dirty_states
+        if not dirty and not self._deleted and not self._new:
+            self.identity_map._modified.clear()
+            return
+
+        flush_context = UOWTransaction(self)
+
+        if self.dispatch.before_flush:
+            self.dispatch.before_flush(self, flush_context, objects)
+            # re-establish "dirty states" in case the listeners
+            # added
+            dirty = self._dirty_states
+
+        deleted = set(self._deleted)
+        new = set(self._new)
+
+        dirty = set(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        # create the set of all objects we want to operate upon
+        if objects:
+            # specific list passed in
+            objset = set()
+            for o in objects:
+                try:
+                    state = attributes.instance_state(o)
+
+                except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+                    raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(o) from err
+                objset.add(state)
+        else:
+            objset = None
+
+        # store objects whose fate has been decided
+        processed = set()
+
+        # put all saves/updates into the flush context.  detect top-level
+        # orphans and throw them into deleted.
+        if objset:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).intersection(objset).difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        for state in proc:
+            is_orphan = _state_mapper(state)._is_orphan(state)
+
+            is_persistent_orphan = is_orphan and state.has_identity
+
+            if (
+                is_orphan
+                and not is_persistent_orphan
+                and state._orphaned_outside_of_session
+            ):
+                self._expunge_states([state])
+            else:
+                _reg = flush_context.register_object(
+                    state, isdelete=is_persistent_orphan
+                )
+                assert _reg, "Failed to add object to the flush context!"
+                processed.add(state)
+
+        # put all remaining deletes into the flush context.
+        if objset:
+            proc = deleted.intersection(objset).difference(processed)
+        else:
+            proc = deleted.difference(processed)
+        for state in proc:
+            _reg = flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=True)
+            assert _reg, "Failed to add object to the flush context!"
+
+        if not flush_context.has_work:
+            return
+
+        flush_context.transaction = transaction = self._autobegin_t()._begin()
+        try:
+            self._warn_on_events = True
+            try:
+                flush_context.execute()
+            finally:
+                self._warn_on_events = False
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush(self, flush_context)
+
+            flush_context.finalize_flush_changes()
+
+            if not objects and self.identity_map._modified:
+                len_ = len(self.identity_map._modified)
+
+                statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+                    [
+                        (state, state.dict)
+                        for state in self.identity_map._modified
+                    ],
+                    instance_dict=self.identity_map,
+                )
+                util.warn(
+                    "Attribute history events accumulated on %d "
+                    "previously clean instances "
+                    "within inner-flush event handlers have been "
+                    "reset, and will not result in database updates. "
+                    "Consider using set_committed_value() within "
+                    "inner-flush event handlers to avoid this warning." % len_
+                )
+
+            # useful assertions:
+            # if not objects:
+            #    assert not self.identity_map._modified
+            # else:
+            #    assert self.identity_map._modified == \
+            #            self.identity_map._modified.difference(objects)
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush_postexec(self, flush_context)
+
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+
+    def bulk_save_objects(
+        self,
+        objects: Iterable[object],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        update_changed_only: bool = True,
+        preserve_order: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform a bulk save of the given list of objects.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.
+
+            For general INSERT and UPDATE of existing ORM mapped objects,
+            prefer standard :term:`unit of work` data management patterns,
+            introduced in the :ref:`unified_tutorial` at
+            :ref:`tutorial_orm_data_manipulation`.  SQLAlchemy 2.0
+            now uses :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` with modern dialects
+            which solves previous issues of bulk INSERT slowness.
+
+        :param objects: a sequence of mapped object instances.  The mapped
+         objects are persisted as is, and are **not** associated with the
+         :class:`.Session` afterwards.
+
+         For each object, whether the object is sent as an INSERT or an
+         UPDATE is dependent on the same rules used by the :class:`.Session`
+         in traditional operation; if the object has the
+         :attr:`.InstanceState.key`
+         attribute set, then the object is assumed to be "detached" and
+         will result in an UPDATE.  Otherwise, an INSERT is used.
+
+         In the case of an UPDATE, statements are grouped based on which
+         attributes have changed, and are thus to be the subject of each
+         SET clause.  If ``update_changed_only`` is False, then all
+         attributes present within each object are applied to the UPDATE
+         statement, which may help in allowing the statements to be grouped
+         together into a larger executemany(), and will also reduce the
+         overhead of checking history on attributes.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
+         generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
+         will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
+         is available.  In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
+         and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
+         to provide primary key values ahead of time; however,
+         :paramref:`.Session.bulk_save_objects.return_defaults` **greatly
+         reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.  It is strongly
+         advised to please use the standard :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+         approach.
+
+        :param update_changed_only: when True, UPDATE statements are rendered
+         based on those attributes in each state that have logged changes.
+         When False, all attributes present are rendered into the SET clause
+         with the exception of primary key attributes.
+
+        :param preserve_order: when True, the order of inserts and updates
+         matches exactly the order in which the objects are given.   When
+         False, common types of objects are grouped into inserts
+         and updates, to allow for more batching opportunities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+        """
+
+        obj_states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]
+
+        obj_states = (attributes.instance_state(obj) for obj in objects)
+
+        if not preserve_order:
+            # the purpose of this sort is just so that common mappers
+            # and persistence states are grouped together, so that groupby
+            # will return a single group for a particular type of mapper.
+            # it's not trying to be deterministic beyond that.
+            obj_states = sorted(
+                obj_states,
+                key=lambda state: (id(state.mapper), state.key is not None),
+            )
+
+        def grouping_key(
+            state: InstanceState[_O],
+        ) -> Tuple[Mapper[_O], bool]:
+            return (state.mapper, state.key is not None)
+
+        for (mapper, isupdate), states in itertools.groupby(
+            obj_states, grouping_key
+        ):
+            self._bulk_save_mappings(
+                mapper,
+                states,
+                isupdate=isupdate,
+                isstates=True,
+                return_defaults=return_defaults,
+                update_changed_only=update_changed_only,
+                render_nulls=False,
+            )
+
+    def bulk_insert_mappings(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        render_nulls: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform a bulk insert of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be inserted, in terms of the attribute
+         names on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
+         such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary must contain all
+         keys to be populated into all tables.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, the INSERT process will be altered
+         to ensure that newly generated primary key values will be fetched.
+         The rationale for this parameter is typically to enable
+         :ref:`Joined Table Inheritance <joined_inheritance>` mappings to
+         be bulk inserted.
+
+         .. note:: for backends that don't support RETURNING, the
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.bulk_insert_mappings.return_defaults`
+            parameter can significantly decrease performance as INSERT
+            statements can no longer be batched.   See
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+            for background on which backends are affected.
+
+        :param render_nulls: When True, a value of ``None`` will result
+         in a NULL value being included in the INSERT statement, rather
+         than the column being omitted from the INSERT.   This allows all
+         the rows being INSERTed to have the identical set of columns which
+         allows the full set of rows to be batched to the DBAPI.  Normally,
+         each column-set that contains a different combination of NULL values
+         than the previous row must omit a different series of columns from
+         the rendered INSERT statement, which means it must be emitted as a
+         separate statement.   By passing this flag, the full set of rows
+         are guaranteed to be batchable into one batch; the cost however is
+         that server-side defaults which are invoked by an omitted column will
+         be skipped, so care must be taken to ensure that these are not
+         necessary.
+
+         .. warning::
+
+            When this flag is set, **server side default SQL values will
+            not be invoked** for those columns that are inserted as NULL;
+            the NULL value will be sent explicitly.   Care must be taken
+            to ensure that no server-side default functions need to be
+            invoked for the operation as a whole.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+        """
+        self._bulk_save_mappings(
+            mapper,
+            mappings,
+            isupdate=False,
+            isstates=False,
+            return_defaults=return_defaults,
+            update_changed_only=False,
+            render_nulls=render_nulls,
+        )
+
+    def bulk_update_mappings(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any], mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform a bulk update of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be updated, in terms of the attribute names
+         on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables, such
+         as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary may contain keys
+         corresponding to all tables.   All those keys which are present and
+         are not part of the primary key are applied to the SET clause of the
+         UPDATE statement; the primary key values, which are required, are
+         applied to the WHERE clause.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+        """
+        self._bulk_save_mappings(
+            mapper,
+            mappings,
+            isupdate=True,
+            isstates=False,
+            return_defaults=False,
+            update_changed_only=False,
+            render_nulls=False,
+        )
+
+    def _bulk_save_mappings(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+        mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+        *,
+        isupdate: bool,
+        isstates: bool,
+        return_defaults: bool,
+        update_changed_only: bool,
+        render_nulls: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        mapper = _class_to_mapper(mapper)
+        self._flushing = True
+
+        transaction = self._autobegin_t()._begin()
+        try:
+            if isupdate:
+                bulk_persistence._bulk_update(
+                    mapper,
+                    mappings,
+                    transaction,
+                    isstates=isstates,
+                    update_changed_only=update_changed_only,
+                )
+            else:
+                bulk_persistence._bulk_insert(
+                    mapper,
+                    mappings,
+                    transaction,
+                    isstates=isstates,
+                    return_defaults=return_defaults,
+                    render_nulls=render_nulls,
+                )
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+        """
+        state = object_state(instance)
+
+        if not state.modified:
+            return False
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        for attr in state.manager.attributes:
+            if (
+                not include_collections
+                and hasattr(attr.impl, "get_collection")
+            ) or not hasattr(attr.impl, "get_history"):
+                continue
+
+            (added, unchanged, deleted) = attr.impl.get_history(
+                state, dict_, passive=PassiveFlag.NO_CHANGE
+            )
+
+            if added or deleted:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        """True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+        """
+        return self._transaction is None or self._transaction.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def _dirty_states(self) -> Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        """The set of all persistent states considered dirty.
+
+        This method returns all states that were modified including
+        those that were possibly deleted.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_map._dirty_states()
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        """The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+        """
+        return IdentitySet(
+            [
+                state.obj()
+                for state in self._dirty_states
+                if state not in self._deleted
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``"
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._deleted.values()))
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``."
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._new.values()))
+
+
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound="Session")
+
+
+class sessionmaker(_SessionClassMethods, Generic[_S]):
+    """A configurable :class:`.Session` factory.
+
+    The :class:`.sessionmaker` factory generates new
+    :class:`.Session` objects when called, creating them given
+    the configurational arguments established here.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+        # an Engine, which the Session will use for connection
+        # resources
+        engine = create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/')
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(engine)
+
+        with Session() as session:
+            session.add(some_object)
+            session.add(some_other_object)
+            session.commit()
+
+    Context manager use is optional; otherwise, the returned
+    :class:`_orm.Session` object may be closed explicitly via the
+    :meth:`_orm.Session.close` method.   Using a
+    ``try:/finally:`` block is optional, however will ensure that the close
+    takes place even if there are database errors::
+
+        session = Session()
+        try:
+            session.add(some_object)
+            session.add(some_other_object)
+            session.commit()
+        finally:
+            session.close()
+
+    :class:`.sessionmaker` acts as a factory for :class:`_orm.Session`
+    objects in the same way as an :class:`_engine.Engine` acts as a factory
+    for :class:`_engine.Connection` objects.  In this way it also includes
+    a :meth:`_orm.sessionmaker.begin` method, that provides a context
+    manager which both begins and commits a transaction, as well as closes
+    out the :class:`_orm.Session` when complete, rolling back the transaction
+    if any errors occur::
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(engine)
+
+        with Session.begin() as session:
+            session.add(some_object)
+            session.add(some_other_object)
+        # commits transaction, closes session
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    When calling upon :class:`_orm.sessionmaker` to construct a
+    :class:`_orm.Session`, keyword arguments may also be passed to the
+    method; these arguments will override that of the globally configured
+    parameters.  Below we use a :class:`_orm.sessionmaker` bound to a certain
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` to produce a :class:`_orm.Session` that is instead
+    bound to a specific :class:`_engine.Connection` procured from that engine::
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(engine)
+
+        # bind an individual session to a connection
+
+        with engine.connect() as connection:
+            with Session(bind=connection) as session:
+                # work with session
+
+    The class also includes a method :meth:`_orm.sessionmaker.configure`, which
+    can be used to specify additional keyword arguments to the factory, which
+    will take effect for subsequent :class:`.Session` objects generated. This
+    is usually used to associate one or more :class:`_engine.Engine` objects
+    with an existing
+    :class:`.sessionmaker` factory before it is first used::
+
+        # application starts, sessionmaker does not have
+        # an engine bound yet
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        # ... later, when an engine URL is read from a configuration
+        # file or other events allow the engine to be created
+        engine = create_engine('sqlite:///foo.db')
+        Session.configure(bind=engine)
+
+        sess = Session()
+        # work with session
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
+        sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+    """
+
+    class_: Type[_S]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_S],
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: "sessionmaker[Session]",
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_S] = Session,  # type: ignore
+        autoflush: bool = True,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
+        accepted by :class:`.Session` directly.  See the
+        :meth:`.Session.__init__` docstring for more details on parameters.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`_engine.Engine` or other :class:`.Connectable`
+         with
+         which newly created :class:`.Session` objects will be associated.
+        :param class\_: class to use in order to create new :class:`.Session`
+         objects.  Defaults to :class:`.Session`.
+        :param autoflush: The autoflush setting to use with newly created
+         :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_flushing` - additional background on autoflush
+
+        :param expire_on_commit=True: the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Session.expire_on_commit` setting to use
+         with newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        :param info: optional dictionary of information that will be available
+         via :attr:`.Session.info`.  Note this dictionary is *updated*, not
+         replaced, when the ``info`` parameter is specified to the specific
+         :class:`.Session` construction operation.
+
+        :param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
+         constructor of newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        """
+        kw["bind"] = bind
+        kw["autoflush"] = autoflush
+        kw["expire_on_commit"] = expire_on_commit
+        if info is not None:
+            kw["info"] = info
+        self.kw = kw
+        # make our own subclass of the given class, so that
+        # events can be associated with it specifically.
+        self.class_ = type(class_.__name__, (class_,), {})
+
+    def begin(self) -> contextlib.AbstractContextManager[_S]:
+        """Produce a context manager that both provides a new
+        :class:`_orm.Session` as well as a transaction that commits.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(some_engine)
+
+            with Session.begin() as session:
+                session.add(some_object)
+
+            # commits transaction, closes session
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        """
+
+        session = self()
+        return session._maker_context_manager()
+
+    def __call__(self, **local_kw: Any) -> _S:
+        """Produce a new :class:`.Session` object using the configuration
+        established in this :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
+        it is "called" in the same way as a function::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(some_engine)
+            session = Session()  # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
+
+        """
+        for k, v in self.kw.items():
+            if k == "info" and "info" in local_kw:
+                d = v.copy()
+                d.update(local_kw["info"])
+                local_kw["info"] = d
+            else:
+                local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
+        return self.class_(**local_kw)
+
+    def configure(self, **new_kw: Any) -> None:
+        """(Re)configure the arguments for this sessionmaker.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker()
+
+            Session.configure(bind=create_engine('sqlite://'))
+        """
+        self.kw.update(new_kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(class_=%r, %s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items()),
+        )
+
+
+def close_all_sessions() -> None:
+    """Close all sessions in memory.
+
+    This function consults a global registry of all :class:`.Session` objects
+    and calls :meth:`.Session.close` on them, which resets them to a clean
+    state.
+
+    This function is not for general use but may be useful for test suites
+    within the teardown scheme.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    """
+
+    for sess in _sessions.values():
+        sess.close()
+
+
+def make_transient(instance: object) -> None:
+    """Alter the state of the given instance so that it is :term:`transient`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient` is a special-case function for
+        advanced use cases only.
+
+    The given mapped instance is assumed to be in the :term:`persistent` or
+    :term:`detached` state.   The function will remove its association with any
+    :class:`.Session` as well as its :attr:`.InstanceState.identity`. The
+    effect is that the object will behave as though it were newly constructed,
+    except retaining any attribute / collection values that were loaded at the
+    time of the call.   The :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` flag is also reset
+    if this object had been deleted as a result of using
+    :meth:`.Session.delete`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient` does **not** "unexpire" or otherwise eagerly
+        load ORM-mapped attributes that are not currently loaded at the time
+        the function is called.   This includes attributes which:
+
+        * were expired via :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+        * were expired as the natural effect of committing a session
+          transaction, e.g. :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+        * are normally :term:`lazy loaded` but are not currently loaded
+
+        * are "deferred" (see :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral`) and are
+          not yet loaded
+
+        * were not present in the query which loaded this object, such as that
+          which is common in joined table inheritance and other scenarios.
+
+        After :func:`.make_transient` is called, unloaded attributes such
+        as those above will normally resolve to the value ``None`` when
+        accessed, or an empty collection for a collection-oriented attribute.
+        As the object is transient and un-associated with any database
+        identity, it will no longer retrieve these values.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient_to_detached`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    s = _state_session(state)
+    if s:
+        s._expunge_states([state])
+
+    # remove expired state
+    state.expired_attributes.clear()
+
+    # remove deferred callables
+    if state.callables:
+        del state.callables
+
+    if state.key:
+        del state.key
+    if state._deleted:
+        del state._deleted
+
+
+def make_transient_to_detached(instance: object) -> None:
+    """Make the given transient instance :term:`detached`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` is a special-case function for
+        advanced use cases only.
+
+    All attribute history on the given instance
+    will be reset as though the instance were freshly loaded
+    from a query.  Missing attributes will be marked as expired.
+    The primary key attributes of the object, which are required, will be made
+    into the "key" of the instance.
+
+    The object can then be added to a session, or merged
+    possibly with the load=False flag, at which point it will look
+    as if it were loaded that way, without emitting SQL.
+
+    This is a special use case function that differs from a normal
+    call to :meth:`.Session.merge` in that a given persistent state
+    can be manufactured without any SQL calls.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    if state.session_id or state.key:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Given object must be transient")
+    state.key = state.mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+    if state._deleted:
+        del state._deleted
+    state._commit_all(state.dict)
+    state._expire_attributes(state.dict, state.unloaded)
+
+
+def object_session(instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+    """Return the :class:`.Session` to which the given instance belongs.
+
+    This is essentially the same as the :attr:`.InstanceState.session`
+    accessor.  See that attribute for details.
+
+    """
+
+    try:
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+    else:
+        return _state_session(state)
+
+
+_new_sessionid = util.counter()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb0ad8cc4636379bb0f6f4d4d4ad8dfaa3744e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1136 @@
+# orm/state.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines instrumentation of instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import base
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import interfaces
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import is_collection_impl
+from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
+from .base import INIT_OK
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import NEVER_SET
+from .base import NO_VALUE
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
+from .base import SQL_OK
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _LoaderCallable
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import History
+    from .base import PassiveFlag
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .identity import IdentityMap
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import Session
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..ext.asyncio.session import async_session as _async_provider
+    from ..ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _sessions: weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, Session]
+else:
+    # late-populated by session.py
+    _sessions = None
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # optionally late-provided by sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.session
+
+    _async_provider = None  # noqa
+
+
+class _InstanceDictProto(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self) -> Optional[IdentityMap]: ...
+
+
+class _InstallLoaderCallableProto(Protocol[_O]):
+    """used at result loading time to install a _LoaderCallable callable
+    upon a specific InstanceState, which will be used to populate an
+    attribute when that attribute is accessed.
+
+    Concrete examples are per-instance deferred column loaders and
+    relationship lazy loaders.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], dict_: _InstanceDict, row: Row[Any]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class InstanceState(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo, Generic[_O]):
+    """tracks state information at the instance level.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` is a key object used by the
+    SQLAlchemy ORM in order to track the state of an object;
+    it is created the moment an object is instantiated, typically
+    as a result of :term:`instrumentation` which SQLAlchemy applies
+    to the ``__init__()`` method of the class.
+
+    :class:`.InstanceState` is also a semi-public object,
+    available for runtime inspection as to the state of a
+    mapped instance, including information such as its current
+    status within a particular :class:`.Session` and details
+    about data on individual attributes.  The public API
+    in order to acquire a :class:`.InstanceState` object
+    is to use the :func:`_sa.inspect` system::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        >>> insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+        >>> insp.attrs.nickname.history
+        History(added=['new nickname'], unchanged=(), deleted=['nickname'])
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mapper_inspection_instancestate`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__dict__",
+        "__weakref__",
+        "class_",
+        "manager",
+        "obj",
+        "committed_state",
+        "expired_attributes",
+    )
+
+    manager: ClassManager[_O]
+    session_id: Optional[int] = None
+    key: Optional[_IdentityKeyType[_O]] = None
+    runid: Optional[int] = None
+    load_options: Tuple[ORMOption, ...] = ()
+    load_path: PathRegistry = PathRegistry.root
+    insert_order: Optional[int] = None
+    _strong_obj: Optional[object] = None
+    obj: weakref.ref[_O]
+
+    committed_state: Dict[str, Any]
+
+    modified: bool = False
+    expired: bool = False
+    _deleted: bool = False
+    _load_pending: bool = False
+    _orphaned_outside_of_session: bool = False
+    is_instance: bool = True
+    identity_token: object = None
+    _last_known_values: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+
+    _instance_dict: _InstanceDictProto
+    """A weak reference, or in the default case a plain callable, that
+    returns a reference to the current :class:`.IdentityMap`, if any.
+
+    """
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _instance_dict(self):
+            """default 'weak reference' for _instance_dict"""
+            return None
+
+    expired_attributes: Set[str]
+    """The set of keys which are 'expired' to be loaded by
+       the manager's deferred scalar loader, assuming no pending
+       changes.
+
+       see also the ``unmodified`` collection which is intersected
+       against this set when a refresh operation occurs."""
+
+    callables: Dict[str, Callable[[InstanceState[_O], PassiveFlag], Any]]
+    """A namespace where a per-state loader callable can be associated.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy 1.0, this is only used for lazy loaders / deferred
+    loaders that were set up via query option.
+
+    Previously, callables was used also to indicate expired attributes
+    by storing a link to the InstanceState itself in this dictionary.
+    This role is now handled by the expired_attributes set.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        callables = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def __init__(self, obj: _O, manager: ClassManager[_O]):
+        self.class_ = obj.__class__
+        self.manager = manager
+        self.obj = weakref.ref(obj, self._cleanup)
+        self.committed_state = {}
+        self.expired_attributes = set()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attrs(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[AttributeState]:
+        """Return a namespace representing each attribute on
+        the mapped object, including its current value
+        and history.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.AttributeState`.
+        This object allows inspection of the current data
+        within an attribute as well as attribute history
+        since the last flush.
+
+        """
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(
+            {key: AttributeState(self, key) for key in self.manager}
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def transient(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`transient`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and not self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def pending(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`pending`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`deleted`.
+
+        An object that is in the deleted state is guaranteed to
+        not be within the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` of its parent
+        :class:`.Session`; however if the session's transaction is rolled
+        back, the object will be restored to the persistent state and
+        the identity map.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` attribute refers to a specific
+            state of the object that occurs between the "persistent" and
+            "detached" states; once the object is :term:`detached`, the
+            :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` attribute **no longer returns
+            True**; in order to detect that a state was deleted, regardless
+            of whether or not the object is associated with a
+            :class:`.Session`, use the :attr:`.InstanceState.was_deleted`
+            accessor.
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and self._attached and self._deleted
+
+    @property
+    def was_deleted(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this object is or was previously in the
+        "deleted" state and has not been reverted to persistent.
+
+        This flag returns True once the object was deleted in flush.
+        When the object is expunged from the session either explicitly
+        or via transaction commit and enters the "detached" state,
+        this flag will continue to report True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` - refers to the "deleted" state
+
+            :func:`.orm.util.was_deleted` - standalone function
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self._deleted
+
+    @property
+    def persistent(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`persistent`.
+
+        An object that is in the persistent state is guaranteed to
+        be within the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` of its parent
+        :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and self._attached and not self._deleted
+
+    @property
+    def detached(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`detached`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and not self._attached
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.session")
+    def _attached(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self.session_id is not None
+            and self.session_id in util.preloaded.orm_session._sessions
+        )
+
+    def _track_last_known_value(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """Track the last known value of a particular key after expiration
+        operations.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        """
+
+        lkv = self._last_known_values
+        if lkv is None:
+            self._last_known_values = lkv = {}
+        if key not in lkv:
+            lkv[key] = NO_VALUE
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> Optional[Session]:
+        """Return the owning :class:`.Session` for this instance,
+        or ``None`` if none available.
+
+        Note that the result here can in some cases be *different*
+        from that of ``obj in session``; an object that's been deleted
+        will report as not ``in session``, however if the transaction is
+        still in progress, this attribute will still refer to that session.
+        Only when the transaction is completed does the object become
+        fully detached under normal circumstances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.InstanceState.async_session`
+
+        """
+        if self.session_id:
+            try:
+                return _sessions[self.session_id]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def async_session(self) -> Optional[AsyncSession]:
+        """Return the owning :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` for this instance,
+        or ``None`` if none available.
+
+        This attribute is only non-None when the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio`
+        API is in use for this ORM object. The returned
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` object will be a proxy for the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` object that would be returned from the
+        :attr:`_orm.InstanceState.session` attribute for this
+        :class:`_orm.InstanceState`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        if _async_provider is None:
+            return None
+
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is not None:
+            return _async_provider(sess)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def object(self) -> Optional[_O]:
+        """Return the mapped object represented by this
+        :class:`.InstanceState`.
+
+        Returns None if the object has been garbage collected
+
+        """
+        return self.obj()
+
+    @property
+    def identity(self) -> Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        """Return the mapped identity of the mapped object.
+        This is the primary key identity as persisted by the ORM
+        which can always be passed directly to
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get`.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the object has no primary key identity.
+
+        .. note::
+            An object which is :term:`transient` or :term:`pending`
+            does **not** have a mapped identity until it is flushed,
+            even if its attributes include primary key values.
+
+        """
+        if self.key is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.key[1]
+
+    @property
+    def identity_key(self) -> Optional[_IdentityKeyType[_O]]:
+        """Return the identity key for the mapped object.
+
+        This is the key used to locate the object within
+        the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` mapping.   It contains
+        the identity as returned by :attr:`.identity` within it.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def parents(self) -> Dict[int, Union[Literal[False], InstanceState[Any]]]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _pending_mutations(self) -> Dict[str, PendingCollection]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _empty_collections(self) -> Dict[str, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        """Return the :class:`_orm.Mapper` used for this mapped object."""
+        return self.manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def has_identity(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this object has an identity key.
+
+        This should always have the same value as the
+        expression ``state.persistent`` or ``state.detached``.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _detach_states(
+        self,
+        states: Iterable[InstanceState[_O]],
+        session: Session,
+        to_transient: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        persistent_to_detached = (
+            session.dispatch.persistent_to_detached or None
+        )
+        deleted_to_detached = session.dispatch.deleted_to_detached or None
+        pending_to_transient = session.dispatch.pending_to_transient or None
+        persistent_to_transient = (
+            session.dispatch.persistent_to_transient or None
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            deleted = state._deleted
+            pending = state.key is None
+            persistent = not pending and not deleted
+
+            state.session_id = None
+
+            if to_transient and state.key:
+                del state.key
+            if persistent:
+                if to_transient:
+                    if persistent_to_transient is not None:
+                        persistent_to_transient(session, state)
+                elif persistent_to_detached is not None:
+                    persistent_to_detached(session, state)
+            elif deleted and deleted_to_detached is not None:
+                deleted_to_detached(session, state)
+            elif pending and pending_to_transient is not None:
+                pending_to_transient(session, state)
+
+            state._strong_obj = None
+
+    def _detach(self, session: Optional[Session] = None) -> None:
+        if session:
+            InstanceState._detach_states([self], session)
+        else:
+            self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+
+    def _dispose(self) -> None:
+        # used by the test suite, apparently
+        self._detach()
+
+    def _cleanup(self, ref: weakref.ref[_O]) -> None:
+        """Weakref callback cleanup.
+
+        This callable cleans out the state when it is being garbage
+        collected.
+
+        this _cleanup **assumes** that there are no strong refs to us!
+        Will not work otherwise!
+
+        """
+
+        # Python builtins become undefined during interpreter shutdown.
+        # Guard against exceptions during this phase, as the method cannot
+        # proceed in any case if builtins have been undefined.
+        if dict is None:
+            return
+
+        instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+        if instance_dict is not None:
+            instance_dict._fast_discard(self)
+            del self._instance_dict
+
+            # we can't possibly be in instance_dict._modified
+            # b.c. this is weakref cleanup only, that set
+            # is strong referencing!
+            # assert self not in instance_dict._modified
+
+        self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+
+    @property
+    def dict(self) -> _InstanceDict:
+        """Return the instance dict used by the object.
+
+        Under normal circumstances, this is always synonymous
+        with the ``__dict__`` attribute of the mapped object,
+        unless an alternative instrumentation system has been
+        configured.
+
+        In the case that the actual object has been garbage
+        collected, this accessor returns a blank dictionary.
+
+        """
+        o = self.obj()
+        if o is not None:
+            return base.instance_dict(o)
+        else:
+            return {}
+
+    def _initialize_instance(*mixed: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self, instance, args = mixed[0], mixed[1], mixed[2:]  # noqa
+        manager = self.manager
+
+        manager.dispatch.init(self, args, kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            manager.original_init(*mixed[1:], **kwargs)
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                manager.dispatch.init_failure(self, args, kwargs)
+
+    def get_history(self, key: str, passive: PassiveFlag) -> History:
+        return self.manager[key].impl.get_history(self, self.dict, passive)
+
+    def get_impl(self, key: str) -> AttributeImpl:
+        return self.manager[key].impl
+
+    def _get_pending_mutation(self, key: str) -> PendingCollection:
+        if key not in self._pending_mutations:
+            self._pending_mutations[key] = PendingCollection()
+        return self._pending_mutations[key]
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        state_dict: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "instance": self.obj(),
+            "class_": self.class_,
+            "committed_state": self.committed_state,
+            "expired_attributes": self.expired_attributes,
+        }
+        state_dict.update(
+            (k, self.__dict__[k])
+            for k in (
+                "_pending_mutations",
+                "modified",
+                "expired",
+                "callables",
+                "key",
+                "parents",
+                "load_options",
+                "class_",
+                "expired_attributes",
+                "info",
+            )
+            if k in self.__dict__
+        )
+        if self.load_path:
+            state_dict["load_path"] = self.load_path.serialize()
+
+        state_dict["manager"] = self.manager._serialize(self, state_dict)
+
+        return state_dict
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state_dict: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        inst = state_dict["instance"]
+        if inst is not None:
+            self.obj = weakref.ref(inst, self._cleanup)
+            self.class_ = inst.__class__
+        else:
+            self.obj = lambda: None  # type: ignore
+            self.class_ = state_dict["class_"]
+
+        self.committed_state = state_dict.get("committed_state", {})
+        self._pending_mutations = state_dict.get("_pending_mutations", {})
+        self.parents = state_dict.get("parents", {})
+        self.modified = state_dict.get("modified", False)
+        self.expired = state_dict.get("expired", False)
+        if "info" in state_dict:
+            self.info.update(state_dict["info"])
+        if "callables" in state_dict:
+            self.callables = state_dict["callables"]
+
+            self.expired_attributes = state_dict["expired_attributes"]
+        else:
+            if "expired_attributes" in state_dict:
+                self.expired_attributes = state_dict["expired_attributes"]
+            else:
+                self.expired_attributes = set()
+
+        self.__dict__.update(
+            [
+                (k, state_dict[k])
+                for k in ("key", "load_options")
+                if k in state_dict
+            ]
+        )
+        if self.key:
+            self.identity_token = self.key[2]
+
+        if "load_path" in state_dict:
+            self.load_path = PathRegistry.deserialize(state_dict["load_path"])
+
+        state_dict["manager"](self, inst, state_dict)
+
+    def _reset(self, dict_: _InstanceDict, key: str) -> None:
+        """Remove the given attribute and any
+        callables associated with it."""
+
+        old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+        manager_impl = self.manager[key].impl
+        if old is not None and is_collection_impl(manager_impl):
+            manager_impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+        self.expired_attributes.discard(key)
+        if self.callables:
+            self.callables.pop(key, None)
+
+    def _copy_callables(self, from_: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if "callables" in from_.__dict__:
+            self.callables = dict(from_.callables)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance_level_callable_processor(
+        cls, manager: ClassManager[_O], fn: _LoaderCallable, key: Any
+    ) -> _InstallLoaderCallableProto[_O]:
+        impl = manager[key].impl
+        if is_collection_impl(impl):
+            fixed_impl = impl
+
+            def _set_callable(
+                state: InstanceState[_O], dict_: _InstanceDict, row: Row[Any]
+            ) -> None:
+                if "callables" not in state.__dict__:
+                    state.callables = {}
+                old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if old is not None:
+                    fixed_impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+
+        else:
+
+            def _set_callable(
+                state: InstanceState[_O], dict_: _InstanceDict, row: Row[Any]
+            ) -> None:
+                if "callables" not in state.__dict__:
+                    state.callables = {}
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+
+        return _set_callable
+
+    def _expire(
+        self, dict_: _InstanceDict, modified_set: Set[InstanceState[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.expired = True
+        if self.modified:
+            modified_set.discard(self)
+            self.committed_state.clear()
+            self.modified = False
+
+        self._strong_obj = None
+
+        if "_pending_mutations" in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__["_pending_mutations"]
+
+        if "parents" in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__["parents"]
+
+        self.expired_attributes.update(
+            [impl.key for impl in self.manager._loader_impls]
+        )
+
+        if self.callables:
+            # the per state loader callables we can remove here are
+            # LoadDeferredColumns, which undefers a column at the instance
+            # level that is mapped with deferred, and LoadLazyAttribute,
+            # which lazy loads a relationship at the instance level that
+            # is mapped with "noload" or perhaps "immediateload".
+            # Before 1.4, only column-based
+            # attributes could be considered to be "expired", so here they
+            # were the only ones "unexpired", which means to make them deferred
+            # again.   For the moment, as of 1.4 we also apply the same
+            # treatment relationships now, that is, an instance level lazy
+            # loader is reset in the same way as a column loader.
+            for k in self.expired_attributes.intersection(self.callables):
+                del self.callables[k]
+
+        for k in self.manager._collection_impl_keys.intersection(dict_):
+            collection = dict_.pop(k)
+            collection._sa_adapter.invalidated = True
+
+        if self._last_known_values:
+            self._last_known_values.update(
+                {k: dict_[k] for k in self._last_known_values if k in dict_}
+            )
+
+        for key in self.manager._all_key_set.intersection(dict_):
+            del dict_[key]
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, None)
+
+    def _expire_attributes(
+        self,
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        attribute_names: Iterable[str],
+        no_loader: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        pending = self.__dict__.get("_pending_mutations", None)
+
+        callables = self.callables
+
+        for key in attribute_names:
+            impl = self.manager[key].impl
+            if impl.accepts_scalar_loader:
+                if no_loader and (impl.callable_ or key in callables):
+                    continue
+
+                self.expired_attributes.add(key)
+                if callables and key in callables:
+                    del callables[key]
+            old = dict_.pop(key, NO_VALUE)
+            if is_collection_impl(impl) and old is not NO_VALUE:
+                impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+
+            lkv = self._last_known_values
+            if lkv is not None and key in lkv and old is not NO_VALUE:
+                lkv[key] = old
+
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+            if pending:
+                pending.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, attribute_names)
+
+    def _load_expired(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> LoaderCallableStatus:
+        """__call__ allows the InstanceState to act as a deferred
+        callable for loading expired attributes, which is also
+        serializable (picklable).
+
+        """
+
+        if not passive & SQL_OK:
+            return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        toload = self.expired_attributes.intersection(self.unmodified)
+        toload = toload.difference(
+            attr
+            for attr in toload
+            if not self.manager[attr].impl.load_on_unexpire
+        )
+
+        self.manager.expired_attribute_loader(self, toload, passive)
+
+        # if the loader failed, or this
+        # instance state didn't have an identity,
+        # the attributes still might be in the callables
+        # dict.  ensure they are removed.
+        self.expired_attributes.clear()
+
+        return ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+    @property
+    def unmodified(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return the set of keys which have no uncommitted changes"""
+
+        return set(self.manager).difference(self.committed_state)
+
+    def unmodified_intersection(self, keys: Iterable[str]) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return self.unmodified.intersection(keys)."""
+
+        return (
+            set(keys)
+            .intersection(self.manager)
+            .difference(self.committed_state)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def unloaded(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return the set of keys which do not have a loaded value.
+
+        This includes expired attributes and any other attribute that was never
+        populated or modified.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            set(self.manager)
+            .difference(self.committed_state)
+            .difference(self.dict)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :attr:`.InstanceState.unloaded_expirable` attribute is "
+        "deprecated.  Please use :attr:`.InstanceState.unloaded`.",
+    )
+    def unloaded_expirable(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Synonymous with :attr:`.InstanceState.unloaded`.
+
+        This attribute was added as an implementation-specific detail at some
+        point and should be considered to be private.
+
+        """
+        return self.unloaded
+
+    @property
+    def _unloaded_non_object(self) -> Set[str]:
+        return self.unloaded.intersection(
+            attr
+            for attr in self.manager
+            if self.manager[attr].impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+        )
+
+    def _modified_event(
+        self,
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        attr: Optional[AttributeImpl],
+        previous: Any,
+        collection: bool = False,
+        is_userland: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if attr:
+            if not attr.send_modified_events:
+                return
+            if is_userland and attr.key not in dict_:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't flag attribute '%s' modified; it's not present in "
+                    "the object state" % attr.key
+                )
+            if attr.key not in self.committed_state or is_userland:
+                if collection:
+                    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                        assert is_collection_impl(attr)
+                    if previous is NEVER_SET:
+                        if attr.key in dict_:
+                            previous = dict_[attr.key]
+
+                    if previous not in (None, NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                        previous = attr.copy(previous)
+                self.committed_state[attr.key] = previous
+
+            lkv = self._last_known_values
+            if lkv is not None and attr.key in lkv:
+                lkv[attr.key] = NO_VALUE
+
+        # assert self._strong_obj is None or self.modified
+
+        if (self.session_id and self._strong_obj is None) or not self.modified:
+            self.modified = True
+            instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+            if instance_dict:
+                has_modified = bool(instance_dict._modified)
+                instance_dict._modified.add(self)
+            else:
+                has_modified = False
+
+            # only create _strong_obj link if attached
+            # to a session
+
+            inst = self.obj()
+            if self.session_id:
+                self._strong_obj = inst
+
+                # if identity map already had modified objects,
+                # assume autobegin already occurred, else check
+                # for autobegin
+                if not has_modified:
+                    # inline of autobegin, to ensure session transaction
+                    # snapshot is established
+                    try:
+                        session = _sessions[self.session_id]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        if session._transaction is None:
+                            session._autobegin_t()
+
+            if inst is None and attr:
+                raise orm_exc.ObjectDereferencedError(
+                    "Can't emit change event for attribute '%s' - "
+                    "parent object of type %s has been garbage "
+                    "collected."
+                    % (self.manager[attr.key], base.state_class_str(self))
+                )
+
+    def _commit(self, dict_: _InstanceDict, keys: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        """Commit attributes.
+
+        This is used by a partial-attribute load operation to mark committed
+        those attributes which were refreshed from the database.
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain "expired" after
+        this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.expired = False
+
+        self.expired_attributes.difference_update(
+            set(keys).intersection(dict_)
+        )
+
+        # the per-keys commit removes object-level callables,
+        # while that of commit_all does not.  it's not clear
+        # if this behavior has a clear rationale, however tests do
+        # ensure this is what it does.
+        if self.callables:
+            for key in (
+                set(self.callables).intersection(keys).intersection(dict_)
+            ):
+                del self.callables[key]
+
+    def _commit_all(
+        self, dict_: _InstanceDict, instance_dict: Optional[IdentityMap] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """commit all attributes unconditionally.
+
+        This is used after a flush() or a full load/refresh
+        to remove all pending state from the instance.
+
+         - all attributes are marked as "committed"
+         - the "strong dirty reference" is removed
+         - the "modified" flag is set to False
+         - any "expired" markers for scalar attributes loaded are removed.
+         - lazy load callables for objects / collections *stay*
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain
+        "expired" after this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        self._commit_all_states([(self, dict_)], instance_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _commit_all_states(
+        self,
+        iter_: Iterable[Tuple[InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]],
+        instance_dict: Optional[IdentityMap] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mass / highly inlined version of commit_all()."""
+
+        for state, dict_ in iter_:
+            state_dict = state.__dict__
+
+            state.committed_state.clear()
+
+            if "_pending_mutations" in state_dict:
+                del state_dict["_pending_mutations"]
+
+            state.expired_attributes.difference_update(dict_)
+
+            if instance_dict and state.modified:
+                instance_dict._modified.discard(state)
+
+            state.modified = state.expired = False
+            state._strong_obj = None
+
+
+class AttributeState:
+    """Provide an inspection interface corresponding
+    to a particular attribute on a particular mapped object.
+
+    The :class:`.AttributeState` object is accessed
+    via the :attr:`.InstanceState.attrs` collection
+    of a particular :class:`.InstanceState`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+        attr_state = insp.attrs.some_attribute
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("state", "key")
+
+    state: InstanceState[Any]
+    key: str
+
+    def __init__(self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: str):
+        self.state = state
+        self.key = key
+
+    @property
+    def loaded_value(self) -> Any:
+        """The current value of this attribute as loaded from the database.
+
+        If the value has not been loaded, or is otherwise not present
+        in the object's dictionary, returns NO_VALUE.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.dict.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the value of this attribute.
+
+        This operation is equivalent to accessing the object's
+        attribute directly or via ``getattr()``, and will fire
+        off any pending loader callables if needed.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.manager[self.key].__get__(
+            self.state.obj(), self.state.class_
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def history(self) -> History:
+        """Return the current **pre-flush** change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method will **not** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The attribute history system tracks changes on a **per flush
+            basis**. Each time the :class:`.Session` is flushed, the history
+            of each attribute is reset to empty.   The :class:`.Session` by
+            default autoflushes each time a :class:`_query.Query` is invoked.
+            For
+            options on how to control this, see :ref:`session_flushing`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
+            using loader callables if the value is not locally present.
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key, PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+    def load_history(self) -> History:
+        """Return the current **pre-flush** change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method **will** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The attribute history system tracks changes on a **per flush
+            basis**. Each time the :class:`.Session` is flushed, the history
+            of each attribute is reset to empty.   The :class:`.Session` by
+            default autoflushes each time a :class:`_query.Query` is invoked.
+            For
+            options on how to control this, see :ref:`session_flushing`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AttributeState.history`
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key, PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK)
+
+
+class PendingCollection:
+    """A writable placeholder for an unloaded collection.
+
+    Stores items appended to and removed from a collection that has not yet
+    been loaded. When the collection is loaded, the changes stored in
+    PendingCollection are applied to it to produce the final result.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("deleted_items", "added_items")
+
+    deleted_items: util.IdentitySet
+    added_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.deleted_items = util.IdentitySet()
+        self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+
+    def merge_with_history(self, history: History) -> History:
+        return history._merge(self.added_items, self.deleted_items)
+
+    def append(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        if value in self.deleted_items:
+            self.deleted_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def remove(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state_changes.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state_changes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20f89e5af723bffb0c6c493e9c28062c8e748a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state_changes.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# orm/state_changes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""State tracking utilities used by :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+class _StateChangeState(Enum):
+    pass
+
+
+class _StateChangeStates(_StateChangeState):
+    ANY = 1
+    NO_CHANGE = 2
+    CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS = 3
+
+
+class _StateChange:
+    """Supplies state assertion decorators.
+
+    The current use case is for the :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` class. The
+    :class:`_StateChange` class itself is agnostic of the
+    :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` class so could in theory be generalized
+    for other systems as well.
+
+    """
+
+    _next_state: _StateChangeState = _StateChangeStates.ANY
+    _state: _StateChangeState = _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    _current_fn: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+
+    def _raise_for_prerequisite_state(
+        self, operation_name: str, state: _StateChangeState
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+            f"Can't run operation '{operation_name}()' when Session "
+            f"is in state {state!r}",
+            code="isce",
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def declare_states(
+        cls,
+        prerequisite_states: Union[
+            Literal[_StateChangeStates.ANY], Tuple[_StateChangeState, ...]
+        ],
+        moves_to: _StateChangeState,
+    ) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+        """Method decorator declaring valid states.
+
+        :param prerequisite_states: sequence of acceptable prerequisite
+         states.   Can be the single constant _State.ANY to indicate no
+         prerequisite state
+
+        :param moves_to: the expected state at the end of the method, assuming
+         no exceptions raised.   Can be the constant _State.NO_CHANGE to
+         indicate state should not change at the end of the method.
+
+        """
+        assert prerequisite_states, "no prequisite states sent"
+        has_prerequisite_states = (
+            prerequisite_states is not _StateChangeStates.ANY
+        )
+
+        prerequisite_state_collection = cast(
+            "Tuple[_StateChangeState, ...]", prerequisite_states
+        )
+        expect_state_change = moves_to is not _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+
+        @util.decorator
+        def _go(fn: _F, self: Any, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            current_state = self._state
+
+            if (
+                has_prerequisite_states
+                and current_state not in prerequisite_state_collection
+            ):
+                self._raise_for_prerequisite_state(fn.__name__, current_state)
+
+            next_state = self._next_state
+            existing_fn = self._current_fn
+            expect_state = moves_to if expect_state_change else current_state
+
+            if (
+                # destination states are restricted
+                next_state is not _StateChangeStates.ANY
+                # method seeks to change state
+                and expect_state_change
+                # destination state incorrect
+                and next_state is not expect_state
+            ):
+                if existing_fn and next_state in (
+                    _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE,
+                    _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS,
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Method '{fn.__name__}()' can't be called here; "
+                        f"method '{existing_fn.__name__}()' is already "
+                        f"in progress and this would cause an unexpected "
+                        f"state change to {moves_to!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Cant run operation '{fn.__name__}()' here; "
+                        f"will move to state {moves_to!r} where we are "
+                        f"expecting {next_state!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+
+            self._current_fn = fn
+            self._next_state = _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS
+            try:
+                ret_value = fn(self, *arg, **kw)
+            except:
+                raise
+            else:
+                if self._state is expect_state:
+                    return ret_value
+
+                if self._state is current_state:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Method '{fn.__name__}()' failed to "
+                        "change state "
+                        f"to {moves_to!r} as expected",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+                elif existing_fn:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"While method '{existing_fn.__name__}()' was "
+                        "running, "
+                        f"method '{fn.__name__}()' caused an "
+                        "unexpected "
+                        f"state change to {self._state!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Method '{fn.__name__}()' caused an unexpected "
+                        f"state change to {self._state!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+
+            finally:
+                self._next_state = next_state
+                self._current_fn = existing_fn
+
+        return _go
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _expect_state(self, expected: _StateChangeState) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        """called within a method that changes states.
+
+        method must also use the ``@declare_states()`` decorator.
+
+        """
+        assert self._next_state is _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS, (
+            "Unexpected call to _expect_state outside of "
+            "state-changing method"
+        )
+
+        self._next_state = expected
+        try:
+            yield
+        except:
+            raise
+        else:
+            if self._state is not expected:
+                raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                    f"Unexpected state change to {self._state!r}", code="isce"
+                )
+        finally:
+            self._next_state = _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02b318ecbbff9c68df05bb9cae6cdceaa3a02c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3344 @@
+# orm/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.LoaderStrategy
+   implementations, and related MapperOptions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import interfaces
+from . import loading
+from . import path_registry
+from . import properties
+from . import query
+from . import relationships
+from . import unitofwork
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _RAISE_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .context import _column_descriptions
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .context import ORMSelectCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .interfaces import LoaderStrategy
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .session import _state_session
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .strategy_options import Load
+from .util import _none_set
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import log
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import Select
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+
+
+def _register_attribute(
+    prop,
+    mapper,
+    useobject,
+    compare_function=None,
+    typecallable=None,
+    callable_=None,
+    proxy_property=None,
+    active_history=False,
+    impl_class=None,
+    **kw,
+):
+    listen_hooks = []
+
+    uselist = useobject and prop.uselist
+
+    if useobject and prop.single_parent:
+        listen_hooks.append(single_parent_validator)
+
+    if prop.key in prop.parent.validators:
+        fn, opts = prop.parent.validators[prop.key]
+        listen_hooks.append(
+            lambda desc, prop: orm_util._validator_events(
+                desc, prop.key, fn, **opts
+            )
+        )
+
+    if useobject:
+        listen_hooks.append(unitofwork.track_cascade_events)
+
+    # need to assemble backref listeners
+    # after the singleparentvalidator, mapper validator
+    if useobject:
+        backref = prop.back_populates
+        if backref and prop._effective_sync_backref:
+            listen_hooks.append(
+                lambda desc, prop: attributes.backref_listeners(
+                    desc, backref, uselist
+                )
+            )
+
+    # a single MapperProperty is shared down a class inheritance
+    # hierarchy, so we set up attribute instrumentation and backref event
+    # for each mapper down the hierarchy.
+
+    # typically, "mapper" is the same as prop.parent, due to the way
+    # the configure_mappers() process runs, however this is not strongly
+    # enforced, and in the case of a second configure_mappers() run the
+    # mapper here might not be prop.parent; also, a subclass mapper may
+    # be called here before a superclass mapper.  That is, can't depend
+    # on mappers not already being set up so we have to check each one.
+
+    for m in mapper.self_and_descendants:
+        if prop is m._props.get(
+            prop.key
+        ) and not m.class_manager._attr_has_impl(prop.key):
+            desc = attributes.register_attribute_impl(
+                m.class_,
+                prop.key,
+                parent_token=prop,
+                uselist=uselist,
+                compare_function=compare_function,
+                useobject=useobject,
+                trackparent=useobject
+                and (
+                    prop.single_parent
+                    or prop.direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY
+                ),
+                typecallable=typecallable,
+                callable_=callable_,
+                active_history=active_history,
+                impl_class=impl_class,
+                send_modified_events=not useobject or not prop.viewonly,
+                doc=prop.doc,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+            for hook in listen_hooks:
+                hook(desc, prop)
+
+
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=False, deferred=False)
+class UninstrumentedColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Represent a non-instrumented MapperProperty.
+
+    The polymorphic_on argument of mapper() often results in this,
+    if the argument is against the with_polymorphic selectable.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("columns",)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(c, column_collection)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=True, deferred=False)
+class ColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    __slots__ = "columns", "is_composite"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.is_composite = hasattr(self.parent_property, "composite_class")
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        memoized_populators,
+        check_for_adapt=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                if check_for_adapt:
+                    c = adapter.adapt_check_present(c)
+                    if c is None:
+                        return
+                else:
+                    c = adapter.columns[c]
+
+            compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(c, column_collection)
+
+        fetch = self.columns[0]
+        if adapter:
+            fetch = adapter.columns[fetch]
+            if fetch is None:
+                # None happens here only for dml bulk_persistence cases
+                # when context.DMLReturningColFilter is used
+                return
+
+        memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = fetch
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        coltype = self.columns[0].type
+        # TODO: check all columns ?  check for foreign key as well?
+        active_history = (
+            self.parent_property.active_history
+            or self.columns[0].primary_key
+            or (
+                mapper.version_id_col is not None
+                and mapper._columntoproperty.get(mapper.version_id_col, None)
+                is self.parent_property
+            )
+        )
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=False,
+            compare_function=coltype.compare_values,
+            active_history=active_history,
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        # look through list of columns represented here
+        # to see which, if any, is present in the row.
+
+        for col in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                col = adapter.columns[col]
+            getter = result._getter(col, False)
+            if getter:
+                populators["quick"].append((self.key, getter))
+                break
+        else:
+            populators["expire"].append((self.key, True))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(query_expression=True)
+class ExpressionColumnLoader(ColumnLoader):
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+
+        # compare to the "default" expression that is mapped in
+        # the column.   If it's sql.null, we don't need to render
+        # unless an expr is passed in the options.
+        null = sql.null().label(None)
+        self._have_default_expression = any(
+            not c.compare(null) for c in self.parent_property.columns
+        )
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        memoized_populators,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        columns = None
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            columns = loadopt._extra_criteria
+
+        elif self._have_default_expression:
+            columns = self.parent_property.columns
+
+        if columns is None:
+            return
+
+        for c in columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(c, column_collection)
+
+        fetch = columns[0]
+        if adapter:
+            fetch = adapter.columns[fetch]
+            if fetch is None:
+                # None is not expected to be the result of any
+                # adapter implementation here, however there may be theoretical
+                # usages of returning() with context.DMLReturningColFilter
+                return
+
+        memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = fetch
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        # look through list of columns represented here
+        # to see which, if any, is present in the row.
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            columns = loadopt._extra_criteria
+
+            for col in columns:
+                if adapter:
+                    col = adapter.columns[col]
+                getter = result._getter(col, False)
+                if getter:
+                    populators["quick"].append((self.key, getter))
+                    break
+            else:
+                populators["expire"].append((self.key, True))
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=False,
+            compare_function=self.columns[0].type.compare_values,
+            accepts_scalar_loader=False,
+        )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(deferred=True, instrument=True)
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(
+    deferred=True, instrument=True, raiseload=True
+)
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(do_nothing=True)
+class DeferredColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a deferred :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    __slots__ = "columns", "group", "raiseload"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        if hasattr(self.parent_property, "composite_class"):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Deferred loading for composite types not implemented yet"
+            )
+        self.raiseload = self.strategy_opts.get("raiseload", False)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.group = self.parent_property.group
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        # for a DeferredColumnLoader, this method is only used during a
+        # "row processor only" query; see test_deferred.py ->
+        # tests with "rowproc_only" in their name.  As of the 1.0 series,
+        # loading._instance_processor doesn't use a "row processing" function
+        # to populate columns, instead it uses data in the "populators"
+        # dictionary.  Normally, the DeferredColumnLoader.setup_query()
+        # sets up that data in the "memoized_populators" dictionary
+        # and "create_row_processor()" here is never invoked.
+
+        if (
+            context.refresh_state
+            and context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+            and self.key in context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+        ):
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("deferred", False), ("instrument", True))
+            ).create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        elif not self.is_class_level:
+            if self.raiseload:
+                set_deferred_for_local_state = (
+                    self.parent_property._raise_column_loader
+                )
+            else:
+                set_deferred_for_local_state = (
+                    self.parent_property._deferred_column_loader
+                )
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, set_deferred_for_local_state))
+        else:
+            populators["expire"].append((self.key, False))
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=False,
+            compare_function=self.columns[0].type.compare_values,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            load_on_unexpire=False,
+        )
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        memoized_populators,
+        only_load_props=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if (
+            (
+                compile_state.compile_options._render_for_subquery
+                and self.parent_property._renders_in_subqueries
+            )
+            or (
+                loadopt
+                and set(self.columns).intersection(
+                    self.parent._should_undefer_in_wildcard
+                )
+            )
+            or (
+                loadopt
+                and self.group
+                and loadopt.local_opts.get(
+                    "undefer_group_%s" % self.group, False
+                )
+            )
+            or (only_load_props and self.key in only_load_props)
+        ):
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("deferred", False), ("instrument", True))
+            ).setup_query(
+                compile_state,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                adapter,
+                column_collection,
+                memoized_populators,
+                **kw,
+            )
+        elif self.is_class_level:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+        elif not self.raiseload:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+        else:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _RAISE_FOR_STATE
+
+    def _load_for_state(self, state, passive):
+        if not state.key:
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if self.group:
+            toload = [
+                p.key
+                for p in localparent.iterate_properties
+                if isinstance(p, StrategizedProperty)
+                and isinstance(p.strategy, DeferredColumnLoader)
+                and p.group == self.group
+            ]
+        else:
+            toload = [self.key]
+
+        # narrow the keys down to just those which have no history
+        group = [k for k in toload if k in state.unmodified]
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if session is None:
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "deferred load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed"
+                % (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        if self.raiseload:
+            self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise")
+
+        loading.load_scalar_attributes(
+            state.mapper, state, set(group), PASSIVE_OFF
+        )
+
+        return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+    def _invoke_raise_load(self, state, passive, lazy):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "'%s' is not available due to raiseload=True" % (self,)
+        )
+
+
+class LoadDeferredColumns:
+    """serializable loader object used by DeferredColumnLoader"""
+
+    def __init__(self, key: str, raiseload: bool = False):
+        self.key = key
+        self.raiseload = raiseload
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = localparent._props[key]
+        if self.raiseload:
+            strategy_key = (
+                ("deferred", True),
+                ("instrument", True),
+                ("raiseload", True),
+            )
+        else:
+            strategy_key = (("deferred", True), ("instrument", True))
+        strategy = prop._get_strategy(strategy_key)
+        return strategy._load_for_state(state, passive)
+
+
+class AbstractRelationshipLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """LoaderStratgies which deal with related objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = "mapper", "target", "uselist", "entity"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.mapper = self.parent_property.mapper
+        self.entity = self.parent_property.entity
+        self.target = self.parent_property.target
+        self.uselist = self.parent_property.uselist
+
+    def _immediateload_create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        return self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "immediate"),)
+        ).create_row_processor(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            loadopt,
+            mapper,
+            result,
+            adapter,
+            populators,
+        )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(do_nothing=True)
+class DoNothingLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Relationship loader that makes no change to the object's state.
+
+    Compared to NoLoader, this loader does not initialize the
+    collection/attribute to empty/none; the usual default LazyLoader will
+    take effect.
+
+    """
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="noload")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=None)
+class NoLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.Relationship`
+    with "lazy=None".
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        def invoke_no_load(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.uselist:
+                attributes.init_state_collection(state, dict_, self.key)
+            else:
+                dict_[self.key] = None
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, invoke_no_load))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=True)
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="select")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="raise")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="raise_on_sql")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="baked_select")
+class LazyLoader(
+    AbstractRelationshipLoader, util.MemoizedSlots, log.Identified
+):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.Relationship`
+    with "lazy=True", that is loads when first accessed.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_lazywhere",
+        "_rev_lazywhere",
+        "_lazyload_reverse_option",
+        "_order_by",
+        "use_get",
+        "is_aliased_class",
+        "_bind_to_col",
+        "_equated_columns",
+        "_rev_bind_to_col",
+        "_rev_equated_columns",
+        "_simple_lazy_clause",
+        "_raise_always",
+        "_raise_on_sql",
+    )
+
+    _lazywhere: ColumnElement[bool]
+    _bind_to_col: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]]
+    _rev_lazywhere: ColumnElement[bool]
+    _rev_bind_to_col: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    parent_property: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: RelationshipProperty[Any], strategy_key: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    ):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self._raise_always = self.strategy_opts["lazy"] == "raise"
+        self._raise_on_sql = self.strategy_opts["lazy"] == "raise_on_sql"
+
+        self.is_aliased_class = inspect(self.entity).is_aliased_class
+
+        join_condition = self.parent_property._join_condition
+        (
+            self._lazywhere,
+            self._bind_to_col,
+            self._equated_columns,
+        ) = join_condition.create_lazy_clause()
+
+        (
+            self._rev_lazywhere,
+            self._rev_bind_to_col,
+            self._rev_equated_columns,
+        ) = join_condition.create_lazy_clause(reverse_direction=True)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            self._order_by = [
+                sql_util._deep_annotate(elem, {"_orm_adapt": True})
+                for elem in util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+            ]
+        else:
+            self._order_by = None
+
+        self.logger.info("%s lazy loading clause %s", self, self._lazywhere)
+
+        # determine if our "lazywhere" clause is the same as the mapper's
+        # get() clause.  then we can just use mapper.get()
+        #
+        # TODO: the "not self.uselist" can be taken out entirely; a m2o
+        # load that populates for a list (very unusual, but is possible with
+        # the API) can still set for "None" and the attribute system will
+        # populate as an empty list.
+        self.use_get = (
+            not self.is_aliased_class
+            and not self.uselist
+            and self.entity._get_clause[0].compare(
+                self._lazywhere,
+                use_proxies=True,
+                compare_keys=False,
+                equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            )
+        )
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            for col in list(self._equated_columns):
+                if col in self.mapper._equivalent_columns:
+                    for c in self.mapper._equivalent_columns[col]:
+                        self._equated_columns[c] = self._equated_columns[col]
+
+            self.logger.info(
+                "%s will use Session.get() to optimize instance loads", self
+            )
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _legacy_inactive_history_style = (
+            self.parent_property._legacy_inactive_history_style
+        )
+
+        if self.parent_property.active_history:
+            active_history = True
+            _deferred_history = False
+
+        elif (
+            self.parent_property.direction is not interfaces.MANYTOONE
+            or not self.use_get
+        ):
+            if _legacy_inactive_history_style:
+                active_history = True
+                _deferred_history = False
+            else:
+                active_history = False
+                _deferred_history = True
+        else:
+            active_history = _deferred_history = False
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+            active_history=active_history,
+            _deferred_history=_deferred_history,
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__simple_lazy_clause(self):
+        lazywhere = sql_util._deep_annotate(
+            self._lazywhere, {"_orm_adapt": True}
+        )
+
+        criterion, bind_to_col = (lazywhere, self._bind_to_col)
+
+        params = []
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+            bindparam.unique = False
+
+        visitors.traverse(criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam})
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+            if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                params.append(
+                    (
+                        bindparam.key,
+                        bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                        None,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif bindparam.callable is None:
+                params.append((bindparam.key, None, bindparam.value))
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
+        )
+
+        return criterion, params
+
+    def _generate_lazy_clause(self, state, passive):
+        criterion, param_keys = self._simple_lazy_clause
+
+        if state is None:
+            return sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                criterion, [key for key, ident, value in param_keys]
+            )
+
+        mapper = self.parent_property.parent
+
+        o = state.obj()  # strong ref
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(o)
+
+        if passive & PassiveFlag.INIT_OK:
+            passive ^= PassiveFlag.INIT_OK
+
+        params = {}
+        for key, ident, value in param_keys:
+            if ident is not None:
+                if passive and passive & PassiveFlag.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+                    value = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_, ident, passive
+                    )
+                else:
+                    value = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_, ident, passive
+                    )
+
+            params[key] = value
+
+        return criterion, params
+
+    def _invoke_raise_load(self, state, passive, lazy):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "'%s' is not available due to lazy='%s'" % (self, lazy)
+        )
+
+    def _load_for_state(
+        self,
+        state,
+        passive,
+        loadopt=None,
+        extra_criteria=(),
+        extra_options=(),
+        alternate_effective_path=None,
+        execution_options=util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ):
+        if not state.key and (
+            (
+                not self.parent_property.load_on_pending
+                and not state._load_pending
+            )
+            or not state.session_id
+        ):
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        pending = not state.key
+        primary_key_identity = None
+
+        use_get = self.use_get and (not loadopt or not loadopt._extra_criteria)
+
+        if (not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK and not use_get) or (
+            not passive & attributes.NON_PERSISTENT_OK and pending
+        ):
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        if (
+            # we were given lazy="raise"
+            self._raise_always
+            # the no_raise history-related flag was not passed
+            and not passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+            and (
+                # if we are use_get and related_object_ok is disabled,
+                # which means we are at most looking in the identity map
+                # for history purposes or otherwise returning
+                # PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, don't raise.  This is also a
+                # history-related flag
+                not use_get
+                or passive & PassiveFlag.RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+            )
+        ):
+            self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise")
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if not session:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE:
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "lazy load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed"
+                % (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        # if we have a simple primary key load, check the
+        # identity map without generating a Query at all
+        if use_get:
+            primary_key_identity = self._get_ident_for_use_get(
+                session, state, passive
+            )
+            if LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT in primary_key_identity:
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET in primary_key_identity:
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET
+
+            if _none_set.issuperset(primary_key_identity):
+                return None
+
+            if (
+                self.key in state.dict
+                and not passive & PassiveFlag.DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+            ):
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+            # look for this identity in the identity map.  Delegate to the
+            # Query class in use, as it may have special rules for how it
+            # does this, including how it decides what the correct
+            # identity_token would be for this identity.
+
+            instance = session._identity_lookup(
+                self.entity,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                passive=passive,
+                lazy_loaded_from=state,
+            )
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                if instance is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH:
+                    return None
+                else:
+                    return instance
+            elif (
+                not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK
+                or not passive & PassiveFlag.RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+            ):
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        return self._emit_lazyload(
+            session,
+            state,
+            primary_key_identity,
+            passive,
+            loadopt,
+            extra_criteria,
+            extra_options,
+            alternate_effective_path,
+            execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _get_ident_for_use_get(self, session, state, passive):
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if passive & PassiveFlag.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column
+        else:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        return [
+            get_attr(state, dict_, self._equated_columns[pk], passive=passive)
+            for pk in self.mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options")
+    def _emit_lazyload(
+        self,
+        session,
+        state,
+        primary_key_identity,
+        passive,
+        loadopt,
+        extra_criteria,
+        extra_options,
+        alternate_effective_path,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        strategy_options = util.preloaded.orm_strategy_options
+
+        clauseelement = self.entity.__clause_element__()
+        stmt = Select._create_raw_select(
+            _raw_columns=[clauseelement],
+            _propagate_attrs=clauseelement._propagate_attrs,
+            _label_style=LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+            _compile_options=ORMCompileState.default_compile_options,
+        )
+        load_options = QueryContext.default_load_options
+
+        load_options += {
+            "_invoke_all_eagers": False,
+            "_lazy_loaded_from": state,
+        }
+
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is not None:
+            stmt = stmt.select_from(
+                self.mapper, self.parent_property.secondary
+            )
+
+        pending = not state.key
+
+        # don't autoflush on pending
+        if pending or passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH:
+            stmt._execution_options = util.immutabledict({"autoflush": False})
+
+        use_get = self.use_get
+
+        if state.load_options or (loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria):
+            if alternate_effective_path is None:
+                effective_path = state.load_path[self.parent_property]
+            else:
+                effective_path = alternate_effective_path[self.parent_property]
+
+            opts = state.load_options
+
+            if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+                use_get = False
+                opts += (
+                    orm_util.LoaderCriteriaOption(self.entity, extra_criteria),
+                )
+
+            stmt._with_options = opts
+        elif alternate_effective_path is None:
+            # this path is used if there are not already any options
+            # in the query, but an event may want to add them
+            effective_path = state.mapper._path_registry[self.parent_property]
+        else:
+            # added by immediateloader
+            effective_path = alternate_effective_path[self.parent_property]
+
+        if extra_options:
+            stmt._with_options += extra_options
+
+        stmt._compile_options += {"_current_path": effective_path}
+
+        if use_get:
+            if self._raise_on_sql and not passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE:
+                self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise_on_sql")
+
+            return loading.load_on_pk_identity(
+                session,
+                stmt,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                load_options=load_options,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+            )
+
+        if self._order_by:
+            stmt._order_by_clauses = self._order_by
+
+        def _lazyload_reverse(compile_context):
+            for rev in self.parent_property._reverse_property:
+                # reverse props that are MANYTOONE are loading *this*
+                # object from get(), so don't need to eager out to those.
+                if (
+                    rev.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE
+                    and rev._use_get
+                    and not isinstance(rev.strategy, LazyLoader)
+                ):
+                    strategy_options.Load._construct_for_existing_path(
+                        compile_context.compile_options._current_path[
+                            rev.parent
+                        ]
+                    ).lazyload(rev).process_compile_state(compile_context)
+
+        stmt._with_context_options += (
+            (_lazyload_reverse, self.parent_property),
+        )
+
+        lazy_clause, params = self._generate_lazy_clause(state, passive)
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+                execution_options,
+                {
+                    "_sa_orm_load_options": load_options,
+                },
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = {
+                "_sa_orm_load_options": load_options,
+            }
+
+        if (
+            self.key in state.dict
+            and not passive & PassiveFlag.DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+        ):
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+        if pending:
+            if util.has_intersection(orm_util._none_set, params.values()):
+                return None
+
+        elif util.has_intersection(orm_util._never_set, params.values()):
+            return None
+
+        if self._raise_on_sql and not passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE:
+            self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise_on_sql")
+
+        stmt._where_criteria = (lazy_clause,)
+
+        result = session.execute(
+            stmt, params, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+
+        result = result.unique().scalars().all()
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            return result
+        else:
+            l = len(result)
+            if l:
+                if l > 1:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for lazily-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self.parent_property
+                    )
+
+                return result[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        key = self.key
+
+        if (
+            context.load_options._is_user_refresh
+            and context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+            and self.key in context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+        ):
+            return self._immediateload_create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        if not self.is_class_level or (loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria):
+            # we are not the primary manager for this attribute
+            # on this class - set up a
+            # per-instance lazyloader, which will override the
+            # class-level behavior.
+            # this currently only happens when using a
+            # "lazyload" option on a "no load"
+            # attribute - "eager" attributes always have a
+            # class-level lazyloader installed.
+            set_lazy_callable = (
+                InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor
+            )(
+                mapper.class_manager,
+                LoadLazyAttribute(
+                    key,
+                    self,
+                    loadopt,
+                    (
+                        loadopt._generate_extra_criteria(context)
+                        if loadopt._extra_criteria
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                ),
+                key,
+            )
+
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, set_lazy_callable))
+        elif context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh:
+
+            def reset_for_lazy_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                # we are the primary manager for this attribute on
+                # this class - reset its
+                # per-instance attribute state, so that the class-level
+                # lazy loader is
+                # executed when next referenced on this instance.
+                # this is needed in
+                # populate_existing() types of scenarios to reset
+                # any existing state.
+                state._reset(dict_, key)
+
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, reset_for_lazy_callable))
+
+
+class LoadLazyAttribute:
+    """semi-serializable loader object used by LazyLoader
+
+    Historically, this object would be carried along with instances that
+    needed to run lazyloaders, so it had to be serializable to support
+    cached instances.
+
+    this is no longer a general requirement, and the case where this object
+    is used is exactly the case where we can't really serialize easily,
+    which is when extra criteria in the loader option is present.
+
+    We can't reliably serialize that as it refers to mapped entities and
+    AliasedClass objects that are local to the current process, which would
+    need to be matched up on deserialize e.g. the sqlalchemy.ext.serializer
+    approach.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, key, initiating_strategy, loadopt, extra_criteria):
+        self.key = key
+        self.strategy_key = initiating_strategy.strategy_key
+        self.loadopt = loadopt
+        self.extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        if self.extra_criteria is not None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Can't reliably serialize a lazyload() option that "
+                "contains additional criteria; please use eager loading "
+                "for this case"
+            )
+        return {
+            "key": self.key,
+            "strategy_key": self.strategy_key,
+            "loadopt": self.loadopt,
+            "extra_criteria": (),
+        }
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = instance_mapper._props[key]
+        strategy = prop._strategies[self.strategy_key]
+
+        return strategy._load_for_state(
+            state,
+            passive,
+            loadopt=self.loadopt,
+            extra_criteria=self.extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+
+class PostLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """A relationship loader that emits a second SELECT statement."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _setup_for_recursion(self, context, path, loadopt, join_depth=None):
+        effective_path = (
+            context.compile_state.current_path or orm_util.PathRegistry.root
+        ) + path
+
+        top_level_context = context._get_top_level_context()
+        execution_options = util.immutabledict(
+            {"sa_top_level_orm_context": top_level_context}
+        )
+
+        if loadopt:
+            recursion_depth = loadopt.local_opts.get("recursion_depth", None)
+            unlimited_recursion = recursion_depth == -1
+        else:
+            recursion_depth = None
+            unlimited_recursion = False
+
+        if recursion_depth is not None:
+            if not self.parent_property._is_self_referential:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"recursion_depth option on relationship "
+                    f"{self.parent_property} not valid for "
+                    "non-self-referential relationship"
+                )
+            recursion_depth = context.execution_options.get(
+                f"_recursion_depth_{id(self)}", recursion_depth
+            )
+
+            if not unlimited_recursion and recursion_depth < 0:
+                return (
+                    effective_path,
+                    False,
+                    execution_options,
+                    recursion_depth,
+                )
+
+            if not unlimited_recursion:
+                execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                    {
+                        f"_recursion_depth_{id(self)}": recursion_depth - 1,
+                    }
+                )
+
+        if loading.PostLoad.path_exists(
+            context, effective_path, self.parent_property
+        ):
+            return effective_path, False, execution_options, recursion_depth
+
+        path_w_prop = path[self.parent_property]
+        effective_path_w_prop = effective_path[self.parent_property]
+
+        if not path_w_prop.contains(context.attributes, "loader"):
+            if join_depth:
+                if effective_path_w_prop.length / 2 > join_depth:
+                    return (
+                        effective_path,
+                        False,
+                        execution_options,
+                        recursion_depth,
+                    )
+            elif effective_path_w_prop.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                return (
+                    effective_path,
+                    False,
+                    execution_options,
+                    recursion_depth,
+                )
+
+        return effective_path, True, execution_options, recursion_depth
+
+
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="immediate")
+class ImmediateLoader(PostLoader):
+    __slots__ = ("join_depth",)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        (
+            effective_path,
+            run_loader,
+            execution_options,
+            recursion_depth,
+        ) = self._setup_for_recursion(context, path, loadopt, self.join_depth)
+        if not run_loader:
+            # this will not emit SQL and will only emit for a many-to-one
+            # "use get" load.   the "_RELATED" part means it may return
+            # instance even if its expired, since this is a mutually-recursive
+            # load operation.
+            flags = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED | PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+        else:
+            flags = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF | PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+
+        loading.PostLoad.callable_for_path(
+            context,
+            effective_path,
+            self.parent,
+            self.parent_property,
+            self._load_for_path,
+            loadopt,
+            flags,
+            recursion_depth,
+            execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _load_for_path(
+        self,
+        context,
+        path,
+        states,
+        load_only,
+        loadopt,
+        flags,
+        recursion_depth,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        if recursion_depth:
+            new_opt = Load(loadopt.path.entity)
+            new_opt.context = (
+                loadopt,
+                loadopt._recurse(),
+            )
+            alternate_effective_path = path._truncate_recursive()
+            extra_options = (new_opt,)
+        else:
+            new_opt = None
+            alternate_effective_path = path
+            extra_options = ()
+
+        key = self.key
+        lazyloader = self.parent_property._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+        for state, overwrite in states:
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            if overwrite or key not in dict_:
+                value = lazyloader._load_for_state(
+                    state,
+                    flags,
+                    extra_options=extra_options,
+                    alternate_effective_path=alternate_effective_path,
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                )
+                if value not in (
+                    ATTR_WAS_SET,
+                    LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+                ):
+                    state.get_impl(key).set_committed_value(
+                        state, dict_, value
+                    )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="subquery")
+class SubqueryLoader(PostLoader):
+    __slots__ = ("join_depth",)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def _get_leftmost(
+        self,
+        orig_query_entity_index,
+        subq_path,
+        current_compile_state,
+        is_root,
+    ):
+        given_subq_path = subq_path
+        subq_path = subq_path.path
+        subq_mapper = orm_util._class_to_mapper(subq_path[0])
+
+        # determine attributes of the leftmost mapper
+        if (
+            self.parent.isa(subq_mapper)
+            and self.parent_property is subq_path[1]
+        ):
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = self.parent, self.parent_property
+        else:
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = subq_mapper, subq_path[1]
+
+        if is_root:
+            # the subq_path is also coming from cached state, so when we start
+            # building up this path, it has to also be converted to be in terms
+            # of the current state. this is for the specific case of the entity
+            # is an AliasedClass against a subquery that's not otherwise going
+            # to adapt
+            new_subq_path = current_compile_state._entities[
+                orig_query_entity_index
+            ].entity_zero._path_registry[leftmost_prop]
+            additional = len(subq_path) - len(new_subq_path)
+            if additional:
+                new_subq_path += path_registry.PathRegistry.coerce(
+                    subq_path[-additional:]
+                )
+        else:
+            new_subq_path = given_subq_path
+
+        leftmost_cols = leftmost_prop.local_columns
+
+        leftmost_attr = [
+            getattr(
+                new_subq_path.path[0].entity,
+                leftmost_mapper._columntoproperty[c].key,
+            )
+            for c in leftmost_cols
+        ]
+
+        return leftmost_mapper, leftmost_attr, leftmost_prop, new_subq_path
+
+    def _generate_from_original_query(
+        self,
+        orig_compile_state,
+        orig_query,
+        leftmost_mapper,
+        leftmost_attr,
+        leftmost_relationship,
+        orig_entity,
+    ):
+        # reformat the original query
+        # to look only for significant columns
+        q = orig_query._clone().correlate(None)
+
+        # LEGACY: make a Query back from the select() !!
+        # This suits at least two legacy cases:
+        # 1. applications which expect before_compile() to be called
+        #    below when we run .subquery() on this query (Keystone)
+        # 2. applications which are doing subqueryload with complex
+        #    from_self() queries, as query.subquery() / .statement
+        #    has to do the full compile context for multiply-nested
+        #    from_self() (Neutron) - see test_subqload_from_self
+        #    for demo.
+        q2 = query.Query.__new__(query.Query)
+        q2.__dict__.update(q.__dict__)
+        q = q2
+
+        # set the query's "FROM" list explicitly to what the
+        # FROM list would be in any case, as we will be limiting
+        # the columns in the SELECT list which may no longer include
+        # all entities mentioned in things like WHERE, JOIN, etc.
+        if not q._from_obj:
+            q._enable_assertions = False
+            q.select_from.non_generative(
+                q,
+                *{
+                    ent["entity"]
+                    for ent in _column_descriptions(
+                        orig_query, compile_state=orig_compile_state
+                    )
+                    if ent["entity"] is not None
+                },
+            )
+
+        # select from the identity columns of the outer (specifically, these
+        # are the 'local_cols' of the property).  This will remove other
+        # columns from the query that might suggest the right entity which is
+        # why we do set select_from above.   The attributes we have are
+        # coerced and adapted using the original query's adapter, which is
+        # needed only for the case of adapting a subclass column to
+        # that of a polymorphic selectable, e.g. we have
+        # Engineer.primary_language and the entity is Person.  All other
+        # adaptations, e.g. from_self, select_entity_from(), will occur
+        # within the new query when it compiles, as the compile_state we are
+        # using here is only a partial one.  If the subqueryload is from a
+        # with_polymorphic() or other aliased() object, left_attr will already
+        # be the correct attributes so no adaptation is needed.
+        target_cols = orig_compile_state._adapt_col_list(
+            [
+                sql.coercions.expect(sql.roles.ColumnsClauseRole, o)
+                for o in leftmost_attr
+            ],
+            orig_compile_state._get_current_adapter(),
+        )
+        q._raw_columns = target_cols
+
+        distinct_target_key = leftmost_relationship.distinct_target_key
+
+        if distinct_target_key is True:
+            q._distinct = True
+        elif distinct_target_key is None:
+            # if target_cols refer to a non-primary key or only
+            # part of a composite primary key, set the q as distinct
+            for t in {c.table for c in target_cols}:
+                if not set(target_cols).issuperset(t.primary_key):
+                    q._distinct = True
+                    break
+
+        # don't need ORDER BY if no limit/offset
+        if not q._has_row_limiting_clause:
+            q._order_by_clauses = ()
+
+        if q._distinct is True and q._order_by_clauses:
+            # the logic to automatically add the order by columns to the query
+            # when distinct is True is deprecated in the query
+            to_add = sql_util.expand_column_list_from_order_by(
+                target_cols, q._order_by_clauses
+            )
+            if to_add:
+                q._set_entities(target_cols + to_add)
+
+        # the original query now becomes a subquery
+        # which we'll join onto.
+        # LEGACY: as "q" is a Query, the before_compile() event is invoked
+        # here.
+        embed_q = q.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL).subquery()
+        left_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+            leftmost_mapper, embed_q, use_mapper_path=True
+        )
+        return left_alias
+
+    def _prep_for_joins(self, left_alias, subq_path):
+        # figure out what's being joined.  a.k.a. the fun part
+        to_join = []
+        pairs = list(subq_path.pairs())
+
+        for i, (mapper, prop) in enumerate(pairs):
+            if i > 0:
+                # look at the previous mapper in the chain -
+                # if it is as or more specific than this prop's
+                # mapper, use that instead.
+                # note we have an assumption here that
+                # the non-first element is always going to be a mapper,
+                # not an AliasedClass
+
+                prev_mapper = pairs[i - 1][1].mapper
+                to_append = prev_mapper if prev_mapper.isa(mapper) else mapper
+            else:
+                to_append = mapper
+
+            to_join.append((to_append, prop.key))
+
+        # determine the immediate parent class we are joining from,
+        # which needs to be aliased.
+
+        if len(to_join) < 2:
+            # in the case of a one level eager load, this is the
+            # leftmost "left_alias".
+            parent_alias = left_alias
+        else:
+            info = inspect(to_join[-1][0])
+            if info.is_aliased_class:
+                parent_alias = info.entity
+            else:
+                # alias a plain mapper as we may be
+                # joining multiple times
+                parent_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                    info.entity, use_mapper_path=True
+                )
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        local_attr = [
+            getattr(parent_alias, self.parent._columntoproperty[c].key)
+            for c in local_cols
+        ]
+        return to_join, local_attr, parent_alias
+
+    def _apply_joins(
+        self, q, to_join, left_alias, parent_alias, effective_entity
+    ):
+        ltj = len(to_join)
+        if ltj == 1:
+            to_join = [
+                getattr(left_alias, to_join[0][1]).of_type(effective_entity)
+            ]
+        elif ltj == 2:
+            to_join = [
+                getattr(left_alias, to_join[0][1]).of_type(parent_alias),
+                getattr(parent_alias, to_join[-1][1]).of_type(
+                    effective_entity
+                ),
+            ]
+        elif ltj > 2:
+            middle = [
+                (
+                    (
+                        orm_util.AliasedClass(item[0])
+                        if not inspect(item[0]).is_aliased_class
+                        else item[0].entity
+                    ),
+                    item[1],
+                )
+                for item in to_join[1:-1]
+            ]
+            inner = []
+
+            while middle:
+                item = middle.pop(0)
+                attr = getattr(item[0], item[1])
+                if middle:
+                    attr = attr.of_type(middle[0][0])
+                else:
+                    attr = attr.of_type(parent_alias)
+
+                inner.append(attr)
+
+            to_join = (
+                [getattr(left_alias, to_join[0][1]).of_type(inner[0].parent)]
+                + inner
+                + [
+                    getattr(parent_alias, to_join[-1][1]).of_type(
+                        effective_entity
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+        for attr in to_join:
+            q = q.join(attr)
+
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_options(
+        self,
+        context,
+        q,
+        subq_path,
+        rewritten_path,
+        orig_query,
+        effective_entity,
+        loadopt,
+    ):
+        # note that because the subqueryload object
+        # does not re-use the cached query, instead always making
+        # use of the current invoked query, while we have two queries
+        # here (orig and context.query), they are both non-cached
+        # queries and we can transfer the options as is without
+        # adjusting for new criteria.   Some work on #6881 / #6889
+        # brought this into question.
+        new_options = orig_query._with_options
+
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            new_options += (
+                orm_util.LoaderCriteriaOption(
+                    self.entity,
+                    loadopt._generate_extra_criteria(context),
+                ),
+            )
+
+        # propagate loader options etc. to the new query.
+        # these will fire relative to subq_path.
+        q = q._with_current_path(rewritten_path)
+        q = q.options(*new_options)
+
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_outermost_orderby(self, q):
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+
+            def _setup_outermost_orderby(compile_context):
+                compile_context.eager_order_by += tuple(
+                    util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+                )
+
+            q = q._add_context_option(
+                _setup_outermost_orderby, self.parent_property
+            )
+
+        return q
+
+    class _SubqCollections:
+        """Given a :class:`_query.Query` used to emit the "subquery load",
+        provide a load interface that executes the query at the
+        first moment a value is needed.
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = (
+            "session",
+            "execution_options",
+            "load_options",
+            "params",
+            "subq",
+            "_data",
+        )
+
+        def __init__(self, context, subq):
+            # avoid creating a cycle by storing context
+            # even though that's preferable
+            self.session = context.session
+            self.execution_options = context.execution_options
+            self.load_options = context.load_options
+            self.params = context.params or {}
+            self.subq = subq
+            self._data = None
+
+        def get(self, key, default):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+            return self._data.get(key, default)
+
+        def _load(self):
+            self._data = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+            q = self.subq
+            assert q.session is None
+
+            q = q.with_session(self.session)
+
+            if self.load_options._populate_existing:
+                q = q.populate_existing()
+            # to work with baked query, the parameters may have been
+            # updated since this query was created, so take these into account
+
+            rows = list(q.params(self.params))
+            for k, v in itertools.groupby(rows, lambda x: x[1:]):
+                self._data[k].extend(vv[0] for vv in v)
+
+        def loader(self, state, dict_, row):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+
+    def _setup_query_from_rowproc(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        entity,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+    ):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+        if (
+            not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads
+            or compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+        ):
+            return
+
+        orig_query_entity_index = compile_state._entities.index(query_entity)
+        context.loaders_require_buffering = True
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        # build up a path indicating the path from the leftmost
+        # entity to the thing we're subquery loading.
+        with_poly_entity = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity is not None:
+            effective_entity = with_poly_entity
+        else:
+            effective_entity = self.entity
+
+        subq_path, rewritten_path = context.query._execution_options.get(
+            ("subquery_paths", None),
+            (orm_util.PathRegistry.root, orm_util.PathRegistry.root),
+        )
+        is_root = subq_path is orm_util.PathRegistry.root
+        subq_path = subq_path + path
+        rewritten_path = rewritten_path + path
+
+        # use the current query being invoked, not the compile state
+        # one.  this is so that we get the current parameters.  however,
+        # it means we can't use the existing compile state, we have to make
+        # a new one.    other approaches include possibly using the
+        # compiled query but swapping the params, seems only marginally
+        # less time spent but more complicated
+        orig_query = context.query._execution_options.get(
+            ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader), context.query
+        )
+
+        # make a new compile_state for the query that's probably cached, but
+        # we're sort of undoing a bit of that caching :(
+        compile_state_cls = ORMCompileState._get_plugin_class_for_plugin(
+            orig_query, "orm"
+        )
+
+        if orig_query._is_lambda_element:
+            if context.load_options._lazy_loaded_from is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    'subqueryloader for "%s" must invoke lambda callable '
+                    "at %r in "
+                    "order to produce a new query, decreasing the efficiency "
+                    "of caching for this statement.  Consider using "
+                    "selectinload() for more effective full-lambda caching"
+                    % (self, orig_query)
+                )
+            orig_query = orig_query._resolved
+
+        # this is the more "quick" version, however it's not clear how
+        # much of this we need.    in particular I can't get a test to
+        # fail if the "set_base_alias" is missing and not sure why that is.
+        orig_compile_state = compile_state_cls._create_entities_collection(
+            orig_query, legacy=False
+        )
+
+        (
+            leftmost_mapper,
+            leftmost_attr,
+            leftmost_relationship,
+            rewritten_path,
+        ) = self._get_leftmost(
+            orig_query_entity_index,
+            rewritten_path,
+            orig_compile_state,
+            is_root,
+        )
+
+        # generate a new Query from the original, then
+        # produce a subquery from it.
+        left_alias = self._generate_from_original_query(
+            orig_compile_state,
+            orig_query,
+            leftmost_mapper,
+            leftmost_attr,
+            leftmost_relationship,
+            entity,
+        )
+
+        # generate another Query that will join the
+        # left alias to the target relationships.
+        # basically doing a longhand
+        # "from_self()".  (from_self() itself not quite industrial
+        # strength enough for all contingencies...but very close)
+
+        q = query.Query(effective_entity)
+
+        q._execution_options = context.query._execution_options.merge_with(
+            context.execution_options,
+            {
+                ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader): orig_query,
+                ("subquery_paths", None): (subq_path, rewritten_path),
+            },
+        )
+
+        q = q._set_enable_single_crit(False)
+        to_join, local_attr, parent_alias = self._prep_for_joins(
+            left_alias, subq_path
+        )
+
+        q = q.add_columns(*local_attr)
+        q = self._apply_joins(
+            q, to_join, left_alias, parent_alias, effective_entity
+        )
+
+        q = self._setup_options(
+            context,
+            q,
+            subq_path,
+            rewritten_path,
+            orig_query,
+            effective_entity,
+            loadopt,
+        )
+        q = self._setup_outermost_orderby(q)
+
+        return q
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        if context.refresh_state:
+            return self._immediateload_create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        _, run_loader, _, _ = self._setup_for_recursion(
+            context, path, loadopt, self.join_depth
+        )
+        if not run_loader:
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(context.compile_state, ORMSelectCompileState):
+            # issue 7505 - subqueryload() in 1.3 and previous would silently
+            # degrade for from_statement() without warning. this behavior
+            # is restored here
+            return
+
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." % self
+            )
+
+        # a little dance here as the "path" is still something that only
+        # semi-tracks the exact series of things we are loading, still not
+        # telling us about with_polymorphic() and stuff like that when it's at
+        # the root..  the initial MapperEntity is more accurate for this case.
+        if len(path) == 1:
+            if not orm_util._entity_isa(query_entity.entity_zero, self.parent):
+                return
+        elif not orm_util._entity_isa(path[-1], self.parent):
+            return
+
+        subq = self._setup_query_from_rowproc(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            path[-1],
+            loadopt,
+            adapter,
+        )
+
+        if subq is None:
+            return
+
+        assert subq.session is None
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        # cache the loaded collections in the context
+        # so that inheriting mappers don't re-load when they
+        # call upon create_row_processor again
+        collections = path.get(context.attributes, "collections")
+        if collections is None:
+            collections = self._SubqCollections(context, subq)
+            path.set(context.attributes, "collections", collections)
+
+        if adapter:
+            local_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in local_cols]
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            self._create_collection_loader(
+                context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+            )
+        else:
+            self._create_scalar_loader(
+                context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+            )
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(
+        self, context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+    ):
+        tuple_getter = result._tuple_getter(local_cols)
+
+        def load_collection_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(tuple_getter(row), ())
+            state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                state, dict_, collection
+            )
+
+        def load_collection_from_subq_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                load_collection_from_subq(state, dict_, row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_collection_from_subq))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_subq_existing_row)
+        )
+
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, collections.loader))
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(
+        self, context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+    ):
+        tuple_getter = result._tuple_getter(local_cols)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(tuple_getter(row), (None,))
+            if len(collection) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Multiple rows returned with "
+                    "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' " % self
+                )
+
+            scalar = collection[0]
+            state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(state, dict_, scalar)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_subq_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                load_scalar_from_subq(state, dict_, row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_subq))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_scalar_from_subq_existing_row)
+        )
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, collections.loader))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="joined")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=False)
+class JoinedLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.Relationship`
+    using joined eager loading.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "join_depth"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection=None,
+        parentmapper=None,
+        chained_from_outerjoin=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Add a left outer join to the statement that's being constructed."""
+
+        if not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+        elif self.uselist:
+            compile_state.multi_row_eager_loaders = True
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        with_polymorphic = None
+
+        user_defined_adapter = (
+            self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+                loadopt, compile_state, compile_state.attributes
+            )
+            if loadopt
+            else False
+        )
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            # setup an adapter but dont create any JOIN, assume it's already
+            # in the query
+            (
+                clauses,
+                adapter,
+                add_to_collection,
+            ) = self._setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+                compile_state,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                adapter,
+                user_defined_adapter,
+            )
+
+            # don't do "wrap" for multi-row, we want to wrap
+            # limited/distinct SELECT,
+            # because we want to put the JOIN on the outside.
+
+        else:
+            # if not via query option, check for
+            # a cycle
+            if not path.contains(compile_state.attributes, "loader"):
+                if self.join_depth:
+                    if path.length / 2 > self.join_depth:
+                        return
+                elif path.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                    return
+
+            # add the JOIN and create an adapter
+            (
+                clauses,
+                adapter,
+                add_to_collection,
+                chained_from_outerjoin,
+            ) = self._generate_row_adapter(
+                compile_state,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                adapter,
+                column_collection,
+                parentmapper,
+                chained_from_outerjoin,
+            )
+
+            # for multi-row, we want to wrap limited/distinct SELECT,
+            # because we want to put the JOIN on the outside.
+            compile_state.eager_adding_joins = True
+
+        with_poly_entity = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity is not None:
+            with_polymorphic = inspect(
+                with_poly_entity
+            ).with_polymorphic_mappers
+        else:
+            with_polymorphic = None
+
+        path = path[self.entity]
+
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            compile_state,
+            self.mapper,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            clauses,
+            add_to_collection,
+            with_polymorphic=with_polymorphic,
+            parentmapper=self.mapper,
+            chained_from_outerjoin=chained_from_outerjoin,
+        )
+
+        has_nones = util.NONE_SET.intersection(compile_state.secondary_columns)
+
+        if has_nones:
+            if with_poly_entity is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Detected unaliased columns when generating joined "
+                    "load.  Make sure to use aliased=True or flat=True "
+                    "when using joined loading with with_polymorphic()."
+                )
+            else:
+                compile_state.secondary_columns = [
+                    c for c in compile_state.secondary_columns if c is not None
+                ]
+
+    def _init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+        self, loadopt, compile_state, target_attributes
+    ):
+        # check if the opt applies at all
+        if "eager_from_alias" not in loadopt.local_opts:
+            # nope
+            return False
+
+        path = loadopt.path.parent
+
+        # the option applies.  check if the "user_defined_eager_row_processor"
+        # has been built up.
+        adapter = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "user_defined_eager_row_processor", False
+        )
+        if adapter is not False:
+            # just return it
+            return adapter
+
+        # otherwise figure it out.
+        alias = loadopt.local_opts["eager_from_alias"]
+        root_mapper, prop = path[-2:]
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            if isinstance(alias, str):
+                alias = prop.target.alias(alias)
+            adapter = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.JOINEDLOAD_USER_DEFINED_ALIAS,
+                prop.mapper,
+                selectable=alias,
+                equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+                limit_on_entity=False,
+            )
+        else:
+            if path.contains(
+                compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic"
+            ):
+                with_poly_entity = path.get(
+                    compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic"
+                )
+                adapter = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                    orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.JOINEDLOAD_PATH_WITH_POLYMORPHIC,
+                    with_poly_entity,
+                    equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+                )
+            else:
+                adapter = compile_state._polymorphic_adapters.get(
+                    prop.mapper, None
+                )
+        path.set(
+            target_attributes,
+            "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+            adapter,
+        )
+
+        return adapter
+
+    def _setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+        self, context, entity, path, adapter, user_defined_adapter
+    ):
+        # apply some more wrapping to the "user defined adapter"
+        # if we are setting up the query for SQL render.
+        adapter = entity._get_entity_clauses(context)
+
+        if adapter and user_defined_adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = user_defined_adapter.wrap(adapter)
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes,
+                "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter,
+            )
+        elif adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = adapter
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes,
+                "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter,
+            )
+
+        add_to_collection = context.primary_columns
+        return user_defined_adapter, adapter, add_to_collection
+
+    def _generate_row_adapter(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        parentmapper,
+        chained_from_outerjoin,
+    ):
+        with_poly_entity = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity:
+            to_adapt = with_poly_entity
+        else:
+            insp = inspect(self.entity)
+            if insp.is_aliased_class:
+                alt_selectable = insp.selectable
+            else:
+                alt_selectable = None
+
+            to_adapt = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                self.mapper,
+                alias=(
+                    alt_selectable._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True)
+                    if alt_selectable is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+                flat=True,
+                use_mapper_path=True,
+            )
+
+        to_adapt_insp = inspect(to_adapt)
+
+        clauses = to_adapt_insp._memo(
+            ("joinedloader_ormadapter", self),
+            orm_util.ORMAdapter,
+            orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.JOINEDLOAD_MEMOIZED_ADAPTER,
+            to_adapt_insp,
+            equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_required=True,
+            allow_label_resolve=False,
+            anonymize_labels=True,
+        )
+
+        assert clauses.is_aliased_class
+
+        innerjoin = (
+            loadopt.local_opts.get("innerjoin", self.parent_property.innerjoin)
+            if loadopt is not None
+            else self.parent_property.innerjoin
+        )
+
+        if not innerjoin:
+            # if this is an outer join, all non-nested eager joins from
+            # this path must also be outer joins
+            chained_from_outerjoin = True
+
+        compile_state.create_eager_joins.append(
+            (
+                self._create_eager_join,
+                entity,
+                path,
+                adapter,
+                parentmapper,
+                clauses,
+                innerjoin,
+                chained_from_outerjoin,
+                loadopt._extra_criteria if loadopt else (),
+            )
+        )
+
+        add_to_collection = compile_state.secondary_columns
+        path.set(compile_state.attributes, "eager_row_processor", clauses)
+
+        return clauses, adapter, add_to_collection, chained_from_outerjoin
+
+    def _create_eager_join(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        adapter,
+        parentmapper,
+        clauses,
+        innerjoin,
+        chained_from_outerjoin,
+        extra_criteria,
+    ):
+        if parentmapper is None:
+            localparent = query_entity.mapper
+        else:
+            localparent = parentmapper
+
+        # whether or not the Query will wrap the selectable in a subquery,
+        # and then attach eager load joins to that (i.e., in the case of
+        # LIMIT/OFFSET etc.)
+        should_nest_selectable = (
+            compile_state.multi_row_eager_loaders
+            and compile_state._should_nest_selectable
+        )
+
+        query_entity_key = None
+
+        if (
+            query_entity not in compile_state.eager_joins
+            and not should_nest_selectable
+            and compile_state.from_clauses
+        ):
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+                compile_state.from_clauses, query_entity.selectable
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) > 1:
+                # for the eager load case, I can't reproduce this right
+                # now.   For query.join() I can.
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't identify which query entity in which to joined "
+                    "eager load from.   Please use an exact match when "
+                    "specifying the join path."
+                )
+
+            if indexes:
+                clause = compile_state.from_clauses[indexes[0]]
+                # join to an existing FROM clause on the query.
+                # key it to its list index in the eager_joins dict.
+                # Query._compile_context will adapt as needed and
+                # append to the FROM clause of the select().
+                query_entity_key, default_towrap = indexes[0], clause
+
+        if query_entity_key is None:
+            query_entity_key, default_towrap = (
+                query_entity,
+                query_entity.selectable,
+            )
+
+        towrap = compile_state.eager_joins.setdefault(
+            query_entity_key, default_towrap
+        )
+
+        if adapter:
+            if getattr(adapter, "is_aliased_class", False):
+                # joining from an adapted entity.  The adapted entity
+                # might be a "with_polymorphic", so resolve that to our
+                # specific mapper's entity before looking for our attribute
+                # name on it.
+                efm = adapter.aliased_insp._entity_for_mapper(
+                    localparent
+                    if localparent.isa(self.parent)
+                    else self.parent
+                )
+
+                # look for our attribute on the adapted entity, else fall back
+                # to our straight property
+                onclause = getattr(efm.entity, self.key, self.parent_property)
+            else:
+                onclause = getattr(
+                    orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                        self.parent, adapter.selectable, use_mapper_path=True
+                    ),
+                    self.key,
+                    self.parent_property,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            onclause = self.parent_property
+
+        assert clauses.is_aliased_class
+
+        attach_on_outside = (
+            not chained_from_outerjoin
+            or not innerjoin
+            or innerjoin == "unnested"
+            or query_entity.entity_zero.represents_outer_join
+        )
+
+        extra_join_criteria = extra_criteria
+        additional_entity_criteria = compile_state.global_attributes.get(
+            ("additional_entity_criteria", self.mapper), ()
+        )
+        if additional_entity_criteria:
+            extra_join_criteria += tuple(
+                ae._resolve_where_criteria(self.mapper)
+                for ae in additional_entity_criteria
+                if ae.propagate_to_loaders
+            )
+
+        if attach_on_outside:
+            # this is the "classic" eager join case.
+            eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                towrap,
+                clauses.aliased_insp,
+                onclause,
+                isouter=not innerjoin
+                or query_entity.entity_zero.represents_outer_join
+                or (chained_from_outerjoin and isinstance(towrap, sql.Join)),
+                _left_memo=self.parent,
+                _right_memo=self.mapper,
+                _extra_criteria=extra_join_criteria,
+            )
+        else:
+            # all other cases are innerjoin=='nested' approach
+            eagerjoin = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path, towrap, clauses, onclause, extra_join_criteria
+            )
+
+        compile_state.eager_joins[query_entity_key] = eagerjoin
+
+        # send a hint to the Query as to where it may "splice" this join
+        eagerjoin.stop_on = query_entity.selectable
+
+        if not parentmapper:
+            # for parentclause that is the non-eager end of the join,
+            # ensure all the parent cols in the primaryjoin are actually
+            # in the
+            # columns clause (i.e. are not deferred), so that aliasing applied
+            # by the Query propagates those columns outward.
+            # This has the effect
+            # of "undefering" those columns.
+            for col in sql_util._find_columns(
+                self.parent_property.primaryjoin
+            ):
+                if localparent.persist_selectable.c.contains_column(col):
+                    if adapter:
+                        col = adapter.columns[col]
+                    compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(
+                        col, compile_state.primary_columns
+                    )
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            compile_state.eager_order_by += tuple(
+                (eagerjoin._target_adapter.copy_and_process)(
+                    util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+                )
+            )
+
+    def _splice_nested_inner_join(
+        self, path, join_obj, clauses, onclause, extra_criteria, splicing=False
+    ):
+        # recursive fn to splice a nested join into an existing one.
+        # splicing=False means this is the outermost call, and it
+        # should return a value.  splicing=<from object> is the recursive
+        # form, where it can return None to indicate the end of the recursion
+
+        if splicing is False:
+            # first call is always handed a join object
+            # from the outside
+            assert isinstance(join_obj, orm_util._ORMJoin)
+        elif isinstance(join_obj, sql.selectable.FromGrouping):
+            return self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path,
+                join_obj.element,
+                clauses,
+                onclause,
+                extra_criteria,
+                splicing,
+            )
+        elif not isinstance(join_obj, orm_util._ORMJoin):
+            if path[-2].isa(splicing):
+                return orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                    join_obj,
+                    clauses.aliased_insp,
+                    onclause,
+                    isouter=False,
+                    _left_memo=splicing,
+                    _right_memo=path[-1].mapper,
+                    _extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        target_join = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+            path,
+            join_obj.right,
+            clauses,
+            onclause,
+            extra_criteria,
+            join_obj._right_memo,
+        )
+        if target_join is None:
+            right_splice = False
+            target_join = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path,
+                join_obj.left,
+                clauses,
+                onclause,
+                extra_criteria,
+                join_obj._left_memo,
+            )
+            if target_join is None:
+                # should only return None when recursively called,
+                # e.g. splicing refers to a from obj
+                assert (
+                    splicing is not False
+                ), "assertion failed attempting to produce joined eager loads"
+                return None
+        else:
+            right_splice = True
+
+        if right_splice:
+            # for a right splice, attempt to flatten out
+            # a JOIN b JOIN c JOIN .. to avoid needless
+            # parenthesis nesting
+            if not join_obj.isouter and not target_join.isouter:
+                eagerjoin = join_obj._splice_into_center(target_join)
+            else:
+                eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                    join_obj.left,
+                    target_join,
+                    join_obj.onclause,
+                    isouter=join_obj.isouter,
+                    _left_memo=join_obj._left_memo,
+                )
+        else:
+            eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                target_join,
+                join_obj.right,
+                join_obj.onclause,
+                isouter=join_obj.isouter,
+                _right_memo=join_obj._right_memo,
+            )
+
+        eagerjoin._target_adapter = target_join._target_adapter
+        return eagerjoin
+
+    def _create_eager_adapter(self, context, result, adapter, path, loadopt):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+
+        user_defined_adapter = (
+            self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+                loadopt, compile_state, context.attributes
+            )
+            if loadopt
+            else False
+        )
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            decorator = user_defined_adapter
+            # user defined eagerloads are part of the "primary"
+            # portion of the load.
+            # the adapters applied to the Query should be honored.
+            if compile_state.compound_eager_adapter and decorator:
+                decorator = decorator.wrap(
+                    compile_state.compound_eager_adapter
+                )
+            elif compile_state.compound_eager_adapter:
+                decorator = compile_state.compound_eager_adapter
+        else:
+            decorator = path.get(
+                compile_state.attributes, "eager_row_processor"
+            )
+            if decorator is None:
+                return False
+
+        if self.mapper._result_has_identity_key(result, decorator):
+            return decorator
+        else:
+            # no identity key - don't return a row
+            # processor, will cause a degrade to lazy
+            return False
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." % self
+            )
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            context.loaders_require_uniquing = True
+
+        our_path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        eager_adapter = self._create_eager_adapter(
+            context, result, adapter, our_path, loadopt
+        )
+
+        if eager_adapter is not False:
+            key = self.key
+
+            _instance = loading._instance_processor(
+                query_entity,
+                self.mapper,
+                context,
+                result,
+                our_path[self.entity],
+                eager_adapter,
+            )
+
+            if not self.uselist:
+                self._create_scalar_loader(context, key, _instance, populators)
+            else:
+                self._create_collection_loader(
+                    context, key, _instance, populators
+                )
+        else:
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("lazy", "select"),)
+            ).create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(self, context, key, _instance, populators):
+        def load_collection_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # note this must unconditionally clear out any existing collection.
+            # an existing collection would be present only in the case of
+            # populate_existing().
+            collection = attributes.init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)
+            result_list = util.UniqueAppender(
+                collection, "append_without_event"
+            )
+            context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            inst = _instance(row)
+            if inst is not None:
+                result_list.append(inst)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if (state, key) in context.attributes:
+                result_list = context.attributes[(state, key)]
+            else:
+                # appender_key can be absent from context.attributes
+                # with isnew=False when self-referential eager loading
+                # is used; the same instance may be present in two
+                # distinct sets of result columns
+                collection = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                    state, dict_, key
+                )
+                result_list = util.UniqueAppender(
+                    collection, "append_without_event"
+                )
+                context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            inst = _instance(row)
+            if inst is not None:
+                result_list.append(inst)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row)
+
+        populators["new"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_new_row)
+        )
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_existing_row)
+        )
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append(
+                (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_exec)
+            )
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(self, context, key, _instance, populators):
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # set a scalar object instance directly on the parent
+            # object, bypassing InstrumentedAttribute event handlers.
+            dict_[key] = _instance(row)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # call _instance on the row, even though the object has
+            # been created, so that we further descend into properties
+            existing = _instance(row)
+
+            # conflicting value already loaded, this shouldn't happen
+            if key in dict_:
+                if existing is not dict_[key]:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self
+                    )
+            else:
+                # this case is when one row has multiple loads of the
+                # same entity (e.g. via aliasing), one has an attribute
+                # that the other doesn't.
+                dict_[key] = existing
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_new_row))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row)
+        )
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append(
+                (self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_exec)
+            )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="selectin")
+class SelectInLoader(PostLoader, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "join_depth",
+        "omit_join",
+        "_parent_alias",
+        "_query_info",
+        "_fallback_query_info",
+    )
+
+    query_info = collections.namedtuple(
+        "queryinfo",
+        [
+            "load_only_child",
+            "load_with_join",
+            "in_expr",
+            "pk_cols",
+            "zero_idx",
+            "child_lookup_cols",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    _chunksize = 500
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+        is_m2o = self.parent_property.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE
+
+        if self.parent_property.omit_join is not None:
+            self.omit_join = self.parent_property.omit_join
+        else:
+            lazyloader = self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("lazy", "select"),)
+            )
+            if is_m2o:
+                self.omit_join = lazyloader.use_get
+            else:
+                self.omit_join = self.parent._get_clause[0].compare(
+                    lazyloader._rev_lazywhere,
+                    use_proxies=True,
+                    compare_keys=False,
+                    equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
+                )
+
+        if self.omit_join:
+            if is_m2o:
+                self._query_info = self._init_for_omit_join_m2o()
+                self._fallback_query_info = self._init_for_join()
+            else:
+                self._query_info = self._init_for_omit_join()
+        else:
+            self._query_info = self._init_for_join()
+
+    def _init_for_omit_join(self):
+        pk_to_fk = dict(
+            self.parent_property._join_condition.local_remote_pairs
+        )
+        pk_to_fk.update(
+            (equiv, pk_to_fk[k])
+            for k in list(pk_to_fk)
+            for equiv in self.parent._equivalent_columns.get(k, ())
+        )
+
+        pk_cols = fk_cols = [
+            pk_to_fk[col] for col in self.parent.primary_key if col in pk_to_fk
+        ]
+        if len(fk_cols) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*fk_cols)
+            zero_idx = False
+        else:
+            in_expr = fk_cols[0]
+            zero_idx = True
+
+        return self.query_info(False, False, in_expr, pk_cols, zero_idx, None)
+
+    def _init_for_omit_join_m2o(self):
+        pk_cols = self.mapper.primary_key
+        if len(pk_cols) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*pk_cols)
+            zero_idx = False
+        else:
+            in_expr = pk_cols[0]
+            zero_idx = True
+
+        lazyloader = self.parent_property._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+        lookup_cols = [lazyloader._equated_columns[pk] for pk in pk_cols]
+
+        return self.query_info(
+            True, False, in_expr, pk_cols, zero_idx, lookup_cols
+        )
+
+    def _init_for_join(self):
+        self._parent_alias = AliasedClass(self.parent.class_)
+        pa_insp = inspect(self._parent_alias)
+        pk_cols = [
+            pa_insp._adapt_element(col) for col in self.parent.primary_key
+        ]
+        if len(pk_cols) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*pk_cols)
+            zero_idx = False
+        else:
+            in_expr = pk_cols[0]
+            zero_idx = True
+        return self.query_info(False, True, in_expr, pk_cols, zero_idx, None)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        if context.refresh_state:
+            return self._immediateload_create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        (
+            effective_path,
+            run_loader,
+            execution_options,
+            recursion_depth,
+        ) = self._setup_for_recursion(
+            context, path, loadopt, join_depth=self.join_depth
+        )
+
+        if not run_loader:
+            return
+
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." % self
+            )
+
+        # a little dance here as the "path" is still something that only
+        # semi-tracks the exact series of things we are loading, still not
+        # telling us about with_polymorphic() and stuff like that when it's at
+        # the root..  the initial MapperEntity is more accurate for this case.
+        if len(path) == 1:
+            if not orm_util._entity_isa(query_entity.entity_zero, self.parent):
+                return
+        elif not orm_util._entity_isa(path[-1], self.parent):
+            return
+
+        selectin_path = effective_path
+
+        path_w_prop = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        # build up a path indicating the path from the leftmost
+        # entity to the thing we're subquery loading.
+        with_poly_entity = path_w_prop.get(
+            context.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity is not None:
+            effective_entity = inspect(with_poly_entity)
+        else:
+            effective_entity = self.entity
+
+        loading.PostLoad.callable_for_path(
+            context,
+            selectin_path,
+            self.parent,
+            self.parent_property,
+            self._load_for_path,
+            effective_entity,
+            loadopt,
+            recursion_depth,
+            execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _load_for_path(
+        self,
+        context,
+        path,
+        states,
+        load_only,
+        effective_entity,
+        loadopt,
+        recursion_depth,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        if load_only and self.key not in load_only:
+            return
+
+        query_info = self._query_info
+
+        if query_info.load_only_child:
+            our_states = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            none_states = []
+
+            mapper = self.parent
+
+            for state, overwrite in states:
+                state_dict = state.dict
+                related_ident = tuple(
+                    mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        lk,
+                        passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                    )
+                    for lk in query_info.child_lookup_cols
+                )
+                # if the loaded parent objects do not have the foreign key
+                # to the related item loaded, then degrade into the joined
+                # version of selectinload
+                if LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT in related_ident:
+                    query_info = self._fallback_query_info
+                    break
+
+                # organize states into lists keyed to particular foreign
+                # key values.
+                if None not in related_ident:
+                    our_states[related_ident].append(
+                        (state, state_dict, overwrite)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # For FK values that have None, add them to a
+                    # separate collection that will be populated separately
+                    none_states.append((state, state_dict, overwrite))
+
+        # note the above conditional may have changed query_info
+        if not query_info.load_only_child:
+            our_states = [
+                (state.key[1], state, state.dict, overwrite)
+                for state, overwrite in states
+            ]
+
+        pk_cols = query_info.pk_cols
+        in_expr = query_info.in_expr
+
+        if not query_info.load_with_join:
+            # in "omit join" mode, the primary key column and the
+            # "in" expression are in terms of the related entity.  So
+            # if the related entity is polymorphic or otherwise aliased,
+            # we need to adapt our "pk_cols" and "in_expr" to that
+            # entity.   in non-"omit join" mode, these are against the
+            # parent entity and do not need adaption.
+            if effective_entity.is_aliased_class:
+                pk_cols = [
+                    effective_entity._adapt_element(col) for col in pk_cols
+                ]
+                in_expr = effective_entity._adapt_element(in_expr)
+
+        bundle_ent = orm_util.Bundle("pk", *pk_cols)
+        bundle_sql = bundle_ent.__clause_element__()
+
+        entity_sql = effective_entity.__clause_element__()
+        q = Select._create_raw_select(
+            _raw_columns=[bundle_sql, entity_sql],
+            _label_style=LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+            _compile_options=ORMCompileState.default_compile_options,
+            _propagate_attrs={
+                "compile_state_plugin": "orm",
+                "plugin_subject": effective_entity,
+            },
+        )
+
+        if not query_info.load_with_join:
+            # the Bundle we have in the "omit_join" case is against raw, non
+            # annotated columns, so to ensure the Query knows its primary
+            # entity, we add it explicitly.  If we made the Bundle against
+            # annotated columns, we hit a performance issue in this specific
+            # case, which is detailed in issue #4347.
+            q = q.select_from(effective_entity)
+        else:
+            # in the non-omit_join case, the Bundle is against the annotated/
+            # mapped column of the parent entity, but the #4347 issue does not
+            # occur in this case.
+            q = q.select_from(self._parent_alias).join(
+                getattr(self._parent_alias, self.parent_property.key).of_type(
+                    effective_entity
+                )
+            )
+
+        q = q.filter(in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys")))
+
+        # a test which exercises what these comments talk about is
+        # test_selectin_relations.py -> test_twolevel_selectin_w_polymorphic
+        #
+        # effective_entity above is given to us in terms of the cached
+        # statement, namely this one:
+        orig_query = context.compile_state.select_statement
+
+        # the actual statement that was requested is this one:
+        #  context_query = context.query
+        #
+        # that's not the cached one, however.  So while it is of the identical
+        # structure, if it has entities like AliasedInsp, which we get from
+        # aliased() or with_polymorphic(), the AliasedInsp will likely be a
+        # different object identity each time, and will not match up
+        # hashing-wise to the corresponding AliasedInsp that's in the
+        # cached query, meaning it won't match on paths and loader lookups
+        # and loaders like this one will be skipped if it is used in options.
+        #
+        # as it turns out, standard loader options like selectinload(),
+        # lazyload() that have a path need
+        # to come from the cached query so that the AliasedInsp etc. objects
+        # that are in the query line up with the object that's in the path
+        # of the strategy object. however other options like
+        # with_loader_criteria() that doesn't have a path (has a fixed entity)
+        # and needs to have access to the latest closure state in order to
+        # be correct, we need to use the uncached one.
+        #
+        # as of #8399 we let the loader option itself figure out what it
+        # wants to do given cached and uncached version of itself.
+
+        effective_path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        if orig_query is context.query:
+            new_options = orig_query._with_options
+        else:
+            cached_options = orig_query._with_options
+            uncached_options = context.query._with_options
+
+            # propagate compile state options from the original query,
+            # updating their "extra_criteria" as necessary.
+            # note this will create a different cache key than
+            # "orig" options if extra_criteria is present, because the copy
+            # of extra_criteria will have different boundparam than that of
+            # the QueryableAttribute in the path
+            new_options = [
+                orig_opt._adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(
+                    context, uncached_opt
+                )
+                for orig_opt, uncached_opt in zip(
+                    cached_options, uncached_options
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            new_options += (
+                orm_util.LoaderCriteriaOption(
+                    effective_entity,
+                    loadopt._generate_extra_criteria(context),
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if recursion_depth is not None:
+            effective_path = effective_path._truncate_recursive()
+
+        q = q.options(*new_options)
+
+        q = q._update_compile_options({"_current_path": effective_path})
+        if context.populate_existing:
+            q = q.execution_options(populate_existing=True)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            if not query_info.load_with_join:
+                eager_order_by = self.parent_property.order_by
+                if effective_entity.is_aliased_class:
+                    eager_order_by = [
+                        effective_entity._adapt_element(elem)
+                        for elem in eager_order_by
+                    ]
+                q = q.order_by(*eager_order_by)
+            else:
+
+                def _setup_outermost_orderby(compile_context):
+                    compile_context.eager_order_by += tuple(
+                        util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+                    )
+
+                q = q._add_context_option(
+                    _setup_outermost_orderby, self.parent_property
+                )
+
+        if query_info.load_only_child:
+            self._load_via_child(
+                our_states,
+                none_states,
+                query_info,
+                q,
+                context,
+                execution_options,
+            )
+        else:
+            self._load_via_parent(
+                our_states, query_info, q, context, execution_options
+            )
+
+    def _load_via_child(
+        self,
+        our_states,
+        none_states,
+        query_info,
+        q,
+        context,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        uselist = self.uselist
+
+        # this sort is really for the benefit of the unit tests
+        our_keys = sorted(our_states)
+        while our_keys:
+            chunk = our_keys[0 : self._chunksize]
+            our_keys = our_keys[self._chunksize :]
+            data = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in context.session.execute(
+                    q,
+                    params={
+                        "primary_keys": [
+                            key[0] if query_info.zero_idx else key
+                            for key in chunk
+                        ]
+                    },
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                ).unique()
+            }
+
+            for key in chunk:
+                # for a real foreign key and no concurrent changes to the
+                # DB while running this method, "key" is always present in
+                # data.  However, for primaryjoins without real foreign keys
+                # a non-None primaryjoin condition may still refer to no
+                # related object.
+                related_obj = data.get(key, None)
+                for state, dict_, overwrite in our_states[key]:
+                    if not overwrite and self.key in dict_:
+                        continue
+
+                    state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                        state,
+                        dict_,
+                        related_obj if not uselist else [related_obj],
+                    )
+        # populate none states with empty value / collection
+        for state, dict_, overwrite in none_states:
+            if not overwrite and self.key in dict_:
+                continue
+
+            # note it's OK if this is a uselist=True attribute, the empty
+            # collection will be populated
+            state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(state, dict_, None)
+
+    def _load_via_parent(
+        self, our_states, query_info, q, context, execution_options
+    ):
+        uselist = self.uselist
+        _empty_result = () if uselist else None
+
+        while our_states:
+            chunk = our_states[0 : self._chunksize]
+            our_states = our_states[self._chunksize :]
+
+            primary_keys = [
+                key[0] if query_info.zero_idx else key
+                for key, state, state_dict, overwrite in chunk
+            ]
+
+            data = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            for k, v in itertools.groupby(
+                context.session.execute(
+                    q,
+                    params={"primary_keys": primary_keys},
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                ).unique(),
+                lambda x: x[0],
+            ):
+                data[k].extend(vv[1] for vv in v)
+
+            for key, state, state_dict, overwrite in chunk:
+                if not overwrite and self.key in state_dict:
+                    continue
+
+                collection = data.get(key, _empty_result)
+
+                if not uselist and collection:
+                    if len(collection) > 1:
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Multiple rows returned with "
+                            "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded "
+                            "attribute '%s' " % self
+                        )
+                    state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                        state, state_dict, collection[0]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # note that empty tuple set on uselist=False sets the
+                    # value to None
+                    state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                        state, state_dict, collection
+                    )
+
+
+def single_parent_validator(desc, prop):
+    def _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        if value is not None and initiator.key == prop.key:
+            hasparent = initiator.hasparent(attributes.instance_state(value))
+            if hasparent and oldvalue is not value:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance %s is already associated with an instance "
+                    "of %s via its %s attribute, and is only allowed a "
+                    "single parent."
+                    % (orm_util.instance_str(value), state.class_, prop),
+                    code="bbf1",
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def append(state, value, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, None, initiator)
+
+    def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator)
+
+    event.listen(
+        desc, "append", append, raw=True, retval=True, active_history=True
+    )
+    event.listen(desc, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True, active_history=True)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f61cf367e61c0c114c42315d82154a1558eff116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2569 @@
+# orm/strategy_options.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import util as orm_util
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from ._typing import insp_is_attribute
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper_property
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .base import InspectionAttr
+from .interfaces import LoaderOption
+from .path_registry import _DEFAULT_TOKEN
+from .path_registry import _StrPathToken
+from .path_registry import _WILDCARD_TOKEN
+from .path_registry import AbstractEntityRegistry
+from .path_registry import path_is_property
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .path_registry import TokenRegistry
+from .util import _orm_full_deannotate
+from .util import AliasedInsp
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..sql import cache_key
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import traversals
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..util.typing import Final
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+_RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN: Final[Literal["relationship"]] = "relationship"
+_COLUMN_TOKEN: Final[Literal["column"]] = "column"
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from .context import _MapperEntity
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .context import QueryContext
+    from .interfaces import _StrategyKey
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import _PathRepresentation
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ..sql.cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from ..sql.cache_key import CacheKey
+
+
+_AttrType = Union[Literal["*"], "QueryableAttribute[Any]"]
+
+_WildcardKeyType = Literal["relationship", "column"]
+_StrategySpec = Dict[str, Any]
+_OptsType = Dict[str, Any]
+_AttrGroupType = Tuple[_AttrType, ...]
+
+
+class _AbstractLoad(traversals.GenerativeOnTraversal, LoaderOption):
+    __slots__ = ("propagate_to_loaders",)
+
+    _is_strategy_option = True
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool
+
+    def contains_eager(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        alias: Optional[_FromClauseArgument] = None,
+        _is_chain: bool = False,
+        _propagate_to_loaders: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from
+        columns stated manually in the query.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads
+        the desired rows, i.e.::
+
+            sess.query(Order).join(Order.user).options(
+                contains_eager(Order.user)
+            )
+
+        The above query would join from the ``Order`` entity to its related
+        ``User`` entity, and the returned ``Order`` objects would have the
+        ``Order.user`` attribute pre-populated.
+
+        It may also be used for customizing the entries in an eagerly loaded
+        collection; queries will normally want to use the
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing` execution option assuming the
+        primary collection of parent objects may already have been loaded::
+
+            sess.query(User).join(User.addresses).filter(
+                Address.email_address.like("%@aol.com")
+            ).options(contains_eager(User.addresses)).populate_existing()
+
+        See the section :ref:`contains_eager` for complete usage details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`contains_eager`
+
+        """
+        if alias is not None:
+            if not isinstance(alias, str):
+                coerced_alias = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, alias)
+            else:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Passing a string name for the 'alias' argument to "
+                    "'contains_eager()` is deprecated, and will not work in a "
+                    "future release.  Please use a sqlalchemy.alias() or "
+                    "sqlalchemy.orm.aliased() construct.",
+                    version="1.4",
+                )
+                coerced_alias = alias
+
+        elif getattr(attr, "_of_type", None):
+            assert isinstance(attr, QueryableAttribute)
+            ot: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = inspect(attr._of_type)
+            assert ot is not None
+            coerced_alias = ot.selectable
+        else:
+            coerced_alias = None
+
+        cloned = self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "joined"},
+            propagate_to_loaders=_propagate_to_loaders,
+            opts={"eager_from_alias": coerced_alias},
+            _reconcile_to_other=True if _is_chain else None,
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def load_only(self, *attrs: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list
+        of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be
+        deferred.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        Example - given a class ``User``, load only the ``name`` and
+        ``fullname`` attributes::
+
+            session.query(User).options(load_only(User.name, User.fullname))
+
+        Example - given a relationship ``User.addresses -> Address``, specify
+        subquery loading for the ``User.addresses`` collection, but on each
+        ``Address`` object load only the ``email_address`` attribute::
+
+            session.query(User).options(
+                subqueryload(User.addresses).load_only(Address.email_address)
+            )
+
+        For a statement that has multiple entities,
+        the lead entity can be
+        specifically referred to using the :class:`_orm.Load` constructor::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(User, Address)
+                .join(User.addresses)
+                .options(
+                    Load(User).load_only(User.name, User.fullname),
+                    Load(Address).load_only(Address.email_address),
+                )
+            )
+
+        When used together with the
+        :ref:`populate_existing <orm_queryguide_populate_existing>`
+        execution option only the attributes listed will be refreshed.
+
+        :param \*attrs: Attributes to be loaded, all others will be deferred.
+
+        :param raiseload: raise :class:`.InvalidRequestError` rather than
+         lazy loading a value when a deferred attribute is accessed. Used
+         to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        :param \*attrs: Attributes to be loaded, all others will be deferred.
+
+        :param raiseload: raise :class:`.InvalidRequestError` rather than
+         lazy loading a value when a deferred attribute is accessed. Used
+         to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        cloned = self._set_column_strategy(
+            attrs,
+            {"deferred": False, "instrument": True},
+        )
+
+        wildcard_strategy = {"deferred": True, "instrument": True}
+        if raiseload:
+            wildcard_strategy["raiseload"] = True
+
+        cloned = cloned._set_column_strategy(
+            ("*",),
+            wildcard_strategy,
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def joinedload(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        innerjoin: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using joined
+        eager loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        examples::
+
+            # joined-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+            select(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))
+
+            # joined-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+            select(Order).options(
+                joinedload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+            # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+            # joined-load the keywords collection
+            select(Order).options(
+                lazyload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+        :param innerjoin: if ``True``, indicates that the joined eager load
+         should use an inner join instead of the default of left outer join::
+
+            select(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))
+
+        In order to chain multiple eager joins together where some may be
+        OUTER and others INNER, right-nested joins are used to link them::
+
+            select(A).options(
+                joinedload(A.bs, innerjoin=False).joinedload(
+                    B.cs, innerjoin=True
+                )
+            )
+
+        The above query, linking A.bs via "outer" join and B.cs via "inner"
+        join would render the joins as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)". When
+        using older versions of SQLite (< 3.7.16), this form of JOIN is
+        translated to use full subqueries as this syntax is otherwise not
+        directly supported.
+
+        The ``innerjoin`` flag can also be stated with the term ``"unnested"``.
+        This indicates that an INNER JOIN should be used, *unless* the join
+        is linked to a LEFT OUTER JOIN to the left, in which case it
+        will render as LEFT OUTER JOIN.  For example, supposing ``A.bs``
+        is an outerjoin::
+
+            select(A).options(
+                joinedload(A.bs).joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin="unnested")
+            )
+
+
+        The above join will render as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN b LEFT OUTER JOIN c",
+        rather than as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)".
+
+        .. note:: The "unnested" flag does **not** affect the JOIN rendered
+            from a many-to-many association table, e.g. a table configured as
+            :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`, to the target table; for
+            correctness of results, these joins are always INNER and are
+            therefore right-nested if linked to an OUTER join.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The joins produced by :func:`_orm.joinedload` are **anonymously
+            aliased**. The criteria by which the join proceeds cannot be
+            modified, nor can the ORM-enabled :class:`_sql.Select` or legacy
+            :class:`_query.Query` refer to these joins in any way, including
+            ordering. See :ref:`zen_of_eager_loading` for further detail.
+
+            To produce a specific SQL JOIN which is explicitly available, use
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.join` and :meth:`_query.Query.join`. To combine
+            explicit JOINs with eager loading of collections, use
+            :func:`_orm.contains_eager`; see :ref:`contains_eager`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`joined_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        loader = self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "joined"},
+            opts=(
+                {"innerjoin": innerjoin}
+                if innerjoin is not None
+                else util.EMPTY_DICT
+            ),
+        )
+        return loader
+
+    def subqueryload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+        subquery eager loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        examples::
+
+            # subquery-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+            select(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))
+
+            # subquery-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+            select(Order).options(
+                subqueryload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+            # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+            # subquery-load the keywords collection
+            select(Order).options(
+                lazyload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`subquery_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "subquery"})
+
+    def selectinload(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+        SELECT IN eager loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        examples::
+
+            # selectin-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+            select(User).options(selectinload(User.orders))
+
+            # selectin-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+            select(Order).options(
+                selectinload(Order.items).selectinload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+            # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+            # selectin-load the keywords collection
+            select(Order).options(
+                lazyload(Order.items).selectinload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+        :param recursion_depth: optional int; when set to a positive integer
+         in conjunction with a self-referential relationship,
+         indicates "selectin" loading will continue that many levels deep
+         automatically until no items are found.
+
+         .. note:: The :paramref:`_orm.selectinload.recursion_depth` option
+            currently supports only self-referential relationships.  There
+            is not yet an option to automatically traverse recursive structures
+            with more than one relationship involved.
+
+            Additionally, the :paramref:`_orm.selectinload.recursion_depth`
+            parameter is new and experimental and should be treated as "alpha"
+            status for the 2.0 series.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 added
+            :paramref:`_orm.selectinload.recursion_depth`
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`selectin_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "selectin"},
+            opts={"recursion_depth": recursion_depth},
+        )
+
+    def lazyload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using "lazy"
+        loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`lazy_loading`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "select"})
+
+    def immediateload(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+        an immediate load with a per-attribute SELECT statement.
+
+        The load is achieved using the "lazyloader" strategy and does not
+        fire off any additional eager loaders.
+
+        The :func:`.immediateload` option is superseded in general
+        by the :func:`.selectinload` option, which performs the same task
+        more efficiently by emitting a SELECT for all loaded objects.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        :param recursion_depth: optional int; when set to a positive integer
+         in conjunction with a self-referential relationship,
+         indicates "selectin" loading will continue that many levels deep
+         automatically until no items are found.
+
+         .. note:: The :paramref:`_orm.immediateload.recursion_depth` option
+            currently supports only self-referential relationships.  There
+            is not yet an option to automatically traverse recursive structures
+            with more than one relationship involved.
+
+         .. warning:: This parameter is new and experimental and should be
+            treated as "alpha" status
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 added
+            :paramref:`_orm.immediateload.recursion_depth`
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`selectin_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        loader = self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "immediate"},
+            opts={"recursion_depth": recursion_depth},
+        )
+        return loader
+
+    def noload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given relationship attribute should remain
+        unloaded.
+
+        The relationship attribute will return ``None`` when accessed without
+        producing any loading effect.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        :func:`_orm.noload` applies to :func:`_orm.relationship` attributes
+        only.
+
+        .. note:: Setting this loading strategy as the default strategy
+            for a relationship using the :paramref:`.orm.relationship.lazy`
+            parameter may cause issues with flushes, such if a delete operation
+            needs to load related objects and instead ``None`` was returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "noload"})
+
+    def raiseload(self, attr: _AttrType, sql_only: bool = False) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should raise an error if accessed.
+
+        A relationship attribute configured with :func:`_orm.raiseload` will
+        raise an :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` upon access. The
+        typical way this is useful is when an application is attempting to
+        ensure that all relationship attributes that are accessed in a
+        particular context would have been already loaded via eager loading.
+        Instead of having to read through SQL logs to ensure lazy loads aren't
+        occurring, this strategy will cause them to raise immediately.
+
+        :func:`_orm.raiseload` applies to :func:`_orm.relationship` attributes
+        only. In order to apply raise-on-SQL behavior to a column-based
+        attribute, use the :paramref:`.orm.defer.raiseload` parameter on the
+        :func:`.defer` loader option.
+
+        :param sql_only: if True, raise only if the lazy load would emit SQL,
+         but not if it is only checking the identity map, or determining that
+         the related value should just be None due to missing keys. When False,
+         the strategy will raise for all varieties of relationship loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`prevent_lazy_with_raiseload`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_raiseload`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr, {"lazy": "raise_on_sql" if sql_only else "raise"}
+        )
+
+    def defaultload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate an attribute should load using its predefined loader style.
+
+        The behavior of this loading option is to not change the current
+        loading style of the attribute, meaning that the previously configured
+        one is used or, if no previous style was selected, the default
+        loading will be used.
+
+        This method is used to link to other loader options further into
+        a chain of attributes without altering the loader style of the links
+        along the chain.  For example, to set joined eager loading for an
+        element of an element::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.someattribute).joinedload(
+                    MyOtherClass.someotherattribute
+                )
+            )
+
+        :func:`.defaultload` is also useful for setting column-level options on
+        a related class, namely that of :func:`.defer` and :func:`.undefer`::
+
+            session.scalars(
+                select(MyClass).options(
+                    defaultload(MyClass.someattribute)
+                    .defer("some_column")
+                    .undefer("some_other_column")
+                )
+            )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_sub_options`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Load.options`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, None)
+
+    def defer(self, key: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be
+        deferred, e.g. not loaded until accessed.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                defer(MyClass.attribute_one),
+                defer(MyClass.attribute_two)
+            )
+
+        To specify a deferred load of an attribute on a related class,
+        the path can be specified one token at a time, specifying the loading
+        style for each link along the chain.  To leave the loading style
+        for a link unchanged, use :func:`_orm.defaultload`::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.someattr).defer(RelatedClass.some_column)
+            )
+
+        Multiple deferral options related to a relationship can be bundled
+        at once using :meth:`_orm.Load.options`::
+
+
+            select(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.someattr).options(
+                    defer(RelatedClass.some_column),
+                    defer(RelatedClass.some_other_column),
+                    defer(RelatedClass.another_column)
+                )
+            )
+
+        :param key: Attribute to be deferred.
+
+        :param raiseload: raise :class:`.InvalidRequestError` rather than
+         lazy loading a value when the deferred attribute is accessed. Used
+         to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :func:`_orm.load_only`
+
+            :func:`_orm.undefer`
+
+        """
+        strategy = {"deferred": True, "instrument": True}
+        if raiseload:
+            strategy["raiseload"] = True
+        return self._set_column_strategy((key,), strategy)
+
+    def undefer(self, key: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be
+        undeferred, e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity
+        as a whole.
+
+        The column being undeferred is typically set up on the mapping as a
+        :func:`.deferred` attribute.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        Examples::
+
+            # undefer two columns
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                undefer(MyClass.col1), undefer(MyClass.col2)
+            )
+
+            # undefer all columns specific to a single class using Load + *
+            session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(
+                Load(MyClass).undefer("*")
+            )
+
+            # undefer a column on a related object
+            select(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.items).undefer(MyClass.text)
+            )
+
+        :param key: Attribute to be undeferred.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :func:`_orm.defer`
+
+            :func:`_orm.undefer_group`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_column_strategy(
+            (key,), {"deferred": False, "instrument": True}
+        )
+
+    def undefer_group(self, name: str) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be
+        undeferred.
+
+        The columns being undeferred are set up on the mapping as
+        :func:`.deferred` attributes and include a "group" name.
+
+        E.g::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(undefer_group("large_attrs"))
+
+        To undefer a group of attributes on a related entity, the path can be
+        spelled out using relationship loader options, such as
+        :func:`_orm.defaultload`::
+
+            select(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload("someattr").undefer_group("large_attrs")
+            )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :func:`_orm.defer`
+
+            :func:`_orm.undefer`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_column_strategy(
+            (_WILDCARD_TOKEN,), None, {f"undefer_group_{name}": True}
+        )
+
+    def with_expression(
+        self,
+        key: _AttrType,
+        expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply an ad-hoc SQL expression to a "deferred expression"
+        attribute.
+
+        This option is used in conjunction with the
+        :func:`_orm.query_expression` mapper-level construct that indicates an
+        attribute which should be the target of an ad-hoc SQL expression.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(SomeClass).options(
+                with_expression(SomeClass.x_y_expr, SomeClass.x + SomeClass.y)
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        :param key: Attribute to be populated
+
+        :param expr: SQL expression to be applied to the attribute.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_with_expression` - background and usage
+            examples
+
+        """
+
+        expression = _orm_full_deannotate(
+            coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, expression)
+        )
+
+        return self._set_column_strategy(
+            (key,), {"query_expression": True}, extra_criteria=(expression,)
+        )
+
+    def selectin_polymorphic(self, classes: Iterable[Type[Any]]) -> Self:
+        """Indicate an eager load should take place for all attributes
+        specific to a subclass.
+
+        This uses an additional SELECT with IN against all matched primary
+        key values, and is the per-query analogue to the ``"selectin"``
+        setting on the :paramref:`.mapper.polymorphic_load` parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`polymorphic_selectin`
+
+        """
+        self = self._set_class_strategy(
+            {"selectinload_polymorphic": True},
+            opts={
+                "entities": tuple(
+                    sorted((inspect(cls) for cls in classes), key=id)
+                )
+            },
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @overload
+    def _coerce_strat(self, strategy: _StrategySpec) -> _StrategyKey: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _coerce_strat(self, strategy: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    def _coerce_strat(
+        self, strategy: Optional[_StrategySpec]
+    ) -> Optional[_StrategyKey]:
+        if strategy is not None:
+            strategy_key = tuple(sorted(strategy.items()))
+        else:
+            strategy_key = None
+        return strategy_key
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_relationship_strategy(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategySpec],
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        _reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(
+            (attr,),
+            strategy_key,
+            _RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN,
+            opts=opts,
+            propagate_to_loaders=propagate_to_loaders,
+            reconcile_to_other=_reconcile_to_other,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_column_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Tuple[_AttrType, ...],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategySpec],
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(
+            attrs,
+            strategy_key,
+            _COLUMN_TOKEN,
+            opts=opts,
+            attr_group=attrs,
+            extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_generic_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Tuple[_AttrType, ...],
+        strategy: _StrategySpec,
+        _reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(
+            attrs,
+            strategy_key,
+            None,
+            propagate_to_loaders=True,
+            reconcile_to_other=_reconcile_to_other,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_class_strategy(
+        self, strategy: _StrategySpec, opts: _OptsType
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(None, strategy_key, None, opts=opts)
+        return self
+
+    def _apply_to_parent(self, parent: Load) -> None:
+        """apply this :class:`_orm._AbstractLoad` object as a sub-option o
+        a :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        Implementation is provided by subclasses.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def options(self, *opts: _AbstractLoad) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a series of options as sub-options to this
+        :class:`_orm._AbstractLoad` object.
+
+        Implementation is provided by subclasses.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _clone_for_bind_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Optional[Tuple[_AttrType, ...]],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey],
+        wildcard_key: Optional[_WildcardKeyType],
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        attr_group: Optional[_AttrGroupType] = None,
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        if not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        # process is being run here so that the options given are validated
+        # against what the lead entities were, as well as to accommodate
+        # for the entities having been replaced with equivalents
+        self._process(
+            compile_state,
+            mapper_entities,
+            not bool(compile_state.current_path),
+        )
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        if not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        self._process(
+            compile_state,
+            compile_state._lead_mapper_entities,
+            not bool(compile_state.current_path)
+            and not compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state,
+        )
+
+    def _process(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+        raiseerr: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """implemented by subclasses"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _chop_path(
+        cls,
+        to_chop: _PathRepresentation,
+        path: PathRegistry,
+        debug: bool = False,
+    ) -> Optional[_PathRepresentation]:
+        i = -1
+
+        for i, (c_token, p_token) in enumerate(
+            zip(to_chop, path.natural_path)
+        ):
+            if isinstance(c_token, str):
+                if i == 0 and (
+                    c_token.endswith(f":{_DEFAULT_TOKEN}")
+                    or c_token.endswith(f":{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}")
+                ):
+                    return to_chop
+                elif (
+                    c_token != f"{_RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN}:{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"
+                    and c_token != p_token.key  # type: ignore
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+            if c_token is p_token:
+                continue
+            elif (
+                isinstance(c_token, InspectionAttr)
+                and insp_is_mapper(c_token)
+                and insp_is_mapper(p_token)
+                and c_token.isa(p_token)
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            else:
+                return None
+        return to_chop[i + 1 :]
+
+
+class Load(_AbstractLoad):
+    """Represents loader options which modify the state of a
+    ORM-enabled :class:`_sql.Select` or a legacy :class:`_query.Query` in
+    order to affect how various mapped attributes are loaded.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.Load` object is in most cases used implicitly behind the
+    scenes when one makes use of a query option like :func:`_orm.joinedload`,
+    :func:`_orm.defer`, or similar.   It typically is not instantiated directly
+    except for in some very specific cases.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_per_entity_wildcard` - illustrates an
+        example where direct use of :class:`_orm.Load` may be useful
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "path",
+        "context",
+        "additional_source_entities",
+    )
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        (
+            "context",
+            visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list,
+        ),
+        ("propagate_to_loaders", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        (
+            "additional_source_entities",
+            visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list,
+        ),
+    ]
+    _cache_key_traversal = None
+
+    path: PathRegistry
+    context: Tuple[_LoadElement, ...]
+    additional_source_entities: Tuple[_InternalEntityType[Any], ...]
+
+    def __init__(self, entity: _EntityType[Any]):
+        insp = cast("Union[Mapper[Any], AliasedInsp[Any]]", inspect(entity))
+        insp._post_inspect
+
+        self.path = insp._path_registry
+        self.context = ()
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = False
+        self.additional_source_entities = ()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Load({self.path[0]})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_existing_path(
+        cls, path: AbstractEntityRegistry
+    ) -> Load:
+        load = cls.__new__(cls)
+        load.path = path
+        load.context = ()
+        load.propagate_to_loaders = False
+        load.additional_source_entities = ()
+        return load
+
+    def _adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(
+        self, context: QueryContext, uncached_opt: ORMOption
+    ) -> ORMOption:
+        if uncached_opt is self:
+            return self
+        return self._adjust_for_extra_criteria(context)
+
+    def _prepend_path(self, path: PathRegistry) -> Load:
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.context = tuple(
+            element._prepend_path(path) for element in self.context
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def _adjust_for_extra_criteria(self, context: QueryContext) -> Load:
+        """Apply the current bound parameters in a QueryContext to all
+        occurrences "extra_criteria" stored within this ``Load`` object,
+        returning a new instance of this ``Load`` object.
+
+        """
+
+        # avoid generating cache keys for the queries if we don't
+        # actually have any extra_criteria options, which is the
+        # common case
+        for value in self.context:
+            if value._extra_criteria:
+                break
+        else:
+            return self
+
+        replacement_cache_key = context.query._generate_cache_key()
+
+        if replacement_cache_key is None:
+            return self
+
+        orig_query = context.compile_state.select_statement
+        orig_cache_key = orig_query._generate_cache_key()
+        assert orig_cache_key is not None
+
+        def process(
+            opt: _LoadElement,
+            replacement_cache_key: CacheKey,
+            orig_cache_key: CacheKey,
+        ) -> _LoadElement:
+            cloned_opt = opt._clone()
+
+            cloned_opt._extra_criteria = tuple(
+                replacement_cache_key._apply_params_to_element(
+                    orig_cache_key, crit
+                )
+                for crit in cloned_opt._extra_criteria
+            )
+
+            return cloned_opt
+
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.context = tuple(
+            (
+                process(value, replacement_cache_key, orig_cache_key)
+                if value._extra_criteria
+                else value
+            )
+            for value in self.context
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def _reconcile_query_entities_with_us(self, mapper_entities, raiseerr):
+        """called at process time to allow adjustment of the root
+        entity inside of _LoadElement objects.
+
+        """
+        path = self.path
+
+        ezero = None
+        for ent in mapper_entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero and orm_util._entity_corresponds_to(
+                # technically this can be a token also, but this is
+                # safe to pass to _entity_corresponds_to()
+                ezero,
+                cast("_InternalEntityType[Any]", path[0]),
+            ):
+                return ezero
+
+        return None
+
+    def _process(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+        raiseerr: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        reconciled_lead_entity = self._reconcile_query_entities_with_us(
+            mapper_entities, raiseerr
+        )
+
+        # if the context has a current path, this is a lazy load
+        has_current_path = bool(compile_state.compile_options._current_path)
+
+        for loader in self.context:
+            # issue #11292
+            # historically, propagate_to_loaders was only considered at
+            # object loading time, whether or not to carry along options
+            # onto an object's loaded state where it would be used by lazyload.
+            # however, the defaultload() option needs to propagate in case
+            # its sub-options propagate_to_loaders, but its sub-options
+            # that dont propagate should not be applied for lazy loaders.
+            # so we check again
+            if has_current_path and not loader.propagate_to_loaders:
+                continue
+            loader.process_compile_state(
+                self,
+                compile_state,
+                mapper_entities,
+                reconciled_lead_entity,
+                raiseerr,
+            )
+
+    def _apply_to_parent(self, parent: Load) -> None:
+        """apply this :class:`_orm.Load` object as a sub-option of another
+        :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        This method is used by the :meth:`_orm.Load.options` method.
+
+        """
+        cloned = self._generate()
+
+        assert cloned.propagate_to_loaders == self.propagate_to_loaders
+
+        if not any(
+            orm_util._entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+                elem, cloned.path.odd_element(0)
+            )
+            for elem in (parent.path.odd_element(-1),)
+            + parent.additional_source_entities
+        ):
+            if len(cloned.path) > 1:
+                attrname = cloned.path[1]
+                parent_entity = cloned.path[0]
+            else:
+                attrname = cloned.path[0]
+                parent_entity = cloned.path[0]
+            _raise_for_does_not_link(parent.path, attrname, parent_entity)
+
+        cloned.path = PathRegistry.coerce(parent.path[0:-1] + cloned.path[:])
+
+        if self.context:
+            cloned.context = tuple(
+                value._prepend_path_from(parent) for value in self.context
+            )
+
+        if cloned.context:
+            parent.context += cloned.context
+            parent.additional_source_entities += (
+                cloned.additional_source_entities
+            )
+
+    @_generative
+    def options(self, *opts: _AbstractLoad) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a series of options as sub-options to this
+        :class:`_orm.Load`
+        object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            query = session.query(Author)
+            query = query.options(
+                        joinedload(Author.book).options(
+                            load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
+                            joinedload(Book.citations).options(
+                                joinedload(Citation.author)
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+
+        :param \*opts: A series of loader option objects (ultimately
+         :class:`_orm.Load` objects) which should be applied to the path
+         specified by this :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.6
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.defaultload`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_sub_options`
+
+        """
+        for opt in opts:
+            try:
+                opt._apply_to_parent(self)
+            except AttributeError as ae:
+                if not isinstance(opt, _AbstractLoad):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Loader option {opt} is not compatible with the "
+                        "Load.options() method."
+                    ) from ae
+                else:
+                    raise
+        return self
+
+    def _clone_for_bind_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Optional[Tuple[_AttrType, ...]],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey],
+        wildcard_key: Optional[_WildcardKeyType],
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        attr_group: Optional[_AttrGroupType] = None,
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        # for individual strategy that needs to propagate, set the whole
+        # Load container to also propagate, so that it shows up in
+        # InstanceState.load_options
+        if propagate_to_loaders:
+            self.propagate_to_loaders = True
+
+        if self.path.is_token:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Wildcard token cannot be followed by another entity"
+            )
+
+        elif path_is_property(self.path):
+            # re-use the lookup which will raise a nicely formatted
+            # LoaderStrategyException
+            if strategy:
+                self.path.prop._strategy_lookup(self.path.prop, strategy[0])
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Mapped attribute '{self.path.prop}' does not "
+                    "refer to a mapped entity"
+                )
+
+        if attrs is None:
+            load_element = _ClassStrategyLoad.create(
+                self.path,
+                None,
+                strategy,
+                wildcard_key,
+                opts,
+                propagate_to_loaders,
+                attr_group=attr_group,
+                reconcile_to_other=reconcile_to_other,
+                extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+            )
+            if load_element:
+                self.context += (load_element,)
+                assert opts is not None
+                self.additional_source_entities += cast(
+                    "Tuple[_InternalEntityType[Any]]", opts["entities"]
+                )
+
+        else:
+            for attr in attrs:
+                if isinstance(attr, str):
+                    load_element = _TokenStrategyLoad.create(
+                        self.path,
+                        attr,
+                        strategy,
+                        wildcard_key,
+                        opts,
+                        propagate_to_loaders,
+                        attr_group=attr_group,
+                        reconcile_to_other=reconcile_to_other,
+                        extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    load_element = _AttributeStrategyLoad.create(
+                        self.path,
+                        attr,
+                        strategy,
+                        wildcard_key,
+                        opts,
+                        propagate_to_loaders,
+                        attr_group=attr_group,
+                        reconcile_to_other=reconcile_to_other,
+                        extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                    )
+
+                if load_element:
+                    # for relationship options, update self.path on this Load
+                    # object with the latest path.
+                    if wildcard_key is _RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN:
+                        self.path = load_element.path
+                    self.context += (load_element,)
+
+                    # this seems to be effective for selectinloader,
+                    # giving the extra match to one more level deep.
+                    # but does not work for immediateloader, which still
+                    # must add additional options at load time
+                    if load_element.local_opts.get("recursion_depth", False):
+                        r1 = load_element._recurse()
+                        self.context += (r1,)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self._shallow_to_dict()
+        d["path"] = self.path.serialize()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        state["path"] = PathRegistry.deserialize(state["path"])
+        self._shallow_from_dict(state)
+
+
+class _WildcardLoad(_AbstractLoad):
+    """represent a standalone '*' load operation"""
+
+    __slots__ = ("strategy", "path", "local_opts")
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("strategy", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        (
+            "local_opts",
+            visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string_multi_dict,
+        ),
+    ]
+    cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = None
+
+    strategy: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    local_opts: _OptsType
+    path: Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[str]]
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.path = ()
+        self.strategy = None
+        self.local_opts = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def _clone_for_bind_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs,
+        strategy,
+        wildcard_key,
+        opts=None,
+        attr_group=None,
+        propagate_to_loaders=True,
+        reconcile_to_other=None,
+        extra_criteria=None,
+    ):
+        assert attrs is not None
+        attr = attrs[0]
+        assert (
+            wildcard_key
+            and isinstance(attr, str)
+            and attr in (_WILDCARD_TOKEN, _DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+        )
+
+        attr = f"{wildcard_key}:{attr}"
+
+        self.strategy = strategy
+        self.path = (attr,)
+        if opts:
+            self.local_opts = util.immutabledict(opts)
+
+        assert extra_criteria is None
+
+    def options(self, *opts: _AbstractLoad) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Star option does not support sub-options")
+
+    def _apply_to_parent(self, parent: Load) -> None:
+        """apply this :class:`_orm._WildcardLoad` object as a sub-option of
+        a :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        This method is used by the :meth:`_orm.Load.options` method.   Note
+        that :class:`_orm.WildcardLoad` itself can't have sub-options, but
+        it may be used as the sub-option of a :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        """
+        assert self.path
+        attr = self.path[0]
+        if attr.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            attr = f"{attr.split(':')[0]}:{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"
+
+        effective_path = cast(AbstractEntityRegistry, parent.path).token(attr)
+
+        assert effective_path.is_token
+
+        loader = _TokenStrategyLoad.create(
+            effective_path,
+            None,
+            self.strategy,
+            None,
+            self.local_opts,
+            self.propagate_to_loaders,
+        )
+
+        parent.context += (loader,)
+
+    def _process(self, compile_state, mapper_entities, raiseerr):
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return
+
+        entities = [ent.entity_zero for ent in mapper_entities]
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+
+        start_path: _PathRepresentation = self.path
+
+        if current_path:
+            # TODO: no cases in test suite where we actually get
+            # None back here
+            new_path = self._chop_path(start_path, current_path)
+            if new_path is None:
+                return
+
+            # chop_path does not actually "chop" a wildcard token path,
+            # just returns it
+            assert new_path == start_path
+
+        # start_path is a single-token tuple
+        assert start_path and len(start_path) == 1
+
+        token = start_path[0]
+        assert isinstance(token, str)
+        entity = self._find_entity_basestring(entities, token, raiseerr)
+
+        if not entity:
+            return
+
+        path_element = entity
+
+        # transfer our entity-less state into a Load() object
+        # with a real entity path.  Start with the lead entity
+        # we just located, then go through the rest of our path
+        # tokens and populate into the Load().
+
+        assert isinstance(token, str)
+        loader = _TokenStrategyLoad.create(
+            path_element._path_registry,
+            token,
+            self.strategy,
+            None,
+            self.local_opts,
+            self.propagate_to_loaders,
+            raiseerr=raiseerr,
+        )
+        if not loader:
+            return
+
+        assert loader.path.is_token
+
+        # don't pass a reconciled lead entity here
+        loader.process_compile_state(
+            self, compile_state, mapper_entities, None, raiseerr
+        )
+
+        return loader
+
+    def _find_entity_basestring(
+        self,
+        entities: Iterable[_InternalEntityType[Any]],
+        token: str,
+        raiseerr: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+        if token.endswith(f":{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"):
+            if len(list(entities)) != 1:
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't apply wildcard ('*') or load_only() "
+                        f"loader option to multiple entities "
+                        f"{', '.join(str(ent) for ent in entities)}. Specify "
+                        "loader options for each entity individually, such as "
+                        f"""{
+                            ", ".join(
+                                f"Load({ent}).some_option('*')"
+                                for ent in entities
+                            )
+                        }."""
+                    )
+        elif token.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            raiseerr = False
+
+        for ent in entities:
+            # return only the first _MapperEntity when searching
+            # based on string prop name.   Ideally object
+            # attributes are used to specify more exactly.
+            return ent
+        else:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Query has only expression-based entities - "
+                    f'can\'t find property named "{token}".'
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        d = self._shallow_to_dict()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self._shallow_from_dict(state)
+
+
+class _LoadElement(
+    cache_key.HasCacheKey, traversals.HasShallowCopy, visitors.Traversible
+):
+    """represents strategy information to select for a LoaderStrategy
+    and pass options to it.
+
+    :class:`._LoadElement` objects provide the inner datastructure
+    stored by a :class:`_orm.Load` object and are also the object passed
+    to methods like :meth:`.LoaderStrategy.setup_query`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "path",
+        "strategy",
+        "propagate_to_loaders",
+        "local_opts",
+        "_extra_criteria",
+        "_reconcile_to_other",
+    )
+    __visit_name__ = "load_element"
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        ("strategy", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        (
+            "local_opts",
+            visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string_multi_dict,
+        ),
+        ("_extra_criteria", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("propagate_to_loaders", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("_reconcile_to_other", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    ]
+    _cache_key_traversal = None
+
+    _extra_criteria: Tuple[Any, ...]
+
+    _reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool]
+    strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey]
+    path: PathRegistry
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool
+
+    local_opts: util.immutabledict[str, Any]
+
+    is_token_strategy: bool
+    is_class_strategy: bool
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return traversals.compare(self, other)
+
+    @property
+    def is_opts_only(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.local_opts and self.strategy is None)
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> _LoadElement:
+        cls = self.__class__
+        s = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        self._shallow_copy_to(s)
+        return s
+
+    def _update_opts(self, **kw: Any) -> _LoadElement:
+        new = self._clone()
+        new.local_opts = new.local_opts.union(kw)
+        return new
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        d = self._shallow_to_dict()
+        d["path"] = self.path.serialize()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        state["path"] = PathRegistry.deserialize(state["path"])
+        self._shallow_from_dict(state)
+
+    def _raise_for_no_match(self, parent_loader, mapper_entities):
+        path = parent_loader.path
+
+        found_entities = False
+        for ent in mapper_entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero:
+                found_entities = True
+                break
+
+        if not found_entities:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Query has only expression-based entities; "
+                f"attribute loader options for {path[0]} can't "
+                "be applied here."
+            )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Mapped class {path[0]} does not apply to any of the "
+                f"root entities in this query, e.g. "
+                f"""{
+                    ", ".join(
+                        str(x.entity_zero)
+                        for x in mapper_entities if x.entity_zero
+                    )}. Please """
+                "specify the full path "
+                "from one of the root entities to the target "
+                "attribute. "
+            )
+
+    def _adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+        self, effective_path: PathRegistry, current_path: PathRegistry
+    ) -> Optional[PathRegistry]:
+        """receives the 'current_path' entry from an :class:`.ORMCompileState`
+        instance, which is set during lazy loads and secondary loader strategy
+        loads, and adjusts the given path to be relative to the
+        current_path.
+
+        E.g. given a loader path and current path::
+
+            lp: User -> orders -> Order -> items -> Item -> keywords -> Keyword
+
+            cp: User -> orders -> Order -> items
+
+        The adjusted path would be::
+
+            Item -> keywords -> Keyword
+
+
+        """
+        chopped_start_path = Load._chop_path(
+            effective_path.natural_path, current_path
+        )
+        if not chopped_start_path:
+            return None
+
+        tokens_removed_from_start_path = len(effective_path) - len(
+            chopped_start_path
+        )
+
+        loader_lead_path_element = self.path[tokens_removed_from_start_path]
+
+        effective_path = PathRegistry.coerce(
+            (loader_lead_path_element,) + chopped_start_path[1:]
+        )
+
+        return effective_path
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        """Apply ORM attributes and/or wildcard to an existing path, producing
+        a new path.
+
+        This method is used within the :meth:`.create` method to initialize
+        a :class:`._LoadElement` object.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        """implemented by subclasses."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        """populate ORMCompileState.attributes with loader state for this
+        _LoadElement.
+
+        """
+        keys = self._prepare_for_compile_state(
+            parent_loader,
+            compile_state,
+            mapper_entities,
+            reconciled_lead_entity,
+            raiseerr,
+        )
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in compile_state.attributes:
+                compile_state.attributes[key] = _LoadElement._reconcile(
+                    self, compile_state.attributes[key]
+                )
+            else:
+                compile_state.attributes[key] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        path: PathRegistry,
+        attr: Union[_AttrType, _StrPathToken, None],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey],
+        wildcard_key: Optional[_WildcardKeyType],
+        local_opts: Optional[_OptsType],
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool,
+        raiseerr: bool = True,
+        attr_group: Optional[_AttrGroupType] = None,
+        reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> _LoadElement:
+        """Create a new :class:`._LoadElement` object."""
+
+        opt = cls.__new__(cls)
+        opt.path = path
+        opt.strategy = strategy
+        opt.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+        opt.local_opts = (
+            util.immutabledict(local_opts) if local_opts else util.EMPTY_DICT
+        )
+        opt._extra_criteria = ()
+
+        if reconcile_to_other is not None:
+            opt._reconcile_to_other = reconcile_to_other
+        elif strategy is None and not local_opts:
+            opt._reconcile_to_other = True
+        else:
+            opt._reconcile_to_other = None
+
+        path = opt._init_path(
+            path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+        )
+
+        if not path:
+            return None  # type: ignore
+
+        assert opt.is_token_strategy == path.is_token
+
+        opt.path = path
+        return opt
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _recurse(self) -> _LoadElement:
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.path = PathRegistry.coerce(self.path[:] + self.path[-2:])
+
+        return cloned
+
+    def _prepend_path_from(self, parent: Load) -> _LoadElement:
+        """adjust the path of this :class:`._LoadElement` to be
+        a subpath of that of the given parent :class:`_orm.Load` object's
+        path.
+
+        This is used by the :meth:`_orm.Load._apply_to_parent` method,
+        which is in turn part of the :meth:`_orm.Load.options` method.
+
+        """
+
+        if not any(
+            orm_util._entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+                elem,
+                self.path.odd_element(0),
+            )
+            for elem in (parent.path.odd_element(-1),)
+            + parent.additional_source_entities
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f'Attribute "{self.path[1]}" does not link '
+                f'from element "{parent.path[-1]}".'
+            )
+
+        return self._prepend_path(parent.path)
+
+    def _prepend_path(self, path: PathRegistry) -> _LoadElement:
+        cloned = self._clone()
+
+        assert cloned.strategy == self.strategy
+        assert cloned.local_opts == self.local_opts
+        assert cloned.is_class_strategy == self.is_class_strategy
+
+        cloned.path = PathRegistry.coerce(path[0:-1] + cloned.path[:])
+
+        return cloned
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reconcile(
+        replacement: _LoadElement, existing: _LoadElement
+    ) -> _LoadElement:
+        """define behavior for when two Load objects are to be put into
+        the context.attributes under the same key.
+
+        :param replacement: ``_LoadElement`` that seeks to replace the
+         existing one
+
+        :param existing: ``_LoadElement`` that is already present.
+
+        """
+        # mapper inheritance loading requires fine-grained "block other
+        # options" / "allow these options to be overridden" behaviors
+        # see test_poly_loading.py
+
+        if replacement._reconcile_to_other:
+            return existing
+        elif replacement._reconcile_to_other is False:
+            return replacement
+        elif existing._reconcile_to_other:
+            return replacement
+        elif existing._reconcile_to_other is False:
+            return existing
+
+        if existing is replacement:
+            return replacement
+        elif (
+            existing.strategy == replacement.strategy
+            and existing.local_opts == replacement.local_opts
+        ):
+            return replacement
+        elif replacement.is_opts_only:
+            existing = existing._clone()
+            existing.local_opts = existing.local_opts.union(
+                replacement.local_opts
+            )
+            existing._extra_criteria += replacement._extra_criteria
+            return existing
+        elif existing.is_opts_only:
+            replacement = replacement._clone()
+            replacement.local_opts = replacement.local_opts.union(
+                existing.local_opts
+            )
+            replacement._extra_criteria += existing._extra_criteria
+            return replacement
+        elif replacement.path.is_token:
+            # use 'last one wins' logic for wildcard options.  this is also
+            # kind of inconsistent vs. options that are specific paths which
+            # will raise as below
+            return replacement
+
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            f"Loader strategies for {replacement.path} conflict"
+        )
+
+
+class _AttributeStrategyLoad(_LoadElement):
+    """Loader strategies against specific relationship or column paths.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        joinedload(User.addresses)
+        defer(Order.name)
+        selectinload(User.orders).lazyload(Order.items)
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_of_type", "_path_with_polymorphic_path")
+
+    __visit_name__ = "attribute_strategy_load_element"
+
+    _traverse_internals = _LoadElement._traverse_internals + [
+        ("_of_type", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        (
+            "_path_with_polymorphic_path",
+            visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    _of_type: Union[Mapper[Any], AliasedInsp[Any], None]
+    _path_with_polymorphic_path: Optional[PathRegistry]
+
+    is_class_strategy = False
+    is_token_strategy = False
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        assert attr is not None
+        self._of_type = None
+        self._path_with_polymorphic_path = None
+        insp, _, prop = _parse_attr_argument(attr)
+
+        if insp.is_property:
+            # direct property can be sent from internal strategy logic
+            # that sets up specific loaders, such as
+            # emit_lazyload->_lazyload_reverse
+            # prop = found_property = attr
+            prop = attr
+            path = path[prop]
+
+            if path.has_entity:
+                path = path.entity_path
+            return path
+
+        elif not insp.is_attribute:
+            # should not reach here;
+            assert False
+
+        # here we assume we have user-passed InstrumentedAttribute
+        if not orm_util._entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+            path[-1], attr.parent
+        ):
+            if raiseerr:
+                if attr_group and attr is not attr_group[0]:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't apply wildcard ('*') or load_only() "
+                        "loader option to multiple entities in the "
+                        "same option. Use separate options per entity."
+                    )
+                else:
+                    _raise_for_does_not_link(path, str(attr), attr.parent)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        # note the essential logic of this attribute was very different in
+        # 1.4, where there were caching failures in e.g.
+        # test_relationship_criteria.py::RelationshipCriteriaTest::
+        # test_selectinload_nested_criteria[True] if an existing
+        # "_extra_criteria" on a Load object were replaced with that coming
+        # from an attribute.   This appears to have been an artifact of how
+        # _UnboundLoad / Load interacted together, which was opaque and
+        # poorly defined.
+        if extra_criteria:
+            assert not attr._extra_criteria
+            self._extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+        else:
+            self._extra_criteria = attr._extra_criteria
+
+        if getattr(attr, "_of_type", None):
+            ac = attr._of_type
+            ext_info = inspect(ac)
+            self._of_type = ext_info
+
+            self._path_with_polymorphic_path = path.entity_path[prop]
+
+            path = path[prop][ext_info]
+
+        else:
+            path = path[prop]
+
+        if path.has_entity:
+            path = path.entity_path
+
+        return path
+
+    def _generate_extra_criteria(self, context):
+        """Apply the current bound parameters in a QueryContext to the
+        immediate "extra_criteria" stored with this Load object.
+
+        Load objects are typically pulled from the cached version of
+        the statement from a QueryContext.  The statement currently being
+        executed will have new values (and keys) for bound parameters in the
+        extra criteria which need to be applied by loader strategies when
+        they handle this criteria for a result set.
+
+        """
+
+        assert (
+            self._extra_criteria
+        ), "this should only be called if _extra_criteria is present"
+
+        orig_query = context.compile_state.select_statement
+        current_query = context.query
+
+        # NOTE: while it seems like we should not do the "apply" operation
+        # here if orig_query is current_query, skipping it in the "optimized"
+        # case causes the query to be different from a cache key perspective,
+        # because we are creating a copy of the criteria which is no longer
+        # the same identity of the _extra_criteria in the loader option
+        # itself.  cache key logic produces a different key for
+        # (A, copy_of_A) vs. (A, A), because in the latter case it shortens
+        # the second part of the key to just indicate on identity.
+
+        # if orig_query is current_query:
+        # not cached yet.   just do the and_()
+        #    return and_(*self._extra_criteria)
+
+        k1 = orig_query._generate_cache_key()
+        k2 = current_query._generate_cache_key()
+
+        return k2._apply_params_to_element(k1, and_(*self._extra_criteria))
+
+    def _set_of_type_info(self, context, current_path):
+        assert self._path_with_polymorphic_path
+
+        pwpi = self._of_type
+        assert pwpi
+        if not pwpi.is_aliased_class:
+            pwpi = inspect(
+                orm_util.AliasedInsp._with_polymorphic_factory(
+                    pwpi.mapper.base_mapper,
+                    (pwpi.mapper,),
+                    aliased=True,
+                    _use_mapper_path=True,
+                )
+            )
+        start_path = self._path_with_polymorphic_path
+        if current_path:
+            new_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                start_path, current_path
+            )
+            if new_path is None:
+                return
+            start_path = new_path
+
+        key = ("path_with_polymorphic", start_path.natural_path)
+        if key in context:
+            existing_aliased_insp = context[key]
+            this_aliased_insp = pwpi
+            new_aliased_insp = existing_aliased_insp._merge_with(
+                this_aliased_insp
+            )
+            context[key] = new_aliased_insp
+        else:
+            context[key] = pwpi
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        # _AttributeStrategyLoad
+
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+        assert not self.path.is_token
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return []
+
+        if self._of_type:
+            # apply additional with_polymorphic alias that may have been
+            # generated.  this has to happen even if this is a defaultload
+            self._set_of_type_info(compile_state.attributes, current_path)
+
+        # omit setting loader attributes for a "defaultload" type of option
+        if not self.strategy and not self.local_opts:
+            return []
+
+        if raiseerr and not reconciled_lead_entity:
+            self._raise_for_no_match(parent_loader, mapper_entities)
+
+        if self.path.has_entity:
+            effective_path = self.path.parent
+        else:
+            effective_path = self.path
+
+        if current_path:
+            assert effective_path is not None
+            effective_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                effective_path, current_path
+            )
+            if effective_path is None:
+                return []
+
+        return [("loader", cast(PathRegistry, effective_path).natural_path)]
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = super().__getstate__()
+
+        # can't pickle this.  See
+        # test_pickled.py -> test_lazyload_extra_criteria_not_supported
+        # where we should be emitting a warning for the usual case where this
+        # would be non-None
+        d["_extra_criteria"] = ()
+
+        if self._path_with_polymorphic_path:
+            d["_path_with_polymorphic_path"] = (
+                self._path_with_polymorphic_path.serialize()
+            )
+
+        if self._of_type:
+            if self._of_type.is_aliased_class:
+                d["_of_type"] = None
+            elif self._of_type.is_mapper:
+                d["_of_type"] = self._of_type.class_
+            else:
+                assert False, "unexpected object for _of_type"
+
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        super().__setstate__(state)
+
+        if state.get("_path_with_polymorphic_path", None):
+            self._path_with_polymorphic_path = PathRegistry.deserialize(
+                state["_path_with_polymorphic_path"]
+            )
+        else:
+            self._path_with_polymorphic_path = None
+
+        if state.get("_of_type", None):
+            self._of_type = inspect(state["_of_type"])
+        else:
+            self._of_type = None
+
+
+class _TokenStrategyLoad(_LoadElement):
+    """Loader strategies against wildcard attributes
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        raiseload('*')
+        Load(User).lazyload('*')
+        defer('*')
+        load_only(User.name, User.email)  # will create a defer('*')
+        joinedload(User.addresses).raiseload('*')
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "token_strategy_load_element"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    is_class_strategy = False
+    is_token_strategy = True
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        # assert isinstance(attr, str) or attr is None
+        if attr is not None:
+            default_token = attr.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+            if attr.endswith(_WILDCARD_TOKEN) or default_token:
+                if wildcard_key:
+                    attr = f"{wildcard_key}:{attr}"
+
+                path = path.token(attr)
+                return path
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Strings are not accepted for attribute names in loader "
+                    "options; please use class-bound attributes directly."
+                )
+        return path
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        # _TokenStrategyLoad
+
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+
+        assert self.path.is_token
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return []
+
+        # omit setting attributes for a "defaultload" type of option
+        if not self.strategy and not self.local_opts:
+            return []
+
+        effective_path = self.path
+        if reconciled_lead_entity:
+            effective_path = PathRegistry.coerce(
+                (reconciled_lead_entity,) + effective_path.path[1:]
+            )
+
+        if current_path:
+            new_effective_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                effective_path, current_path
+            )
+            if new_effective_path is None:
+                return []
+            effective_path = new_effective_path
+
+        # for a wildcard token, expand out the path we set
+        # to encompass everything from the query entity on
+        # forward.  not clear if this is necessary when current_path
+        # is set.
+
+        return [
+            ("loader", natural_path)
+            for natural_path in (
+                cast(
+                    TokenRegistry, effective_path
+                )._generate_natural_for_superclasses()
+            )
+        ]
+
+
+class _ClassStrategyLoad(_LoadElement):
+    """Loader strategies that deals with a class as a target, not
+    an attribute path
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        q = s.query(Person).options(
+            selectin_polymorphic(Person, [Engineer, Manager])
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    is_class_strategy = True
+    is_token_strategy = False
+
+    __visit_name__ = "class_strategy_load_element"
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        return path
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        # _ClassStrategyLoad
+
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return []
+
+        # omit setting attributes for a "defaultload" type of option
+        if not self.strategy and not self.local_opts:
+            return []
+
+        effective_path = self.path
+
+        if current_path:
+            new_effective_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                effective_path, current_path
+            )
+            if new_effective_path is None:
+                return []
+            effective_path = new_effective_path
+
+        return [("loader", effective_path.natural_path)]
+
+
+def _generate_from_keys(
+    meth: Callable[..., _AbstractLoad],
+    keys: Tuple[_AttrType, ...],
+    chained: bool,
+    kw: Any,
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    lead_element: Optional[_AbstractLoad] = None
+
+    attr: Any
+    for is_default, _keys in (True, keys[0:-1]), (False, keys[-1:]):
+        for attr in _keys:
+            if isinstance(attr, str):
+                if attr.startswith("." + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+                    util.warn_deprecated(
+                        "The undocumented `.{WILDCARD}` format is "
+                        "deprecated "
+                        "and will be removed in a future version as "
+                        "it is "
+                        "believed to be unused. "
+                        "If you have been using this functionality, "
+                        "please "
+                        "comment on Issue #4390 on the SQLAlchemy project "
+                        "tracker.",
+                        version="1.4",
+                    )
+                    attr = attr[1:]
+
+                if attr == _WILDCARD_TOKEN:
+                    if is_default:
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Wildcard token cannot be followed by "
+                            "another entity",
+                        )
+
+                    if lead_element is None:
+                        lead_element = _WildcardLoad()
+
+                    lead_element = meth(lead_element, _DEFAULT_TOKEN, **kw)
+
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Strings are not accepted for attribute names in "
+                        "loader options; please use class-bound "
+                        "attributes directly.",
+                    )
+            else:
+                if lead_element is None:
+                    _, lead_entity, _ = _parse_attr_argument(attr)
+                    lead_element = Load(lead_entity)
+
+                if is_default:
+                    if not chained:
+                        lead_element = lead_element.defaultload(attr)
+                    else:
+                        lead_element = meth(
+                            lead_element, attr, _is_chain=True, **kw
+                        )
+                else:
+                    lead_element = meth(lead_element, attr, **kw)
+
+    assert lead_element
+    return lead_element
+
+
+def _parse_attr_argument(
+    attr: _AttrType,
+) -> Tuple[InspectionAttr, _InternalEntityType[Any], MapperProperty[Any]]:
+    """parse an attribute or wildcard argument to produce an
+    :class:`._AbstractLoad` instance.
+
+    This is used by the standalone loader strategy functions like
+    ``joinedload()``, ``defer()``, etc. to produce :class:`_orm.Load` or
+    :class:`._WildcardLoad` objects.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        # TODO: need to figure out this None thing being returned by
+        # inspect(), it should not have None as an option in most cases
+        # if at all
+        insp: InspectionAttr = inspect(attr)  # type: ignore
+    except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "expected ORM mapped attribute for loader strategy argument"
+        ) from err
+
+    lead_entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+
+    if insp_is_mapper_property(insp):
+        lead_entity = insp.parent
+        prop = insp
+    elif insp_is_attribute(insp):
+        lead_entity = insp.parent
+        prop = insp.prop
+    else:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "expected ORM mapped attribute for loader strategy argument"
+        )
+
+    return insp, lead_entity, prop
+
+
+def loader_unbound_fn(fn: _FN) -> _FN:
+    """decorator that applies docstrings between standalone loader functions
+    and the loader methods on :class:`._AbstractLoad`.
+
+    """
+    bound_fn = getattr(_AbstractLoad, fn.__name__)
+    fn_doc = bound_fn.__doc__
+    bound_fn.__doc__ = f"""Produce a new :class:`_orm.Load` object with the
+:func:`_orm.{fn.__name__}` option applied.
+
+See :func:`_orm.{fn.__name__}` for usage examples.
+
+"""
+
+    fn.__doc__ = fn_doc
+    return fn
+
+
+# standalone functions follow.  docstrings are filled in
+# by the ``@loader_unbound_fn`` decorator.
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def contains_eager(*keys: _AttrType, **kw: Any) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.contains_eager, keys, True, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def load_only(*attrs: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    # TODO: attrs against different classes.  we likely have to
+    # add some extra state to Load of some kind
+    _, lead_element, _ = _parse_attr_argument(attrs[0])
+    return Load(lead_element).load_only(*attrs, raiseload=raiseload)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def joinedload(*keys: _AttrType, **kw: Any) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.joinedload, keys, False, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def subqueryload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.subqueryload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def selectinload(
+    *keys: _AttrType, recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(
+        Load.selectinload, keys, False, {"recursion_depth": recursion_depth}
+    )
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def lazyload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.lazyload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def immediateload(
+    *keys: _AttrType, recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(
+        Load.immediateload, keys, False, {"recursion_depth": recursion_depth}
+    )
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def noload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.noload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def raiseload(*keys: _AttrType, **kw: Any) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.raiseload, keys, False, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def defaultload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.defaultload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def defer(
+    key: _AttrType, *addl_attrs: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    if addl_attrs:
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "The *addl_attrs on orm.defer is deprecated.  Please use "
+            "method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to "
+            "indicate a path.",
+            version="1.3",
+        )
+
+    if raiseload:
+        kw = {"raiseload": raiseload}
+    else:
+        kw = {}
+
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.defer, (key,) + addl_attrs, False, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def undefer(key: _AttrType, *addl_attrs: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    if addl_attrs:
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "The *addl_attrs on orm.undefer is deprecated.  Please use "
+            "method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to "
+            "indicate a path.",
+            version="1.3",
+        )
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.undefer, (key,) + addl_attrs, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def undefer_group(name: str) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    element = _WildcardLoad()
+    return element.undefer_group(name)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def with_expression(
+    key: _AttrType, expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(
+        Load.with_expression, (key,), False, {"expression": expression}
+    )
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def selectin_polymorphic(
+    base_cls: _EntityType[Any], classes: Iterable[Type[Any]]
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    ul = Load(base_cls)
+    return ul.selectin_polymorphic(classes)
+
+
+def _raise_for_does_not_link(path, attrname, parent_entity):
+    if len(path) > 1:
+        path_is_of_type = path[-1].entity is not path[-2].mapper.class_
+        if insp_is_aliased_class(parent_entity):
+            parent_entity_str = str(parent_entity)
+        else:
+            parent_entity_str = parent_entity.class_.__name__
+
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f'ORM mapped entity or attribute "{attrname}" does not '
+            f'link from relationship "{path[-2]}%s".%s'
+            % (
+                f".of_type({path[-1]})" if path_is_of_type else "",
+                (
+                    "  Did you mean to use "
+                    f'"{path[-2]}'
+                    f'.of_type({parent_entity_str})" or "loadopt.options('
+                    f"selectin_polymorphic({path[-2].mapper.class_.__name__}, "
+                    f'[{parent_entity_str}]), ...)" ?'
+                    if not path_is_of_type
+                    and not path[-1].is_aliased_class
+                    and orm_util._entity_corresponds_to(
+                        path.entity, inspect(parent_entity).mapper
+                    )
+                    else ""
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f'ORM mapped attribute "{attrname}" does not '
+            f'link mapped class "{path[-1]}"'
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c639a925f1f1a2a054aaf336a7c96e90e55ed7f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# orm/sync.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+
+"""private module containing functions used for copying data
+between instances based on join conditions.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from . import exc
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+
+
+def populate(
+    source,
+    source_mapper,
+    dest,
+    dest_mapper,
+    synchronize_pairs,
+    uowcommit,
+    flag_cascaded_pks,
+):
+    source_dict = source.dict
+    dest_dict = dest.dict
+
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            # inline of source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source.manager[prop.key].impl.get(
+                source, source_dict, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+            )
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r, err)
+
+        try:
+            # inline of dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = dest_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            dest.manager[prop.key].impl.set(dest, dest_dict, value, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r, err)
+
+        # technically the "r.primary_key" check isn't
+        # needed here, but we check for this condition to limit
+        # how often this logic is invoked for memory/performance
+        # reasons, since we only need this info for a primary key
+        # destination.
+        if (
+            flag_cascaded_pks
+            and l.primary_key
+            and r.primary_key
+            and r.references(l)
+        ):
+            uowcommit.attributes[("pk_cascaded", dest, r)] = True
+
+
+def bulk_populate_inherit_keys(source_dict, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    # a simplified version of populate() used by bulk insert mode
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source_dict[prop.key]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, source_mapper, r, err)
+
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            source_dict[prop.key] = value
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, source_mapper, r, err)
+
+
+def clear(dest, dest_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        if (
+            r.primary_key
+            and dest_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(dest, dest.dict, r)
+            not in orm_util._none_set
+        ):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                f"Dependency rule on column '{l}' "
+                "tried to blank-out primary key "
+                f"column '{r}' on instance '{orm_util.state_str(dest)}'"
+            )
+        try:
+            dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(dest, dest.dict, r, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, None, l, dest_mapper, r, err)
+
+
+def update(source, source_mapper, dest, old_prefix, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            oldvalue = source_mapper._get_committed_attr_by_column(
+                source.obj(), l
+            )
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+            )
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r, err)
+        dest[r.key] = value
+        dest[old_prefix + r.key] = oldvalue
+
+
+def populate_dict(source, source_mapper, dict_, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+            )
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r, err)
+
+        dict_[r.key] = value
+
+
+def source_modified(uowcommit, source, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    """return true if the source object has changes from an old to a
+    new value on the given synchronize pairs
+
+    """
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r, err)
+        history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+            source, prop.key, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        )
+        if bool(history.deleted):
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _raise_col_to_prop(
+    isdest, source_mapper, source_column, dest_mapper, dest_column, err
+):
+    if isdest:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "destination column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map "
+            "this column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include this column (or use "
+            "a viewonly=True relation)." % (dest_column, dest_mapper)
+        ) from err
+    else:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "source column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map this "
+            "column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include destination column "
+            "'%s' (or use a viewonly=True relation)."
+            % (source_column, source_mapper, dest_column)
+        ) from err
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3975d216fde6c42a9c000e88f9565aa1771397d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+# orm/unitofwork.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""The internals for the unit of work system.
+
+The session's flush() process passes objects to a contextual object
+here, which assembles flush tasks based on mappers and their properties,
+organizes them in order of dependency, and executes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .. import event
+from .. import util
+from ..util import topological
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .dependency import DependencyProcessor
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import Session
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+
+def track_cascade_events(descriptor, prop):
+    """Establish event listeners on object attributes which handle
+    cascade-on-set/append.
+
+    """
+    key = prop.key
+
+    def append(state, item, initiator, **kw):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when
+        # an instance is appended to the list of another instance
+
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("collection append")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+
+            if (
+                prop._cascade.save_update
+                and (key == initiator.key)
+                and not sess._contains_state(item_state)
+            ):
+                sess._save_or_update_state(item_state)
+        return item
+
+    def remove(state, item, initiator, **kw):
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+
+        prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+
+        if sess and sess._warn_on_events:
+            sess._flush_warning(
+                "collection remove"
+                if prop.uselist
+                else "related attribute delete"
+            )
+
+        if (
+            item is not None
+            and item is not attributes.NEVER_SET
+            and item is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and prop._cascade.delete_orphan
+        ):
+            # expunge pending orphans
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+
+            if prop.mapper._is_orphan(item_state):
+                if sess and item_state in sess._new:
+                    sess.expunge(item)
+                else:
+                    # the related item may or may not itself be in a
+                    # Session, however the parent for which we are catching
+                    # the event is not in a session, so memoize this on the
+                    # item
+                    item_state._orphaned_outside_of_session = True
+
+    def set_(state, newvalue, oldvalue, initiator, **kw):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when an instance
+        # is attached to another instance
+        if oldvalue is newvalue:
+            return newvalue
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("related attribute set")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            if newvalue is not None:
+                newvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(newvalue)
+                if (
+                    prop._cascade.save_update
+                    and (key == initiator.key)
+                    and not sess._contains_state(newvalue_state)
+                ):
+                    sess._save_or_update_state(newvalue_state)
+
+            if (
+                oldvalue is not None
+                and oldvalue is not attributes.NEVER_SET
+                and oldvalue is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                and prop._cascade.delete_orphan
+            ):
+                # possible to reach here with attributes.NEVER_SET ?
+                oldvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(oldvalue)
+
+                if oldvalue_state in sess._new and prop.mapper._is_orphan(
+                    oldvalue_state
+                ):
+                    sess.expunge(oldvalue)
+        return newvalue
+
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "append_wo_mutation", append, raw=True, include_key=True
+    )
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "append", append, raw=True, retval=True, include_key=True
+    )
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "remove", remove, raw=True, retval=True, include_key=True
+    )
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True, include_key=True
+    )
+
+
+class UOWTransaction:
+    session: Session
+    transaction: SessionTransaction
+    attributes: Dict[str, Any]
+    deps: util.defaultdict[Mapper[Any], Set[DependencyProcessor]]
+    mappers: util.defaultdict[Mapper[Any], Set[InstanceState[Any]]]
+
+    def __init__(self, session: Session):
+        self.session = session
+
+        # dictionary used by external actors to
+        # store arbitrary state information.
+        self.attributes = {}
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of
+        # DependencyProcessors, which are also
+        # set to be part of the sorted flush actions,
+        # which have that mapper as a parent.
+        self.deps = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of InstanceState
+        # items pending for flush which have that mapper
+        # as a parent.
+        self.mappers = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # a dictionary of Preprocess objects, which gather
+        # additional states impacted by the flush
+        # and determine if a flush action is needed
+        self.presort_actions = {}
+
+        # dictionary of PostSortRec objects, each
+        # one issues work during the flush within
+        # a certain ordering.
+        self.postsort_actions = {}
+
+        # a set of 2-tuples, each containing two
+        # PostSortRec objects where the second
+        # is dependent on the first being executed
+        # first
+        self.dependencies = set()
+
+        # dictionary of InstanceState-> (isdelete, listonly)
+        # tuples, indicating if this state is to be deleted
+        # or insert/updated, or just refreshed
+        self.states = {}
+
+        # tracks InstanceStates which will be receiving
+        # a "post update" call.  Keys are mappers,
+        # values are a set of states and a set of the
+        # columns which should be included in the update.
+        self.post_update_states = util.defaultdict(lambda: (set(), set()))
+
+    @property
+    def has_work(self):
+        return bool(self.states)
+
+    def was_already_deleted(self, state):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given state is expired and was deleted
+        previously.
+        """
+        if state.expired:
+            try:
+                state._load_expired(state, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+            except orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError:
+                self.session._remove_newly_deleted([state])
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def is_deleted(self, state):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given state is marked as deleted
+        within this uowtransaction."""
+
+        return state in self.states and self.states[state][0]
+
+    def memo(self, key, callable_):
+        if key in self.attributes:
+            return self.attributes[key]
+        else:
+            self.attributes[key] = ret = callable_()
+            return ret
+
+    def remove_state_actions(self, state):
+        """Remove pending actions for a state from the uowtransaction."""
+
+        isdelete = self.states[state][0]
+
+        self.states[state] = (isdelete, True)
+
+    def get_attribute_history(
+        self, state, key, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+    ):
+        """Facade to attributes.get_state_history(), including
+        caching of results."""
+
+        hashkey = ("history", state, key)
+
+        # cache the objects, not the states; the strong reference here
+        # prevents newly loaded objects from being dereferenced during the
+        # flush process
+
+        if hashkey in self.attributes:
+            history, state_history, cached_passive = self.attributes[hashkey]
+            # if the cached lookup was "passive" and now
+            # we want non-passive, do a non-passive lookup and re-cache
+
+            if (
+                not cached_passive & attributes.SQL_OK
+                and passive & attributes.SQL_OK
+            ):
+                impl = state.manager[key].impl
+                history = impl.get_history(
+                    state,
+                    state.dict,
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    | attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                    | attributes.NO_RAISE,
+                )
+                if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                    state_history = history.as_state()
+                else:
+                    state_history = history
+                self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history, passive)
+        else:
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            # TODO: store the history as (state, object) tuples
+            # so we don't have to keep converting here
+            history = impl.get_history(
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                passive
+                | attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                | attributes.NO_RAISE,
+            )
+            if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                state_history = history.as_state()
+            else:
+                state_history = history
+            self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history, passive)
+
+        return state_history
+
+    def has_dep(self, processor):
+        return (processor, True) in self.presort_actions
+
+    def register_preprocessor(self, processor, fromparent):
+        key = (processor, fromparent)
+        if key not in self.presort_actions:
+            self.presort_actions[key] = Preprocess(processor, fromparent)
+
+    def register_object(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        isdelete: bool = False,
+        listonly: bool = False,
+        cancel_delete: bool = False,
+        operation: Optional[str] = None,
+        prop: Optional[MapperProperty] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if not self.session._contains_state(state):
+            # this condition is normal when objects are registered
+            # as part of a relationship cascade operation.  it should
+            # not occur for the top-level register from Session.flush().
+            if not state.deleted and operation is not None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Object of type %s not in session, %s operation "
+                    "along '%s' will not proceed"
+                    % (orm_util.state_class_str(state), operation, prop)
+                )
+            return False
+
+        if state not in self.states:
+            mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+            if mapper not in self.mappers:
+                self._per_mapper_flush_actions(mapper)
+
+            self.mappers[mapper].add(state)
+            self.states[state] = (isdelete, listonly)
+        else:
+            if not listonly and (isdelete or cancel_delete):
+                self.states[state] = (isdelete, False)
+        return True
+
+    def register_post_update(self, state, post_update_cols):
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper.base_mapper
+        states, cols = self.post_update_states[mapper]
+        states.add(state)
+        cols.update(post_update_cols)
+
+    def _per_mapper_flush_actions(self, mapper):
+        saves = SaveUpdateAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        deletes = DeleteAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        self.dependencies.add((saves, deletes))
+
+        for dep in mapper._dependency_processors:
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+        for prop in mapper.relationships:
+            if prop.viewonly:
+                continue
+            dep = prop._dependency_processor
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mapper_for_dep(self):
+        """return a dynamic mapping of (Mapper, DependencyProcessor) to
+        True or False, indicating if the DependencyProcessor operates
+        on objects of that Mapper.
+
+        The result is stored in the dictionary persistently once
+        calculated.
+
+        """
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            lambda tup: tup[0]._props.get(tup[1].key) is tup[1].prop
+        )
+
+    def filter_states_for_dep(self, dep, states):
+        """Filter the given list of InstanceStates to those relevant to the
+        given DependencyProcessor.
+
+        """
+        mapper_for_dep = self._mapper_for_dep
+        return [s for s in states if mapper_for_dep[(s.manager.mapper, dep)]]
+
+    def states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self, mapper, isdelete, listonly):
+        checktup = (isdelete, listonly)
+        for mapper in mapper.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for state in self.mappers[mapper]:
+                if self.states[state] == checktup:
+                    yield state
+
+    def _generate_actions(self):
+        """Generate the full, unsorted collection of PostSortRecs as
+        well as dependency pairs for this UOWTransaction.
+
+        """
+        # execute presort_actions, until all states
+        # have been processed.   a presort_action might
+        # add new states to the uow.
+        while True:
+            ret = False
+            for action in list(self.presort_actions.values()):
+                if action.execute(self):
+                    ret = True
+            if not ret:
+                break
+
+        # see if the graph of mapper dependencies has cycles.
+        self.cycles = cycles = topological.find_cycles(
+            self.dependencies, list(self.postsort_actions.values())
+        )
+
+        if cycles:
+            # if yes, break the per-mapper actions into
+            # per-state actions
+            convert = {
+                rec: set(rec.per_state_flush_actions(self)) for rec in cycles
+            }
+
+            # rewrite the existing dependencies to point to
+            # the per-state actions for those per-mapper actions
+            # that were broken up.
+            for edge in list(self.dependencies):
+                if (
+                    None in edge
+                    or edge[0].disabled
+                    or edge[1].disabled
+                    or cycles.issuperset(edge)
+                ):
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                elif edge[0] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[0]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((dep, edge[1]))
+                elif edge[1] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[1]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((edge[0], dep))
+
+        return {
+            a for a in self.postsort_actions.values() if not a.disabled
+        }.difference(cycles)
+
+    def execute(self) -> None:
+        postsort_actions = self._generate_actions()
+
+        postsort_actions = sorted(
+            postsort_actions,
+            key=lambda item: item.sort_key,
+        )
+        # sort = topological.sort(self.dependencies, postsort_actions)
+        # print "--------------"
+        # print "\ndependencies:", self.dependencies
+        # print "\ncycles:", self.cycles
+        # print "\nsort:", list(sort)
+        # print "\nCOUNT OF POSTSORT ACTIONS", len(postsort_actions)
+
+        # execute
+        if self.cycles:
+            for subset in topological.sort_as_subsets(
+                self.dependencies, postsort_actions
+            ):
+                set_ = set(subset)
+                while set_:
+                    n = set_.pop()
+                    n.execute_aggregate(self, set_)
+        else:
+            for rec in topological.sort(self.dependencies, postsort_actions):
+                rec.execute(self)
+
+    def finalize_flush_changes(self) -> None:
+        """Mark processed objects as clean / deleted after a successful
+        flush().
+
+        This method is called within the flush() method after the
+        execute() method has succeeded and the transaction has been committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self.states:
+            return
+
+        states = set(self.states)
+        isdel = {
+            s for (s, (isdelete, listonly)) in self.states.items() if isdelete
+        }
+        other = states.difference(isdel)
+        if isdel:
+            self.session._remove_newly_deleted(isdel)
+        if other:
+            self.session._register_persistent(other)
+
+
+class IterateMappersMixin:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _mappers(self, uow):
+        if self.fromparent:
+            return iter(
+                m
+                for m in self.dependency_processor.parent.self_and_descendants
+                if uow._mapper_for_dep[(m, self.dependency_processor)]
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.dependency_processor.mapper.self_and_descendants
+
+
+class Preprocess(IterateMappersMixin):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dependency_processor",
+        "fromparent",
+        "processed",
+        "setup_flush_actions",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, dependency_processor, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        self.processed = set()
+        self.setup_flush_actions = False
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        delete_states = set()
+        save_states = set()
+
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper].difference(self.processed):
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if not listonly:
+                    if isdelete:
+                        delete_states.add(state)
+                    else:
+                        save_states.add(state)
+
+        if delete_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_deletes(uow, delete_states)
+            self.processed.update(delete_states)
+        if save_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_saves(uow, save_states)
+            self.processed.update(save_states)
+
+        if delete_states or save_states:
+            if not self.setup_flush_actions and (
+                self.dependency_processor.prop_has_changes(
+                    uow, delete_states, True
+                )
+                or self.dependency_processor.prop_has_changes(
+                    uow, save_states, False
+                )
+            ):
+                self.dependency_processor.per_property_flush_actions(uow)
+                self.setup_flush_actions = True
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class PostSortRec:
+    __slots__ = ("disabled",)
+
+    def __new__(cls, uow, *args):
+        key = (cls,) + args
+        if key in uow.postsort_actions:
+            return uow.postsort_actions[key]
+        else:
+            uow.postsort_actions[key] = ret = object.__new__(cls)
+            ret.disabled = False
+            return ret
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        self.execute(uow)
+
+
+class ProcessAll(IterateMappersMixin, PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "dependency_processor", "isdelete", "fromparent", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, isdelete, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.sort_key = (
+            "ProcessAll",
+            self.dependency_processor.sort_key,
+            isdelete,
+        )
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        uow.deps[dependency_processor.parent.base_mapper].add(
+            dependency_processor
+        )
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        states = self._elements(uow)
+        if self.isdelete:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        # this is handled by SaveUpdateAll and DeleteAll,
+        # since a ProcessAll should unconditionally be pulled
+        # into per-state if either the parent/child mappers
+        # are part of a cycle
+        return iter([])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, isdelete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            self.isdelete,
+        )
+
+    def _elements(self, uow):
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper]:
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if isdelete == self.isdelete and not listonly:
+                    yield state
+
+
+class PostUpdateAll(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "mapper", "isdelete", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper, isdelete):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+        self.sort_key = ("PostUpdateAll", mapper._sort_key, isdelete)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        persistence = util.preloaded.orm_persistence
+        states, cols = uow.post_update_states[self.mapper]
+        states = [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0] == self.isdelete]
+
+        persistence.post_update(self.mapper, states, uow, cols)
+
+
+class SaveUpdateAll(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = ("mapper", "sort_key")
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("SaveUpdateAll", mapper._sort_key)
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        util.preloaded.orm_persistence.save_obj(
+            self.mapper,
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, False, False),
+            uow,
+        )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, False, False)
+        )
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        delete_all = DeleteAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = SaveUpdateState(uow, state)
+            uow.dependencies.add((action, delete_all))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, False)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.mapper)
+
+
+class DeleteAll(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = ("mapper", "sort_key")
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("DeleteAll", mapper._sort_key)
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        util.preloaded.orm_persistence.delete_obj(
+            self.mapper,
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, True, False),
+            uow,
+        )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, True, False)
+        )
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        save_all = SaveUpdateAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = DeleteState(uow, state)
+            uow.dependencies.add((save_all, action))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, True)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.mapper)
+
+
+class ProcessState(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "dependency_processor", "isdelete", "state", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, isdelete, state):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.sort_key = ("ProcessState", dependency_processor.sort_key)
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+        self.state = state
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        dependency_processor = self.dependency_processor
+        isdelete = self.isdelete
+        our_recs = [
+            r
+            for r in recs
+            if r.__class__ is cls_
+            and r.dependency_processor is dependency_processor
+            and r.isdelete is isdelete
+        ]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        if isdelete:
+            dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, %s, delete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+            self.isdelete,
+        )
+
+
+class SaveUpdateState(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "state", "mapper", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, state):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = state.mapper.base_mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("ProcessState", self.mapper._sort_key)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        persistence = util.preloaded.orm_persistence
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [
+            r for r in recs if r.__class__ is cls_ and r.mapper is mapper
+        ]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        persistence.save_obj(
+            mapper, [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs], uow
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+        )
+
+
+class DeleteState(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "state", "mapper", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, state):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = state.mapper.base_mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("DeleteState", self.mapper._sort_key)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        persistence = util.preloaded.orm_persistence
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [
+            r for r in recs if r.__class__ is cls_ and r.mapper is mapper
+        ]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        persistence.delete_obj(
+            mapper, [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0]], uow
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c6d2bf42220190a3495f1f1decd7b0e7c04fb2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2416 @@
+# orm/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import functools
+import re
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Match
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes  # noqa
+from . import exc
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from ._typing import prop_is_relationship
+from .base import _class_to_mapper as _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _MappedAnnotationBase
+from .base import _never_set as _never_set  # noqa: F401
+from .base import _none_set as _none_set  # noqa: F401
+from .base import attribute_str as attribute_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import class_mapper as class_mapper
+from .base import DynamicMapped
+from .base import InspectionAttr as InspectionAttr
+from .base import instance_str as instance_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import Mapped
+from .base import object_mapper as object_mapper
+from .base import object_state as object_state  # noqa: F401
+from .base import opt_manager_of_class
+from .base import ORMDescriptor
+from .base import state_attribute_str as state_attribute_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import state_class_str as state_class_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import state_str as state_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import WriteOnlyMapped
+from .interfaces import CriteriaOption
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty as MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnsClauseRole
+from .interfaces import ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole
+from .interfaces import ORMFromClauseRole
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry as PathRegistry
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine.result import result_tuple
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import lambdas
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import is_selectable
+from ..sql.annotation import SupportsCloneAnnotations
+from ..sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from ..sql.cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+from ..util.langhelpers import MemoizedSlots
+from ..util.typing import de_stringify_annotation as _de_stringify_annotation
+from ..util.typing import (
+    de_stringify_union_elements as _de_stringify_union_elements,
+)
+from ..util.typing import eval_name_only as _eval_name_only
+from ..util.typing import is_origin_of_cls
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import typing_get_origin
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _ORMCOLEXPR
+    from .context import _MapperEntity
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import AbstractEntityRegistry
+    from .query import Query
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..sql._typing import _CE
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ..sql.annotation import _SA
+    from ..sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+    from ..sql.selectable import Selectable
+    from ..sql.visitors import anon_map
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import ArgsTypeProcotol
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+all_cascades = frozenset(
+    (
+        "delete",
+        "delete-orphan",
+        "all",
+        "merge",
+        "expunge",
+        "save-update",
+        "refresh-expire",
+        "none",
+    )
+)
+
+
+_de_stringify_partial = functools.partial(
+    functools.partial,
+    locals_=util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "Mapped": Mapped,
+            "WriteOnlyMapped": WriteOnlyMapped,
+            "DynamicMapped": DynamicMapped,
+        }
+    ),
+)
+
+# partial is practically useless as we have to write out the whole
+# function and maintain the signature anyway
+
+
+class _DeStringifyAnnotation(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+        originating_module: str,
+        *,
+        str_cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
+        include_generic: bool = False,
+    ) -> Type[Any]: ...
+
+
+de_stringify_annotation = cast(
+    _DeStringifyAnnotation, _de_stringify_partial(_de_stringify_annotation)
+)
+
+
+class _DeStringifyUnionElements(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        annotation: ArgsTypeProcotol,
+        originating_module: str,
+        *,
+        str_cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
+    ) -> Type[Any]: ...
+
+
+de_stringify_union_elements = cast(
+    _DeStringifyUnionElements,
+    _de_stringify_partial(_de_stringify_union_elements),
+)
+
+
+class _EvalNameOnly(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, name: str, module_name: str) -> Any: ...
+
+
+eval_name_only = cast(_EvalNameOnly, _de_stringify_partial(_eval_name_only))
+
+
+class CascadeOptions(FrozenSet[str]):
+    """Keeps track of the options sent to
+    :paramref:`.relationship.cascade`"""
+
+    _add_w_all_cascades = all_cascades.difference(
+        ["all", "none", "delete-orphan"]
+    )
+    _allowed_cascades = all_cascades
+
+    _viewonly_cascades = ["expunge", "all", "none", "refresh-expire", "merge"]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "save_update",
+        "delete",
+        "refresh_expire",
+        "merge",
+        "expunge",
+        "delete_orphan",
+    )
+
+    save_update: bool
+    delete: bool
+    refresh_expire: bool
+    merge: bool
+    expunge: bool
+    delete_orphan: bool
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, value_list: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]]
+    ) -> CascadeOptions:
+        if isinstance(value_list, str) or value_list is None:
+            return cls.from_string(value_list)  # type: ignore
+        values = set(value_list)
+        if values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid cascade option(s): %s"
+                % ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        repr(x)
+                        for x in sorted(
+                            values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades)
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        if "all" in values:
+            values.update(cls._add_w_all_cascades)
+        if "none" in values:
+            values.clear()
+        values.discard("all")
+
+        self = super().__new__(cls, values)
+        self.save_update = "save-update" in values
+        self.delete = "delete" in values
+        self.refresh_expire = "refresh-expire" in values
+        self.merge = "merge" in values
+        self.expunge = "expunge" in values
+        self.delete_orphan = "delete-orphan" in values
+
+        if self.delete_orphan and not self.delete:
+            util.warn("The 'delete-orphan' cascade option requires 'delete'.")
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "CascadeOptions(%r)" % (",".join([x for x in sorted(self)]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, arg):
+        values = [c for c in re.split(r"\s*,\s*", arg or "") if c]
+        return cls(values)
+
+
+def _validator_events(desc, key, validator, include_removes, include_backrefs):
+    """Runs a validation method on an attribute value to be set or
+    appended.
+    """
+
+    if not include_backrefs:
+
+        def detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            return initiator.impl is not impl
+
+    if include_removes:
+
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if initiator.op is not attributes.OP_BULK_REPLACE and (
+                include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator)
+            ):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def bulk_set(state, values, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                obj = state.obj()
+                values[:] = [
+                    validator(obj, key, value, False) for value in values
+                ]
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def remove(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                validator(state.obj(), key, value, True)
+
+    else:
+
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if initiator.op is not attributes.OP_BULK_REPLACE and (
+                include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator)
+            ):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def bulk_set(state, values, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                obj = state.obj()
+                values[:] = [validator(obj, key, value) for value in values]
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+    event.listen(desc, "append", append, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(desc, "bulk_replace", bulk_set, raw=True)
+    event.listen(desc, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True)
+    if include_removes:
+        event.listen(desc, "remove", remove, raw=True, retval=True)
+
+
+def polymorphic_union(
+    table_map, typecolname, aliasname="p_union", cast_nulls=True
+):
+    """Create a ``UNION`` statement used by a polymorphic mapper.
+
+    See  :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example of how
+    this is used.
+
+    :param table_map: mapping of polymorphic identities to
+     :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+    :param typecolname: string name of a "discriminator" column, which will be
+     derived from the query, producing the polymorphic identity for
+     each row.  If ``None``, no polymorphic discriminator is generated.
+    :param aliasname: name of the :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias()`
+     construct generated.
+    :param cast_nulls: if True, non-existent columns, which are represented
+     as labeled NULLs, will be passed into CAST.   This is a legacy behavior
+     that is problematic on some backends such as Oracle - in which case it
+     can be set to False.
+
+    """
+
+    colnames: util.OrderedSet[str] = util.OrderedSet()
+    colnamemaps = {}
+    types = {}
+    for key in table_map:
+        table = table_map[key]
+
+        table = coercions.expect(
+            roles.StrictFromClauseRole, table, allow_select=True
+        )
+        table_map[key] = table
+
+        m = {}
+        for c in table.c:
+            if c.key == typecolname:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Polymorphic union can't use '%s' as the discriminator "
+                    "column due to mapped column %r; please apply the "
+                    "'typecolname' "
+                    "argument; this is available on "
+                    "ConcreteBase as '_concrete_discriminator_name'"
+                    % (typecolname, c)
+                )
+            colnames.add(c.key)
+            m[c.key] = c
+            types[c.key] = c.type
+        colnamemaps[table] = m
+
+    def col(name, table):
+        try:
+            return colnamemaps[table][name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if cast_nulls:
+                return sql.cast(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+            else:
+                return sql.type_coerce(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+
+    result = []
+    for type_, table in table_map.items():
+        if typecolname is not None:
+            result.append(
+                sql.select(
+                    *(
+                        [col(name, table) for name in colnames]
+                        + [
+                            sql.literal_column(
+                                sql_util._quote_ddl_expr(type_)
+                            ).label(typecolname)
+                        ]
+                    )
+                ).select_from(table)
+            )
+        else:
+            result.append(
+                sql.select(
+                    *[col(name, table) for name in colnames]
+                ).select_from(table)
+            )
+    return sql.union_all(*result).alias(aliasname)
+
+
+def identity_key(
+    class_: Optional[Type[_T]] = None,
+    ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    *,
+    instance: Optional[_T] = None,
+    row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+    identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+) -> _IdentityKeyType[_T]:
+    r"""Generate "identity key" tuples, as are used as keys in the
+    :attr:`.Session.identity_map` dictionary.
+
+    This function has several call styles:
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, ident, identity_token=token)``
+
+      This form receives a mapped class and a primary key scalar or
+      tuple as an argument.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, (1, 2))
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2), None)
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param ident: primary key, may be a scalar or tuple argument.
+      :param identity_token: optional identity token
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2 added identity_token
+
+
+    * ``identity_key(instance=instance)``
+
+      This form will produce the identity key for a given instance.  The
+      instance need not be persistent, only that its primary key attributes
+      are populated (else the key will contain ``None`` for those missing
+      values).
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> instance = MyClass(1, 2)
+        >>> identity_key(instance=instance)
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2), None)
+
+      In this form, the given instance is ultimately run though
+      :meth:`_orm.Mapper.identity_key_from_instance`, which will have the
+      effect of performing a database check for the corresponding row
+      if the object is expired.
+
+      :param instance: object instance (must be given as a keyword arg)
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, row=row, identity_token=token)``
+
+      This form is similar to the class/tuple form, except is passed a
+      database result row as a :class:`.Row` or :class:`.RowMapping` object.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> row = engine.execute(\
+            text("select * from table where a=1 and b=2")\
+            ).first()
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, row=row)
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2), None)
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param row: :class:`.Row` row returned by a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+       (must be given as a keyword arg)
+      :param identity_token: optional identity token
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2 added identity_token
+
+    """
+    if class_ is not None:
+        mapper = class_mapper(class_)
+        if row is None:
+            if ident is None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("ident or row is required")
+            return mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                tuple(util.to_list(ident)), identity_token=identity_token
+            )
+        else:
+            return mapper.identity_key_from_row(
+                row, identity_token=identity_token
+            )
+    elif instance is not None:
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        return mapper.identity_key_from_instance(instance)
+    else:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("class or instance is required")
+
+
+class _TraceAdaptRole(enum.Enum):
+    """Enumeration of all the use cases for ORMAdapter.
+
+    ORMAdapter remains one of the most complicated aspects of the ORM, as it is
+    used for in-place adaption of column expressions to be applied to a SELECT,
+    replacing :class:`.Table` and other objects that are mapped to classes with
+    aliases of those tables in the case of joined eager loading, or in the case
+    of polymorphic loading as used with concrete mappings or other custom "with
+    polymorphic" parameters, with whole user-defined subqueries. The
+    enumerations provide an overview of all the use cases used by ORMAdapter, a
+    layer of formality as to the introduction of new ORMAdapter use cases (of
+    which none are anticipated), as well as a means to trace the origins of a
+    particular ORMAdapter within runtime debugging.
+
+    SQLAlchemy 2.0 has greatly scaled back ORM features which relied heavily on
+    open-ended statement adaption, including the ``Query.with_polymorphic()``
+    method and the ``Query.select_from_entity()`` methods, favoring
+    user-explicit aliasing schemes using the ``aliased()`` and
+    ``with_polymorphic()`` standalone constructs; these still use adaption,
+    however the adaption is applied in a narrower scope.
+
+    """
+
+    # aliased() use that is used to adapt individual attributes at query
+    # construction time
+    ALIASED_INSP = enum.auto()
+
+    # joinedload cases; typically adapt an ON clause of a relationship
+    # join
+    JOINEDLOAD_USER_DEFINED_ALIAS = enum.auto()
+    JOINEDLOAD_PATH_WITH_POLYMORPHIC = enum.auto()
+    JOINEDLOAD_MEMOIZED_ADAPTER = enum.auto()
+
+    # polymorphic cases - these are complex ones that replace FROM
+    # clauses, replacing tables with subqueries
+    MAPPER_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER = enum.auto()
+    WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER = enum.auto()
+    WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER_RIGHT_JOIN = enum.auto()
+    DEPRECATED_JOIN_ADAPT_RIGHT_SIDE = enum.auto()
+
+    # the from_statement() case, used only to adapt individual attributes
+    # from a given statement to local ORM attributes at result fetching
+    # time.  assigned to ORMCompileState._from_obj_alias
+    ADAPT_FROM_STATEMENT = enum.auto()
+
+    # the joinedload for queries that have LIMIT/OFFSET/DISTINCT case;
+    # the query is placed inside of a subquery with the LIMIT/OFFSET/etc.,
+    # joinedloads are then placed on the outside.
+    # assigned to ORMCompileState.compound_eager_adapter
+    COMPOUND_EAGER_STATEMENT = enum.auto()
+
+    # the legacy Query._set_select_from() case.
+    # this is needed for Query's set operations (i.e. UNION, etc. )
+    # as well as "legacy from_self()", which while removed from 2.0 as
+    # public API, is used for the Query.count() method.  this one
+    # still does full statement traversal
+    # assigned to ORMCompileState._from_obj_alias
+    LEGACY_SELECT_FROM_ALIAS = enum.auto()
+
+
+class ORMStatementAdapter(sql_util.ColumnAdapter):
+    """ColumnAdapter which includes a role attribute."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("role",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        role: _TraceAdaptRole,
+        selectable: Selectable,
+        *,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        adapt_required: bool = False,
+        allow_label_resolve: bool = True,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.role = role
+        super().__init__(
+            selectable,
+            equivalents=equivalents,
+            adapt_required=adapt_required,
+            allow_label_resolve=allow_label_resolve,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            adapt_from_selectables=adapt_from_selectables,
+        )
+
+
+class ORMAdapter(sql_util.ColumnAdapter):
+    """ColumnAdapter subclass which excludes adaptation of entities from
+    non-matching mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("role", "mapper", "is_aliased_class", "aliased_insp")
+
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+    aliased_insp: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        role: _TraceAdaptRole,
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+        *,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        adapt_required: bool = False,
+        allow_label_resolve: bool = True,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        selectable: Optional[Selectable] = None,
+        limit_on_entity: bool = True,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.role = role
+        self.mapper = entity.mapper
+        if selectable is None:
+            selectable = entity.selectable
+        if insp_is_aliased_class(entity):
+            self.is_aliased_class = True
+            self.aliased_insp = entity
+        else:
+            self.is_aliased_class = False
+            self.aliased_insp = None
+
+        super().__init__(
+            selectable,
+            equivalents,
+            adapt_required=adapt_required,
+            allow_label_resolve=allow_label_resolve,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            include_fn=self._include_fn if limit_on_entity else None,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            adapt_from_selectables=adapt_from_selectables,
+        )
+
+    def _include_fn(self, elem):
+        entity = elem._annotations.get("parentmapper", None)
+
+        return not entity or entity.isa(self.mapper) or self.mapper.isa(entity)
+
+
+class AliasedClass(
+    inspection.Inspectable["AliasedInsp[_O]"], ORMColumnsClauseRole[_O]
+):
+    r"""Represents an "aliased" form of a mapped class for usage with Query.
+
+    The ORM equivalent of a :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
+    construct, this object mimics the mapped class using a
+    ``__getattr__`` scheme and maintains a reference to a
+    real :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias` object.
+
+    A primary purpose of :class:`.AliasedClass` is to serve as an alternate
+    within a SQL statement generated by the ORM, such that an existing
+    mapped entity can be used in multiple contexts.   A simple example::
+
+        # find all pairs of users with the same name
+        user_alias = aliased(User)
+        session.query(User, user_alias).\
+                        join((user_alias, User.id > user_alias.id)).\
+                        filter(User.name == user_alias.name)
+
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` is also capable of mapping an existing mapped
+    class to an entirely new selectable, provided this selectable is column-
+    compatible with the existing mapped selectable, and it can also be
+    configured in a mapping as the target of a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+    See the links below for examples.
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedClass` object is constructed typically using the
+    :func:`_orm.aliased` function.   It also is produced with additional
+    configuration when using the :func:`_orm.with_polymorphic` function.
+
+    The resulting object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    This object implements an attribute scheme which produces the
+    same attribute and method interface as the original mapped
+    class, allowing :class:`.AliasedClass` to be compatible
+    with any attribute technique which works on the original class,
+    including hybrid attributes (see :ref:`hybrids_toplevel`).
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedClass` can be inspected for its underlying
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper`, aliased selectable, and other information
+    using :func:`_sa.inspect`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    The resulting inspection object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedInsp`.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.aliased`
+
+        :func:`.with_polymorphic`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_aliased_class`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_to_window_function`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mapped_class_or_ac: _EntityType[_O],
+        alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        flat: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        with_polymorphic_mappers: Optional[Sequence[Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+        with_polymorphic_discriminator: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+        base_alias: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]] = None,
+        use_mapper_path: bool = False,
+        represents_outer_join: bool = False,
+    ):
+        insp = cast(
+            "_InternalEntityType[_O]", inspection.inspect(mapped_class_or_ac)
+        )
+        mapper = insp.mapper
+
+        nest_adapters = False
+
+        if alias is None:
+            if insp.is_aliased_class and insp.selectable._is_subquery:
+                alias = insp.selectable.alias()
+            else:
+                alias = (
+                    mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable._anonymous_fromclause(
+                        name=name,
+                        flat=flat,
+                    )
+                )
+        elif insp.is_aliased_class:
+            nest_adapters = True
+
+        assert alias is not None
+        self._aliased_insp = AliasedInsp(
+            self,
+            insp,
+            alias,
+            name,
+            (
+                with_polymorphic_mappers
+                if with_polymorphic_mappers
+                else mapper.with_polymorphic_mappers
+            ),
+            (
+                with_polymorphic_discriminator
+                if with_polymorphic_discriminator is not None
+                else mapper.polymorphic_on
+            ),
+            base_alias,
+            use_mapper_path,
+            adapt_on_names,
+            represents_outer_join,
+            nest_adapters,
+        )
+
+        self.__name__ = f"aliased({mapper.class_.__name__})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reconstitute_from_aliased_insp(
+        cls, aliased_insp: AliasedInsp[_O]
+    ) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.__name__ = f"aliased({aliased_insp.mapper.class_.__name__})"
+        obj._aliased_insp = aliased_insp
+
+        if aliased_insp._is_with_polymorphic:
+            for sub_aliased_insp in aliased_insp._with_polymorphic_entities:
+                if sub_aliased_insp is not aliased_insp:
+                    ent = AliasedClass._reconstitute_from_aliased_insp(
+                        sub_aliased_insp
+                    )
+                    setattr(obj, sub_aliased_insp.class_.__name__, ent)
+
+        return obj
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            _aliased_insp = self.__dict__["_aliased_insp"]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError()
+        else:
+            target = _aliased_insp._target
+            # maintain all getattr mechanics
+            attr = getattr(target, key)
+
+        # attribute is a method, that will be invoked against a
+        # "self"; so just return a new method with the same function and
+        # new self
+        if hasattr(attr, "__call__") and hasattr(attr, "__self__"):
+            return types.MethodType(attr.__func__, self)
+
+        # attribute is a descriptor, that will be invoked against a
+        # "self"; so invoke the descriptor against this self
+        if hasattr(attr, "__get__"):
+            attr = attr.__get__(None, self)
+
+        # attributes within the QueryableAttribute system will want this
+        # to be invoked so the object can be adapted
+        if hasattr(attr, "adapt_to_entity"):
+            attr = attr.adapt_to_entity(_aliased_insp)
+            setattr(self, key, attr)
+
+        return attr
+
+    def _get_from_serialized(
+        self, key: str, mapped_class: _O, aliased_insp: AliasedInsp[_O]
+    ) -> Any:
+        # this method is only used in terms of the
+        # sqlalchemy.ext.serializer extension
+        attr = getattr(mapped_class, key)
+        if hasattr(attr, "__call__") and hasattr(attr, "__self__"):
+            return types.MethodType(attr.__func__, self)
+
+        # attribute is a descriptor, that will be invoked against a
+        # "self"; so invoke the descriptor against this self
+        if hasattr(attr, "__get__"):
+            attr = attr.__get__(None, self)
+
+        # attributes within the QueryableAttribute system will want this
+        # to be invoked so the object can be adapted
+        if hasattr(attr, "adapt_to_entity"):
+            aliased_insp._weak_entity = weakref.ref(self)
+            attr = attr.adapt_to_entity(aliased_insp)
+            setattr(self, key, attr)
+
+        return attr
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<AliasedClass at 0x%x; %s>" % (
+            id(self),
+            self._aliased_insp._target.__name__,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._aliased_insp)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class AliasedInsp(
+    ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole[_O],
+    ORMFromClauseRole,
+    HasCacheKey,
+    InspectionAttr,
+    MemoizedSlots,
+    inspection.Inspectable["AliasedInsp[_O]"],
+    Generic[_O],
+):
+    """Provide an inspection interface for an
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` object.
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedInsp` object is returned
+    given an :class:`.AliasedClass` using the
+    :func:`_sa.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyMappedClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    Attributes on :class:`.AliasedInsp`
+    include:
+
+    * ``entity`` - the :class:`.AliasedClass` represented.
+    * ``mapper`` - the :class:`_orm.Mapper` mapping the underlying class.
+    * ``selectable`` - the :class:`_expression.Alias`
+      construct which ultimately
+      represents an aliased :class:`_schema.Table` or
+      :class:`_expression.Select`
+      construct.
+    * ``name`` - the name of the alias.  Also is used as the attribute
+      name when returned in a result tuple from :class:`_query.Query`.
+    * ``with_polymorphic_mappers`` - collection of :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+      objects
+      indicating all those mappers expressed in the select construct
+      for the :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    * ``polymorphic_on`` - an alternate column or SQL expression which
+      will be used as the "discriminator" for a polymorphic load.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`inspection_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__weakref__",
+        "_weak_entity",
+        "mapper",
+        "selectable",
+        "name",
+        "_adapt_on_names",
+        "with_polymorphic_mappers",
+        "polymorphic_on",
+        "_use_mapper_path",
+        "_base_alias",
+        "represents_outer_join",
+        "persist_selectable",
+        "local_table",
+        "_is_with_polymorphic",
+        "_with_polymorphic_entities",
+        "_adapter",
+        "_target",
+        "__clause_element__",
+        "_memoized_values",
+        "_all_column_expressions",
+        "_nest_adapters",
+    )
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("name", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("_adapt_on_names", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_use_mapper_path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_target", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_inspectable),
+        ("selectable", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        (
+            "with_polymorphic_mappers",
+            visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list,
+        ),
+        ("polymorphic_on", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    mapper: Mapper[_O]
+    selectable: FromClause
+    _adapter: ORMAdapter
+    with_polymorphic_mappers: Sequence[Mapper[Any]]
+    _with_polymorphic_entities: Sequence[AliasedInsp[Any]]
+
+    _weak_entity: weakref.ref[AliasedClass[_O]]
+    """the AliasedClass that refers to this AliasedInsp"""
+
+    _target: Union[Type[_O], AliasedClass[_O]]
+    """the thing referenced by the AliasedClass/AliasedInsp.
+
+    In the vast majority of cases, this is the mapped class.  However
+    it may also be another AliasedClass (alias of alias).
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entity: AliasedClass[_O],
+        inspected: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        name: Optional[str],
+        with_polymorphic_mappers: Optional[Sequence[Mapper[Any]]],
+        polymorphic_on: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+        _base_alias: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]],
+        _use_mapper_path: bool,
+        adapt_on_names: bool,
+        represents_outer_join: bool,
+        nest_adapters: bool,
+    ):
+        mapped_class_or_ac = inspected.entity
+        mapper = inspected.mapper
+
+        self._weak_entity = weakref.ref(entity)
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.selectable = self.persist_selectable = self.local_table = (
+            selectable
+        )
+        self.name = name
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._base_alias = weakref.ref(_base_alias or self)
+        self._use_mapper_path = _use_mapper_path
+        self.represents_outer_join = represents_outer_join
+        self._nest_adapters = nest_adapters
+
+        if with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            self._is_with_polymorphic = True
+            self.with_polymorphic_mappers = with_polymorphic_mappers
+            self._with_polymorphic_entities = []
+            for poly in self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+                if poly is not mapper:
+                    ent = AliasedClass(
+                        poly.class_,
+                        selectable,
+                        base_alias=self,
+                        adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+                        use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path,
+                    )
+
+                    setattr(self.entity, poly.class_.__name__, ent)
+                    self._with_polymorphic_entities.append(ent._aliased_insp)
+
+        else:
+            self._is_with_polymorphic = False
+            self.with_polymorphic_mappers = [mapper]
+
+        self._adapter = ORMAdapter(
+            _TraceAdaptRole.ALIASED_INSP,
+            mapper,
+            selectable=selectable,
+            equivalents=mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            anonymize_labels=True,
+            # make sure the adapter doesn't try to grab other tables that
+            # are not even the thing we are mapping, such as embedded
+            # selectables in subqueries or CTEs.  See issue #6060
+            adapt_from_selectables={
+                m.selectable
+                for m in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+                if not adapt_on_names
+            },
+            limit_on_entity=False,
+        )
+
+        if nest_adapters:
+            # supports "aliased class of aliased class" use case
+            assert isinstance(inspected, AliasedInsp)
+            self._adapter = inspected._adapter.wrap(self._adapter)
+
+        self._adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+        self._target = mapped_class_or_ac
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _alias_factory(
+        cls,
+        element: Union[_EntityType[_O], FromClause],
+        alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        flat: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[AliasedClass[_O], FromClause]:
+        if isinstance(element, FromClause):
+            if adapt_on_names:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "adapt_on_names only applies to ORM elements"
+                )
+            if name:
+                return element.alias(name=name, flat=flat)
+            else:
+                return coercions.expect(
+                    roles.AnonymizedFromClauseRole, element, flat=flat
+                )
+        else:
+            return AliasedClass(
+                element,
+                alias=alias,
+                flat=flat,
+                name=name,
+                adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_polymorphic_factory(
+        cls,
+        base: Union[Type[_O], Mapper[_O]],
+        classes: Union[Literal["*"], Iterable[_EntityType[Any]]],
+        selectable: Union[Literal[False, None], FromClause] = False,
+        flat: bool = False,
+        polymorphic_on: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+        aliased: bool = False,
+        innerjoin: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        _use_mapper_path: bool = False,
+    ) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        primary_mapper = _class_to_mapper(base)
+
+        if selectable not in (None, False) and flat:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "the 'flat' and 'selectable' arguments cannot be passed "
+                "simultaneously to with_polymorphic()"
+            )
+
+        mappers, selectable = primary_mapper._with_polymorphic_args(
+            classes, selectable, innerjoin=innerjoin
+        )
+        if aliased or flat:
+            assert selectable is not None
+            selectable = selectable._anonymous_fromclause(flat=flat)
+
+        return AliasedClass(
+            base,
+            selectable,
+            with_polymorphic_mappers=mappers,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            with_polymorphic_discriminator=polymorphic_on,
+            use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path,
+            represents_outer_join=not innerjoin,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        # to eliminate reference cycles, the AliasedClass is held weakly.
+        # this produces some situations where the AliasedClass gets lost,
+        # particularly when one is created internally and only the AliasedInsp
+        # is passed around.
+        # to work around this case, we just generate a new one when we need
+        # it, as it is a simple class with very little initial state on it.
+        ent = self._weak_entity()
+        if ent is None:
+            ent = AliasedClass._reconstitute_from_aliased_insp(self)
+            self._weak_entity = weakref.ref(ent)
+        return ent
+
+    is_aliased_class = True
+    "always returns True"
+
+    def _memoized_method___clause_element__(self) -> FromClause:
+        return self.selectable._annotate(
+            {
+                "parentmapper": self.mapper,
+                "parententity": self,
+                "entity_namespace": self,
+            }
+        )._set_propagate_attrs(
+            {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        return self.entity
+
+    @property
+    def class_(self) -> Type[_O]:
+        """Return the mapped class ultimately represented by this
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp`."""
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @property
+    def _path_registry(self) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        if self._use_mapper_path:
+            return self.mapper._path_registry
+        else:
+            return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "entity": self.entity,
+            "mapper": self.mapper,
+            "alias": self.selectable,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "adapt_on_names": self._adapt_on_names,
+            "with_polymorphic_mappers": self.with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            "with_polymorphic_discriminator": self.polymorphic_on,
+            "base_alias": self._base_alias(),
+            "use_mapper_path": self._use_mapper_path,
+            "represents_outer_join": self.represents_outer_join,
+            "nest_adapters": self._nest_adapters,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self.__init__(  # type: ignore
+            state["entity"],
+            state["mapper"],
+            state["alias"],
+            state["name"],
+            state["with_polymorphic_mappers"],
+            state["with_polymorphic_discriminator"],
+            state["base_alias"],
+            state["use_mapper_path"],
+            state["adapt_on_names"],
+            state["represents_outer_join"],
+            state["nest_adapters"],
+        )
+
+    def _merge_with(self, other: AliasedInsp[_O]) -> AliasedInsp[_O]:
+        # assert self._is_with_polymorphic
+        # assert other._is_with_polymorphic
+
+        primary_mapper = other.mapper
+
+        assert self.mapper is primary_mapper
+
+        our_classes = util.to_set(
+            mp.class_ for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        )
+        new_classes = {mp.class_ for mp in other.with_polymorphic_mappers}
+        if our_classes == new_classes:
+            return other
+        else:
+            classes = our_classes.union(new_classes)
+
+        mappers, selectable = primary_mapper._with_polymorphic_args(
+            classes, None, innerjoin=not other.represents_outer_join
+        )
+        selectable = selectable._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True)
+        return AliasedClass(
+            primary_mapper,
+            selectable,
+            with_polymorphic_mappers=mappers,
+            with_polymorphic_discriminator=other.polymorphic_on,
+            use_mapper_path=other._use_mapper_path,
+            represents_outer_join=other.represents_outer_join,
+        )._aliased_insp
+
+    def _adapt_element(
+        self, expr: _ORMCOLEXPR, key: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> _ORMCOLEXPR:
+        assert isinstance(expr, ColumnElement)
+        d: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "parententity": self,
+            "parentmapper": self.mapper,
+        }
+        if key:
+            d["proxy_key"] = key
+
+        # IMO mypy should see this one also as returning the same type
+        # we put into it, but it's not
+        return (
+            self._adapter.traverse(expr)
+            ._annotate(d)
+            ._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+            )
+        )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # establish compatibility with the _ORMAdapterProto protocol,
+        # which in turn is compatible with _CoreAdapterProto.
+
+        def _orm_adapt_element(
+            self,
+            obj: _CE,
+            key: Optional[str] = None,
+        ) -> _CE: ...
+
+    else:
+        _orm_adapt_element = _adapt_element
+
+    def _entity_for_mapper(self, mapper):
+        self_poly = self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        if mapper in self_poly:
+            if mapper is self.mapper:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return getattr(
+                    self.entity, mapper.class_.__name__
+                )._aliased_insp
+        elif mapper.isa(self.mapper):
+            return self
+        else:
+            assert False, "mapper %s doesn't correspond to %s" % (mapper, self)
+
+    def _memoized_attr__get_clause(self):
+        onclause, replacemap = self.mapper._get_clause
+        return (
+            self._adapter.traverse(onclause),
+            {
+                self._adapter.traverse(col): param
+                for col, param in replacemap.items()
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__memoized_values(self):
+        return {}
+
+    def _memoized_attr__all_column_expressions(self):
+        if self._is_with_polymorphic:
+            cols_plus_keys = self.mapper._columns_plus_keys(
+                [ent.mapper for ent in self._with_polymorphic_entities]
+            )
+        else:
+            cols_plus_keys = self.mapper._columns_plus_keys()
+
+        cols_plus_keys = [
+            (key, self._adapt_element(col)) for key, col in cols_plus_keys
+        ]
+
+        return ColumnCollection(cols_plus_keys)
+
+    def _memo(self, key, callable_, *args, **kw):
+        if key in self._memoized_values:
+            return self._memoized_values[key]
+        else:
+            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_(*args, **kw)
+            return value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            with_poly = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                mp.class_.__name__ for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+            )
+        else:
+            with_poly = ""
+        return "<AliasedInsp at 0x%x; %s%s>" % (
+            id(self),
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            with_poly,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self._is_with_polymorphic:
+            return "with_polymorphic(%s, [%s])" % (
+                self._target.__name__,
+                ", ".join(
+                    mp.class_.__name__
+                    for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+                    if mp is not self.mapper
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            return "aliased(%s)" % (self._target.__name__,)
+
+
+class _WrapUserEntity:
+    """A wrapper used within the loader_criteria lambda caller so that
+    we can bypass declared_attr descriptors on unmapped mixins, which
+    normally emit a warning for such use.
+
+    might also be useful for other per-lambda instrumentations should
+    the need arise.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("subject",)
+
+    def __init__(self, subject):
+        self.subject = subject
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        decl_api = util.preloaded.orm.decl_api
+
+        subject = object.__getattribute__(self, "subject")
+        if name in subject.__dict__ and isinstance(
+            subject.__dict__[name], decl_api.declared_attr
+        ):
+            return subject.__dict__[name].fget(subject)
+        else:
+            return getattr(subject, name)
+
+
+class LoaderCriteriaOption(CriteriaOption):
+    """Add additional WHERE criteria to the load for all occurrences of
+    a particular entity.
+
+    :class:`_orm.LoaderCriteriaOption` is invoked using the
+    :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` function; see that function for
+    details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "root_entity",
+        "entity",
+        "deferred_where_criteria",
+        "where_criteria",
+        "_where_crit_orig",
+        "include_aliases",
+        "propagate_to_loaders",
+    )
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("root_entity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("entity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        ("where_criteria", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("include_aliases", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("propagate_to_loaders", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    root_entity: Optional[Type[Any]]
+    entity: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]
+    where_criteria: Union[ColumnElement[bool], lambdas.DeferredLambdaElement]
+    deferred_where_criteria: bool
+    include_aliases: bool
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool
+
+    _where_crit_orig: Any
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entity_or_base: _EntityType[Any],
+        where_criteria: Union[
+            _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+            Callable[[Any], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+        ],
+        loader_only: bool = False,
+        include_aliases: bool = False,
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+    ):
+        entity = cast(
+            "_InternalEntityType[Any]",
+            inspection.inspect(entity_or_base, False),
+        )
+        if entity is None:
+            self.root_entity = cast("Type[Any]", entity_or_base)
+            self.entity = None
+        else:
+            self.root_entity = None
+            self.entity = entity
+
+        self._where_crit_orig = where_criteria
+        if callable(where_criteria):
+            if self.root_entity is not None:
+                wrap_entity = self.root_entity
+            else:
+                assert entity is not None
+                wrap_entity = entity.entity
+
+            self.deferred_where_criteria = True
+            self.where_criteria = lambdas.DeferredLambdaElement(
+                where_criteria,
+                roles.WhereHavingRole,
+                lambda_args=(_WrapUserEntity(wrap_entity),),
+                opts=lambdas.LambdaOptions(
+                    track_closure_variables=track_closure_variables
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            self.deferred_where_criteria = False
+            self.where_criteria = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, where_criteria
+            )
+
+        self.include_aliases = include_aliases
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _unreduce(
+        cls, entity, where_criteria, include_aliases, propagate_to_loaders
+    ):
+        return LoaderCriteriaOption(
+            entity,
+            where_criteria,
+            include_aliases=include_aliases,
+            propagate_to_loaders=propagate_to_loaders,
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (
+            LoaderCriteriaOption._unreduce,
+            (
+                self.entity.class_ if self.entity else self.root_entity,
+                self._where_crit_orig,
+                self.include_aliases,
+                self.propagate_to_loaders,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _all_mappers(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        if self.entity:
+            yield from self.entity.mapper.self_and_descendants
+        else:
+            assert self.root_entity
+            stack = list(self.root_entity.__subclasses__())
+            while stack:
+                subclass = stack.pop(0)
+                ent = cast(
+                    "_InternalEntityType[Any]",
+                    inspection.inspect(subclass, raiseerr=False),
+                )
+                if ent:
+                    yield from ent.mapper.self_and_descendants
+                else:
+                    stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__())
+
+    def _should_include(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> bool:
+        if (
+            compile_state.select_statement._annotations.get(
+                "for_loader_criteria", None
+            )
+            is self
+        ):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _resolve_where_criteria(
+        self, ext_info: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if self.deferred_where_criteria:
+            crit = cast(
+                "ColumnElement[bool]",
+                self.where_criteria._resolve_with_args(ext_info.entity),
+            )
+        else:
+            crit = self.where_criteria  # type: ignore
+        assert isinstance(crit, ColumnElement)
+        return sql_util._deep_annotate(
+            crit,
+            {"for_loader_criteria": self},
+            detect_subquery_cols=True,
+            ind_cols_on_fromclause=True,
+        )
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Iterable[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.process_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to a given :class:`.CompileState`."""
+
+        # if options to limit the criteria to immediate query only,
+        # use compile_state.attributes instead
+
+        self.get_global_criteria(compile_state.global_attributes)
+
+    def get_global_criteria(self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any]) -> None:
+        for mp in self._all_mappers():
+            load_criteria = attributes.setdefault(
+                ("additional_entity_criteria", mp), []
+            )
+
+            load_criteria.append(self)
+
+
+inspection._inspects(AliasedClass)(lambda target: target._aliased_insp)
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(type)
+def _inspect_mc(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_O]]:
+    try:
+        class_manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+        if class_manager is None or not class_manager.is_mapped:
+            return None
+        mapper = class_manager.mapper
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return mapper
+
+
+GenericAlias = type(List[Any])
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(GenericAlias)
+def _inspect_generic_alias(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_O]]:
+    origin = cast("Type[_O]", typing_get_origin(class_))
+    return _inspect_mc(origin)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Bundle(
+    ORMColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    SupportsCloneAnnotations,
+    MemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    inspection.Inspectable["Bundle[_T]"],
+    InspectionAttr,
+):
+    """A grouping of SQL expressions that are returned by a :class:`.Query`
+    under one namespace.
+
+    The :class:`.Bundle` essentially allows nesting of the tuple-based
+    results returned by a column-oriented :class:`_query.Query` object.
+    It also
+    is extensible via simple subclassing, where the primary capability
+    to override is that of how the set of expressions should be returned,
+    allowing post-processing as well as custom return types, without
+    involving ORM identity-mapped classes.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`bundles`
+
+
+    """
+
+    single_entity = False
+    """If True, queries for a single Bundle will be returned as a single
+    entity, rather than an element within a keyed tuple."""
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+
+    is_mapper = False
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+
+    is_bundle = True
+
+    _propagate_attrs: _PropagateAttrsType = util.immutabledict()
+
+    proxy_set = util.EMPTY_SET  # type: ignore
+
+    exprs: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, name: str, *exprs: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kw: Any
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            for row in session.query(bn).filter(
+                    bn.c.x == 5).filter(bn.c.y == 4):
+                print(row.mybundle.x, row.mybundle.y)
+
+        :param name: name of the bundle.
+        :param \*exprs: columns or SQL expressions comprising the bundle.
+        :param single_entity=False: if True, rows for this :class:`.Bundle`
+         can be returned as a "single entity" outside of any enclosing tuple
+         in the same manner as a mapped entity.
+
+        """
+        self.name = self._label = name
+        coerced_exprs = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, expr, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for expr in exprs
+        ]
+        self.exprs = coerced_exprs
+
+        self.c = self.columns = ColumnCollection(
+            (getattr(col, "key", col._label), col)
+            for col in [e._annotations.get("bundle", e) for e in coerced_exprs]
+        ).as_readonly()
+        self.single_entity = kw.pop("single_entity", self.single_entity)
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (self.__class__, self.name, self.single_entity) + tuple(
+            [expr._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for expr in self.exprs]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self) -> Optional[Mapper[Any]]:
+        mp: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self.exprs[0]._annotations.get(
+            "parentmapper", None
+        )
+        return mp
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+        ie: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = self.exprs[
+            0
+        ]._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+        return ie
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.c
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    """A namespace of SQL expressions referred to by this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            q = sess.query(bn).filter(bn.c.x == 5)
+
+        Nesting of bundles is also supported::
+
+            b1 = Bundle("b1",
+                    Bundle('b2', MyClass.a, MyClass.b),
+                    Bundle('b3', MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+                )
+
+            q = sess.query(b1).filter(
+                b1.c.b2.c.a == 5).filter(b1.c.b3.c.y == 9)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.Bundle.c`
+
+    """
+
+    c: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]
+    """An alias for :attr:`.Bundle.columns`."""
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        cloned = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cloned.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return cloned
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        # ensure existing entity_namespace remains
+        annotations = {"bundle": self, "entity_namespace": self}
+        annotations.update(self._annotations)
+
+        plugin_subject = self.exprs[0]._propagate_attrs.get(
+            "plugin_subject", self.entity
+        )
+        return (
+            expression.ClauseList(
+                _literal_as_text_role=roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                group=False,
+                *[e._annotations.get("bundle", e) for e in self.exprs],
+            )
+            ._annotate(annotations)
+            ._set_propagate_attrs(
+                # the Bundle *must* use the orm plugin no matter what.  the
+                # subject can be None but it's much better if it's not.
+                {
+                    "compile_state_plugin": "orm",
+                    "plugin_subject": plugin_subject,
+                }
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def clauses(self):
+        return self.__clause_element__().clauses
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Provide a copy of this :class:`.Bundle` passing a new label."""
+
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.name = name
+        return cloned
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        query: Select[Any],
+        procs: Sequence[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]],
+        labels: Sequence[str],
+    ) -> Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]:
+        """Produce the "row processing" function for this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        May be overridden by subclasses to provide custom behaviors when
+        results are fetched. The method is passed the statement object and a
+        set of "row processor" functions at query execution time; these
+        processor functions when given a result row will return the individual
+        attribute value, which can then be adapted into any kind of return data
+        structure.
+
+        The example below illustrates replacing the usual :class:`.Row`
+        return structure with a straight Python dictionary::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Bundle
+
+            class DictBundle(Bundle):
+                def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
+                    'Override create_row_processor to return values as
+                    dictionaries'
+
+                    def proc(row):
+                        return dict(
+                            zip(labels, (proc(row) for proc in procs))
+                        )
+                    return proc
+
+        A result from the above :class:`_orm.Bundle` will return dictionary
+        values::
+
+            bn = DictBundle('mybundle', MyClass.data1, MyClass.data2)
+            for row in session.execute(select(bn)).where(bn.c.data1 == 'd1'):
+                print(row.mybundle['data1'], row.mybundle['data2'])
+
+        """
+        keyed_tuple = result_tuple(labels, [() for l in labels])
+
+        def proc(row: Row[Any]) -> Any:
+            return keyed_tuple([proc(row) for proc in procs])
+
+        return proc
+
+
+def _orm_annotate(element: _SA, exclude: Optional[Any] = None) -> _SA:
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element with the
+    "_orm_adapt" flag.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+    return sql_util._deep_annotate(element, {"_orm_adapt": True}, exclude)
+
+
+def _orm_deannotate(element: _SA) -> _SA:
+    """Remove annotations that link a column to a particular mapping.
+
+    Note this doesn't affect "remote" and "foreign" annotations
+    passed by the :func:`_orm.foreign` and :func:`_orm.remote`
+    annotators.
+
+    """
+
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(
+        element, values=("_orm_adapt", "parententity")
+    )
+
+
+def _orm_full_deannotate(element: _SA) -> _SA:
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(element)
+
+
+class _ORMJoin(expression.Join):
+    """Extend Join to support ORM constructs as input."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = expression.Join.__visit_name__
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: _FromClauseArgument,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+        _left_memo: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _right_memo: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ):
+        left_info = cast(
+            "Union[FromClause, _InternalEntityType[Any]]",
+            inspection.inspect(left),
+        )
+
+        right_info = cast(
+            "Union[FromClause, _InternalEntityType[Any]]",
+            inspection.inspect(right),
+        )
+        adapt_to = right_info.selectable
+
+        # used by joined eager loader
+        self._left_memo = _left_memo
+        self._right_memo = _right_memo
+
+        if isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(
+                    onclause.comparator, RelationshipProperty.Comparator
+                )
+            on_selectable = onclause.comparator._source_selectable()
+            prop = onclause.property
+            _extra_criteria += onclause._extra_criteria
+        elif isinstance(onclause, MapperProperty):
+            # used internally by joined eager loader...possibly not ideal
+            prop = onclause
+            on_selectable = prop.parent.selectable
+        else:
+            prop = None
+            on_selectable = None
+
+        left_selectable = left_info.selectable
+        if prop:
+            adapt_from: Optional[FromClause]
+            if sql_util.clause_is_present(on_selectable, left_selectable):
+                adapt_from = on_selectable
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(left_selectable, FromClause)
+                adapt_from = left_selectable
+
+            (
+                pj,
+                sj,
+                source,
+                dest,
+                secondary,
+                target_adapter,
+            ) = prop._create_joins(
+                source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                dest_selectable=adapt_to,
+                source_polymorphic=True,
+                of_type_entity=right_info,
+                alias_secondary=True,
+                extra_criteria=_extra_criteria,
+            )
+
+            if sj is not None:
+                if isouter:
+                    # note this is an inner join from secondary->right
+                    right = sql.join(secondary, right, sj)
+                    onclause = pj
+                else:
+                    left = sql.join(left, secondary, pj, isouter)
+                    onclause = sj
+            else:
+                onclause = pj
+
+            self._target_adapter = target_adapter
+
+        # we don't use the normal coercions logic for _ORMJoin
+        # (probably should), so do some gymnastics to get the entity.
+        # logic here is for #8721, which was a major bug in 1.4
+        # for almost two years, not reported/fixed until 1.4.43 (!)
+        if is_selectable(left_info):
+            parententity = left_selectable._annotations.get(
+                "parententity", None
+            )
+        elif insp_is_mapper(left_info) or insp_is_aliased_class(left_info):
+            parententity = left_info
+        else:
+            parententity = None
+
+        if parententity is not None:
+            self._annotations = self._annotations.union(
+                {"parententity": parententity}
+            )
+
+        augment_onclause = bool(_extra_criteria) and not prop
+        expression.Join.__init__(self, left, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+        assert self.onclause is not None
+
+        if augment_onclause:
+            self.onclause &= sql.and_(*_extra_criteria)
+
+        if (
+            not prop
+            and getattr(right_info, "mapper", None)
+            and right_info.mapper.single  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            right_info = cast("_InternalEntityType[Any]", right_info)
+            # if single inheritance target and we are using a manual
+            # or implicit ON clause, augment it the same way we'd augment the
+            # WHERE.
+            single_crit = right_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                if insp_is_aliased_class(right_info):
+                    single_crit = right_info._adapter.traverse(single_crit)
+                self.onclause = self.onclause & single_crit
+
+    def _splice_into_center(self, other):
+        """Splice a join into the center.
+
+        Given join(a, b) and join(b, c), return join(a, b).join(c)
+
+        """
+        leftmost = other
+        while isinstance(leftmost, sql.Join):
+            leftmost = leftmost.left
+
+        assert self.right is leftmost
+
+        left = _ORMJoin(
+            self.left,
+            other.left,
+            self.onclause,
+            isouter=self.isouter,
+            _left_memo=self._left_memo,
+            _right_memo=other._left_memo,
+        )
+
+        return _ORMJoin(
+            left,
+            other.right,
+            other.onclause,
+            isouter=other.isouter,
+            _right_memo=other._right_memo,
+        )
+
+    def join(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> _ORMJoin:
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, full=full, isouter=isouter)
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> _ORMJoin:
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+
+def with_parent(
+    instance: object,
+    prop: attributes.QueryableAttribute[Any],
+    from_entity: Optional[_EntityType[Any]] = None,
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """Create filtering criterion that relates this query's primary entity
+    to the given related instance, using established
+    :func:`_orm.relationship()`
+    configuration.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        stmt = select(Address).where(with_parent(some_user, User.addresses))
+
+
+    The SQL rendered is the same as that rendered when a lazy loader
+    would fire off from the given parent on that attribute, meaning
+    that the appropriate state is taken from the parent object in
+    Python without the need to render joins to the parent table
+    in the rendered statement.
+
+    The given property may also make use of :meth:`_orm.PropComparator.of_type`
+    to indicate the left side of the criteria::
+
+
+        a1 = aliased(Address)
+        a2 = aliased(Address)
+        stmt = select(a1, a2).where(
+            with_parent(u1, User.addresses.of_type(a2))
+        )
+
+    The above use is equivalent to using the
+    :func:`_orm.with_parent.from_entity` argument::
+
+        a1 = aliased(Address)
+        a2 = aliased(Address)
+        stmt = select(a1, a2).where(
+            with_parent(u1, User.addresses, from_entity=a2)
+        )
+
+    :param instance:
+      An instance which has some :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    :param property:
+      Class-bound attribute, which indicates
+      what relationship from the instance should be used to reconcile the
+      parent/child relationship.
+
+    :param from_entity:
+      Entity in which to consider as the left side.  This defaults to the
+      "zero" entity of the :class:`_query.Query` itself.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+    prop_t: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+
+    if isinstance(prop, str):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "with_parent() accepts class-bound mapped attributes, not strings"
+        )
+    elif isinstance(prop, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+        if prop._of_type:
+            from_entity = prop._of_type
+        mapper_property = prop.property
+        if mapper_property is None or not prop_is_relationship(
+            mapper_property
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Expected relationship property for with_parent(), "
+                f"got {mapper_property}"
+            )
+        prop_t = mapper_property
+    else:
+        prop_t = prop
+
+    return prop_t._with_parent(instance, from_entity=from_entity)
+
+
+def has_identity(object_: object) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given object has a database
+    identity.
+
+    This typically corresponds to the object being
+    in either the persistent or detached state.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.was_deleted`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object_)
+    return state.has_identity
+
+
+def was_deleted(object_: object) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given object was deleted
+    within a session flush.
+
+    This is regardless of whether or not the object is
+    persistent or detached.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.InstanceState.was_deleted`
+
+    """
+
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object_)
+    return state.was_deleted
+
+
+def _entity_corresponds_to(
+    given: _InternalEntityType[Any], entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+) -> bool:
+    """determine if 'given' corresponds to 'entity', in terms
+    of an entity passed to Query that would match the same entity
+    being referred to elsewhere in the query.
+
+    """
+    if insp_is_aliased_class(entity):
+        if insp_is_aliased_class(given):
+            if entity._base_alias() is given._base_alias():
+                return True
+        return False
+    elif insp_is_aliased_class(given):
+        if given._use_mapper_path:
+            return entity in given.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        else:
+            return entity is given
+
+    assert insp_is_mapper(given)
+    return entity.common_parent(given)
+
+
+def _entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+    given: _InternalEntityType[Any], entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+) -> bool:
+    """determine if 'given' corresponds to 'entity', in terms
+    of a path of loader options where a mapped attribute is taken to
+    be a member of a parent entity.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        someoption(A).someoption(A.b)  # -> fn(A, A) -> True
+        someoption(A).someoption(C.d)  # -> fn(A, C) -> False
+
+        a1 = aliased(A)
+        someoption(a1).someoption(A.b) # -> fn(a1, A) -> False
+        someoption(a1).someoption(a1.b) # -> fn(a1, a1) -> True
+
+        wp = with_polymorphic(A, [A1, A2])
+        someoption(wp).someoption(A1.foo)  # -> fn(wp, A1) -> False
+        someoption(wp).someoption(wp.A1.foo)  # -> fn(wp, wp.A1) -> True
+
+
+    """
+    if insp_is_aliased_class(given):
+        return (
+            insp_is_aliased_class(entity)
+            and not entity._use_mapper_path
+            and (given is entity or entity in given._with_polymorphic_entities)
+        )
+    elif not insp_is_aliased_class(entity):
+        return given.isa(entity.mapper)
+    else:
+        return (
+            entity._use_mapper_path
+            and given in entity.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        )
+
+
+def _entity_isa(given: _InternalEntityType[Any], mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+    """determine if 'given' "is a" mapper, in terms of the given
+    would load rows of type 'mapper'.
+
+    """
+    if given.is_aliased_class:
+        return mapper in given.with_polymorphic_mappers or given.mapper.isa(
+            mapper
+        )
+    elif given.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+        return mapper in given.with_polymorphic_mappers
+    else:
+        return given.isa(mapper)
+
+
+def _getitem(iterable_query: Query[Any], item: Any) -> Any:
+    """calculate __getitem__ in terms of an iterable query object
+    that also has a slice() method.
+
+    """
+
+    def _no_negative_indexes():
+        raise IndexError(
+            "negative indexes are not accepted by SQL "
+            "index / slice operators"
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(item, slice):
+        start, stop, step = util.decode_slice(item)
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(stop, int)
+            and isinstance(start, int)
+            and stop - start <= 0
+        ):
+            return []
+
+        elif (isinstance(start, int) and start < 0) or (
+            isinstance(stop, int) and stop < 0
+        ):
+            _no_negative_indexes()
+
+        res = iterable_query.slice(start, stop)
+        if step is not None:
+            return list(res)[None : None : item.step]
+        else:
+            return list(res)
+    else:
+        if item == -1:
+            _no_negative_indexes()
+        else:
+            return list(iterable_query[item : item + 1])[0]
+
+
+def _is_mapped_annotation(
+    raw_annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+    cls: Type[Any],
+    originating_cls: Type[Any],
+) -> bool:
+    try:
+        annotated = de_stringify_annotation(
+            cls, raw_annotation, originating_cls.__module__
+        )
+    except NameError:
+        # in most cases, at least within our own tests, we can raise
+        # here, which is more accurate as it prevents us from returning
+        # false negatives.  However, in the real world, try to avoid getting
+        # involved with end-user annotations that have nothing to do with us.
+        # see issue #8888 where we bypass using this function in the case
+        # that we want to detect an unresolvable Mapped[] type.
+        return False
+    else:
+        return is_origin_of_cls(annotated, _MappedAnnotationBase)
+
+
+class _CleanupError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _cleanup_mapped_str_annotation(
+    annotation: str, originating_module: str
+) -> str:
+    # fix up an annotation that comes in as the form:
+    # 'Mapped[List[Address]]'  so that it instead looks like:
+    # 'Mapped[List["Address"]]' , which will allow us to get
+    # "Address" as a string
+
+    # additionally, resolve symbols for these names since this is where
+    # we'd have to do it
+
+    inner: Optional[Match[str]]
+
+    mm = re.match(r"^(.+?)\[(.+)\]$", annotation)
+
+    if not mm:
+        return annotation
+
+    # ticket #8759.  Resolve the Mapped name to a real symbol.
+    # originally this just checked the name.
+    try:
+        obj = eval_name_only(mm.group(1), originating_module)
+    except NameError as ne:
+        raise _CleanupError(
+            f'For annotation "{annotation}", could not resolve '
+            f'container type "{mm.group(1)}".  '
+            "Please ensure this type is imported at the module level "
+            "outside of TYPE_CHECKING blocks"
+        ) from ne
+
+    if obj is typing.ClassVar:
+        real_symbol = "ClassVar"
+    else:
+        try:
+            if issubclass(obj, _MappedAnnotationBase):
+                real_symbol = obj.__name__
+            else:
+                return annotation
+        except TypeError:
+            # avoid isinstance(obj, type) check, just catch TypeError
+            return annotation
+
+    # note: if one of the codepaths above didn't define real_symbol and
+    # then didn't return, real_symbol raises UnboundLocalError
+    # which is actually a NameError, and the calling routines don't
+    # notice this since they are catching NameError anyway.   Just in case
+    # this is being modified in the future, something to be aware of.
+
+    stack = []
+    inner = mm
+    while True:
+        stack.append(real_symbol if mm is inner else inner.group(1))
+        g2 = inner.group(2)
+        inner = re.match(r"^(.+?)\[(.+)\]$", g2)
+        if inner is None:
+            stack.append(g2)
+            break
+
+    # stacks we want to rewrite, that is, quote the last entry which
+    # we think is a relationship class name:
+    #
+    #   ['Mapped', 'List', 'Address']
+    #   ['Mapped', 'A']
+    #
+    # stacks we dont want to rewrite, which are generally MappedColumn
+    # use cases:
+    #
+    # ['Mapped', "'Optional[Dict[str, str]]'"]
+    # ['Mapped', 'dict[str, str] | None']
+
+    if (
+        # avoid already quoted symbols such as
+        # ['Mapped', "'Optional[Dict[str, str]]'"]
+        not re.match(r"""^["'].*["']$""", stack[-1])
+        # avoid further generics like Dict[] such as
+        # ['Mapped', 'dict[str, str] | None']
+        and not re.match(r".*\[.*\]", stack[-1])
+    ):
+        stripchars = "\"' "
+        stack[-1] = ", ".join(
+            f'"{elem.strip(stripchars)}"' for elem in stack[-1].split(",")
+        )
+
+        annotation = "[".join(stack) + ("]" * (len(stack) - 1))
+
+    return annotation
+
+
+def _extract_mapped_subtype(
+    raw_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+    cls: type,
+    originating_module: str,
+    key: str,
+    attr_cls: Type[Any],
+    required: bool,
+    is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    expect_mapped: bool = True,
+    raiseerr: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[Tuple[Union[type, str], Optional[type]]]:
+    """given an annotation, figure out if it's ``Mapped[something]`` and if
+    so, return the ``something`` part.
+
+    Includes error raise scenarios and other options.
+
+    """
+
+    if raw_annotation is None:
+        if required:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Python typing annotation is required for attribute "
+                f'"{cls.__name__}.{key}" when primary argument(s) for '
+                f'"{attr_cls.__name__}" construct are None or not present'
+            )
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        annotated = de_stringify_annotation(
+            cls,
+            raw_annotation,
+            originating_module,
+            str_cleanup_fn=_cleanup_mapped_str_annotation,
+        )
+    except _CleanupError as ce:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Could not interpret annotation {raw_annotation}.  "
+            "Check that it uses names that are correctly imported at the "
+            "module level. See chained stack trace for more hints."
+        ) from ce
+    except NameError as ne:
+        if raiseerr and "Mapped[" in raw_annotation:  # type: ignore
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Could not interpret annotation {raw_annotation}.  "
+                "Check that it uses names that are correctly imported at the "
+                "module level. See chained stack trace for more hints."
+            ) from ne
+
+        annotated = raw_annotation  # type: ignore
+
+    if is_dataclass_field:
+        return annotated, None
+    else:
+        if not hasattr(annotated, "__origin__") or not is_origin_of_cls(
+            annotated, _MappedAnnotationBase
+        ):
+            if expect_mapped:
+                if not raiseerr:
+                    return None
+
+                origin = getattr(annotated, "__origin__", None)
+                if origin is typing.ClassVar:
+                    return None
+
+                # check for other kind of ORM descriptor like AssociationProxy,
+                # don't raise for that (issue #9957)
+                elif isinstance(origin, type) and issubclass(
+                    origin, ORMDescriptor
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f'Type annotation for "{cls.__name__}.{key}" '
+                    "can't be correctly interpreted for "
+                    "Annotated Declarative Table form.  ORM annotations "
+                    "should normally make use of the ``Mapped[]`` generic "
+                    "type, or other ORM-compatible generic type, as a "
+                    "container for the actual type, which indicates the "
+                    "intent that the attribute is mapped. "
+                    "Class variables that are not intended to be mapped "
+                    "by the ORM should use ClassVar[].  "
+                    "To allow Annotated Declarative to disregard legacy "
+                    "annotations which don't use Mapped[] to pass, set "
+                    '"__allow_unmapped__ = True" on the class or a '
+                    "superclass this class.",
+                    code="zlpr",
+                )
+
+            else:
+                return annotated, None
+
+        if len(annotated.__args__) != 1:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected sub-type for Mapped[] annotation"
+            )
+
+        return annotated.__args__[0], annotated.__origin__
+
+
+def _mapper_property_as_plain_name(prop: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    if hasattr(prop, "_mapper_property_name"):
+        name = prop._mapper_property_name()
+    else:
+        name = None
+    return util.clsname_as_plain_name(prop, name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/writeonly.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/writeonly.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9879830b7fc2d2c95644a7d729d20bdf721072c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/writeonly.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,678 @@
+# orm/writeonly.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Write-only collection API.
+
+This is an alternate mapped attribute style that only supports single-item
+collection mutation operations.   To read the collection, a select()
+object must be executed each time.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from sqlalchemy.sql import bindparam
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import relationships
+from . import strategies
+from .base import NEVER_SET
+from .base import object_mapper
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import RelationshipDirection
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import delete
+from ..sql import insert
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import update
+from ..sql.dml import Delete
+from ..sql.dml import Insert
+from ..sql.dml import Update
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import QueryableAttribute
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from .attributes import AttributeEventToken
+    from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipOrderByArg
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from ..event import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class WriteOnlyHistory(Generic[_T]):
+    """Overrides AttributeHistory to receive append/remove events directly."""
+
+    unchanged_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    added_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    deleted_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    _reconcile_collection: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: WriteOnlyAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[_T],
+        passive: PassiveFlag,
+        apply_to: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[_T]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if apply_to:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Attribute {attr} can't load the existing state from the "
+                    "database for this operation; full iteration is not "
+                    "permitted.  If this is a delete operation, configure "
+                    f"passive_deletes=True on the {attr} relationship in "
+                    "order to resolve this error."
+                )
+
+            self.unchanged_items = apply_to.unchanged_items
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = apply_to._reconcile_collection
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+    @property
+    def added_plus_unchanged(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items))
+
+    @property
+    def all_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(
+            self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items).union(
+                self.deleted_items
+            )
+        )
+
+    def as_history(self) -> attributes.History:
+        if self._reconcile_collection:
+            added = self.added_items.difference(self.unchanged_items)
+            deleted = self.deleted_items.intersection(self.unchanged_items)
+            unchanged = self.unchanged_items.difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            added, unchanged, deleted = (
+                self.added_items,
+                self.unchanged_items,
+                self.deleted_items,
+            )
+        return attributes.History(list(added), list(unchanged), list(deleted))
+
+    def indexed(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[List[_T], _T]:
+        return list(self.added_items)[index]
+
+    def add_added(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def add_removed(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
+
+
+class WriteOnlyAttributeImpl(
+    attributes.HasCollectionAdapter, attributes.AttributeImpl
+):
+    uses_objects: bool = True
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader: bool = False
+    supports_population: bool = False
+    _supports_dynamic_iteration: bool = False
+    collection: bool = False
+    dynamic: bool = True
+    order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg = ()
+    collection_history_cls: Type[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = WriteOnlyHistory
+
+    query_class: Type[WriteOnlyCollection[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[Type[Any], AliasedClass[Any]],
+        key: str,
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        target_mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(class_, key, None, dispatch, **kw)
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        self.query_class = WriteOnlyCollection
+        if order_by:
+            self.order_by = tuple(order_by)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[util.OrderedIdentitySet, WriteOnlyCollection[Any]]:
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(
+                state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            ).added_items
+        else:
+            return self.query_class(self, state)
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        data: Collection[Any]
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            data = self._get_collection_history(state, passive).added_items
+        else:
+            history = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+            data = history.added_plus_unchanged
+        return DynamicCollectionAdapter(data)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(  # type:ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> attributes.AttributeEventToken:
+        return attributes.AttributeEventToken(self, attributes.OP_APPEND)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(  # type:ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> attributes.AttributeEventToken:
+        return attributes.AttributeEventToken(self, attributes.OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_append_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        collection_history: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_added(value)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        collection_history: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_removed(value)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+    def _modified_event(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> WriteOnlyHistory[Any]:
+        if self.key not in state.committed_state:
+            state.committed_state[self.key] = self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET)
+
+        # this is a hack to allow the entities.ComparableEntity fixture
+        # to work
+        dict_[self.key] = True
+        return state.committed_state[self.key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator and initiator.parent_token is self.parent_token:
+            return
+
+        if pop and value is None:
+            return
+
+        iterable = value
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+        if state.has_identity:
+            if not self._supports_dynamic_iteration:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f'Collection "{self}" does not support implicit '
+                    "iteration; collection replacement operations "
+                    "can't be used"
+                )
+            old_collection = util.IdentitySet(
+                self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            )
+
+        collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+        if not state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = collection_history.added_items
+        else:
+            old_collection = old_collection.union(
+                collection_history.added_items
+            )
+
+        constants = old_collection.intersection(new_values)
+        additions = util.IdentitySet(new_values).difference(constants)
+        removals = old_collection.difference(constants)
+
+        for member in new_values:
+            if member in additions:
+                self.fire_append_event(
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    member,
+                    None,
+                    collection_history=collection_history,
+                )
+
+        for member in removals:
+            self.fire_remove_event(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                member,
+                None,
+                collection_history=collection_history,
+            )
+
+    def delete(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_committed_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, value: Any
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dynamic attributes don't support collection population."
+        )
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> attributes.History:
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return c.as_history()
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[InstanceState[Any], Any]]:
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x) for x in c.all_items]
+
+    def _get_collection_history(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> WriteOnlyHistory[Any]:
+        c: WriteOnlyHistory[Any]
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            c = state.committed_state[self.key]
+        else:
+            c = self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+
+        if state.has_identity and (passive & PassiveFlag.INIT_OK):
+            return self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, passive, apply_to=c
+            )
+        else:
+            return c
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="write_only")
+class WriteOnlyLoader(strategies.AbstractRelationshipLoader, log.Identified):
+    impl_class = WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        if not self.uselist or self.parent_property.direction not in (
+            interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "On relationship %s, 'dynamic' loaders cannot be used with "
+                "many-to-one/one-to-one relationships and/or "
+                "uselist=False." % self.parent_property
+            )
+
+        strategies._register_attribute(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            impl_class=self.impl_class,
+            target_mapper=self.parent_property.mapper,
+            order_by=self.parent_property.order_by,
+            query_class=self.parent_property.query_class,
+        )
+
+
+class DynamicCollectionAdapter:
+    """simplified CollectionAdapter for internal API consistency"""
+
+    data: Collection[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Collection[Any]):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+    def _reset_empty(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.data)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+class AbstractCollectionWriter(Generic[_T]):
+    """Virtual collection which includes append/remove methods that synchronize
+    into the attribute event system.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    instance: _T
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...]
+
+    def __init__(self, attr: WriteOnlyAttributeImpl, state: InstanceState[_T]):
+        instance = state.obj()
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert instance
+        self.instance = instance
+        self.attr = attr
+
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+
+        if prop.secondary is not None:
+            # this is a hack right now.  The Query only knows how to
+            # make subsequent joins() without a given left-hand side
+            # from self._from_obj[0].  We need to ensure prop.secondary
+            # is in the FROM.  So we purposely put the mapper selectable
+            # in _from_obj[0] to ensure a user-defined join() later on
+            # doesn't fail, and secondary is then in _from_obj[1].
+
+            # note also, we are using the official ORM-annotated selectable
+            # from __clause_element__(), see #7868
+            self._from_obj = (prop.mapper.__clause_element__(), prop.secondary)
+        else:
+            self._from_obj = ()
+
+        self._where_criteria = (
+            prop._with_parent(instance, alias_secondary=False),
+        )
+
+        if self.attr.order_by:
+            self._order_by_clauses = self.attr.order_by
+        else:
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+
+    def _add_all_impl(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for item in iterator:
+            self.attr.append(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(self.instance),
+                item,
+                None,
+            )
+
+    def _remove_impl(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        self.attr.remove(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance),
+            item,
+            None,
+        )
+
+
+class WriteOnlyCollection(AbstractCollectionWriter[_T]):
+    """Write-only collection which can synchronize changes into the
+    attribute event system.
+
+    The :class:`.WriteOnlyCollection` is used in a mapping by
+    using the ``"write_only"`` lazy loading strategy with
+    :func:`_orm.relationship`.     For background on this configuration,
+    see :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "instance",
+        "attr",
+        "_where_criteria",
+        "_from_obj",
+        "_order_by_clauses",
+    )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "WriteOnly collections don't support iteration in-place; "
+            "to query for collection items, use the select() method to "
+            "produce a SQL statement and execute it with session.scalars()."
+        )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[_T]]:
+        """Produce a :class:`_sql.Select` construct that represents the
+        rows within this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        stmt = select(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+        if self._from_obj:
+            stmt = stmt.select_from(*self._from_obj)
+        if self._order_by_clauses:
+            stmt = stmt.order_by(*self._order_by_clauses)
+        return stmt
+
+    def insert(self) -> Insert:
+        """For one-to-many collections, produce a :class:`_dml.Insert` which
+        will insert new rows in terms of this this instance-local
+        :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        This construct is only supported for a :class:`_orm.Relationship`
+        that does **not** include the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`
+        parameter.  For relationships that refer to a many-to-many table,
+        use ordinary bulk insert techniques to produce new objects, then
+        use :meth:`_orm.AbstractCollectionWriter.add_all` to associate them
+        with the collection.
+
+
+        """
+
+        state = inspect(self.instance)
+        mapper = state.mapper
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+
+        if prop.direction is not RelationshipDirection.ONETOMANY:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Write only bulk INSERT only supported for one-to-many "
+                "collections; for many-to-many, use a separate bulk "
+                "INSERT along with add_all()."
+            )
+
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        for l, r in prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            fn = prop._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                mapper,
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                l,
+            )
+
+            dict_[r.key] = bindparam(None, callable_=fn)
+
+        return insert(self.attr.target_mapper).values(**dict_)
+
+    def update(self) -> Update:
+        """Produce a :class:`_dml.Update` which will refer to rows in terms
+        of this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        return update(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+
+    def delete(self) -> Delete:
+        """Produce a :class:`_dml.Delete` which will refer to rows in terms
+        of this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        return delete(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+
+    def add_all(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def add(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Add an item to this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def remove(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Remove an item from this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given item will be removed from the parent instance's collection on
+        the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._remove_impl(item)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f74ba9570d8ec5b6bfc378b75c6620596a37b8f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# pool/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Connection pooling for DB-API connections.
+
+Provides a number of connection pool implementations for a variety of
+usage scenarios and thread behavior requirements imposed by the
+application, DB-API or database itself.
+
+Also provides a DB-API 2.0 connection proxying mechanism allowing
+regular DB-API connect() methods to be transparently managed by a
+SQLAlchemy connection pool.
+"""
+
+from . import events
+from .base import _AdhocProxiedConnection as _AdhocProxiedConnection
+from .base import _ConnectionFairy as _ConnectionFairy
+from .base import _ConnectionRecord
+from .base import _CreatorFnType as _CreatorFnType
+from .base import _CreatorWRecFnType as _CreatorWRecFnType
+from .base import _finalize_fairy
+from .base import _ResetStyleArgType as _ResetStyleArgType
+from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry as ConnectionPoolEntry
+from .base import ManagesConnection as ManagesConnection
+from .base import Pool as Pool
+from .base import PoolProxiedConnection as PoolProxiedConnection
+from .base import PoolResetState as PoolResetState
+from .base import reset_commit as reset_commit
+from .base import reset_none as reset_none
+from .base import reset_rollback as reset_rollback
+from .impl import AssertionPool as AssertionPool
+from .impl import AsyncAdaptedQueuePool as AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+from .impl import (
+    FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool as FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool,
+)
+from .impl import NullPool as NullPool
+from .impl import QueuePool as QueuePool
+from .impl import SingletonThreadPool as SingletonThreadPool
+from .impl import StaticPool as StaticPool
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..daf47f5e9790dcdac97aeb765a9c5044a914e0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@
+# pool/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Base constructs for connection pools.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import dataclasses
+from enum import Enum
+import threading
+import time
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPICursor
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..event import _DispatchCommon
+    from ..event import _ListenerFnType
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PoolResetState:
+    """describes the state of a DBAPI connection as it is being passed to
+    the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` connection pool event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("transaction_was_reset", "terminate_only", "asyncio_safe")
+
+    transaction_was_reset: bool
+    """Indicates if the transaction on the DBAPI connection was already
+    essentially "reset" back by the :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+    This boolean is True if the :class:`.Connection` had transactional
+    state present upon it, which was then not closed using the
+    :meth:`.Connection.rollback` or :meth:`.Connection.commit` method;
+    instead, the transaction was closed inline within the
+    :meth:`.Connection.close` method so is guaranteed to remain non-present
+    when this event is reached.
+
+    """
+
+    terminate_only: bool
+    """indicates if the connection is to be immediately terminated and
+    not checked in to the pool.
+
+    This occurs for connections that were invalidated, as well as asyncio
+    connections that were not cleanly handled by the calling code that
+    are instead being garbage collected.   In the latter case,
+    operations can't be safely run on asyncio connections within garbage
+    collection as there is not necessarily an event loop present.
+
+    """
+
+    asyncio_safe: bool
+    """Indicates if the reset operation is occurring within a scope where
+    an enclosing event loop is expected to be present for asyncio applications.
+
+    Will be False in the case that the connection is being garbage collected.
+
+    """
+
+
+class ResetStyle(Enum):
+    """Describe options for "reset on return" behaviors."""
+
+    reset_rollback = 0
+    reset_commit = 1
+    reset_none = 2
+
+
+_ResetStyleArgType = Union[
+    ResetStyle,
+    Literal[True, None, False, "commit", "rollback"],
+]
+reset_rollback, reset_commit, reset_none = list(ResetStyle)
+
+
+class _ConnDialect:
+    """partial implementation of :class:`.Dialect`
+    which provides DBAPI connection methods.
+
+    When a :class:`_pool.Pool` is combined with an :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+    the :class:`_engine.Engine` replaces this with its own
+    :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    """
+
+    is_async = False
+    has_terminate = False
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    def _do_ping_w_event(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The ping feature requires that a dialect is "
+            "passed to the connection pool."
+        )
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection: DBAPIConnection) -> Any:
+        return connection
+
+
+class _AsyncConnDialect(_ConnDialect):
+    is_async = True
+
+
+class _CreatorFnType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self) -> DBAPIConnection: ...
+
+
+class _CreatorWRecFnType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, rec: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> DBAPIConnection: ...
+
+
+class Pool(log.Identified, event.EventTarget):
+    """Abstract base class for connection pools."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Pool]
+    echo: log._EchoFlagType
+
+    _orig_logging_name: Optional[str]
+    _dialect: Union[_ConnDialect, Dialect] = _ConnDialect()
+    _creator_arg: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]
+    _invoke_creator: _CreatorWRecFnType
+    _invalidate_time: float
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
+        recycle: int = -1,
+        echo: log._EchoFlagType = None,
+        logging_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        reset_on_return: _ResetStyleArgType = True,
+        events: Optional[List[Tuple[_ListenerFnType, str]]] = None,
+        dialect: Optional[Union[_ConnDialect, Dialect]] = None,
+        pre_ping: bool = False,
+        _dispatch: Optional[_DispatchCommon[Pool]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a Pool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object.  The function will be called with
+          parameters.
+
+        :param recycle: If set to a value other than -1, number of
+          seconds between connection recycling, which means upon
+          checkout, if this timeout is surpassed the connection will be
+          closed and replaced with a newly opened connection. Defaults to -1.
+
+        :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+          the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+          "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+          id.
+
+        :param echo: if True, the connection pool will log
+         informational output such as when connections are invalidated
+         as well as when connections are recycled to the default log handler,
+         which defaults to ``sys.stdout`` for output..   If set to the string
+         ``"debug"``, the logging will include pool checkouts and checkins.
+
+         The :paramref:`_pool.Pool.echo` parameter can also be set from the
+         :func:`_sa.create_engine` call by using the
+         :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.echo_pool` parameter.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+             logging.
+
+        :param reset_on_return: Determine steps to take on
+         connections as they are returned to the pool, which were
+         not otherwise handled by a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+         Available from :func:`_sa.create_engine` via the
+         :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_reset_on_return` parameter.
+
+         :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` can have any of these values:
+
+         * ``"rollback"`` - call rollback() on the connection,
+           to release locks and transaction resources.
+           This is the default value.  The vast majority
+           of use cases should leave this value set.
+         * ``"commit"`` - call commit() on the connection,
+           to release locks and transaction resources.
+           A commit here may be desirable for databases that
+           cache query plans if a commit is emitted,
+           such as Microsoft SQL Server.  However, this
+           value is more dangerous than 'rollback' because
+           any data changes present on the transaction
+           are committed unconditionally.
+         * ``None`` - don't do anything on the connection.
+           This setting may be appropriate if the database / DBAPI
+           works in pure "autocommit" mode at all times, or if
+           a custom reset handler is established using the
+           :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event handler.
+
+         * ``True`` - same as 'rollback', this is here for
+           backwards compatibility.
+         * ``False`` - same as None, this is here for
+           backwards compatibility.
+
+         For further customization of reset on return, the
+         :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event hook may be used which can perform
+         any connection activity desired on reset.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_reset_on_return`
+
+            :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset`
+
+        :param events: a list of 2-tuples, each of the form
+         ``(callable, target)`` which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen`
+         upon construction.   Provided here so that event listeners
+         can be assigned via :func:`_sa.create_engine` before dialect-level
+         listeners are applied.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` that will handle the job
+         of calling rollback(), close(), or commit() on DBAPI connections.
+         If omitted, a built-in "stub" dialect is used.   Applications that
+         make use of :func:`_sa.create_engine` should not use this parameter
+         as it is handled by the engine creation strategy.
+
+        :param pre_ping: if True, the pool will emit a "ping" (typically
+         "SELECT 1", but is dialect-specific) on the connection
+         upon checkout, to test if the connection is alive or not.   If not,
+         the connection is transparently re-connected and upon success, all
+         other pooled connections established prior to that timestamp are
+         invalidated.     Requires that a dialect is passed as well to
+         interpret the disconnection error.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = self._orig_logging_name = logging_name
+        else:
+            self._orig_logging_name = None
+
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        self._creator = creator
+        self._recycle = recycle
+        self._invalidate_time = 0
+        self._pre_ping = pre_ping
+        self._reset_on_return = util.parse_user_argument_for_enum(
+            reset_on_return,
+            {
+                ResetStyle.reset_rollback: ["rollback", True],
+                ResetStyle.reset_none: ["none", None, False],
+                ResetStyle.reset_commit: ["commit"],
+            },
+            "reset_on_return",
+        )
+
+        self.echo = echo
+
+        if _dispatch:
+            self.dispatch._update(_dispatch, only_propagate=False)
+        if dialect:
+            self._dialect = dialect
+        if events:
+            for fn, target in events:
+                event.listen(self, target, fn)
+
+    @util.hybridproperty
+    def _is_asyncio(self) -> bool:
+        return self._dialect.is_async
+
+    @property
+    def _creator(self) -> Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]:
+        return self._creator_arg
+
+    @_creator.setter
+    def _creator(
+        self, creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._creator_arg = creator
+
+        # mypy seems to get super confused assigning functions to
+        # attributes
+        self._invoke_creator = self._should_wrap_creator(creator)
+
+    @_creator.deleter
+    def _creator(self) -> None:
+        # needed for mock testing
+        del self._creator_arg
+        del self._invoke_creator
+
+    def _should_wrap_creator(
+        self, creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]
+    ) -> _CreatorWRecFnType:
+        """Detect if creator accepts a single argument, or is sent
+        as a legacy style no-arg function.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(self._creator, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            creator_fn = cast(_CreatorFnType, creator)
+            return lambda rec: creator_fn()
+
+        if argspec.defaults is not None:
+            defaulted = len(argspec.defaults)
+        else:
+            defaulted = 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        # look for the exact arg signature that DefaultStrategy
+        # sends us
+        if (argspec[0], argspec[3]) == (["connection_record"], (None,)):
+            return cast(_CreatorWRecFnType, creator)
+        # or just a single positional
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return cast(_CreatorWRecFnType, creator)
+        # all other cases, just wrap and assume legacy "creator" callable
+        # thing
+        else:
+            creator_fn = cast(_CreatorFnType, creator)
+            return lambda rec: creator_fn()
+
+    def _close_connection(
+        self, connection: DBAPIConnection, *, terminate: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        self.logger.debug(
+            "%s connection %r",
+            "Hard-closing" if terminate else "Closing",
+            connection,
+        )
+        try:
+            if terminate:
+                self._dialect.do_terminate(connection)
+            else:
+                self._dialect.do_close(connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.logger.error(
+                f"Exception {'terminating' if terminate else 'closing'} "
+                f"connection %r",
+                connection,
+                exc_info=True,
+            )
+            if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                raise
+
+    def _create_connection(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        """Called by subclasses to create a new ConnectionRecord."""
+
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def _invalidate(
+        self,
+        connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        exception: Optional[BaseException] = None,
+        _checkin: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark all connections established within the generation
+        of the given connection as invalidated.
+
+        If this pool's last invalidate time is before when the given
+        connection was created, update the timestamp til now.  Otherwise,
+        no action is performed.
+
+        Connections with a start time prior to this pool's invalidation
+        time will be recycled upon next checkout.
+        """
+        rec = getattr(connection, "_connection_record", None)
+        if not rec or self._invalidate_time < rec.starttime:
+            self._invalidate_time = time.time()
+        if _checkin and getattr(connection, "is_valid", False):
+            connection.invalidate(exception)
+
+    def recreate(self) -> Pool:
+        """Return a new :class:`_pool.Pool`, of the same class as this one
+        and configured with identical creation arguments.
+
+        This method is used in conjunction with :meth:`dispose`
+        to close out an entire :class:`_pool.Pool` and create a new one in
+        its place.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of this pool.
+
+        This method leaves the possibility of checked-out connections
+        remaining open, as it only affects connections that are
+        idle in the pool.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`Pool.recreate`
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return a DBAPI connection from the pool.
+
+        The connection is instrumented such that when its
+        ``close()`` method is called, the connection will be returned to
+        the pool.
+
+        """
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self)
+
+    def _return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        """Given a _ConnectionRecord, return it to the :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+        This method is called when an instrumented DBAPI connection
+        has its ``close()`` method called.
+
+        """
+        self._do_return_conn(record)
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        """Implementation for :meth:`get`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        """Implementation for :meth:`return_conn`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ManagesConnection:
+    """Common base for the two connection-management interfaces
+    :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` and :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`.
+
+    These two objects are typically exposed in the public facing API
+    via the connection pool event hooks, documented at :class:`.PoolEvents`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection]
+    """A reference to the actual DBAPI connection being tracked.
+
+    This is a :pep:`249`-compliant object that for traditional sync-style
+    dialects is provided by the third-party
+    DBAPI implementation in use.  For asyncio dialects, the implementation
+    is typically an adapter object provided by the SQLAlchemy dialect
+    itself; the underlying asyncio object is available via the
+    :attr:`.ManagesConnection.driver_connection` attribute.
+
+    SQLAlchemy's interface for the DBAPI connection is based on the
+    :class:`.DBAPIConnection` protocol object
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ManagesConnection.driver_connection`
+
+        :ref:`faq_dbapi_connection`
+
+    """
+
+    driver_connection: Optional[Any]
+    """The "driver level" connection object as used by the Python
+    DBAPI or database driver.
+
+    For traditional :pep:`249` DBAPI implementations, this object will
+    be the same object as that of
+    :attr:`.ManagesConnection.dbapi_connection`.   For an asyncio database
+    driver, this will be the ultimate "connection" object used by that
+    driver, such as the ``asyncpg.Connection`` object which will not have
+    standard pep-249 methods.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ManagesConnection.dbapi_connection`
+
+        :ref:`faq_dbapi_connection`
+
+    """
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`.ManagesConnection` instance, allowing
+        user-defined data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data in this dictionary is persistent for the lifespan
+        of the DBAPI connection itself, including across pool checkins
+        and checkouts.  When the connection is invalidated
+        and replaced with a new one, this dictionary is cleared.
+
+        For a :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` instance that's not associated
+        with a :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`, such as if it were detached, the
+        attribute returns a dictionary that is local to that
+        :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`. Therefore the
+        :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info` attribute will always provide a Python
+        dictionary.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.ManagesConnection.record_info`
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        """Persistent info dictionary associated with this
+        :class:`.ManagesConnection`.
+
+        Unlike the :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info` dictionary, the lifespan
+        of this dictionary is that of the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+        which owns it; therefore this dictionary will persist across
+        reconnects and connection invalidation for a particular entry
+        in the connection pool.
+
+        For a :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` instance that's not associated
+        with a :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`, such as if it were detached, the
+        attribute returns None. Contrast to the :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info`
+        dictionary which is never None.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info`
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark the managed connection as invalidated.
+
+        :param e: an exception object indicating a reason for the invalidation.
+
+        :param soft: if True, the connection isn't closed; instead, this
+         connection will be recycled on next checkout.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ConnectionPoolEntry(ManagesConnection):
+    """Interface for the object that maintains an individual database
+    connection on behalf of a :class:`_pool.Pool` instance.
+
+    The :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` object represents the long term
+    maintainance of a particular connection for a pool, including expiring or
+    invalidating that connection to have it replaced with a new one, which will
+    continue to be maintained by that same :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+    instance. Compared to :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection`, which is the
+    short-term, per-checkout connection manager, this object lasts for the
+    lifespan of a particular "slot" within a connection pool.
+
+    The :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` object is mostly visible to public-facing
+    API code when it is delivered to connection pool event hooks, such as
+    :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` and :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` provides the public
+       facing interface for the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` internal class.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def in_use(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True the connection is currently checked out"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the DBAPI connection managed by this connection pool entry."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _ConnectionRecord(ConnectionPoolEntry):
+    """Maintains a position in a connection pool which references a pooled
+    connection.
+
+    This is an internal object used by the :class:`_pool.Pool` implementation
+    to provide context management to a DBAPI connection maintained by
+    that :class:`_pool.Pool`.   The public facing interface for this class
+    is described by the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` class.  See that
+    class for public API details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+
+        :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__pool",
+        "fairy_ref",
+        "finalize_callback",
+        "fresh",
+        "starttime",
+        "dbapi_connection",
+        "__weakref__",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    finalize_callback: Deque[Callable[[DBAPIConnection], None]]
+    fresh: bool
+    fairy_ref: Optional[weakref.ref[_ConnectionFairy]]
+    starttime: float
+
+    def __init__(self, pool: Pool, connect: bool = True):
+        self.fresh = False
+        self.fairy_ref = None
+        self.starttime = 0
+        self.dbapi_connection = None
+
+        self.__pool = pool
+        if connect:
+            self.__connect()
+        self.finalize_callback = deque()
+
+    dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection]
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Optional[Any]:  # type: ignore[override]  # mypy#4125  # noqa: E501
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.__pool._dialect.get_driver_connection(
+                self.dbapi_connection
+            )
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The _ConnectionRecord.connection attribute is deprecated; "
+        "please use 'driver_connection'",
+    )
+    def connection(self) -> Optional[DBAPIConnection]:
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    _soft_invalidate_time: float = 0
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def checkout(cls, pool: Pool) -> _ConnectionFairy:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            rec = cast(_ConnectionRecord, pool._do_get())
+        else:
+            rec = pool._do_get()
+
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection = rec.get_connection()
+        except BaseException as err:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                rec._checkin_failed(err, _fairy_was_created=False)
+
+            # not reached, for code linters only
+            raise
+
+        echo = pool._should_log_debug()
+        fairy = _ConnectionFairy(pool, dbapi_connection, rec, echo)
+
+        rec.fairy_ref = ref = weakref.ref(
+            fairy,
+            lambda ref: (
+                _finalize_fairy(
+                    None, rec, pool, ref, echo, transaction_was_reset=False
+                )
+                if _finalize_fairy is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+        _strong_ref_connection_records[ref] = rec
+        if echo:
+            pool.logger.debug(
+                "Connection %r checked out from pool", dbapi_connection
+            )
+        return fairy
+
+    def _checkin_failed(
+        self, err: BaseException, _fairy_was_created: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        self.invalidate(e=err)
+        self.checkin(
+            _fairy_was_created=_fairy_was_created,
+        )
+
+    def checkin(self, _fairy_was_created: bool = True) -> None:
+        if self.fairy_ref is None and _fairy_was_created:
+            # _fairy_was_created is False for the initial get connection phase;
+            # meaning there was no _ConnectionFairy and we must unconditionally
+            # do a checkin.
+            #
+            # otherwise, if fairy_was_created==True, if fairy_ref is None here
+            # that means we were checked in already, so this looks like
+            # a double checkin.
+            util.warn("Double checkin attempted on %s" % self)
+            return
+        self.fairy_ref = None
+        connection = self.dbapi_connection
+        pool = self.__pool
+        while self.finalize_callback:
+            finalizer = self.finalize_callback.pop()
+            if connection is not None:
+                finalizer(connection)
+        if pool.dispatch.checkin:
+            pool.dispatch.checkin(connection, self)
+
+        pool._return_conn(self)
+
+    @property
+    def in_use(self) -> bool:
+        return self.fairy_ref is not None
+
+    @property
+    def last_connect_time(self) -> float:
+        return self.starttime
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self.dbapi_connection is not None:
+            self.__close()
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        # already invalidated
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            return
+        if soft:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.soft_invalidate(
+                self.dbapi_connection, self, e
+            )
+        else:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.invalidate(self.dbapi_connection, self, e)
+        if e is not None:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "%sInvalidate connection %r (reason: %s:%s)",
+                "Soft " if soft else "",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+                e.__class__.__name__,
+                e,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "%sInvalidate connection %r",
+                "Soft " if soft else "",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+
+        if soft:
+            self._soft_invalidate_time = time.time()
+        else:
+            self.__close(terminate=True)
+            self.dbapi_connection = None
+
+    def get_connection(self) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        recycle = False
+
+        # NOTE: the various comparisons here are assuming that measurable time
+        # passes between these state changes.  however, time.time() is not
+        # guaranteed to have sub-second precision.  comparisons of
+        # "invalidation time" to "starttime" should perhaps use >= so that the
+        # state change can take place assuming no measurable  time has passed,
+        # however this does not guarantee correct behavior here as if time
+        # continues to not pass, it will try to reconnect repeatedly until
+        # these timestamps diverge, so in that sense using > is safer.  Per
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/a/1938096/34549, Windows time.time() may be
+        # within 16 milliseconds accuracy, so unit tests for connection
+        # invalidation need a sleep of at least this long between initial start
+        # time and invalidation for the logic below to work reliably.
+
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            self.info.clear()
+            self.__connect()
+        elif (
+            self.__pool._recycle > -1
+            and time.time() - self.starttime > self.__pool._recycle
+        ):
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r exceeded timeout; recycling",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+            recycle = True
+        elif self.__pool._invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to pool invalidation; "
+                + "recycling",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+            recycle = True
+        elif self._soft_invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to local soft invalidation; "
+                + "recycling",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+            recycle = True
+
+        if recycle:
+            self.__close(terminate=True)
+            self.info.clear()
+
+            self.__connect()
+
+        assert self.dbapi_connection is not None
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    def _is_hard_or_soft_invalidated(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self.dbapi_connection is None
+            or self.__pool._invalidate_time > self.starttime
+            or (self._soft_invalidate_time > self.starttime)
+        )
+
+    def __close(self, *, terminate: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.finalize_callback.clear()
+        if self.__pool.dispatch.close:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.close(self.dbapi_connection, self)
+        assert self.dbapi_connection is not None
+        self.__pool._close_connection(
+            self.dbapi_connection, terminate=terminate
+        )
+        self.dbapi_connection = None
+
+    def __connect(self) -> None:
+        pool = self.__pool
+
+        # ensure any existing connection is removed, so that if
+        # creator fails, this attribute stays None
+        self.dbapi_connection = None
+        try:
+            self.starttime = time.time()
+            self.dbapi_connection = connection = pool._invoke_creator(self)
+            pool.logger.debug("Created new connection %r", connection)
+            self.fresh = True
+        except BaseException as e:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                pool.logger.debug("Error on connect(): %s", e)
+        else:
+            # in SQLAlchemy 1.4 the first_connect event is not used by
+            # the engine, so this will usually not be set
+            if pool.dispatch.first_connect:
+                pool.dispatch.first_connect.for_modify(
+                    pool.dispatch
+                ).exec_once_unless_exception(self.dbapi_connection, self)
+
+            # init of the dialect now takes place within the connect
+            # event, so ensure a mutex is used on the first run
+            pool.dispatch.connect.for_modify(
+                pool.dispatch
+            )._exec_w_sync_on_first_run(self.dbapi_connection, self)
+
+
+def _finalize_fairy(
+    dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection],
+    connection_record: Optional[_ConnectionRecord],
+    pool: Pool,
+    ref: Optional[
+        weakref.ref[_ConnectionFairy]
+    ],  # this is None when called directly, not by the gc
+    echo: Optional[log._EchoFlagType],
+    transaction_was_reset: bool = False,
+    fairy: Optional[_ConnectionFairy] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Cleanup for a :class:`._ConnectionFairy` whether or not it's already
+    been garbage collected.
+
+    When using an async dialect no IO can happen here (without using
+    a dedicated thread), since this is called outside the greenlet
+    context and with an already running loop. In this case function
+    will only log a message and raise a warning.
+    """
+
+    is_gc_cleanup = ref is not None
+
+    if is_gc_cleanup:
+        assert ref is not None
+        _strong_ref_connection_records.pop(ref, None)
+        assert connection_record is not None
+        if connection_record.fairy_ref is not ref:
+            return
+        assert dbapi_connection is None
+        dbapi_connection = connection_record.dbapi_connection
+
+    elif fairy:
+        _strong_ref_connection_records.pop(weakref.ref(fairy), None)
+
+    # null pool is not _is_asyncio but can be used also with async dialects
+    dont_restore_gced = pool._dialect.is_async
+
+    if dont_restore_gced:
+        detach = connection_record is None or is_gc_cleanup
+        can_manipulate_connection = not is_gc_cleanup
+        can_close_or_terminate_connection = (
+            not pool._dialect.is_async or pool._dialect.has_terminate
+        )
+        requires_terminate_for_close = (
+            pool._dialect.is_async and pool._dialect.has_terminate
+        )
+
+    else:
+        detach = connection_record is None
+        can_manipulate_connection = can_close_or_terminate_connection = True
+        requires_terminate_for_close = False
+
+    if dbapi_connection is not None:
+        if connection_record and echo:
+            pool.logger.debug(
+                "Connection %r being returned to pool", dbapi_connection
+            )
+
+        try:
+            if not fairy:
+                assert connection_record is not None
+                fairy = _ConnectionFairy(
+                    pool,
+                    dbapi_connection,
+                    connection_record,
+                    echo,
+                )
+            assert fairy.dbapi_connection is dbapi_connection
+
+            fairy._reset(
+                pool,
+                transaction_was_reset=transaction_was_reset,
+                terminate_only=detach,
+                asyncio_safe=can_manipulate_connection,
+            )
+
+            if detach:
+                if connection_record:
+                    fairy._pool = pool
+                    fairy.detach()
+
+                if can_close_or_terminate_connection:
+                    if pool.dispatch.close_detached:
+                        pool.dispatch.close_detached(dbapi_connection)
+
+                    pool._close_connection(
+                        dbapi_connection,
+                        terminate=requires_terminate_for_close,
+                    )
+
+        except BaseException as e:
+            pool.logger.error(
+                "Exception during reset or similar", exc_info=True
+            )
+            if connection_record:
+                connection_record.invalidate(e=e)
+            if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                raise
+        finally:
+            if detach and is_gc_cleanup and dont_restore_gced:
+                message = (
+                    "The garbage collector is trying to clean up "
+                    f"non-checked-in connection {dbapi_connection!r}, "
+                    f"""which will be {
+                        'dropped, as it cannot be safely terminated'
+                        if not can_close_or_terminate_connection
+                        else 'terminated'
+                    }.  """
+                    "Please ensure that SQLAlchemy pooled connections are "
+                    "returned to "
+                    "the pool explicitly, either by calling ``close()`` "
+                    "or by using appropriate context managers to manage "
+                    "their lifecycle."
+                )
+                pool.logger.error(message)
+                util.warn(message)
+
+    if connection_record and connection_record.fairy_ref is not None:
+        connection_record.checkin()
+
+    # give gc some help.  See
+    # test/engine/test_pool.py::PoolEventsTest::test_checkin_event_gc[True]
+    # which actually started failing when pytest warnings plugin was
+    # turned on, due to util.warn() above
+    if fairy is not None:
+        fairy.dbapi_connection = None  # type: ignore
+        fairy._connection_record = None
+    del dbapi_connection
+    del connection_record
+    del fairy
+
+
+# a dictionary of the _ConnectionFairy weakrefs to _ConnectionRecord, so that
+# GC under pypy will call ConnectionFairy finalizers.  linked directly to the
+# weakref that will empty itself when collected so that it should not create
+# any unmanaged memory references.
+_strong_ref_connection_records: Dict[
+    weakref.ref[_ConnectionFairy], _ConnectionRecord
+] = {}
+
+
+class PoolProxiedConnection(ManagesConnection):
+    """A connection-like adapter for a :pep:`249` DBAPI connection, which
+    includes additional methods specific to the :class:`.Pool` implementation.
+
+    :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` is the public-facing interface for the
+    internal :class:`._ConnectionFairy` implementation object; users familiar
+    with :class:`._ConnectionFairy` can consider this object to be equivalent.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` provides the public-
+       facing interface for the :class:`._ConnectionFairy` internal class.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def commit(self) -> None: ...
+
+        def cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor: ...
+
+        def rollback(self) -> None: ...
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` still refers
+        to an active DBAPI connection."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def is_detached(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` is detached
+        from its pool."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def detach(self) -> None:
+        """Separate this connection from its Pool.
+
+        This means that the connection will no longer be returned to the
+        pool when closed, and will instead be literally closed.  The
+        associated :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` is de-associated from this
+        DBAPI connection.
+
+        Note that any overall connection limiting constraints imposed by a
+        Pool implementation may be violated after a detach, as the detached
+        connection is removed from the pool's knowledge and control.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Release this connection back to the pool.
+
+        The :meth:`.PoolProxiedConnection.close` method shadows the
+        :pep:`249` ``.close()`` method, altering its behavior to instead
+        :term:`release` the proxied connection back to the connection pool.
+
+        Upon release to the pool, whether the connection stays "opened" and
+        pooled in the Python process, versus actually closed out and removed
+        from the Python process, is based on the pool implementation in use and
+        its configuration and current state.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _AdhocProxiedConnection(PoolProxiedConnection):
+    """provides the :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` interface for cases where
+    the DBAPI connection is not actually proxied.
+
+    This is used by the engine internals to pass a consistent
+    :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` object to consuming dialects in response to
+    pool events that may not always have the :class:`._ConnectionFairy`
+    available.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi_connection", "_connection_record", "_is_valid")
+
+    dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection
+    _connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ):
+        self.dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self._connection_record = connection_record
+        self._is_valid = True
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Any:  # type: ignore[override]  # mypy#4125
+        return self._connection_record.driver_connection
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Implement is_valid state attribute.
+
+        for the adhoc proxied connection it's assumed the connection is valid
+        as there is no "invalidate" routine.
+
+        """
+        return self._is_valid
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        self._is_valid = False
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        return self._connection_record.record_info
+
+    def cursor(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DBAPICursor:
+        return self.dbapi_connection.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.dbapi_connection, key)
+
+
+class _ConnectionFairy(PoolProxiedConnection):
+    """Proxies a DBAPI connection and provides return-on-dereference
+    support.
+
+    This is an internal object used by the :class:`_pool.Pool` implementation
+    to provide context management to a DBAPI connection delivered by
+    that :class:`_pool.Pool`.   The public facing interface for this class
+    is described by the :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` class.  See that
+    class for public API details.
+
+    The name "fairy" is inspired by the fact that the
+    :class:`._ConnectionFairy` object's lifespan is transitory, as it lasts
+    only for the length of a specific DBAPI connection being checked out from
+    the pool, and additionally that as a transparent proxy, it is mostly
+    invisible.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection`
+
+        :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dbapi_connection",
+        "_connection_record",
+        "_echo",
+        "_pool",
+        "_counter",
+        "__weakref__",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    pool: Pool
+    dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection
+    _echo: log._EchoFlagType
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool: Pool,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: _ConnectionRecord,
+        echo: log._EchoFlagType,
+    ):
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._counter = 0
+        self.dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self._connection_record = connection_record
+        self._echo = echo
+
+    _connection_record: Optional[_ConnectionRecord]
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Optional[Any]:  # type: ignore[override]  # mypy#4125  # noqa: E501
+        if self._connection_record is None:
+            return None
+        return self._connection_record.driver_connection
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The _ConnectionFairy.connection attribute is deprecated; "
+        "please use 'driver_connection'",
+    )
+    def connection(self) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _checkout(
+        cls,
+        pool: Pool,
+        threadconns: Optional[threading.local] = None,
+        fairy: Optional[_ConnectionFairy] = None,
+    ) -> _ConnectionFairy:
+        if not fairy:
+            fairy = _ConnectionRecord.checkout(pool)
+
+            if threadconns is not None:
+                threadconns.current = weakref.ref(fairy)
+
+        assert (
+            fairy._connection_record is not None
+        ), "can't 'checkout' a detached connection fairy"
+        assert (
+            fairy.dbapi_connection is not None
+        ), "can't 'checkout' an invalidated connection fairy"
+
+        fairy._counter += 1
+        if (
+            not pool.dispatch.checkout and not pool._pre_ping
+        ) or fairy._counter != 1:
+            return fairy
+
+        # Pool listeners can trigger a reconnection on checkout, as well
+        # as the pre-pinger.
+        # there are three attempts made here, but note that if the database
+        # is not accessible from a connection standpoint, those won't proceed
+        # here.
+
+        attempts = 2
+
+        while attempts > 0:
+            connection_is_fresh = fairy._connection_record.fresh
+            fairy._connection_record.fresh = False
+            try:
+                if pool._pre_ping:
+                    if not connection_is_fresh:
+                        if fairy._echo:
+                            pool.logger.debug(
+                                "Pool pre-ping on connection %s",
+                                fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                            )
+                        result = pool._dialect._do_ping_w_event(
+                            fairy.dbapi_connection
+                        )
+                        if not result:
+                            if fairy._echo:
+                                pool.logger.debug(
+                                    "Pool pre-ping on connection %s failed, "
+                                    "will invalidate pool",
+                                    fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                                )
+                            raise exc.InvalidatePoolError()
+                    elif fairy._echo:
+                        pool.logger.debug(
+                            "Connection %s is fresh, skipping pre-ping",
+                            fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                        )
+
+                pool.dispatch.checkout(
+                    fairy.dbapi_connection, fairy._connection_record, fairy
+                )
+                return fairy
+            except exc.DisconnectionError as e:
+                if e.invalidate_pool:
+                    pool.logger.info(
+                        "Disconnection detected on checkout, "
+                        "invalidating all pooled connections prior to "
+                        "current timestamp (reason: %r)",
+                        e,
+                    )
+                    fairy._connection_record.invalidate(e)
+                    pool._invalidate(fairy, e, _checkin=False)
+                else:
+                    pool.logger.info(
+                        "Disconnection detected on checkout, "
+                        "invalidating individual connection %s (reason: %r)",
+                        fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                        e,
+                    )
+                    fairy._connection_record.invalidate(e)
+                try:
+                    fairy.dbapi_connection = (
+                        fairy._connection_record.get_connection()
+                    )
+                except BaseException as err:
+                    with util.safe_reraise():
+                        fairy._connection_record._checkin_failed(
+                            err,
+                            _fairy_was_created=True,
+                        )
+
+                        # prevent _ConnectionFairy from being carried
+                        # in the stack trace.  Do this after the
+                        # connection record has been checked in, so that
+                        # if the del triggers a finalize fairy, it won't
+                        # try to checkin a second time.
+                        del fairy
+
+                    # never called, this is for code linters
+                    raise
+
+                attempts -= 1
+            except BaseException as be_outer:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    rec = fairy._connection_record
+                    if rec is not None:
+                        rec._checkin_failed(
+                            be_outer,
+                            _fairy_was_created=True,
+                        )
+
+                    # prevent _ConnectionFairy from being carried
+                    # in the stack trace, see above
+                    del fairy
+
+                # never called, this is for code linters
+                raise
+
+        pool.logger.info("Reconnection attempts exhausted on checkout")
+        fairy.invalidate()
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This connection is closed")
+
+    def _checkout_existing(self) -> _ConnectionFairy:
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self._pool, fairy=self)
+
+    def _checkin(self, transaction_was_reset: bool = False) -> None:
+        _finalize_fairy(
+            self.dbapi_connection,
+            self._connection_record,
+            self._pool,
+            None,
+            self._echo,
+            transaction_was_reset=transaction_was_reset,
+            fairy=self,
+        )
+
+    def _close(self) -> None:
+        self._checkin()
+
+    def _reset(
+        self,
+        pool: Pool,
+        transaction_was_reset: bool,
+        terminate_only: bool,
+        asyncio_safe: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        if pool.dispatch.reset:
+            pool.dispatch.reset(
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+                self._connection_record,
+                PoolResetState(
+                    transaction_was_reset=transaction_was_reset,
+                    terminate_only=terminate_only,
+                    asyncio_safe=asyncio_safe,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if not asyncio_safe:
+            return
+
+        if pool._reset_on_return is reset_rollback:
+            if transaction_was_reset:
+                if self._echo:
+                    pool.logger.debug(
+                        "Connection %s reset, transaction already reset",
+                        self.dbapi_connection,
+                    )
+            else:
+                if self._echo:
+                    pool.logger.debug(
+                        "Connection %s rollback-on-return",
+                        self.dbapi_connection,
+                    )
+                pool._dialect.do_rollback(self)
+        elif pool._reset_on_return is reset_commit:
+            if self._echo:
+                pool.logger.debug(
+                    "Connection %s commit-on-return",
+                    self.dbapi_connection,
+                )
+            pool._dialect.do_commit(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _logger(self) -> log._IdentifiedLoggerType:
+        return self._pool.logger
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.dbapi_connection is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_detached(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection_record is None
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        if self._connection_record is None:
+            return {}
+        else:
+            return self._connection_record.info
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        if self._connection_record is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._connection_record.record_info
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            util.warn("Can't invalidate an already-closed connection.")
+            return
+        if self._connection_record:
+            self._connection_record.invalidate(e=e, soft=soft)
+        if not soft:
+            # prevent any rollback / reset actions etc. on
+            # the connection
+            self.dbapi_connection = None  # type: ignore
+
+            # finalize
+            self._checkin()
+
+    def cursor(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DBAPICursor:
+        assert self.dbapi_connection is not None
+        return self.dbapi_connection.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.dbapi_connection, key)
+
+    def detach(self) -> None:
+        if self._connection_record is not None:
+            rec = self._connection_record
+            rec.fairy_ref = None
+            rec.dbapi_connection = None
+            # TODO: should this be _return_conn?
+            self._pool._do_return_conn(self._connection_record)
+
+            # can't get the descriptor assignment to work here
+            # in pylance.  mypy is OK w/ it
+            self.info = self.info.copy()  # type: ignore
+
+            self._connection_record = None
+
+            if self._pool.dispatch.detach:
+                self._pool.dispatch.detach(self.dbapi_connection, rec)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._counter -= 1
+        if self._counter == 0:
+            self._checkin()
+
+    def _close_special(self, transaction_reset: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._counter -= 1
+        if self._counter == 0:
+            self._checkin(transaction_was_reset=transaction_reset)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/events.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6ba8af84e2c1d30521ddd59c8da08212d7ca3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/events.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# pool/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry
+from .base import Pool
+from .base import PoolProxiedConnection
+from .base import PoolResetState
+from .. import event
+from .. import util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+
+
+class PoolEvents(event.Events[Pool]):
+    """Available events for :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well
+    as the names of members that are passed to listener
+    functions.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_on_checkout(dbapi_conn, connection_rec, connection_proxy):
+            "handle an on checkout event"
+
+        event.listen(Pool, 'checkout', my_on_checkout)
+
+    In addition to accepting the :class:`_pool.Pool` class and
+    :class:`_pool.Pool` instances, :class:`_events.PoolEvents` also accepts
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` objects and the :class:`_engine.Engine` class as
+    targets, which will be resolved to the ``.pool`` attribute of the
+    given engine or the :class:`_pool.Pool` class::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+        # will associate with engine.pool
+        event.listen(engine, 'checkout', my_on_checkout)
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngineOrPool"
+    _dispatch_target = Pool
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine")
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[Pool, Type[Pool], Engine, Type[Engine]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Pool, Type[Pool]]]:
+        if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            Engine = util.preloaded.engine.Engine
+
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Pool
+            else:
+                assert issubclass(target, Pool)
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.pool
+        elif isinstance(target, Pool):
+            return target
+        elif hasattr(target, "_no_async_engine_events"):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: event._EventKey[Pool],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+        kw.setdefault("asyncio", target._is_asyncio)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is first
+        created for a given :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+        This event allows one to capture the point directly after which
+        the DBAPI module-level ``.connect()`` method has been used in order
+        to produce a new DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def first_connect(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called exactly once for the first time a DBAPI connection is
+        checked out from a particular :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+        The rationale for :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.first_connect`
+        is to determine
+        information about a particular series of database connections based
+        on the settings used for all connections.  Since a particular
+        :class:`_pool.Pool`
+        refers to a single "creator" function (which in terms
+        of a :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        refers to the URL and connection options used),
+        it is typically valid to make observations about a single connection
+        that can be safely assumed to be valid about all subsequent
+        connections, such as the database version, the server and client
+        encoding settings, collation settings, and many others.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkout(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        connection_proxy: PoolProxiedConnection,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_proxy: the :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` object
+          which will proxy the public interface of the DBAPI connection for the
+          lifespan of the checkout.
+
+        If you raise a :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DisconnectionError`, the current
+        connection will be disposed and a fresh connection retrieved.
+        Processing of all checkout listeners will abort and restart
+        using the new connection.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect`
+           - a similar event
+           which occurs upon creation of a new :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkin(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection],
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a connection returns to the pool.
+
+        Note that the connection may be closed, and may be None if the
+        connection has been invalidated.  ``checkin`` will not be called
+        for detached connections.  (They do not return to the pool.)
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "2.0",
+        ["dbapi_connection", "connection_record"],
+        lambda dbapi_connection, connection_record, reset_state: (
+            dbapi_connection,
+            connection_record,
+        ),
+    )
+    def reset(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        reset_state: PoolResetState,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called before the "reset" action occurs for a pooled connection.
+
+        This event represents
+        when the ``rollback()`` method is called on the DBAPI connection
+        before it is returned to the pool or discarded.
+        A custom "reset" strategy may be implemented using this event hook,
+        which may also be combined with disabling the default "reset"
+        behavior using the :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` parameter.
+
+        The primary difference between the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` and
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkin` events are that
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` is called not just for pooled
+        connections that are being returned to the pool, but also for
+        connections that were detached using the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.detach` method as well as asyncio connections
+        that are being discarded due to garbage collection taking place on
+        connections before the connection was checked in.
+
+        Note that the event **is not** invoked for connections that were
+        invalidated using :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate`.    These
+        events may be intercepted using the :meth:`.PoolEvents.soft_invalidate`
+        and :meth:`.PoolEvents.invalidate` event hooks, and all "connection
+        close" events may be intercepted using :meth:`.PoolEvents.close`.
+
+        The :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` event is usually followed by the
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkin` event, except in those
+        cases where the connection is discarded immediately after reset.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param reset_state: :class:`.PoolResetState` instance which provides
+         information about the circumstances under which the connection
+         is being reset.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_reset_on_return`
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.commit`
+
+        """
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        exception: Optional[BaseException],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the
+        :meth:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.invalidate` method is invoked, either from
+        API usage or via "auto-invalidation", without the ``soft`` flag.
+
+        The event occurs before a final attempt to call ``.close()`` on the
+        connection occurs.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param exception: the exception object corresponding to the reason
+         for this invalidation, if any.  May be ``None``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+    def soft_invalidate(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        exception: Optional[BaseException],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "soft invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the
+        :meth:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.invalidate`
+        method is invoked with the ``soft`` flag.
+
+        Soft invalidation refers to when the connection record that tracks
+        this connection will force a reconnect after the current connection
+        is checked in.   It does not actively close the dbapi_connection
+        at the point at which it is called.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param exception: the exception object corresponding to the reason
+         for this invalidation, if any.  May be ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+    def close(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is closed.
+
+        The event is emitted before the close occurs.
+
+        The close of a connection can fail; typically this is because
+        the connection is already closed.  If the close operation fails,
+        the connection is discarded.
+
+        The :meth:`.close` event corresponds to a connection that's still
+        associated with the pool. To intercept close events for detached
+        connections use :meth:`.close_detached`.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def detach(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is "detached" from a pool.
+
+        This event is emitted after the detach occurs.  The connection
+        is no longer associated with the given connection record.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def close_detached(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Called when a detached DBAPI connection is closed.
+
+        The event is emitted before the close occurs.
+
+        The close of a connection can fail; typically this is because
+        the connection is already closed.  If the close operation fails,
+        the connection is discarded.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        """
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/impl.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c41bf34c7d8da3b7444c88087bae86196cf8357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/impl.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+# pool/impl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Pool implementation classes.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import threading
+import traceback
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .base import _AsyncConnDialect
+from .base import _ConnectionFairy
+from .base import _ConnectionRecord
+from .base import _CreatorFnType
+from .base import _CreatorWRecFnType
+from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry
+from .base import Pool
+from .base import PoolProxiedConnection
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import chop_traceback
+from ..util import queue as sqla_queue
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+
+
+class QueuePool(Pool):
+    """A :class:`_pool.Pool`
+    that imposes a limit on the number of open connections.
+
+    :class:`.QueuePool` is the default pooling implementation used for
+    all :class:`_engine.Engine` objects other than SQLite with a ``:memory:``
+    database.
+
+    The :class:`.QueuePool` class **is not compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.  The
+    :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` class is used automatically when
+    using :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`, if no other kind of pool
+    is specified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool`
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = False  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    _queue_class: Type[sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]] = (
+        sqla_queue.Queue
+    )
+
+    _pool: sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
+        pool_size: int = 5,
+        max_overflow: int = 10,
+        timeout: float = 30.0,
+        use_lifo: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a QueuePool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object, same as that of :paramref:`_pool.Pool.creator`.
+
+        :param pool_size: The size of the pool to be maintained,
+          defaults to 5. This is the largest number of connections that
+          will be kept persistently in the pool. Note that the pool
+          begins with no connections; once this number of connections
+          is requested, that number of connections will remain.
+          ``pool_size`` can be set to 0 to indicate no size limit; to
+          disable pooling, use a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool`
+          instead.
+
+        :param max_overflow: The maximum overflow size of the
+          pool. When the number of checked-out connections reaches the
+          size set in pool_size, additional connections will be
+          returned up to this limit. When those additional connections
+          are returned to the pool, they are disconnected and
+          discarded. It follows then that the total number of
+          simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size +
+          `max_overflow`, and the total number of "sleeping"
+          connections the pool will allow is pool_size. `max_overflow`
+          can be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit; no limit
+          will be placed on the total number of concurrent
+          connections. Defaults to 10.
+
+        :param timeout: The number of seconds to wait before giving up
+          on returning a connection. Defaults to 30.0. This can be a float
+          but is subject to the limitations of Python time functions which
+          may not be reliable in the tens of milliseconds.
+
+        :param use_lifo: use LIFO (last-in-first-out) when retrieving
+          connections instead of FIFO (first-in-first-out). Using LIFO, a
+          server-side timeout scheme can reduce the number of connections used
+          during non-peak periods of use.   When planning for server-side
+          timeouts, ensure that a recycle or pre-ping strategy is in use to
+          gracefully handle stale connections.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_use_lifo`
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects`
+
+        :param \**kw: Other keyword arguments including
+          :paramref:`_pool.Pool.recycle`, :paramref:`_pool.Pool.echo`,
+          :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` and others are passed to the
+          :class:`_pool.Pool` constructor.
+
+        """
+
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._pool = self._queue_class(pool_size, use_lifo=use_lifo)
+        self._overflow = 0 - pool_size
+        self._max_overflow = -1 if pool_size == 0 else max_overflow
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._overflow_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._pool.put(record, False)
+        except sqla_queue.Full:
+            try:
+                record.close()
+            finally:
+                self._dec_overflow()
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        use_overflow = self._max_overflow > -1
+
+        wait = use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow
+        try:
+            return self._pool.get(wait, self._timeout)
+        except sqla_queue.Empty:
+            # don't do things inside of "except Empty", because when we say
+            # we timed out or can't connect and raise, Python 3 tells
+            # people the real error is queue.Empty which it isn't.
+            pass
+        if use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow:
+            if not wait:
+                return self._do_get()
+            else:
+                raise exc.TimeoutError(
+                    "QueuePool limit of size %d overflow %d reached, "
+                    "connection timed out, timeout %0.2f"
+                    % (self.size(), self.overflow(), self._timeout),
+                    code="3o7r",
+                )
+
+        if self._inc_overflow():
+            try:
+                return self._create_connection()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self._dec_overflow()
+                raise
+        else:
+            return self._do_get()
+
+    def _inc_overflow(self) -> bool:
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow += 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            if self._overflow < self._max_overflow:
+                self._overflow += 1
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+
+    def _dec_overflow(self) -> Literal[True]:
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+
+    def recreate(self) -> QueuePool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            pool_size=self._pool.maxsize,
+            max_overflow=self._max_overflow,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            use_lifo=self._pool.use_lifo,
+            timeout=self._timeout,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                conn = self._pool.get(False)
+                conn.close()
+            except sqla_queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+        self._overflow = 0 - self.size()
+        self.logger.info("Pool disposed. %s", self.status())
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "Pool size: %d  Connections in pool: %d "
+            "Current Overflow: %d Current Checked out "
+            "connections: %d"
+            % (
+                self.size(),
+                self.checkedin(),
+                self.overflow(),
+                self.checkedout(),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def size(self) -> int:
+        return self._pool.maxsize
+
+    def timeout(self) -> float:
+        return self._timeout
+
+    def checkedin(self) -> int:
+        return self._pool.qsize()
+
+    def overflow(self) -> int:
+        return self._overflow if self._pool.maxsize else 0
+
+    def checkedout(self) -> int:
+        return self._pool.maxsize - self._pool.qsize() + self._overflow
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptedQueuePool(QueuePool):
+    """An asyncio-compatible version of :class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+    This pool is used by default when using :class:`.AsyncEngine` engines that
+    were generated from :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.   It uses an
+    asyncio-compatible queue implementation that does not use
+    ``threading.Lock``.
+
+    The arguments and operation of :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` are
+    otherwise identical to that of :class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = True  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    _queue_class: Type[sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]] = (
+        sqla_queue.AsyncAdaptedQueue
+    )
+
+    _dialect = _AsyncConnDialect()
+
+
+class FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool(AsyncAdaptedQueuePool):
+    _queue_class = sqla_queue.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueue
+
+
+class NullPool(Pool):
+    """A Pool which does not pool connections.
+
+    Instead it literally opens and closes the underlying DB-API connection
+    per each connection open/close.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation are not supported by this Pool implementation, since
+    no connections are held persistently.
+
+    The :class:`.NullPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "NullPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        record.close()
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        return self._create_connection()
+
+    def recreate(self) -> NullPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class SingletonThreadPool(Pool):
+    """A Pool that maintains one connection per thread.
+
+    Maintains one connection per each thread, never moving a connection to a
+    thread other than the one which it was created in.
+
+    .. warning::  the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` will call ``.close()``
+       on arbitrary connections that exist beyond the size setting of
+       ``pool_size``, e.g. if more unique **thread identities**
+       than what ``pool_size`` states are used.   This cleanup is
+       non-deterministic and not sensitive to whether or not the connections
+       linked to those thread identities are currently in use.
+
+       :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` may be improved in a future release,
+       however in its current status it is generally used only for test
+       scenarios using a SQLite ``:memory:`` database and is not recommended
+       for production use.
+
+    The :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` class **is not compatible** with asyncio
+    and :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+
+    Options are the same as those of :class:`_pool.Pool`, as well as:
+
+    :param pool_size: The number of threads in which to maintain connections
+        at once.  Defaults to five.
+
+    :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` is used by the SQLite dialect
+    automatically when a memory-based database is used.
+    See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = False  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
+        pool_size: int = 5,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._conn = threading.local()
+        self._fairy = threading.local()
+        self._all_conns: Set[ConnectionPoolEntry] = set()
+        self.size = pool_size
+
+    def recreate(self) -> SingletonThreadPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            pool_size=self.size,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of this pool."""
+
+        for conn in self._all_conns:
+            try:
+                conn.close()
+            except Exception:
+                # pysqlite won't even let you close a conn from a thread
+                # that didn't create it
+                pass
+
+        self._all_conns.clear()
+
+    def _cleanup(self) -> None:
+        while len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            c = self._all_conns.pop()
+            c.close()
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "SingletonThreadPool id:%d size: %d" % (
+            id(self),
+            len(self._all_conns),
+        )
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        try:
+            del self._fairy.current
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        try:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                c = cast(ConnectionPoolEntry, self._conn.current())
+            else:
+                c = self._conn.current()
+            if c:
+                return c
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        c = self._create_connection()
+        self._conn.current = weakref.ref(c)
+        if len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            self._cleanup()
+        self._all_conns.add(c)
+        return c
+
+    def connect(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        # vendored from Pool to include the now removed use_threadlocal
+        # behavior
+        try:
+            rec = cast(_ConnectionFairy, self._fairy.current())
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if rec is not None:
+                return rec._checkout_existing()
+
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self, self._fairy)
+
+
+class StaticPool(Pool):
+    """A Pool of exactly one connection, used for all requests.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation (which is also used to support auto-reconnect) are only
+    partially supported right now and may not yield good results.
+
+    The :class:`.StaticPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def connection(self) -> _ConnectionRecord:
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "StaticPool"
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        if (
+            "connection" in self.__dict__
+            and self.connection.dbapi_connection is not None
+        ):
+            self.connection.close()
+            del self.__dict__["connection"]
+
+    def recreate(self) -> StaticPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            creator=self._creator,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def _transfer_from(self, other_static_pool: StaticPool) -> None:
+        # used by the test suite to make a new engine / pool without
+        # losing the state of an existing SQLite :memory: connection
+        def creator(rec: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> DBAPIConnection:
+            conn = other_static_pool.connection.dbapi_connection
+            assert conn is not None
+            return conn
+
+        self._invoke_creator = creator
+
+    def _create_connection(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        rec = self.connection
+        if rec._is_hard_or_soft_invalidated():
+            del self.__dict__["connection"]
+            rec = self.connection
+
+        return rec
+
+
+class AssertionPool(Pool):
+    """A :class:`_pool.Pool` that allows at most one checked out connection at
+    any given time.
+
+    This will raise an exception if more than one connection is checked out
+    at a time.  Useful for debugging code that is using more connections
+    than desired.
+
+    The :class:`.AssertionPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    _conn: Optional[ConnectionPoolEntry]
+    _checkout_traceback: Optional[List[str]]
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any):
+        self._conn = None
+        self._checked_out = False
+        self._store_traceback = kw.pop("store_traceback", True)
+        self._checkout_traceback = None
+        Pool.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "AssertionPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        if not self._checked_out:
+            raise AssertionError("connection is not checked out")
+        self._checked_out = False
+        assert record is self._conn
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        self._checked_out = False
+        if self._conn:
+            self._conn.close()
+
+    def recreate(self) -> AssertionPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        if self._checked_out:
+            if self._checkout_traceback:
+                suffix = " at:\n%s" % "".join(
+                    chop_traceback(self._checkout_traceback)
+                )
+            else:
+                suffix = ""
+            raise AssertionError("connection is already checked out" + suffix)
+
+        if not self._conn:
+            self._conn = self._create_connection()
+
+        self._checked_out = True
+        if self._store_traceback:
+            self._checkout_traceback = traceback.format_stack()
+        return self._conn
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15bb39c3665f94483b19c34b8e14d7e76f74ed48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# sql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from ._typing import ColumnExpressionArgument as ColumnExpressionArgument
+from ._typing import NotNullable as NotNullable
+from ._typing import Nullable as Nullable
+from .base import Executable as Executable
+from .compiler import COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS as COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS
+from .compiler import FROM_LINTING as FROM_LINTING
+from .compiler import NO_LINTING as NO_LINTING
+from .compiler import WARN_LINTING as WARN_LINTING
+from .ddl import BaseDDLElement as BaseDDLElement
+from .ddl import DDL as DDL
+from .ddl import DDLElement as DDLElement
+from .ddl import ExecutableDDLElement as ExecutableDDLElement
+from .expression import Alias as Alias
+from .expression import alias as alias
+from .expression import all_ as all_
+from .expression import and_ as and_
+from .expression import any_ as any_
+from .expression import asc as asc
+from .expression import between as between
+from .expression import bindparam as bindparam
+from .expression import case as case
+from .expression import cast as cast
+from .expression import ClauseElement as ClauseElement
+from .expression import collate as collate
+from .expression import column as column
+from .expression import ColumnCollection as ColumnCollection
+from .expression import ColumnElement as ColumnElement
+from .expression import CompoundSelect as CompoundSelect
+from .expression import cte as cte
+from .expression import Delete as Delete
+from .expression import delete as delete
+from .expression import desc as desc
+from .expression import distinct as distinct
+from .expression import except_ as except_
+from .expression import except_all as except_all
+from .expression import exists as exists
+from .expression import extract as extract
+from .expression import false as false
+from .expression import False_ as False_
+from .expression import FromClause as FromClause
+from .expression import func as func
+from .expression import funcfilter as funcfilter
+from .expression import Insert as Insert
+from .expression import insert as insert
+from .expression import intersect as intersect
+from .expression import intersect_all as intersect_all
+from .expression import Join as Join
+from .expression import join as join
+from .expression import label as label
+from .expression import LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT as LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT
+from .expression import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY as LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+)
+from .expression import LABEL_STYLE_NONE as LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from .expression import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL as LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+)
+from .expression import lambda_stmt as lambda_stmt
+from .expression import LambdaElement as LambdaElement
+from .expression import lateral as lateral
+from .expression import literal as literal
+from .expression import literal_column as literal_column
+from .expression import modifier as modifier
+from .expression import not_ as not_
+from .expression import null as null
+from .expression import nulls_first as nulls_first
+from .expression import nulls_last as nulls_last
+from .expression import nullsfirst as nullsfirst
+from .expression import nullslast as nullslast
+from .expression import or_ as or_
+from .expression import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from .expression import outparam as outparam
+from .expression import over as over
+from .expression import quoted_name as quoted_name
+from .expression import Select as Select
+from .expression import select as select
+from .expression import Selectable as Selectable
+from .expression import SelectLabelStyle as SelectLabelStyle
+from .expression import SQLColumnExpression as SQLColumnExpression
+from .expression import StatementLambdaElement as StatementLambdaElement
+from .expression import Subquery as Subquery
+from .expression import table as table
+from .expression import TableClause as TableClause
+from .expression import TableSample as TableSample
+from .expression import tablesample as tablesample
+from .expression import text as text
+from .expression import true as true
+from .expression import True_ as True_
+from .expression import try_cast as try_cast
+from .expression import tuple_ as tuple_
+from .expression import type_coerce as type_coerce
+from .expression import union as union
+from .expression import union_all as union_all
+from .expression import Update as Update
+from .expression import update as update
+from .expression import Values as Values
+from .expression import values as values
+from .expression import within_group as within_group
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor as ClauseVisitor
+
+
+def __go(lcls: Any) -> None:
+    from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+    from . import base
+    from . import coercions
+    from . import elements
+    from . import lambdas
+    from . import selectable
+    from . import schema
+    from . import traversals
+    from . import type_api
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        base.coercions = elements.coercions = coercions
+        base.elements = elements
+        base.type_api = type_api
+        coercions.elements = elements
+        coercions.lambdas = lambdas
+        coercions.schema = schema
+        coercions.selectable = selectable
+
+    from .annotation import _prepare_annotations
+    from .annotation import Annotated
+    from .elements import AnnotatedColumnElement
+    from .elements import ClauseList
+    from .selectable import AnnotatedFromClause
+
+    _prepare_annotations(ColumnElement, AnnotatedColumnElement)
+    _prepare_annotations(FromClause, AnnotatedFromClause)
+    _prepare_annotations(ClauseList, Annotated)
+
+    _sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.sql")
+
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_dml_constructors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_dml_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e66619b76d2675baa5a583be1802350a4a0ce7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_dml_constructors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# sql/_dml_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .dml import Delete
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import Update
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct an :class:`_expression.Insert` object.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import insert
+
+        stmt = (
+            insert(user_table).
+            values(name='username', fullname='Full Username')
+        )
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TableClause.insert` method on
+    :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_insert` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    :param table: :class:`_expression.TableClause`
+     which is the subject of the
+     insert.
+
+    :param values: collection of values to be inserted; see
+     :meth:`_expression.Insert.values`
+     for a description of allowed formats here.
+     Can be omitted entirely; a :class:`_expression.Insert` construct
+     will also dynamically render the VALUES clause at execution time
+     based on the parameters passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+    :param inline: if True, no attempt will be made to retrieve the
+     SQL-generated default values to be provided within the statement;
+     in particular,
+     this allows SQL expressions to be rendered 'inline' within the
+     statement without the need to pre-execute them beforehand; for
+     backends that support "returning", this turns off the "implicit
+     returning" feature for the statement.
+
+    If both :paramref:`_expression.insert.values` and compile-time bind
+    parameters are present, the compile-time bind parameters override the
+    information specified within :paramref:`_expression.insert.values` on a
+    per-key basis.
+
+    The keys within :paramref:`_expression.Insert.values` can be either
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects or their string
+    identifiers. Each key may reference one of:
+
+    * a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.);
+    * a Column object;
+    * a SELECT statement.
+
+    If a ``SELECT`` statement is specified which references this
+    ``INSERT`` statement's table, the statement will be correlated
+    against the ``INSERT`` statement.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_insert` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+def update(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Update:
+    r"""Construct an :class:`_expression.Update` object.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import update
+
+        stmt = (
+            update(user_table).
+            where(user_table.c.id == 5).
+            values(name='user #5')
+        )
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TableClause.update` method on
+    :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    :param table: A :class:`_schema.Table`
+     object representing the database
+     table to be updated.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_update_delete` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    """
+    return Update(table)
+
+
+def delete(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Delete:
+    r"""Construct :class:`_expression.Delete` object.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import delete
+
+        stmt = (
+            delete(user_table).
+            where(user_table.c.id == 5)
+        )
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TableClause.delete` method on
+    :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    :param table: The table to delete rows from.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_update_delete` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    """
+    return Delete(table)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_elements_constructors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_elements_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36a1a5715d7fff0a5d6a35e5afc9c8773266f5e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_elements_constructors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1847 @@
+# sql/_elements_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple as typing_Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import roles
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import Case
+from .elements import Cast
+from .elements import CollationClause
+from .elements import CollectionAggregate
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Extract
+from .elements import False_
+from .elements import FunctionFilter
+from .elements import Label
+from .elements import Null
+from .elements import Over
+from .elements import TextClause
+from .elements import True_
+from .elements import TryCast
+from .elements import Tuple
+from .elements import TypeCoerce
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .elements import WithinGroup
+from .functions import FunctionElement
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ByArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+def all_(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+    """Produce an ALL expression.
+
+    For dialects such as that of PostgreSQL, this operator applies
+    to usage of the :class:`_types.ARRAY` datatype, for that of
+    MySQL, it may apply to a subquery.  e.g.::
+
+        # renders on PostgreSQL:
+        # '5 = ALL (somearray)'
+        expr = 5 == all_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+        # renders on MySQL:
+        # '5 = ALL (SELECT value FROM table)'
+        expr = 5 == all_(select(table.c.value))
+
+    Comparison to NULL may work using ``None``::
+
+        None == all_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+    The any_() / all_() operators also feature a special "operand flipping"
+    behavior such that if any_() / all_() are used on the left side of a
+    comparison using a standalone operator such as ``==``, ``!=``, etc.
+    (not including operator methods such as
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.is_`) the rendered expression is flipped::
+
+        # would render '5 = ALL (column)`
+        all_(mytable.c.column) == 5
+
+    Or with ``None``, which note will not perform
+    the usual step of rendering "IS" as is normally the case for NULL::
+
+        # would render 'NULL = ALL(somearray)'
+        all_(mytable.c.somearray) == None
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4.26  repaired the use of any_() / all_()
+       comparing to NULL on the right side to be flipped to the left.
+
+    The column-level :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.all_` method (not to be
+    confused with :class:`_types.ARRAY` level
+    :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`) is shorthand for
+    ``all_(col)``::
+
+        5 == mytable.c.somearray.all_()
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.all_`
+
+        :func:`_expression.any_`
+
+    """
+    return CollectionAggregate._create_all(expr)
+
+
+def and_(  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+    initial_clause: Union[Literal[True], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+    *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    r"""Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                        and_(
+                            users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                            users_table.c.enrolled == True
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    The :func:`.and_` conjunction is also available using the
+    Python ``&`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+    need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+    operator precedence behavior)::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                        (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') &
+                        (users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+                    )
+
+    The :func:`.and_` operation is also implicit in some cases;
+    the :meth:`_expression.Select.where`
+    method for example can be invoked multiple
+    times against a statement, which will have the effect of each
+    clause being combined using :func:`.and_`::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).\
+                where(users_table.c.name == 'wendy').\
+                where(users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+
+    The :func:`.and_` construct must be given at least one positional
+    argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.and_` construct with no
+    arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+    generated :func:`.and_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+    a "default" element of :func:`_sql.true` (or just ``True``) should be
+    specified::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import true
+        criteria = and_(true(), *expressions)
+
+    The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``true``
+    or ``1 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+    present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.true` value is
+    ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an AND expression that
+    has other elements.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.and_` element now requires that at
+       least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.and_` construct
+       with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+       while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.or_`
+
+    """
+    ...
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # handle deprecated case which allows zero-arguments
+    def and_(*clauses):  # noqa: F811
+        r"""Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                            and_(
+                                users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                                users_table.c.enrolled == True
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``&`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') &
+                            (users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` operation is also implicit in some cases;
+        the :meth:`_expression.Select.where`
+        method for example can be invoked multiple
+        times against a statement, which will have the effect of each
+        clause being combined using :func:`.and_`::
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).\
+                    where(users_table.c.name == 'wendy').\
+                    where(users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+
+        The :func:`.and_` construct must be given at least one positional
+        argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.and_` construct with no
+        arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+        generated :func:`.and_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+        a "default" element of :func:`_sql.true` (or just ``True``) should be
+        specified::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import true
+            criteria = and_(true(), *expressions)
+
+        The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``true``
+        or ``1 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+        present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.true` value
+        is ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an AND expression that
+        has other elements.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.and_` element now requires that at
+          least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.and_` construct
+          with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+          while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.or_`
+
+        """
+        return BooleanClauseList.and_(*clauses)
+
+
+def any_(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+    """Produce an ANY expression.
+
+    For dialects such as that of PostgreSQL, this operator applies
+    to usage of the :class:`_types.ARRAY` datatype, for that of
+    MySQL, it may apply to a subquery.  e.g.::
+
+        # renders on PostgreSQL:
+        # '5 = ANY (somearray)'
+        expr = 5 == any_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+        # renders on MySQL:
+        # '5 = ANY (SELECT value FROM table)'
+        expr = 5 == any_(select(table.c.value))
+
+    Comparison to NULL may work using ``None`` or :func:`_sql.null`::
+
+        None == any_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+    The any_() / all_() operators also feature a special "operand flipping"
+    behavior such that if any_() / all_() are used on the left side of a
+    comparison using a standalone operator such as ``==``, ``!=``, etc.
+    (not including operator methods such as
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.is_`) the rendered expression is flipped::
+
+        # would render '5 = ANY (column)`
+        any_(mytable.c.column) == 5
+
+    Or with ``None``, which note will not perform
+    the usual step of rendering "IS" as is normally the case for NULL::
+
+        # would render 'NULL = ANY(somearray)'
+        any_(mytable.c.somearray) == None
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4.26  repaired the use of any_() / all_()
+       comparing to NULL on the right side to be flipped to the left.
+
+    The column-level :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.any_` method (not to be
+    confused with :class:`_types.ARRAY` level
+    :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`) is shorthand for
+    ``any_(col)``::
+
+        5 = mytable.c.somearray.any_()
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.any_`
+
+        :func:`_expression.all_`
+
+    """
+    return CollectionAggregate._create_any(expr)
+
+
+def asc(
+    column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T],
+) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce an ascending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import asc
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(asc(users_table.c.name))
+
+    will produce SQL as::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name ASC
+
+    The :func:`.asc` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.asc`
+    method available on all SQL expressions,
+    e.g.::
+
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(users_table.c.name.asc())
+
+    :param column: A :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` (e.g.
+     scalar SQL expression)
+     with which to apply the :func:`.asc` operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.desc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_first`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_last`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """
+    return UnaryExpression._create_asc(column)
+
+
+def collate(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[str], collation: str
+) -> BinaryExpression[str]:
+    """Return the clause ``expression COLLATE collation``.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        collate(mycolumn, 'utf8_bin')
+
+    produces::
+
+        mycolumn COLLATE utf8_bin
+
+    The collation expression is also quoted if it is a case sensitive
+    identifier, e.g. contains uppercase characters.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2 quoting is automatically applied to COLLATE
+       expressions if they are case sensitive.
+
+    """
+    return CollationClause._create_collation_expression(expression, collation)
+
+
+def between(
+    expr: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+    lower_bound: Any,
+    upper_bound: Any,
+    symmetric: bool = False,
+) -> BinaryExpression[bool]:
+    """Produce a ``BETWEEN`` predicate clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import between
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(between(users_table.c.id, 5, 7))
+
+    Would produce SQL resembling::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE id BETWEEN :id_1 AND :id_2
+
+    The :func:`.between` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.between` method available on all
+    SQL expressions, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(users_table.c.id.between(5, 7))
+
+    All arguments passed to :func:`.between`, including the left side
+    column expression, are coerced from Python scalar values if a
+    the value is not a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` subclass.
+    For example,
+    three fixed values can be compared as in::
+
+        print(between(5, 3, 7))
+
+    Which would produce::
+
+        :param_1 BETWEEN :param_2 AND :param_3
+
+    :param expr: a column expression, typically a
+     :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+     instance or alternatively a Python scalar expression to be coerced
+     into a column expression, serving as the left side of the ``BETWEEN``
+     expression.
+
+    :param lower_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     lower bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param upper_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     upper bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param symmetric: if True, will render " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC ". Note
+     that not all databases support this syntax.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.between`
+
+    """
+    col_expr = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr)
+    return col_expr.between(lower_bound, upper_bound, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def outparam(
+    key: str, type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None
+) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+    """Create an 'OUT' parameter for usage in functions (stored procedures),
+    for databases which support them.
+
+    The ``outparam`` can be used like a regular function parameter.
+    The "output" value will be available from the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.CursorResult` object via its ``out_parameters``
+    attribute, which returns a dictionary containing the values.
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(key, None, type_=type_, unique=False, isoutparam=True)
+
+
+@overload
+def not_(clause: BinaryExpression[_T]) -> BinaryExpression[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def not_(clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+
+def not_(clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+    """Return a negation of the given clause, i.e. ``NOT(clause)``.
+
+    The ``~`` operator is also overloaded on all
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` subclasses to produce the
+    same result.
+
+    """
+
+    return coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, clause).__invert__()
+
+
+def bindparam(
+    key: Optional[str],
+    value: Any = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    unique: bool = False,
+    required: Union[bool, Literal[_NoArg.NO_ARG]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+    callable_: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+    expanding: bool = False,
+    isoutparam: bool = False,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a "bound expression".
+
+    The return value is an instance of :class:`.BindParameter`; this
+    is a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    subclass which represents a so-called
+    "placeholder" value in a SQL expression, the value of which is
+    supplied at the point at which the statement in executed against a
+    database connection.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy, the :func:`.bindparam` construct has
+    the ability to carry along the actual value that will be ultimately
+    used at expression time.  In this way, it serves not just as
+    a "placeholder" for eventual population, but also as a means of
+    representing so-called "unsafe" values which should not be rendered
+    directly in a SQL statement, but rather should be passed along
+    to the :term:`DBAPI` as values which need to be correctly escaped
+    and potentially handled for type-safety.
+
+    When using :func:`.bindparam` explicitly, the use case is typically
+    one of traditional deferment of parameters; the :func:`.bindparam`
+    construct accepts a name which can then be referred to at execution
+    time::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            users_table.c.name == bindparam("username")
+        )
+
+    The above statement, when rendered, will produce SQL similar to::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name = :username
+
+    In order to populate the value of ``:username`` above, the value
+    would typically be applied at execution time to a method
+    like :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`::
+
+        result = connection.execute(stmt, {"username": "wendy"})
+
+    Explicit use of :func:`.bindparam` is also common when producing
+    UPDATE or DELETE statements that are to be invoked multiple times,
+    where the WHERE criterion of the statement is to change on each
+    invocation, such as::
+
+        stmt = (
+            users_table.update()
+            .where(user_table.c.name == bindparam("username"))
+            .values(fullname=bindparam("fullname"))
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                {"username": "wendy", "fullname": "Wendy Smith"},
+                {"username": "jack", "fullname": "Jack Jones"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    SQLAlchemy's Core expression system makes wide use of
+    :func:`.bindparam` in an implicit sense.   It is typical that Python
+    literal values passed to virtually all SQL expression functions are
+    coerced into fixed :func:`.bindparam` constructs.  For example, given
+    a comparison operation such as::
+
+        expr = users_table.c.name == 'Wendy'
+
+    The above expression will produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression`
+    construct, where the left side is the :class:`_schema.Column` object
+    representing the ``name`` column, and the right side is a
+    :class:`.BindParameter` representing the literal value::
+
+        print(repr(expr.right))
+        BindParameter('%(4327771088 name)s', 'Wendy', type_=String())
+
+    The expression above will render SQL such as::
+
+        user.name = :name_1
+
+    Where the ``:name_1`` parameter name is an anonymous name.  The
+    actual string ``Wendy`` is not in the rendered string, but is carried
+    along where it is later used within statement execution.  If we
+    invoke a statement like the following::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(users_table.c.name == 'Wendy')
+        result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+    We would see SQL logging output as::
+
+        SELECT "user".id, "user".name
+        FROM "user"
+        WHERE "user".name = %(name_1)s
+        {'name_1': 'Wendy'}
+
+    Above, we see that ``Wendy`` is passed as a parameter to the database,
+    while the placeholder ``:name_1`` is rendered in the appropriate form
+    for the target database, in this case the PostgreSQL database.
+
+    Similarly, :func:`.bindparam` is invoked automatically when working
+    with :term:`CRUD` statements as far as the "VALUES" portion is
+    concerned.   The :func:`_expression.insert` construct produces an
+    ``INSERT`` expression which will, at statement execution time, generate
+    bound placeholders based on the arguments passed, as in::
+
+        stmt = users_table.insert()
+        result = connection.execute(stmt, {"name": "Wendy"})
+
+    The above will produce SQL output as::
+
+        INSERT INTO "user" (name) VALUES (%(name)s)
+        {'name': 'Wendy'}
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Insert` construct, at
+    compilation/execution time, rendered a single :func:`.bindparam`
+    mirroring the column name ``name`` as a result of the single ``name``
+    parameter we passed to the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.
+
+    :param key:
+      the key (e.g. the name) for this bind param.
+      Will be used in the generated
+      SQL statement for dialects that use named parameters.  This
+      value may be modified when part of a compilation operation,
+      if other :class:`BindParameter` objects exist with the same
+      key, or if its length is too long and truncation is
+      required.
+
+      If omitted, an "anonymous" name is generated for the bound parameter;
+      when given a value to bind, the end result is equivalent to calling upon
+      the :func:`.literal` function with a value to bind, particularly
+      if the :paramref:`.bindparam.unique` parameter is also provided.
+
+    :param value:
+      Initial value for this bind param.  Will be used at statement
+      execution time as the value for this parameter passed to the
+      DBAPI, if no other value is indicated to the statement execution
+      method for this particular parameter name.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+    :param callable\_:
+      A callable function that takes the place of "value".  The function
+      will be called at statement execution time to determine the
+      ultimate value.   Used for scenarios where the actual bind
+      value cannot be determined at the point at which the clause
+      construct is created, but embedded bind values are still desirable.
+
+    :param type\_:
+      A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance representing an optional
+      datatype for this :func:`.bindparam`.  If not passed, a type
+      may be determined automatically for the bind, based on the given
+      value; for example, trivial Python types such as ``str``,
+      ``int``, ``bool``
+      may result in the :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer` or
+      :class:`.Boolean` types being automatically selected.
+
+      The type of a :func:`.bindparam` is significant especially in that
+      the type will apply pre-processing to the value before it is
+      passed to the database.  For example, a :func:`.bindparam` which
+      refers to a datetime value, and is specified as holding the
+      :class:`.DateTime` type, may apply conversion needed to the
+      value (such as stringification on SQLite) before passing the value
+      to the database.
+
+    :param unique:
+      if True, the key name of this :class:`.BindParameter` will be
+      modified if another :class:`.BindParameter` of the same name
+      already has been located within the containing
+      expression.  This flag is used generally by the internals
+      when producing so-called "anonymous" bound expressions, it
+      isn't generally applicable to explicitly-named :func:`.bindparam`
+      constructs.
+
+    :param required:
+      If ``True``, a value is required at execution time.  If not passed,
+      it defaults to ``True`` if neither :paramref:`.bindparam.value`
+      or :paramref:`.bindparam.callable` were passed.  If either of these
+      parameters are present, then :paramref:`.bindparam.required`
+      defaults to ``False``.
+
+    :param quote:
+      True if this parameter name requires quoting and is not
+      currently known as a SQLAlchemy reserved word; this currently
+      only applies to the Oracle backend, where bound names must
+      sometimes be quoted.
+
+    :param isoutparam:
+      if True, the parameter should be treated like a stored procedure
+      "OUT" parameter.  This applies to backends such as Oracle which
+      support OUT parameters.
+
+    :param expanding:
+      if True, this parameter will be treated as an "expanding" parameter
+      at execution time; the parameter value is expected to be a sequence,
+      rather than a scalar value, and the string SQL statement will
+      be transformed on a per-execution basis to accommodate the sequence
+      with a variable number of parameter slots passed to the DBAPI.
+      This is to allow statement caching to be used in conjunction with
+      an IN clause.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`
+
+        :ref:`baked_in` - with baked queries
+
+      .. note:: The "expanding" feature does not support "executemany"-
+         style parameter sets.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 1.3 the "expanding" bound parameter feature now
+         supports empty lists.
+
+    :param literal_execute:
+      if True, the bound parameter will be rendered in the compile phase
+      with a special "POSTCOMPILE" token, and the SQLAlchemy compiler will
+      render the final value of the parameter into the SQL statement at
+      statement execution time, omitting the value from the parameter
+      dictionary / list passed to DBAPI ``cursor.execute()``.  This
+      produces a similar effect as that of using the ``literal_binds``,
+      compilation flag,  however takes place as the statement is sent to
+      the DBAPI ``cursor.execute()`` method, rather than when the statement
+      is compiled.   The primary use of this
+      capability is for rendering LIMIT / OFFSET clauses for database
+      drivers that can't accommodate for bound parameters in these
+      contexts, while allowing SQL constructs to be cacheable at the
+      compilation level.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added "post compile" bound parameters
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`change_4808`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_sending_parameters` - in the
+        :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(
+        key,
+        value,
+        type_,
+        unique,
+        required,
+        quote,
+        callable_,
+        expanding,
+        isoutparam,
+        literal_execute,
+    )
+
+
+def case(
+    *whens: Union[
+        typing_Tuple[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], Any], Mapping[Any, Any]
+    ],
+    value: Optional[Any] = None,
+    else_: Optional[Any] = None,
+) -> Case[Any]:
+    r"""Produce a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+    The ``CASE`` construct in SQL is a conditional object that
+    acts somewhat analogously to an "if/then" construct in other
+    languages.  It returns an instance of :class:`.Case`.
+
+    :func:`.case` in its usual form is passed a series of "when"
+    constructs, that is, a list of conditions and results as tuples::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).\
+                    where(
+                        case(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J'),
+                            else_='E'
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    The above statement will produce SQL resembling::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+        WHERE CASE
+            WHEN (name = :name_1) THEN :param_1
+            WHEN (name = :name_2) THEN :param_2
+            ELSE :param_3
+        END
+
+    When simple equality expressions of several values against a single
+    parent column are needed, :func:`.case` also has a "shorthand" format
+    used via the
+    :paramref:`.case.value` parameter, which is passed a column
+    expression to be compared.  In this form, the :paramref:`.case.whens`
+    parameter is passed as a dictionary containing expressions to be
+    compared against keyed to result expressions.  The statement below is
+    equivalent to the preceding statement::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).\
+                    where(
+                        case(
+                            {"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"},
+                            value=users_table.c.name,
+                            else_='E'
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    The values which are accepted as result values in
+    :paramref:`.case.whens` as well as with :paramref:`.case.else_` are
+    coerced from Python literals into :func:`.bindparam` constructs.
+    SQL expressions, e.g. :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` constructs,
+    are accepted
+    as well.  To coerce a literal string expression into a constant
+    expression rendered inline, use the :func:`_expression.literal_column`
+    construct,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case, literal_column
+
+        case(
+            (
+                orderline.c.qty > 100,
+                literal_column("'greaterthan100'")
+            ),
+            (
+                orderline.c.qty > 10,
+                literal_column("'greaterthan10'")
+            ),
+            else_=literal_column("'lessthan10'")
+        )
+
+    The above will render the given constants without using bound
+    parameters for the result values (but still for the comparison
+    values), as in::
+
+        CASE
+            WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_1) THEN 'greaterthan100'
+            WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_2) THEN 'greaterthan10'
+            ELSE 'lessthan10'
+        END
+
+    :param \*whens: The criteria to be compared against,
+     :paramref:`.case.whens` accepts two different forms, based on
+     whether or not :paramref:`.case.value` is used.
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :func:`_sql.case`
+        function now accepts the series of WHEN conditions positionally
+
+     In the first form, it accepts multiple 2-tuples passed as positional
+     arguments; each 2-tuple consists of ``(<sql expression>, <value>)``,
+     where the SQL expression is a boolean expression and "value" is a
+     resulting value, e.g.::
+
+        case(
+            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+            (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+        )
+
+     In the second form, it accepts a Python dictionary of comparison
+     values mapped to a resulting value; this form requires
+     :paramref:`.case.value` to be present, and values will be compared
+     using the ``==`` operator, e.g.::
+
+        case(
+            {"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"},
+            value=users_table.c.name
+        )
+
+    :param value: An optional SQL expression which will be used as a
+      fixed "comparison point" for candidate values within a dictionary
+      passed to :paramref:`.case.whens`.
+
+    :param else\_: An optional SQL expression which will be the evaluated
+      result of the ``CASE`` construct if all expressions within
+      :paramref:`.case.whens` evaluate to false.  When omitted, most
+      databases will produce a result of NULL if none of the "when"
+      expressions evaluate to true.
+
+
+    """
+    return Case(*whens, value=value, else_=else_)
+
+
+def cast(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+) -> Cast[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+    :func:`.cast` returns an instance of :class:`.Cast`.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select(cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4)))
+
+    The above statement will produce SQL resembling::
+
+        SELECT CAST(unit_price AS NUMERIC(10, 4)) FROM product
+
+    The :func:`.cast` function performs two distinct functions when
+    used.  The first is that it renders the ``CAST`` expression within
+    the resulting SQL string.  The second is that it associates the given
+    type (e.g. :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance) with the column
+    expression on the Python side, which means the expression will take
+    on the expression operator behavior associated with that type,
+    as well as the bound-value handling and result-row-handling behavior
+    of the type.
+
+    An alternative to :func:`.cast` is the :func:`.type_coerce` function.
+    This function performs the second task of associating an expression
+    with a specific type, but does not render the ``CAST`` expression
+    in SQL.
+
+    :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a
+     :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+     expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound
+     literal value.
+
+    :param type\_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+     the type to which the ``CAST`` should apply.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+        :func:`.try_cast` - an alternative to CAST that results in
+        NULLs when the cast fails, instead of raising an error.
+        Only supported by some dialects.
+
+        :func:`.type_coerce` - an alternative to CAST that coerces the type
+        on the Python side only, which is often sufficient to generate the
+        correct SQL and data coercion.
+
+
+    """
+    return Cast(expression, type_)
+
+
+def try_cast(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+) -> TryCast[_T]:
+    """Produce a ``TRY_CAST`` expression for backends which support it;
+    this is a ``CAST`` which returns NULL for un-castable conversions.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy, this construct is supported **only** by the SQL Server
+    dialect, and will raise a :class:`.CompileError` if used on other
+    included backends.  However, third party backends may also support
+    this construct.
+
+    .. tip:: As :func:`_sql.try_cast` originates from the SQL Server dialect,
+       it's importable both from ``sqlalchemy.`` as well as from
+       ``sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql``.
+
+    :func:`_sql.try_cast` returns an instance of :class:`.TryCast` and
+    generally behaves similarly to the :class:`.Cast` construct;
+    at the SQL level, the difference between ``CAST`` and ``TRY_CAST``
+    is that ``TRY_CAST`` returns NULL for an un-castable expression,
+    such as attempting to cast a string ``"hi"`` to an integer value.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select, try_cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select(
+            try_cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4))
+        )
+
+    The above would render on Microsoft SQL Server as::
+
+        SELECT TRY_CAST (product_table.unit_price AS NUMERIC(10, 4))
+        FROM product_table
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.14  :func:`.try_cast` has been
+       generalized from the SQL Server dialect into a general use
+       construct that may be supported by additional dialects.
+
+    """
+    return TryCast(expression, type_)
+
+
+def column(
+    text: str,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    is_literal: bool = False,
+    _selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+) -> ColumnClause[_T]:
+    """Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object.
+
+    The :class:`.ColumnClause` is a lightweight analogue to the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` class.  The :func:`_expression.column`
+    function can
+    be invoked with just a name alone, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select(id, name).select_from("user")
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL like::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+    Once constructed, :func:`_expression.column`
+    may be used like any other SQL
+    expression element such as within :func:`_expression.select`
+    constructs::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select(id, name).select_from("user")
+
+    The text handled by :func:`_expression.column`
+    is assumed to be handled
+    like the name of a database column; if the string contains mixed case,
+    special characters, or matches a known reserved word on the target
+    backend, the column expression will render using the quoting
+    behavior determined by the backend.  To produce a textual SQL
+    expression that is rendered exactly without any quoting,
+    use :func:`_expression.literal_column` instead,
+    or pass ``True`` as the
+    value of :paramref:`_expression.column.is_literal`.   Additionally,
+    full SQL
+    statements are best handled using the :func:`_expression.text`
+    construct.
+
+    :func:`_expression.column` can be used in a table-like
+    fashion by combining it with the :func:`.table` function
+    (which is the lightweight analogue to :class:`_schema.Table`
+    ) to produce
+    a working table construct with minimal boilerplate::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column, select
+
+        user = table("user",
+                column("id"),
+                column("name"),
+                column("description"),
+        )
+
+        stmt = select(user.c.description).where(user.c.name == 'wendy')
+
+    A :func:`_expression.column` / :func:`.table`
+    construct like that illustrated
+    above can be created in an
+    ad-hoc fashion and is not associated with any
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData`, DDL, or events, unlike its
+    :class:`_schema.Table` counterpart.
+
+    :param text: the text of the element.
+
+    :param type: :class:`_types.TypeEngine` object which can associate
+      this :class:`.ColumnClause` with a type.
+
+    :param is_literal: if True, the :class:`.ColumnClause` is assumed to
+      be an exact expression that will be delivered to the output with no
+      quoting rules applied regardless of case sensitive settings. the
+      :func:`_expression.literal_column()` function essentially invokes
+      :func:`_expression.column` while passing ``is_literal=True``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+
+        :func:`_expression.literal_column`
+
+        :func:`.table`
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_select_arbitrary_text`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnClause(text, type_, is_literal, _selectable)
+
+
+def desc(
+    column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T],
+) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce a descending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(desc(users_table.c.name))
+
+    will produce SQL as::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC
+
+    The :func:`.desc` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.desc`
+    method available on all SQL expressions,
+    e.g.::
+
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(users_table.c.name.desc())
+
+    :param column: A :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` (e.g.
+     scalar SQL expression)
+     with which to apply the :func:`.desc` operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.asc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_first`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_last`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """
+    return UnaryExpression._create_desc(column)
+
+
+def distinct(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce an column-expression-level unary ``DISTINCT`` clause.
+
+    This applies the ``DISTINCT`` keyword to an **individual column
+    expression** (e.g. not the whole statement), and renders **specifically
+    in that column position**; this is used for containment within
+    an aggregate function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import distinct, func
+        stmt = select(users_table.c.id, func.count(distinct(users_table.c.name)))
+
+    The above would produce an statement resembling::
+
+        SELECT user.id, count(DISTINCT user.name) FROM user
+
+    .. tip:: The :func:`_sql.distinct` function does **not** apply DISTINCT
+       to the full SELECT statement, instead applying a DISTINCT modifier
+       to **individual column expressions**.  For general ``SELECT DISTINCT``
+       support, use the
+       :meth:`_sql.Select.distinct` method on :class:`_sql.Select`.
+
+    The :func:`.distinct` function is also available as a column-level
+    method, e.g. :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.distinct`, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(func.count(users_table.c.name.distinct()))
+
+    The :func:`.distinct` operator is different from the
+    :meth:`_expression.Select.distinct` method of
+    :class:`_expression.Select`,
+    which produces a ``SELECT`` statement
+    with ``DISTINCT`` applied to the result set as a whole,
+    e.g. a ``SELECT DISTINCT`` expression.  See that method for further
+    information.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.distinct`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.distinct`
+
+        :data:`.func`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return UnaryExpression._create_distinct(expr)
+
+
+def bitwise_not(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce a unary bitwise NOT clause, typically via the ``~`` operator.
+
+    Not to be confused with boolean negation :func:`_sql.not_`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+
+    """
+
+    return UnaryExpression._create_bitwise_not(expr)
+
+
+def extract(field: str, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Extract:
+    """Return a :class:`.Extract` construct.
+
+    This is typically available as :func:`.extract`
+    as well as ``func.extract`` from the
+    :data:`.func` namespace.
+
+    :param field: The field to extract.
+
+    :param expr: A column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+      right side of the ``EXTRACT`` expression.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import extract
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        logged_table = table("user",
+                column("id"),
+                column("date_created"),
+        )
+
+        stmt = select(logged_table.c.id).where(
+            extract("YEAR", logged_table.c.date_created) == 2021
+        )
+
+    In the above example, the statement is used to select ids from the
+    database where the ``YEAR`` component matches a specific value.
+
+    Similarly, one can also select an extracted component::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            extract("YEAR", logged_table.c.date_created)
+        ).where(logged_table.c.id == 1)
+
+    The implementation of ``EXTRACT`` may vary across database backends.
+    Users are reminded to consult their database documentation.
+    """
+    return Extract(field, expr)
+
+
+def false() -> False_:
+    """Return a :class:`.False_` construct.
+
+    E.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import false
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(false()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+    A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+    an expression against 1 or 0:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(false()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE 0 = 1
+
+    The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+    "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+    conjunction:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE true{stop}
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE false{stop}
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.true`
+
+    """
+
+    return False_._instance()
+
+
+def funcfilter(
+    func: FunctionElement[_T], *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+) -> FunctionFilter[_T]:
+    """Produce a :class:`.FunctionFilter` object against a function.
+
+    Used against aggregate and window functions,
+    for database backends that support the "FILTER" clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
+        funcfilter(func.count(1), MyClass.name == 'some name')
+
+    Would produce "COUNT(1) FILTER (WHERE myclass.name = 'some name')".
+
+    This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+    construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter` method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` - in the
+        :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`
+
+    """
+    return FunctionFilter(func, *criterion)
+
+
+def label(
+    name: str,
+    element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+) -> Label[_T]:
+    """Return a :class:`Label` object for the
+    given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+
+    A label changes the name of an element in the columns clause of a
+    ``SELECT`` statement, typically via the ``AS`` SQL keyword.
+
+    This functionality is more conveniently available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.label` method on
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+
+    :param name: label name
+
+    :param obj: a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+
+    """
+    return Label(name, element, type_)
+
+
+def null() -> Null:
+    """Return a constant :class:`.Null` construct."""
+
+    return Null._instance()
+
+
+def nulls_first(column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce the ``NULLS FIRST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+    :func:`.nulls_first` is intended to modify the expression produced
+    by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+    should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc, nulls_first
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(
+            nulls_first(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+    The SQL expression from the above would resemble::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS FIRST
+
+    Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nulls_first` is typically
+    invoked from the column expression itself using
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.nulls_first`,
+    rather than as its standalone
+    function version, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(
+            users_table.c.name.desc().nulls_first())
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :func:`.nulls_first` is renamed from
+        :func:`.nullsfirst` in previous releases.
+        The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.asc`
+
+        :func:`.desc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_last`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """
+    return UnaryExpression._create_nulls_first(column)
+
+
+def nulls_last(column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce the ``NULLS LAST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+    :func:`.nulls_last` is intended to modify the expression produced
+    by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+    should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc, nulls_last
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(
+            nulls_last(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+    The SQL expression from the above would resemble::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS LAST
+
+    Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nulls_last` is typically
+    invoked from the column expression itself using
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.nulls_last`,
+    rather than as its standalone
+    function version, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(
+            users_table.c.name.desc().nulls_last())
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :func:`.nulls_last` is renamed from
+        :func:`.nullslast` in previous releases.
+        The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.asc`
+
+        :func:`.desc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_first`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """
+    return UnaryExpression._create_nulls_last(column)
+
+
+def or_(  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+    initial_clause: Union[Literal[False], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+    *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                        or_(
+                            users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                            users_table.c.name == 'jack'
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    The :func:`.or_` conjunction is also available using the
+    Python ``|`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+    need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+    operator precedence behavior)::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                        (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') |
+                        (users_table.c.name == 'jack')
+                    )
+
+    The :func:`.or_` construct must be given at least one positional
+    argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.or_` construct with no
+    arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+    generated :func:`.or_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+    a "default" element of :func:`_sql.false` (or just ``False``) should be
+    specified::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import false
+        or_criteria = or_(false(), *expressions)
+
+    The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``false``
+    or ``0 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+    present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.false` value is
+    ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an OR expression which
+    has other elements.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.or_` element now requires that at
+       least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.or_` construct
+       with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+       while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.and_`
+
+    """
+    ...
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # handle deprecated case which allows zero-arguments
+    def or_(*clauses):  # noqa: F811
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                            or_(
+                                users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                                users_table.c.name == 'jack'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.or_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``|`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') |
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'jack')
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.or_` construct must be given at least one positional
+        argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.or_` construct with no
+        arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+        generated :func:`.or_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+        a "default" element of :func:`_sql.false` (or just ``False``) should be
+        specified::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import false
+            or_criteria = or_(false(), *expressions)
+
+        The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``false``
+        or ``0 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+        present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.false` value
+        is ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an OR expression which
+        has other elements.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.or_` element now requires that at
+           least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.or_` construct
+           with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+           while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.and_`
+
+        """
+        return BooleanClauseList.or_(*clauses)
+
+
+def over(
+    element: FunctionElement[_T],
+    partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+    order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+    range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+) -> Over[_T]:
+    r"""Produce an :class:`.Over` object against a function.
+
+    Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+    for database backends that support window functions.
+
+    :func:`_expression.over` is usually called using
+    the :meth:`.FunctionElement.over` method, e.g.::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by=mytable.c.some_column)
+
+    Would produce::
+
+        ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY some_column)
+
+    Ranges are also possible using the :paramref:`.expression.over.range_`
+    and :paramref:`.expression.over.rows` parameters.  These
+    mutually-exclusive parameters each accept a 2-tuple, which contains
+    a combination of integers and None::
+
+        func.row_number().over(
+            order_by=my_table.c.some_column, range_=(None, 0))
+
+    The above would produce::
+
+        ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY some_column
+        RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
+
+    A value of ``None`` indicates "unbounded", a
+    value of zero indicates "current row", and negative / positive
+    integers indicate "preceding" and "following":
+
+    * RANGE BETWEEN 5 PRECEDING AND 10 FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by='x', range_=(-5, 10))
+
+    * ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by='x', rows=(None, 0))
+
+    * RANGE BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by='x', range_=(-2, None))
+
+    * RANGE BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 3 FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by='x', range_=(1, 3))
+
+    :param element: a :class:`.FunctionElement`, :class:`.WithinGroup`,
+     or other compatible construct.
+    :param partition_by: a column element or string, or a list
+     of such, that will be used as the PARTITION BY clause
+     of the OVER construct.
+    :param order_by: a column element or string, or a list
+     of such, that will be used as the ORDER BY clause
+     of the OVER construct.
+    :param range\_: optional range clause for the window.  This is a
+     tuple value which can contain integer values or ``None``,
+     and will render a RANGE BETWEEN PRECEDING / FOLLOWING clause.
+
+    :param rows: optional rows clause for the window.  This is a tuple
+     value which can contain integer values or None, and will render
+     a ROWS BETWEEN PRECEDING / FOLLOWING clause.
+
+    This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+    construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.over` method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_window_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :data:`.expression.func`
+
+        :func:`_expression.within_group`
+
+    """
+    return Over(element, partition_by, order_by, range_, rows)
+
+
+@_document_text_coercion("text", ":func:`.text`", ":paramref:`.text.text`")
+def text(text: str) -> TextClause:
+    r"""Construct a new :class:`_expression.TextClause` clause,
+    representing
+    a textual SQL string directly.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+        result = connection.execute(t)
+
+    The advantages :func:`_expression.text`
+    provides over a plain string are
+    backend-neutral support for bind parameters, per-statement
+    execution options, as well as
+    bind parameter and result-column typing behavior, allowing
+    SQLAlchemy type constructs to play a role when executing
+    a statement that is specified literally.  The construct can also
+    be provided with a ``.c`` collection of column elements, allowing
+    it to be embedded in other SQL expression constructs as a subquery.
+
+    Bind parameters are specified by name, using the format ``:name``.
+    E.g.::
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:user_id")
+        result = connection.execute(t, {"user_id": 12})
+
+    For SQL statements where a colon is required verbatim, as within
+    an inline string, use a backslash to escape::
+
+        t = text(r"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name='\:username'")
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TextClause`
+    construct includes methods which can
+    provide information about the bound parameters as well as the column
+    values which would be returned from the textual statement, assuming
+    it's an executable SELECT type of statement.  The
+    :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+    method is used to provide bound
+    parameter detail, and :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`
+    method allows
+    specification of return columns including names and types::
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:user_id").\
+                bindparams(user_id=7).\
+                columns(id=Integer, name=String)
+
+        for id, name in connection.execute(t):
+            print(id, name)
+
+    The :func:`_expression.text` construct is used in cases when
+    a literal string SQL fragment is specified as part of a larger query,
+    such as for the WHERE clause of a SELECT statement::
+
+        s = select(users.c.id, users.c.name).where(text("id=:user_id"))
+        result = connection.execute(s, {"user_id": 12})
+
+    :func:`_expression.text` is also used for the construction
+    of a full, standalone statement using plain text.
+    As such, SQLAlchemy refers
+    to it as an :class:`.Executable` object and may be used
+    like any other statement passed to an ``.execute()`` method.
+
+    :param text:
+      the text of the SQL statement to be created.  Use ``:<param>``
+      to specify bind parameters; they will be compiled to their
+      engine-specific format.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_select_arbitrary_text`
+
+    """
+    return TextClause(text)
+
+
+def true() -> True_:
+    """Return a constant :class:`.True_` construct.
+
+    E.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import true
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(true()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+    A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+    an expression against 1 or 0:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(true()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE 1 = 1
+
+    The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+    "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+    conjunction:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE true{stop}
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE false{stop}
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.false`
+
+    """
+
+    return True_._instance()
+
+
+def tuple_(
+    *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    types: Optional[Sequence[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]]] = None,
+) -> Tuple:
+    """Return a :class:`.Tuple`.
+
+    Main usage is to produce a composite IN construct using
+    :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_` ::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+        tuple_(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).in_(
+            [(1, 2), (5, 12), (10, 19)]
+        )
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.3.6 Added support for SQLite IN tuples.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        The composite IN construct is not supported by all backends, and is
+        currently known to work on PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.
+        Unsupported backends will raise a subclass of
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DBAPIError` when such an expression is
+        invoked.
+
+    """
+    return Tuple(*clauses, types=types)
+
+
+def type_coerce(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+) -> TypeCoerce[_T]:
+    r"""Associate a SQL expression with a particular type, without rendering
+    ``CAST``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
+
+        stmt = select(type_coerce(log_table.date_string, StringDateTime()))
+
+    The above construct will produce a :class:`.TypeCoerce` object, which
+    does not modify the rendering in any way on the SQL side, with the
+    possible exception of a generated label if used in a columns clause
+    context:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT date_string AS date_string FROM log
+
+    When result rows are fetched, the ``StringDateTime`` type processor
+    will be applied to result rows on behalf of the ``date_string`` column.
+
+    .. note:: the :func:`.type_coerce` construct does not render any
+       SQL syntax of its own, including that it does not imply
+       parenthesization.   Please use :meth:`.TypeCoerce.self_group`
+       if explicit parenthesization is required.
+
+    In order to provide a named label for the expression, use
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.label`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            type_coerce(log_table.date_string, StringDateTime()).label('date')
+        )
+
+
+    A type that features bound-value handling will also have that behavior
+    take effect when literal values or :func:`.bindparam` constructs are
+    passed to :func:`.type_coerce` as targets.
+    For example, if a type implements the
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_expression`
+    method or :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method or equivalent,
+    these functions will take effect at statement compilation/execution
+    time when a literal value is passed, as in::
+
+        # bound-value handling of MyStringType will be applied to the
+        # literal value "some string"
+        stmt = select(type_coerce("some string", MyStringType))
+
+    When using :func:`.type_coerce` with composed expressions, note that
+    **parenthesis are not applied**.   If :func:`.type_coerce` is being
+    used in an operator context where the parenthesis normally present from
+    CAST are necessary, use the :meth:`.TypeCoerce.self_group` method:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> some_integer = column("someint", Integer)
+        >>> some_string = column("somestr", String)
+        >>> expr = type_coerce(some_integer + 5, String) + some_string
+        >>> print(expr)
+        {printsql}someint + :someint_1 || somestr{stop}
+        >>> expr = type_coerce(some_integer + 5, String).self_group() + some_string
+        >>> print(expr)
+        {printsql}(someint + :someint_1) || somestr{stop}
+
+    :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a
+     :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+     expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound
+     literal value.
+
+    :param type\_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+     the type to which the expression is coerced.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """  # noqa
+    return TypeCoerce(expression, type_)
+
+
+def within_group(
+    element: FunctionElement[_T], *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+) -> WithinGroup[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a :class:`.WithinGroup` object against a function.
+
+    Used against so-called "ordered set aggregate" and "hypothetical
+    set aggregate" functions, including :class:`.percentile_cont`,
+    :class:`.rank`, :class:`.dense_rank`, etc.
+
+    :func:`_expression.within_group` is usually called using
+    the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group` method, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import within_group
+        stmt = select(
+            department.c.id,
+            func.percentile_cont(0.5).within_group(
+                department.c.salary.desc()
+            )
+        )
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL similar to
+    ``SELECT department.id, percentile_cont(0.5)
+    WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY department.salary DESC)``.
+
+    :param element: a :class:`.FunctionElement` construct, typically
+     generated by :data:`~.expression.func`.
+    :param \*order_by: one or more column elements that will be used
+     as the ORDER BY clause of the WITHIN GROUP construct.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` - in the
+        :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :data:`.expression.func`
+
+        :func:`_expression.over`
+
+    """
+    return WithinGroup(element, *order_by)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_orm_types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_orm_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..360471b344a4156bdd795005937db59bbcf0223f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_orm_types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# sql/_orm_types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""ORM types that need to present specifically for **documentation only** of
+the Executable.execution_options() method, which includes options that
+are meaningful to the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+SynchronizeSessionArgument = Literal[False, "auto", "evaluate", "fetch"]
+DMLStrategyArgument = Literal["bulk", "raw", "orm", "auto"]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_py_util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_py_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8228ba1c2d1176dc2b16fb456122d6f565cd8650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_py_util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# sql/_py_util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .cache_key import CacheConst
+
+
+class prefix_anon_map(Dict[str, str]):
+    """A map that creates new keys for missing key access.
+
+    Considers keys of the form "<ident> <name>" to produce
+    new symbols "<name>_<index>", where "index" is an incrementing integer
+    corresponding to <name>.
+
+    Inlines the approach taken by :class:`sqlalchemy.util.PopulateDict` which
+    is otherwise usually used for this type of operation.
+
+    """
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        (ident, derived) = key.split(" ", 1)
+        anonymous_counter = self.get(derived, 1)
+        self[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1  # type: ignore
+        value = f"{derived}_{anonymous_counter}"
+        self[key] = value
+        return value
+
+
+class cache_anon_map(
+    Dict[Union[int, "Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]"], Union[Literal[True], str]]
+):
+    """A map that creates new keys for missing key access.
+
+    Produces an incrementing sequence given a series of unique keys.
+
+    This is similar to the compiler prefix_anon_map class although simpler.
+
+    Inlines the approach taken by :class:`sqlalchemy.util.PopulateDict` which
+    is otherwise usually used for this type of operation.
+
+    """
+
+    _index = 0
+
+    def get_anon(self, object_: Any) -> Tuple[str, bool]:
+        idself = id(object_)
+        if idself in self:
+            s_val = self[idself]
+            assert s_val is not True
+            return s_val, True
+        else:
+            # inline of __missing__
+            self[idself] = id_ = str(self._index)
+            self._index += 1
+
+            return id_, False
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: int) -> str:
+        self[key] = val = str(self._index)
+        self._index += 1
+        return val
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_selectable_constructors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_selectable_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45b01403b5e3f092e71d0ba127c338cdc55ad3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_selectable_constructors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+# sql/_selectable_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import roles
+from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+from ._typing import _no_kw
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .selectable import Alias
+from .selectable import CompoundSelect
+from .selectable import Exists
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import Join
+from .selectable import Lateral
+from .selectable import LateralFromClause
+from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+from .selectable import Select
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .selectable import TableSample
+from .selectable import Values
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    from ._typing import _T0
+    from ._typing import _T1
+    from ._typing import _T2
+    from ._typing import _T3
+    from ._typing import _T4
+    from ._typing import _T5
+    from ._typing import _T6
+    from ._typing import _T7
+    from ._typing import _T8
+    from ._typing import _T9
+    from ._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .selectable import CTE
+    from .selectable import HasCTE
+    from .selectable import ScalarSelect
+    from .selectable import SelectBase
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+def alias(
+    selectable: FromClause, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+) -> NamedFromClause:
+    """Return a named alias of the given :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    For :class:`.Table` and :class:`.Join` objects, the return type is the
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` object. Other kinds of :class:`.NamedFromClause`
+    objects may be returned for other kinds of :class:`.FromClause` objects.
+
+    The named alias represents any :class:`_expression.FromClause` with an
+    alternate name assigned within SQL, typically using the ``AS`` clause when
+    generated, e.g. ``SELECT * FROM table AS aliasname``.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+    method available on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects.
+
+    :param selectable: any :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclass,
+        such as a table, select statement, etc.
+
+    :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias.
+        If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated at compile
+        time. Deterministic means the name is guaranteed to be unique against
+        other constructs used in the same statement, and will also be the same
+        name for each successive compilation of the same statement object.
+
+    :param flat: Will be passed through to if the given selectable
+     is an instance of :class:`_expression.Join` - see
+     :meth:`_expression.Join.alias` for details.
+
+    """
+    return Alias._factory(selectable, name=name, flat=flat)
+
+
+def cte(
+    selectable: HasCTE, name: Optional[str] = None, recursive: bool = False
+) -> CTE:
+    r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE`,
+    or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+    Please see :meth:`_expression.HasCTE.cte` for detail on CTE usage.
+
+    """
+    return coercions.expect(roles.HasCTERole, selectable).cte(
+        name=name, recursive=recursive
+    )
+
+
+def except_(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+) -> CompoundSelect:
+    r"""Return an ``EXCEPT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_except(*selects)
+
+
+def except_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+) -> CompoundSelect:
+    r"""Return an ``EXCEPT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_except_all(*selects)
+
+
+def exists(
+    __argument: Optional[
+        Union[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], SelectBase, ScalarSelect[Any]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> Exists:
+    """Construct a new :class:`_expression.Exists` construct.
+
+    The :func:`_sql.exists` can be invoked by itself to produce an
+    :class:`_sql.Exists` construct, which will accept simple WHERE
+    criteria::
+
+        exists_criteria = exists().where(table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col2)
+
+    However, for greater flexibility in constructing the SELECT, an
+    existing :class:`_sql.Select` construct may be converted to an
+    :class:`_sql.Exists`, most conveniently by making use of the
+    :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` method::
+
+        exists_criteria = (
+            select(table2.c.col2).
+            where(table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col2).
+            exists()
+        )
+
+    The EXISTS criteria is then used inside of an enclosing SELECT::
+
+        stmt = select(table1.c.col1).where(exists_criteria)
+
+    The above statement will then be of the form::
+
+        SELECT col1 FROM table1 WHERE EXISTS
+        (SELECT table2.col2 FROM table2 WHERE table2.col2 = table1.col1)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_exists` - in the :term:`2.0 style` tutorial.
+
+        :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` - method to transform a ``SELECT`` to an
+        ``EXISTS`` clause.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    return Exists(__argument)
+
+
+def intersect(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+) -> CompoundSelect:
+    r"""Return an ``INTERSECT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_intersect(*selects)
+
+
+def intersect_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+) -> CompoundSelect:
+    r"""Return an ``INTERSECT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all(*selects)
+
+
+def join(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    isouter: bool = False,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> Join:
+    """Produce a :class:`_expression.Join` object, given two
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+    expressions.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        j = join(user_table, address_table,
+                 user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+        stmt = select(user_table).select_from(j)
+
+    would emit SQL along the lines of::
+
+        SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+        JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+    Similar functionality is available given any
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` object (e.g. such as a
+    :class:`_schema.Table`) using
+    the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` method.
+
+    :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+    :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+     :class:`_expression.FromClause` object such as a
+     :class:`_schema.Table` object, and
+     may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+     class.
+
+    :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+     join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+     will attempt to
+     join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+    :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+    :param full: if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` - method form,
+        based on a given left side.
+
+        :class:`_expression.Join` - the type of object produced.
+
+    """
+
+    return Join(left, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+
+def lateral(
+    selectable: Union[SelectBase, _FromClauseArgument],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> LateralFromClause:
+    """Return a :class:`_expression.Lateral` object.
+
+    :class:`_expression.Lateral` is an :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    subclass that represents
+    a subquery with the LATERAL keyword applied to it.
+
+    The special behavior of a LATERAL subquery is that it appears in the
+    FROM clause of an enclosing SELECT, but may correlate to other
+    FROM clauses of that SELECT.   It is a special case of subquery
+    only supported by a small number of backends, currently more recent
+    PostgreSQL versions.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+    """
+    return Lateral._factory(selectable, name=name)
+
+
+def outerjoin(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> Join:
+    """Return an ``OUTER JOIN`` clause element.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+    Similar functionality is also available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.outerjoin` method on any
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+    :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+    :param right: The right side of the join.
+
+    :param onclause:  Optional criterion for the ``ON`` clause, is
+      derived from foreign key relationships established between
+      left and right otherwise.
+
+    To chain joins together, use the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+    or
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.outerjoin` methods on the resulting
+    :class:`_expression.Join` object.
+
+    """
+    return Join(left, right, onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+
+# START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS select Select 1-10
+
+# code within this block is **programmatically,
+# statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+
+@overload
+def select(__ent0: _TCCA[_T0]) -> Select[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    __ent8: _TCCA[_T8],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7, _T8]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    __ent8: _TCCA[_T8],
+    __ent9: _TCCA[_T9],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7, _T8, _T9]]: ...
+
+
+# END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS select
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+) -> Select[Any]: ...
+
+
+def select(*entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any) -> Select[Any]:
+    r"""Construct a new :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 - The :func:`_sql.select` function now accepts
+       column arguments positionally.   The top-level :func:`_sql.select`
+       function will automatically use the 1.x or 2.x style API based on
+       the incoming arguments; using :func:`_sql.select` from the
+       ``sqlalchemy.future`` module will enforce that only the 2.x style
+       constructor is used.
+
+    Similar functionality is also available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.select` method on any
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+    :param \*entities:
+      Entities to SELECT from.  For Core usage, this is typically a series
+      of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` and / or
+      :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+      objects which will form the columns clause of the resulting
+      statement.   For those objects that are instances of
+      :class:`_expression.FromClause` (typically :class:`_schema.Table`
+      or :class:`_expression.Alias`
+      objects), the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.c`
+      collection is extracted
+      to form a collection of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects.
+
+      This parameter will also accept :class:`_expression.TextClause`
+      constructs as
+      given, as well as ORM-mapped classes.
+
+    """
+    # the keyword args are a necessary element in order for the typing
+    # to work out w/ the varargs vs. having named "keyword" arguments that
+    # aren't always present.
+    if __kw:
+        raise _no_kw()
+    return Select(*entities)
+
+
+def table(name: str, *columns: ColumnClause[Any], **kw: Any) -> TableClause:
+    """Produce a new :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+    The object returned is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.TableClause`, which
+    represents the "syntactical" portion of the schema-level
+    :class:`_schema.Table` object.
+    It may be used to construct lightweight table constructs.
+
+    :param name: Name of the table.
+
+    :param columns: A collection of :func:`_expression.column` constructs.
+
+    :param schema: The schema name for this table.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.18 :func:`_expression.table` can now
+           accept a ``schema`` argument.
+    """
+
+    return TableClause(name, *columns, **kw)
+
+
+def tablesample(
+    selectable: _FromClauseArgument,
+    sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+) -> TableSample:
+    """Return a :class:`_expression.TableSample` object.
+
+    :class:`_expression.TableSample` is an :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    subclass that represents
+    a table with the TABLESAMPLE clause applied to it.
+    :func:`_expression.tablesample`
+    is also available from the :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+    class via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.tablesample` method.
+
+    The TABLESAMPLE clause allows selecting a randomly selected approximate
+    percentage of rows from a table. It supports multiple sampling methods,
+    most commonly BERNOULLI and SYSTEM.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+
+        selectable = people.tablesample(
+                    func.bernoulli(1),
+                    name='alias',
+                    seed=func.random())
+        stmt = select(selectable.c.people_id)
+
+    Assuming ``people`` with a column ``people_id``, the above
+    statement would render as::
+
+        SELECT alias.people_id FROM
+        people AS alias TABLESAMPLE bernoulli(:bernoulli_1)
+        REPEATABLE (random())
+
+    :param sampling: a ``float`` percentage between 0 and 100 or
+        :class:`_functions.Function`.
+
+    :param name: optional alias name
+
+    :param seed: any real-valued SQL expression.  When specified, the
+     REPEATABLE sub-clause is also rendered.
+
+    """
+    return TableSample._factory(selectable, sampling, name=name, seed=seed)
+
+
+def union(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+) -> CompoundSelect:
+    r"""Return a ``UNION`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    A similar :func:`union()` method is available on all
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    :param \**kwargs:
+      available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+      :func:`select`.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_union(*selects)
+
+
+def union_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+) -> CompoundSelect:
+    r"""Return a ``UNION ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    A similar :func:`union_all()` method is available on all
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_union_all(*selects)
+
+
+def values(
+    *columns: ColumnClause[Any],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    literal_binds: bool = False,
+) -> Values:
+    r"""Construct a :class:`_expression.Values` construct.
+
+    The column expressions and the actual data for
+    :class:`_expression.Values` are given in two separate steps.  The
+    constructor receives the column expressions typically as
+    :func:`_expression.column` constructs,
+    and the data is then passed via the
+    :meth:`_expression.Values.data` method as a list,
+    which can be called multiple
+    times to add more data, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+        from sqlalchemy import values
+
+        value_expr = values(
+            column('id', Integer),
+            column('name', String),
+            name="my_values"
+        ).data(
+            [(1, 'name1'), (2, 'name2'), (3, 'name3')]
+        )
+
+    :param \*columns: column expressions, typically composed using
+     :func:`_expression.column` objects.
+
+    :param name: the name for this VALUES construct.  If omitted, the
+     VALUES construct will be unnamed in a SQL expression.   Different
+     backends may have different requirements here.
+
+    :param literal_binds: Defaults to False.  Whether or not to render
+     the data values inline in the SQL output, rather than using bound
+     parameters.
+
+    """
+    return Values(*columns, literal_binds=literal_binds, name=name)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_typing.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a296d7e8feedd78b8c63c9d55ae6d939319cac02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_typing.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+# sql/_typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import roles
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..inspection import Inspectable
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypeAlias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from datetime import date
+    from datetime import datetime
+    from datetime import time
+    from datetime import timedelta
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+    from .base import Executable
+    from .compiler import Compiled
+    from .compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .dml import UpdateBase
+    from .dml import ValuesBase
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .elements import quoted_name
+    from .elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .lambdas import LambdaElement
+    from .roles import FromClauseRole
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .selectable import Alias
+    from .selectable import CTE
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import Join
+    from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+    from .selectable import ReturnsRows
+    from .selectable import Select
+    from .selectable import Selectable
+    from .selectable import SelectBase
+    from .selectable import Subquery
+    from .selectable import TableClause
+    from .sqltypes import TableValueType
+    from .sqltypes import TupleType
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from ..engine import Dialect
+    from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+_CLE = TypeVar("_CLE", bound="ClauseElement")
+
+
+class _HasClauseElement(Protocol, Generic[_T_co]):
+    """indicates a class that has a __clause_element__() method"""
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _CoreAdapterProto(Protocol):
+    """protocol for the ClauseAdapter/ColumnAdapter.traverse() method."""
+
+    def __call__(self, obj: _CE) -> _CE: ...
+
+
+class _HasDialect(Protocol):
+    """protocol for Engine/Connection-like objects that have dialect
+    attribute.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def dialect(self) -> Dialect: ...
+
+
+# match column types that are not ORM entities
+_NOT_ENTITY = TypeVar(
+    "_NOT_ENTITY",
+    int,
+    str,
+    bool,
+    "datetime",
+    "date",
+    "time",
+    "timedelta",
+    "UUID",
+    float,
+    "Decimal",
+)
+
+_StarOrOne = Literal["*", 1]
+
+_MAYBE_ENTITY = TypeVar(
+    "_MAYBE_ENTITY",
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    _StarOrOne,
+    Type[Any],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[Any]],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+)
+
+
+# convention:
+# XYZArgument - something that the end user is passing to a public API method
+# XYZElement - the internal representation that we use for the thing.
+# the coercions system is responsible for converting from XYZArgument to
+# XYZElement.
+
+_TextCoercedExpressionArgument = Union[
+    str,
+    "TextClause",
+    "ColumnElement[_T]",
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+    roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+]
+
+_ColumnsClauseArgument = Union[
+    roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+    _StarOrOne,
+    Type[_T],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[_T]],
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+]
+"""open-ended SELECT columns clause argument.
+
+Includes column expressions, tables, ORM mapped entities, a few literal values.
+
+This type is used for lists of columns  / entities to be returned in result
+sets; select(...), insert().returning(...), etc.
+
+
+"""
+
+_TypedColumnClauseArgument = Union[
+    roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+    Type[_T],
+]
+
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+_T0 = TypeVar("_T0", bound=Any)
+_T1 = TypeVar("_T1", bound=Any)
+_T2 = TypeVar("_T2", bound=Any)
+_T3 = TypeVar("_T3", bound=Any)
+_T4 = TypeVar("_T4", bound=Any)
+_T5 = TypeVar("_T5", bound=Any)
+_T6 = TypeVar("_T6", bound=Any)
+_T7 = TypeVar("_T7", bound=Any)
+_T8 = TypeVar("_T8", bound=Any)
+_T9 = TypeVar("_T9", bound=Any)
+
+
+_ColumnExpressionArgument = Union[
+    "ColumnElement[_T]",
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+    "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+    roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+    roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    Callable[[], "ColumnElement[_T]"],
+    "LambdaElement",
+]
+"See docs in public alias ColumnExpressionArgument."
+
+ColumnExpressionArgument: TypeAlias = _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]
+"""Narrower "column expression" argument.
+
+This type is used for all the other "column" kinds of expressions that
+typically represent a single SQL column expression, not a set of columns the
+way a table or ORM entity does.
+
+This includes ColumnElement, or ORM-mapped attributes that will have a
+``__clause_element__()`` method, it also has the ExpressionElementRole
+overall which brings in the TextClause object also.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.13
+
+"""
+
+_ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument = Union[Any, _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]]
+
+_ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument = Union[str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]]
+
+_ByArgument = Union[
+    Iterable[_ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any]],
+    _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+]
+"""Used for keyword-based ``order_by`` and ``partition_by`` parameters."""
+
+
+_InfoType = Dict[Any, Any]
+"""the .info dictionary accepted and used throughout Core /ORM"""
+
+_FromClauseArgument = Union[
+    roles.FromClauseRole,
+    Type[Any],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[Any]],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+]
+"""A FROM clause, like we would send to select().select_from().
+
+Also accommodates ORM entities and related constructs.
+
+"""
+
+_JoinTargetArgument = Union[_FromClauseArgument, roles.JoinTargetRole]
+"""target for join() builds on _FromClauseArgument to include additional
+join target roles such as those which come from the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+_OnClauseArgument = Union[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], roles.OnClauseRole]
+"""target for an ON clause, includes additional roles such as those which
+come from the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+_SelectStatementForCompoundArgument = Union[
+    "SelectBase", roles.CompoundElementRole
+]
+"""SELECT statement acceptable by ``union()`` and other SQL set operations"""
+
+_DMLColumnArgument = Union[
+    str,
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    "SQLCoreOperations[Any]",
+]
+"""A DML column expression.  This is a "key" inside of insert().values(),
+update().values(), and related.
+
+These are usually strings or SQL table columns.
+
+There's also edge cases like JSON expression assignment, which we would want
+the DMLColumnRole to be able to accommodate.
+
+"""
+
+_DMLKey = TypeVar("_DMLKey", bound=_DMLColumnArgument)
+_DMLColumnKeyMapping = Mapping[_DMLKey, Any]
+
+
+_DDLColumnArgument = Union[str, "Column[Any]", roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole]
+"""DDL column.
+
+used for :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, :class:`.UniqueConstraint`, etc.
+
+"""
+
+_DMLTableArgument = Union[
+    "TableClause",
+    "Join",
+    "Alias",
+    "CTE",
+    Type[Any],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[Any]],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+]
+
+_PropagateAttrsType = util.immutabledict[str, Any]
+
+_TypeEngineArgument = Union[Type["TypeEngine[_T]"], "TypeEngine[_T]"]
+
+_EquivalentColumnMap = Dict["ColumnElement[Any]", Set["ColumnElement[Any]"]]
+
+_LimitOffsetType = Union[int, _ColumnExpressionArgument[int], None]
+
+_AutoIncrementType = Union[bool, Literal["auto", "ignore_fk"]]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def is_sql_compiler(c: Compiled) -> TypeGuard[SQLCompiler]: ...
+
+    def is_ddl_compiler(c: Compiled) -> TypeGuard[DDLCompiler]: ...
+
+    def is_named_from_clause(
+        t: FromClauseRole,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[NamedFromClause]: ...
+
+    def is_column_element(
+        c: ClauseElement,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[ColumnElement[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_keyed_column_element(
+        c: ClauseElement,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_text_clause(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[TextClause]: ...
+
+    def is_from_clause(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[FromClause]: ...
+
+    def is_tuple_type(t: TypeEngine[Any]) -> TypeGuard[TupleType]: ...
+
+    def is_table_value_type(
+        t: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[TableValueType]: ...
+
+    def is_selectable(t: Any) -> TypeGuard[Selectable]: ...
+
+    def is_select_base(
+        t: Union[Executable, ReturnsRows]
+    ) -> TypeGuard[SelectBase]: ...
+
+    def is_select_statement(
+        t: Union[Executable, ReturnsRows]
+    ) -> TypeGuard[Select[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_table(t: FromClause) -> TypeGuard[TableClause]: ...
+
+    def is_subquery(t: FromClause) -> TypeGuard[Subquery]: ...
+
+    def is_dml(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[UpdateBase]: ...
+
+else:
+    is_sql_compiler = operator.attrgetter("is_sql")
+    is_ddl_compiler = operator.attrgetter("is_ddl")
+    is_named_from_clause = operator.attrgetter("named_with_column")
+    is_column_element = operator.attrgetter("_is_column_element")
+    is_keyed_column_element = operator.attrgetter("_is_keyed_column_element")
+    is_text_clause = operator.attrgetter("_is_text_clause")
+    is_from_clause = operator.attrgetter("_is_from_clause")
+    is_tuple_type = operator.attrgetter("_is_tuple_type")
+    is_table_value_type = operator.attrgetter("_is_table_value")
+    is_selectable = operator.attrgetter("is_selectable")
+    is_select_base = operator.attrgetter("_is_select_base")
+    is_select_statement = operator.attrgetter("_is_select_statement")
+    is_table = operator.attrgetter("_is_table")
+    is_subquery = operator.attrgetter("_is_subquery")
+    is_dml = operator.attrgetter("is_dml")
+
+
+def has_schema_attr(t: FromClauseRole) -> TypeGuard[TableClause]:
+    return hasattr(t, "schema")
+
+
+def is_quoted_name(s: str) -> TypeGuard[quoted_name]:
+    return hasattr(s, "quote")
+
+
+def is_has_clause_element(s: object) -> TypeGuard[_HasClauseElement[Any]]:
+    return hasattr(s, "__clause_element__")
+
+
+def is_insert_update(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[ValuesBase]:
+    return c.is_dml and (c.is_insert or c.is_update)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _no_kw() -> exc.ArgumentError:
+    return exc.ArgumentError(
+        "Additional keyword arguments are not accepted by this "
+        "function/method.  The presence of **kw is for pep-484 typing purposes"
+    )
+
+
+def _unexpected_kw(methname: str, kw: Dict[str, Any]) -> NoReturn:
+    k = list(kw)[0]
+    raise TypeError(f"{methname} got an unexpected keyword argument '{k}'")
+
+
+@overload
+def Nullable(
+    val: "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+) -> "SQLCoreOperations[Optional[_T]]": ...
+
+
+@overload
+def Nullable(
+    val: roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+) -> roles.ExpressionElementRole[Optional[_T]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def Nullable(val: Type[_T]) -> Type[Optional[_T]]: ...
+
+
+def Nullable(
+    val: _TypedColumnClauseArgument[_T],
+) -> _TypedColumnClauseArgument[Optional[_T]]:
+    """Types a column or ORM class as nullable.
+
+    This can be used in select and other contexts to express that the value of
+    a column can be null, for example due to an outer join::
+
+        stmt1 = select(A, Nullable(B)).outerjoin(A.bs)
+        stmt2 = select(A.data, Nullable(B.data)).outerjoin(A.bs)
+
+    At runtime this method returns the input unchanged.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+    """
+    return val
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(
+    val: "SQLCoreOperations[Optional[_T]]",
+) -> "SQLCoreOperations[_T]": ...
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(
+    val: roles.ExpressionElementRole[Optional[_T]],
+) -> roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(val: Type[Optional[_T]]) -> Type[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(val: Optional[Type[_T]]) -> Type[_T]: ...
+
+
+def NotNullable(
+    val: Union[_TypedColumnClauseArgument[Optional[_T]], Optional[Type[_T]]],
+) -> _TypedColumnClauseArgument[_T]:
+    """Types a column or ORM class as not nullable.
+
+    This can be used in select and other contexts to express that the value of
+    a column cannot be null, for example due to a where condition on a
+    nullable column::
+
+        stmt = select(NotNullable(A.value)).where(A.value.is_not(None))
+
+    At runtime this method returns the input unchanged.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+    """
+    return val  # type: ignore
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acdf4486d95a01b0b4db279530232d8e5efe0600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+# sql/annotation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`.Annotated` class and related routines; creates hash-equivalent
+copies of SQL constructs which contain context-specific markers and
+associations.
+
+Note that the :class:`.Annotated` concept as implemented in this module is not
+related in any way to the pep-593 concept of "Annotated".
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from . import operators
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .visitors import anon_map
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import _EntityNamespace
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+
+_AnnotationDict = Mapping[str, Any]
+
+EMPTY_ANNOTATIONS: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+
+class SupportsAnnotations(ExternallyTraversible):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _annotations: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = EMPTY_ANNOTATIONS
+
+    proxy_set: util.generic_fn_descriptor[FrozenSet[Any]]
+
+    _is_immutable: bool
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = False,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _annotations_cache_key(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        anon_map_ = anon_map()
+
+        return self._gen_annotations_cache_key(anon_map_)
+
+    def _gen_annotations_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            "_annotations",
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    key,
+                    (
+                        value._gen_cache_key(anon_map, [])
+                        if isinstance(value, HasCacheKey)
+                        else value
+                    ),
+                )
+                for key, value in [
+                    (key, self._annotations[key])
+                    for key in sorted(self._annotations)
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class SupportsWrappingAnnotations(SupportsAnnotations):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _constructor: Callable[..., SupportsWrappingAnnotations]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace: ...
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        updated by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated._as_annotated_instance(self, values)  # type: ignore
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        replaced by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated._as_annotated_instance(self, values)  # type: ignore
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = False,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        """return a copy of this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        with annotations
+        removed.
+
+        :param values: optional tuple of individual values
+         to remove.
+
+        """
+        if clone:
+            s = self._clone()
+            return s
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class SupportsCloneAnnotations(SupportsWrappingAnnotations):
+    # SupportsCloneAnnotations extends from SupportsWrappingAnnotations
+    # to support the structure of having the base ClauseElement
+    # be a subclass of SupportsWrappingAnnotations.  Any ClauseElement
+    # subclass that wants to extend from SupportsCloneAnnotations
+    # will inherently also be subclassing SupportsWrappingAnnotations, so
+    # make that specific here.
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    _clone_annotations_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_annotations", InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key)
+    ]
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        updated by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        new = self._clone()
+        new._annotations = new._annotations.union(values)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        return new
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        replaced by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        new = self._clone()
+        new._annotations = util.immutabledict(values)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        return new
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = False,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        """return a copy of this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        with annotations
+        removed.
+
+        :param values: optional tuple of individual values
+         to remove.
+
+        """
+        if clone or self._annotations:
+            # clone is used when we are also copying
+            # the expression for a deep deannotation
+            new = self._clone()
+            new._annotations = util.immutabledict()
+            new.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+            return new
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class Annotated(SupportsAnnotations):
+    """clones a SupportsAnnotations and applies an 'annotations' dictionary.
+
+    Unlike regular clones, this clone also mimics __hash__() and
+    __eq__() of the original element so that it takes its place
+    in hashed collections.
+
+    A reference to the original element is maintained, for the important
+    reason of keeping its hash value current.  When GC'ed, the
+    hash value may be reused, causing conflicts.
+
+    .. note::  The rationale for Annotated producing a brand new class,
+       rather than placing the functionality directly within ClauseElement,
+       is **performance**.  The __hash__() method is absent on plain
+       ClauseElement which leads to significantly reduced function call
+       overhead, as the use of sets and dictionaries against ClauseElement
+       objects is prevalent, but most are not "annotated".
+
+    """
+
+    _is_column_operators = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _as_annotated_instance(
+        cls, element: SupportsWrappingAnnotations, values: _AnnotationDict
+    ) -> Annotated:
+        try:
+            cls = annotated_classes[element.__class__]
+        except KeyError:
+            cls = _new_annotation_type(element.__class__, cls)
+        return cls(element, values)
+
+    _annotations: util.immutabledict[str, Any]
+    __element: SupportsWrappingAnnotations
+    _hash: int
+
+    def __new__(cls: Type[Self], *args: Any) -> Self:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, element: SupportsWrappingAnnotations, values: _AnnotationDict
+    ):
+        self.__dict__ = element.__dict__.copy()
+        self.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        self.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        self.__element = element
+        self._annotations = util.immutabledict(values)
+        self._hash = hash(element)
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        _values = self._annotations.union(values)
+        new = self._with_annotations(_values)
+        return new
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        clone = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        clone.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        clone.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        clone.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        clone._annotations = util.immutabledict(values)
+        return clone
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Annotated: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = True,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        if values is None:
+            return self.__element
+        else:
+            return self._with_annotations(
+                util.immutabledict(
+                    {
+                        key: value
+                        for key, value in self._annotations.items()
+                        if key not in values
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # manually proxy some methods that need extra attention
+        def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            return self.__element.__class__._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, visitor, **kw
+            )
+
+        @property
+        def _constructor(self):
+            return self.__element._constructor
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        clone = self.__element._clone(**kw)
+        if clone is self.__element:
+            # detect immutable, don't change anything
+            return self
+        else:
+            # update the clone with any changes that have occurred
+            # to this object's __dict__.
+            clone.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+            return self.__class__(clone, self._annotations)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Type[Annotated], Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.__element, self._annotations)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if self._is_column_operators:
+            return self.__element.__class__.__eq__(self, other)
+        else:
+            return hash(other) == hash(self)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace:
+        if "entity_namespace" in self._annotations:
+            return cast(
+                SupportsWrappingAnnotations,
+                self._annotations["entity_namespace"],
+            ).entity_namespace
+        else:
+            return self.__element.entity_namespace
+
+
+# hard-generate Annotated subclasses.  this technique
+# is used instead of on-the-fly types (i.e. type.__new__())
+# so that the resulting objects are pickleable; additionally, other
+# decisions can be made up front about the type of object being annotated
+# just once per class rather than per-instance.
+annotated_classes: Dict[Type[SupportsWrappingAnnotations], Type[Annotated]] = (
+    {}
+)
+
+_SA = TypeVar("_SA", bound="SupportsAnnotations")
+
+
+def _safe_annotate(to_annotate: _SA, annotations: _AnnotationDict) -> _SA:
+    try:
+        _annotate = to_annotate._annotate
+    except AttributeError:
+        # skip objects that don't actually have an `_annotate`
+        # attribute, namely QueryableAttribute inside of a join
+        # condition
+        return to_annotate
+    else:
+        return _annotate(annotations)
+
+
+def _deep_annotate(
+    element: _SA,
+    annotations: _AnnotationDict,
+    exclude: Optional[Sequence[SupportsAnnotations]] = None,
+    *,
+    detect_subquery_cols: bool = False,
+    ind_cols_on_fromclause: bool = False,
+    annotate_callable: Optional[
+        Callable[[SupportsAnnotations, _AnnotationDict], SupportsAnnotations]
+    ] = None,
+) -> _SA:
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element
+    with the given annotations dictionary.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+
+    # annotated objects hack the __hash__() method so if we want to
+    # uniquely process them we have to use id()
+
+    cloned_ids: Dict[int, SupportsAnnotations] = {}
+
+    def clone(elem: SupportsAnnotations, **kw: Any) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        # ind_cols_on_fromclause means make sure an AnnotatedFromClause
+        # has its own .c collection independent of that which its proxying.
+        # this is used specifically by orm.LoaderCriteriaOption to break
+        # a reference cycle that it's otherwise prone to building,
+        # see test_relationship_criteria->
+        # test_loader_criteria_subquery_w_same_entity.  logic here was
+        # changed for #8796 and made explicit; previously it occurred
+        # by accident
+
+        kw["detect_subquery_cols"] = detect_subquery_cols
+        id_ = id(elem)
+
+        if id_ in cloned_ids:
+            return cloned_ids[id_]
+
+        if (
+            exclude
+            and hasattr(elem, "proxy_set")
+            and elem.proxy_set.intersection(exclude)
+        ):
+            newelem = elem._clone(clone=clone, **kw)
+        elif annotations != elem._annotations:
+            if detect_subquery_cols and elem._is_immutable:
+                to_annotate = elem._clone(clone=clone, **kw)
+            else:
+                to_annotate = elem
+            if annotate_callable:
+                newelem = annotate_callable(to_annotate, annotations)
+            else:
+                newelem = _safe_annotate(to_annotate, annotations)
+        else:
+            newelem = elem
+
+        newelem._copy_internals(
+            clone=clone, ind_cols_on_fromclause=ind_cols_on_fromclause
+        )
+
+        cloned_ids[id_] = newelem
+        return newelem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = cast(_SA, clone(element))
+    clone = None  # type: ignore  # remove gc cycles
+    return element
+
+
+@overload
+def _deep_deannotate(
+    element: Literal[None], values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> Literal[None]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _deep_deannotate(
+    element: _SA, values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> _SA: ...
+
+
+def _deep_deannotate(
+    element: Optional[_SA], values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> Optional[_SA]:
+    """Deep copy the given element, removing annotations."""
+
+    cloned: Dict[Any, SupportsAnnotations] = {}
+
+    def clone(elem: SupportsAnnotations, **kw: Any) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        key: Any
+        if values:
+            key = id(elem)
+        else:
+            key = elem
+
+        if key not in cloned:
+            newelem = elem._deannotate(values=values, clone=True)
+            newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+            cloned[key] = newelem
+            return newelem
+        else:
+            return cloned[key]
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = cast(_SA, clone(element))
+    clone = None  # type: ignore  # remove gc cycles
+    return element
+
+
+def _shallow_annotate(element: _SA, annotations: _AnnotationDict) -> _SA:
+    """Annotate the given ClauseElement and copy its internals so that
+    internal objects refer to the new annotated object.
+
+    Basically used to apply a "don't traverse" annotation to a
+    selectable, without digging throughout the whole
+    structure wasting time.
+    """
+    element = element._annotate(annotations)
+    element._copy_internals()
+    return element
+
+
+def _new_annotation_type(
+    cls: Type[SupportsWrappingAnnotations], base_cls: Type[Annotated]
+) -> Type[Annotated]:
+    """Generates a new class that subclasses Annotated and proxies a given
+    element type.
+
+    """
+    if issubclass(cls, Annotated):
+        return cls
+    elif cls in annotated_classes:
+        return annotated_classes[cls]
+
+    for super_ in cls.__mro__:
+        # check if an Annotated subclass more specific than
+        # the given base_cls is already registered, such
+        # as AnnotatedColumnElement.
+        if super_ in annotated_classes:
+            base_cls = annotated_classes[super_]
+            break
+
+    annotated_classes[cls] = anno_cls = cast(
+        Type[Annotated],
+        type("Annotated%s" % cls.__name__, (base_cls, cls), {}),
+    )
+    globals()["Annotated%s" % cls.__name__] = anno_cls
+
+    if "_traverse_internals" in cls.__dict__:
+        anno_cls._traverse_internals = list(cls._traverse_internals) + [
+            ("_annotations", InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key)
+        ]
+    elif cls.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", False):
+        anno_cls._traverse_internals = list(cls._traverse_internals) + [
+            ("_annotations", InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key)
+        ]
+
+    # some classes include this even if they have traverse_internals
+    # e.g. BindParameter, add it if present.
+    if cls.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", False):
+        anno_cls.inherit_cache = True  # type: ignore
+    elif "inherit_cache" in cls.__dict__:
+        anno_cls.inherit_cache = cls.__dict__["inherit_cache"]  # type: ignore
+
+    anno_cls._is_column_operators = issubclass(cls, operators.ColumnOperators)
+
+    return anno_cls
+
+
+def _prepare_annotations(
+    target_hierarchy: Type[SupportsWrappingAnnotations],
+    base_cls: Type[Annotated],
+) -> None:
+    for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target_hierarchy):
+        _new_annotation_type(cls, base_cls)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d1dd2c936196a9506ce6ec686d83ab826b82d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2185 @@
+# sql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Foundational utilities common to many sql modules.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import operator
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import roles
+from . import visitors
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey  # noqa
+from .cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey  # noqa
+from .traversals import HasCopyInternals  # noqa
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor
+from .visitors import ExtendedInternalTraversal
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized as HasMemoized
+from ..util import hybridmethod
+from ..util import typing as compat_typing
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import coercions
+    from . import elements
+    from . import type_api
+    from ._orm_types import DMLStrategyArgument
+    from ._orm_types import SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    from ._typing import _CLE
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseList
+    from .elements import ColumnClause  # noqa
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import NamedColumn
+    from .elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from .selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ImmutableExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CacheStats
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Compiled
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    coercions = None  # noqa
+    elements = None  # noqa
+    type_api = None  # noqa
+
+
+class _NoArg(Enum):
+    NO_ARG = 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"_NoArg.{self.name}"
+
+
+NO_ARG = _NoArg.NO_ARG
+
+
+class _NoneName(Enum):
+    NONE_NAME = 0
+    """indicate a 'deferred' name that was ultimately the value None."""
+
+
+_NONE_NAME = _NoneName.NONE_NAME
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_Fn = TypeVar("_Fn", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+_AmbiguousTableNameMap = MutableMapping[str, str]
+
+
+class _DefaultDescriptionTuple(NamedTuple):
+    arg: Any
+    is_scalar: Optional[bool]
+    is_callable: Optional[bool]
+    is_sentinel: Optional[bool]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_column_default(
+        cls, default: Optional[DefaultGenerator]
+    ) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        return (
+            _DefaultDescriptionTuple(
+                default.arg,  # type: ignore
+                default.is_scalar,
+                default.is_callable,
+                default.is_sentinel,
+            )
+            if default
+            and (
+                default.has_arg
+                or (not default.for_update and default.is_sentinel)
+            )
+            else _DefaultDescriptionTuple(None, None, None, None)
+        )
+
+
+_never_select_column = operator.attrgetter("_omit_from_statements")
+
+
+class _EntityNamespace(Protocol):
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> SQLCoreOperations[Any]: ...
+
+
+class _HasEntityNamespace(Protocol):
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace: ...
+
+
+def _is_has_entity_namespace(element: Any) -> TypeGuard[_HasEntityNamespace]:
+    return hasattr(element, "entity_namespace")
+
+
+# Remove when https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14640 will be fixed
+_Self = TypeVar("_Self", bound=Any)
+
+
+class Immutable:
+    """mark a ClauseElement as 'immutable' when expressions are cloned.
+
+    "immutable" objects refers to the "mutability" of an object in the
+    context of SQL DQL and DML generation.   Such as, in DQL, one can
+    compose a SELECT or subquery of varied forms, but one cannot modify
+    the structure of a specific table or column within DQL.
+    :class:`.Immutable` is mostly intended to follow this concept, and as
+    such the primary "immutable" objects are :class:`.ColumnClause`,
+    :class:`.Column`, :class:`.TableClause`, :class:`.Table`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_immutable = True
+
+    def unique_params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def _clone(self: _Self, **kw: Any) -> _Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Iterable[str] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class SingletonConstant(Immutable):
+    """Represent SQL constants like NULL, TRUE, FALSE"""
+
+    _is_singleton_constant = True
+
+    _singleton: SingletonConstant
+
+    def __new__(cls: _T, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> _T:
+        return cast(_T, cls._singleton)
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def proxy_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_singleton(cls):
+        obj = object.__new__(cls)
+        obj.__init__()  # type: ignore
+
+        # for a long time this was an empty frozenset, meaning
+        # a SingletonConstant would never be a "corresponding column" in
+        # a statement.  This referred to #6259.  However, in #7154 we see
+        # that we do in fact need "correspondence" to work when matching cols
+        # in result sets, so the non-correspondence was moved to a more
+        # specific level when we are actually adapting expressions for SQL
+        # render only.
+        obj.proxy_set = frozenset([obj])
+        cls._singleton = obj
+
+
+def _from_objects(
+    *elements: Union[
+        ColumnElement[Any], FromClause, TextClause, _JoinTargetElement
+    ]
+) -> Iterator[FromClause]:
+    return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        [element._from_objects for element in elements]
+    )
+
+
+def _select_iterables(
+    elements: Iterable[roles.ColumnsClauseRole],
+) -> _SelectIterable:
+    """expand tables into individual columns in the
+    given list of column expressions.
+
+    """
+    return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        [c._select_iterable for c in elements]
+    )
+
+
+_SelfGenerativeType = TypeVar("_SelfGenerativeType", bound="_GenerativeType")
+
+
+class _GenerativeType(compat_typing.Protocol):
+    def _generate(self) -> Self: ...
+
+
+def _generative(fn: _Fn) -> _Fn:
+    """non-caching _generative() decorator.
+
+    This is basically the legacy decorator that copies the object and
+    runs a method on the new copy.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def _generative(
+        fn: _Fn, self: _SelfGenerativeType, *args: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> _SelfGenerativeType:
+        """Mark a method as generative."""
+
+        self = self._generate()
+        x = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+        assert x is self, "generative methods must return self"
+        return self
+
+    decorated = _generative(fn)
+    decorated.non_generative = fn  # type: ignore
+    return decorated
+
+
+def _exclusive_against(*names: str, **kw: Any) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+    msgs = kw.pop("msgs", {})
+
+    defaults = kw.pop("defaults", {})
+
+    getters = [
+        (name, operator.attrgetter(name), defaults.get(name, None))
+        for name in names
+    ]
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def check(fn, *args, **kw):
+        # make pylance happy by not including "self" in the argument
+        # list
+        self = args[0]
+        args = args[1:]
+        for name, getter, default_ in getters:
+            if getter(self) is not default_:
+                msg = msgs.get(
+                    name,
+                    "Method %s() has already been invoked on this %s construct"
+                    % (fn.__name__, self.__class__),
+                )
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
+        return fn(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    return check
+
+
+def _clone(element, **kw):
+    return element._clone(**kw)
+
+
+def _expand_cloned(
+    elements: Iterable[_CLE],
+) -> Iterable[_CLE]:
+    """expand the given set of ClauseElements to be the set of all 'cloned'
+    predecessors.
+
+    """
+    # TODO: cython candidate
+    return itertools.chain(*[x._cloned_set for x in elements])
+
+
+def _de_clone(
+    elements: Iterable[_CLE],
+) -> Iterable[_CLE]:
+    for x in elements:
+        while x._is_clone_of is not None:
+            x = x._is_clone_of
+        yield x
+
+
+def _cloned_intersection(a: Iterable[_CLE], b: Iterable[_CLE]) -> Set[_CLE]:
+    """return the intersection of sets a and b, counting
+    any overlap between 'cloned' predecessors.
+
+    The returned set is in terms of the entities present within 'a'.
+
+    """
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return {elem for elem in a if all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set)}
+
+
+def _cloned_difference(a: Iterable[_CLE], b: Iterable[_CLE]) -> Set[_CLE]:
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return {
+        elem for elem in a if not all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set)
+    }
+
+
+class _DialectArgView(MutableMapping[str, Any]):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments in the form
+    <dialectname>_<argument_name>.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obj):
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def _key(self, key):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = key.split("_", 1)
+        except ValueError as err:
+            raise KeyError(key) from err
+        else:
+            return dialect, value_key
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+
+        try:
+            opt = self.obj.dialect_options[dialect]
+        except exc.NoSuchModuleError as err:
+            raise KeyError(key) from err
+        else:
+            return opt[value_key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Keys must be of the form <dialectname>_<argname>"
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        del self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return sum(
+            len(args._non_defaults)
+            for args in self.obj.dialect_options.values()
+        )
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (
+            "%s_%s" % (dialect_name, value_name)
+            for dialect_name in self.obj.dialect_options
+            for value_name in self.obj.dialect_options[
+                dialect_name
+            ]._non_defaults
+        )
+
+
+class _DialectArgDict(MutableMapping[str, Any]):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments for a specific
+    dialect.
+
+    Maintains a separate collection of user-specified arguments
+    and dialect-specified default arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._non_defaults = {}
+        self._defaults = {}
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self._non_defaults:
+            return self._non_defaults[key]
+        else:
+            return self._defaults[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._non_defaults[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._non_defaults[key]
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.dialects")
+def _kw_reg_for_dialect(dialect_name):
+    dialect_cls = util.preloaded.dialects.registry.load(dialect_name)
+    if dialect_cls.construct_arguments is None:
+        return None
+    return dict(dialect_cls.construct_arguments)
+
+
+class DialectKWArgs:
+    """Establish the ability for a class to have dialect-specific arguments
+    with defaults and constructor validation.
+
+    The :class:`.DialectKWArgs` interacts with the
+    :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` present on a dialect.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals = [
+        ("dialect_options", InternalTraversal.dp_dialect_options)
+    ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def argument_for(cls, dialect_name, argument_name, default):
+        """Add a new kind of dialect-specific keyword argument for this class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            Index.argument_for("mydialect", "length", None)
+
+            some_index = Index('a', 'b', mydialect_length=5)
+
+        The :meth:`.DialectKWArgs.argument_for` method is a per-argument
+        way adding extra arguments to the
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` dictionary. This
+        dictionary provides a list of argument names accepted by various
+        schema-level constructs on behalf of a dialect.
+
+        New dialects should typically specify this dictionary all at once as a
+        data member of the dialect class.  The use case for ad-hoc addition of
+        argument names is typically for end-user code that is also using
+        a custom compilation scheme which consumes the additional arguments.
+
+        :param dialect_name: name of a dialect.  The dialect must be
+         locatable, else a :class:`.NoSuchModuleError` is raised.   The
+         dialect must also include an existing
+         :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` collection, indicating
+         that it participates in the keyword-argument validation and default
+         system, else :class:`.ArgumentError` is raised.  If the dialect does
+         not include this collection, then any keyword argument can be
+         specified on behalf of this dialect already.  All dialects packaged
+         within SQLAlchemy include this collection, however for third party
+         dialects, support may vary.
+
+        :param argument_name: name of the parameter.
+
+        :param default: default value of the parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Dialect '%s' does have keyword-argument "
+                "validation and defaults enabled configured" % dialect_name
+            )
+        if cls not in construct_arg_dictionary:
+            construct_arg_dictionary[cls] = {}
+        construct_arg_dictionary[cls][argument_name] = default
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_kwargs(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        The arguments are present here in their original ``<dialect>_<kwarg>``
+        format.  Only arguments that were actually passed are included;
+        unlike the :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` collection, which
+        contains all options known by this dialect including defaults.
+
+        The collection is also writable; keys are accepted of the
+        form ``<dialect>_<kwarg>`` where the value will be assembled
+        into the list of options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` - nested dictionary form
+
+        """
+        return _DialectArgView(self)
+
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self):
+        """A synonym for :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs`."""
+        return self.dialect_kwargs
+
+    _kw_registry = util.PopulateDict(_kw_reg_for_dialect)
+
+    def _kw_reg_for_dialect_cls(self, dialect_name):
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        d = _DialectArgDict()
+
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+        else:
+            for cls in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
+                if cls in construct_arg_dictionary:
+                    d._defaults.update(construct_arg_dictionary[cls])
+        return d
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_options(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        This is a two-level nested registry, keyed to ``<dialect_name>``
+        and ``<argument_name>``.  For example, the ``postgresql_where``
+        argument would be locatable as::
+
+            arg = my_object.dialect_options['postgresql']['where']
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs` - flat dictionary form
+
+        """
+
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            util.portable_instancemethod(self._kw_reg_for_dialect_cls)
+        )
+
+    def _validate_dialect_kwargs(self, kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        # validate remaining kwargs that they all specify DB prefixes
+
+        if not kwargs:
+            return
+
+        for k in kwargs:
+            m = re.match("^(.+?)_(.+)$", k)
+            if not m:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Additional arguments should be "
+                    "named <dialectname>_<argument>, got '%s'" % k
+                )
+            dialect_name, arg_name = m.group(1, 2)
+
+            try:
+                construct_arg_dictionary = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]
+            except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't validate argument %r; can't "
+                    "locate any SQLAlchemy dialect named %r"
+                    % (k, dialect_name)
+                )
+                self.dialect_options[dialect_name] = d = _DialectArgDict()
+                d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+                d._non_defaults[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+            else:
+                if (
+                    "*" not in construct_arg_dictionary
+                    and arg_name not in construct_arg_dictionary
+                ):
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Argument %r is not accepted by "
+                        "dialect %r on behalf of %r"
+                        % (k, dialect_name, self.__class__)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    construct_arg_dictionary[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+
+
+class CompileState:
+    """Produces additional object state necessary for a statement to be
+    compiled.
+
+    the :class:`.CompileState` class is at the base of classes that assemble
+    state for a particular statement object that is then used by the
+    compiler.   This process is essentially an extension of the process that
+    the SQLCompiler.visit_XYZ() method takes, however there is an emphasis
+    on converting raw user intent into more organized structures rather than
+    producing string output.   The top-level :class:`.CompileState` for the
+    statement being executed is also accessible when the execution context
+    works with invoking the statement and collecting results.
+
+    The production of :class:`.CompileState` is specific to the compiler,  such
+    as within the :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_insert`,
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_select` etc. methods.  These methods are also
+    responsible for associating the :class:`.CompileState` with the
+    :class:`.SQLCompiler` itself, if the statement is the "toplevel" statement,
+    i.e. the outermost SQL statement that's actually being executed.
+    There can be other :class:`.CompileState` objects that are not the
+    toplevel, such as when a SELECT subquery or CTE-nested
+    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE is generated.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("statement", "_ambiguous_table_name_map")
+
+    plugins: Dict[Tuple[str, str], Type[CompileState]] = {}
+
+    _ambiguous_table_name_map: Optional[_AmbiguousTableNameMap]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        # factory construction.
+
+        if statement._propagate_attrs:
+            plugin_name = statement._propagate_attrs.get(
+                "compile_state_plugin", "default"
+            )
+            klass = cls.plugins.get(
+                (plugin_name, statement._effective_plugin_target), None
+            )
+            if klass is None:
+                klass = cls.plugins[
+                    ("default", statement._effective_plugin_target)
+                ]
+
+        else:
+            klass = cls.plugins[
+                ("default", statement._effective_plugin_target)
+            ]
+
+        if klass is cls:
+            return cls(statement, compiler, **kw)
+        else:
+            return klass.create_for_statement(statement, compiler, **kw)
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        self.statement = statement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_plugin_class(
+        cls, statement: Executable
+    ) -> Optional[Type[CompileState]]:
+        plugin_name = statement._propagate_attrs.get(
+            "compile_state_plugin", None
+        )
+
+        if plugin_name:
+            key = (plugin_name, statement._effective_plugin_target)
+            if key in cls.plugins:
+                return cls.plugins[key]
+
+        # there's no case where we call upon get_plugin_class() and want
+        # to get None back, there should always be a default.  return that
+        # if there was no plugin-specific class  (e.g. Insert with "orm"
+        # plugin)
+        try:
+            return cls.plugins[("default", statement._effective_plugin_target)]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_plugin_class_for_plugin(
+        cls, statement: Executable, plugin_name: str
+    ) -> Optional[Type[CompileState]]:
+        try:
+            return cls.plugins[
+                (plugin_name, statement._effective_plugin_target)
+            ]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def plugin_for(
+        cls, plugin_name: str, visit_name: str
+    ) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+        def decorate(cls_to_decorate):
+            cls.plugins[(plugin_name, visit_name)] = cls_to_decorate
+            return cls_to_decorate
+
+        return decorate
+
+
+class Generative(HasMemoized):
+    """Provide a method-chaining pattern in conjunction with the
+    @_generative decorator."""
+
+    def _generate(self) -> Self:
+        skip = self._memoized_keys
+        cls = self.__class__
+        s = cls.__new__(cls)
+        if skip:
+            # ensure this iteration remains atomic
+            s.__dict__ = {
+                k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.copy().items() if k not in skip
+            }
+        else:
+            s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+class InPlaceGenerative(HasMemoized):
+    """Provide a method-chaining pattern in conjunction with the
+    @_generative decorator that mutates in place."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        skip = self._memoized_keys
+        # note __dict__ needs to be in __slots__ if this is used
+        for k in skip:
+            self.__dict__.pop(k, None)
+        return self
+
+
+class HasCompileState(Generative):
+    """A class that has a :class:`.CompileState` associated with it."""
+
+    _compile_state_plugin: Optional[Type[CompileState]] = None
+
+    _attributes: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    _compile_state_factory = CompileState.create_for_statement
+
+
+class _MetaOptions(type):
+    """metaclass for the Options class.
+
+    This metaclass is actually necessary despite the availability of the
+    ``__init_subclass__()`` hook as this type also provides custom class-level
+    behavior for the ``__add__()`` method.
+
+    """
+
+    _cache_attrs: Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        o1 = self()
+
+        if set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "dictionary contains attributes not covered by "
+                "Options class %s: %r"
+                % (self, set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs))
+            )
+
+        o1.__dict__.update(other)
+        return o1
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delattr__(self, key: str) -> None: ...
+
+
+class Options(metaclass=_MetaOptions):
+    """A cacheable option dictionary with defaults."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _cache_attrs: Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        dict_ = cls.__dict__
+        cls._cache_attrs = tuple(
+            sorted(
+                d
+                for d in dict_
+                if not d.startswith("__")
+                and d not in ("_cache_key_traversal",)
+            )
+        )
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        self.__dict__.update(kw)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        o1 = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        o1.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+
+        if set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "dictionary contains attributes not covered by "
+                "Options class %s: %r"
+                % (self, set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs))
+            )
+
+        o1.__dict__.update(other)
+        return o1
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        # TODO: very inefficient.  This is used only in test suites
+        # right now.
+        for a, b in zip_longest(self._cache_attrs, other._cache_attrs):
+            if getattr(self, a) != getattr(other, b):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        # TODO: fairly inefficient, used only in debugging right now.
+
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ", ".join(
+                "%s=%r" % (k, self.__dict__[k])
+                for k in self._cache_attrs
+                if k in self.__dict__
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def isinstance(cls, klass: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+        return issubclass(cls, klass)
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def add_to_element(self, name, value):
+        return self + {name: getattr(self, name) + value}
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _state_dict_inst(self) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return self.__dict__
+
+    _state_dict_const: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    @_state_dict_inst.classlevel
+    def _state_dict(cls) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return cls._state_dict_const
+
+    @classmethod
+    def safe_merge(cls, other):
+        d = other._state_dict()
+
+        # only support a merge with another object of our class
+        # and which does not have attrs that we don't.   otherwise
+        # we risk having state that might not be part of our cache
+        # key strategy
+
+        if (
+            cls is not other.__class__
+            and other._cache_attrs
+            and set(other._cache_attrs).difference(cls._cache_attrs)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "other element %r is not empty, is not of type %s, "
+                "and contains attributes not covered here %r"
+                % (
+                    other,
+                    cls,
+                    set(other._cache_attrs).difference(cls._cache_attrs),
+                )
+            )
+        return cls + d
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_execution_options(
+        cls, key, attrs, exec_options, statement_exec_options
+    ):
+        """process Options argument in terms of execution options.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            (
+                load_options,
+                execution_options,
+            ) = QueryContext.default_load_options.from_execution_options(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options",
+                {
+                    "populate_existing",
+                    "autoflush",
+                    "yield_per"
+                },
+                execution_options,
+                statement._execution_options,
+            )
+
+        get back the Options and refresh "_sa_orm_load_options" in the
+        exec options dict w/ the Options as well
+
+        """
+
+        # common case is that no options we are looking for are
+        # in either dictionary, so cancel for that first
+        check_argnames = attrs.intersection(
+            set(exec_options).union(statement_exec_options)
+        )
+
+        existing_options = exec_options.get(key, cls)
+
+        if check_argnames:
+            result = {}
+            for argname in check_argnames:
+                local = "_" + argname
+                if argname in exec_options:
+                    result[local] = exec_options[argname]
+                elif argname in statement_exec_options:
+                    result[local] = statement_exec_options[argname]
+
+            new_options = existing_options + result
+            exec_options = util.immutabledict().merge_with(
+                exec_options, {key: new_options}
+            )
+            return new_options, exec_options
+
+        else:
+            return existing_options, exec_options
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delattr__(self, key: str) -> None: ...
+
+
+class CacheableOptions(Options, HasCacheKey):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _gen_cache_key_inst(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        return HasCacheKey._gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams)
+
+    @_gen_cache_key_inst.classlevel
+    def _gen_cache_key(cls, anon_map, bindparams):
+        return (cls, ())
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _generate_cache_key(self):
+        return HasCacheKey._generate_cache_key_for_object(self)
+
+
+class ExecutableOption(HasCopyInternals):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _annotations = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    __visit_name__ = "executable_option"
+
+    _is_has_cache_key = False
+
+    _is_core = True
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw):
+        """Create a shallow copy of this ExecutableOption."""
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = dict(self.__dict__)  # type: ignore
+        return c
+
+
+class Executable(roles.StatementRole):
+    """Mark a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` as supporting execution.
+
+    :class:`.Executable` is a superclass for all "statement" types
+    of objects, including :func:`select`, :func:`delete`, :func:`update`,
+    :func:`insert`, :func:`text`.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_execution: bool = True
+    _execution_options: _ImmutableExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    _is_default_generator = False
+    _with_options: Tuple[ExecutableOption, ...] = ()
+    _with_context_options: Tuple[
+        Tuple[Callable[[CompileState], None], Any], ...
+    ] = ()
+    _compile_options: Optional[Union[Type[CacheableOptions], CacheableOptions]]
+
+    _executable_traverse_internals = [
+        ("_with_options", InternalTraversal.dp_executable_options),
+        (
+            "_with_context_options",
+            ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_with_context_options,
+        ),
+        ("_propagate_attrs", ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_propagate_attrs),
+    ]
+
+    is_select = False
+    is_from_statement = False
+    is_update = False
+    is_insert = False
+    is_text = False
+    is_delete = False
+    is_dml = False
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __visit_name__: str
+
+        def _compile_w_cache(
+            self,
+            dialect: Dialect,
+            *,
+            compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType],
+            column_keys: List[str],
+            for_executemany: bool = False,
+            schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Tuple[
+            Compiled, Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]], CacheStats
+        ]: ...
+
+        def _execute_on_connection(
+            self,
+            connection: Connection,
+            distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+            execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+        def _execute_on_scalar(
+            self,
+            connection: Connection,
+            distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+            execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        ) -> Any: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_plugin_target(self) -> str:
+        return self.__visit_name__
+
+    @_generative
+    def options(self, *options: ExecutableOption) -> Self:
+        """Apply options to this statement.
+
+        In the general sense, options are any kind of Python object
+        that can be interpreted by the SQL compiler for the statement.
+        These options can be consumed by specific dialects or specific kinds
+        of compilers.
+
+        The most commonly known kind of option are the ORM level options
+        that apply "eager load" and other loading behaviors to an ORM
+        query.   However, options can theoretically be used for many other
+        purposes.
+
+        For background on specific kinds of options for specific kinds of
+        statements, refer to the documentation for those option objects.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - added :meth:`.Executable.options` to
+           Core statement objects towards the goal of allowing unified
+           Core / ORM querying capabilities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_columns` - refers to options specific to the usage
+            of ORM queries
+
+            :ref:`relationship_loader_options` - refers to options specific
+            to the usage of ORM queries
+
+        """
+        self._with_options += tuple(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ExecutableOptionRole, opt)
+            for opt in options
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_compile_options(self, compile_options: CacheableOptions) -> Self:
+        """Assign the compile options to a new value.
+
+        :param compile_options: appropriate CacheableOptions structure
+
+        """
+
+        self._compile_options = compile_options
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _update_compile_options(self, options: CacheableOptions) -> Self:
+        """update the _compile_options with new keys."""
+
+        assert self._compile_options is not None
+        self._compile_options += options
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _add_context_option(
+        self,
+        callable_: Callable[[CompileState], None],
+        cache_args: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Add a context option to this statement.
+
+        These are callable functions that will
+        be given the CompileState object upon compilation.
+
+        A second argument cache_args is required, which will be combined with
+        the ``__code__`` identity of the function itself in order to produce a
+        cache key.
+
+        """
+        self._with_context_options += ((callable_, cache_args),)
+        return self
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        autoflush: bool = False,
+        synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = ...,
+        dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument = ...,
+        render_nulls: bool = ...,
+        is_delete_using: bool = ...,
+        is_update_from: bool = ...,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def execution_options(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during
+        execution.
+
+        Execution options can be set at many scopes, including per-statement,
+        per-connection, or per execution, using methods such as
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` and parameters which
+        accept a dictionary of options such as
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execute.execution_options` and
+        :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.execution_options`.
+
+        The primary characteristic of an execution option, as opposed to
+        other kinds of options such as ORM loader options, is that
+        **execution options never affect the compiled SQL of a query, only
+        things that affect how the SQL statement itself is invoked or how
+        results are fetched**.  That is, execution options are not part of
+        what's accommodated by SQL compilation nor are they considered part of
+        the cached state of a statement.
+
+        The :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` method is
+        :term:`generative`, as
+        is the case for the method as applied to the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        and :class:`_orm.Query` objects, which means when the method is called,
+        a copy of the object is returned, which applies the given parameters to
+        that new copy, but leaves the original unchanged::
+
+            statement = select(table.c.x, table.c.y)
+            new_statement = statement.execution_options(my_option=True)
+
+        An exception to this behavior is the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        object, where the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method
+        is explicitly **not** generative.
+
+        The kinds of options that may be passed to
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` and other related methods and
+        parameter dictionaries include parameters that are explicitly consumed
+        by SQLAlchemy Core or ORM, as well as arbitrary keyword arguments not
+        defined by SQLAlchemy, which means the methods and/or parameter
+        dictionaries may be used for user-defined parameters that interact with
+        custom code, which may access the parameters using methods such as
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.get_execution_options` and
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_execution_options`, or within selected
+        event hooks using a dedicated ``execution_options`` event parameter
+        such as
+        :paramref:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_execute.execution_options`
+        or :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.execution_options`, e.g.::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import event
+
+             @event.listens_for(some_engine, "before_execute")
+             def _process_opt(conn, statement, multiparams, params, execution_options):
+                 "run a SQL function before invoking a statement"
+
+                 if execution_options.get("do_special_thing", False):
+                     conn.exec_driver_sql("run_special_function()")
+
+        Within the scope of options that are explicitly recognized by
+        SQLAlchemy, most apply to specific classes of objects and not others.
+        The most common execution options include:
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+          sets the isolation level for a connection or a class of connections
+          via an :class:`_engine.Engine`.  This option is accepted only
+          by :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` -
+          indicates results should be fetched using a server side cursor;
+          this option is accepted by :class:`_engine.Connection`, by the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execute.execution_options` parameter
+          on :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, and additionally by
+          :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` on a SQL statement object,
+          as well as by ORM constructs like :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`.
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.compiled_cache` -
+          indicates a dictionary that will serve as the
+          :ref:`SQL compilation cache <sql_caching>`
+          for a :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`, as
+          well as for ORM methods like :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`.
+          Can be passed as ``None`` to disable caching for statements.
+          This option is not accepted by
+          :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` as it is inadvisable to
+          carry along a compilation cache within a statement object.
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.schema_translate_map`
+          - a mapping of schema names used by the
+          :ref:`Schema Translate Map <schema_translating>` feature, accepted
+          by :class:`_engine.Connection`, :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`, as well as by ORM constructs
+          like :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execute.execution_options`
+
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.execution_options`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - documentation on all
+            ORM-specific execution options
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if "isolation_level" in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'isolation_level' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), or "
+                "per-engine using the isolation_level "
+                "argument to create_engine()."
+            )
+        if "compiled_cache" in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'compiled_cache' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), not per statement."
+            )
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+
+class SchemaEventTarget(event.EventTarget):
+    """Base class for elements that are the targets of :class:`.DDLEvents`
+    events.
+
+    This includes :class:`.SchemaItem` as well as :class:`.SchemaType`.
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[SchemaEventTarget]
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Associate with this SchemaEvent's parent object."""
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        self.dispatch.before_parent_attach(self, parent)
+        self._set_parent(parent, **kw)
+        self.dispatch.after_parent_attach(self, parent)
+
+
+class SchemaVisitor(ClauseVisitor):
+    """Define the visiting for ``SchemaItem`` objects."""
+
+    __traverse_options__ = {"schema_visitor": True}
+
+
+class _SentinelDefaultCharacterization(Enum):
+    NONE = "none"
+    UNKNOWN = "unknown"
+    CLIENTSIDE = "clientside"
+    SENTINEL_DEFAULT = "sentinel_default"
+    SERVERSIDE = "serverside"
+    IDENTITY = "identity"
+    SEQUENCE = "sequence"
+
+
+class _SentinelColumnCharacterization(NamedTuple):
+    columns: Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+    is_explicit: bool = False
+    is_autoinc: bool = False
+    default_characterization: _SentinelDefaultCharacterization = (
+        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE
+    )
+
+
+_COLKEY = TypeVar("_COLKEY", Union[None, str], str)
+
+_COL_co = TypeVar("_COL_co", bound="ColumnElement[Any]", covariant=True)
+_COL = TypeVar("_COL", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+
+class _ColumnMetrics(Generic[_COL_co]):
+    __slots__ = ("column",)
+
+    column: _COL_co
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, collection: ColumnCollection[Any, _COL_co], col: _COL_co
+    ):
+        self.column = col
+
+        # proxy_index being non-empty means it was initialized.
+        # so we need to update it
+        pi = collection._proxy_index
+        if pi:
+            for eps_col in col._expanded_proxy_set:
+                pi[eps_col].add(self)
+
+    def get_expanded_proxy_set(self):
+        return self.column._expanded_proxy_set
+
+    def dispose(self, collection):
+        pi = collection._proxy_index
+        if not pi:
+            return
+        for col in self.column._expanded_proxy_set:
+            colset = pi.get(col, None)
+            if colset:
+                colset.discard(self)
+            if colset is not None and not colset:
+                del pi[col]
+
+    def embedded(
+        self,
+        target_set: Union[
+            Set[ColumnElement[Any]], FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]
+        ],
+    ) -> bool:
+        expanded_proxy_set = self.column._expanded_proxy_set
+        for t in target_set.difference(expanded_proxy_set):
+            if not expanded_proxy_set.intersection(_expand_cloned([t])):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class ColumnCollection(Generic[_COLKEY, _COL_co]):
+    """Collection of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` instances,
+    typically for
+    :class:`_sql.FromClause` objects.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection` object is most commonly available
+    as the :attr:`_schema.Table.c` or :attr:`_schema.Table.columns` collection
+    on the :class:`_schema.Table` object, introduced at
+    :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` has both mapping- and sequence-
+    like behaviors. A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` usually stores
+    :class:`_schema.Column` objects, which are then accessible both via mapping
+    style access as well as attribute access style.
+
+    To access :class:`_schema.Column` objects using ordinary attribute-style
+    access, specify the name like any other object attribute, such as below
+    a column named ``employee_name`` is accessed::
+
+        >>> employee_table.c.employee_name
+
+    To access columns that have names with special characters or spaces,
+    index-style access is used, such as below which illustrates a column named
+    ``employee ' payment`` is accessed::
+
+        >>> employee_table.c["employee ' payment"]
+
+    As the :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection` object provides a Python dictionary
+    interface, common dictionary method names like
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnCollection.keys`, :meth:`_sql.ColumnCollection.values`,
+    and :meth:`_sql.ColumnCollection.items` are available, which means that
+    database columns that are keyed under these names also need to use indexed
+    access::
+
+        >>> employee_table.c["values"]
+
+
+    The name for which a :class:`_schema.Column` would be present is normally
+    that of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.key` parameter.  In some contexts,
+    such as a :class:`_sql.Select` object that uses a label style set
+    using the :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style` method, a column of a certain
+    key may instead be represented under a particular label name such
+    as ``tablename_columnname``::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import select, column, table
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        >>> t = table("t", column("c"))
+        >>> stmt = select(t).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+        >>> subq = stmt.subquery()
+        >>> subq.c.t_c
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.elements.ColumnClause at 0x7f59dcf04fa0; t_c>
+
+    :class:`.ColumnCollection` also indexes the columns in order and allows
+    them to be accessible by their integer position::
+
+        >>> cc[0]
+        Column('x', Integer(), table=None)
+        >>> cc[1]
+        Column('y', Integer(), table=None)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+       allows integer-based
+       index access to the collection.
+
+    Iterating the collection yields the column expressions in order::
+
+        >>> list(cc)
+        [Column('x', Integer(), table=None),
+         Column('y', Integer(), table=None)]
+
+    The base :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` object can store
+    duplicates, which can
+    mean either two columns with the same key, in which case the column
+    returned by key  access is **arbitrary**::
+
+        >>> x1, x2 = Column('x', Integer), Column('x', Integer)
+        >>> cc = ColumnCollection(columns=[(x1.name, x1), (x2.name, x2)])
+        >>> list(cc)
+        [Column('x', Integer(), table=None),
+         Column('x', Integer(), table=None)]
+        >>> cc['x'] is x1
+        False
+        >>> cc['x'] is x2
+        True
+
+    Or it can also mean the same column multiple times.   These cases are
+    supported as :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+    is used to represent the columns in
+    a SELECT statement which may include duplicates.
+
+    A special subclass :class:`.DedupeColumnCollection` exists which instead
+    maintains SQLAlchemy's older behavior of not allowing duplicates; this
+    collection is used for schema level objects like :class:`_schema.Table`
+    and
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` where this deduping is helpful.  The
+    :class:`.DedupeColumnCollection` class also has additional mutation methods
+    as the schema constructs have more use cases that require removal and
+    replacement of columns.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+       now stores duplicate
+       column keys as well as the same column in multiple positions.  The
+       :class:`.DedupeColumnCollection` class is added to maintain the
+       former behavior in those cases where deduplication as well as
+       additional replace/remove operations are needed.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "_collection", "_index", "_colset", "_proxy_index"
+
+    _collection: List[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co, _ColumnMetrics[_COL_co]]]
+    _index: Dict[Union[None, str, int], Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]
+    _proxy_index: Dict[ColumnElement[Any], Set[_ColumnMetrics[_COL_co]]]
+    _colset: Set[_COL_co]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, columns: Optional[Iterable[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]] = None
+    ):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_colset", set())
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_index", {})
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self, "_proxy_index", collections.defaultdict(util.OrderedSet)
+        )
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_collection", [])
+        if columns:
+            self._initial_populate(columns)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> ClauseList:
+        elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+
+        return elements.ClauseList(
+            _literal_as_text_role=roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+            group=False,
+            *self._all_columns,
+        )
+
+    def _initial_populate(
+        self, iter_: Iterable[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._populate_separate_keys(iter_)
+
+    @property
+    def _all_columns(self) -> List[_COL_co]:
+        return [col for (_, col, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def keys(self) -> List[_COLKEY]:
+        """Return a sequence of string key names for all columns in this
+        collection."""
+        return [k for (k, _, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def values(self) -> List[_COL_co]:
+        """Return a sequence of :class:`_sql.ColumnClause` or
+        :class:`_schema.Column` objects for all columns in this
+        collection."""
+        return [col for (_, col, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]:
+        """Return a sequence of (key, column) tuples for all columns in this
+        collection each consisting of a string key name and a
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnClause` or
+        :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+        """
+
+        return [(k, col) for (k, col, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._collection)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._collection)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_COL_co]:
+        # turn to a list first to maintain over a course of changes
+        return iter([col for _, col, _ in self._collection])
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[str, int]) -> _COL_co: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, key: Tuple[Union[str, int], ...]
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, key: slice
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, key: Union[str, int, slice, Tuple[Union[str, int], ...]]
+    ) -> Union[ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co], _COL_co]:
+        try:
+            if isinstance(key, (tuple, slice)):
+                if isinstance(key, slice):
+                    cols = (
+                        (sub_key, col)
+                        for (sub_key, col, _) in self._collection[key]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    cols = (self._index[sub_key] for sub_key in key)
+
+                return ColumnCollection(cols).as_readonly()
+            else:
+                return self._index[key][1]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            if isinstance(err.args[0], int):
+                raise IndexError(err.args[0]) from err
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> _COL_co:
+        try:
+            return self._index[key][1]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(key) from err
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        if key not in self._index:
+            if not isinstance(key, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "__contains__ requires a string argument"
+                )
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def compare(self, other: ColumnCollection[Any, Any]) -> bool:
+        """Compare this :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` to another
+        based on the names of the keys"""
+
+        for l, r in zip_longest(self, other):
+            if l is not r:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.compare(other)
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str, default: None = None) -> Optional[_COL_co]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str, default: _COL) -> Union[_COL_co, _COL]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: str, default: Optional[_COL] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_COL_co, _COL]]:
+        """Get a :class:`_sql.ColumnClause` or :class:`_schema.Column` object
+        based on a string key name from this
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`."""
+
+        if key in self._index:
+            return self._index[key][1]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ", ".join(str(c) for c in self),
+        )
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: str, obj: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def clear(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Dictionary clear() is not implemented for
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def remove(self, column: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def update(self, iter_: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        """Dictionary update() is not implemented for
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4266
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+    def _populate_separate_keys(
+        self, iter_: Iterable[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """populate from an iterator of (key, column)"""
+
+        self._collection[:] = collection = [
+            (k, c, _ColumnMetrics(self, c)) for k, c in iter_
+        ]
+        self._colset.update(c._deannotate() for _, c, _ in collection)
+        self._index.update(
+            {idx: (k, c) for idx, (k, c, _) in enumerate(collection)}
+        )
+        self._index.update({k: (k, col) for k, col, _ in reversed(collection)})
+
+    def add(
+        self, column: ColumnElement[Any], key: Optional[_COLKEY] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a column to this :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is **not normally used by user-facing code**, as the
+            :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection` is usually part of an existing
+            object such as a :class:`_schema.Table`. To add a
+            :class:`_schema.Column` to an existing :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object, use the :meth:`_schema.Table.append_column` method.
+
+        """
+        colkey: _COLKEY
+
+        if key is None:
+            colkey = column.key  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            colkey = key
+
+        l = len(self._collection)
+
+        # don't really know how this part is supposed to work w/ the
+        # covariant thing
+
+        _column = cast(_COL_co, column)
+
+        self._collection.append(
+            (colkey, _column, _ColumnMetrics(self, _column))
+        )
+        self._colset.add(_column._deannotate())
+        self._index[l] = (colkey, _column)
+        if colkey not in self._index:
+            self._index[colkey] = (colkey, _column)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "_collection": [(k, c) for k, c, _ in self._collection],
+            "_index": self._index,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_index", state["_index"])
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self, "_proxy_index", collections.defaultdict(util.OrderedSet)
+        )
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self,
+            "_collection",
+            [
+                (k, c, _ColumnMetrics(self, c))
+                for (k, c) in state["_collection"]
+            ],
+        )
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self, "_colset", {col for k, col, _ in self._collection}
+        )
+
+    def contains_column(self, col: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Checks if a column object exists in this collection"""
+        if col not in self._colset:
+            if isinstance(col, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "contains_column cannot be used with string arguments. "
+                    "Use ``col_name in table.c`` instead."
+                )
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def as_readonly(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]:
+        """Return a "read only" form of this
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`."""
+
+        return ReadOnlyColumnCollection(self)
+
+    def _init_proxy_index(self):
+        """populate the "proxy index", if empty.
+
+        proxy index is added in 2.0 to provide more efficient operation
+        for the corresponding_column() method.
+
+        For reasons of both time to construct new .c collections as well as
+        memory conservation for large numbers of large .c collections, the
+        proxy_index is only filled if corresponding_column() is called. once
+        filled it stays that way, and new _ColumnMetrics objects created after
+        that point will populate it with new data. Note this case would be
+        unusual, if not nonexistent, as it means a .c collection is being
+        mutated after corresponding_column() were used, however it is tested in
+        test/base/test_utils.py.
+
+        """
+        pi = self._proxy_index
+        if pi:
+            return
+
+        for _, _, metrics in self._collection:
+            eps = metrics.column._expanded_proxy_set
+
+            for eps_col in eps:
+                pi[eps_col].add(metrics)
+
+    def corresponding_column(
+        self, column: _COL, require_embedded: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_COL, _COL_co]]:
+        """Given a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, return the exported
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` object from this
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        which corresponds to that original :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        via a common
+        ancestor column.
+
+        :param column: the target :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+                      to be matched.
+
+        :param require_embedded: only return corresponding columns for
+         the given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, if the given
+         :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         is actually present within a sub-element
+         of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+         Normally the column will match if
+         it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported
+         columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Selectable.corresponding_column`
+            - invokes this method
+            against the collection returned by
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the implementation for ``corresponding_column``
+           was moved onto the :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` itself.
+
+        """
+        # TODO: cython candidate
+
+        # don't dig around if the column is locally present
+        if column in self._colset:
+            return column
+
+        selected_intersection, selected_metrics = None, None
+        target_set = column.proxy_set
+
+        pi = self._proxy_index
+        if not pi:
+            self._init_proxy_index()
+
+        for current_metrics in (
+            mm for ts in target_set if ts in pi for mm in pi[ts]
+        ):
+            if not require_embedded or current_metrics.embedded(target_set):
+                if selected_metrics is None:
+                    # no corresponding column yet, pick this one.
+                    selected_metrics = current_metrics
+                    continue
+
+                current_intersection = target_set.intersection(
+                    current_metrics.column._expanded_proxy_set
+                )
+                if selected_intersection is None:
+                    selected_intersection = target_set.intersection(
+                        selected_metrics.column._expanded_proxy_set
+                    )
+
+                if len(current_intersection) > len(selected_intersection):
+                    # 'current' has a larger field of correspondence than
+                    # 'selected'. i.e. selectable.c.a1_x->a1.c.x->table.c.x
+                    # matches a1.c.x->table.c.x better than
+                    # selectable.c.x->table.c.x does.
+
+                    selected_metrics = current_metrics
+                    selected_intersection = current_intersection
+                elif current_intersection == selected_intersection:
+                    # they have the same field of correspondence. see
+                    # which proxy_set has fewer columns in it, which
+                    # indicates a closer relationship with the root
+                    # column. Also take into account the "weight"
+                    # attribute which CompoundSelect() uses to give
+                    # higher precedence to columns based on vertical
+                    # position in the compound statement, and discard
+                    # columns that have no reference to the target
+                    # column (also occurs with CompoundSelect)
+
+                    selected_col_distance = sum(
+                        [
+                            sc._annotations.get("weight", 1)
+                            for sc in (
+                                selected_metrics.column._uncached_proxy_list()
+                            )
+                            if sc.shares_lineage(column)
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    current_col_distance = sum(
+                        [
+                            sc._annotations.get("weight", 1)
+                            for sc in (
+                                current_metrics.column._uncached_proxy_list()
+                            )
+                            if sc.shares_lineage(column)
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    if current_col_distance < selected_col_distance:
+                        selected_metrics = current_metrics
+                        selected_intersection = current_intersection
+
+        return selected_metrics.column if selected_metrics else None
+
+
+_NAMEDCOL = TypeVar("_NAMEDCOL", bound="NamedColumn[Any]")
+
+
+class DedupeColumnCollection(ColumnCollection[str, _NAMEDCOL]):
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+    that maintains deduplicating behavior.
+
+    This is useful by schema level objects such as :class:`_schema.Table` and
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.    The collection includes more
+    sophisticated mutator methods as well to suit schema objects which
+    require mutable column collections.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    def add(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, column: _NAMEDCOL, key: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if key is not None and column.key != key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "DedupeColumnCollection requires columns be under "
+                "the same key as their .key"
+            )
+        key = column.key
+
+        if key is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't add unnamed column to column collection"
+            )
+
+        if key in self._index:
+            existing = self._index[key][1]
+
+            if existing is column:
+                return
+
+            self.replace(column)
+
+            # pop out memoized proxy_set as this
+            # operation may very well be occurring
+            # in a _make_proxy operation
+            util.memoized_property.reset(column, "proxy_set")
+        else:
+            self._append_new_column(key, column)
+
+    def _append_new_column(self, key: str, named_column: _NAMEDCOL) -> None:
+        l = len(self._collection)
+        self._collection.append(
+            (key, named_column, _ColumnMetrics(self, named_column))
+        )
+        self._colset.add(named_column._deannotate())
+        self._index[l] = (key, named_column)
+        self._index[key] = (key, named_column)
+
+    def _populate_separate_keys(
+        self, iter_: Iterable[Tuple[str, _NAMEDCOL]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """populate from an iterator of (key, column)"""
+        cols = list(iter_)
+
+        replace_col = []
+        for k, col in cols:
+            if col.key != k:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "DedupeColumnCollection requires columns be under "
+                    "the same key as their .key"
+                )
+            if col.name in self._index and col.key != col.name:
+                replace_col.append(col)
+            elif col.key in self._index:
+                replace_col.append(col)
+            else:
+                self._index[k] = (k, col)
+                self._collection.append((k, col, _ColumnMetrics(self, col)))
+        self._colset.update(c._deannotate() for (k, c, _) in self._collection)
+
+        self._index.update(
+            (idx, (k, c)) for idx, (k, c, _) in enumerate(self._collection)
+        )
+        for col in replace_col:
+            self.replace(col)
+
+    def extend(self, iter_: Iterable[_NAMEDCOL]) -> None:
+        self._populate_separate_keys((col.key, col) for col in iter_)
+
+    def remove(self, column: _NAMEDCOL) -> None:
+        if column not in self._colset:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't remove column %r; column is not in this collection"
+                % column
+            )
+        del self._index[column.key]
+        self._colset.remove(column)
+        self._collection[:] = [
+            (k, c, metrics)
+            for (k, c, metrics) in self._collection
+            if c is not column
+        ]
+        for metrics in self._proxy_index.get(column, ()):
+            metrics.dispose(self)
+
+        self._index.update(
+            {idx: (k, col) for idx, (k, col, _) in enumerate(self._collection)}
+        )
+        # delete higher index
+        del self._index[len(self._collection)]
+
+    def replace(
+        self,
+        column: _NAMEDCOL,
+        extra_remove: Optional[Iterable[_NAMEDCOL]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """add the given column to this collection, removing unaliased
+        versions of this column  as well as existing columns with the
+        same key.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            t = Table('sometable', metadata, Column('col1', Integer))
+            t.columns.replace(Column('col1', Integer, key='columnone'))
+
+        will remove the original 'col1' from the collection, and add
+        the new column under the name 'columnname'.
+
+        Used by schema.Column to override columns during table reflection.
+
+        """
+
+        if extra_remove:
+            remove_col = set(extra_remove)
+        else:
+            remove_col = set()
+        # remove up to two columns based on matches of name as well as key
+        if column.name in self._index and column.key != column.name:
+            other = self._index[column.name][1]
+            if other.name == other.key:
+                remove_col.add(other)
+
+        if column.key in self._index:
+            remove_col.add(self._index[column.key][1])
+
+        if not remove_col:
+            self._append_new_column(column.key, column)
+            return
+        new_cols: List[Tuple[str, _NAMEDCOL, _ColumnMetrics[_NAMEDCOL]]] = []
+        replaced = False
+        for k, col, metrics in self._collection:
+            if col in remove_col:
+                if not replaced:
+                    replaced = True
+                    new_cols.append(
+                        (column.key, column, _ColumnMetrics(self, column))
+                    )
+            else:
+                new_cols.append((k, col, metrics))
+
+        if remove_col:
+            self._colset.difference_update(remove_col)
+
+            for rc in remove_col:
+                for metrics in self._proxy_index.get(rc, ()):
+                    metrics.dispose(self)
+
+        if not replaced:
+            new_cols.append((column.key, column, _ColumnMetrics(self, column)))
+
+        self._colset.add(column._deannotate())
+        self._collection[:] = new_cols
+
+        self._index.clear()
+
+        self._index.update(
+            {idx: (k, col) for idx, (k, col, _) in enumerate(self._collection)}
+        )
+        self._index.update({k: (k, col) for (k, col, _) in self._collection})
+
+
+class ReadOnlyColumnCollection(
+    util.ReadOnlyContainer, ColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]
+):
+    __slots__ = ("_parent",)
+
+    def __init__(self, collection):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_parent", collection)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_colset", collection._colset)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_index", collection._index)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_collection", collection._collection)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_proxy_index", collection._proxy_index)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {"_parent": self._parent}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        parent = state["_parent"]
+        self.__init__(parent)  # type: ignore
+
+    def add(self, column: Any, key: Any = ...) -> Any:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def extend(self, elements: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def remove(self, item: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+
+class ColumnSet(util.OrderedSet["ColumnClause[Any]"]):
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        return col in self
+
+    def extend(self, cols):
+        for col in cols:
+            self.add(col)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        l = []
+        for c in other:
+            for local in self:
+                if c.shares_lineage(local):
+                    l.append(c == local)
+        return elements.and_(*l)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(tuple(x for x in self))
+
+
+def _entity_namespace(
+    entity: Union[_HasEntityNamespace, ExternallyTraversible]
+) -> _EntityNamespace:
+    """Return the nearest .entity_namespace for the given entity.
+
+    If not immediately available, does an iterate to find a sub-element
+    that has one, if any.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return cast(_HasEntityNamespace, entity).entity_namespace
+    except AttributeError:
+        for elem in visitors.iterate(cast(ExternallyTraversible, entity)):
+            if _is_has_entity_namespace(elem):
+                return elem.entity_namespace
+        else:
+            raise
+
+
+def _entity_namespace_key(
+    entity: Union[_HasEntityNamespace, ExternallyTraversible],
+    key: str,
+    default: Union[SQLCoreOperations[Any], _NoArg] = NO_ARG,
+) -> SQLCoreOperations[Any]:
+    """Return an entry from an entity_namespace.
+
+
+    Raises :class:`_exc.InvalidRequestError` rather than attribute error
+    on not found.
+
+    """
+
+    try:
+        ns = _entity_namespace(entity)
+        if default is not NO_ARG:
+            return getattr(ns, key, default)
+        else:
+            return getattr(ns, key)  # type: ignore
+    except AttributeError as err:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            'Entity namespace for "%s" has no property "%s"' % (entity, key)
+        ) from err
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/cache_key.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/cache_key.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f0f1b362e635bcdc7ea74f563e8becf4de5a6b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/cache_key.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1057 @@
+# sql/cache_key.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from .visitors import anon_map
+from .visitors import HasTraversalDispatch
+from .visitors import HasTraverseInternals
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .visitors import prefix_anon_map
+from .. import util
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+
+
+class _CacheKeyTraversalDispatchType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        s, self: HasCacheKey, visitor: _CacheKeyTraversal
+    ) -> _CacheKeyTraversalDispatchTypeReturn: ...
+
+
+class CacheConst(enum.Enum):
+    NO_CACHE = 0
+
+
+NO_CACHE = CacheConst.NO_CACHE
+
+
+_CacheKeyTraversalType = Union[
+    "_TraverseInternalsType", Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE], Literal[None]
+]
+
+
+class CacheTraverseTarget(enum.Enum):
+    CACHE_IN_PLACE = 0
+    CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY = 1
+    STATIC_CACHE_KEY = 2
+    PROPAGATE_ATTRS = 3
+    ANON_NAME = 4
+
+
+(
+    CACHE_IN_PLACE,
+    CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY,
+    STATIC_CACHE_KEY,
+    PROPAGATE_ATTRS,
+    ANON_NAME,
+) = tuple(CacheTraverseTarget)
+
+_CacheKeyTraversalDispatchTypeReturn = Sequence[
+    Tuple[
+        str,
+        Any,
+        Union[
+            Callable[..., Tuple[Any, ...]],
+            CacheTraverseTarget,
+            InternalTraversal,
+        ],
+    ]
+]
+
+
+class HasCacheKey:
+    """Mixin for objects which can produce a cache key.
+
+    This class is usually in a hierarchy that starts with the
+    :class:`.HasTraverseInternals` base, but this is optional.  Currently,
+    the class should be able to work on its own without including
+    :class:`.HasTraverseInternals`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.CacheKey`
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = NO_CACHE
+
+    _is_has_cache_key = True
+
+    _hierarchy_supports_caching = True
+    """private attribute which may be set to False to prevent the
+    inherit_cache warning from being emitted for a hierarchy of subclasses.
+
+    Currently applies to the :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` hierarchy which
+    does not implement caching.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Indicate if this :class:`.HasCacheKey` instance should make use of the
+    cache key generation scheme used by its immediate superclass.
+
+    The attribute defaults to ``None``, which indicates that a construct has
+    not yet taken into account whether or not its appropriate for it to
+    participate in caching; this is functionally equivalent to setting the
+    value to ``False``, except that a warning is also emitted.
+
+    This flag can be set to ``True`` on a particular class, if the SQL that
+    corresponds to the object does not change based on attributes which
+    are local to this class, and not its superclass.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`compilerext_caching` - General guideslines for setting the
+        :attr:`.HasCacheKey.inherit_cache` attribute for third-party or user
+        defined SQL constructs.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generated_cache_key_traversal: Any
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_cache_attrs(
+        cls,
+    ) -> Union[_CacheKeyTraversalDispatchType, Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]]:
+        """generate cache key dispatcher for a new class.
+
+        This sets the _generated_cache_key_traversal attribute once called
+        so should only be called once per class.
+
+        """
+        inherit_cache = cls.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", None)
+        inherit = bool(inherit_cache)
+
+        if inherit:
+            _cache_key_traversal = getattr(cls, "_cache_key_traversal", None)
+            if _cache_key_traversal is None:
+                try:
+                    assert issubclass(cls, HasTraverseInternals)
+                    _cache_key_traversal = cls._traverse_internals
+                except AttributeError:
+                    cls._generated_cache_key_traversal = NO_CACHE
+                    return NO_CACHE
+
+            assert _cache_key_traversal is not NO_CACHE, (
+                f"class {cls} has _cache_key_traversal=NO_CACHE, "
+                "which conflicts with inherit_cache=True"
+            )
+
+            # TODO: wouldn't we instead get this from our superclass?
+            # also, our superclass may not have this yet, but in any case,
+            # we'd generate for the superclass that has it.   this is a little
+            # more complicated, so for the moment this is a little less
+            # efficient on startup but simpler.
+            return _cache_key_traversal_visitor.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                _cache_key_traversal,
+                "_generated_cache_key_traversal",
+            )
+        else:
+            _cache_key_traversal = cls.__dict__.get(
+                "_cache_key_traversal", None
+            )
+            if _cache_key_traversal is None:
+                _cache_key_traversal = cls.__dict__.get(
+                    "_traverse_internals", None
+                )
+                if _cache_key_traversal is None:
+                    cls._generated_cache_key_traversal = NO_CACHE
+                    if (
+                        inherit_cache is None
+                        and cls._hierarchy_supports_caching
+                    ):
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Class %s will not make use of SQL compilation "
+                            "caching as it does not set the 'inherit_cache' "
+                            "attribute to ``True``.  This can have "
+                            "significant performance implications including "
+                            "some performance degradations in comparison to "
+                            "prior SQLAlchemy versions.  Set this attribute "
+                            "to True if this object can make use of the cache "
+                            "key generated by the superclass.  Alternatively, "
+                            "this attribute may be set to False which will "
+                            "disable this warning." % (cls.__name__),
+                            code="cprf",
+                        )
+                    return NO_CACHE
+
+            return _cache_key_traversal_visitor.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                _cache_key_traversal,
+                "_generated_cache_key_traversal",
+            )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        """return an optional cache key.
+
+        The cache key is a tuple which can contain any series of
+        objects that are hashable and also identifies
+        this object uniquely within the presence of a larger SQL expression
+        or statement, for the purposes of caching the resulting query.
+
+        The cache key should be based on the SQL compiled structure that would
+        ultimately be produced.   That is, two structures that are composed in
+        exactly the same way should produce the same cache key; any difference
+        in the structures that would affect the SQL string or the type handlers
+        should result in a different cache key.
+
+        If a structure cannot produce a useful cache key, the NO_CACHE
+        symbol should be added to the anon_map and the method should
+        return None.
+
+        """
+
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        id_, found = anon_map.get_anon(self)
+        if found:
+            return (id_, cls)
+
+        dispatcher: Union[
+            Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE],
+            _CacheKeyTraversalDispatchType,
+        ]
+
+        try:
+            dispatcher = cls.__dict__["_generated_cache_key_traversal"]
+        except KeyError:
+            # traversals.py -> _preconfigure_traversals()
+            # may be used to run these ahead of time, but
+            # is not enabled right now.
+            # this block will generate any remaining dispatchers.
+            dispatcher = cls._generate_cache_attrs()
+
+        if dispatcher is NO_CACHE:
+            anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+            return None
+
+        result: Tuple[Any, ...] = (id_, cls)
+
+        # inline of _cache_key_traversal_visitor.run_generated_dispatch()
+
+        for attrname, obj, meth in dispatcher(
+            self, _cache_key_traversal_visitor
+        ):
+            if obj is not None:
+                # TODO: see if C code can help here as Python lacks an
+                # efficient switch construct
+
+                if meth is STATIC_CACHE_KEY:
+                    sck = obj._static_cache_key
+                    if sck is NO_CACHE:
+                        anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+                        return None
+                    result += (attrname, sck)
+                elif meth is ANON_NAME:
+                    elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+                    if isinstance(obj, elements._anonymous_label):
+                        obj = obj.apply_map(anon_map)  # type: ignore
+                    result += (attrname, obj)
+                elif meth is CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY:
+                    result += (
+                        attrname,
+                        obj._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                    )
+
+                # remaining cache functions are against
+                # Python tuples, dicts, lists, etc. so we can skip
+                # if they are empty
+                elif obj:
+                    if meth is CACHE_IN_PLACE:
+                        result += (attrname, obj)
+                    elif meth is PROPAGATE_ATTRS:
+                        result += (
+                            attrname,
+                            obj["compile_state_plugin"],
+                            (
+                                obj["plugin_subject"]._gen_cache_key(
+                                    anon_map, bindparams
+                                )
+                                if obj["plugin_subject"]
+                                else None
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif meth is InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key:
+                        # obj is here is the _annotations dict.  Table uses
+                        # a memoized version of it.  however in other cases,
+                        # we generate it given anon_map as we may be from a
+                        # Join, Aliased, etc.
+                        # see #8790
+
+                        if self._gen_static_annotations_cache_key:  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                            result += self._annotations_cache_key  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                        else:
+                            result += self._gen_annotations_cache_key(anon_map)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+                    elif (
+                        meth is InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list
+                        or meth is InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple
+                        or meth
+                        is InternalTraversal.dp_memoized_select_entities
+                    ):
+                        result += (
+                            attrname,
+                            tuple(
+                                [
+                                    elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                                    for elem in obj
+                                ]
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        result += meth(  # type: ignore
+                            attrname, obj, self, anon_map, bindparams
+                        )
+        return result
+
+    def _generate_cache_key(self) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        """return a cache key.
+
+        The cache key is a tuple which can contain any series of
+        objects that are hashable and also identifies
+        this object uniquely within the presence of a larger SQL expression
+        or statement, for the purposes of caching the resulting query.
+
+        The cache key should be based on the SQL compiled structure that would
+        ultimately be produced.   That is, two structures that are composed in
+        exactly the same way should produce the same cache key; any difference
+        in the structures that would affect the SQL string or the type handlers
+        should result in a different cache key.
+
+        The cache key returned by this method is an instance of
+        :class:`.CacheKey`, which consists of a tuple representing the
+        cache key, as well as a list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        which are extracted from the expression.   While two expressions
+        that produce identical cache key tuples will themselves generate
+        identical SQL strings, the list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        indicates the bound values which may have different values in
+        each one; these bound parameters must be consulted in order to
+        execute the statement with the correct parameters.
+
+        a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` structure that does not implement
+        a :meth:`._gen_cache_key` method and does not implement a
+        :attr:`.traverse_internals` attribute will not be cacheable; when
+        such an element is embedded into a larger structure, this method
+        will return None, indicating no cache key is available.
+
+        """
+
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+        _anon_map = anon_map()
+        key = self._gen_cache_key(_anon_map, bindparams)
+        if NO_CACHE in _anon_map:
+            return None
+        else:
+            assert key is not None
+            return CacheKey(key, bindparams)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_cache_key_for_object(
+        cls, obj: HasCacheKey
+    ) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+        _anon_map = anon_map()
+        key = obj._gen_cache_key(_anon_map, bindparams)
+        if NO_CACHE in _anon_map:
+            return None
+        else:
+            assert key is not None
+            return CacheKey(key, bindparams)
+
+
+class HasCacheKeyTraverse(HasTraverseInternals, HasCacheKey):
+    pass
+
+
+class MemoizedHasCacheKey(HasCacheKey, HasMemoized):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _generate_cache_key(self) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        return HasCacheKey._generate_cache_key(self)
+
+
+class SlotsMemoizedHasCacheKey(HasCacheKey, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _memoized_method__generate_cache_key(self) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        return HasCacheKey._generate_cache_key(self)
+
+
+class CacheKey(NamedTuple):
+    """The key used to identify a SQL statement construct in the
+    SQL compilation cache.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    key: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    bindparams: Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]
+
+    # can't set __hash__ attribute because it interferes
+    # with namedtuple
+    # can't use "if not TYPE_CHECKING" because mypy rejects it
+    # inside of a NamedTuple
+    def __hash__(self) -> Optional[int]:  # type: ignore
+        """CacheKey itself is not hashable - hash the .key portion"""
+        return None
+
+    def to_offline_string(
+        self,
+        statement_cache: MutableMapping[Any, str],
+        statement: ClauseElement,
+        parameters: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Generate an "offline string" form of this :class:`.CacheKey`
+
+        The "offline string" is basically the string SQL for the
+        statement plus a repr of the bound parameter values in series.
+        Whereas the :class:`.CacheKey` object is dependent on in-memory
+        identities in order to work as a cache key, the "offline" version
+        is suitable for a cache that will work for other processes as well.
+
+        The given ``statement_cache`` is a dictionary-like object where the
+        string form of the statement itself will be cached.  This dictionary
+        should be in a longer lived scope in order to reduce the time spent
+        stringifying statements.
+
+
+        """
+        if self.key not in statement_cache:
+            statement_cache[self.key] = sql_str = str(statement)
+        else:
+            sql_str = statement_cache[self.key]
+
+        if not self.bindparams:
+            param_tuple = tuple(parameters[key] for key in sorted(parameters))
+        else:
+            param_tuple = tuple(
+                parameters.get(bindparam.key, bindparam.value)
+                for bindparam in self.bindparams
+            )
+
+        return repr((sql_str, param_tuple))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.key == other.key)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not (self.key == other.key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _diff_tuples(cls, left: CacheKey, right: CacheKey) -> str:
+        ck1 = CacheKey(left, [])
+        ck2 = CacheKey(right, [])
+        return ck1._diff(ck2)
+
+    def _whats_different(self, other: CacheKey) -> Iterator[str]:
+        k1 = self.key
+        k2 = other.key
+
+        stack: List[int] = []
+        pickup_index = 0
+        while True:
+            s1, s2 = k1, k2
+            for idx in stack:
+                s1 = s1[idx]
+                s2 = s2[idx]
+
+            for idx, (e1, e2) in enumerate(zip_longest(s1, s2)):
+                if idx < pickup_index:
+                    continue
+                if e1 != e2:
+                    if isinstance(e1, tuple) and isinstance(e2, tuple):
+                        stack.append(idx)
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        yield "key%s[%d]:  %s != %s" % (
+                            "".join("[%d]" % id_ for id_ in stack),
+                            idx,
+                            e1,
+                            e2,
+                        )
+            else:
+                pickup_index = stack.pop(-1)
+                break
+
+    def _diff(self, other: CacheKey) -> str:
+        return ", ".join(self._whats_different(other))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        stack: List[Union[Tuple[Any, ...], HasCacheKey]] = [self.key]
+
+        output = []
+        sentinel = object()
+        indent = -1
+        while stack:
+            elem = stack.pop(0)
+            if elem is sentinel:
+                output.append((" " * (indent * 2)) + "),")
+                indent -= 1
+            elif isinstance(elem, tuple):
+                if not elem:
+                    output.append((" " * ((indent + 1) * 2)) + "()")
+                else:
+                    indent += 1
+                    stack = list(elem) + [sentinel] + stack
+                    output.append((" " * (indent * 2)) + "(")
+            else:
+                if isinstance(elem, HasCacheKey):
+                    repr_ = "<%s object at %s>" % (
+                        type(elem).__name__,
+                        hex(id(elem)),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    repr_ = repr(elem)
+                output.append((" " * (indent * 2)) + "  " + repr_ + ", ")
+
+        return "CacheKey(key=%s)" % ("\n".join(output),)
+
+    def _generate_param_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """used for testing"""
+
+        _anon_map = prefix_anon_map()
+        return {b.key % _anon_map: b.effective_value for b in self.bindparams}
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def _apply_params_to_element(
+        self, original_cache_key: CacheKey, target_element: ColumnElement[Any]
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if target_element._is_immutable or original_cache_key is self:
+            return target_element
+
+        elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+        return elements._OverrideBinds(
+            target_element, self.bindparams, original_cache_key.bindparams
+        )
+
+
+def _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args(
+    tokens: Tuple[Any, ...],
+    traverse_args: Iterable[Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]],
+    args: Iterable[Any],
+) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """a quick cache key generator used by reflection.flexi_cache."""
+    bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+    _anon_map = anon_map()
+
+    tup = tokens
+
+    for (attrname, sym), arg in zip(traverse_args, args):
+        key = sym.name
+        visit_key = key.replace("dp_", "visit_")
+
+        if arg is None:
+            tup += (attrname, None)
+            continue
+
+        meth = getattr(_cache_key_traversal_visitor, visit_key)
+        if meth is CACHE_IN_PLACE:
+            tup += (attrname, arg)
+        elif meth in (
+            CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY,
+            STATIC_CACHE_KEY,
+            ANON_NAME,
+            PROPAGATE_ATTRS,
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Haven't implemented symbol {meth} for ad-hoc key from args"
+            )
+        else:
+            tup += meth(attrname, arg, None, _anon_map, bindparams)
+    return tup
+
+
+class _CacheKeyTraversal(HasTraversalDispatch):
+    # very common elements are inlined into the main _get_cache_key() method
+    # to produce a dramatic savings in Python function call overhead
+
+    visit_has_cache_key = visit_clauseelement = CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY
+    visit_clauseelement_list = InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list
+    visit_annotations_key = InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key
+    visit_clauseelement_tuple = InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple
+    visit_memoized_select_entities = (
+        InternalTraversal.dp_memoized_select_entities
+    )
+
+    visit_string = visit_boolean = visit_operator = visit_plain_obj = (
+        CACHE_IN_PLACE
+    )
+    visit_statement_hint_list = CACHE_IN_PLACE
+    visit_type = STATIC_CACHE_KEY
+    visit_anon_name = ANON_NAME
+
+    visit_propagate_attrs = PROPAGATE_ATTRS
+
+    def visit_with_context_options(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple((fn.__code__, c_key) for fn, c_key in obj)
+
+    def visit_inspectable(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (attrname, inspect(obj)._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams))
+
+    def visit_string_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple(obj)
+
+    def visit_multi(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            (
+                obj._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                if isinstance(obj, HasCacheKey)
+                else obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_multi_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    if isinstance(elem, HasCacheKey)
+                    else elem
+                )
+                for elem in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key_tuples(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                tuple(
+                    elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    for elem in tup_elem
+                )
+                for tup_elem in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for elem in obj),
+        )
+
+    def visit_executable_options(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                for elem in obj
+                if elem._is_has_cache_key
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_inspectable_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return self.visit_has_cache_key_list(
+            attrname, [inspect(o) for o in obj], parent, anon_map, bindparams
+        )
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return self.visit_has_cache_key_tuples(
+            attrname, obj, parent, anon_map, bindparams
+        )
+
+    def visit_fromclause_ordered_set(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple([elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for elem in obj]),
+        )
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        cache_keys = [
+            elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for elem in obj
+        ]
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                sorted(cache_keys)
+            ),  # cache keys all start with (id_, class)
+        )
+
+    def visit_named_ddl_element(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (attrname, obj.name)
+
+    def visit_prefix_sequence(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    (clause._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams), strval)
+                    for clause, strval in obj
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            (
+                target._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                (
+                    onclause._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    if onclause is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+                (
+                    from_._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    if from_ is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+                tuple([(key, flags[key]) for key in sorted(flags)]),
+            )
+            for (target, onclause, from_, flags) in obj
+        )
+
+    def visit_table_hint_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    (
+                        clause._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                        dialect_name,
+                        text,
+                    )
+                    for (clause, dialect_name), text in obj.items()
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_plain_dict(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (attrname, tuple([(key, obj[key]) for key in sorted(obj)]))
+
+    def visit_dialect_options(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    dialect_name,
+                    tuple(
+                        [
+                            (key, obj[dialect_name][key])
+                            for key in sorted(obj[dialect_name])
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                )
+                for dialect_name in sorted(obj)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (key, obj[key]._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams))
+                for key in sorted(obj)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_string_multi_dict(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    key,
+                    (
+                        value._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        if isinstance(value, HasCacheKey)
+                        else value
+                    ),
+                )
+                for key, value in [(key, obj[key]) for key in sorted(obj)]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_fromclause_canonical_column_collection(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        # inlining into the internals of ColumnCollection
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                col._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                for k, col, _ in obj._collection
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_unknown_structure(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    (
+                        key._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__")
+                        else key
+                    ),
+                    value._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                )
+                for key, value in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_dml_values(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        # in py37 we can assume two dictionaries created in the same
+        # insert ordering will retain that sorting
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    (
+                        k._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        if hasattr(k, "__clause_element__")
+                        else k
+                    ),
+                    obj[k]._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                )
+                for k in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        # multivalues are simply not cacheable right now
+        anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+        return ()
+
+
+_cache_key_traversal_visitor = _CacheKeyTraversal()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/coercions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/coercions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3891ca0ae104f2a08fb56726a002f30cd9c0a1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/coercions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1389 @@
+# sql/coercions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import numbers
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import visitors
+from ._typing import is_from_clause
+from .base import ExecutableOption
+from .base import Options
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # elements lambdas schema selectable are set by __init__
+    from . import elements
+    from . import lambdas
+    from . import schema
+    from . import selectable
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _DDLColumnArgument
+    from ._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+    from ._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from .dml import _DMLTableElement
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnClause
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import DQLDMLClauseElement
+    from .elements import NamedColumn
+    from .elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from .selectable import _JoinTargetProtocol
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import HasCTE
+    from .selectable import SelectBase
+    from .selectable import Subquery
+    from .visitors import _TraverseCallableType
+
+_SR = TypeVar("_SR", bound=roles.SQLRole)
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+_StringOnlyR = TypeVar("_StringOnlyR", bound=roles.StringRole)
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+def _is_literal(element):
+    """Return whether or not the element is a "literal" in the context
+    of a SQL expression construct.
+
+    """
+
+    return not isinstance(
+        element,
+        (Visitable, schema.SchemaEventTarget),
+    ) and not hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+
+
+def _deep_is_literal(element):
+    """Return whether or not the element is a "literal" in the context
+    of a SQL expression construct.
+
+    does a deeper more esoteric check than _is_literal.   is used
+    for lambda elements that have to distinguish values that would
+    be bound vs. not without any context.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(element, collections_abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(
+        element, str
+    ):
+        for elem in element:
+            if not _deep_is_literal(elem):
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    return (
+        not isinstance(
+            element,
+            (
+                Visitable,
+                schema.SchemaEventTarget,
+                HasCacheKey,
+                Options,
+                util.langhelpers.symbol,
+            ),
+        )
+        and not hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+        and (
+            not isinstance(element, type)
+            or not issubclass(element, HasCacheKey)
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _document_text_coercion(
+    paramname: str, meth_rst: str, param_rst: str
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    return util.add_parameter_text(
+        paramname,
+        (
+            ".. warning:: "
+            "The %s argument to %s can be passed as a Python string argument, "
+            "which will be treated "
+            "as **trusted SQL text** and rendered as given.  **DO NOT PASS "
+            "UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER**."
+        )
+        % (param_rst, meth_rst),
+    )
+
+
+def _expression_collection_was_a_list(
+    attrname: str,
+    fnname: str,
+    args: Union[Sequence[_T], Sequence[Sequence[_T]]],
+) -> Sequence[_T]:
+    if args and isinstance(args[0], (list, set, dict)) and len(args) == 1:
+        if isinstance(args[0], list):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f'The "{attrname}" argument to {fnname}(), when '
+                "referring to a sequence "
+                "of items, is now passed as a series of positional "
+                "elements, rather than as a list. "
+            )
+        return cast("Sequence[_T]", args[0])
+
+    return cast("Sequence[_T]", args)
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.TruncatedLabelRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DMLColumnRole],
+    element: Any,
+    *,
+    as_key: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.LiteralValueRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DDLReferredColumnRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Column[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[Column[Any], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.StatementOptionRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> DQLDMLClauseElement: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.LabeledColumnExprRole[Any]],
+    element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> NamedColumn[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Union[
+        Type[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]],
+        Type[roles.LimitOffsetRole],
+        Type[roles.WhereHavingRole],
+    ],
+    element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Union[
+        Type[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]],
+        Type[roles.LimitOffsetRole],
+        Type[roles.WhereHavingRole],
+        Type[roles.OnClauseRole],
+        Type[roles.ColumnArgumentRole],
+    ],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DMLTableRole],
+    element: _DMLTableArgument,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _DMLTableElement: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.HasCTERole],
+    element: HasCTE,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> HasCTE: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.SelectStatementRole],
+    element: SelectBase,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> SelectBase: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.FromClauseRole],
+    element: _FromClauseArgument,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> FromClause: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.FromClauseRole],
+    element: SelectBase,
+    *,
+    explicit_subquery: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Subquery: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.ColumnsClauseRole],
+    element: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _ColumnsClauseElement: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.JoinTargetRole],
+    element: _JoinTargetProtocol,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _JoinTargetProtocol: ...
+
+
+# catchall for not-yet-implemented overloads
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[_SR],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Any: ...
+
+
+def expect(
+    role: Type[_SR],
+    element: Any,
+    *,
+    apply_propagate_attrs: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+    argname: Optional[str] = None,
+    post_inspect: bool = False,
+    disable_inspection: bool = False,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    if (
+        role.allows_lambda
+        # note callable() will not invoke a __getattr__() method, whereas
+        # hasattr(obj, "__call__") will. by keeping the callable() check here
+        # we prevent most needless calls to hasattr()  and therefore
+        # __getattr__(), which is present on ColumnElement.
+        and callable(element)
+        and hasattr(element, "__code__")
+    ):
+        return lambdas.LambdaElement(
+            element,
+            role,
+            lambdas.LambdaOptions(**kw),
+            apply_propagate_attrs=apply_propagate_attrs,
+        )
+
+    # major case is that we are given a ClauseElement already, skip more
+    # elaborate logic up front if possible
+    impl = _impl_lookup[role]
+
+    original_element = element
+
+    if not isinstance(
+        element,
+        (
+            elements.CompilerElement,
+            schema.SchemaItem,
+            schema.FetchedValue,
+            lambdas.PyWrapper,
+        ),
+    ):
+        resolved = None
+
+        if impl._resolve_literal_only:
+            resolved = impl._literal_coercion(element, **kw)
+        else:
+            original_element = element
+
+            is_clause_element = False
+
+            # this is a special performance optimization for ORM
+            # joins used by JoinTargetImpl that we don't go through the
+            # work of creating __clause_element__() when we only need the
+            # original QueryableAttribute, as the former will do clause
+            # adaption and all that which is just thrown away here.
+            if (
+                impl._skip_clauseelement_for_target_match
+                and isinstance(element, role)
+                and hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+            ):
+                is_clause_element = True
+            else:
+                while hasattr(element, "__clause_element__"):
+                    is_clause_element = True
+
+                    if not getattr(element, "is_clause_element", False):
+                        element = element.__clause_element__()
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+            if not is_clause_element:
+                if impl._use_inspection and not disable_inspection:
+                    insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+                    if insp is not None:
+                        if post_inspect:
+                            insp._post_inspect
+                        try:
+                            resolved = insp.__clause_element__()
+                        except AttributeError:
+                            impl._raise_for_expected(original_element, argname)
+
+                if resolved is None:
+                    resolved = impl._literal_coercion(
+                        element, argname=argname, **kw
+                    )
+            else:
+                resolved = element
+    elif isinstance(element, lambdas.PyWrapper):
+        resolved = element._sa__py_wrapper_literal(**kw)
+    else:
+        resolved = element
+
+    if apply_propagate_attrs is not None:
+        if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(resolved, (SQLCoreOperations, ClauseElement))
+
+        if not apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs and getattr(
+            resolved, "_propagate_attrs", None
+        ):
+            apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs = resolved._propagate_attrs
+
+    if impl._role_class in resolved.__class__.__mro__:
+        if impl._post_coercion:
+            resolved = impl._post_coercion(
+                resolved,
+                argname=argname,
+                original_element=original_element,
+                **kw,
+            )
+        return resolved
+    else:
+        return impl._implicit_coercions(
+            original_element, resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+        )
+
+
+def expect_as_key(
+    role: Type[roles.DMLColumnRole], element: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> str:
+    kw.pop("as_key", None)
+    return expect(role, element, as_key=True, **kw)
+
+
+def expect_col_expression_collection(
+    role: Type[roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole],
+    expressions: Iterable[_DDLColumnArgument],
+) -> Iterator[
+    Tuple[
+        Union[str, Column[Any]],
+        Optional[ColumnClause[Any]],
+        Optional[str],
+        Optional[Union[Column[Any], str]],
+    ]
+]:
+    for expr in expressions:
+        strname = None
+        column = None
+
+        resolved: Union[Column[Any], str] = expect(role, expr)
+        if isinstance(resolved, str):
+            assert isinstance(expr, str)
+            strname = resolved = expr
+        else:
+            cols: List[Column[Any]] = []
+            col_append: _TraverseCallableType[Column[Any]] = cols.append
+            visitors.traverse(resolved, {}, {"column": col_append})
+            if cols:
+                column = cols[0]
+        add_element = column if column is not None else strname
+
+        yield resolved, column, strname, add_element
+
+
+class RoleImpl:
+    __slots__ = ("_role_class", "name", "_use_inspection")
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    _post_coercion: Any = None
+    _resolve_literal_only = False
+    _skip_clauseelement_for_target_match = False
+
+    def __init__(self, role_class):
+        self._role_class = role_class
+        self.name = role_class._role_name
+        self._use_inspection = issubclass(role_class, roles.UsesInspection)
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        resolved: Optional[Any] = None,
+        advice: Optional[str] = None,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        err: Optional[Exception] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        if resolved is not None and resolved is not element:
+            got = "%r object resolved from %r object" % (resolved, element)
+        else:
+            got = repr(element)
+
+        if argname:
+            msg = "%s expected for argument %r; got %s." % (
+                self.name,
+                argname,
+                got,
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = "%s expected, got %s." % (self.name, got)
+
+        if advice:
+            msg += " " + advice
+
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(msg, code=code) from err
+
+
+class _Deannotate:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, **kw):
+        from .util import _deep_deannotate
+
+        return _deep_deannotate(resolved)
+
+
+class _StringOnly:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _resolve_literal_only = True
+
+
+class _ReturnsStringKey(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(self, element, resolved, argname=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, str):
+            return element
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class _ColumnCoercions(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _warn_for_scalar_subquery_coercion(self):
+        util.warn(
+            "implicitly coercing SELECT object to scalar subquery; "
+            "please use the .scalar_subquery() method to produce a scalar "
+            "subquery.",
+        )
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(self, element, resolved, argname=None, **kw):
+        original_element = element
+        if not getattr(resolved, "is_clause_element", False):
+            self._raise_for_expected(original_element, argname, resolved)
+        elif resolved._is_select_base:
+            self._warn_for_scalar_subquery_coercion()
+            return resolved.scalar_subquery()
+        elif resolved._is_from_clause and isinstance(
+            resolved, selectable.Subquery
+        ):
+            self._warn_for_scalar_subquery_coercion()
+            return resolved.element.scalar_subquery()
+        elif self._role_class.allows_lambda and resolved._is_lambda_element:
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(original_element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+def _no_text_coercion(
+    element: Any,
+    argname: Optional[str] = None,
+    exc_cls: Type[exc.SQLAlchemyError] = exc.ArgumentError,
+    extra: Optional[str] = None,
+    err: Optional[Exception] = None,
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise exc_cls(
+        "%(extra)sTextual SQL expression %(expr)r %(argname)sshould be "
+        "explicitly declared as text(%(expr)r)"
+        % {
+            "expr": util.ellipses_string(element),
+            "argname": "for argument %s" % (argname,) if argname else "",
+            "extra": "%s " % extra if extra else "",
+        }
+    ) from err
+
+
+class _NoTextCoercion(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, argname=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, str) and issubclass(
+            elements.TextClause, self._role_class
+        ):
+            _no_text_coercion(element, argname)
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+
+class _CoerceLiterals(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _coerce_consts = False
+    _coerce_star = False
+    _coerce_numerics = False
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return _no_text_coercion(element, argname)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, argname=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, str):
+            if self._coerce_star and element == "*":
+                return elements.ColumnClause("*", is_literal=True)
+            else:
+                return self._text_coercion(element, argname, **kw)
+
+        if self._coerce_consts:
+            if element is None:
+                return elements.Null()
+            elif element is False:
+                return elements.False_()
+            elif element is True:
+                return elements.True_()
+
+        if self._coerce_numerics and isinstance(element, (numbers.Number)):
+            return elements.ColumnClause(str(element), is_literal=True)
+
+        self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+
+class LiteralValueImpl(RoleImpl):
+    _resolve_literal_only = True
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element,
+        resolved,
+        argname,
+        type_=None,
+        literal_execute=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if not _is_literal(resolved):
+            self._raise_for_expected(
+                element, resolved=resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+            )
+
+        return elements.BindParameter(
+            None,
+            element,
+            type_=type_,
+            unique=True,
+            literal_execute=literal_execute,
+        )
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, argname=None, type_=None, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class _SelectIsNotFrom(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        resolved: Optional[Any] = None,
+        advice: Optional[str] = None,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        err: Optional[Exception] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        if (
+            not advice
+            and isinstance(element, roles.SelectStatementRole)
+            or isinstance(resolved, roles.SelectStatementRole)
+        ):
+            advice = (
+                "To create a "
+                "FROM clause from a %s object, use the .subquery() method."
+                % (resolved.__class__ if resolved is not None else element,)
+            )
+            code = "89ve"
+        else:
+            code = None
+
+        super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element,
+            argname=argname,
+            resolved=resolved,
+            advice=advice,
+            code=code,
+            err=err,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        # never reached
+        assert False
+
+
+class HasCacheKeyImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, HasCacheKey):
+            return element
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class ExecutableOptionImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, ExecutableOption):
+            return element
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class ExpressionElementImpl(_ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(
+        self, element, name=None, type_=None, argname=None, is_crud=False, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            element is None
+            and not is_crud
+            and (type_ is None or not type_.should_evaluate_none)
+        ):
+            # TODO: there's no test coverage now for the
+            # "should_evaluate_none" part of this, as outside of "crud" this
+            # codepath is not normally used except in some special cases
+            return elements.Null()
+        else:
+            try:
+                return elements.BindParameter(
+                    name, element, type_, unique=True, _is_crud=is_crud
+                )
+            except exc.ArgumentError as err:
+                self._raise_for_expected(element, err=err)
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(self, element, argname=None, resolved=None, **kw):
+        # select uses implicit coercion with warning instead of raising
+        if isinstance(element, selectable.Values):
+            advice = (
+                "To create a column expression from a VALUES clause, "
+                "use the .scalar_values() method."
+            )
+        elif isinstance(element, roles.AnonymizedFromClauseRole):
+            advice = (
+                "To create a column expression from a FROM clause row "
+                "as a whole, use the .table_valued() method."
+            )
+        else:
+            advice = None
+
+        return super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element, argname=argname, resolved=resolved, advice=advice, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class BinaryElementImpl(ExpressionElementImpl, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(
+        self, element, expr, operator, bindparam_type=None, argname=None, **kw
+    ):
+        try:
+            return expr._bind_param(operator, element, type_=bindparam_type)
+        except exc.ArgumentError as err:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, err=err)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, expr, bindparam_type=None, **kw):
+        if resolved.type._isnull and not expr.type._isnull:
+            resolved = resolved._with_binary_element_type(
+                bindparam_type if bindparam_type is not None else expr.type
+            )
+        return resolved
+
+
+class InElementImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_from_clause:
+            if (
+                isinstance(resolved, selectable.Alias)
+                and resolved.element._is_select_base
+            ):
+                self._warn_for_implicit_coercion(resolved)
+                return self._post_coercion(resolved.element, **kw)
+            else:
+                self._warn_for_implicit_coercion(resolved)
+                return self._post_coercion(resolved.select(), **kw)
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _warn_for_implicit_coercion(self, elem):
+        util.warn(
+            "Coercing %s object into a select() for use in IN(); "
+            "please pass a select() construct explicitly"
+            % (elem.__class__.__name__)
+        )
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, expr, operator, **kw):
+        if util.is_non_string_iterable(element):
+            non_literal_expressions: Dict[
+                Optional[operators.ColumnOperators],
+                operators.ColumnOperators,
+            ] = {}
+            element = list(element)
+            for o in element:
+                if not _is_literal(o):
+                    if not isinstance(o, operators.ColumnOperators):
+                        self._raise_for_expected(element, **kw)
+
+                    else:
+                        non_literal_expressions[o] = o
+                elif o is None:
+                    non_literal_expressions[o] = elements.Null()
+
+            if non_literal_expressions:
+                return elements.ClauseList(
+                    *[
+                        (
+                            non_literal_expressions[o]
+                            if o in non_literal_expressions
+                            else expr._bind_param(operator, o)
+                        )
+                        for o in element
+                    ]
+                )
+            else:
+                return expr._bind_param(operator, element, expanding=True)
+
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, **kw)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, expr, operator, **kw):
+        if element._is_select_base:
+            # for IN, we are doing scalar_subquery() coercion without
+            # a warning
+            return element.scalar_subquery()
+        elif isinstance(element, elements.ClauseList):
+            assert not len(element.clauses) == 0
+            return element.self_group(against=operator)
+
+        elif isinstance(element, elements.BindParameter):
+            element = element._clone(maintain_key=True)
+            element.expanding = True
+            element.expand_op = operator
+
+            return element
+        elif isinstance(element, selectable.Values):
+            return element.scalar_values()
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class OnClauseImpl(_ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _literal_coercion(
+        self, element, name=None, type_=None, argname=None, is_crud=False, **kw
+    ):
+        self._raise_for_expected(element)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, original_element=None, **kw):
+        # this is a hack right now as we want to use coercion on an
+        # ORM InstrumentedAttribute, but we want to return the object
+        # itself if it is one, not its clause element.
+        # ORM context _join and _legacy_join() would need to be improved
+        # to look for annotations in a clause element form.
+        if isinstance(original_element, roles.JoinTargetRole):
+            return original_element
+        return resolved
+
+
+class WhereHavingImpl(_CoerceLiterals, _ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return _no_text_coercion(element, argname)
+
+
+class StatementOptionImpl(_CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return elements.TextClause(element)
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentOrKeyImpl(_ReturnsStringKey, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StrAsPlainColumnImpl(_CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return elements.ColumnClause(element)
+
+
+class ByOfImpl(_CoerceLiterals, _ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl, roles.ByOfRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return elements._textual_label_reference(element)
+
+
+class OrderByImpl(ByOfImpl, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, **kw):
+        if (
+            isinstance(resolved, self._role_class)
+            and resolved._order_by_label_element is not None
+        ):
+            return elements._label_reference(resolved)
+        else:
+            return resolved
+
+
+class GroupByImpl(ByOfImpl, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if is_from_clause(resolved):
+            return elements.ClauseList(*resolved.c)
+        else:
+            return resolved
+
+
+class DMLColumnImpl(_ReturnsStringKey, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, as_key=False, **kw):
+        if as_key:
+            return element.key
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class ConstExprImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, argname=None, **kw):
+        if element is None:
+            return elements.Null()
+        elif element is False:
+            return elements.False_()
+        elif element is True:
+            return elements.True_()
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+
+class TruncatedLabelImpl(_StringOnly, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, str):
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, argname=None, **kw):
+        """coerce the given value to :class:`._truncated_label`.
+
+        Existing :class:`._truncated_label` and
+        :class:`._anonymous_label` objects are passed
+        unchanged.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(element, elements._truncated_label):
+            return element
+        else:
+            return elements._truncated_label(element)
+
+
+class DDLExpressionImpl(_Deannotate, _CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        # see #5754 for why we can't easily deprecate this coercion.
+        # essentially expressions like postgresql_where would have to be
+        # text() as they come back from reflection and we don't want to
+        # have text() elements wired into the inspection dictionaries.
+        return elements.TextClause(element)
+
+
+class DDLConstraintColumnImpl(_Deannotate, _ReturnsStringKey, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class DDLReferredColumnImpl(DDLConstraintColumnImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class LimitOffsetImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, name, type_, **kw):
+        if element is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            value = util.asint(element)
+            return selectable._OffsetLimitParam(
+                name, value, type_=type_, unique=True
+            )
+
+
+class LabeledColumnExprImpl(ExpressionElementImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(resolved, roles.ExpressionElementRole):
+            return resolved.label(None)
+        else:
+            new = super()._implicit_coercions(
+                element, resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+            )
+            if isinstance(new, roles.ExpressionElementRole):
+                return new.label(None)
+            else:
+                self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class ColumnsClauseImpl(_SelectIsNotFrom, _CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+    _coerce_numerics = True
+    _coerce_star = True
+
+    _guess_straight_column = re.compile(r"^\w\S*$", re.I)
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(
+        self, element, argname=None, resolved=None, advice=None, **kw
+    ):
+        if not advice and isinstance(element, list):
+            advice = (
+                f"Did you mean to say select("
+                f"{', '.join(repr(e) for e in element)})?"
+            )
+
+        return super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element, argname=argname, resolved=resolved, advice=advice, **kw
+        )
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        element = str(element)
+
+        guess_is_literal = not self._guess_straight_column.match(element)
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Textual column expression %(column)r %(argname)sshould be "
+            "explicitly declared with text(%(column)r), "
+            "or use %(literal_column)s(%(column)r) "
+            "for more specificity"
+            % {
+                "column": util.ellipses_string(element),
+                "argname": "for argument %s" % (argname,) if argname else "",
+                "literal_column": (
+                    "literal_column" if guess_is_literal else "column"
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+
+
+class ReturnsRowsImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StatementImpl(_CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, original_element, argname=None, **kw):
+        if resolved is not original_element and not isinstance(
+            original_element, str
+        ):
+            # use same method as Connection uses; this will later raise
+            # ObjectNotExecutableError
+            try:
+                original_element._execute_on_connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Object %r should not be used directly in a SQL statement "
+                    "context, such as passing to methods such as "
+                    "session.execute().  This usage will be disallowed in a "
+                    "future release.  "
+                    "Please use Core select() / update() / delete() etc. "
+                    "with Session.execute() and other statement execution "
+                    "methods." % original_element,
+                    "1.4",
+                )
+
+        return resolved
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_lambda_element:
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            return super()._implicit_coercions(
+                element, resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+            )
+
+
+class SelectStatementImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_text_clause:
+            return resolved.columns()
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class HasCTEImpl(ReturnsRowsImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class IsCTEImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class JoinTargetImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _skip_clauseelement_for_target_match = True
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, argname=None, **kw):
+        self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        legacy: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, roles.JoinTargetRole):
+            # note that this codepath no longer occurs as of
+            # #6550, unless JoinTargetImpl._skip_clauseelement_for_target_match
+            # were set to False.
+            return element
+        elif legacy and resolved._is_select_base:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Implicit coercion of SELECT and textual SELECT "
+                "constructs into FROM clauses is deprecated; please call "
+                ".subquery() on any Core select or ORM Query object in "
+                "order to produce a subquery object.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            # TODO: doing _implicit_subquery here causes tests to fail,
+            # how was this working before?  probably that ORM
+            # join logic treated it as a select and subquery would happen
+            # in _ORMJoin->Join
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class FromClauseImpl(_SelectIsNotFrom, _NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        explicit_subquery: bool = False,
+        allow_select: bool = True,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_select_base:
+            if explicit_subquery:
+                return resolved.subquery()
+            elif allow_select:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Implicit coercion of SELECT and textual SELECT "
+                    "constructs into FROM clauses is deprecated; please call "
+                    ".subquery() on any Core select or ORM Query object in "
+                    "order to produce a subquery object.",
+                    version="1.4",
+                )
+                return resolved._implicit_subquery
+        elif resolved._is_text_clause:
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, deannotate=False, **kw):
+        if deannotate:
+            return element._deannotate()
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class StrictFromClauseImpl(FromClauseImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        explicit_subquery: bool = False,
+        allow_select: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_select_base and allow_select:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Implicit coercion of SELECT and textual SELECT constructs "
+                "into FROM clauses is deprecated; please call .subquery() "
+                "on any Core select or ORM Query object in order to produce a "
+                "subquery object.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            return resolved._implicit_subquery
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class AnonymizedFromClauseImpl(StrictFromClauseImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, flat=False, name=None, **kw):
+        assert name is None
+
+        return element._anonymous_fromclause(flat=flat)
+
+
+class DMLTableImpl(_SelectIsNotFrom, _NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        if "dml_table" in element._annotations:
+            return element._annotations["dml_table"]
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class DMLSelectImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_from_clause:
+            if (
+                isinstance(resolved, selectable.Alias)
+                and resolved.element._is_select_base
+            ):
+                return resolved.element
+            else:
+                return resolved.select()
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class CompoundElementImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(self, element, argname=None, resolved=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, roles.FromClauseRole):
+            if element._is_subquery:
+                advice = (
+                    "Use the plain select() object without "
+                    "calling .subquery() or .alias()."
+                )
+            else:
+                advice = (
+                    "To SELECT from any FROM clause, use the .select() method."
+                )
+        else:
+            advice = None
+        return super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element, argname=argname, resolved=resolved, advice=advice, **kw
+        )
+
+
+_impl_lookup = {}
+
+
+for name in dir(roles):
+    cls = getattr(roles, name)
+    if name.endswith("Role"):
+        name = name.replace("Role", "Impl")
+        if name in globals():
+            impl = globals()[name](cls)
+            _impl_lookup[cls] = impl
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    ee_impl = _impl_lookup[roles.ExpressionElementRole]
+
+    for py_type in (int, bool, str, float):
+        _impl_lookup[roles.ExpressionElementRole[py_type]] = ee_impl
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8890a310b90a8f5b2ef7f3c87fde063098477e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,7816 @@
+# sql/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Base SQL and DDL compiler implementations.
+
+Classes provided include:
+
+:class:`.compiler.SQLCompiler` - renders SQL
+strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.DDLCompiler` - renders DDL
+(data definition language) strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler` - renders
+type specification strings.
+
+To generate user-defined SQL strings, see
+:doc:`/ext/compiler`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import contextlib
+from enum import IntEnum
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import re
+from time import perf_counter
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Pattern
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base
+from . import coercions
+from . import crud
+from . import elements
+from . import functions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import schema
+from . import selectable
+from . import sqltypes
+from . import util as sql_util
+from ._typing import is_column_element
+from ._typing import is_dml
+from .base import _de_clone
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .base import _NONE_NAME
+from .base import _SentinelDefaultCharacterization
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import NO_ARG
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import quoted_name
+from .schema import Column
+from .sqltypes import TupleType
+from .type_api import TypeEngine
+from .visitors import prefix_anon_map
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import FastIntFlag
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from .base import _AmbiguousTableNameMap
+    from .base import CompileState
+    from .cache_key import CacheKey
+    from .ddl import ExecutableDDLElement
+    from .dml import Insert
+    from .dml import UpdateBase
+    from .dml import ValuesBase
+    from .elements import _truncated_label
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ColumnClause
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import Label
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .schema import Table
+    from .selectable import AliasedReturnsRows
+    from .selectable import CompoundSelectState
+    from .selectable import CTE
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+    from .selectable import ReturnsRows
+    from .selectable import Select
+    from .selectable import SelectState
+    from .type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResultMetaData
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _GenericSetInputSizesType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+
+_FromHintsType = Dict["FromClause", str]
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = {
+    "all",
+    "analyse",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "any",
+    "array",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asymmetric",
+    "authorization",
+    "between",
+    "binary",
+    "both",
+    "case",
+    "cast",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "constraint",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_role",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "default",
+    "deferrable",
+    "desc",
+    "distinct",
+    "do",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "except",
+    "false",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "freeze",
+    "from",
+    "full",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "ilike",
+    "in",
+    "initially",
+    "inner",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "isnull",
+    "join",
+    "leading",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "natural",
+    "new",
+    "not",
+    "notnull",
+    "null",
+    "off",
+    "offset",
+    "old",
+    "on",
+    "only",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "outer",
+    "overlaps",
+    "placing",
+    "primary",
+    "references",
+    "right",
+    "select",
+    "session_user",
+    "set",
+    "similar",
+    "some",
+    "symmetric",
+    "table",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "true",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "user",
+    "using",
+    "verbose",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+}
+
+LEGAL_CHARACTERS = re.compile(r"^[A-Z0-9_$]+$", re.I)
+LEGAL_CHARACTERS_PLUS_SPACE = re.compile(r"^[A-Z0-9_ $]+$", re.I)
+ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS = {str(x) for x in range(0, 10)}.union(["$"])
+
+FK_ON_DELETE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?:RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NO ACTION|SET DEFAULT)$", re.I
+)
+FK_ON_UPDATE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?:RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NO ACTION|SET DEFAULT)$", re.I
+)
+FK_INITIALLY = re.compile(r"^(?:DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE)$", re.I)
+BIND_PARAMS = re.compile(r"(?<![:\w\$\x5c]):([\w\$]+)(?![:\w\$])", re.UNICODE)
+BIND_PARAMS_ESC = re.compile(r"\x5c(:[\w\$]*)(?![:\w\$])", re.UNICODE)
+
+_pyformat_template = "%%(%(name)s)s"
+BIND_TEMPLATES = {
+    "pyformat": _pyformat_template,
+    "qmark": "?",
+    "format": "%%s",
+    "numeric": ":[_POSITION]",
+    "numeric_dollar": "$[_POSITION]",
+    "named": ":%(name)s",
+}
+
+
+OPERATORS = {
+    # binary
+    operators.and_: " AND ",
+    operators.or_: " OR ",
+    operators.add: " + ",
+    operators.mul: " * ",
+    operators.sub: " - ",
+    operators.mod: " % ",
+    operators.neg: "-",
+    operators.lt: " < ",
+    operators.le: " <= ",
+    operators.ne: " != ",
+    operators.gt: " > ",
+    operators.ge: " >= ",
+    operators.eq: " = ",
+    operators.is_distinct_from: " IS DISTINCT FROM ",
+    operators.is_not_distinct_from: " IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ",
+    operators.concat_op: " || ",
+    operators.match_op: " MATCH ",
+    operators.not_match_op: " NOT MATCH ",
+    operators.in_op: " IN ",
+    operators.not_in_op: " NOT IN ",
+    operators.comma_op: ", ",
+    operators.from_: " FROM ",
+    operators.as_: " AS ",
+    operators.is_: " IS ",
+    operators.is_not: " IS NOT ",
+    operators.collate: " COLLATE ",
+    # unary
+    operators.exists: "EXISTS ",
+    operators.distinct_op: "DISTINCT ",
+    operators.inv: "NOT ",
+    operators.any_op: "ANY ",
+    operators.all_op: "ALL ",
+    # modifiers
+    operators.desc_op: " DESC",
+    operators.asc_op: " ASC",
+    operators.nulls_first_op: " NULLS FIRST",
+    operators.nulls_last_op: " NULLS LAST",
+    # bitwise
+    operators.bitwise_xor_op: " ^ ",
+    operators.bitwise_or_op: " | ",
+    operators.bitwise_and_op: " & ",
+    operators.bitwise_not_op: "~",
+    operators.bitwise_lshift_op: " << ",
+    operators.bitwise_rshift_op: " >> ",
+}
+
+FUNCTIONS: Dict[Type[Function[Any]], str] = {
+    functions.coalesce: "coalesce",
+    functions.current_date: "CURRENT_DATE",
+    functions.current_time: "CURRENT_TIME",
+    functions.current_timestamp: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+    functions.current_user: "CURRENT_USER",
+    functions.localtime: "LOCALTIME",
+    functions.localtimestamp: "LOCALTIMESTAMP",
+    functions.random: "random",
+    functions.sysdate: "sysdate",
+    functions.session_user: "SESSION_USER",
+    functions.user: "USER",
+    functions.cube: "CUBE",
+    functions.rollup: "ROLLUP",
+    functions.grouping_sets: "GROUPING SETS",
+}
+
+
+EXTRACT_MAP = {
+    "month": "month",
+    "day": "day",
+    "year": "year",
+    "second": "second",
+    "hour": "hour",
+    "doy": "doy",
+    "minute": "minute",
+    "quarter": "quarter",
+    "dow": "dow",
+    "week": "week",
+    "epoch": "epoch",
+    "milliseconds": "milliseconds",
+    "microseconds": "microseconds",
+    "timezone_hour": "timezone_hour",
+    "timezone_minute": "timezone_minute",
+}
+
+COMPOUND_KEYWORDS = {
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION: "UNION",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION_ALL: "UNION ALL",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT: "EXCEPT",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT_ALL: "EXCEPT ALL",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT: "INTERSECT",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT_ALL: "INTERSECT ALL",
+}
+
+
+class ResultColumnsEntry(NamedTuple):
+    """Tracks a column expression that is expected to be represented
+    in the result rows for this statement.
+
+    This normally refers to the columns clause of a SELECT statement
+    but may also refer to a RETURNING clause, as well as for dialect-specific
+    emulations.
+
+    """
+
+    keyname: str
+    """string name that's expected in cursor.description"""
+
+    name: str
+    """column name, may be labeled"""
+
+    objects: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    """sequence of objects that should be able to locate this column
+    in a RowMapping.  This is typically string names and aliases
+    as well as Column objects.
+
+    """
+
+    type: TypeEngine[Any]
+    """Datatype to be associated with this column.   This is where
+    the "result processing" logic directly links the compiled statement
+    to the rows that come back from the cursor.
+
+    """
+
+
+class _ResultMapAppender(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        keyname: str,
+        name: str,
+        objects: Sequence[Any],
+        type_: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+# integer indexes into ResultColumnsEntry used by cursor.py.
+# some profiling showed integer access faster than named tuple
+RM_RENDERED_NAME: Literal[0] = 0
+RM_NAME: Literal[1] = 1
+RM_OBJECTS: Literal[2] = 2
+RM_TYPE: Literal[3] = 3
+
+
+class _BaseCompilerStackEntry(TypedDict):
+    asfrom_froms: Set[FromClause]
+    correlate_froms: Set[FromClause]
+    selectable: ReturnsRows
+
+
+class _CompilerStackEntry(_BaseCompilerStackEntry, total=False):
+    compile_state: CompileState
+    need_result_map_for_nested: bool
+    need_result_map_for_compound: bool
+    select_0: ReturnsRows
+    insert_from_select: Select[Any]
+
+
+class ExpandedState(NamedTuple):
+    """represents state to use when producing "expanded" and
+    "post compile" bound parameters for a statement.
+
+    "expanded" parameters are parameters that are generated at
+    statement execution time to suit a number of parameters passed, the most
+    prominent example being the individual elements inside of an IN expression.
+
+    "post compile" parameters are parameters where the SQL literal value
+    will be rendered into the SQL statement at execution time, rather than
+    being passed as separate parameters to the driver.
+
+    To create an :class:`.ExpandedState` instance, use the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler.construct_expanded_state` method on any
+    :class:`.SQLCompiler` instance.
+
+    """
+
+    statement: str
+    """String SQL statement with parameters fully expanded"""
+
+    parameters: _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    """Parameter dictionary with parameters fully expanded.
+
+    For a statement that uses named parameters, this dictionary will map
+    exactly to the names in the statement.  For a statement that uses
+    positional parameters, the :attr:`.ExpandedState.positional_parameters`
+    will yield a tuple with the positional parameter set.
+
+    """
+
+    processors: Mapping[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]]
+    """mapping of bound value processors"""
+
+    positiontup: Optional[Sequence[str]]
+    """Sequence of string names indicating the order of positional
+    parameters"""
+
+    parameter_expansion: Mapping[str, List[str]]
+    """Mapping representing the intermediary link from original parameter
+    name to list of "expanded" parameter names, for those parameters that
+    were expanded."""
+
+    @property
+    def positional_parameters(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Tuple of positional parameters, for statements that were compiled
+        using a positional paramstyle.
+
+        """
+        if self.positiontup is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "statement does not use a positional paramstyle"
+            )
+        return tuple(self.parameters[key] for key in self.positiontup)
+
+    @property
+    def additional_parameters(self) -> _CoreSingleExecuteParams:
+        """synonym for :attr:`.ExpandedState.parameters`."""
+        return self.parameters
+
+
+class _InsertManyValues(NamedTuple):
+    """represents state to use for executing an "insertmanyvalues" statement.
+
+    The primary consumers of this object are the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` and
+    :meth:`.DefaultDialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` methods.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_default_expr: bool
+    """if True, the statement is of the form
+    ``INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES``, and can't be rewritten as a "batch"
+
+    """
+
+    single_values_expr: str
+    """The rendered "values" clause of the INSERT statement.
+
+    This is typically the parenthesized section e.g. "(?, ?, ?)" or similar.
+    The insertmanyvalues logic uses this string as a search and replace
+    target.
+
+    """
+
+    insert_crud_params: List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]
+    """List of Column / bind names etc. used while rewriting the statement"""
+
+    num_positional_params_counted: int
+    """the number of bound parameters in a single-row statement.
+
+    This count may be larger or smaller than the actual number of columns
+    targeted in the INSERT, as it accommodates for SQL expressions
+    in the values list that may have zero or more parameters embedded
+    within them.
+
+    This count is part of what's used to organize rewritten parameter lists
+    when batching.
+
+    """
+
+    sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False
+    """if the deterministic_returnined_order parameter were used on the
+    insert.
+
+    All of the attributes following this will only be used if this is True.
+
+    """
+
+    includes_upsert_behaviors: bool = False
+    """if True, we have to accommodate for upsert behaviors.
+
+    This will in some cases downgrade "insertmanyvalues" that requests
+    deterministic ordering.
+
+    """
+
+    sentinel_columns: Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+    """List of sentinel columns that were located.
+
+    This list is only here if the INSERT asked for
+    sort_by_parameter_order=True,
+    and dialect-appropriate sentinel columns were located.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    num_sentinel_columns: int = 0
+    """how many sentinel columns are in the above list, if any.
+
+    This is the same as
+    ``len(sentinel_columns) if sentinel_columns is not None else 0``
+
+    """
+
+    sentinel_param_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+    """parameter str keys in each param dictionary / tuple
+    that would link to the client side "sentinel" values for that row, which
+    we can use to match up parameter sets to result rows.
+
+    This is only present if sentinel_columns is present and the INSERT
+    statement actually refers to client side values for these sentinel
+    columns.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.29 - the sequence is now string dictionary keys
+       only, used against the "compiled parameteters" collection before
+       the parameters were converted by bound parameter processors
+
+    """
+
+    implicit_sentinel: bool = False
+    """if True, we have exactly one sentinel column and it uses a server side
+    value, currently has to generate an incrementing integer value.
+
+    The dialect in question would have asserted that it supports receiving
+    these values back and sorting on that value as a means of guaranteeing
+    correlation with the incoming parameter list.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    embed_values_counter: bool = False
+    """Whether to embed an incrementing integer counter in each parameter
+    set within the VALUES clause as parameters are batched over.
+
+    This is only used for a specific INSERT..SELECT..VALUES..RETURNING syntax
+    where a subquery is used to produce value tuples.  Current support
+    includes PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+
+class _InsertManyValuesBatch(NamedTuple):
+    """represents an individual batch SQL statement for insertmanyvalues.
+
+    This is passed through the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` and
+    :meth:`.DefaultDialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` methods out
+    to the :class:`.Connection` within the
+    :meth:`.Connection._exec_insertmany_context` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    replaced_statement: str
+    replaced_parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    processed_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType]
+    batch: Sequence[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams]
+    sentinel_values: Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    current_batch_size: int
+    batchnum: int
+    total_batches: int
+    rows_sorted: bool
+    is_downgraded: bool
+
+
+class InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts(FastIntFlag):
+    """bitflag enum indicating styles of PK defaults
+    which can work as implicit sentinel columns
+
+    """
+
+    NOT_SUPPORTED = 1
+    AUTOINCREMENT = 2
+    IDENTITY = 4
+    SEQUENCE = 8
+
+    ANY_AUTOINCREMENT = AUTOINCREMENT | IDENTITY | SEQUENCE
+    _SUPPORTED_OR_NOT = NOT_SUPPORTED | ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+
+    USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT = 16
+    RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS = 64
+
+
+class CompilerState(IntEnum):
+    COMPILING = 0
+    """statement is present, compilation phase in progress"""
+
+    STRING_APPLIED = 1
+    """statement is present, string form of the statement has been applied.
+
+    Additional processors by subclasses may still be pending.
+
+    """
+
+    NO_STATEMENT = 2
+    """compiler does not have a statement to compile, is used
+    for method access"""
+
+
+class Linting(IntEnum):
+    """represent preferences for the 'SQL linting' feature.
+
+    this feature currently includes support for flagging cartesian products
+    in SQL statements.
+
+    """
+
+    NO_LINTING = 0
+    "Disable all linting."
+
+    COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS = 1
+    """Collect data on FROMs and cartesian products and gather into
+    'self.from_linter'"""
+
+    WARN_LINTING = 2
+    "Emit warnings for linters that find problems"
+
+    FROM_LINTING = COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS | WARN_LINTING
+    """Warn for cartesian products; combines COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS
+    and WARN_LINTING"""
+
+
+NO_LINTING, COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS, WARN_LINTING, FROM_LINTING = tuple(
+    Linting
+)
+
+
+class FromLinter(collections.namedtuple("FromLinter", ["froms", "edges"])):
+    """represents current state for the "cartesian product" detection
+    feature."""
+
+    def lint(self, start=None):
+        froms = self.froms
+        if not froms:
+            return None, None
+
+        edges = set(self.edges)
+        the_rest = set(froms)
+
+        if start is not None:
+            start_with = start
+            the_rest.remove(start_with)
+        else:
+            start_with = the_rest.pop()
+
+        stack = collections.deque([start_with])
+
+        while stack and the_rest:
+            node = stack.popleft()
+            the_rest.discard(node)
+
+            # comparison of nodes in edges here is based on hash equality, as
+            # there are "annotated" elements that match the non-annotated ones.
+            #   to remove the need for in-python hash() calls, use native
+            # containment routines (e.g. "node in edge", "edge.index(node)")
+            to_remove = {edge for edge in edges if node in edge}
+
+            # appendleft the node in each edge that is not
+            # the one that matched.
+            stack.extendleft(edge[not edge.index(node)] for edge in to_remove)
+            edges.difference_update(to_remove)
+
+        # FROMS left over?  boom
+        if the_rest:
+            return the_rest, start_with
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def warn(self, stmt_type="SELECT"):
+        the_rest, start_with = self.lint()
+
+        # FROMS left over?  boom
+        if the_rest:
+            froms = the_rest
+            if froms:
+                template = (
+                    "{stmt_type} statement has a cartesian product between "
+                    "FROM element(s) {froms} and "
+                    'FROM element "{start}".  Apply join condition(s) '
+                    "between each element to resolve."
+                )
+                froms_str = ", ".join(
+                    f'"{self.froms[from_]}"' for from_ in froms
+                )
+                message = template.format(
+                    stmt_type=stmt_type,
+                    froms=froms_str,
+                    start=self.froms[start_with],
+                )
+
+                util.warn(message)
+
+
+class Compiled:
+    """Represent a compiled SQL or DDL expression.
+
+    The ``__str__`` method of the ``Compiled`` object should produce
+    the actual text of the statement.  ``Compiled`` objects are
+    specific to their underlying database dialect, and also may
+    or may not be specific to the columns referenced within a
+    particular set of bind parameters.  In no case should the
+    ``Compiled`` object be dependent on the actual values of those
+    bind parameters, even though it may reference those values as
+    defaults.
+    """
+
+    statement: Optional[ClauseElement] = None
+    "The statement to compile."
+    string: str = ""
+    "The string representation of the ``statement``"
+
+    state: CompilerState
+    """description of the compiler's state"""
+
+    is_sql = False
+    is_ddl = False
+
+    _cached_metadata: Optional[CursorResultMetaData] = None
+
+    _result_columns: Optional[List[ResultColumnsEntry]] = None
+
+    schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    """
+    Execution options propagated from the statement.   In some cases,
+    sub-elements of the statement can modify these.
+    """
+
+    preparer: IdentifierPreparer
+
+    _annotations: _AnnotationDict = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    compile_state: Optional[CompileState] = None
+    """Optional :class:`.CompileState` object that maintains additional
+    state used by the compiler.
+
+    Major executable objects such as :class:`_expression.Insert`,
+    :class:`_expression.Update`, :class:`_expression.Delete`,
+    :class:`_expression.Select` will generate this
+    state when compiled in order to calculate additional information about the
+    object.   For the top level object that is to be executed, the state can be
+    stored here where it can also have applicability towards result set
+    processing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    dml_compile_state: Optional[CompileState] = None
+    """Optional :class:`.CompileState` assigned at the same point that
+    .isinsert, .isupdate, or .isdelete is assigned.
+
+    This will normally be the same object as .compile_state, with the
+    exception of cases like the :class:`.ORMFromStatementCompileState`
+    object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.40
+
+    """
+
+    cache_key: Optional[CacheKey] = None
+    """The :class:`.CacheKey` that was generated ahead of creating this
+    :class:`.Compiled` object.
+
+    This is used for routines that need access to the original
+    :class:`.CacheKey` instance generated when the :class:`.Compiled`
+    instance was first cached, typically in order to reconcile
+    the original list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects with a
+    per-statement list that's generated on each call.
+
+    """
+
+    _gen_time: float
+    """Generation time of this :class:`.Compiled`, used for reporting
+    cache stats."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        statement: Optional[ClauseElement],
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+        render_schema_translate: bool = False,
+        compile_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(),
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Compiled` object.
+
+        :param dialect: :class:`.Dialect` to compile against.
+
+        :param statement: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` to be compiled.
+
+        :param schema_translate_map: dictionary of schema names to be
+         translated when forming the resultant SQL
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`schema_translating`
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: additional kwargs that will be
+         passed to the initial call to :meth:`.Compiled.process`.
+
+
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        if schema_translate_map:
+            self.schema_translate_map = schema_translate_map
+            self.preparer = self.preparer._with_schema_translate(
+                schema_translate_map
+            )
+
+        if statement is not None:
+            self.state = CompilerState.COMPILING
+            self.statement = statement
+            self.can_execute = statement.supports_execution
+            self._annotations = statement._annotations
+            if self.can_execute:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(statement, Executable)
+                self.execution_options = statement._execution_options
+            self.string = self.process(self.statement, **compile_kwargs)
+
+            if render_schema_translate:
+                self.string = self.preparer._render_schema_translates(
+                    self.string, schema_translate_map
+                )
+
+            self.state = CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED
+        else:
+            self.state = CompilerState.NO_STATEMENT
+
+        self._gen_time = perf_counter()
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        cls._init_compiler_cls()
+        return super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiler_cls(cls):
+        pass
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        if self.can_execute:
+            return connection._execute_compiled(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self.statement)
+
+    def visit_unsupported_compilation(self, element, err, **kw):
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, type(element)) from err
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        """Return a Compiled that is capable of processing SQL expressions.
+
+        If this compiler is one, it would likely just return 'self'.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process(self, obj: Visitable, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        return obj._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Return the string text of the generated SQL or DDL."""
+
+        if self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED:
+            return self.string
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def construct_params(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+    ) -> Optional[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]:
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object.
+
+        :param params: a dict of string/object pairs whose values will
+                       override bind values compiled in to the
+                       statement.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object."""
+        return self.construct_params()
+
+
+class TypeCompiler(util.EnsureKWArg):
+    """Produces DDL specification for TypeEngine objects."""
+
+    ensure_kwarg = r"visit_\w+"
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect: Dialect):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+
+    def process(self, type_: TypeEngine[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if (
+            type_._variant_mapping
+            and self.dialect.name in type_._variant_mapping
+        ):
+            type_ = type_._variant_mapping[self.dialect.name]
+        return type_._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unsupported_compilation(
+        self, element: Any, err: Exception, **kw: Any
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, element) from err
+
+
+# this was a Visitable, but to allow accurate detection of
+# column elements this is actually a column element
+class _CompileLabel(
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[Any], elements.CompilerColumnElement
+):
+    """lightweight label object which acts as an expression.Label."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "label"
+    __slots__ = "element", "name", "_alt_names"
+
+    def __init__(self, col, name, alt_names=()):
+        self.element = col
+        self.name = name
+        self._alt_names = (col,) + alt_names
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        return self.element.proxy_set
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.element.type
+
+    def self_group(self, **kw):
+        return self
+
+
+class ilike_case_insensitive(
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[Any], elements.CompilerColumnElement
+):
+    """produce a wrapping element for a case-insensitive portion of
+    an ILIKE construct.
+
+    The construct usually renders the ``lower()`` function, but on
+    PostgreSQL will pass silently with the assumption that "ILIKE"
+    is being used.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ilike_case_insensitive_operand"
+    __slots__ = "element", "comparator"
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+        self.comparator = element.comparator
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        return self.element.proxy_set
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.element.type
+
+    def self_group(self, **kw):
+        return self
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        return ilike_case_insensitive(
+            self.element._with_binary_element_type(type_)
+        )
+
+
+class SQLCompiler(Compiled):
+    """Default implementation of :class:`.Compiled`.
+
+    Compiles :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects into SQL strings.
+
+    """
+
+    extract_map = EXTRACT_MAP
+
+    bindname_escape_characters: ClassVar[Mapping[str, str]] = (
+        util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                "%": "P",
+                "(": "A",
+                ")": "Z",
+                ":": "C",
+                ".": "_",
+                "[": "_",
+                "]": "_",
+                " ": "_",
+            }
+        )
+    )
+    """A mapping (e.g. dict or similar) containing a lookup of
+    characters keyed to replacement characters which will be applied to all
+    'bind names' used in SQL statements as a form of 'escaping'; the given
+    characters are replaced entirely with the 'replacement' character when
+    rendered in the SQL statement, and a similar translation is performed
+    on the incoming names used in parameter dictionaries passed to methods
+    like :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+    This allows bound parameter names used in :func:`_sql.bindparam` and
+    other constructs to have any arbitrary characters present without any
+    concern for characters that aren't allowed at all on the target database.
+
+    Third party dialects can establish their own dictionary here to replace the
+    default mapping, which will ensure that the particular characters in the
+    mapping will never appear in a bound parameter name.
+
+    The dictionary is evaluated at **class creation time**, so cannot be
+    modified at runtime; it must be present on the class when the class
+    is first declared.
+
+    Note that for dialects that have additional bound parameter rules such
+    as additional restrictions on leading characters, the
+    :meth:`_sql.SQLCompiler.bindparam_string` method may need to be augmented.
+    See the cx_Oracle compiler for an example of this.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    _bind_translate_re: ClassVar[Pattern[str]]
+    _bind_translate_chars: ClassVar[Mapping[str, str]]
+
+    is_sql = True
+
+    compound_keywords = COMPOUND_KEYWORDS
+
+    isdelete: bool = False
+    isinsert: bool = False
+    isupdate: bool = False
+    """class-level defaults which can be set at the instance
+    level to define if this Compiled instance represents
+    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+    """
+
+    postfetch: Optional[List[Column[Any]]]
+    """list of columns that can be post-fetched after INSERT or UPDATE to
+    receive server-updated values"""
+
+    insert_prefetch: Sequence[Column[Any]] = ()
+    """list of columns for which default values should be evaluated before
+    an INSERT takes place"""
+
+    update_prefetch: Sequence[Column[Any]] = ()
+    """list of columns for which onupdate default values should be evaluated
+    before an UPDATE takes place"""
+
+    implicit_returning: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None
+    """list of "implicit" returning columns for a toplevel INSERT or UPDATE
+    statement, used to receive newly generated values of columns.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  ``implicit_returning`` replaces the previous
+       ``returning`` collection, which was not a generalized RETURNING
+       collection and instead was in fact specific to the "implicit returning"
+       feature.
+
+    """
+
+    isplaintext: bool = False
+
+    binds: Dict[str, BindParameter[Any]]
+    """a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter instances."""
+
+    bind_names: Dict[BindParameter[Any], str]
+    """a dictionary of BindParameter instances to "compiled" names
+    that are actually present in the generated SQL"""
+
+    stack: List[_CompilerStackEntry]
+    """major statements such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are
+    tracked in this stack using an entry format."""
+
+    returning_precedes_values: bool = False
+    """set to True classwide to generate RETURNING
+    clauses before the VALUES or WHERE clause (i.e. MSSQL)
+    """
+
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from: bool = False
+    """set to True classwide to indicate the SET clause
+    in a multi-table UPDATE statement should qualify
+    columns with the table name (i.e. MySQL only)
+    """
+
+    ansi_bind_rules: bool = False
+    """SQL 92 doesn't allow bind parameters to be used
+    in the columns clause of a SELECT, nor does it allow
+    ambiguous expressions like "? = ?".  A compiler
+    subclass can set this flag to False if the target
+    driver/DB enforces this
+    """
+
+    bindtemplate: str
+    """template to render bound parameters based on paramstyle."""
+
+    compilation_bindtemplate: str
+    """template used by compiler to render parameters before positional
+    paramstyle application"""
+
+    _numeric_binds_identifier_char: str
+    """Character that's used to as the identifier of a numerical bind param.
+    For example if this char is set to ``$``, numerical binds will be rendered
+    in the form ``$1, $2, $3``.
+    """
+
+    _result_columns: List[ResultColumnsEntry]
+    """relates label names in the final SQL to a tuple of local
+    column/label name, ColumnElement object (if any) and
+    TypeEngine. CursorResult uses this for type processing and
+    column targeting"""
+
+    _textual_ordered_columns: bool = False
+    """tell the result object that the column names as rendered are important,
+    but they are also "ordered" vs. what is in the compiled object here.
+
+    As of 1.4.42 this condition is only present when the statement is a
+    TextualSelect, e.g. text("....").columns(...), where it is required
+    that the columns are considered positionally and not by name.
+
+    """
+
+    _ad_hoc_textual: bool = False
+    """tell the result that we encountered text() or '*' constructs in the
+    middle of the result columns, but we also have compiled columns, so
+    if the number of columns in cursor.description does not match how many
+    expressions we have, that means we can't rely on positional at all and
+    should match on name.
+
+    """
+
+    _ordered_columns: bool = True
+    """
+    if False, means we can't be sure the list of entries
+    in _result_columns is actually the rendered order.  Usually
+    True unless using an unordered TextualSelect.
+    """
+
+    _loose_column_name_matching: bool = False
+    """tell the result object that the SQL statement is textual, wants to match
+    up to Column objects, and may be using the ._tq_label in the SELECT rather
+    than the base name.
+
+    """
+
+    _numeric_binds: bool = False
+    """
+    True if paramstyle is "numeric".  This paramstyle is trickier than
+    all the others.
+
+    """
+
+    _render_postcompile: bool = False
+    """
+    whether to render out POSTCOMPILE params during the compile phase.
+
+    This attribute is used only for end-user invocation of stmt.compile();
+    it's never used for actual statement execution, where instead the
+    dialect internals access and render the internal postcompile structure
+    directly.
+
+    """
+
+    _post_compile_expanded_state: Optional[ExpandedState] = None
+    """When render_postcompile is used, the ``ExpandedState`` used to create
+    the "expanded" SQL is assigned here, and then used by the ``.params``
+    accessor and ``.construct_params()`` methods for their return values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    _pre_expanded_string: Optional[str] = None
+    """Stores the original string SQL before 'post_compile' is applied,
+    for cases where 'post_compile' were used.
+
+    """
+
+    _pre_expanded_positiontup: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    _insertmanyvalues: Optional[_InsertManyValues] = None
+
+    _insert_crud_params: Optional[crud._CrudParamSequence] = None
+
+    literal_execute_params: FrozenSet[BindParameter[Any]] = frozenset()
+    """bindparameter objects that are rendered as literal values at statement
+    execution time.
+
+    """
+
+    post_compile_params: FrozenSet[BindParameter[Any]] = frozenset()
+    """bindparameter objects that are rendered as bound parameter placeholders
+    at statement execution time.
+
+    """
+
+    escaped_bind_names: util.immutabledict[str, str] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    """Late escaping of bound parameter names that has to be converted
+    to the original name when looking in the parameter dictionary.
+
+    """
+
+    has_out_parameters = False
+    """if True, there are bindparam() objects that have the isoutparam
+    flag set."""
+
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+    """if True, and this in insert, use cursor.lastrowid to populate
+    result.inserted_primary_key. """
+
+    _cache_key_bind_match: Optional[
+        Tuple[
+            Dict[
+                BindParameter[Any],
+                List[BindParameter[Any]],
+            ],
+            Dict[
+                str,
+                BindParameter[Any],
+            ],
+        ]
+    ] = None
+    """a mapping that will relate the BindParameter object we compile
+    to those that are part of the extracted collection of parameters
+    in the cache key, if we were given a cache key.
+
+    """
+
+    positiontup: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """for a compiled construct that uses a positional paramstyle, will be
+    a sequence of strings, indicating the names of bound parameters in order.
+
+    This is used in order to render bound parameters in their correct order,
+    and is combined with the :attr:`_sql.Compiled.params` dictionary to
+    render parameters.
+
+    This sequence always contains the unescaped name of the parameters.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string` - includes a usage example for
+        debugging use cases.
+
+    """
+    _values_bindparam: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    _visited_bindparam: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    inline: bool = False
+
+    ctes: Optional[MutableMapping[CTE, str]]
+
+    # Detect same CTE references - Dict[(level, name), cte]
+    # Level is required for supporting nesting
+    ctes_by_level_name: Dict[Tuple[int, str], CTE]
+
+    # To retrieve key/level in ctes_by_level_name -
+    # Dict[cte_reference, (level, cte_name, cte_opts)]
+    level_name_by_cte: Dict[CTE, Tuple[int, str, selectable._CTEOpts]]
+
+    ctes_recursive: bool
+
+    _post_compile_pattern = re.compile(r"__\[POSTCOMPILE_(\S+?)(~~.+?~~)?\]")
+    _pyformat_pattern = re.compile(r"%\(([^)]+?)\)s")
+    _positional_pattern = re.compile(
+        f"{_pyformat_pattern.pattern}|{_post_compile_pattern.pattern}"
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiler_cls(cls):
+        cls._init_bind_translate()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_bind_translate(cls):
+        reg = re.escape("".join(cls.bindname_escape_characters))
+        cls._bind_translate_re = re.compile(f"[{reg}]")
+        cls._bind_translate_chars = cls.bindname_escape_characters
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        statement: Optional[ClauseElement],
+        cache_key: Optional[CacheKey] = None,
+        column_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        for_executemany: bool = False,
+        linting: Linting = NO_LINTING,
+        _supporting_against: Optional[SQLCompiler] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.SQLCompiler` object.
+
+        :param dialect: :class:`.Dialect` to be used
+
+        :param statement: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` to be compiled
+
+        :param column_keys:  a list of column names to be compiled into an
+         INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+        :param for_executemany: whether INSERT / UPDATE statements should
+         expect that they are to be invoked in an "executemany" style,
+         which may impact how the statement will be expected to return the
+         values of defaults and autoincrement / sequences and similar.
+         Depending on the backend and driver in use, support for retrieving
+         these values may be disabled which means SQL expressions may
+         be rendered inline, RETURNING may not be rendered, etc.
+
+        :param kwargs: additional keyword arguments to be consumed by the
+         superclass.
+
+        """
+        self.column_keys = column_keys
+
+        self.cache_key = cache_key
+
+        if cache_key:
+            cksm = {b.key: b for b in cache_key[1]}
+            ckbm = {b: [b] for b in cache_key[1]}
+            self._cache_key_bind_match = (ckbm, cksm)
+
+        # compile INSERT/UPDATE defaults/sequences to expect executemany
+        # style execution, which may mean no pre-execute of defaults,
+        # or no RETURNING
+        self.for_executemany = for_executemany
+
+        self.linting = linting
+
+        # a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter
+        # instances.
+        self.binds = {}
+
+        # a dictionary of BindParameter instances to "compiled" names
+        # that are actually present in the generated SQL
+        self.bind_names = util.column_dict()
+
+        # stack which keeps track of nested SELECT statements
+        self.stack = []
+
+        self._result_columns = []
+
+        # true if the paramstyle is positional
+        self.positional = dialect.positional
+        if self.positional:
+            self._numeric_binds = nb = dialect.paramstyle.startswith("numeric")
+            if nb:
+                self._numeric_binds_identifier_char = (
+                    "$" if dialect.paramstyle == "numeric_dollar" else ":"
+                )
+
+            self.compilation_bindtemplate = _pyformat_template
+        else:
+            self.compilation_bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[dialect.paramstyle]
+
+        self.ctes = None
+
+        self.label_length = (
+            dialect.label_length or dialect.max_identifier_length
+        )
+
+        # a map which tracks "anonymous" identifiers that are created on
+        # the fly here
+        self.anon_map = prefix_anon_map()
+
+        # a map which tracks "truncated" names based on
+        # dialect.label_length or dialect.max_identifier_length
+        self.truncated_names: Dict[Tuple[str, str], str] = {}
+        self._truncated_counters: Dict[str, int] = {}
+
+        Compiled.__init__(self, dialect, statement, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(statement, UpdateBase)
+
+            if self.isinsert or self.isupdate:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(statement, ValuesBase)
+                if statement._inline:
+                    self.inline = True
+                elif self.for_executemany and (
+                    not self.isinsert
+                    or (
+                        self.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+                        and statement._return_defaults
+                    )
+                ):
+                    self.inline = True
+
+        self.bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[dialect.paramstyle]
+
+        if _supporting_against:
+            self.__dict__.update(
+                {
+                    k: v
+                    for k, v in _supporting_against.__dict__.items()
+                    if k
+                    not in {
+                        "state",
+                        "dialect",
+                        "preparer",
+                        "positional",
+                        "_numeric_binds",
+                        "compilation_bindtemplate",
+                        "bindtemplate",
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+
+        if self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED:
+            if self.positional:
+                if self._numeric_binds:
+                    self._process_numeric()
+                else:
+                    self._process_positional()
+
+            if self._render_postcompile:
+                parameters = self.construct_params(
+                    escape_names=False,
+                    _no_postcompile=True,
+                )
+
+                self._process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+                    parameters, _populate_self=True
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_single_values_expr(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """When an INSERT is compiled with a single set of parameters inside
+        a VALUES expression, the string is assigned here, where it can be
+        used for insert batching schemes to rewrite the VALUES expression.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 This collection is no longer used by
+           SQLAlchemy's built-in dialects, in favor of the currently
+           internal ``_insertmanyvalues`` collection that is used only by
+           :class:`.SQLCompiler`.
+
+        """
+        if self._insertmanyvalues is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._insertmanyvalues.single_values_expr
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def effective_returning(self) -> Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]:
+        """The effective "returning" columns for INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.
+
+        This is either the so-called "implicit returning" columns which are
+        calculated by the compiler on the fly, or those present based on what's
+        present in ``self.statement._returning`` (expanded into individual
+        columns using the ``._all_selected_columns`` attribute) i.e. those set
+        explicitly using the :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        if self.implicit_returning:
+            return self.implicit_returning
+        elif self.statement is not None and is_dml(self.statement):
+            return [
+                c
+                for c in self.statement._all_selected_columns
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def returning(self):
+        """backwards compatibility; returns the
+        effective_returning collection.
+
+        """
+        return self.effective_returning
+
+    @property
+    def current_executable(self):
+        """Return the current 'executable' that is being compiled.
+
+        This is currently the :class:`_sql.Select`, :class:`_sql.Insert`,
+        :class:`_sql.Update`, :class:`_sql.Delete`,
+        :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object that is being compiled.
+        Specifically it's assigned to the ``self.stack`` list of elements.
+
+        When a statement like the above is being compiled, it normally
+        is also assigned to the ``.statement`` attribute of the
+        :class:`_sql.Compiler` object.   However, all SQL constructs are
+        ultimately nestable, and this attribute should never be consulted
+        by a ``visit_`` method, as it is not guaranteed to be assigned
+        nor guaranteed to correspond to the current statement being compiled.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.21
+
+            For compatibility with previous versions, use the following
+            recipe::
+
+                statement = getattr(self, "current_executable", False)
+                if statement is False:
+                    statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+
+            For versions 1.4 and above, ensure only .current_executable
+            is used; the format of "self.stack" may change.
+
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+        except IndexError as ie:
+            raise IndexError("Compiler does not have a stack entry") from ie
+
+    @property
+    def prefetch(self):
+        return list(self.insert_prefetch) + list(self.update_prefetch)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _global_attributes(self) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _init_cte_state(self) -> MutableMapping[CTE, str]:
+        """Initialize collections related to CTEs only if
+        a CTE is located, to save on the overhead of
+        these collections otherwise.
+
+        """
+        # collect CTEs to tack on top of a SELECT
+        # To store the query to print - Dict[cte, text_query]
+        ctes: MutableMapping[CTE, str] = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.ctes = ctes
+
+        # Detect same CTE references - Dict[(level, name), cte]
+        # Level is required for supporting nesting
+        self.ctes_by_level_name = {}
+
+        # To retrieve key/level in ctes_by_level_name -
+        # Dict[cte_reference, (level, cte_name, cte_opts)]
+        self.level_name_by_cte = {}
+
+        self.ctes_recursive = False
+
+        return ctes
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _nested_result(self):
+        """special API to support the use case of 'nested result sets'"""
+        result_columns, ordered_columns = (
+            self._result_columns,
+            self._ordered_columns,
+        )
+        self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns = [], False
+
+        try:
+            if self.stack:
+                entry = self.stack[-1]
+                entry["need_result_map_for_nested"] = True
+            else:
+                entry = None
+            yield self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns
+        finally:
+            if entry:
+                entry.pop("need_result_map_for_nested")
+            self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns = (
+                result_columns,
+                ordered_columns,
+            )
+
+    def _process_positional(self):
+        assert not self.positiontup
+        assert self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED
+        assert not self._numeric_binds
+
+        if self.dialect.paramstyle == "format":
+            placeholder = "%s"
+        else:
+            assert self.dialect.paramstyle == "qmark"
+            placeholder = "?"
+
+        positions = []
+
+        def find_position(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+            normal_bind = m.group(1)
+            if normal_bind:
+                positions.append(normal_bind)
+                return placeholder
+            else:
+                # this a post-compile bind
+                positions.append(m.group(2))
+                return m.group(0)
+
+        self.string = re.sub(
+            self._positional_pattern, find_position, self.string
+        )
+
+        if self.escaped_bind_names:
+            reverse_escape = {v: k for k, v in self.escaped_bind_names.items()}
+            assert len(self.escaped_bind_names) == len(reverse_escape)
+            self.positiontup = [
+                reverse_escape.get(name, name) for name in positions
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.positiontup = positions
+
+        if self._insertmanyvalues:
+            positions = []
+
+            single_values_expr = re.sub(
+                self._positional_pattern,
+                find_position,
+                self._insertmanyvalues.single_values_expr,
+            )
+            insert_crud_params = [
+                (
+                    v[0],
+                    v[1],
+                    re.sub(self._positional_pattern, find_position, v[2]),
+                    v[3],
+                )
+                for v in self._insertmanyvalues.insert_crud_params
+            ]
+
+            self._insertmanyvalues = self._insertmanyvalues._replace(
+                single_values_expr=single_values_expr,
+                insert_crud_params=insert_crud_params,
+            )
+
+    def _process_numeric(self):
+        assert self._numeric_binds
+        assert self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED
+
+        num = 1
+        param_pos: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        order: Iterable[str]
+        if self._insertmanyvalues and self._values_bindparam is not None:
+            # bindparams that are not in values are always placed first.
+            # this avoids the need of changing them when using executemany
+            # values () ()
+            order = itertools.chain(
+                (
+                    name
+                    for name in self.bind_names.values()
+                    if name not in self._values_bindparam
+                ),
+                self.bind_names.values(),
+            )
+        else:
+            order = self.bind_names.values()
+
+        for bind_name in order:
+            if bind_name in param_pos:
+                continue
+            bind = self.binds[bind_name]
+            if (
+                bind in self.post_compile_params
+                or bind in self.literal_execute_params
+            ):
+                # set to None to just mark the in positiontup, it will not
+                # be replaced below.
+                param_pos[bind_name] = None  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                ph = f"{self._numeric_binds_identifier_char}{num}"
+                num += 1
+                param_pos[bind_name] = ph
+
+        self.next_numeric_pos = num
+
+        self.positiontup = list(param_pos)
+        if self.escaped_bind_names:
+            len_before = len(param_pos)
+            param_pos = {
+                self.escaped_bind_names.get(name, name): pos
+                for name, pos in param_pos.items()
+            }
+            assert len(param_pos) == len_before
+
+        # Can't use format here since % chars are not escaped.
+        self.string = self._pyformat_pattern.sub(
+            lambda m: param_pos[m.group(1)], self.string
+        )
+
+        if self._insertmanyvalues:
+            single_values_expr = (
+                # format is ok here since single_values_expr includes only
+                # place-holders
+                self._insertmanyvalues.single_values_expr
+                % param_pos
+            )
+            insert_crud_params = [
+                (v[0], v[1], "%s", v[3])
+                for v in self._insertmanyvalues.insert_crud_params
+            ]
+
+            self._insertmanyvalues = self._insertmanyvalues._replace(
+                # This has the numbers (:1, :2)
+                single_values_expr=single_values_expr,
+                # The single binds are instead %s so they can be formatted
+                insert_crud_params=insert_crud_params,
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _bind_processors(
+        self,
+    ) -> MutableMapping[
+        str, Union[_BindProcessorType[Any], Sequence[_BindProcessorType[Any]]]
+    ]:
+        # mypy is not able to see the two value types as the above Union,
+        # it just sees "object".  don't know how to resolve
+        return {
+            key: value  # type: ignore
+            for key, value in (
+                (
+                    self.bind_names[bindparam],
+                    (
+                        bindparam.type._cached_bind_processor(self.dialect)
+                        if not bindparam.type._is_tuple_type
+                        else tuple(
+                            elem_type._cached_bind_processor(self.dialect)
+                            for elem_type in cast(
+                                TupleType, bindparam.type
+                            ).types
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+                for bindparam in self.bind_names
+            )
+            if value is not None
+        }
+
+    def is_subquery(self):
+        return len(self.stack) > 1
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        return self
+
+    def construct_expanded_state(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+    ) -> ExpandedState:
+        """Return a new :class:`.ExpandedState` for a given parameter set.
+
+        For queries that use "expanding" or other late-rendered parameters,
+        this method will provide for both the finalized SQL string as well
+        as the parameters that would be used for a particular parameter set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        """
+        parameters = self.construct_params(
+            params,
+            escape_names=escape_names,
+            _no_postcompile=True,
+        )
+        return self._process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+            parameters,
+        )
+
+    def construct_params(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+        _group_number: Optional[int] = None,
+        _check: bool = True,
+        _no_postcompile: bool = False,
+    ) -> _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams:
+        """return a dictionary of bind parameter keys and values"""
+
+        if self._render_postcompile and not _no_postcompile:
+            assert self._post_compile_expanded_state is not None
+            if not params:
+                return dict(self._post_compile_expanded_state.parameters)
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "can't construct new parameters when render_postcompile "
+                    "is used; the statement is hard-linked to the original "
+                    "parameters.  Use construct_expanded_state to generate a "
+                    "new statement and parameters."
+                )
+
+        has_escaped_names = escape_names and bool(self.escaped_bind_names)
+
+        if extracted_parameters:
+            # related the bound parameters collected in the original cache key
+            # to those collected in the incoming cache key.  They will not have
+            # matching names but they will line up positionally in the same
+            # way.   The parameters present in self.bind_names may be clones of
+            # these original cache key params in the case of DML but the .key
+            # will be guaranteed to match.
+            if self.cache_key is None:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "This compiled object has no original cache key; "
+                    "can't pass extracted_parameters to construct_params"
+                )
+            else:
+                orig_extracted = self.cache_key[1]
+
+            ckbm_tuple = self._cache_key_bind_match
+            assert ckbm_tuple is not None
+            ckbm, _ = ckbm_tuple
+            resolved_extracted = {
+                bind: extracted
+                for b, extracted in zip(orig_extracted, extracted_parameters)
+                for bind in ckbm[b]
+            }
+        else:
+            resolved_extracted = None
+
+        if params:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam, name in self.bind_names.items():
+                escaped_name = (
+                    self.escaped_bind_names.get(name, name)
+                    if has_escaped_names
+                    else name
+                )
+
+                if bindparam.key in params:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = params[bindparam.key]
+                elif name in params:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = params[name]
+
+                elif _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d"
+                            % (bindparam.key, _group_number),
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key,
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+                else:
+                    if resolved_extracted:
+                        value_param = resolved_extracted.get(
+                            bindparam, bindparam
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        value_param = bindparam
+
+                    if bindparam.callable:
+                        pd[escaped_name] = value_param.effective_value
+                    else:
+                        pd[escaped_name] = value_param.value
+            return pd
+        else:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam, name in self.bind_names.items():
+                escaped_name = (
+                    self.escaped_bind_names.get(name, name)
+                    if has_escaped_names
+                    else name
+                )
+
+                if _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d"
+                            % (bindparam.key, _group_number),
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key,
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+
+                if resolved_extracted:
+                    value_param = resolved_extracted.get(bindparam, bindparam)
+                else:
+                    value_param = bindparam
+
+                if bindparam.callable:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = value_param.effective_value
+                else:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = value_param.value
+
+            return pd
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _get_set_input_sizes_lookup(self):
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        include_types = dialect.include_set_input_sizes
+        exclude_types = dialect.exclude_set_input_sizes
+
+        dbapi = dialect.dbapi
+
+        def lookup_type(typ):
+            dbtype = typ._unwrapped_dialect_impl(dialect).get_dbapi_type(dbapi)
+
+            if (
+                dbtype is not None
+                and (exclude_types is None or dbtype not in exclude_types)
+                and (include_types is None or dbtype in include_types)
+            ):
+                return dbtype
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        inputsizes = {}
+
+        literal_execute_params = self.literal_execute_params
+
+        for bindparam in self.bind_names:
+            if bindparam in literal_execute_params:
+                continue
+
+            if bindparam.type._is_tuple_type:
+                inputsizes[bindparam] = [
+                    lookup_type(typ)
+                    for typ in cast(TupleType, bindparam.type).types
+                ]
+            else:
+                inputsizes[bindparam] = lookup_type(bindparam.type)
+
+        return inputsizes
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind param dictionary embedded into this
+        compiled object, for those values that are present.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string` - includes a usage example for
+            debugging use cases.
+
+        """
+        return self.construct_params(_check=False)
+
+    def _process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+        self,
+        parameters: _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        _populate_self: bool = False,
+    ) -> ExpandedState:
+        """handle special post compile parameters.
+
+        These include:
+
+        * "expanding" parameters -typically IN tuples that are rendered
+          on a per-parameter basis for an otherwise fixed SQL statement string.
+
+        * literal_binds compiled with the literal_execute flag.  Used for
+          things like SQL Server "TOP N" where the driver does not accommodate
+          N as a bound parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        expanded_parameters = {}
+        new_positiontup: Optional[List[str]]
+
+        pre_expanded_string = self._pre_expanded_string
+        if pre_expanded_string is None:
+            pre_expanded_string = self.string
+
+        if self.positional:
+            new_positiontup = []
+
+            pre_expanded_positiontup = self._pre_expanded_positiontup
+            if pre_expanded_positiontup is None:
+                pre_expanded_positiontup = self.positiontup
+
+        else:
+            new_positiontup = pre_expanded_positiontup = None
+
+        processors = self._bind_processors
+        single_processors = cast(
+            "Mapping[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]]", processors
+        )
+        tuple_processors = cast(
+            "Mapping[str, Sequence[_BindProcessorType[Any]]]", processors
+        )
+
+        new_processors: Dict[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]] = {}
+
+        replacement_expressions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        to_update_sets: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # notes:
+        # *unescaped* parameter names in:
+        # self.bind_names, self.binds, self._bind_processors, self.positiontup
+        #
+        # *escaped* parameter names in:
+        # construct_params(), replacement_expressions
+
+        numeric_positiontup: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+        if self.positional and pre_expanded_positiontup is not None:
+            names: Iterable[str] = pre_expanded_positiontup
+            if self._numeric_binds:
+                numeric_positiontup = []
+        else:
+            names = self.bind_names.values()
+
+        ebn = self.escaped_bind_names
+        for name in names:
+            escaped_name = ebn.get(name, name) if ebn else name
+            parameter = self.binds[name]
+
+            if parameter in self.literal_execute_params:
+                if escaped_name not in replacement_expressions:
+                    replacement_expressions[escaped_name] = (
+                        self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                            parameter,
+                            render_literal_value=parameters.pop(escaped_name),
+                        )
+                    )
+                continue
+
+            if parameter in self.post_compile_params:
+                if escaped_name in replacement_expressions:
+                    to_update = to_update_sets[escaped_name]
+                    values = None
+                else:
+                    # we are removing the parameter from parameters
+                    # because it is a list value, which is not expected by
+                    # TypeEngine objects that would otherwise be asked to
+                    # process it. the single name is being replaced with
+                    # individual numbered parameters for each value in the
+                    # param.
+                    #
+                    # note we are also inserting *escaped* parameter names
+                    # into the given dictionary.   default dialect will
+                    # use these param names directly as they will not be
+                    # in the escaped_bind_names dictionary.
+                    values = parameters.pop(name)
+
+                    leep_res = self._literal_execute_expanding_parameter(
+                        escaped_name, parameter, values
+                    )
+                    (to_update, replacement_expr) = leep_res
+
+                    to_update_sets[escaped_name] = to_update
+                    replacement_expressions[escaped_name] = replacement_expr
+
+                if not parameter.literal_execute:
+                    parameters.update(to_update)
+                    if parameter.type._is_tuple_type:
+                        assert values is not None
+                        new_processors.update(
+                            (
+                                "%s_%s_%s" % (name, i, j),
+                                tuple_processors[name][j - 1],
+                            )
+                            for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values, 1)
+                            for j, _ in enumerate(tuple_element, 1)
+                            if name in tuple_processors
+                            and tuple_processors[name][j - 1] is not None
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        new_processors.update(
+                            (key, single_processors[name])
+                            for key, _ in to_update
+                            if name in single_processors
+                        )
+                    if numeric_positiontup is not None:
+                        numeric_positiontup.extend(
+                            name for name, _ in to_update
+                        )
+                    elif new_positiontup is not None:
+                        # to_update has escaped names, but that's ok since
+                        # these are new names, that aren't in the
+                        # escaped_bind_names dict.
+                        new_positiontup.extend(name for name, _ in to_update)
+                    expanded_parameters[name] = [
+                        expand_key for expand_key, _ in to_update
+                    ]
+            elif new_positiontup is not None:
+                new_positiontup.append(name)
+
+        def process_expanding(m):
+            key = m.group(1)
+            expr = replacement_expressions[key]
+
+            # if POSTCOMPILE included a bind_expression, render that
+            # around each element
+            if m.group(2):
+                tok = m.group(2).split("~~")
+                be_left, be_right = tok[1], tok[3]
+                expr = ", ".join(
+                    "%s%s%s" % (be_left, exp, be_right)
+                    for exp in expr.split(", ")
+                )
+            return expr
+
+        statement = re.sub(
+            self._post_compile_pattern, process_expanding, pre_expanded_string
+        )
+
+        if numeric_positiontup is not None:
+            assert new_positiontup is not None
+            param_pos = {
+                key: f"{self._numeric_binds_identifier_char}{num}"
+                for num, key in enumerate(
+                    numeric_positiontup, self.next_numeric_pos
+                )
+            }
+            # Can't use format here since % chars are not escaped.
+            statement = self._pyformat_pattern.sub(
+                lambda m: param_pos[m.group(1)], statement
+            )
+            new_positiontup.extend(numeric_positiontup)
+
+        expanded_state = ExpandedState(
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            new_processors,
+            new_positiontup,
+            expanded_parameters,
+        )
+
+        if _populate_self:
+            # this is for the "render_postcompile" flag, which is not
+            # otherwise used internally and is for end-user debugging and
+            # special use cases.
+            self._pre_expanded_string = pre_expanded_string
+            self._pre_expanded_positiontup = pre_expanded_positiontup
+            self.string = expanded_state.statement
+            self.positiontup = (
+                list(expanded_state.positiontup or ())
+                if self.positional
+                else None
+            )
+            self._post_compile_expanded_state = expanded_state
+
+        return expanded_state
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.cursor")
+    def _create_result_map(self):
+        """utility method used for unit tests only."""
+        cursor = util.preloaded.engine_cursor
+        return cursor.CursorResultMetaData._create_description_match_map(
+            self._result_columns
+        )
+
+    # assigned by crud.py for insert/update statements
+    _get_bind_name_for_col: _BindNameForColProtocol
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _within_exec_param_key_getter(self) -> Callable[[Any], str]:
+        getter = self._get_bind_name_for_col
+        return getter
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.result")
+    def _inserted_primary_key_from_lastrowid_getter(self):
+        result = util.preloaded.engine_result
+
+        param_key_getter = self._within_exec_param_key_getter
+
+        assert self.compile_state is not None
+        statement = self.compile_state.statement
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(statement, Insert)
+
+        table = statement.table
+
+        getters = [
+            (operator.methodcaller("get", param_key_getter(col), None), col)
+            for col in table.primary_key
+        ]
+
+        autoinc_getter = None
+        autoinc_col = table._autoincrement_column
+        if autoinc_col is not None:
+            # apply type post processors to the lastrowid
+            lastrowid_processor = autoinc_col.type._cached_result_processor(
+                self.dialect, None
+            )
+            autoinc_key = param_key_getter(autoinc_col)
+
+            # if a bind value is present for the autoincrement column
+            # in the parameters, we need to do the logic dictated by
+            # #7998; honor a non-None user-passed parameter over lastrowid.
+            # previously in the 1.4 series we weren't fetching lastrowid
+            # at all if the key were present in the parameters
+            if autoinc_key in self.binds:
+
+                def _autoinc_getter(lastrowid, parameters):
+                    param_value = parameters.get(autoinc_key, lastrowid)
+                    if param_value is not None:
+                        # they supplied non-None parameter, use that.
+                        # SQLite at least is observed to return the wrong
+                        # cursor.lastrowid for INSERT..ON CONFLICT so it
+                        # can't be used in all cases
+                        return param_value
+                    else:
+                        # use lastrowid
+                        return lastrowid
+
+                # work around mypy https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14027
+                autoinc_getter = _autoinc_getter
+
+        else:
+            lastrowid_processor = None
+
+        row_fn = result.result_tuple([col.key for col in table.primary_key])
+
+        def get(lastrowid, parameters):
+            """given cursor.lastrowid value and the parameters used for INSERT,
+            return a "row" that represents the primary key, either by
+            using the "lastrowid" or by extracting values from the parameters
+            that were sent along with the INSERT.
+
+            """
+            if lastrowid_processor is not None:
+                lastrowid = lastrowid_processor(lastrowid)
+
+            if lastrowid is None:
+                return row_fn(getter(parameters) for getter, col in getters)
+            else:
+                return row_fn(
+                    (
+                        (
+                            autoinc_getter(lastrowid, parameters)
+                            if autoinc_getter is not None
+                            else lastrowid
+                        )
+                        if col is autoinc_col
+                        else getter(parameters)
+                    )
+                    for getter, col in getters
+                )
+
+        return get
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.result")
+    def _inserted_primary_key_from_returning_getter(self):
+        if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            from ..engine import result
+        else:
+            result = util.preloaded.engine_result
+
+        assert self.compile_state is not None
+        statement = self.compile_state.statement
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(statement, Insert)
+
+        param_key_getter = self._within_exec_param_key_getter
+        table = statement.table
+
+        returning = self.implicit_returning
+        assert returning is not None
+        ret = {col: idx for idx, col in enumerate(returning)}
+
+        getters = cast(
+            "List[Tuple[Callable[[Any], Any], bool]]",
+            [
+                (
+                    (operator.itemgetter(ret[col]), True)
+                    if col in ret
+                    else (
+                        operator.methodcaller(
+                            "get", param_key_getter(col), None
+                        ),
+                        False,
+                    )
+                )
+                for col in table.primary_key
+            ],
+        )
+
+        row_fn = result.result_tuple([col.key for col in table.primary_key])
+
+        def get(row, parameters):
+            return row_fn(
+                getter(row) if use_row else getter(parameters)
+                for getter, use_row in getters
+            )
+
+        return get
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a SELECT statement has no froms, and no FROM clause is
+        to be appended.
+
+        Gives Oracle a chance to tack on a ``FROM DUAL`` to the string output.
+
+        """
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_override_binds(self, override_binds, **kw):
+        """SQL compile the nested element of an _OverrideBinds with
+        bindparams swapped out.
+
+        The _OverrideBinds is not normally expected to be compiled; it
+        is meant to be used when an already cached statement is to be used,
+        the compilation was already performed, and only the bound params should
+        be swapped in at execution time.
+
+        However, there are test cases that exericise this object, and
+        additionally the ORM subquery loader is known to feed in expressions
+        which include this construct into new queries (discovered in #11173),
+        so it has to do the right thing at compile time as well.
+
+        """
+
+        # get SQL text first
+        sqltext = override_binds.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+        # for a test compile that is not for caching, change binds after the
+        # fact.  note that we don't try to
+        # swap the bindparam as we compile, because our element may be
+        # elsewhere in the statement already (e.g. a subquery or perhaps a
+        # CTE) and was already visited / compiled. See
+        # test_relationship_criteria.py ->
+        #    test_selectinload_local_criteria_subquery
+        for k in override_binds.translate:
+            if k not in self.binds:
+                continue
+            bp = self.binds[k]
+
+            # so this would work, just change the value of bp in place.
+            # but we dont want to mutate things outside.
+            # bp.value = override_binds.translate[bp.key]
+            # continue
+
+            # instead, need to replace bp with new_bp or otherwise accommodate
+            # in all internal collections
+            new_bp = bp._with_value(
+                override_binds.translate[bp.key],
+                maintain_key=True,
+                required=False,
+            )
+
+            name = self.bind_names[bp]
+            self.binds[k] = self.binds[name] = new_bp
+            self.bind_names[new_bp] = name
+            self.bind_names.pop(bp, None)
+
+            if bp in self.post_compile_params:
+                self.post_compile_params |= {new_bp}
+            if bp in self.literal_execute_params:
+                self.literal_execute_params |= {new_bp}
+
+            ckbm_tuple = self._cache_key_bind_match
+            if ckbm_tuple:
+                ckbm, cksm = ckbm_tuple
+                for bp in bp._cloned_set:
+                    if bp.key in cksm:
+                        cb = cksm[bp.key]
+                        ckbm[cb].append(new_bp)
+
+        return sqltext
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, grouping, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
+
+    def visit_select_statement_grouping(self, grouping, **kwargs):
+        return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
+
+    def visit_label_reference(
+        self, element, within_columns_clause=False, **kwargs
+    ):
+        if self.stack and self.dialect.supports_simple_order_by_label:
+            try:
+                compile_state = cast(
+                    "Union[SelectState, CompoundSelectState]",
+                    self.stack[-1]["compile_state"],
+                )
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Can't resolve label reference for ORDER BY / "
+                    "GROUP BY / DISTINCT etc."
+                ) from ke
+
+            (
+                with_cols,
+                only_froms,
+                only_cols,
+            ) = compile_state._label_resolve_dict
+            if within_columns_clause:
+                resolve_dict = only_froms
+            else:
+                resolve_dict = only_cols
+
+            # this can be None in the case that a _label_reference()
+            # were subject to a replacement operation, in which case
+            # the replacement of the Label element may have changed
+            # to something else like a ColumnClause expression.
+            order_by_elem = element.element._order_by_label_element
+
+            if (
+                order_by_elem is not None
+                and order_by_elem.name in resolve_dict
+                and order_by_elem.shares_lineage(
+                    resolve_dict[order_by_elem.name]
+                )
+            ):
+                kwargs["render_label_as_label"] = (
+                    element.element._order_by_label_element
+                )
+        return self.process(
+            element.element,
+            within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def visit_textual_label_reference(
+        self, element, within_columns_clause=False, **kwargs
+    ):
+        if not self.stack:
+            # compiling the element outside of the context of a SELECT
+            return self.process(element._text_clause)
+
+        try:
+            compile_state = cast(
+                "Union[SelectState, CompoundSelectState]",
+                self.stack[-1]["compile_state"],
+            )
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            coercions._no_text_coercion(
+                element.element,
+                extra=(
+                    "Can't resolve label reference for ORDER BY / "
+                    "GROUP BY / DISTINCT etc."
+                ),
+                exc_cls=exc.CompileError,
+                err=ke,
+            )
+
+        with_cols, only_froms, only_cols = compile_state._label_resolve_dict
+        try:
+            if within_columns_clause:
+                col = only_froms[element.element]
+            else:
+                col = with_cols[element.element]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            coercions._no_text_coercion(
+                element.element,
+                extra=(
+                    "Can't resolve label reference for ORDER BY / "
+                    "GROUP BY / DISTINCT etc."
+                ),
+                exc_cls=exc.CompileError,
+                err=err,
+            )
+        else:
+            kwargs["render_label_as_label"] = col
+            return self.process(
+                col, within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    def visit_label(
+        self,
+        label,
+        add_to_result_map=None,
+        within_label_clause=False,
+        within_columns_clause=False,
+        render_label_as_label=None,
+        result_map_targets=(),
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        # only render labels within the columns clause
+        # or ORDER BY clause of a select.  dialect-specific compilers
+        # can modify this behavior.
+        render_label_with_as = (
+            within_columns_clause and not within_label_clause
+        )
+        render_label_only = render_label_as_label is label
+
+        if render_label_only or render_label_with_as:
+            if isinstance(label.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                labelname = self._truncated_identifier("colident", label.name)
+            else:
+                labelname = label.name
+
+        if render_label_with_as:
+            if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                add_to_result_map(
+                    labelname,
+                    label.name,
+                    (label, labelname) + label._alt_names + result_map_targets,
+                    label.type,
+                )
+            return (
+                label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self,
+                    within_columns_clause=True,
+                    within_label_clause=True,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+                + OPERATORS[operators.as_]
+                + self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+            )
+        elif render_label_only:
+            return self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+        else:
+            return label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, within_columns_clause=False, **kw
+            )
+
+    def _fallback_column_name(self, column):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "Cannot compile Column object until its 'name' is assigned."
+        )
+
+    def visit_lambda_element(self, element, **kw):
+        sql_element = element._resolved
+        return self.process(sql_element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_column(
+        self,
+        column: ColumnClause[Any],
+        add_to_result_map: Optional[_ResultMapAppender] = None,
+        include_table: bool = True,
+        result_map_targets: Tuple[Any, ...] = (),
+        ambiguous_table_name_map: Optional[_AmbiguousTableNameMap] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        name = orig_name = column.name
+        if name is None:
+            name = self._fallback_column_name(column)
+
+        is_literal = column.is_literal
+        if not is_literal and isinstance(name, elements._truncated_label):
+            name = self._truncated_identifier("colident", name)
+
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            targets = (column, name, column.key) + result_map_targets
+            if column._tq_label:
+                targets += (column._tq_label,)
+
+            add_to_result_map(name, orig_name, targets, column.type)
+
+        if is_literal:
+            # note we are not currently accommodating for
+            # literal_column(quoted_name('ident', True)) here
+            name = self.escape_literal_column(name)
+        else:
+            name = self.preparer.quote(name)
+        table = column.table
+        if table is None or not include_table or not table.named_with_column:
+            return name
+        else:
+            effective_schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(table)
+
+            if effective_schema:
+                schema_prefix = (
+                    self.preparer.quote_schema(effective_schema) + "."
+                )
+            else:
+                schema_prefix = ""
+
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(table, NamedFromClause)
+            tablename = table.name
+
+            if (
+                not effective_schema
+                and ambiguous_table_name_map
+                and tablename in ambiguous_table_name_map
+            ):
+                tablename = ambiguous_table_name_map[tablename]
+
+            if isinstance(tablename, elements._truncated_label):
+                tablename = self._truncated_identifier("alias", tablename)
+
+            return schema_prefix + self.preparer.quote(tablename) + "." + name
+
+    def visit_collation(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.preparer.format_collation(element.collation)
+
+    def visit_fromclause(self, fromclause, **kwargs):
+        return fromclause.name
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, **kwargs):
+        return index.name
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, **kw):
+        kw["type_expression"] = typeclause
+        kw["identifier_preparer"] = self.preparer
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+            typeclause.type, **kw
+        )
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        if self.preparer._double_percents:
+            text = text.replace("%", "%%")
+        return text
+
+    def escape_literal_column(self, text):
+        if self.preparer._double_percents:
+            text = text.replace("%", "%%")
+        return text
+
+    def visit_textclause(self, textclause, add_to_result_map=None, **kw):
+        def do_bindparam(m):
+            name = m.group(1)
+            if name in textclause._bindparams:
+                return self.process(textclause._bindparams[name], **kw)
+            else:
+                return self.bindparam_string(name, **kw)
+
+        if not self.stack:
+            self.isplaintext = True
+
+        if add_to_result_map:
+            # text() object is present in the columns clause of a
+            # select().   Add a no-name entry to the result map so that
+            # row[text()] produces a result
+            add_to_result_map(None, None, (textclause,), sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+
+        # un-escape any \:params
+        return BIND_PARAMS_ESC.sub(
+            lambda m: m.group(1),
+            BIND_PARAMS.sub(
+                do_bindparam, self.post_process_text(textclause.text)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_textual_select(
+        self, taf, compound_index=None, asfrom=False, **kw
+    ):
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        new_entry: _CompilerStackEntry = {
+            "correlate_froms": set(),
+            "asfrom_froms": set(),
+            "selectable": taf,
+        }
+        self.stack.append(new_entry)
+
+        if taf._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(taf, kw)
+
+        populate_result_map = (
+            toplevel
+            or (
+                compound_index == 0
+                and entry.get("need_result_map_for_compound", False)
+            )
+            or entry.get("need_result_map_for_nested", False)
+        )
+
+        if populate_result_map:
+            self._ordered_columns = self._textual_ordered_columns = (
+                taf.positional
+            )
+
+            # enable looser result column matching when the SQL text links to
+            # Column objects by name only
+            self._loose_column_name_matching = not taf.positional and bool(
+                taf.column_args
+            )
+
+            for c in taf.column_args:
+                self.process(
+                    c,
+                    within_columns_clause=True,
+                    add_to_result_map=self._add_to_result_map,
+                )
+
+        text = self.process(taf.element, **kw)
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_null(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "NULL"
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return "true"
+        else:
+            return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return "false"
+        else:
+            return "0"
+
+    def _generate_delimited_list(self, elements, separator, **kw):
+        return separator.join(
+            s
+            for s in (c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for c in elements)
+            if s
+        )
+
+    def _generate_delimited_and_list(self, clauses, **kw):
+        lcc, clauses = elements.BooleanClauseList._process_clauses_for_boolean(
+            operators.and_,
+            elements.True_._singleton,
+            elements.False_._singleton,
+            clauses,
+        )
+        if lcc == 1:
+            return clauses[0]._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            separator = OPERATORS[operators.and_]
+            return separator.join(
+                s
+                for s in (c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for c in clauses)
+                if s
+            )
+
+    def visit_tuple(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        return "(%s)" % self.visit_clauselist(clauselist, **kw)
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        sep = clauselist.operator
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = " "
+        else:
+            sep = OPERATORS[clauselist.operator]
+
+        return self._generate_delimited_list(clauselist.clauses, sep, **kw)
+
+    def visit_expression_clauselist(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        operator_ = clauselist.operator
+
+        disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(
+            operator_, "expression_clauselist", None
+        )
+        if disp:
+            return disp(clauselist, operator_, **kw)
+
+        try:
+            opstring = OPERATORS[operator_]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, operator_) from err
+        else:
+            kw["_in_operator_expression"] = True
+            return self._generate_delimited_list(
+                clauselist.clauses, opstring, **kw
+            )
+
+    def visit_case(self, clause, **kwargs):
+        x = "CASE "
+        if clause.value is not None:
+            x += clause.value._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + " "
+        for cond, result in clause.whens:
+            x += (
+                "WHEN "
+                + cond._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+                + " THEN "
+                + result._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+                + " "
+            )
+        if clause.else_ is not None:
+            x += (
+                "ELSE " + clause.else_._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + " "
+            )
+        x += "END"
+        return x
+
+    def visit_type_coerce(self, type_coerce, **kw):
+        return type_coerce.typed_expression._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        type_clause = cast.typeclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        match = re.match("(.*)( COLLATE .*)", type_clause)
+        return "CAST(%s AS %s)%s" % (
+            cast.clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            match.group(1) if match else type_clause,
+            match.group(2) if match else "",
+        )
+
+    def _format_frame_clause(self, range_, **kw):
+        return "%s AND %s" % (
+            (
+                "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"
+                if range_[0] is elements.RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+                else (
+                    "CURRENT ROW"
+                    if range_[0] is elements.RANGE_CURRENT
+                    else (
+                        "%s PRECEDING"
+                        % (
+                            self.process(
+                                elements.literal(abs(range_[0])), **kw
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        if range_[0] < 0
+                        else "%s FOLLOWING"
+                        % (self.process(elements.literal(range_[0]), **kw),)
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            (
+                "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"
+                if range_[1] is elements.RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+                else (
+                    "CURRENT ROW"
+                    if range_[1] is elements.RANGE_CURRENT
+                    else (
+                        "%s PRECEDING"
+                        % (
+                            self.process(
+                                elements.literal(abs(range_[1])), **kw
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        if range_[1] < 0
+                        else "%s FOLLOWING"
+                        % (self.process(elements.literal(range_[1]), **kw),)
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_over(self, over, **kwargs):
+        text = over.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        if over.range_:
+            range_ = "RANGE BETWEEN %s" % self._format_frame_clause(
+                over.range_, **kwargs
+            )
+        elif over.rows:
+            range_ = "ROWS BETWEEN %s" % self._format_frame_clause(
+                over.rows, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            range_ = None
+
+        return "%s OVER (%s)" % (
+            text,
+            " ".join(
+                [
+                    "%s BY %s"
+                    % (word, clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+                    for word, clause in (
+                        ("PARTITION", over.partition_by),
+                        ("ORDER", over.order_by),
+                    )
+                    if clause is not None and len(clause)
+                ]
+                + ([range_] if range_ else [])
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_withingroup(self, withingroup, **kwargs):
+        return "%s WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY %s)" % (
+            withingroup.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            withingroup.order_by._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+    def visit_funcfilter(self, funcfilter, **kwargs):
+        return "%s FILTER (WHERE %s)" % (
+            funcfilter.func._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            funcfilter.criterion._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kwargs):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return "EXTRACT(%s FROM %s)" % (
+            field,
+            extract.expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+    def visit_scalar_function_column(self, element, **kw):
+        compiled_fn = self.visit_function(element.fn, **kw)
+        compiled_col = self.visit_column(element, **kw)
+        return "(%s).%s" % (compiled_fn, compiled_col)
+
+    def visit_function(
+        self,
+        func: Function[Any],
+        add_to_result_map: Optional[_ResultMapAppender] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            add_to_result_map(func.name, func.name, (func.name,), func.type)
+
+        disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_func" % func.name.lower(), None)
+
+        text: str
+
+        if disp:
+            text = disp(func, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            name = FUNCTIONS.get(func._deannotate().__class__, None)
+            if name:
+                if func._has_args:
+                    name += "%(expr)s"
+            else:
+                name = func.name
+                name = (
+                    self.preparer.quote(name)
+                    if self.preparer._requires_quotes_illegal_chars(name)
+                    or isinstance(name, elements.quoted_name)
+                    else name
+                )
+                name = name + "%(expr)s"
+            text = ".".join(
+                [
+                    (
+                        self.preparer.quote(tok)
+                        if self.preparer._requires_quotes_illegal_chars(tok)
+                        or isinstance(name, elements.quoted_name)
+                        else tok
+                    )
+                    for tok in func.packagenames
+                ]
+                + [name]
+            ) % {"expr": self.function_argspec(func, **kwargs)}
+
+        if func._with_ordinality:
+            text += " WITH ORDINALITY"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_next_value_func(self, next_value, **kw):
+        return self.visit_sequence(next_value.sequence)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dialect '%s' does not support sequence increments."
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def function_argspec(self, func, **kwargs):
+        return func.clause_expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_compound_select(
+        self, cs, asfrom=False, compound_index=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        compile_state = cs._compile_state_factory(cs, self, **kwargs)
+
+        if toplevel and not self.compile_state:
+            self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        compound_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+        need_result_map = toplevel or (
+            not compound_index
+            and entry.get("need_result_map_for_compound", False)
+        )
+
+        # indicates there is already a CompoundSelect in play
+        if compound_index == 0:
+            entry["select_0"] = cs
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": entry["correlate_froms"],
+                "asfrom_froms": entry["asfrom_froms"],
+                "selectable": cs,
+                "compile_state": compile_state,
+                "need_result_map_for_compound": need_result_map,
+            }
+        )
+
+        if compound_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(compound_stmt, kwargs)
+
+        keyword = self.compound_keywords[cs.keyword]
+
+        text = (" " + keyword + " ").join(
+            (
+                c._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self, asfrom=asfrom, compound_index=i, **kwargs
+                )
+                for i, c in enumerate(cs.selects)
+            )
+        )
+
+        kwargs["include_table"] = False
+        text += self.group_by_clause(cs, **dict(asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs))
+        text += self.order_by_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+        if cs._has_row_limiting_clause:
+            text += self._row_limit_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = (
+                self._render_cte_clause(
+                    nesting_level=nesting_level,
+                    include_following_stack=True,
+                )
+                + text
+            )
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+        return text
+
+    def _row_limit_clause(self, cs, **kwargs):
+        if cs._fetch_clause is not None:
+            return self.fetch_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.limit_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_operator_dispatch(self, operator_, qualifier1, qualifier2):
+        attrname = "visit_%s_%s%s" % (
+            operator_.__name__,
+            qualifier1,
+            "_" + qualifier2 if qualifier2 else "",
+        )
+        return getattr(self, attrname, None)
+
+    def visit_unary(
+        self, unary, add_to_result_map=None, result_map_targets=(), **kw
+    ):
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            result_map_targets += (unary,)
+            kw["add_to_result_map"] = add_to_result_map
+            kw["result_map_targets"] = result_map_targets
+
+        if unary.operator:
+            if unary.modifier:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Unary expression does not support operator "
+                    "and modifier simultaneously"
+                )
+            disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(
+                unary.operator, "unary", "operator"
+            )
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.operator, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.operator], **kw
+                )
+        elif unary.modifier:
+            disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(
+                unary.modifier, "unary", "modifier"
+            )
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.modifier, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.modifier], **kw
+                )
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unary expression has no operator or modifier"
+            )
+
+    def visit_truediv_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.div_is_floordiv:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                # TODO: would need a fast cast again here,
+                # unless we want to use an implicit cast like "+ 0.0"
+                + self.process(
+                    elements.Cast(
+                        binary.right,
+                        (
+                            binary.right.type
+                            if binary.right.type._type_affinity
+                            is sqltypes.Numeric
+                            else sqltypes.Numeric()
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+
+    def visit_floordiv_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if (
+            self.dialect.div_is_floordiv
+            and binary.right.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Integer
+        ):
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+        else:
+            return "FLOOR(%s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+
+    def visit_is_true_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if (
+            element._is_implicitly_boolean
+            or self.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+        ):
+            return self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 1" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_is_false_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if (
+            element._is_implicitly_boolean
+            or self.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+        ):
+            return "NOT %s" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 0" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT %s" % self.visit_binary(
+            binary, override_operator=operators.match_op
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # The brackets are required in the NOT IN operation because the empty
+        # case is handled using the form "(col NOT IN (null) OR 1 = 1)".
+        # The presence of the OR makes the brackets required.
+        return "(%s)" % self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, OPERATORS[operator], **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_op_expr(self, type_, expand_op, **kw):
+        if expand_op is operators.not_in_op:
+            if len(type_) > 1:
+                return "(%s)) OR (1 = 1" % (
+                    ", ".join("NULL" for element in type_)
+                )
+            else:
+                return "NULL) OR (1 = 1"
+        elif expand_op is operators.in_op:
+            if len(type_) > 1:
+                return "(%s)) AND (1 != 1" % (
+                    ", ".join("NULL" for element in type_)
+                )
+            else:
+                return "NULL) AND (1 != 1"
+        else:
+            return self.visit_empty_set_expr(type_)
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dialect '%s' does not support empty set expression."
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def _literal_execute_expanding_parameter_literal_binds(
+        self, parameter, values, bind_expression_template=None
+    ):
+        typ_dialect_impl = parameter.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+
+        if not values:
+            # empty IN expression.  note we don't need to use
+            # bind_expression_template here because there are no
+            # expressions to render.
+
+            if typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type:
+                replacement_expression = (
+                    "VALUES " if self.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""
+                ) + self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    parameter.type.types, parameter.expand_op
+                )
+
+            else:
+                replacement_expression = self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    [parameter.type], parameter.expand_op
+                )
+
+        elif typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type or (
+            typ_dialect_impl._isnull
+            and isinstance(values[0], collections_abc.Sequence)
+            and not isinstance(values[0], (str, bytes))
+        ):
+            if typ_dialect_impl._has_bind_expression:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "bind_expression() on TupleType not supported with "
+                    "literal_binds"
+                )
+
+            replacement_expression = (
+                "VALUES " if self.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""
+            ) + ", ".join(
+                "(%s)"
+                % (
+                    ", ".join(
+                        self.render_literal_value(value, param_type)
+                        for value, param_type in zip(
+                            tuple_element, parameter.type.types
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+                for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values)
+            )
+        else:
+            if bind_expression_template:
+                post_compile_pattern = self._post_compile_pattern
+                m = post_compile_pattern.search(bind_expression_template)
+                assert m and m.group(
+                    2
+                ), "unexpected format for expanding parameter"
+
+                tok = m.group(2).split("~~")
+                be_left, be_right = tok[1], tok[3]
+                replacement_expression = ", ".join(
+                    "%s%s%s"
+                    % (
+                        be_left,
+                        self.render_literal_value(value, parameter.type),
+                        be_right,
+                    )
+                    for value in values
+                )
+            else:
+                replacement_expression = ", ".join(
+                    self.render_literal_value(value, parameter.type)
+                    for value in values
+                )
+
+        return (), replacement_expression
+
+    def _literal_execute_expanding_parameter(self, name, parameter, values):
+        if parameter.literal_execute:
+            return self._literal_execute_expanding_parameter_literal_binds(
+                parameter, values
+            )
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        typ_dialect_impl = parameter.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+        if self._numeric_binds:
+            bind_template = self.compilation_bindtemplate
+        else:
+            bind_template = self.bindtemplate
+
+        if (
+            self.dialect._bind_typing_render_casts
+            and typ_dialect_impl.render_bind_cast
+        ):
+
+            def _render_bindtemplate(name):
+                return self.render_bind_cast(
+                    parameter.type,
+                    typ_dialect_impl,
+                    bind_template % {"name": name},
+                )
+
+        else:
+
+            def _render_bindtemplate(name):
+                return bind_template % {"name": name}
+
+        if not values:
+            to_update = []
+            if typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type:
+                replacement_expression = self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    parameter.type.types, parameter.expand_op
+                )
+            else:
+                replacement_expression = self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    [parameter.type], parameter.expand_op
+                )
+
+        elif typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type or (
+            typ_dialect_impl._isnull
+            and isinstance(values[0], collections_abc.Sequence)
+            and not isinstance(values[0], (str, bytes))
+        ):
+            assert not typ_dialect_impl._is_array
+            to_update = [
+                ("%s_%s_%s" % (name, i, j), value)
+                for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values, 1)
+                for j, value in enumerate(tuple_element, 1)
+            ]
+
+            replacement_expression = (
+                "VALUES " if dialect.tuple_in_values else ""
+            ) + ", ".join(
+                "(%s)"
+                % (
+                    ", ".join(
+                        _render_bindtemplate(
+                            to_update[i * len(tuple_element) + j][0]
+                        )
+                        for j, value in enumerate(tuple_element)
+                    )
+                )
+                for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values)
+            )
+        else:
+            to_update = [
+                ("%s_%s" % (name, i), value)
+                for i, value in enumerate(values, 1)
+            ]
+            replacement_expression = ", ".join(
+                _render_bindtemplate(key) for key, value in to_update
+            )
+
+        return to_update, replacement_expression
+
+    def visit_binary(
+        self,
+        binary,
+        override_operator=None,
+        eager_grouping=False,
+        from_linter=None,
+        lateral_from_linter=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if from_linter and operators.is_comparison(binary.operator):
+            if lateral_from_linter is not None:
+                enclosing_lateral = kw["enclosing_lateral"]
+                lateral_from_linter.edges.update(
+                    itertools.product(
+                        _de_clone(
+                            binary.left._from_objects + [enclosing_lateral]
+                        ),
+                        _de_clone(
+                            binary.right._from_objects + [enclosing_lateral]
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                from_linter.edges.update(
+                    itertools.product(
+                        _de_clone(binary.left._from_objects),
+                        _de_clone(binary.right._from_objects),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        # don't allow "? = ?" to render
+        if (
+            self.ansi_bind_rules
+            and isinstance(binary.left, elements.BindParameter)
+            and isinstance(binary.right, elements.BindParameter)
+        ):
+            kw["literal_execute"] = True
+
+        operator_ = override_operator or binary.operator
+        disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(operator_, "binary", None)
+        if disp:
+            return disp(binary, operator_, **kw)
+        else:
+            try:
+                opstring = OPERATORS[operator_]
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, operator_) from err
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_binary(
+                    binary,
+                    opstring,
+                    from_linter=from_linter,
+                    lateral_from_linter=lateral_from_linter,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+
+    def visit_function_as_comparison_op_binary(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(element.sql_function, **kw)
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if self.preparer._double_percents:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " %% "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " % "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+
+    def visit_custom_op_binary(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = operator.eager_grouping
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            element,
+            " " + self.escape_literal_column(operator.opstring) + " ",
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+            element, self.escape_literal_column(operator.opstring) + " ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_modifier(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+            element, " " + self.escape_literal_column(operator.opstring), **kw
+        )
+
+    def _generate_generic_binary(
+        self, binary, opstring, eager_grouping=False, **kw
+    ):
+        _in_operator_expression = kw.get("_in_operator_expression", False)
+
+        kw["_in_operator_expression"] = True
+        kw["_binary_op"] = binary.operator
+        text = (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, eager_grouping=eager_grouping, **kw
+            )
+            + opstring
+            + binary.right._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, eager_grouping=eager_grouping, **kw
+            )
+        )
+
+        if _in_operator_expression and eager_grouping:
+            text = "(%s)" % text
+        return text
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_operator(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return opstring + unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_modifier(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) + opstring
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _like_percent_literal(self):
+        return elements.literal_column("'%'", type_=sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+
+    def visit_ilike_case_insensitive_operand(self, element, **kw):
+        return f"lower({element.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)})"
+
+    def visit_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_icontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(
+            ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        ).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_icontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(
+            ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        ).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_not_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_istartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_istartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_not_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_endswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_endswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_iendswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_iendswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_not_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_like_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        return "%s LIKE %s" % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_like_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return "%s NOT LIKE %s" % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if operator is operators.ilike_op:
+            binary = binary._clone()
+            binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+            binary.right = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        # else we assume ilower() has been applied
+
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if operator is operators.not_ilike_op:
+            binary = binary._clone()
+            binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+            binary.right = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        # else we assume ilower() has been applied
+
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_between_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC " if symmetric else " BETWEEN ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_between_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary,
+            " NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC " if symmetric else " NOT BETWEEN ",
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "%s dialect does not support regular expressions"
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "%s dialect does not support regular expressions"
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "%s dialect does not support regular expression replacements"
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def visit_bindparam(
+        self,
+        bindparam,
+        within_columns_clause=False,
+        literal_binds=False,
+        skip_bind_expression=False,
+        literal_execute=False,
+        render_postcompile=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+
+        if not skip_bind_expression:
+            impl = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+            if impl._has_bind_expression:
+                bind_expression = impl.bind_expression(bindparam)
+                wrapped = self.process(
+                    bind_expression,
+                    skip_bind_expression=True,
+                    within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+                    literal_binds=literal_binds and not bindparam.expanding,
+                    literal_execute=literal_execute,
+                    render_postcompile=render_postcompile,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                if bindparam.expanding:
+                    # for postcompile w/ expanding, move the "wrapped" part
+                    # of this into the inside
+
+                    m = re.match(
+                        r"^(.*)\(__\[POSTCOMPILE_(\S+?)\]\)(.*)$", wrapped
+                    )
+                    assert m, "unexpected format for expanding parameter"
+                    wrapped = "(__[POSTCOMPILE_%s~~%s~~REPL~~%s~~])" % (
+                        m.group(2),
+                        m.group(1),
+                        m.group(3),
+                    )
+
+                    if literal_binds:
+                        ret = self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                            bindparam,
+                            within_columns_clause=True,
+                            bind_expression_template=wrapped,
+                            **kwargs,
+                        )
+                        return "(%s)" % ret
+
+                return wrapped
+
+        if not literal_binds:
+            literal_execute = (
+                literal_execute
+                or bindparam.literal_execute
+                or (within_columns_clause and self.ansi_bind_rules)
+            )
+            post_compile = literal_execute or bindparam.expanding
+        else:
+            post_compile = False
+
+        if literal_binds:
+            ret = self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                bindparam, within_columns_clause=True, **kwargs
+            )
+            if bindparam.expanding:
+                ret = "(%s)" % ret
+            return ret
+
+        name = self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)
+
+        if name in self.binds:
+            existing = self.binds[name]
+            if existing is not bindparam:
+                if (
+                    (existing.unique or bindparam.unique)
+                    and not existing.proxy_set.intersection(
+                        bindparam.proxy_set
+                    )
+                    and not existing._cloned_set.intersection(
+                        bindparam._cloned_set
+                    )
+                ):
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Bind parameter '%s' conflicts with "
+                        "unique bind parameter of the same name" % name
+                    )
+                elif existing.expanding != bindparam.expanding:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Can't reuse bound parameter name '%s' in both "
+                        "'expanding' (e.g. within an IN expression) and "
+                        "non-expanding contexts.  If this parameter is to "
+                        "receive a list/array value, set 'expanding=True' on "
+                        "it for expressions that aren't IN, otherwise use "
+                        "a different parameter name." % (name,)
+                    )
+                elif existing._is_crud or bindparam._is_crud:
+                    if existing._is_crud and bindparam._is_crud:
+                        # TODO: this condition is not well understood.
+                        # see tests in test/sql/test_update.py
+                        raise exc.CompileError(
+                            "Encountered unsupported case when compiling an "
+                            "INSERT or UPDATE statement.  If this is a "
+                            "multi-table "
+                            "UPDATE statement, please provide string-named "
+                            "arguments to the "
+                            "values() method with distinct names; support for "
+                            "multi-table UPDATE statements that "
+                            "target multiple tables for UPDATE is very "
+                            "limited",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.CompileError(
+                            f"bindparam() name '{bindparam.key}' is reserved "
+                            "for automatic usage in the VALUES or SET "
+                            "clause of this "
+                            "insert/update statement.   Please use a "
+                            "name other than column name when using "
+                            "bindparam() "
+                            "with insert() or update() (for example, "
+                            f"'b_{bindparam.key}')."
+                        )
+
+        self.binds[bindparam.key] = self.binds[name] = bindparam
+
+        # if we are given a cache key that we're going to match against,
+        # relate the bindparam here to one that is most likely present
+        # in the "extracted params" portion of the cache key.  this is used
+        # to set up a positional mapping that is used to determine the
+        # correct parameters for a subsequent use of this compiled with
+        # a different set of parameter values.   here, we accommodate for
+        # parameters that may have been cloned both before and after the cache
+        # key was been generated.
+        ckbm_tuple = self._cache_key_bind_match
+
+        if ckbm_tuple:
+            ckbm, cksm = ckbm_tuple
+            for bp in bindparam._cloned_set:
+                if bp.key in cksm:
+                    cb = cksm[bp.key]
+                    ckbm[cb].append(bindparam)
+
+        if bindparam.isoutparam:
+            self.has_out_parameters = True
+
+        if post_compile:
+            if render_postcompile:
+                self._render_postcompile = True
+
+            if literal_execute:
+                self.literal_execute_params |= {bindparam}
+            else:
+                self.post_compile_params |= {bindparam}
+
+        ret = self.bindparam_string(
+            name,
+            post_compile=post_compile,
+            expanding=bindparam.expanding,
+            bindparam_type=bindparam.type,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if bindparam.expanding:
+            ret = "(%s)" % ret
+
+        return ret
+
+    def render_bind_cast(self, type_, dbapi_type, sqltext):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def render_literal_bindparam(
+        self,
+        bindparam,
+        render_literal_value=NO_ARG,
+        bind_expression_template=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if render_literal_value is not NO_ARG:
+            value = render_literal_value
+        else:
+            if bindparam.value is None and bindparam.callable is None:
+                op = kw.get("_binary_op", None)
+                if op and op not in (operators.is_, operators.is_not):
+                    util.warn_limited(
+                        "Bound parameter '%s' rendering literal NULL in a SQL "
+                        "expression; comparisons to NULL should not use "
+                        "operators outside of 'is' or 'is not'",
+                        (bindparam.key,),
+                    )
+                return self.process(sqltypes.NULLTYPE, **kw)
+            value = bindparam.effective_value
+
+        if bindparam.expanding:
+            leep = self._literal_execute_expanding_parameter_literal_binds
+            to_update, replacement_expr = leep(
+                bindparam,
+                value,
+                bind_expression_template=bind_expression_template,
+            )
+            return replacement_expr
+        else:
+            return self.render_literal_value(value, bindparam.type)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """Render the value of a bind parameter as a quoted literal.
+
+        This is used for statement sections that do not accept bind parameters
+        on the target driver/database.
+
+        This should be implemented by subclasses using the quoting services
+        of the DBAPI.
+
+        """
+
+        if value is None and not type_.should_evaluate_none:
+            # issue #10535 - handle NULL in the compiler without placing
+            # this onto each type, except for "evaluate None" types
+            # (e.g. JSON)
+            return self.process(elements.Null._instance())
+
+        processor = type_._cached_literal_processor(self.dialect)
+        if processor:
+            try:
+                return processor(value)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    f"Could not render literal value "
+                    f'"{sql_util._repr_single_value(value)}" '
+                    f"with datatype "
+                    f"{type_}; see parent stack trace for "
+                    "more detail."
+                ) from e
+
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"No literal value renderer is available for literal value "
+                f'"{sql_util._repr_single_value(value)}" '
+                f"with datatype {type_}"
+            )
+
+    def _truncate_bindparam(self, bindparam):
+        if bindparam in self.bind_names:
+            return self.bind_names[bindparam]
+
+        bind_name = bindparam.key
+        if isinstance(bind_name, elements._truncated_label):
+            bind_name = self._truncated_identifier("bindparam", bind_name)
+
+        # add to bind_names for translation
+        self.bind_names[bindparam] = bind_name
+
+        return bind_name
+
+    def _truncated_identifier(
+        self, ident_class: str, name: _truncated_label
+    ) -> str:
+        if (ident_class, name) in self.truncated_names:
+            return self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)]
+
+        anonname = name.apply_map(self.anon_map)
+
+        if len(anonname) > self.label_length - 6:
+            counter = self._truncated_counters.get(ident_class, 1)
+            truncname = (
+                anonname[0 : max(self.label_length - 6, 0)]
+                + "_"
+                + hex(counter)[2:]
+            )
+            self._truncated_counters[ident_class] = counter + 1
+        else:
+            truncname = anonname
+        self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)] = truncname
+        return truncname
+
+    def _anonymize(self, name: str) -> str:
+        return name % self.anon_map
+
+    def bindparam_string(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        post_compile: bool = False,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        escaped_from: Optional[str] = None,
+        bindparam_type: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]] = None,
+        accumulate_bind_names: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+        visited_bindparam: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        # TODO: accumulate_bind_names is passed by crud.py to gather
+        # names on a per-value basis, visited_bindparam is passed by
+        # visit_insert() to collect all parameters in the statement.
+        # see if this gathering can be simplified somehow
+        if accumulate_bind_names is not None:
+            accumulate_bind_names.add(name)
+        if visited_bindparam is not None:
+            visited_bindparam.append(name)
+
+        if not escaped_from:
+            if self._bind_translate_re.search(name):
+                # not quite the translate use case as we want to
+                # also get a quick boolean if we even found
+                # unusual characters in the name
+                new_name = self._bind_translate_re.sub(
+                    lambda m: self._bind_translate_chars[m.group(0)],
+                    name,
+                )
+                escaped_from = name
+                name = new_name
+
+        if escaped_from:
+            self.escaped_bind_names = self.escaped_bind_names.union(
+                {escaped_from: name}
+            )
+        if post_compile:
+            ret = "__[POSTCOMPILE_%s]" % name
+            if expanding:
+                # for expanding, bound parameters or literal values will be
+                # rendered per item
+                return ret
+
+            # otherwise, for non-expanding "literal execute", apply
+            # bind casts as determined by the datatype
+            if bindparam_type is not None:
+                type_impl = bindparam_type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(
+                    self.dialect
+                )
+                if type_impl.render_literal_cast:
+                    ret = self.render_bind_cast(bindparam_type, type_impl, ret)
+            return ret
+        elif self.state is CompilerState.COMPILING:
+            ret = self.compilation_bindtemplate % {"name": name}
+        else:
+            ret = self.bindtemplate % {"name": name}
+
+        if (
+            bindparam_type is not None
+            and self.dialect._bind_typing_render_casts
+        ):
+            type_impl = bindparam_type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+            if type_impl.render_bind_cast:
+                ret = self.render_bind_cast(bindparam_type, type_impl, ret)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _dispatch_independent_ctes(self, stmt, kw):
+        local_kw = kw.copy()
+        local_kw.pop("cte_opts", None)
+        for cte, opt in zip(
+            stmt._independent_ctes, stmt._independent_ctes_opts
+        ):
+            cte._compiler_dispatch(self, cte_opts=opt, **local_kw)
+
+    def visit_cte(
+        self,
+        cte: CTE,
+        asfrom: bool = False,
+        ashint: bool = False,
+        fromhints: Optional[_FromHintsType] = None,
+        visiting_cte: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        from_linter: Optional[FromLinter] = None,
+        cte_opts: selectable._CTEOpts = selectable._CTEOpts(False),
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        self_ctes = self._init_cte_state()
+        assert self_ctes is self.ctes
+
+        kwargs["visiting_cte"] = cte
+
+        cte_name = cte.name
+
+        if isinstance(cte_name, elements._truncated_label):
+            cte_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", cte_name)
+
+        is_new_cte = True
+        embedded_in_current_named_cte = False
+
+        _reference_cte = cte._get_reference_cte()
+
+        nesting = cte.nesting or cte_opts.nesting
+
+        # check for CTE already encountered
+        if _reference_cte in self.level_name_by_cte:
+            cte_level, _, existing_cte_opts = self.level_name_by_cte[
+                _reference_cte
+            ]
+            assert _ == cte_name
+
+            cte_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+            existing_cte = self.ctes_by_level_name[cte_level_name]
+
+            # check if we are receiving it here with a specific
+            # "nest_here" location; if so, move it to this location
+
+            if cte_opts.nesting:
+                if existing_cte_opts.nesting:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "CTE is stated as 'nest_here' in "
+                        "more than one location"
+                    )
+
+                old_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+                cte_level = len(self.stack) if nesting else 1
+                cte_level_name = new_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+
+                del self.ctes_by_level_name[old_level_name]
+                self.ctes_by_level_name[new_level_name] = existing_cte
+                self.level_name_by_cte[_reference_cte] = new_level_name + (
+                    cte_opts,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            cte_level = len(self.stack) if nesting else 1
+            cte_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+
+            if cte_level_name in self.ctes_by_level_name:
+                existing_cte = self.ctes_by_level_name[cte_level_name]
+            else:
+                existing_cte = None
+
+        if existing_cte is not None:
+            embedded_in_current_named_cte = visiting_cte is existing_cte
+
+            # we've generated a same-named CTE that we are enclosed in,
+            # or this is the same CTE.  just return the name.
+            if cte is existing_cte._restates or cte is existing_cte:
+                is_new_cte = False
+            elif existing_cte is cte._restates:
+                # we've generated a same-named CTE that is
+                # enclosed in us - we take precedence, so
+                # discard the text for the "inner".
+                del self_ctes[existing_cte]
+
+                existing_cte_reference_cte = existing_cte._get_reference_cte()
+
+                assert existing_cte_reference_cte is _reference_cte
+                assert existing_cte_reference_cte is existing_cte
+
+                del self.level_name_by_cte[existing_cte_reference_cte]
+            else:
+                # if the two CTEs are deep-copy identical, consider them
+                # the same, **if** they are clones, that is, they came from
+                # the ORM or other visit method
+                if (
+                    cte._is_clone_of is not None
+                    or existing_cte._is_clone_of is not None
+                ) and cte.compare(existing_cte):
+                    is_new_cte = False
+                else:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Multiple, unrelated CTEs found with "
+                        "the same name: %r" % cte_name
+                    )
+
+        if not asfrom and not is_new_cte:
+            return None
+
+        if cte._cte_alias is not None:
+            pre_alias_cte = cte._cte_alias
+            cte_pre_alias_name = cte._cte_alias.name
+            if isinstance(cte_pre_alias_name, elements._truncated_label):
+                cte_pre_alias_name = self._truncated_identifier(
+                    "alias", cte_pre_alias_name
+                )
+        else:
+            pre_alias_cte = cte
+            cte_pre_alias_name = None
+
+        if is_new_cte:
+            self.ctes_by_level_name[cte_level_name] = cte
+            self.level_name_by_cte[_reference_cte] = cte_level_name + (
+                cte_opts,
+            )
+
+            if pre_alias_cte not in self.ctes:
+                self.visit_cte(pre_alias_cte, **kwargs)
+
+            if not cte_pre_alias_name and cte not in self_ctes:
+                if cte.recursive:
+                    self.ctes_recursive = True
+                text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+                if cte.recursive:
+                    col_source = cte.element
+
+                    # TODO: can we get at the .columns_plus_names collection
+                    # that is already (or will be?) generated for the SELECT
+                    # rather than calling twice?
+                    recur_cols = [
+                        # TODO: proxy_name is not technically safe,
+                        # see test_cte->
+                        # test_with_recursive_no_name_currently_buggy.  not
+                        # clear what should be done with such a case
+                        fallback_label_name or proxy_name
+                        for (
+                            _,
+                            proxy_name,
+                            fallback_label_name,
+                            c,
+                            repeated,
+                        ) in (col_source._generate_columns_plus_names(True))
+                        if not repeated
+                    ]
+
+                    text += "(%s)" % (
+                        ", ".join(
+                            self.preparer.format_label_name(
+                                ident, anon_map=self.anon_map
+                            )
+                            for ident in recur_cols
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                assert kwargs.get("subquery", False) is False
+
+                if not self.stack:
+                    # toplevel, this is a stringify of the
+                    # cte directly.  just compile the inner
+                    # the way alias() does.
+                    return cte.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                        self, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs
+                    )
+                else:
+                    prefixes = self._generate_prefixes(
+                        cte, cte._prefixes, **kwargs
+                    )
+                    inner = cte.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                        self, asfrom=True, **kwargs
+                    )
+
+                    text += " AS %s\n(%s)" % (prefixes, inner)
+
+                if cte._suffixes:
+                    text += " " + self._generate_prefixes(
+                        cte, cte._suffixes, **kwargs
+                    )
+
+                self_ctes[cte] = text
+
+        if asfrom:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.froms[cte._de_clone()] = cte_name
+
+            if not is_new_cte and embedded_in_current_named_cte:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+
+            if cte_pre_alias_name:
+                text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_pre_alias_name)
+                if self.preparer._requires_quotes(cte_name):
+                    cte_name = self.preparer.quote(cte_name)
+                text += self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(cte_name)
+                return text
+            else:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+
+        return None
+
+    def visit_table_valued_alias(self, element, **kw):
+        if element.joins_implicitly:
+            kw["from_linter"] = None
+        if element._is_lateral:
+            return self.visit_lateral(element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_alias(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_table_valued_column(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_column(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_alias(
+        self,
+        alias,
+        asfrom=False,
+        ashint=False,
+        iscrud=False,
+        fromhints=None,
+        subquery=False,
+        lateral=False,
+        enclosing_alias=None,
+        from_linter=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        if lateral:
+            if "enclosing_lateral" not in kwargs:
+                # if lateral is set and enclosing_lateral is not
+                # present, we assume we are being called directly
+                # from visit_lateral() and we need to set enclosing_lateral.
+                assert alias._is_lateral
+                kwargs["enclosing_lateral"] = alias
+
+            # for lateral objects, we track a second from_linter that is...
+            # lateral!  to the level above us.
+            if (
+                from_linter
+                and "lateral_from_linter" not in kwargs
+                and "enclosing_lateral" in kwargs
+            ):
+                kwargs["lateral_from_linter"] = from_linter
+
+        if enclosing_alias is not None and enclosing_alias.element is alias:
+            inner = alias.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self,
+                asfrom=asfrom,
+                ashint=ashint,
+                iscrud=iscrud,
+                fromhints=fromhints,
+                lateral=lateral,
+                enclosing_alias=alias,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            if subquery and (asfrom or lateral):
+                inner = "(%s)" % (inner,)
+            return inner
+        else:
+            enclosing_alias = kwargs["enclosing_alias"] = alias
+
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            if isinstance(alias.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                alias_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name)
+            else:
+                alias_name = alias.name
+
+        if ashint:
+            return self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+        elif asfrom:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.froms[alias._de_clone()] = alias_name
+
+            inner = alias.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, asfrom=True, lateral=lateral, **kwargs
+            )
+            if subquery:
+                inner = "(%s)" % (inner,)
+
+            ret = inner + self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(
+                self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+            )
+
+            if alias._supports_derived_columns and alias._render_derived:
+                ret += "(%s)" % (
+                    ", ".join(
+                        "%s%s"
+                        % (
+                            self.preparer.quote(col.name),
+                            (
+                                " %s"
+                                % self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                                    col.type, **kwargs
+                                )
+                                if alias._render_derived_w_types
+                                else ""
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        for col in alias.c
+                    )
+                )
+
+            if fromhints and alias in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    ret, alias, fromhints[alias], iscrud
+                )
+
+            return ret
+        else:
+            # note we cancel the "subquery" flag here as well
+            return alias.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, lateral=lateral, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    def visit_subquery(self, subquery, **kw):
+        kw["subquery"] = True
+        return self.visit_alias(subquery, **kw)
+
+    def visit_lateral(self, lateral_, **kw):
+        kw["lateral"] = True
+        return "LATERAL %s" % self.visit_alias(lateral_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_tablesample(self, tablesample, asfrom=False, **kw):
+        text = "%s TABLESAMPLE %s" % (
+            self.visit_alias(tablesample, asfrom=True, **kw),
+            tablesample._get_method()._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if tablesample.seed is not None:
+            text += " REPEATABLE (%s)" % (
+                tablesample.seed._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def _render_values(self, element, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("literal_binds", element.literal_binds)
+        tuples = ", ".join(
+            self.process(
+                elements.Tuple(
+                    types=element._column_types, *elem
+                ).self_group(),
+                **kw,
+            )
+            for chunk in element._data
+            for elem in chunk
+        )
+        return f"VALUES {tuples}"
+
+    def visit_values(self, element, asfrom=False, from_linter=None, **kw):
+        v = self._render_values(element, **kw)
+
+        if element._unnamed:
+            name = None
+        elif isinstance(element.name, elements._truncated_label):
+            name = self._truncated_identifier("values", element.name)
+        else:
+            name = element.name
+
+        if element._is_lateral:
+            lateral = "LATERAL "
+        else:
+            lateral = ""
+
+        if asfrom:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.froms[element._de_clone()] = (
+                    name if name is not None else "(unnamed VALUES element)"
+                )
+
+            if name:
+                kw["include_table"] = False
+                v = "%s(%s)%s (%s)" % (
+                    lateral,
+                    v,
+                    self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(self.preparer.quote(name)),
+                    (
+                        ", ".join(
+                            c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+                            for c in element.columns
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+            else:
+                v = "%s(%s)" % (lateral, v)
+        return v
+
+    def visit_scalar_values(self, element, **kw):
+        return f"({self._render_values(element, **kw)})"
+
+    def get_render_as_alias_suffix(self, alias_name_text):
+        return " AS " + alias_name_text
+
+    def _add_to_result_map(
+        self,
+        keyname: str,
+        name: str,
+        objects: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        type_: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+
+        # note objects must be non-empty for cursor.py to handle the
+        # collection properly
+        assert objects
+
+        if keyname is None or keyname == "*":
+            self._ordered_columns = False
+            self._ad_hoc_textual = True
+        if type_._is_tuple_type:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Most backends don't support SELECTing "
+                "from a tuple() object.  If this is an ORM query, "
+                "consider using the Bundle object."
+            )
+        self._result_columns.append(
+            ResultColumnsEntry(keyname, name, objects, type_)
+        )
+
+    def _label_returning_column(
+        self, stmt, column, populate_result_map, column_clause_args=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render a column with necessary labels inside of a RETURNING clause.
+
+        This method is provided for individual dialects in place of calling
+        the _label_select_column method directly, so that the two use cases
+        of RETURNING vs. SELECT can be disambiguated going forward.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.21
+
+        """
+        return self._label_select_column(
+            None,
+            column,
+            populate_result_map,
+            False,
+            {} if column_clause_args is None else column_clause_args,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def _label_select_column(
+        self,
+        select,
+        column,
+        populate_result_map,
+        asfrom,
+        column_clause_args,
+        name=None,
+        proxy_name=None,
+        fallback_label_name=None,
+        within_columns_clause=True,
+        column_is_repeated=False,
+        need_column_expressions=False,
+        include_table=True,
+    ):
+        """produce labeled columns present in a select()."""
+        impl = column.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+
+        if impl._has_column_expression and (
+            need_column_expressions or populate_result_map
+        ):
+            col_expr = impl.column_expression(column)
+        else:
+            col_expr = column
+
+        if populate_result_map:
+            # pass an "add_to_result_map" callable into the compilation
+            # of embedded columns.  this collects information about the
+            # column as it will be fetched in the result and is coordinated
+            # with cursor.description when the query is executed.
+            add_to_result_map = self._add_to_result_map
+
+            # if the SELECT statement told us this column is a repeat,
+            # wrap the callable with one that prevents the addition of the
+            # targets
+            if column_is_repeated:
+                _add_to_result_map = add_to_result_map
+
+                def add_to_result_map(keyname, name, objects, type_):
+                    _add_to_result_map(keyname, name, (keyname,), type_)
+
+            # if we redefined col_expr for type expressions, wrap the
+            # callable with one that adds the original column to the targets
+            elif col_expr is not column:
+                _add_to_result_map = add_to_result_map
+
+                def add_to_result_map(keyname, name, objects, type_):
+                    _add_to_result_map(
+                        keyname, name, (column,) + objects, type_
+                    )
+
+        else:
+            add_to_result_map = None
+
+        # this method is used by some of the dialects for RETURNING,
+        # which has different inputs.  _label_returning_column was added
+        # as the better target for this now however for 1.4 we will keep
+        # _label_select_column directly compatible with this use case.
+        # these assertions right now set up the current expected inputs
+        assert within_columns_clause, (
+            "_label_select_column is only relevant within "
+            "the columns clause of a SELECT or RETURNING"
+        )
+        if isinstance(column, elements.Label):
+            if col_expr is not column:
+                result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                    col_expr, column.name, alt_names=(column.element,)
+                )
+            else:
+                result_expr = col_expr
+
+        elif name:
+            # here, _columns_plus_names has determined there's an explicit
+            # label name we need to use.  this is the default for
+            # tablenames_plus_columnnames as well as when columns are being
+            # deduplicated on name
+
+            assert (
+                proxy_name is not None
+            ), "proxy_name is required if 'name' is passed"
+
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                col_expr,
+                name,
+                alt_names=(
+                    proxy_name,
+                    # this is a hack to allow legacy result column lookups
+                    # to work as they did before; this goes away in 2.0.
+                    # TODO: this only seems to be tested indirectly
+                    # via test/orm/test_deprecations.py.   should be a
+                    # resultset test for this
+                    column._tq_label,
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            # determine here whether this column should be rendered in
+            # a labelled context or not, as we were given no required label
+            # name from the caller. Here we apply heuristics based on the kind
+            # of SQL expression involved.
+
+            if col_expr is not column:
+                # type-specific expression wrapping the given column,
+                # so we render a label
+                render_with_label = True
+            elif isinstance(column, elements.ColumnClause):
+                # table-bound column, we render its name as a label if we are
+                # inside of a subquery only
+                render_with_label = (
+                    asfrom
+                    and not column.is_literal
+                    and column.table is not None
+                )
+            elif isinstance(column, elements.TextClause):
+                render_with_label = False
+            elif isinstance(column, elements.UnaryExpression):
+                render_with_label = column.wraps_column_expression or asfrom
+            elif (
+                # general class of expressions that don't have a SQL-column
+                # addressible name.  includes scalar selects, bind parameters,
+                # SQL functions, others
+                not isinstance(column, elements.NamedColumn)
+                # deeper check that indicates there's no natural "name" to
+                # this element, which accommodates for custom SQL constructs
+                # that might have a ".name" attribute (but aren't SQL
+                # functions) but are not implementing this more recently added
+                # base class.  in theory the "NamedColumn" check should be
+                # enough, however here we seek to maintain legacy behaviors
+                # as well.
+                and column._non_anon_label is None
+            ):
+                render_with_label = True
+            else:
+                render_with_label = False
+
+            if render_with_label:
+                if not fallback_label_name:
+                    # used by the RETURNING case right now.  we generate it
+                    # here as 3rd party dialects may be referring to
+                    # _label_select_column method directly instead of the
+                    # just-added _label_returning_column method
+                    assert not column_is_repeated
+                    fallback_label_name = column._anon_name_label
+
+                fallback_label_name = (
+                    elements._truncated_label(fallback_label_name)
+                    if not isinstance(
+                        fallback_label_name, elements._truncated_label
+                    )
+                    else fallback_label_name
+                )
+
+                result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                    col_expr, fallback_label_name, alt_names=(proxy_name,)
+                )
+            else:
+                result_expr = col_expr
+
+        column_clause_args.update(
+            within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map,
+            include_table=include_table,
+        )
+        return result_expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **column_clause_args)
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        hinttext = self.get_from_hint_text(table, hint)
+        if hinttext:
+            sqltext += " " + hinttext
+        return sqltext
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return None
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def get_statement_hint_text(self, hint_texts):
+        return " ".join(hint_texts)
+
+    _default_stack_entry: _CompilerStackEntry
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        _default_stack_entry = util.immutabledict(
+            [("correlate_froms", frozenset()), ("asfrom_froms", frozenset())]
+        )
+
+    def _display_froms_for_select(
+        self, select_stmt, asfrom, lateral=False, **kw
+    ):
+        # utility method to help external dialects
+        # get the correct from list for a select.
+        # specifically the oracle dialect needs this feature
+        # right now.
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        compile_state = select_stmt._compile_state_factory(select_stmt, self)
+
+        correlate_froms = entry["correlate_froms"]
+        asfrom_froms = entry["asfrom_froms"]
+
+        if asfrom and not lateral:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms
+                ),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=(),
+            )
+        else:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms,
+            )
+        return froms
+
+    translate_select_structure: Any = None
+    """if not ``None``, should be a callable which accepts ``(select_stmt,
+    **kw)`` and returns a select object.   this is used for structural changes
+    mostly to accommodate for LIMIT/OFFSET schemes
+
+    """
+
+    def visit_select(
+        self,
+        select_stmt,
+        asfrom=False,
+        insert_into=False,
+        fromhints=None,
+        compound_index=None,
+        select_wraps_for=None,
+        lateral=False,
+        from_linter=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        assert select_wraps_for is None, (
+            "SQLAlchemy 1.4 requires use of "
+            "the translate_select_structure hook for structural "
+            "translations of SELECT objects"
+        )
+
+        # initial setup of SELECT.  the compile_state_factory may now
+        # be creating a totally different SELECT from the one that was
+        # passed in.  for ORM use this will convert from an ORM-state
+        # SELECT to a regular "Core" SELECT.  other composed operations
+        # such as computation of joins will be performed.
+
+        kwargs["within_columns_clause"] = False
+
+        compile_state = select_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            select_stmt, self, **kwargs
+        )
+        kwargs["ambiguous_table_name_map"] = (
+            compile_state._ambiguous_table_name_map
+        )
+
+        select_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel and not self.compile_state:
+            self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        is_embedded_select = compound_index is not None or insert_into
+
+        # translate step for Oracle, SQL Server which often need to
+        # restructure the SELECT to allow for LIMIT/OFFSET and possibly
+        # other conditions
+        if self.translate_select_structure:
+            new_select_stmt = self.translate_select_structure(
+                select_stmt, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs
+            )
+
+            # if SELECT was restructured, maintain a link to the originals
+            # and assemble a new compile state
+            if new_select_stmt is not select_stmt:
+                compile_state_wraps_for = compile_state
+                select_wraps_for = select_stmt
+                select_stmt = new_select_stmt
+
+                compile_state = select_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+                    select_stmt, self, **kwargs
+                )
+                select_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        populate_result_map = need_column_expressions = (
+            toplevel
+            or entry.get("need_result_map_for_compound", False)
+            or entry.get("need_result_map_for_nested", False)
+        )
+
+        # indicates there is a CompoundSelect in play and we are not the
+        # first select
+        if compound_index:
+            populate_result_map = False
+
+        # this was first proposed as part of #3372; however, it is not
+        # reached in current tests and could possibly be an assertion
+        # instead.
+        if not populate_result_map and "add_to_result_map" in kwargs:
+            del kwargs["add_to_result_map"]
+
+        froms = self._setup_select_stack(
+            select_stmt, compile_state, entry, asfrom, lateral, compound_index
+        )
+
+        column_clause_args = kwargs.copy()
+        column_clause_args.update(
+            {"within_label_clause": False, "within_columns_clause": False}
+        )
+
+        text = "SELECT "  # we're off to a good start !
+
+        if select_stmt._hints:
+            hint_text, byfrom = self._setup_select_hints(select_stmt)
+            if hint_text:
+                text += hint_text + " "
+        else:
+            byfrom = None
+
+        if select_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(select_stmt, kwargs)
+
+        if select_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                select_stmt, select_stmt._prefixes, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        text += self.get_select_precolumns(select_stmt, **kwargs)
+        # the actual list of columns to print in the SELECT column list.
+        inner_columns = [
+            c
+            for c in [
+                self._label_select_column(
+                    select_stmt,
+                    column,
+                    populate_result_map,
+                    asfrom,
+                    column_clause_args,
+                    name=name,
+                    proxy_name=proxy_name,
+                    fallback_label_name=fallback_label_name,
+                    column_is_repeated=repeated,
+                    need_column_expressions=need_column_expressions,
+                )
+                for (
+                    name,
+                    proxy_name,
+                    fallback_label_name,
+                    column,
+                    repeated,
+                ) in compile_state.columns_plus_names
+            ]
+            if c is not None
+        ]
+
+        if populate_result_map and select_wraps_for is not None:
+            # if this select was generated from translate_select,
+            # rewrite the targeted columns in the result map
+
+            translate = dict(
+                zip(
+                    [
+                        name
+                        for (
+                            key,
+                            proxy_name,
+                            fallback_label_name,
+                            name,
+                            repeated,
+                        ) in compile_state.columns_plus_names
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        name
+                        for (
+                            key,
+                            proxy_name,
+                            fallback_label_name,
+                            name,
+                            repeated,
+                        ) in compile_state_wraps_for.columns_plus_names
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
+
+            self._result_columns = [
+                ResultColumnsEntry(
+                    key, name, tuple(translate.get(o, o) for o in obj), type_
+                )
+                for key, name, obj, type_ in self._result_columns
+            ]
+
+        text = self._compose_select_body(
+            text,
+            select_stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            inner_columns,
+            froms,
+            byfrom,
+            toplevel,
+            kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if select_stmt._statement_hints:
+            per_dialect = [
+                ht
+                for (dialect_name, ht) in select_stmt._statement_hints
+                if dialect_name in ("*", self.dialect.name)
+            ]
+            if per_dialect:
+                text += " " + self.get_statement_hint_text(per_dialect)
+
+        # In compound query, CTEs are shared at the compound level
+        if self.ctes and (not is_embedded_select or toplevel):
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        if select_stmt._suffixes:
+            text += " " + self._generate_prefixes(
+                select_stmt, select_stmt._suffixes, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _setup_select_hints(
+        self, select: Select[Any]
+    ) -> Tuple[str, _FromHintsType]:
+        byfrom = {
+            from_: hinttext
+            % {"name": from_._compiler_dispatch(self, ashint=True)}
+            for (from_, dialect), hinttext in select._hints.items()
+            if dialect in ("*", self.dialect.name)
+        }
+        hint_text = self.get_select_hint_text(byfrom)
+        return hint_text, byfrom
+
+    def _setup_select_stack(
+        self, select, compile_state, entry, asfrom, lateral, compound_index
+    ):
+        correlate_froms = entry["correlate_froms"]
+        asfrom_froms = entry["asfrom_froms"]
+
+        if compound_index == 0:
+            entry["select_0"] = select
+        elif compound_index:
+            select_0 = entry["select_0"]
+            numcols = len(select_0._all_selected_columns)
+
+            if len(compile_state.columns_plus_names) != numcols:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "All selectables passed to "
+                    "CompoundSelect must have identical numbers of "
+                    "columns; select #%d has %d columns, select "
+                    "#%d has %d"
+                    % (
+                        1,
+                        numcols,
+                        compound_index + 1,
+                        len(select._all_selected_columns),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if asfrom and not lateral:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms
+                ),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=(),
+            )
+        else:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms,
+            )
+
+        new_correlate_froms = set(_from_objects(*froms))
+        all_correlate_froms = new_correlate_froms.union(correlate_froms)
+
+        new_entry: _CompilerStackEntry = {
+            "asfrom_froms": new_correlate_froms,
+            "correlate_froms": all_correlate_froms,
+            "selectable": select,
+            "compile_state": compile_state,
+        }
+        self.stack.append(new_entry)
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _compose_select_body(
+        self,
+        text,
+        select,
+        compile_state,
+        inner_columns,
+        froms,
+        byfrom,
+        toplevel,
+        kwargs,
+    ):
+        text += ", ".join(inner_columns)
+
+        if self.linting & COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS:
+            from_linter = FromLinter({}, set())
+            warn_linting = self.linting & WARN_LINTING
+            if toplevel:
+                self.from_linter = from_linter
+        else:
+            from_linter = None
+            warn_linting = False
+
+        # adjust the whitespace for no inner columns, part of #9440,
+        # so that a no-col SELECT comes out as "SELECT WHERE..." or
+        # "SELECT FROM ...".
+        # while it would be better to have built the SELECT starting string
+        # without trailing whitespace first, then add whitespace only if inner
+        # cols were present, this breaks compatibility with various custom
+        # compilation schemes that are currently being tested.
+        if not inner_columns:
+            text = text.rstrip()
+
+        if froms:
+            text += " \nFROM "
+
+            if select._hints:
+                text += ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        f._compiler_dispatch(
+                            self,
+                            asfrom=True,
+                            fromhints=byfrom,
+                            from_linter=from_linter,
+                            **kwargs,
+                        )
+                        for f in froms
+                    ]
+                )
+            else:
+                text += ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        f._compiler_dispatch(
+                            self,
+                            asfrom=True,
+                            from_linter=from_linter,
+                            **kwargs,
+                        )
+                        for f in froms
+                    ]
+                )
+        else:
+            text += self.default_from()
+
+        if select._where_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                select._where_criteria, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " \nWHERE " + t
+
+        if warn_linting:
+            assert from_linter is not None
+            from_linter.warn()
+
+        if select._group_by_clauses:
+            text += self.group_by_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._having_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                select._having_criteria, **kwargs
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " \nHAVING " + t
+
+        if select._order_by_clauses:
+            text += self.order_by_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._has_row_limiting_clause:
+            text += self._row_limit_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._for_update_arg is not None:
+            text += self.for_update_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _generate_prefixes(self, stmt, prefixes, **kw):
+        clause = " ".join(
+            prefix._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            for prefix, dialect_name in prefixes
+            if dialect_name in (None, "*") or dialect_name == self.dialect.name
+        )
+        if clause:
+            clause += " "
+        return clause
+
+    def _render_cte_clause(
+        self,
+        nesting_level=None,
+        include_following_stack=False,
+    ):
+        """
+        include_following_stack
+            Also render the nesting CTEs on the next stack. Useful for
+            SQL structures like UNION or INSERT that can wrap SELECT
+            statements containing nesting CTEs.
+        """
+        if not self.ctes:
+            return ""
+
+        ctes: MutableMapping[CTE, str]
+
+        if nesting_level and nesting_level > 1:
+            ctes = util.OrderedDict()
+            for cte in list(self.ctes.keys()):
+                cte_level, cte_name, cte_opts = self.level_name_by_cte[
+                    cte._get_reference_cte()
+                ]
+                nesting = cte.nesting or cte_opts.nesting
+                is_rendered_level = cte_level == nesting_level or (
+                    include_following_stack and cte_level == nesting_level + 1
+                )
+                if not (nesting and is_rendered_level):
+                    continue
+
+                ctes[cte] = self.ctes[cte]
+
+        else:
+            ctes = self.ctes
+
+        if not ctes:
+            return ""
+        ctes_recursive = any([cte.recursive for cte in ctes])
+
+        cte_text = self.get_cte_preamble(ctes_recursive) + " "
+        cte_text += ", \n".join([txt for txt in ctes.values()])
+        cte_text += "\n "
+
+        if nesting_level and nesting_level > 1:
+            for cte in list(ctes.keys()):
+                cte_level, cte_name, cte_opts = self.level_name_by_cte[
+                    cte._get_reference_cte()
+                ]
+                del self.ctes[cte]
+                del self.ctes_by_level_name[(cte_level, cte_name)]
+                del self.level_name_by_cte[cte._get_reference_cte()]
+
+        return cte_text
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        if recursive:
+            return "WITH RECURSIVE"
+        else:
+            return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just
+        before column list.
+
+        """
+        if select._distinct_on:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "DISTINCT ON is currently supported only by the PostgreSQL "
+                "dialect.  Use of DISTINCT ON for other backends is currently "
+                "silently ignored, however this usage is deprecated, and will "
+                "raise CompileError in a future release for all backends "
+                "that do not support this syntax.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+        return "DISTINCT " if select._distinct else ""
+
+    def group_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """allow dialects to customize how GROUP BY is rendered."""
+
+        group_by = self._generate_delimited_list(
+            select._group_by_clauses, OPERATORS[operators.comma_op], **kw
+        )
+        if group_by:
+            return " GROUP BY " + group_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """allow dialects to customize how ORDER BY is rendered."""
+
+        order_by = self._generate_delimited_list(
+            select._order_by_clauses, OPERATORS[operators.comma_op], **kw
+        )
+
+        if order_by:
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        return " FOR UPDATE"
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self,
+        stmt: UpdateBase,
+        returning_cols: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        populate_result_map: bool,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        columns = [
+            self._label_returning_column(
+                stmt,
+                column,
+                populate_result_map,
+                fallback_label_name=fallback_label_name,
+                column_is_repeated=repeated,
+                name=name,
+                proxy_name=proxy_name,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            for (
+                name,
+                proxy_name,
+                fallback_label_name,
+                column,
+                repeated,
+            ) in stmt._generate_columns_plus_names(
+                True, cols=base._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+            )
+        ]
+
+        return "RETURNING " + ", ".join(columns)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT -1"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def fetch_clause(
+        self,
+        select,
+        fetch_clause=None,
+        require_offset=False,
+        use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if fetch_clause is None:
+            fetch_clause = select._fetch_clause
+            fetch_clause_options = select._fetch_clause_options
+        else:
+            fetch_clause_options = {"percent": False, "with_ties": False}
+
+        text = ""
+
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+            if (
+                use_literal_execute_for_simple_int
+                and select._simple_int_clause(offset_clause)
+            ):
+                offset_clause = offset_clause.render_literal_execute()
+            offset_str = self.process(offset_clause, **kw)
+            text += "\n OFFSET %s ROWS" % offset_str
+        elif require_offset:
+            text += "\n OFFSET 0 ROWS"
+
+        if fetch_clause is not None:
+            if (
+                use_literal_execute_for_simple_int
+                and select._simple_int_clause(fetch_clause)
+            ):
+                fetch_clause = fetch_clause.render_literal_execute()
+            text += "\n FETCH FIRST %s%s ROWS %s" % (
+                self.process(fetch_clause, **kw),
+                " PERCENT" if fetch_clause_options["percent"] else "",
+                "WITH TIES" if fetch_clause_options["with_ties"] else "ONLY",
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def visit_table(
+        self,
+        table,
+        asfrom=False,
+        iscrud=False,
+        ashint=False,
+        fromhints=None,
+        use_schema=True,
+        from_linter=None,
+        ambiguous_table_name_map=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        if from_linter:
+            from_linter.froms[table] = table.fullname
+
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            effective_schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(table)
+
+            if use_schema and effective_schema:
+                ret = (
+                    self.preparer.quote_schema(effective_schema)
+                    + "."
+                    + self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+                )
+            else:
+                ret = self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+
+                if (
+                    not effective_schema
+                    and ambiguous_table_name_map
+                    and table.name in ambiguous_table_name_map
+                ):
+                    anon_name = self._truncated_identifier(
+                        "alias", ambiguous_table_name_map[table.name]
+                    )
+
+                    ret = ret + self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(
+                        self.preparer.format_alias(None, anon_name)
+                    )
+
+            if fromhints and table in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    ret, table, fromhints[table], iscrud
+                )
+            return ret
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, from_linter=None, **kwargs):
+        if from_linter:
+            from_linter.edges.update(
+                itertools.product(
+                    _de_clone(join.left._from_objects),
+                    _de_clone(join.right._from_objects),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if join.full:
+            join_type = " FULL OUTER JOIN "
+        elif join.isouter:
+            join_type = " LEFT OUTER JOIN "
+        else:
+            join_type = " JOIN "
+        return (
+            join.left._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+            + join_type
+            + join.right._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+            + " ON "
+            # TODO: likely need asfrom=True here?
+            + join.onclause._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _setup_crud_hints(self, stmt, table_text):
+        dialect_hints = {
+            table: hint_text
+            for (table, dialect), hint_text in stmt._hints.items()
+            if dialect in ("*", self.dialect.name)
+        }
+        if stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+            table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                table_text, stmt.table, dialect_hints[stmt.table], True
+            )
+        return dialect_hints, table_text
+
+    # within the realm of "insertmanyvalues sentinel columns",
+    # these lookups match different kinds of Column() configurations
+    # to specific backend capabilities.  they are broken into two
+    # lookups, one for autoincrement columns and the other for non
+    # autoincrement columns
+    _sentinel_col_non_autoinc_lookup = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.CLIENTSIDE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts._SUPPORTED_OR_NOT
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SENTINEL_DEFAULT: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts._SUPPORTED_OR_NOT
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts._SUPPORTED_OR_NOT
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.IDENTITY: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.IDENTITY
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SEQUENCE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.SEQUENCE
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    _sentinel_col_autoinc_lookup = _sentinel_col_non_autoinc_lookup.union(
+        {
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.AUTOINCREMENT
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+
+    def _get_sentinel_column_for_table(
+        self, table: Table
+    ) -> Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]:
+        """given a :class:`.Table`, return a usable sentinel column or
+        columns for this dialect if any.
+
+        Return None if no sentinel columns could be identified, or raise an
+        error if a column was marked as a sentinel explicitly but isn't
+        compatible with this dialect.
+
+        """
+
+        sentinel_opts = self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+        sentinel_characteristics = table._sentinel_column_characteristics
+
+        sent_cols = sentinel_characteristics.columns
+
+        if sent_cols is None:
+            return None
+
+        if sentinel_characteristics.is_autoinc:
+            bitmask = self._sentinel_col_autoinc_lookup.get(
+                sentinel_characteristics.default_characterization, 0
+            )
+        else:
+            bitmask = self._sentinel_col_non_autoinc_lookup.get(
+                sentinel_characteristics.default_characterization, 0
+            )
+
+        if sentinel_opts & bitmask:
+            return sent_cols
+
+        if sentinel_characteristics.is_explicit:
+            # a column was explicitly marked as insert_sentinel=True,
+            # however it is not compatible with this dialect.   they should
+            # not indicate this column as a sentinel if they need to include
+            # this dialect.
+
+            # TODO: do we want non-primary key explicit sentinel cols
+            # that can gracefully degrade for some backends?
+            # insert_sentinel="degrade" perhaps.  not for the initial release.
+            # I am hoping people are generally not dealing with this sentinel
+            # business at all.
+
+            # if is_explicit is True, there will be only one sentinel column.
+
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Column {sent_cols[0]} can't be explicitly "
+                "marked as a sentinel column when using the "
+                f"{self.dialect.name} dialect, as the "
+                "particular type of default generation on this column is "
+                "not currently compatible with this dialect's specific "
+                f"INSERT..RETURNING syntax which can receive the "
+                "server-generated value in "
+                "a deterministic way.  To remove this error, remove "
+                "insert_sentinel=True from primary key autoincrement "
+                "columns; these columns are automatically used as "
+                "sentinels for supported dialects in any case."
+            )
+
+        return None
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        self,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        compiled_parameters: List[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams],
+        generic_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType],
+        batch_size: int,
+        sort_by_parameter_order: bool,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType],
+    ) -> Iterator[_InsertManyValuesBatch]:
+        imv = self._insertmanyvalues
+        assert imv is not None
+
+        if not imv.sentinel_param_keys:
+            _sentinel_from_params = None
+        else:
+            _sentinel_from_params = operator.itemgetter(
+                *imv.sentinel_param_keys
+            )
+
+        lenparams = len(parameters)
+        if imv.is_default_expr and not self.dialect.supports_default_metavalue:
+            # backend doesn't support
+            # INSERT INTO table (pk_col) VALUES (DEFAULT), (DEFAULT), ...
+            # at the moment this is basically SQL Server due to
+            # not being able to use DEFAULT for identity column
+            # just yield out that many single statements!  still
+            # faster than a whole connection.execute() call ;)
+            #
+            # note we still are taking advantage of the fact that we know
+            # we are using RETURNING.   The generalized approach of fetching
+            # cursor.lastrowid etc. still goes through the more heavyweight
+            # "ExecutionContext per statement" system as it isn't usable
+            # as a generic "RETURNING" approach
+            use_row_at_a_time = True
+            downgraded = False
+        elif not self.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert or (
+            sort_by_parameter_order
+            and self._result_columns
+            and (imv.sentinel_columns is None or imv.includes_upsert_behaviors)
+        ):
+            # deterministic order was requested and the compiler could
+            # not organize sentinel columns for this dialect/statement.
+            # use row at a time
+            use_row_at_a_time = True
+            downgraded = True
+        else:
+            use_row_at_a_time = False
+            downgraded = False
+
+        if use_row_at_a_time:
+            for batchnum, (param, compiled_param) in enumerate(
+                cast(
+                    "Sequence[Tuple[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams, _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]]",  # noqa: E501
+                    zip(parameters, compiled_parameters),
+                ),
+                1,
+            ):
+                yield _InsertManyValuesBatch(
+                    statement,
+                    param,
+                    generic_setinputsizes,
+                    [param],
+                    (
+                        [_sentinel_from_params(compiled_param)]
+                        if _sentinel_from_params
+                        else []
+                    ),
+                    1,
+                    batchnum,
+                    lenparams,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order,
+                    downgraded,
+                )
+            return
+
+        if schema_translate_map:
+            rst = functools.partial(
+                self.preparer._render_schema_translates,
+                schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+            )
+        else:
+            rst = None
+
+        imv_single_values_expr = imv.single_values_expr
+        if rst:
+            imv_single_values_expr = rst(imv_single_values_expr)
+
+        executemany_values = f"({imv_single_values_expr})"
+        statement = statement.replace(executemany_values, "__EXECMANY_TOKEN__")
+
+        # Use optional insertmanyvalues_max_parameters
+        # to further shrink the batch size so that there are no more than
+        # insertmanyvalues_max_parameters params.
+        # Currently used by SQL Server, which limits statements to 2100 bound
+        # parameters (actually 2099).
+        max_params = self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_max_parameters
+        if max_params:
+            total_num_of_params = len(self.bind_names)
+            num_params_per_batch = len(imv.insert_crud_params)
+            num_params_outside_of_batch = (
+                total_num_of_params - num_params_per_batch
+            )
+            batch_size = min(
+                batch_size,
+                (
+                    (max_params - num_params_outside_of_batch)
+                    // num_params_per_batch
+                ),
+            )
+
+        batches = cast("List[Sequence[Any]]", list(parameters))
+        compiled_batches = cast(
+            "List[Sequence[Any]]", list(compiled_parameters)
+        )
+
+        processed_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType] = None
+        batchnum = 1
+        total_batches = lenparams // batch_size + (
+            1 if lenparams % batch_size else 0
+        )
+
+        insert_crud_params = imv.insert_crud_params
+        assert insert_crud_params is not None
+
+        if rst:
+            insert_crud_params = [
+                (col, key, rst(expr), st)
+                for col, key, expr, st in insert_crud_params
+            ]
+
+        escaped_bind_names: Mapping[str, str]
+        expand_pos_lower_index = expand_pos_upper_index = 0
+
+        if not self.positional:
+            if self.escaped_bind_names:
+                escaped_bind_names = self.escaped_bind_names
+            else:
+                escaped_bind_names = {}
+
+            all_keys = set(parameters[0])
+
+            def apply_placeholders(keys, formatted):
+                for key in keys:
+                    key = escaped_bind_names.get(key, key)
+                    formatted = formatted.replace(
+                        self.bindtemplate % {"name": key},
+                        self.bindtemplate
+                        % {"name": f"{key}__EXECMANY_INDEX__"},
+                    )
+                return formatted
+
+            if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                imv_values_counter = ", _IMV_VALUES_COUNTER"
+            else:
+                imv_values_counter = ""
+            formatted_values_clause = f"""({', '.join(
+                apply_placeholders(bind_keys, formatted)
+                for _, _, formatted, bind_keys in insert_crud_params
+            )}{imv_values_counter})"""
+
+            keys_to_replace = all_keys.intersection(
+                escaped_bind_names.get(key, key)
+                for _, _, _, bind_keys in insert_crud_params
+                for key in bind_keys
+            )
+            base_parameters = {
+                key: parameters[0][key]
+                for key in all_keys.difference(keys_to_replace)
+            }
+            executemany_values_w_comma = ""
+        else:
+            formatted_values_clause = ""
+            keys_to_replace = set()
+            base_parameters = {}
+
+            if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                executemany_values_w_comma = (
+                    f"({imv_single_values_expr}, _IMV_VALUES_COUNTER), "
+                )
+            else:
+                executemany_values_w_comma = f"({imv_single_values_expr}), "
+
+            all_names_we_will_expand: Set[str] = set()
+            for elem in imv.insert_crud_params:
+                all_names_we_will_expand.update(elem[3])
+
+            # get the start and end position in a particular list
+            # of parameters where we will be doing the "expanding".
+            # statements can have params on either side or both sides,
+            # given RETURNING and CTEs
+            if all_names_we_will_expand:
+                positiontup = self.positiontup
+                assert positiontup is not None
+
+                all_expand_positions = {
+                    idx
+                    for idx, name in enumerate(positiontup)
+                    if name in all_names_we_will_expand
+                }
+                expand_pos_lower_index = min(all_expand_positions)
+                expand_pos_upper_index = max(all_expand_positions) + 1
+                assert (
+                    len(all_expand_positions)
+                    == expand_pos_upper_index - expand_pos_lower_index
+                )
+
+            if self._numeric_binds:
+                escaped = re.escape(self._numeric_binds_identifier_char)
+                executemany_values_w_comma = re.sub(
+                    rf"{escaped}\d+", "%s", executemany_values_w_comma
+                )
+
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:batch_size]
+            compiled_batch = compiled_batches[0:batch_size]
+
+            batches[0:batch_size] = []
+            compiled_batches[0:batch_size] = []
+
+            if batches:
+                current_batch_size = batch_size
+            else:
+                current_batch_size = len(batch)
+
+            if generic_setinputsizes:
+                # if setinputsizes is present, expand this collection to
+                # suit the batch length as well
+                # currently this will be mssql+pyodbc for internal dialects
+                processed_setinputsizes = [
+                    (new_key, len_, typ)
+                    for new_key, len_, typ in (
+                        (f"{key}_{index}", len_, typ)
+                        for index in range(current_batch_size)
+                        for key, len_, typ in generic_setinputsizes
+                    )
+                ]
+
+            replaced_parameters: Any
+            if self.positional:
+                num_ins_params = imv.num_positional_params_counted
+
+                batch_iterator: Iterable[Sequence[Any]]
+                extra_params_left: Sequence[Any]
+                extra_params_right: Sequence[Any]
+
+                if num_ins_params == len(batch[0]):
+                    extra_params_left = extra_params_right = ()
+                    batch_iterator = batch
+                else:
+                    extra_params_left = batch[0][:expand_pos_lower_index]
+                    extra_params_right = batch[0][expand_pos_upper_index:]
+                    batch_iterator = (
+                        b[expand_pos_lower_index:expand_pos_upper_index]
+                        for b in batch
+                    )
+
+                if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                    expanded_values_string = (
+                        "".join(
+                            executemany_values_w_comma.replace(
+                                "_IMV_VALUES_COUNTER", str(i)
+                            )
+                            for i, _ in enumerate(batch)
+                        )
+                    )[:-2]
+                else:
+                    expanded_values_string = (
+                        (executemany_values_w_comma * current_batch_size)
+                    )[:-2]
+
+                if self._numeric_binds and num_ins_params > 0:
+                    # numeric will always number the parameters inside of
+                    # VALUES (and thus order self.positiontup) to be higher
+                    # than non-VALUES parameters, no matter where in the
+                    # statement those non-VALUES parameters appear (this is
+                    # ensured in _process_numeric by numbering first all
+                    # params that are not in _values_bindparam)
+                    # therefore all extra params are always
+                    # on the left side and numbered lower than the VALUES
+                    # parameters
+                    assert not extra_params_right
+
+                    start = expand_pos_lower_index + 1
+                    end = num_ins_params * (current_batch_size) + start
+
+                    # need to format here, since statement may contain
+                    # unescaped %, while values_string contains just (%s, %s)
+                    positions = tuple(
+                        f"{self._numeric_binds_identifier_char}{i}"
+                        for i in range(start, end)
+                    )
+                    expanded_values_string = expanded_values_string % positions
+
+                replaced_statement = statement.replace(
+                    "__EXECMANY_TOKEN__", expanded_values_string
+                )
+
+                replaced_parameters = tuple(
+                    itertools.chain.from_iterable(batch_iterator)
+                )
+
+                replaced_parameters = (
+                    extra_params_left
+                    + replaced_parameters
+                    + extra_params_right
+                )
+
+            else:
+                replaced_values_clauses = []
+                replaced_parameters = base_parameters.copy()
+
+                for i, param in enumerate(batch):
+                    fmv = formatted_values_clause.replace(
+                        "EXECMANY_INDEX__", str(i)
+                    )
+                    if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                        fmv = fmv.replace("_IMV_VALUES_COUNTER", str(i))
+
+                    replaced_values_clauses.append(fmv)
+                    replaced_parameters.update(
+                        {f"{key}__{i}": param[key] for key in keys_to_replace}
+                    )
+
+                replaced_statement = statement.replace(
+                    "__EXECMANY_TOKEN__",
+                    ", ".join(replaced_values_clauses),
+                )
+
+            yield _InsertManyValuesBatch(
+                replaced_statement,
+                replaced_parameters,
+                processed_setinputsizes,
+                batch,
+                (
+                    [_sentinel_from_params(cb) for cb in compiled_batch]
+                    if _sentinel_from_params
+                    else []
+                ),
+                current_batch_size,
+                batchnum,
+                total_batches,
+                sort_by_parameter_order,
+                False,
+            )
+            batchnum += 1
+
+    def visit_insert(
+        self, insert_stmt, visited_bindparam=None, visiting_cte=None, **kw
+    ):
+        compile_state = insert_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            insert_stmt, self, **kw
+        )
+        insert_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        if visiting_cte is not None:
+            kw["visiting_cte"] = visiting_cte
+            toplevel = False
+        else:
+            toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            self.isinsert = True
+            if not self.dml_compile_state:
+                self.dml_compile_state = compile_state
+            if not self.compile_state:
+                self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": set(),
+                "asfrom_froms": set(),
+                "selectable": insert_stmt,
+            }
+        )
+
+        counted_bindparam = 0
+
+        # reset any incoming "visited_bindparam" collection
+        visited_bindparam = None
+
+        # for positional, insertmanyvalues needs to know how many
+        # bound parameters are in the VALUES sequence; there's no simple
+        # rule because default expressions etc. can have zero or more
+        # params inside them.   After multiple attempts to figure this out,
+        # this very simplistic "count after" works and is
+        # likely the least amount of callcounts, though looks clumsy
+        if self.positional and visiting_cte is None:
+            # if we are inside a CTE, don't count parameters
+            # here since they wont be for insertmanyvalues. keep
+            # visited_bindparam at None so no counting happens.
+            # see #9173
+            visited_bindparam = []
+
+        crud_params_struct = crud._get_crud_params(
+            self,
+            insert_stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            toplevel,
+            visited_bindparam=visited_bindparam,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+        if self.positional and visited_bindparam is not None:
+            counted_bindparam = len(visited_bindparam)
+            if self._numeric_binds:
+                if self._values_bindparam is not None:
+                    self._values_bindparam += visited_bindparam
+                else:
+                    self._values_bindparam = visited_bindparam
+
+        crud_params_single = crud_params_struct.single_params
+
+        if (
+            not crud_params_single
+            and not self.dialect.supports_default_values
+            and not self.dialect.supports_default_metavalue
+            and not self.dialect.supports_empty_insert
+        ):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                "version settings does not support empty "
+                "inserts." % self.dialect.name
+            )
+
+        if compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                    "version settings does not support "
+                    "in-place multirow inserts." % self.dialect.name
+                )
+            elif (
+                self.implicit_returning or insert_stmt._returning
+            ) and insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "RETURNING cannot be determinstically sorted when "
+                    "using an INSERT which includes multi-row values()."
+                )
+            crud_params_single = crud_params_struct.single_params
+        else:
+            crud_params_single = crud_params_struct.single_params
+
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        supports_default_values = self.dialect.supports_default_values
+
+        text = "INSERT "
+
+        if insert_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                insert_stmt, insert_stmt._prefixes, **kw
+            )
+
+        text += "INTO "
+        table_text = preparer.format_table(insert_stmt.table)
+
+        if insert_stmt._hints:
+            _, table_text = self._setup_crud_hints(insert_stmt, table_text)
+
+        if insert_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(insert_stmt, kw)
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if crud_params_single or not supports_default_values:
+            text += " (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                [expr for _, expr, _, _ in crud_params_single]
+            )
+
+        # look for insertmanyvalues attributes that would have been configured
+        # by crud.py as it scanned through the columns to be part of the
+        # INSERT
+        use_insertmanyvalues = crud_params_struct.use_insertmanyvalues
+        named_sentinel_params: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        add_sentinel_cols = None
+        implicit_sentinel = False
+
+        returning_cols = self.implicit_returning or insert_stmt._returning
+        if returning_cols:
+            add_sentinel_cols = crud_params_struct.use_sentinel_columns
+            if add_sentinel_cols is not None:
+                assert use_insertmanyvalues
+
+                # search for the sentinel column explicitly present
+                # in the INSERT columns list, and additionally check that
+                # this column has a bound parameter name set up that's in the
+                # parameter list.  If both of these cases are present, it means
+                # we will have a client side value for the sentinel in each
+                # parameter set.
+
+                _params_by_col = {
+                    col: param_names
+                    for col, _, _, param_names in crud_params_single
+                }
+                named_sentinel_params = []
+                for _add_sentinel_col in add_sentinel_cols:
+                    if _add_sentinel_col not in _params_by_col:
+                        named_sentinel_params = None
+                        break
+                    param_name = self._within_exec_param_key_getter(
+                        _add_sentinel_col
+                    )
+                    if param_name not in _params_by_col[_add_sentinel_col]:
+                        named_sentinel_params = None
+                        break
+                    named_sentinel_params.append(param_name)
+
+                if named_sentinel_params is None:
+                    # if we are not going to have a client side value for
+                    # the sentinel in the parameter set, that means it's
+                    # an autoincrement, an IDENTITY, or a server-side SQL
+                    # expression like nextval('seqname').  So this is
+                    # an "implicit" sentinel; we will look for it in
+                    # RETURNING
+                    # only, and then sort on it.  For this case on PG,
+                    # SQL Server we have to use a special INSERT form
+                    # that guarantees the server side function lines up with
+                    # the entries in the VALUES.
+                    if (
+                        self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+                        & InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+                    ):
+                        implicit_sentinel = True
+                    else:
+                        # here, we are not using a sentinel at all
+                        # and we are likely the SQLite dialect.
+                        # The first add_sentinel_col that we have should not
+                        # be marked as "insert_sentinel=True".  if it was,
+                        # an error should have been raised in
+                        # _get_sentinel_column_for_table.
+                        assert not add_sentinel_cols[0]._insert_sentinel, (
+                            "sentinel selection rules should have prevented "
+                            "us from getting here for this dialect"
+                        )
+
+                # always put the sentinel columns last.  even if they are
+                # in the returning list already, they will be there twice
+                # then.
+                returning_cols = list(returning_cols) + list(add_sentinel_cols)
+
+            returning_clause = self.returning_clause(
+                insert_stmt,
+                returning_cols,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        else:
+            returning_clause = None
+
+        if insert_stmt.select is not None:
+            # placed here by crud.py
+            select_text = self.process(
+                self.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"], insert_into=True, **kw
+            )
+
+            if self.ctes and self.dialect.cte_follows_insert:
+                nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+                text += " %s%s" % (
+                    self._render_cte_clause(
+                        nesting_level=nesting_level,
+                        include_following_stack=True,
+                    ),
+                    select_text,
+                )
+            else:
+                text += " %s" % select_text
+        elif not crud_params_single and supports_default_values:
+            text += " DEFAULT VALUES"
+            if use_insertmanyvalues:
+                self._insertmanyvalues = _InsertManyValues(
+                    True,
+                    self.dialect.default_metavalue_token,
+                    cast(
+                        "List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]", crud_params_single
+                    ),
+                    counted_bindparam,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=(
+                        insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+                    ),
+                    includes_upsert_behaviors=(
+                        insert_stmt._post_values_clause is not None
+                    ),
+                    sentinel_columns=add_sentinel_cols,
+                    num_sentinel_columns=(
+                        len(add_sentinel_cols) if add_sentinel_cols else 0
+                    ),
+                    implicit_sentinel=implicit_sentinel,
+                )
+        elif compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+            text += " VALUES %s" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    "(%s)"
+                    % (", ".join(value for _, _, value, _ in crud_param_set))
+                    for crud_param_set in crud_params_struct.all_multi_params
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            insert_single_values_expr = ", ".join(
+                [
+                    value
+                    for _, _, value, _ in cast(
+                        "List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]",
+                        crud_params_single,
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+            if use_insertmanyvalues:
+                if (
+                    implicit_sentinel
+                    and (
+                        self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+                        & InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT
+                    )
+                    # this is checking if we have
+                    # INSERT INTO table (id) VALUES (DEFAULT).
+                    and not (crud_params_struct.is_default_metavalue_only)
+                ):
+                    # if we have a sentinel column that is server generated,
+                    # then for selected backends render the VALUES list as a
+                    # subquery.  This is the orderable form supported by
+                    # PostgreSQL and SQL Server.
+                    embed_sentinel_value = True
+
+                    render_bind_casts = (
+                        self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+                        & InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS
+                    )
+
+                    colnames = ", ".join(
+                        f"p{i}" for i, _ in enumerate(crud_params_single)
+                    )
+
+                    if render_bind_casts:
+                        # render casts for the SELECT list.  For PG, we are
+                        # already rendering bind casts in the parameter list,
+                        # selectively for the more "tricky" types like ARRAY.
+                        # however, even for the "easy" types, if the parameter
+                        # is NULL for every entry, PG gives up and says
+                        # "it must be TEXT", which fails for other easy types
+                        # like ints.  So we cast on this side too.
+                        colnames_w_cast = ", ".join(
+                            self.render_bind_cast(
+                                col.type,
+                                col.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect),
+                                f"p{i}",
+                            )
+                            for i, (col, *_) in enumerate(crud_params_single)
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        colnames_w_cast = colnames
+
+                    text += (
+                        f" SELECT {colnames_w_cast} FROM "
+                        f"(VALUES ({insert_single_values_expr})) "
+                        f"AS imp_sen({colnames}, sen_counter) "
+                        "ORDER BY sen_counter"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # otherwise, if no sentinel or backend doesn't support
+                    # orderable subquery form, use a plain VALUES list
+                    embed_sentinel_value = False
+                    text += f" VALUES ({insert_single_values_expr})"
+
+                self._insertmanyvalues = _InsertManyValues(
+                    is_default_expr=False,
+                    single_values_expr=insert_single_values_expr,
+                    insert_crud_params=cast(
+                        "List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]",
+                        crud_params_single,
+                    ),
+                    num_positional_params_counted=counted_bindparam,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=(
+                        insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+                    ),
+                    includes_upsert_behaviors=(
+                        insert_stmt._post_values_clause is not None
+                    ),
+                    sentinel_columns=add_sentinel_cols,
+                    num_sentinel_columns=(
+                        len(add_sentinel_cols) if add_sentinel_cols else 0
+                    ),
+                    sentinel_param_keys=named_sentinel_params,
+                    implicit_sentinel=implicit_sentinel,
+                    embed_values_counter=embed_sentinel_value,
+                )
+
+            else:
+                text += f" VALUES ({insert_single_values_expr})"
+
+        if insert_stmt._post_values_clause is not None:
+            post_values_clause = self.process(
+                insert_stmt._post_values_clause, **kw
+            )
+            if post_values_clause:
+                text += " " + post_values_clause
+
+        if returning_clause and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        if self.ctes and not self.dialect.cte_follows_insert:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = (
+                self._render_cte_clause(
+                    nesting_level=nesting_level,
+                    include_following_stack=True,
+                )
+                + text
+            )
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        """Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the UPDATE"""
+        return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        """Provide a hook to override the initial table clause
+        in an UPDATE statement.
+
+        MySQL overrides this.
+
+        """
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(self, iscrud=True, **kw)
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Provide a hook to override the generation of an
+        UPDATE..FROM clause.
+
+        MySQL and MSSQL override this.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This backend does not support multiple-table "
+            "criteria within UPDATE"
+        )
+
+    def visit_update(self, update_stmt, visiting_cte=None, **kw):
+        compile_state = update_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            update_stmt, self, **kw
+        )
+        update_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        if visiting_cte is not None:
+            kw["visiting_cte"] = visiting_cte
+            toplevel = False
+        else:
+            toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            self.isupdate = True
+            if not self.dml_compile_state:
+                self.dml_compile_state = compile_state
+            if not self.compile_state:
+                self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        if self.linting & COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS:
+            from_linter = FromLinter({}, set())
+            warn_linting = self.linting & WARN_LINTING
+            if toplevel:
+                self.from_linter = from_linter
+        else:
+            from_linter = None
+            warn_linting = False
+
+        extra_froms = compile_state._extra_froms
+        is_multitable = bool(extra_froms)
+
+        if is_multitable:
+            # main table might be a JOIN
+            main_froms = set(_from_objects(update_stmt.table))
+            render_extra_froms = [
+                f for f in extra_froms if f not in main_froms
+            ]
+            correlate_froms = main_froms.union(extra_froms)
+        else:
+            render_extra_froms = []
+            correlate_froms = {update_stmt.table}
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "asfrom_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "selectable": update_stmt,
+            }
+        )
+
+        text = "UPDATE "
+
+        if update_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                update_stmt, update_stmt._prefixes, **kw
+            )
+
+        table_text = self.update_tables_clause(
+            update_stmt,
+            update_stmt.table,
+            render_extra_froms,
+            from_linter=from_linter,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        crud_params_struct = crud._get_crud_params(
+            self, update_stmt, compile_state, toplevel, **kw
+        )
+        crud_params = crud_params_struct.single_params
+
+        if update_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints, table_text = self._setup_crud_hints(
+                update_stmt, table_text
+            )
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        if update_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(update_stmt, kw)
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        text += " SET "
+        text += ", ".join(
+            expr + "=" + value
+            for _, expr, value, _ in cast(
+                "List[Tuple[Any, str, str, Any]]", crud_params
+            )
+        )
+
+        if self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning:
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                    update_stmt,
+                    self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning,
+                    populate_result_map=toplevel,
+                )
+
+        if extra_froms:
+            extra_from_text = self.update_from_clause(
+                update_stmt,
+                update_stmt.table,
+                render_extra_froms,
+                dialect_hints,
+                from_linter=from_linter,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            if extra_from_text:
+                text += " " + extra_from_text
+
+        if update_stmt._where_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                update_stmt._where_criteria, from_linter=from_linter, **kw
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        limit_clause = self.update_limit_clause(update_stmt)
+        if limit_clause:
+            text += " " + limit_clause
+
+        if (
+            self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning
+        ) and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                update_stmt,
+                self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        if warn_linting:
+            assert from_linter is not None
+            from_linter.warn(stmt_type="UPDATE")
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Provide a hook to override the generation of an
+        DELETE..FROM clause.
+
+        This can be used to implement DELETE..USING for example.
+
+        MySQL and MSSQL override this.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This backend does not support multiple-table "
+            "criteria within DELETE"
+        )
+
+    def delete_table_clause(self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True, **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_delete(self, delete_stmt, visiting_cte=None, **kw):
+        compile_state = delete_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            delete_stmt, self, **kw
+        )
+        delete_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        if visiting_cte is not None:
+            kw["visiting_cte"] = visiting_cte
+            toplevel = False
+        else:
+            toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            self.isdelete = True
+            if not self.dml_compile_state:
+                self.dml_compile_state = compile_state
+            if not self.compile_state:
+                self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        if self.linting & COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS:
+            from_linter = FromLinter({}, set())
+            warn_linting = self.linting & WARN_LINTING
+            if toplevel:
+                self.from_linter = from_linter
+        else:
+            from_linter = None
+            warn_linting = False
+
+        extra_froms = compile_state._extra_froms
+
+        correlate_froms = {delete_stmt.table}.union(extra_froms)
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "asfrom_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "selectable": delete_stmt,
+            }
+        )
+
+        text = "DELETE "
+
+        if delete_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                delete_stmt, delete_stmt._prefixes, **kw
+            )
+
+        text += "FROM "
+
+        try:
+            table_text = self.delete_table_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                delete_stmt.table,
+                extra_froms,
+                from_linter=from_linter,
+            )
+        except TypeError:
+            # anticipate 3rd party dialects that don't include **kw
+            # TODO: remove in 2.1
+            table_text = self.delete_table_clause(
+                delete_stmt, delete_stmt.table, extra_froms
+            )
+            if from_linter:
+                _ = self.process(delete_stmt.table, from_linter=from_linter)
+
+        crud._get_crud_params(self, delete_stmt, compile_state, toplevel, **kw)
+
+        if delete_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints, table_text = self._setup_crud_hints(
+                delete_stmt, table_text
+            )
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        if delete_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(delete_stmt, kw)
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if (
+            self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning
+        ) and self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+        if extra_froms:
+            extra_from_text = self.delete_extra_from_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                delete_stmt.table,
+                extra_froms,
+                dialect_hints,
+                from_linter=from_linter,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            if extra_from_text:
+                text += " " + extra_from_text
+
+        if delete_stmt._where_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                delete_stmt._where_criteria, from_linter=from_linter, **kw
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        if (
+            self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning
+        ) and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        if warn_linting:
+            assert from_linter is not None
+            from_linter.warn(stmt_type="DELETE")
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+    def visit_release_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+
+class StrSQLCompiler(SQLCompiler):
+    """A :class:`.SQLCompiler` subclass which allows a small selection
+    of non-standard SQL features to render into a string value.
+
+    The :class:`.StrSQLCompiler` is invoked whenever a Core expression
+    element is directly stringified without calling upon the
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.compile` method.
+    It can render a limited set
+    of non-standard SQL constructs to assist in basic stringification,
+    however for more substantial custom or dialect-specific SQL constructs,
+    it will be necessary to make use of
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.compile`
+    directly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+    """
+
+    def _fallback_column_name(self, column):
+        return "<name unknown>"
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def visit_unsupported_compilation(self, element, err, **kw):
+        if element.stringify_dialect != "default":
+            url = util.preloaded.engine_url
+            dialect = url.URL.create(element.stringify_dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+            compiler = dialect.statement_compiler(
+                dialect, None, _supporting_against=self
+            )
+            if not isinstance(compiler, StrSQLCompiler):
+                return compiler.process(element, **kw)
+
+        return super().visit_unsupported_compilation(element, err)
+
+    def visit_getitem_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s[%s]" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.visit_getitem_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.visit_getitem_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "<next sequence value: %s>" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self,
+        stmt: UpdateBase,
+        returning_cols: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        populate_result_map: bool,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, c, True, False, {})
+            for c in base._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+        return "RETURNING " + ", ".join(columns)
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return ", " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SELECT 1 WHERE 1!=1"
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return "[%s]" % text
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " <regexp> ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " <not regexp> ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "<regexp replace>(%s, %s)" % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_try_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        return "TRY_CAST(%s AS %s)" % (
+            cast.clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            cast.typeclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+
+class DDLCompiler(Compiled):
+    is_ddl = True
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            dialect: Dialect,
+            statement: ExecutableDDLElement,
+            schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+            render_schema_translate: bool = ...,
+            compile_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = ...,
+        ): ...
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.statement_compiler(
+            self.dialect, None, schema_translate_map=self.schema_translate_map
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance
+
+    def construct_params(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+    ) -> Optional[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_ddl(self, ddl, **kwargs):
+        # table events can substitute table and schema name
+        context = ddl.context
+        if isinstance(ddl.target, schema.Table):
+            context = context.copy()
+
+            preparer = self.preparer
+            path = preparer.format_table_seq(ddl.target)
+            if len(path) == 1:
+                table, sch = path[0], ""
+            else:
+                table, sch = path[-1], path[0]
+
+            context.setdefault("table", table)
+            context.setdefault("schema", sch)
+            context.setdefault("fullname", preparer.format_table(ddl.target))
+
+        return self.sql_compiler.post_process_text(ddl.statement % context)
+
+    def visit_create_schema(self, create, **kw):
+        text = "CREATE SCHEMA "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+        return text + self.preparer.format_schema(create.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_schema(self, drop, **kw):
+        text = "DROP SCHEMA "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+        text += self.preparer.format_schema(drop.element)
+        if drop.cascade:
+            text += " CASCADE"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_table(self, create, **kw):
+        table = create.element
+        preparer = self.preparer
+
+        text = "\nCREATE "
+        if table._prefixes:
+            text += " ".join(table._prefixes) + " "
+
+        text += "TABLE "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += preparer.format_table(table) + " "
+
+        create_table_suffix = self.create_table_suffix(table)
+        if create_table_suffix:
+            text += create_table_suffix + " "
+
+        text += "("
+
+        separator = "\n"
+
+        # if only one primary key, specify it along with the column
+        first_pk = False
+        for create_column in create.columns:
+            column = create_column.element
+            try:
+                processed = self.process(
+                    create_column, first_pk=column.primary_key and not first_pk
+                )
+                if processed is not None:
+                    text += separator
+                    separator = ", \n"
+                    text += "\t" + processed
+                if column.primary_key:
+                    first_pk = True
+            except exc.CompileError as ce:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "(in table '%s', column '%s'): %s"
+                    % (table.description, column.name, ce.args[0])
+                ) from ce
+
+        const = self.create_table_constraints(
+            table,
+            _include_foreign_key_constraints=create.include_foreign_key_constraints,  # noqa
+        )
+        if const:
+            text += separator + "\t" + const
+
+        text += "\n)%s\n\n" % self.post_create_table(table)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_column(self, create, first_pk=False, **kw):
+        column = create.element
+
+        if column.system:
+            return None
+
+        text = self.get_column_specification(column, first_pk=first_pk)
+        const = " ".join(
+            self.process(constraint) for constraint in column.constraints
+        )
+        if const:
+            text += " " + const
+
+        return text
+
+    def create_table_constraints(
+        self, table, _include_foreign_key_constraints=None, **kw
+    ):
+        # On some DB order is significant: visit PK first, then the
+        # other constraints (engine.ReflectionTest.testbasic failed on FB2)
+        constraints = []
+        if table.primary_key:
+            constraints.append(table.primary_key)
+
+        all_fkcs = table.foreign_key_constraints
+        if _include_foreign_key_constraints is not None:
+            omit_fkcs = all_fkcs.difference(_include_foreign_key_constraints)
+        else:
+            omit_fkcs = set()
+
+        constraints.extend(
+            [
+                c
+                for c in table._sorted_constraints
+                if c is not table.primary_key and c not in omit_fkcs
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return ", \n\t".join(
+            p
+            for p in (
+                self.process(constraint)
+                for constraint in constraints
+                if (constraint._should_create_for_compiler(self))
+                and (
+                    not self.dialect.supports_alter
+                    or not getattr(constraint, "use_alter", False)
+                )
+            )
+            if p is not None
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table(self, drop, **kw):
+        text = "\nDROP TABLE "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+        return text + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_view(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "\nDROP VIEW " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def _verify_index_table(self, index):
+        if index.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Index '%s' is not associated with any table." % index.name
+            )
+
+    def visit_create_index(
+        self, create, include_schema=False, include_table_schema=True, **kw
+    ):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        if index.name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "CREATE INDEX requires that the index have a name"
+            )
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=include_schema),
+            preparer.format_table(
+                index.table, use_schema=include_table_schema
+            ),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            ),
+        )
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        index = drop.element
+
+        if index.name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "DROP INDEX requires that the index have a name"
+            )
+        text = "\nDROP INDEX "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+
+        return text + self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True)
+
+    def _prepared_index_name(self, index, include_schema=False):
+        if index.table is not None:
+            effective_schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(index.table)
+        else:
+            effective_schema = None
+        if include_schema and effective_schema:
+            schema_name = self.preparer.quote_schema(effective_schema)
+        else:
+            schema_name = None
+
+        index_name = self.preparer.format_index(index)
+
+        if schema_name:
+            index_name = schema_name + "." + index_name
+        return index_name
+
+    def visit_add_constraint(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.process(create.element),
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON TABLE %s IS %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON TABLE %s IS NULL" % self.preparer.format_table(
+            drop.element
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_column_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON COLUMN %s IS %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_column(
+                create.element, use_table=True, use_schema=True
+            ),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_column_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON COLUMN %s IS NULL" % self.preparer.format_column(
+            drop.element, use_table=True
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_constraint_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, type(create))
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, type(drop))
+
+    def get_identity_options(self, identity_options):
+        text = []
+        if identity_options.increment is not None:
+            text.append("INCREMENT BY %d" % identity_options.increment)
+        if identity_options.start is not None:
+            text.append("START WITH %d" % identity_options.start)
+        if identity_options.minvalue is not None:
+            text.append("MINVALUE %d" % identity_options.minvalue)
+        if identity_options.maxvalue is not None:
+            text.append("MAXVALUE %d" % identity_options.maxvalue)
+        if identity_options.nominvalue is not None:
+            text.append("NO MINVALUE")
+        if identity_options.nomaxvalue is not None:
+            text.append("NO MAXVALUE")
+        if identity_options.cache is not None:
+            text.append("CACHE %d" % identity_options.cache)
+        if identity_options.cycle is not None:
+            text.append("CYCLE" if identity_options.cycle else "NO CYCLE")
+        return " ".join(text)
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create, prefix=None, **kw):
+        text = "CREATE SEQUENCE "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+        text += self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+
+        if prefix:
+            text += prefix
+        options = self.get_identity_options(create.element)
+        if options:
+            text += " " + options
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop, **kw):
+        text = "DROP SEQUENCE "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+        return text + self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop, **kw):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            formatted_name = None
+
+        if formatted_name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't emit DROP CONSTRAINT for constraint %r; "
+                "it has no name" % drop.element
+            )
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s%s%s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+            "IF EXISTS " if drop.if_exists else "",
+            formatted_name,
+            " CASCADE" if drop.cascade else "",
+        )
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = (
+            self.preparer.format_column(column)
+            + " "
+            + self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column
+            )
+        )
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+
+        if (
+            column.identity is not None
+            and self.dialect.supports_identity_columns
+        ):
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.identity)
+
+        if not column.nullable and (
+            not column.identity or not self.dialect.supports_identity_columns
+        ):
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def create_table_suffix(self, table):
+        return ""
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        return ""
+
+    def get_column_default_string(self, column):
+        if isinstance(column.server_default, schema.DefaultClause):
+            return self.render_default_string(column.server_default.arg)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def render_default_string(self, default):
+        if isinstance(default, str):
+            return self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                default, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.sql_compiler.process(default, literal_binds=True)
+
+    def visit_table_or_column_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if constraint.is_column_level:
+            return self.visit_column_check_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_check_constraint(constraint)
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            constraint.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            constraint.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+        text += "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+            for c in (
+                constraint.columns_autoinc_first
+                if constraint._implicit_generated
+                else constraint.columns
+            )
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        remote_table = list(constraint.elements)[0].column.table
+        text += "FOREIGN KEY(%s) REFERENCES %s (%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                preparer.quote(f.parent.name) for f in constraint.elements
+            ),
+            self.define_constraint_remote_table(
+                constraint, remote_table, preparer
+            ),
+            ", ".join(
+                preparer.quote(f.column.name) for f in constraint.elements
+            ),
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_match(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_cascades(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table)
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "UNIQUE %s(%s)" % (
+            self.define_unique_constraint_distinct(constraint, **kw),
+            ", ".join(self.preparer.quote(c.name) for c in constraint),
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_unique_constraint_distinct(self, constraint, **kw):
+        return ""
+
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+                constraint.ondelete, FK_ON_DELETE
+            )
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            text += " ON UPDATE %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+                constraint.onupdate, FK_ON_UPDATE
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_deferrability(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.deferrable is not None:
+            if constraint.deferrable:
+                text += " DEFERRABLE"
+            else:
+                text += " NOT DEFERRABLE"
+        if constraint.initially is not None:
+            text += " INITIALLY %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+                constraint.initially, FK_INITIALLY
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            text += " MATCH %s" % constraint.match
+        return text
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        text = "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        if generated.persisted is True:
+            text += " STORED"
+        elif generated.persisted is False:
+            text += " VIRTUAL"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_identity_column(self, identity, **kw):
+        text = "GENERATED %s AS IDENTITY" % (
+            "ALWAYS" if identity.always else "BY DEFAULT",
+        )
+        options = self.get_identity_options(identity)
+        if options:
+            text += " (%s)" % options
+        return text
+
+
+class GenericTypeCompiler(TypeCompiler):
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "FLOAT"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DOUBLE"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DOUBLE PRECISION"
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "REAL"
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "NUMERIC"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % {
+                "precision": type_.precision,
+                "scale": type_.scale,
+            }
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "DECIMAL"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % {
+                "precision": type_.precision,
+                "scale": type_.scale,
+            }
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLINT"
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_CLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CLOB"
+
+    def visit_NCLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NCLOB"
+
+    def _render_string_type(self, type_, name, length_override=None):
+        text = name
+        if length_override:
+            text += "(%d)" % length_override
+        elif type_.length:
+            text += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        if type_.collation:
+            text += ' COLLATE "%s"' % type_.collation
+        return text
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "NCHAR")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "VARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "NVARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_BINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "VARBINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BOOLEAN"
+
+    def visit_uuid(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_uuid or not self.dialect.supports_native_uuid:
+            return self._render_string_type(type_, "CHAR", length_override=32)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_UUID(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BOOLEAN(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BIGINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_small_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_INTEGER(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_real(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_REAL(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_numeric(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NUMERIC(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_null(self, type_, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "Can't generate DDL for %r; "
+            "did you forget to specify a "
+            "type on this Column?" % type_
+        )
+
+    def visit_type_decorator(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.process(type_.type_engine(self.dialect), **kw)
+
+    def visit_user_defined(self, type_, **kw):
+        return type_.get_col_spec(**kw)
+
+
+class StrSQLTypeCompiler(GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def process(self, type_, **kw):
+        try:
+            _compiler_dispatch = type_._compiler_dispatch
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._visit_unknown(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return _compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith("visit_"):
+            return self._visit_unknown
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def _visit_unknown(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.__class__.__name__ == type_.__class__.__name__.upper():
+            return type_.__class__.__name__
+        else:
+            return repr(type_)
+
+    def visit_null(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NULL"
+
+    def visit_user_defined(self, type_, **kw):
+        try:
+            get_col_spec = type_.get_col_spec
+        except AttributeError:
+            return repr(type_)
+        else:
+            return get_col_spec(**kw)
+
+
+class _SchemaForObjectCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, __obj: Any) -> str: ...
+
+
+class _BindNameForColProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, col: ColumnClause[Any]) -> str: ...
+
+
+class IdentifierPreparer:
+    """Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options."""
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    legal_characters = LEGAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    illegal_initial_characters = ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    initial_quote: str
+
+    final_quote: str
+
+    _strings: MutableMapping[str, str]
+
+    schema_for_object: _SchemaForObjectCallable = operator.attrgetter("schema")
+    """Return the .schema attribute for an object.
+
+    For the default IdentifierPreparer, the schema for an object is always
+    the value of the ".schema" attribute.   if the preparer is replaced
+    with one that has a non-empty schema_translate_map, the value of the
+    ".schema" attribute is rendered a symbol that will be converted to a
+    real schema name from the mapping post-compile.
+
+    """
+
+    _includes_none_schema_translate: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect,
+        initial_quote='"',
+        final_quote=None,
+        escape_quote='"',
+        quote_case_sensitive_collations=True,
+        omit_schema=False,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new ``IdentifierPreparer`` object.
+
+        initial_quote
+          Character that begins a delimited identifier.
+
+        final_quote
+          Character that ends a delimited identifier. Defaults to
+          `initial_quote`.
+
+        omit_schema
+          Prevent prepending schema name. Useful for databases that do
+          not support schemae.
+        """
+
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.initial_quote = initial_quote
+        self.final_quote = final_quote or self.initial_quote
+        self.escape_quote = escape_quote
+        self.escape_to_quote = self.escape_quote * 2
+        self.omit_schema = omit_schema
+        self.quote_case_sensitive_collations = quote_case_sensitive_collations
+        self._strings = {}
+        self._double_percents = self.dialect.paramstyle in (
+            "format",
+            "pyformat",
+        )
+
+    def _with_schema_translate(self, schema_translate_map):
+        prep = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        prep.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+
+        includes_none = None in schema_translate_map
+
+        def symbol_getter(obj):
+            name = obj.schema
+            if obj._use_schema_map and (name is not None or includes_none):
+                if name is not None and ("[" in name or "]" in name):
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Square bracket characters ([]) not supported "
+                        "in schema translate name '%s'" % name
+                    )
+                return quoted_name(
+                    "__[SCHEMA_%s]" % (name or "_none"), quote=False
+                )
+            else:
+                return obj.schema
+
+        prep.schema_for_object = symbol_getter
+        prep._includes_none_schema_translate = includes_none
+        return prep
+
+    def _render_schema_translates(self, statement, schema_translate_map):
+        d = schema_translate_map
+        if None in d:
+            if not self._includes_none_schema_translate:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "schema translate map which previously did not have "
+                    "`None` present as a key now has `None` present; compiled "
+                    "statement may lack adequate placeholders.  Please use "
+                    "consistent keys in successive "
+                    "schema_translate_map dictionaries."
+                )
+
+            d["_none"] = d[None]
+
+        def replace(m):
+            name = m.group(2)
+            if name in d:
+                effective_schema = d[name]
+            else:
+                if name in (None, "_none"):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "schema translate map which previously had `None` "
+                        "present as a key now no longer has it present; don't "
+                        "know how to apply schema for compiled statement. "
+                        "Please use consistent keys in successive "
+                        "schema_translate_map dictionaries."
+                    )
+                effective_schema = name
+
+            if not effective_schema:
+                effective_schema = self.dialect.default_schema_name
+                if not effective_schema:
+                    # TODO: no coverage here
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Dialect has no default schema name; can't "
+                        "use None as dynamic schema target."
+                    )
+            return self.quote_schema(effective_schema)
+
+        return re.sub(r"(__\[SCHEMA_([^\]]+)\])", replace, statement)
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Escape an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        escaping behavior.
+        """
+
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        if self._double_percents:
+            value = value.replace("%", "%%")
+        return value
+
+    def _unescape_identifier(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Canonicalize an escaped identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        unescaping behavior that reverses _escape_identifier.
+        """
+
+        return value.replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote)
+
+    def validate_sql_phrase(self, element, reg):
+        """keyword sequence filter.
+
+        a filter for elements that are intended to represent keyword sequences,
+        such as "INITIALLY", "INITIALLY DEFERRED", etc.   no special characters
+        should be present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        """
+
+        if element is not None and not reg.match(element):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unexpected SQL phrase: %r (matching against %r)"
+                % (element, reg.pattern)
+            )
+        return element
+
+    def quote_identifier(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Quote an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior.
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.initial_quote
+            + self._escape_identifier(value)
+            + self.final_quote
+        )
+
+    def _requires_quotes(self, value: str) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (
+            lc_value in self.reserved_words
+            or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+            or not self.legal_characters.match(str(value))
+            or (lc_value != value)
+        )
+
+    def _requires_quotes_illegal_chars(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting, but
+        not taking case convention into account."""
+        return not self.legal_characters.match(str(value))
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema: str, force: Any = None) -> str:
+        """Conditionally quote a schema name.
+
+
+        The name is quoted if it is a reserved word, contains quote-necessary
+        characters, or is an instance of :class:`.quoted_name` which includes
+        ``quote`` set to ``True``.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior for schema names.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name
+        :param force: unused
+
+            .. deprecated:: 0.9
+
+                The :paramref:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force`
+                parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future
+                release.  This flag has no effect on the behavior of the
+                :meth:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote` method; please refer to
+                :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        if force is not None:
+            # not using the util.deprecated_params() decorator in this
+            # case because of the additional function call overhead on this
+            # very performance-critical spot.
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  This "
+                "flag has no effect on the behavior of the "
+                "IdentifierPreparer.quote method; please refer to "
+                "quoted_name().",
+                # deprecated 0.9. warning from 1.3
+                version="0.9",
+            )
+
+        return self.quote(schema)
+
+    def quote(self, ident: str, force: Any = None) -> str:
+        """Conditionally quote an identifier.
+
+        The identifier is quoted if it is a reserved word, contains
+        quote-necessary characters, or is an instance of
+        :class:`.quoted_name` which includes ``quote`` set to ``True``.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior for identifier names.
+
+        :param ident: string identifier
+        :param force: unused
+
+            .. deprecated:: 0.9
+
+                The :paramref:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote.force`
+                parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future
+                release.  This flag has no effect on the behavior of the
+                :meth:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote` method; please refer to
+                :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        if force is not None:
+            # not using the util.deprecated_params() decorator in this
+            # case because of the additional function call overhead on this
+            # very performance-critical spot.
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The IdentifierPreparer.quote.force parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  This "
+                "flag has no effect on the behavior of the "
+                "IdentifierPreparer.quote method; please refer to "
+                "quoted_name().",
+                # deprecated 0.9. warning from 1.3
+                version="0.9",
+            )
+
+        force = getattr(ident, "quote", None)
+
+        if force is None:
+            if ident in self._strings:
+                return self._strings[ident]
+            else:
+                if self._requires_quotes(ident):
+                    self._strings[ident] = self.quote_identifier(ident)
+                else:
+                    self._strings[ident] = ident
+                return self._strings[ident]
+        elif force:
+            return self.quote_identifier(ident)
+        else:
+            return ident
+
+    def format_collation(self, collation_name):
+        if self.quote_case_sensitive_collations:
+            return self.quote(collation_name)
+        else:
+            return collation_name
+
+    def format_sequence(self, sequence, use_schema=True):
+        name = self.quote(sequence.name)
+
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(sequence)
+
+        if (
+            not self.omit_schema
+            and use_schema
+            and effective_schema is not None
+        ):
+            name = self.quote_schema(effective_schema) + "." + name
+        return name
+
+    def format_label(
+        self, label: Label[Any], name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.quote(name or label.name)
+
+    def format_alias(
+        self, alias: Optional[AliasedReturnsRows], name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        if name is None:
+            assert alias is not None
+            return self.quote(alias.name)
+        else:
+            return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint, name=None):
+        # Running the savepoint name through quoting is unnecessary
+        # for all known dialects.  This is here to support potential
+        # third party use cases
+        ident = name or savepoint.ident
+        if self._requires_quotes(ident):
+            ident = self.quote_identifier(ident)
+        return ident
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.naming")
+    def format_constraint(self, constraint, _alembic_quote=True):
+        naming = util.preloaded.sql_naming
+
+        if constraint.name is _NONE_NAME:
+            name = naming._constraint_name_for_table(
+                constraint, constraint.table
+            )
+
+            if name is None:
+                return None
+        else:
+            name = constraint.name
+
+        if constraint.__visit_name__ == "index":
+            return self.truncate_and_render_index_name(
+                name, _alembic_quote=_alembic_quote
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+                name, _alembic_quote=_alembic_quote
+            )
+
+    def truncate_and_render_index_name(self, name, _alembic_quote=True):
+        # calculate these at format time so that ad-hoc changes
+        # to dialect.max_identifier_length etc. can be reflected
+        # as IdentifierPreparer is long lived
+        max_ = (
+            self.dialect.max_index_name_length
+            or self.dialect.max_identifier_length
+        )
+        return self._truncate_and_render_maxlen_name(
+            name, max_, _alembic_quote
+        )
+
+    def truncate_and_render_constraint_name(self, name, _alembic_quote=True):
+        # calculate these at format time so that ad-hoc changes
+        # to dialect.max_identifier_length etc. can be reflected
+        # as IdentifierPreparer is long lived
+        max_ = (
+            self.dialect.max_constraint_name_length
+            or self.dialect.max_identifier_length
+        )
+        return self._truncate_and_render_maxlen_name(
+            name, max_, _alembic_quote
+        )
+
+    def _truncate_and_render_maxlen_name(self, name, max_, _alembic_quote):
+        if isinstance(name, elements._truncated_label):
+            if len(name) > max_:
+                name = name[0 : max_ - 8] + "_" + util.md5_hex(name)[-4:]
+        else:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(name)
+
+        if not _alembic_quote:
+            return name
+        else:
+            return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_index(self, index):
+        return self.format_constraint(index)
+
+    def format_table(self, table, use_schema=True, name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = table.name
+
+        result = self.quote(name)
+
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and effective_schema:
+            result = self.quote_schema(effective_schema) + "." + result
+        return result
+
+    def format_schema(self, name):
+        """Prepare a quoted schema name."""
+
+        return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_label_name(
+        self,
+        name,
+        anon_map=None,
+    ):
+        """Prepare a quoted column name."""
+
+        if anon_map is not None and isinstance(
+            name, elements._truncated_label
+        ):
+            name = name.apply_map(anon_map)
+
+        return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_column(
+        self,
+        column,
+        use_table=False,
+        name=None,
+        table_name=None,
+        use_schema=False,
+        anon_map=None,
+    ):
+        """Prepare a quoted column name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = column.name
+
+        if anon_map is not None and isinstance(
+            name, elements._truncated_label
+        ):
+            name = name.apply_map(anon_map)
+
+        if not getattr(column, "is_literal", False):
+            if use_table:
+                return (
+                    self.format_table(
+                        column.table, use_schema=use_schema, name=table_name
+                    )
+                    + "."
+                    + self.quote(name)
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.quote(name)
+        else:
+            # literal textual elements get stuck into ColumnClause a lot,
+            # which shouldn't get quoted
+
+            if use_table:
+                return (
+                    self.format_table(
+                        column.table, use_schema=use_schema, name=table_name
+                    )
+                    + "."
+                    + name
+                )
+            else:
+                return name
+
+    def format_table_seq(self, table, use_schema=True):
+        """Format table name and schema as a tuple."""
+
+        # Dialects with more levels in their fully qualified references
+        # ('database', 'owner', etc.) could override this and return
+        # a longer sequence.
+
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and effective_schema:
+            return (
+                self.quote_schema(effective_schema),
+                self.format_table(table, use_schema=False),
+            )
+        else:
+            return (self.format_table(table, use_schema=False),)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _r_identifiers(self):
+        initial, final, escaped_final = (
+            re.escape(s)
+            for s in (
+                self.initial_quote,
+                self.final_quote,
+                self._escape_identifier(self.final_quote),
+            )
+        )
+        r = re.compile(
+            r"(?:"
+            r"(?:%(initial)s((?:%(escaped)s|[^%(final)s])+)%(final)s"
+            r"|([^\.]+))(?=\.|$))+"
+            % {"initial": initial, "final": final, "escaped": escaped_final}
+        )
+        return r
+
+    def unformat_identifiers(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack 'schema.table.column'-like strings into components."""
+
+        r = self._r_identifiers
+        return [
+            self._unescape_identifier(i)
+            for i in [a or b for a, b in r.findall(identifiers)]
+        ]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d39953109877517612a3689094a20793738ffc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1669 @@
+# sql/crud.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Functions used by compiler.py to determine the parameters rendered
+within INSERT and UPDATE statements.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import dml
+from . import elements
+from . import roles
+from .base import _DefaultDescriptionTuple
+from .dml import isinsert as _compile_state_isinsert
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .schema import default_is_clause_element
+from .schema import default_is_sequence
+from .selectable import Select
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .compiler import _BindNameForColProtocol
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .dml import _DMLColumnElement
+    from .dml import DMLState
+    from .dml import ValuesBase
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .schema import _SQLExprDefault
+    from .schema import Column
+
+REQUIRED = util.symbol(
+    "REQUIRED",
+    """
+Placeholder for the value within a :class:`.BindParameter`
+which is required to be present when the statement is passed
+to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+This symbol is typically used when a :func:`_expression.insert`
+or :func:`_expression.update` statement is compiled without parameter
+values present.
+
+""",
+)
+
+
+def _as_dml_column(c: ColumnElement[Any]) -> ColumnClause[Any]:
+    if not isinstance(c, ColumnClause):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            f"Can't create DML statement against column expression {c!r}"
+        )
+    return c
+
+
+_CrudParamElement = Tuple[
+    "ColumnElement[Any]",
+    str,  # column name
+    Optional[
+        Union[str, "_SQLExprDefault"]
+    ],  # bound parameter string or SQL expression to apply
+    Iterable[str],
+]
+_CrudParamElementStr = Tuple[
+    "KeyedColumnElement[Any]",
+    str,  # column name
+    str,  # bound parameter string
+    Iterable[str],
+]
+_CrudParamElementSQLExpr = Tuple[
+    "ColumnClause[Any]",
+    str,
+    "_SQLExprDefault",  # SQL expression to apply
+    Iterable[str],
+]
+
+_CrudParamSequence = List[_CrudParamElement]
+
+
+class _CrudParams(NamedTuple):
+    single_params: _CrudParamSequence
+    all_multi_params: List[Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr]]
+    is_default_metavalue_only: bool = False
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = False
+    use_sentinel_columns: Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+
+
+def _get_crud_params(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    compile_state: DMLState,
+    toplevel: bool,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _CrudParams:
+    """create a set of tuples representing column/string pairs for use
+    in an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+    Also generates the Compiled object's postfetch, prefetch, and
+    returning column collections, used for default handling and ultimately
+    populating the CursorResult's prefetch_cols() and postfetch_cols()
+    collections.
+
+    """
+
+    # note: the _get_crud_params() system was written with the notion in mind
+    # that INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are always the top level statement and
+    # that there is only one of them.  With the addition of CTEs that can
+    # make use of DML, this assumption is no longer accurate; the DML
+    # statement is not necessarily the top-level "row returning" thing
+    # and it is also theoretically possible (fortunately nobody has asked yet)
+    # to have a single statement with multiple DMLs inside of it via CTEs.
+
+    # the current _get_crud_params() design doesn't accommodate these cases
+    # right now.  It "just works" for a CTE that has a single DML inside of
+    # it, and for a CTE with multiple DML, it's not clear what would happen.
+
+    # overall, the "compiler.XYZ" collections here would need to be in a
+    # per-DML structure of some kind, and DefaultDialect would need to
+    # navigate these collections on a per-statement basis, with additional
+    # emphasis on the "toplevel returning data" statement.  However we
+    # still need to run through _get_crud_params() for all DML as we have
+    # Python / SQL generated column defaults that need to be rendered.
+
+    # if there is user need for this kind of thing, it's likely a post 2.0
+    # kind of change as it would require deep changes to DefaultDialect
+    # as well as here.
+
+    compiler.postfetch = []
+    compiler.insert_prefetch = []
+    compiler.update_prefetch = []
+    compiler.implicit_returning = []
+
+    visiting_cte = kw.get("visiting_cte", None)
+    if visiting_cte is not None:
+        # for insert -> CTE -> insert, don't populate an incoming
+        # _crud_accumulate_bind_names collection; the INSERT we process here
+        # will not be inline within the VALUES of the enclosing INSERT as the
+        # CTE is placed on the outside.  See issue #9173
+        kw.pop("accumulate_bind_names", None)
+    assert (
+        "accumulate_bind_names" not in kw
+    ), "Don't know how to handle insert within insert without a CTE"
+
+    # getters - these are normally just column.key,
+    # but in the case of mysql multi-table update, the rules for
+    # .key must conditionally take tablename into account
+    (
+        _column_as_key,
+        _getattr_col_key,
+        _col_bind_name,
+    ) = _key_getters_for_crud_column(compiler, stmt, compile_state)
+
+    compiler._get_bind_name_for_col = _col_bind_name
+
+    if stmt._returning and stmt._return_defaults:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "Can't compile statement that includes returning() and "
+            "return_defaults() simultaneously"
+        )
+
+    if compile_state.isdelete:
+        _setup_delete_return_defaults(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            (),
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            (),
+            (),
+            toplevel,
+            kw,
+        )
+        return _CrudParams([], [])
+
+    # no parameters in the statement, no parameters in the
+    # compiled params - return binds for all columns
+    if compiler.column_keys is None and compile_state._no_parameters:
+        return _CrudParams(
+            [
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    _create_bind_param(compiler, c, None, required=True),
+                    (c.key,),
+                )
+                for c in stmt.table.columns
+                if not c._omit_from_statements
+            ],
+            [],
+        )
+
+    stmt_parameter_tuples: Optional[
+        List[Tuple[Union[str, ColumnClause[Any]], Any]]
+    ]
+    spd: Optional[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]
+
+    if (
+        _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+        and compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    ):
+        mp = compile_state._multi_parameters
+        assert mp is not None
+        spd = mp[0]
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = list(spd.items())
+        spd_str_key = {_column_as_key(key) for key in spd}
+    elif compile_state._ordered_values:
+        spd = compile_state._dict_parameters
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = compile_state._ordered_values
+        assert spd is not None
+        spd_str_key = {_column_as_key(key) for key in spd}
+    elif compile_state._dict_parameters:
+        spd = compile_state._dict_parameters
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = list(spd.items())
+        spd_str_key = {_column_as_key(key) for key in spd}
+    else:
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = spd = spd_str_key = None
+
+    # if we have statement parameters - set defaults in the
+    # compiled params
+    if compiler.column_keys is None:
+        parameters = {}
+    elif stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        assert spd_str_key is not None
+        parameters = {
+            _column_as_key(key): REQUIRED
+            for key in compiler.column_keys
+            if key not in spd_str_key
+        }
+    else:
+        parameters = {
+            _column_as_key(key): REQUIRED for key in compiler.column_keys
+        }
+
+    # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+    values: List[_CrudParamElement] = []
+
+    if stmt_parameter_tuples is not None:
+        _get_stmt_parameter_tuples_params(
+            compiler,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            stmt_parameter_tuples,
+            _column_as_key,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    check_columns: Dict[str, ColumnClause[Any]] = {}
+
+    # special logic that only occurs for multi-table UPDATE
+    # statements
+    if dml.isupdate(compile_state) and compile_state.is_multitable:
+        _get_update_multitable_params(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            stmt_parameter_tuples,
+            check_columns,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    if _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state) and stmt._select_names:
+        # is an insert from select, is not a multiparams
+
+        assert not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+
+        _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            check_columns,
+            values,
+            toplevel,
+            kw,
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+    else:
+        use_insertmanyvalues, use_sentinel_columns = _scan_cols(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            check_columns,
+            values,
+            toplevel,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    if parameters and stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        check = (
+            set(parameters)
+            .intersection(_column_as_key(k) for k, v in stmt_parameter_tuples)
+            .difference(check_columns)
+        )
+        if check:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unconsumed column names: %s"
+                % (", ".join("%s" % (c,) for c in check))
+            )
+
+    is_default_metavalue_only = False
+
+    if (
+        _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+        and compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    ):
+        # is a multiparams, is not an insert from a select
+        assert not stmt._select_names
+        multi_extended_values = _extend_values_for_multiparams(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            cast(
+                "Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr]",
+                values,
+            ),
+            cast("Callable[..., str]", _column_as_key),
+            kw,
+        )
+        return _CrudParams(values, multi_extended_values)
+    elif (
+        not values
+        and compiler.for_executemany
+        and compiler.dialect.supports_default_metavalue
+    ):
+        # convert an "INSERT DEFAULT VALUES"
+        # into INSERT (firstcol) VALUES (DEFAULT) which can be turned
+        # into an in-place multi values.  This supports
+        # insert_executemany_returning mode :)
+        values = [
+            (
+                _as_dml_column(stmt.table.columns[0]),
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(stmt.table.columns[0]),
+                compiler.dialect.default_metavalue_token,
+                (),
+            )
+        ]
+        is_default_metavalue_only = True
+
+    return _CrudParams(
+        values,
+        [],
+        is_default_metavalue_only=is_default_metavalue_only,
+        use_insertmanyvalues=use_insertmanyvalues,
+        use_sentinel_columns=use_sentinel_columns,
+    )
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    col: ColumnElement[Any],
+    value: Any,
+    process: Literal[True] = ...,
+    required: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    col: ColumnElement[Any],
+    value: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    col: ColumnElement[Any],
+    value: Any,
+    process: bool = True,
+    required: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[str, elements.BindParameter[Any]]:
+    if name is None:
+        name = col.key
+    bindparam = elements.BindParameter(
+        name, value, type_=col.type, required=required
+    )
+    bindparam._is_crud = True
+    if process:
+        return bindparam._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+    else:
+        return bindparam
+
+
+def _handle_values_anonymous_param(compiler, col, value, name, **kw):
+    # the insert() and update() constructs as of 1.4 will now produce anonymous
+    # bindparam() objects in the values() collections up front when given plain
+    # literal values.  This is so that cache key behaviors, which need to
+    # produce bound parameters in deterministic order without invoking any
+    # compilation here, can be applied to these constructs when they include
+    # values() (but not yet multi-values, which are not included in caching
+    # right now).
+    #
+    # in order to produce the desired "crud" style name for these parameters,
+    # which will also be targetable in engine/default.py through the usual
+    # conventions, apply our desired name to these unique parameters by
+    # populating the compiler truncated names cache with the desired name,
+    # rather than having
+    # compiler.visit_bindparam()->compiler._truncated_identifier make up a
+    # name.  Saves on call counts also.
+
+    # for INSERT/UPDATE that's a CTE, we don't need names to match to
+    # external parameters and these would also conflict in the case where
+    # multiple insert/update are combined together using CTEs
+    is_cte = "visiting_cte" in kw
+
+    if (
+        not is_cte
+        and value.unique
+        and isinstance(value.key, elements._truncated_label)
+    ):
+        compiler.truncated_names[("bindparam", value.key)] = name
+
+    if value.type._isnull:
+        # either unique parameter, or other bound parameters that were
+        # passed in directly
+        # set type to that of the column unconditionally
+        value = value._with_binary_element_type(col.type)
+
+    return value._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+
+
+def _key_getters_for_crud_column(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler, stmt: ValuesBase, compile_state: DMLState
+) -> Tuple[
+    Callable[[Union[str, ColumnClause[Any]]], Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]],
+    Callable[[ColumnClause[Any]], Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]],
+    _BindNameForColProtocol,
+]:
+    if dml.isupdate(compile_state) and compile_state._extra_froms:
+        # when extra tables are present, refer to the columns
+        # in those extra tables as table-qualified, including in
+        # dictionaries and when rendering bind param names.
+        # the "main" table of the statement remains unqualified,
+        # allowing the most compatibility with a non-multi-table
+        # statement.
+        _et = set(compile_state._extra_froms)
+
+        c_key_role = functools.partial(
+            coercions.expect_as_key, roles.DMLColumnRole
+        )
+
+        def _column_as_key(
+            key: Union[ColumnClause[Any], str]
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]:
+            str_key = c_key_role(key)
+            if hasattr(key, "table") and key.table in _et:
+                return (key.table.name, str_key)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                return str_key
+
+        def _getattr_col_key(
+            col: ColumnClause[Any],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]:
+            if col.table in _et:
+                return (col.table.name, col.key)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+        def _col_bind_name(col: ColumnClause[Any]) -> str:
+            if col.table in _et:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(col.table, TableClause)
+                return "%s_%s" % (col.table.name, col.key)
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+    else:
+        _column_as_key = functools.partial(
+            coercions.expect_as_key, roles.DMLColumnRole
+        )
+        _getattr_col_key = _col_bind_name = operator.attrgetter("key")  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+    return _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name
+
+
+def _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    toplevel,
+    kw,
+):
+    cols = [stmt.table.c[_column_as_key(name)] for name in stmt._select_names]
+
+    assert compiler.stack[-1]["selectable"] is stmt
+
+    compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"] = stmt.select
+
+    add_select_cols: List[_CrudParamElementSQLExpr] = []
+    if stmt.include_insert_from_select_defaults:
+        col_set = set(cols)
+        for col in stmt.table.columns:
+            # omit columns that were not in the SELECT statement.
+            # this will omit columns marked as omit_from_statements naturally,
+            # as long as that col was not explicit in the SELECT.
+            # if an omit_from_statements col has a "default" on it, then
+            # we need to include it, as these defaults should still fire off.
+            # but, if it has that default and it's the "sentinel" default,
+            # we don't do sentinel default operations for insert_from_select
+            # here so we again omit it.
+            if (
+                col not in col_set
+                and col.default
+                and not col.default.is_sentinel
+            ):
+                cols.append(col)
+
+    for c in cols:
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            parameters.pop(col_key)
+            values.append((c, compiler.preparer.format_column(c), None, ()))
+        else:
+            _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+                compiler, stmt, c, add_select_cols, kw
+            )
+
+    if add_select_cols:
+        values.extend(add_select_cols)
+        ins_from_select = compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"]
+        if not isinstance(ins_from_select, Select):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"Can't extend statement for INSERT..FROM SELECT to include "
+                f"additional default-holding column(s) "
+                f"""{
+                    ', '.join(repr(key) for _, key, _, _ in add_select_cols)
+                }.  Convert the selectable to a subquery() first, or pass """
+                "include_defaults=False to Insert.from_select() to skip these "
+                "columns."
+            )
+        ins_from_select = ins_from_select._generate()
+        # copy raw_columns
+        ins_from_select._raw_columns = list(ins_from_select._raw_columns) + [
+            expr for _, _, expr, _ in add_select_cols
+        ]
+        compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"] = ins_from_select
+
+
+def _scan_cols(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    toplevel,
+    kw,
+):
+    (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+        use_insertmanyvalues,
+        use_sentinel_columns,
+    ) = _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state, toplevel)
+
+    assert compile_state.isupdate or compile_state.isinsert
+
+    if compile_state._parameter_ordering:
+        parameter_ordering = [
+            _column_as_key(key) for key in compile_state._parameter_ordering
+        ]
+        ordered_keys = set(parameter_ordering)
+        cols = [
+            stmt.table.c[key]
+            for key in parameter_ordering
+            if isinstance(key, str) and key in stmt.table.c
+        ] + [c for c in stmt.table.c if c.key not in ordered_keys]
+
+    else:
+        cols = stmt.table.columns
+
+    isinsert = _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+    if isinsert and not compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+        # new rules for #7998.  fetch lastrowid or implicit returning
+        # for autoincrement column even if parameter is NULL, for DBs that
+        # override NULL param for primary key (sqlite, mysql/mariadb)
+        autoincrement_col = stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+        insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = (
+            compiler.dialect.insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements
+        )
+    else:
+        autoincrement_col = insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = None
+
+    if stmt._supplemental_returning:
+        supplemental_returning = set(stmt._supplemental_returning)
+    else:
+        supplemental_returning = set()
+
+    compiler_implicit_returning = compiler.implicit_returning
+
+    # TODO - see TODO(return_defaults_columns) below
+    # cols_in_params = set()
+
+    for c in cols:
+        # scan through every column in the target table
+
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            # parameter is present for the column.  use that.
+
+            _append_param_parameter(
+                compiler,
+                stmt,
+                compile_state,
+                c,
+                col_key,
+                parameters,
+                _col_bind_name,
+                implicit_returning,
+                implicit_return_defaults,
+                postfetch_lastrowid,
+                values,
+                autoincrement_col,
+                insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+            # TODO - see TODO(return_defaults_columns) below
+            # cols_in_params.add(c)
+
+        elif isinsert:
+            # no parameter is present and it's an insert.
+
+            if c.primary_key and need_pks:
+                # it's a primary key column, it will need to be generated by a
+                # default generator of some kind, and the statement expects
+                # inserted_primary_key to be available.
+
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    # we can use RETURNING, find out how to invoke this
+                    # column and get the value where RETURNING is an option.
+                    # we can inline server-side functions in this case.
+
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # otherwise, find out how to invoke this column
+                    # and get its value where RETURNING is not an option.
+                    # if we have to invoke a server-side function, we need
+                    # to pre-execute it.   or if this is a straight
+                    # autoincrement column and the dialect supports it
+                    # we can use cursor.lastrowid.
+
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_no_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw
+                    )
+
+            elif c.default is not None:
+                # column has a default, but it's not a pk column, or it is but
+                # we don't need to get the pk back.
+                if not c.default.is_sentinel or (
+                    use_sentinel_columns is not None
+                ):
+                    _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+                    )
+
+            elif c.server_default is not None:
+                # column has a DDL-level default, and is either not a pk
+                # column or we don't need the pk.
+                if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                    compiler_implicit_returning.append(c)
+                elif not c.primary_key:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler_implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+            elif (
+                c.primary_key
+                and c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+                and not c.nullable
+            ):
+                _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+
+        elif compile_state.isupdate:
+            # no parameter is present and it's an insert.
+
+            _append_param_update(
+                compiler,
+                compile_state,
+                stmt,
+                c,
+                implicit_return_defaults,
+                values,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+        # adding supplemental cols to implicit_returning in table
+        # order so that order is maintained between multiple INSERT
+        # statements which may have different parameters included, but all
+        # have the same RETURNING clause
+        if (
+            c in supplemental_returning
+            and c not in compiler_implicit_returning
+        ):
+            compiler_implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+    if supplemental_returning:
+        # we should have gotten every col into implicit_returning,
+        # however supplemental returning can also have SQL functions etc.
+        # in it
+        remaining_supplemental = supplemental_returning.difference(
+            compiler_implicit_returning
+        )
+        compiler_implicit_returning.extend(
+            c
+            for c in stmt._supplemental_returning
+            if c in remaining_supplemental
+        )
+
+    # TODO(return_defaults_columns): there can still be more columns in
+    # _return_defaults_columns in the case that they are from something like an
+    # aliased of the table. we can add them here, however this breaks other ORM
+    # things. so this is for another day. see
+    # test/orm/dml/test_update_delete_where.py -> test_update_from_alias
+
+    # if stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+    #     compiler_implicit_returning.extend(
+    #         set(stmt._return_defaults_columns)
+    #         .difference(compiler_implicit_returning)
+    #         .difference(cols_in_params)
+    #     )
+
+    return (use_insertmanyvalues, use_sentinel_columns)
+
+
+def _setup_delete_return_defaults(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    toplevel,
+    kw,
+):
+    (_, _, implicit_return_defaults, *_) = _get_returning_modifiers(
+        compiler, stmt, compile_state, toplevel
+    )
+
+    if not implicit_return_defaults:
+        return
+
+    if stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+        compiler.implicit_returning.extend(implicit_return_defaults)
+
+    if stmt._supplemental_returning:
+        ir_set = set(compiler.implicit_returning)
+        compiler.implicit_returning.extend(
+            c for c in stmt._supplemental_returning if c not in ir_set
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_parameter(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    c,
+    col_key,
+    parameters,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    implicit_returning,
+    implicit_return_defaults,
+    postfetch_lastrowid,
+    values,
+    autoincrement_col,
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements,
+    kw,
+):
+    value = parameters.pop(col_key)
+
+    col_value = compiler.preparer.format_column(
+        c, use_table=compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+    )
+
+    accumulated_bind_names: Set[str] = set()
+
+    if coercions._is_literal(value):
+        if (
+            insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements
+            and c.primary_key
+            and c is autoincrement_col
+        ):
+            # support use case for #7998, fetch autoincrement cols
+            # even if value was given.
+
+            if postfetch_lastrowid:
+                compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+            elif implicit_returning:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+        value = _create_bind_param(
+            compiler,
+            c,
+            value,
+            required=value is REQUIRED,
+            name=(
+                _col_bind_name(c)
+                if not _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+                or not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+                else "%s_m0" % _col_bind_name(c)
+            ),
+            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+            **kw,
+        )
+    elif value._is_bind_parameter:
+        if (
+            insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements
+            and value.value is None
+            and c.primary_key
+            and c is autoincrement_col
+        ):
+            # support use case for #7998, fetch autoincrement cols
+            # even if value was given
+            if implicit_returning:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+            elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+        value = _handle_values_anonymous_param(
+            compiler,
+            c,
+            value,
+            name=(
+                _col_bind_name(c)
+                if not _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+                or not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+                else "%s_m0" % _col_bind_name(c)
+            ),
+            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+            **kw,
+        )
+    else:
+        # value is a SQL expression
+        value = compiler.process(
+            value.self_group(),
+            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+        if compile_state.isupdate:
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            if c.primary_key:
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+                elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                    compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and (c in implicit_return_defaults):
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+            else:
+                # postfetch specifically means, "we can SELECT the row we just
+                # inserted by primary key to get back the server generated
+                # defaults". so by definition this can't be used to get the
+                # primary key value back, because we need to have it ahead of
+                # time.
+
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+    values.append((c, col_value, value, accumulated_bind_names))
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    """Create a primary key expression in the INSERT statement where
+    we want to populate result.inserted_primary_key and RETURNING
+    is available.
+
+    """
+    if c.default is not None:
+        if c.default.is_sequence:
+            if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+                not c.default.optional
+                or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+            ):
+                accumulated_bind_names: Set[str] = set()
+                values.append(
+                    (
+                        c,
+                        compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                        compiler.process(
+                            c.default,
+                            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                            **kw,
+                        ),
+                        accumulated_bind_names,
+                    )
+                )
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+            accumulated_bind_names = set()
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    compiler.process(
+                        c.default.arg.self_group(),
+                        accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                        **kw,
+                    ),
+                    accumulated_bind_names,
+                )
+            )
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            # client side default.  OK we can't use RETURNING, need to
+            # do a "prefetch", which in fact fetches the default value
+            # on the Python side
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                    (c.key,),
+                )
+            )
+    elif c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column or c.server_default is not None:
+        compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+    elif not c.nullable:
+        # no .default, no .server_default, not autoincrement, we have
+        # no indication this primary key column will have any value
+        _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_no_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    """Create a primary key expression in the INSERT statement where
+    we want to populate result.inserted_primary_key and we cannot use
+    RETURNING.
+
+    Depending on the kind of default here we may create a bound parameter
+    in the INSERT statement and pre-execute a default generation function,
+    or we may use cursor.lastrowid if supported by the dialect.
+
+
+    """
+
+    if (
+        # column has a Python-side default
+        c.default is not None
+        and (
+            # and it either is not a sequence, or it is and we support
+            # sequences and want to invoke it
+            not c.default.is_sequence
+            or (
+                compiler.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and (
+                    not c.default.optional
+                    or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    ) or (
+        # column is the "autoincrement column"
+        c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+        and (
+            # dialect can't use cursor.lastrowid
+            not compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+            and (
+                # column has a Sequence and we support those
+                (
+                    c.default is not None
+                    and c.default.is_sequence
+                    and compiler.dialect.supports_sequences
+                )
+                or
+                # column has no default on it, but dialect can run the
+                # "autoincrement" mechanism explicitly, e.g. PostgreSQL
+                # SERIAL we know the sequence name
+                (
+                    c.default is None
+                    and compiler.dialect.preexecute_autoincrement_sequences
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    ):
+        # do a pre-execute of the default
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                (c.key,),
+            )
+        )
+    elif (
+        c.default is None
+        and c.server_default is None
+        and not c.nullable
+        and c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+    ):
+        # no .default, no .server_default, not autoincrement, we have
+        # no indication this primary key column will have any value
+        _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+    elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+        # finally, where it seems like there will be a generated primary key
+        # value and we haven't set up any other way to fetch it, and the
+        # dialect supports cursor.lastrowid, switch on the lastrowid flag so
+        # that the DefaultExecutionContext calls upon cursor.lastrowid
+        compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+    compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+):
+    if c.default.is_sequence:
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            not c.default.optional or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ):
+            accumulated_bind_names: Set[str] = set()
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    compiler.process(
+                        c.default,
+                        accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                        **kw,
+                    ),
+                    accumulated_bind_names,
+                )
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+            elif not c.primary_key:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        accumulated_bind_names = set()
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                compiler.process(
+                    c.default.arg.self_group(),
+                    accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                    **kw,
+                ),
+                accumulated_bind_names,
+            )
+        )
+
+        if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        elif not c.primary_key:
+            # don't add primary key column to postfetch
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                (c.key,),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    c: ColumnClause[Any],
+    values: List[_CrudParamElementSQLExpr],
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+) -> None:
+    if default_is_sequence(c.default):
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            not c.default.optional or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ):
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    c.default.next_value(),
+                    (),
+                )
+            )
+    elif default_is_clause_element(c.default):
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                c.default.arg.self_group(),
+                (),
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+                    compiler, c, process=False, **kw
+                ),
+                (c.key,),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_update(
+    compiler, compile_state, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+):
+    include_table = compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+    if c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+        if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(
+                        c,
+                        use_table=include_table,
+                    ),
+                    compiler.process(c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw),
+                    (),
+                )
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(
+                        c,
+                        use_table=include_table,
+                    ),
+                    _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                    (c.key,),
+                )
+            )
+    elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+        if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif (
+        implicit_return_defaults
+        and (stmt._return_defaults_columns or not stmt._return_defaults)
+        and c in implicit_return_defaults
+    ):
+        compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[False],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> elements.BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: bool = True,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[elements.BindParameter[Any], str]:
+    param = _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name, **kw
+    )
+    compiler.insert_prefetch.append(c)  # type: ignore
+    return param
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[False],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> elements.BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: bool = True,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[elements.BindParameter[Any], str]:
+    param = _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name, **kw
+    )
+    compiler.update_prefetch.append(c)  # type: ignore
+    return param
+
+
+class _multiparam_column(elements.ColumnElement[Any]):
+    _is_multiparam_column = True
+
+    def __init__(self, original, index):
+        self.index = index
+        self.key = "%s_m%d" % (original.key, index + 1)
+        self.original = original
+        self.default = original.default
+        self.type = original.type
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, other, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, _multiparam_column)
+            and other.key == self.key
+            and other.original == self.original
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _default_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.default)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _onupdate_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.onupdate)
+
+
+def _process_multiparam_default_bind(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    c: KeyedColumnElement[Any],
+    index: int,
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+) -> str:
+    if not c.default:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "INSERT value for column %s is explicitly rendered as a bound"
+            "parameter in the VALUES clause; "
+            "a Python-side value or SQL expression is required" % c
+        )
+    elif default_is_clause_element(c.default):
+        return compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw)
+    elif c.default.is_sequence:
+        # these conditions would have been established
+        # by append_param_insert_(?:hasdefault|pk_returning|pk_no_returning)
+        # in order for us to be here, so these don't need to be
+        # checked
+        # assert compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+        #    not c.default.optional
+        #    or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        # )
+        return compiler.process(c.default, **kw)
+    else:
+        col = _multiparam_column(c, index)
+        assert isinstance(stmt, dml.Insert)
+        return _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+            compiler, col, process=True, **kw
+        )
+
+
+def _get_update_multitable_params(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    stmt_parameter_tuples,
+    check_columns,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    normalized_params = {
+        coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, c): param
+        for c, param in stmt_parameter_tuples or ()
+    }
+
+    include_table = compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+
+    affected_tables = set()
+    for t in compile_state._extra_froms:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                affected_tables.add(t)
+                check_columns[_getattr_col_key(c)] = c
+                value = normalized_params[c]
+
+                col_value = compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table)
+                if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                    value = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler,
+                        c,
+                        value,
+                        required=value is REQUIRED,
+                        name=_col_bind_name(c),
+                        **kw,  # TODO: no test coverage for literal binds here
+                    )
+                    accumulated_bind_names: Iterable[str] = (c.key,)
+                elif value._is_bind_parameter:
+                    cbn = _col_bind_name(c)
+                    value = _handle_values_anonymous_param(
+                        compiler, c, value, name=cbn, **kw
+                    )
+                    accumulated_bind_names = (cbn,)
+                else:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                    value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                    accumulated_bind_names = ()
+                values.append((c, col_value, value, accumulated_bind_names))
+    # determine tables which are actually to be updated - process onupdate
+    # and server_onupdate for these
+    for t in affected_tables:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                continue
+            elif c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+                if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+                    values.append(
+                        (
+                            c,
+                            compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table),
+                            compiler.process(
+                                c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw
+                            ),
+                            (),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                else:
+                    values.append(
+                        (
+                            c,
+                            compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table),
+                            _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+                                compiler, c, name=_col_bind_name(c), **kw
+                            ),
+                            (c.key,),
+                        )
+                    )
+            elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+
+def _extend_values_for_multiparams(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    compile_state: DMLState,
+    initial_values: Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr],
+    _column_as_key: Callable[..., str],
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+) -> List[Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr]]:
+    values_0 = initial_values
+    values = [initial_values]
+
+    mp = compile_state._multi_parameters
+    assert mp is not None
+    for i, row in enumerate(mp[1:]):
+        extension: List[_CrudParamElementStr] = []
+
+        row = {_column_as_key(key): v for key, v in row.items()}
+
+        for col, col_expr, param, accumulated_names in values_0:
+            if col.key in row:
+                key = col.key
+
+                if coercions._is_literal(row[key]):
+                    new_param = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler,
+                        col,
+                        row[key],
+                        name="%s_m%d" % (col.key, i + 1),
+                        **kw,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    new_param = compiler.process(row[key].self_group(), **kw)
+            else:
+                new_param = _process_multiparam_default_bind(
+                    compiler, stmt, col, i, kw
+                )
+
+            extension.append((col, col_expr, new_param, accumulated_names))
+
+        values.append(extension)
+
+    return values
+
+
+def _get_stmt_parameter_tuples_params(
+    compiler,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    stmt_parameter_tuples,
+    _column_as_key,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    for k, v in stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        colkey = _column_as_key(k)
+        if colkey is not None:
+            parameters.setdefault(colkey, v)
+        else:
+            # a non-Column expression on the left side;
+            # add it to values() in an "as-is" state,
+            # coercing right side to bound param
+
+            # note one of the main use cases for this is array slice
+            # updates on PostgreSQL, as the left side is also an expression.
+
+            col_expr = compiler.process(
+                k, include_table=compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+            )
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(v):
+                v = compiler.process(
+                    elements.BindParameter(None, v, type_=k.type), **kw
+                )
+            else:
+                if v._is_bind_parameter and v.type._isnull:
+                    # either unique parameter, or other bound parameters that
+                    # were passed in directly
+                    # set type to that of the column unconditionally
+                    v = v._with_binary_element_type(k.type)
+
+                v = compiler.process(v.self_group(), **kw)
+
+            # TODO: not sure if accumulated_bind_names applies here
+            values.append((k, col_expr, v, ()))
+
+
+def _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state, toplevel):
+    """determines RETURNING strategy, if any, for the statement.
+
+    This is where it's determined what we need to fetch from the
+    INSERT or UPDATE statement after it's invoked.
+
+    """
+
+    dialect = compiler.dialect
+
+    need_pks = (
+        toplevel
+        and _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+        and not stmt._inline
+        and (
+            not compiler.for_executemany
+            or (dialect.insert_executemany_returning and stmt._return_defaults)
+        )
+        and not stmt._returning
+        # and (not stmt._returning or stmt._return_defaults)
+        and not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    )
+
+    # check if we have access to simple cursor.lastrowid.  we can use that
+    # after the INSERT if that's all we need.
+    postfetch_lastrowid = (
+        need_pks
+        and dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+        and stmt.table._autoincrement_column is not None
+    )
+
+    # see if we want to add RETURNING to an INSERT in order to get
+    # primary key columns back.  This would be instead of postfetch_lastrowid
+    # if that's set.
+    implicit_returning = (
+        # statement itself can veto it
+        need_pks
+        # the dialect can veto it if it just doesnt support RETURNING
+        # with INSERT
+        and dialect.insert_returning
+        # user-defined implicit_returning on Table can veto it
+        and compile_state._primary_table.implicit_returning
+        # the compile_state can veto it (SQlite uses this to disable
+        # RETURNING for an ON CONFLICT insert, as SQLite does not return
+        # for rows that were updated, which is wrong)
+        and compile_state._supports_implicit_returning
+        and (
+            # since we support MariaDB and SQLite which also support lastrowid,
+            # decide if we should use lastrowid or RETURNING.  for insert
+            # that didnt call return_defaults() and has just one set of
+            # parameters, we can use lastrowid.   this is more "traditional"
+            # and a lot of weird use cases are supported by it.
+            # SQLite lastrowid times 3x faster than returning,
+            # Mariadb lastrowid 2x faster than returning
+            (not postfetch_lastrowid or dialect.favor_returning_over_lastrowid)
+            or compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+            or stmt._return_defaults
+        )
+    )
+    if implicit_returning:
+        postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    if _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state):
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = (
+            implicit_returning and stmt._return_defaults
+        )
+        explicit_returning = (
+            should_implicit_return_defaults
+            or stmt._returning
+            or stmt._supplemental_returning
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = (
+            toplevel
+            and compiler.for_executemany
+            and dialect.use_insertmanyvalues
+            and (
+                explicit_returning or dialect.use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning
+            )
+        )
+
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+        if (
+            use_insertmanyvalues
+            and explicit_returning
+            and stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+        ):
+            use_sentinel_columns = compiler._get_sentinel_column_for_table(
+                stmt.table
+            )
+
+    elif compile_state.isupdate:
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = (
+            stmt._return_defaults
+            and compile_state._primary_table.implicit_returning
+            and compile_state._supports_implicit_returning
+            and dialect.update_returning
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+    elif compile_state.isdelete:
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = (
+            stmt._return_defaults
+            and compile_state._primary_table.implicit_returning
+            and compile_state._supports_implicit_returning
+            and dialect.delete_returning
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+    else:
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = False  # pragma: no cover
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+
+    if should_implicit_return_defaults:
+        if not stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+            # TODO: this is weird.  See #9685 where we have to
+            # take an extra step to prevent this from happening.  why
+            # would this ever be *all* columns?  but if we set to blank, then
+            # that seems to break things also in the ORM.  So we should
+            # try to clean this up and figure out what return_defaults
+            # needs to do w/ the ORM etc. here
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt.table.c)
+        else:
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt._return_defaults_columns)
+    else:
+        implicit_return_defaults = None
+
+    return (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning or should_implicit_return_defaults,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+        use_insertmanyvalues,
+        use_sentinel_columns,
+    )
+
+
+def _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c):
+    msg = (
+        "Column '%s.%s' is marked as a member of the "
+        "primary key for table '%s', "
+        "but has no Python-side or server-side default generator indicated, "
+        "nor does it indicate 'autoincrement=True' or 'nullable=True', "
+        "and no explicit value is passed.  "
+        "Primary key columns typically may not store NULL."
+        % (c.table.fullname, c.name, c.table.fullname)
+    )
+    if len(c.table.primary_key) > 1:
+        msg += (
+            " Note that as of SQLAlchemy 1.1, 'autoincrement=True' must be "
+            "indicated explicitly for composite (e.g. multicolumn) primary "
+            "keys if AUTO_INCREMENT/SERIAL/IDENTITY "
+            "behavior is expected for one of the columns in the primary key. "
+            "CREATE TABLE statements are impacted by this change as well on "
+            "most backends."
+        )
+    util.warn(msg)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60d69c9ae79f360134f88afb3bc81e79ae416a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1378 @@
+# sql/ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""
+Provides the hierarchy of DDL-defining schema items as well as routines
+to invoke them for a create/drop call.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence as typing_Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+
+from . import roles
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import SchemaVisitor
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .compiler import Compiled
+    from .compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .schema import Constraint
+    from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .schema import SchemaItem
+    from .schema import Sequence
+    from .schema import Table
+    from .selectable import TableClause
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CacheStats
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+
+
+class BaseDDLElement(ClauseElement):
+    """The root of DDL constructs, including those that are sub-elements
+    within the "create table" and other processes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    _hierarchy_supports_caching = False
+    """disable cache warnings for all _DDLCompiles subclasses. """
+
+    def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        return dialect.ddl_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+    def _compile_w_cache(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType],
+        column_keys: List[str],
+        for_executemany: bool = False,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Compiled, Optional[typing_Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]], CacheStats
+    ]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class DDLIfCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        ddl: BaseDDLElement,
+        target: SchemaItem,
+        bind: Optional[Connection],
+        tables: Optional[List[Table]] = None,
+        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        compiler: Optional[DDLCompiler] = ...,
+        checkfirst: bool,
+    ) -> bool: ...
+
+
+class DDLIf(typing.NamedTuple):
+    dialect: Optional[str]
+    callable_: Optional[DDLIfCallable]
+    state: Optional[Any]
+
+    def _should_execute(
+        self,
+        ddl: BaseDDLElement,
+        target: SchemaItem,
+        bind: Optional[Connection],
+        compiler: Optional[DDLCompiler] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if bind is not None:
+            dialect = bind.dialect
+        elif compiler is not None:
+            dialect = compiler.dialect
+        else:
+            assert False, "compiler or dialect is required"
+
+        if isinstance(self.dialect, str):
+            if self.dialect != dialect.name:
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(self.dialect, (tuple, list, set)):
+            if dialect.name not in self.dialect:
+                return False
+        if self.callable_ is not None and not self.callable_(
+            ddl,
+            target,
+            bind,
+            state=self.state,
+            dialect=dialect,
+            compiler=compiler,
+            **kw,
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+class ExecutableDDLElement(roles.DDLRole, Executable, BaseDDLElement):
+    """Base class for standalone executable DDL expression constructs.
+
+    This class is the base for the general purpose :class:`.DDL` class,
+    as well as the various create/drop clause constructs such as
+    :class:`.CreateTable`, :class:`.DropTable`, :class:`.AddConstraint`,
+    etc.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` is renamed from
+       :class:`.DDLElement`, which still exists for backwards compatibility.
+
+    :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` integrates closely with SQLAlchemy events,
+    introduced in :ref:`event_toplevel`.  An instance of one is
+    itself an event receiving callable::
+
+        event.listen(
+            users,
+            'after_create',
+            AddConstraint(constraint).execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _ddl_if: Optional[DDLIf] = None
+    target: Optional[SchemaItem] = None
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        return connection._execute_ddl(
+            self, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def against(self, target: SchemaItem) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` which
+        will include the given target.
+
+        This essentially applies the given item to the ``.target`` attribute of
+        the returned :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` object. This target
+        is then usable by event handlers and compilation routines in order to
+        provide services such as tokenization of a DDL string in terms of a
+        particular :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        When a :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` object is established as
+        an event handler for the :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.before_create` or
+        :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.after_create` events, and the event then
+        occurs for a given target such as a :class:`_schema.Constraint` or
+        :class:`_schema.Table`, that target is established with a copy of the
+        :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` object using this method, which
+        then proceeds to the :meth:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement.execute`
+        method in order to invoke the actual DDL instruction.
+
+        :param target: a :class:`_schema.SchemaItem` that will be the subject
+         of a DDL operation.
+
+        :return: a copy of this :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` with the
+         ``.target`` attribute assigned to the given
+         :class:`_schema.SchemaItem`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`_schema.DDL` - uses tokenization against the "target" when
+            processing the DDL string.
+
+        """
+        self.target = target
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def execute_if(
+        self,
+        dialect: Optional[str] = None,
+        callable_: Optional[DDLIfCallable] = None,
+        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a callable that will execute this
+        :class:`_ddl.ExecutableDDLElement` conditionally within an event
+        handler.
+
+        Used to provide a wrapper for event listening::
+
+            event.listen(
+                        metadata,
+                        'before_create',
+                        DDL("my_ddl").execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+                    )
+
+        :param dialect: May be a string or tuple of strings.
+          If a string, it will be compared to the name of the
+          executing database dialect::
+
+            DDL('something').execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+
+          If a tuple, specifies multiple dialect names::
+
+            DDL('something').execute_if(dialect=('postgresql', 'mysql'))
+
+        :param callable\_: A callable, which will be invoked with
+          three positional arguments as well as optional keyword
+          arguments:
+
+            :ddl:
+              This DDL element.
+
+            :target:
+              The :class:`_schema.Table` or :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+              object which is the
+              target of this event. May be None if the DDL is executed
+              explicitly.
+
+            :bind:
+              The :class:`_engine.Connection` being used for DDL execution.
+              May be None if this construct is being created inline within
+              a table, in which case ``compiler`` will be present.
+
+            :tables:
+              Optional keyword argument - a list of Table objects which are to
+              be created/ dropped within a MetaData.create_all() or drop_all()
+              method call.
+
+            :dialect: keyword argument, but always present - the
+              :class:`.Dialect` involved in the operation.
+
+            :compiler: keyword argument.  Will be ``None`` for an engine
+              level DDL invocation, but will refer to a :class:`.DDLCompiler`
+              if this DDL element is being created inline within a table.
+
+            :state:
+              Optional keyword argument - will be the ``state`` argument
+              passed to this function.
+
+            :checkfirst:
+             Keyword argument, will be True if the 'checkfirst' flag was
+             set during the call to ``create()``, ``create_all()``,
+             ``drop()``, ``drop_all()``.
+
+          If the callable returns a True value, the DDL statement will be
+          executed.
+
+        :param state: any value which will be passed to the callable\_
+          as the ``state`` keyword argument.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.SchemaItem.ddl_if`
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._ddl_if = DDLIf(dialect, callable_, state)
+        return self
+
+    def _should_execute(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if self._ddl_if is None:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return self._ddl_if._should_execute(self, target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _invoke_with(self, bind):
+        if self._should_execute(self.target, bind):
+            return bind.execute(self)
+
+    def __call__(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        """Execute the DDL as a ddl_listener."""
+
+        self.against(target)._invoke_with(bind)
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+DDLElement = ExecutableDDLElement
+""":class:`.DDLElement` is renamed to :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`."""
+
+
+class DDL(ExecutableDDLElement):
+    """A literal DDL statement.
+
+    Specifies literal SQL DDL to be executed by the database.  DDL objects
+    function as DDL event listeners, and can be subscribed to those events
+    listed in :class:`.DDLEvents`, using either :class:`_schema.Table` or
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` objects as targets.
+    Basic templating support allows
+    a single DDL instance to handle repetitive tasks for multiple tables.
+
+    Examples::
+
+      from sqlalchemy import event, DDL
+
+      tbl = Table('users', metadata, Column('uid', Integer))
+      event.listen(tbl, 'before_create', DDL('DROP TRIGGER users_trigger'))
+
+      spow = DDL('ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET secretpowers TRUE')
+      event.listen(tbl, 'after_create', spow.execute_if(dialect='somedb'))
+
+      drop_spow = DDL('ALTER TABLE users SET secretpowers FALSE')
+      connection.execute(drop_spow)
+
+    When operating on Table events, the following ``statement``
+    string substitutions are available::
+
+      %(table)s  - the Table name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(schema)s - the schema name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(fullname)s - the Table name including schema, quoted if needed
+
+    The DDL's "context", if any, will be combined with the standard
+    substitutions noted above.  Keys present in the context will override
+    the standard substitutions.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ddl"
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, context=None):
+        """Create a DDL statement.
+
+        :param statement:
+          A string or unicode string to be executed.  Statements will be
+          processed with Python's string formatting operator using
+          a fixed set of string substitutions, as well as additional
+          substitutions provided by the optional :paramref:`.DDL.context`
+          parameter.
+
+          A literal '%' in a statement must be escaped as '%%'.
+
+          SQL bind parameters are not available in DDL statements.
+
+        :param context:
+          Optional dictionary, defaults to None.  These values will be
+          available for use in string substitutions on the DDL statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(statement, str):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected a string or unicode SQL statement, got '%r'"
+                % statement
+            )
+
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.context = context or {}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        parts = [repr(self.statement)]
+        if self.context:
+            parts.append(f"context={self.context}")
+
+        return "<%s@%s; %s>" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            id(self),
+            ", ".join(parts),
+        )
+
+
+class _CreateDropBase(ExecutableDDLElement):
+    """Base class for DDL constructs that represent CREATE and DROP or
+    equivalents.
+
+    The common theme of _CreateDropBase is a single
+    ``element`` attribute which refers to the element
+    to be created or dropped.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element,
+    ):
+        self.element = self.target = element
+        self._ddl_if = getattr(element, "_ddl_if", None)
+
+    @property
+    def stringify_dialect(self):
+        return self.element.create_drop_stringify_dialect
+
+    def _create_rule_disable(self, compiler):
+        """Allow disable of _create_rule using a callable.
+
+        Pass to _create_rule using
+        util.portable_instancemethod(self._create_rule_disable)
+        to retain serializability.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class _CreateBase(_CreateDropBase):
+    def __init__(self, element, if_not_exists=False):
+        super().__init__(element)
+        self.if_not_exists = if_not_exists
+
+
+class _DropBase(_CreateDropBase):
+    def __init__(self, element, if_exists=False):
+        super().__init__(element)
+        self.if_exists = if_exists
+
+
+class CreateSchema(_CreateBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE SCHEMA statement.
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_schema"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        if_not_exists=False,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.CreateSchema` construct."""
+
+        super().__init__(element=name, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+
+
+class DropSchema(_DropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP SCHEMA statement.
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_schema"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        cascade=False,
+        if_exists=False,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.DropSchema` construct."""
+
+        super().__init__(element=name, if_exists=if_exists)
+        self.cascade = cascade
+
+
+class CreateTable(_CreateBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_table"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: Table,
+        include_foreign_key_constraints: Optional[
+            typing_Sequence[ForeignKeyConstraint]
+        ] = None,
+        if_not_exists: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Create a :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Table` that's the subject
+         of the CREATE
+        :param on: See the description for 'on' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param include_foreign_key_constraints: optional sequence of
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects that will be included
+         inline within the CREATE construct; if omitted, all foreign key
+         constraints that do not specify use_alter=True are included.
+
+        :param if_not_exists: if True, an IF NOT EXISTS operator will be
+         applied to the construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+        self.columns = [CreateColumn(column) for column in element.columns]
+        self.include_foreign_key_constraints = include_foreign_key_constraints
+
+
+class _DropView(_DropBase):
+    """Semi-public 'DROP VIEW' construct.
+
+    Used by the test suite for dialect-agnostic drops of views.
+    This object will eventually be part of a public "view" API.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_view"
+
+
+class CreateConstraint(BaseDDLElement):
+    def __init__(self, element: Constraint):
+        self.element = element
+
+
+class CreateColumn(BaseDDLElement):
+    """Represent a :class:`_schema.Column`
+    as rendered in a CREATE TABLE statement,
+    via the :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+    This is provided to support custom column DDL within the generation
+    of CREATE TABLE statements, by using the
+    compiler extension documented in :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+    to extend :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+    Typical integration is to examine the incoming :class:`_schema.Column`
+    object, and to redirect compilation if a particular flag or condition
+    is found::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+        @compiles(schema.CreateColumn)
+        def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+            column = element.element
+
+            if "special" not in column.info:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+            text = "%s SPECIAL DIRECTIVE %s" % (
+                    column.name,
+                    compiler.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+                )
+            default = compiler.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                text += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+            if not column.nullable:
+                text += " NOT NULL"
+
+            if column.constraints:
+                text += " ".join(
+                            compiler.process(const)
+                            for const in column.constraints)
+            return text
+
+    The above construct can be applied to a :class:`_schema.Table`
+    as follows::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Metadata, Column, Integer, String
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+
+        metadata = MetaData()
+
+        table = Table('mytable', MetaData(),
+                Column('x', Integer, info={"special":True}, primary_key=True),
+                Column('y', String(50)),
+                Column('z', String(20), info={"special":True})
+            )
+
+        metadata.create_all(conn)
+
+    Above, the directives we've added to the :attr:`_schema.Column.info`
+    collection
+    will be detected by our custom compilation scheme::
+
+        CREATE TABLE mytable (
+                x SPECIAL DIRECTIVE INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                y VARCHAR(50),
+                z SPECIAL DIRECTIVE VARCHAR(20),
+            PRIMARY KEY (x)
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct can also be used to skip certain
+    columns when producing a ``CREATE TABLE``.  This is accomplished by
+    creating a compilation rule that conditionally returns ``None``.
+    This is essentially how to produce the same effect as using the
+    ``system=True`` argument on :class:`_schema.Column`, which marks a column
+    as an implicitly-present "system" column.
+
+    For example, suppose we wish to produce a :class:`_schema.Table`
+    which skips
+    rendering of the PostgreSQL ``xmin`` column against the PostgreSQL
+    backend, but on other backends does render it, in anticipation of a
+    triggered rule.  A conditional compilation rule could skip this name only
+    on PostgreSQL::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateColumn
+
+        @compiles(CreateColumn, "postgresql")
+        def skip_xmin(element, compiler, **kw):
+            if element.element.name == 'xmin':
+                return None
+            else:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('xmin', Integer)
+                )
+
+    Above, a :class:`.CreateTable` construct will generate a ``CREATE TABLE``
+    which only includes the ``id`` column in the string; the ``xmin`` column
+    will be omitted, but only against the PostgreSQL backend.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_column"
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+
+class DropTable(_DropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_table"
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Table, if_exists: bool = False):
+        """Create a :class:`.DropTable` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Table` that's the subject
+         of the DROP.
+        :param on: See the description for 'on' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param if_exists: if True, an IF EXISTS operator will be applied to the
+         construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists)
+
+
+class CreateSequence(_CreateBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_sequence"
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Sequence, if_not_exists: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(element, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+
+
+class DropSequence(_DropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_sequence"
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Sequence, if_exists: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists)
+
+
+class CreateIndex(_CreateBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_index"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, if_not_exists=False):
+        """Create a :class:`.Createindex` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Index` that's the subject
+         of the CREATE.
+        :param if_not_exists: if True, an IF NOT EXISTS operator will be
+         applied to the construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+
+
+class DropIndex(_DropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_index"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, if_exists=False):
+        """Create a :class:`.DropIndex` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Index` that's the subject
+         of the DROP.
+        :param if_exists: if True, an IF EXISTS operator will be applied to the
+         construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists)
+
+
+class AddConstraint(_CreateBase):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "add_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        super().__init__(element)
+        element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+            self._create_rule_disable
+        )
+
+
+class DropConstraint(_DropBase):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, cascade=False, if_exists=False, **kw):
+        self.cascade = cascade
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists, **kw)
+        element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+            self._create_rule_disable
+        )
+
+
+class SetTableComment(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON TABLE IS statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "set_table_comment"
+
+
+class DropTableComment(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON TABLE '' statement.
+
+    Note this varies a lot across database backends.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_table_comment"
+
+
+class SetColumnComment(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON COLUMN IS statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "set_column_comment"
+
+
+class DropColumnComment(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON COLUMN IS NULL statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_column_comment"
+
+
+class SetConstraintComment(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT IS statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "set_constraint_comment"
+
+
+class DropConstraintComment(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT IS NULL statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_constraint_comment"
+
+
+class InvokeDDLBase(SchemaVisitor):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def with_ddl_events(self, target, **kw):
+        """helper context manager that will apply appropriate DDL events
+        to a CREATE or DROP operation."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class InvokeCreateDDLBase(InvokeDDLBase):
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def with_ddl_events(self, target, **kw):
+        """helper context manager that will apply appropriate DDL events
+        to a CREATE or DROP operation."""
+
+        target.dispatch.before_create(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+        yield
+        target.dispatch.after_create(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class InvokeDropDDLBase(InvokeDDLBase):
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def with_ddl_events(self, target, **kw):
+        """helper context manager that will apply appropriate DDL events
+        to a CREATE or DROP operation."""
+
+        target.dispatch.before_drop(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+        yield
+        target.dispatch.after_drop(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class SchemaGenerator(InvokeCreateDDLBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, tables=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def _can_create_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or not self.dialect.has_table(
+            self.connection, table.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+    def _can_create_index(self, index):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(index.table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or not self.dialect.has_index(
+            self.connection,
+            index.table.name,
+            index.name,
+            schema=effective_schema,
+        )
+
+    def _can_create_sequence(self, sequence):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(sequence)
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            (not self.dialect.sequences_optional or not sequence.optional)
+            and (
+                not self.checkfirst
+                or not self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                    self.connection, sequence.name, schema=effective_schema
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        collection = sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            [t for t in tables if self._can_create_table(t)]
+        )
+
+        seq_coll = [
+            s
+            for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+            if s.column is None and self._can_create_sequence(s)
+        ]
+
+        event_collection = [t for (t, fks) in collection if t is not None]
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            metadata,
+            tables=event_collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+        ):
+            for seq in seq_coll:
+                self.traverse_single(seq, create_ok=True)
+
+            for table, fkcs in collection:
+                if table is not None:
+                    self.traverse_single(
+                        table,
+                        create_ok=True,
+                        include_foreign_key_constraints=fkcs,
+                        _is_metadata_operation=True,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    for fkc in fkcs:
+                        self.traverse_single(fkc)
+
+    def visit_table(
+        self,
+        table,
+        create_ok=False,
+        include_foreign_key_constraints=None,
+        _is_metadata_operation=False,
+    ):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_table(table):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            table,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation,
+        ):
+            for column in table.columns:
+                if column.default is not None:
+                    self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+            if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+                # e.g., don't omit any foreign key constraints
+                include_foreign_key_constraints = None
+
+            CreateTable(
+                table,
+                include_foreign_key_constraints=(
+                    include_foreign_key_constraints
+                ),
+            )._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+            if hasattr(table, "indexes"):
+                for index in table.indexes:
+                    self.traverse_single(index, create_ok=True)
+
+            if (
+                self.dialect.supports_comments
+                and not self.dialect.inline_comments
+            ):
+                if table.comment is not None:
+                    SetTableComment(table)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+                for column in table.columns:
+                    if column.comment is not None:
+                        SetColumnComment(column)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+                if self.dialect.supports_constraint_comments:
+                    for constraint in table.constraints:
+                        if constraint.comment is not None:
+                            self.connection.execute(
+                                SetConstraintComment(constraint)
+                            )
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(constraint):
+            AddConstraint(constraint)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(sequence):
+            CreateSequence(sequence)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_index(index):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(index):
+            CreateIndex(index)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+
+class SchemaDropper(InvokeDropDDLBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, tables=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        try:
+            unsorted_tables = [t for t in tables if self._can_drop_table(t)]
+            collection = list(
+                reversed(
+                    sort_tables_and_constraints(
+                        unsorted_tables,
+                        filter_fn=lambda constraint: (
+                            False
+                            if not self.dialect.supports_alter
+                            or constraint.name is None
+                            else None
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err2:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't sort tables for DROP; an "
+                    "unresolvable foreign key "
+                    "dependency exists between tables: %s; and backend does "
+                    "not support ALTER.  To restore at least a partial sort, "
+                    "apply use_alter=True to ForeignKey and "
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint "
+                    "objects involved in the cycle to mark these as known "
+                    "cycles that will be ignored."
+                    % (", ".join(sorted([t.fullname for t in err2.cycles])))
+                )
+                collection = [(t, ()) for t in unsorted_tables]
+            else:
+                raise exc.CircularDependencyError(
+                    err2.args[0],
+                    err2.cycles,
+                    err2.edges,
+                    msg="Can't sort tables for DROP; an "
+                    "unresolvable foreign key "
+                    "dependency exists between tables: %s.  Please ensure "
+                    "that the ForeignKey and ForeignKeyConstraint objects "
+                    "involved in the cycle have "
+                    "names so that they can be dropped using "
+                    "DROP CONSTRAINT."
+                    % (", ".join(sorted([t.fullname for t in err2.cycles]))),
+                ) from err2
+
+        seq_coll = [
+            s
+            for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+            if self._can_drop_sequence(s)
+        ]
+
+        event_collection = [t for (t, fks) in collection if t is not None]
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            metadata,
+            tables=event_collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+        ):
+            for table, fkcs in collection:
+                if table is not None:
+                    self.traverse_single(
+                        table,
+                        drop_ok=True,
+                        _is_metadata_operation=True,
+                        _ignore_sequences=seq_coll,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    for fkc in fkcs:
+                        self.traverse_single(fkc)
+
+            for seq in seq_coll:
+                self.traverse_single(seq, drop_ok=seq.column is None)
+
+    def _can_drop_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or self.dialect.has_table(
+            self.connection, table.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+    def _can_drop_index(self, index):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(index.table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or self.dialect.has_index(
+            self.connection,
+            index.table.name,
+            index.name,
+            schema=effective_schema,
+        )
+
+    def _can_drop_sequence(self, sequence):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(sequence)
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            (not self.dialect.sequences_optional or not sequence.optional)
+            and (
+                not self.checkfirst
+                or self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                    self.connection, sequence.name, schema=effective_schema
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_index(index):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(index):
+            DropIndex(index)(index, self.connection)
+
+    def visit_table(
+        self,
+        table,
+        drop_ok=False,
+        _is_metadata_operation=False,
+        _ignore_sequences=(),
+    ):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_table(table):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            table,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation,
+        ):
+            DropTable(table)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+            # traverse client side defaults which may refer to server-side
+            # sequences. noting that some of these client side defaults may
+            # also be set up as server side defaults
+            # (see https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/
+            # latest/core/defaults.html
+            # #associating-a-sequence-as-the-server-side-
+            # default), so have to be dropped after the table is dropped.
+            for column in table.columns:
+                if (
+                    column.default is not None
+                    and column.default not in _ignore_sequences
+                ):
+                    self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(constraint):
+            DropConstraint(constraint)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(sequence):
+            DropSequence(sequence)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+
+def sort_tables(
+    tables: Iterable[TableClause],
+    skip_fn: Optional[Callable[[ForeignKeyConstraint], bool]] = None,
+    extra_dependencies: Optional[
+        typing_Sequence[Tuple[TableClause, TableClause]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> List[Table]:
+    """Sort a collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects based on
+    dependency.
+
+    This is a dependency-ordered sort which will emit :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects such that they will follow their dependent :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects.
+    Tables are dependent on another based on the presence of
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects as well as explicit dependencies
+    added by :meth:`_schema.Table.add_is_dependent_on`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        The :func:`._schema.sort_tables` function cannot by itself
+        accommodate automatic resolution of dependency cycles between
+        tables, which are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key
+        constraints. When these cycles are detected, the foreign keys
+        of these tables are omitted from consideration in the sort.
+        A warning is emitted when this condition occurs, which will be an
+        exception raise in a future release.   Tables which are not part
+        of the cycle will still be returned in dependency order.
+
+        To resolve these cycles, the
+        :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be
+        applied to those constraints which create a cycle.  Alternatively,
+        the :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints` function will
+        automatically return foreign key constraints in a separate
+        collection when cycles are detected so that they may be applied
+        to a schema separately.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.17 - a warning is emitted when
+           :func:`_schema.sort_tables` cannot perform a proper sort due to
+           cyclical dependencies.  This will be an exception in a future
+           release.  Additionally, the sort will continue to return
+           other tables not involved in the cycle in dependency order
+           which was not the case previously.
+
+    :param tables: a sequence of :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    :param skip_fn: optional callable which will be passed a
+     :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object; if it returns True, this
+     constraint will not be considered as a dependency.  Note this is
+     **different** from the same parameter in
+     :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints`, which is
+     instead passed the owning :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object.
+
+    :param extra_dependencies: a sequence of 2-tuples of tables which will
+     also be considered as dependent on each other.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints`
+
+        :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables` - uses this function to sort
+
+
+    """
+
+    if skip_fn is not None:
+        fixed_skip_fn = skip_fn
+
+        def _skip_fn(fkc):
+            for fk in fkc.elements:
+                if fixed_skip_fn(fk):
+                    return True
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    else:
+        _skip_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    return [
+        t
+        for (t, fkcs) in sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            tables,
+            filter_fn=_skip_fn,
+            extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies,
+            _warn_for_cycles=True,
+        )
+        if t is not None
+    ]
+
+
+def sort_tables_and_constraints(
+    tables, filter_fn=None, extra_dependencies=None, _warn_for_cycles=False
+):
+    """Sort a collection of :class:`_schema.Table`  /
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects.
+
+    This is a dependency-ordered sort which will emit tuples of
+    ``(Table, [ForeignKeyConstraint, ...])`` such that each
+    :class:`_schema.Table` follows its dependent :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects.
+    Remaining :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects that are separate due to
+    dependency rules not satisfied by the sort are emitted afterwards
+    as ``(None, [ForeignKeyConstraint ...])``.
+
+    Tables are dependent on another based on the presence of
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, explicit dependencies
+    added by :meth:`_schema.Table.add_is_dependent_on`,
+    as well as dependencies
+    stated here using the :paramref:`~.sort_tables_and_constraints.skip_fn`
+    and/or :paramref:`~.sort_tables_and_constraints.extra_dependencies`
+    parameters.
+
+    :param tables: a sequence of :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    :param filter_fn: optional callable which will be passed a
+     :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object,
+     and returns a value based on
+     whether this constraint should definitely be included or excluded as
+     an inline constraint, or neither.   If it returns False, the constraint
+     will definitely be included as a dependency that cannot be subject
+     to ALTER; if True, it will **only** be included as an ALTER result at
+     the end.   Returning None means the constraint is included in the
+     table-based result unless it is detected as part of a dependency cycle.
+
+    :param extra_dependencies: a sequence of 2-tuples of tables which will
+     also be considered as dependent on each other.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.sort_tables`
+
+
+    """
+
+    fixed_dependencies = set()
+    mutable_dependencies = set()
+
+    if extra_dependencies is not None:
+        fixed_dependencies.update(extra_dependencies)
+
+    remaining_fkcs = set()
+    for table in tables:
+        for fkc in table.foreign_key_constraints:
+            if fkc.use_alter is True:
+                remaining_fkcs.add(fkc)
+                continue
+
+            if filter_fn:
+                filtered = filter_fn(fkc)
+
+                if filtered is True:
+                    remaining_fkcs.add(fkc)
+                    continue
+
+            dependent_on = fkc.referred_table
+            if dependent_on is not table:
+                mutable_dependencies.add((dependent_on, table))
+
+        fixed_dependencies.update(
+            (parent, table) for parent in table._extra_dependencies
+        )
+
+    try:
+        candidate_sort = list(
+            topological.sort(
+                fixed_dependencies.union(mutable_dependencies),
+                tables,
+            )
+        )
+    except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+        if _warn_for_cycles:
+            util.warn(
+                "Cannot correctly sort tables; there are unresolvable cycles "
+                'between tables "%s", which is usually caused by mutually '
+                "dependent foreign key constraints.  Foreign key constraints "
+                "involving these tables will not be considered; this warning "
+                "may raise an error in a future release."
+                % (", ".join(sorted(t.fullname for t in err.cycles)),)
+            )
+        for edge in err.edges:
+            if edge in mutable_dependencies:
+                table = edge[1]
+                if table not in err.cycles:
+                    continue
+                can_remove = [
+                    fkc
+                    for fkc in table.foreign_key_constraints
+                    if filter_fn is None or filter_fn(fkc) is not False
+                ]
+                remaining_fkcs.update(can_remove)
+                for fkc in can_remove:
+                    dependent_on = fkc.referred_table
+                    if dependent_on is not table:
+                        mutable_dependencies.discard((dependent_on, table))
+        candidate_sort = list(
+            topological.sort(
+                fixed_dependencies.union(mutable_dependencies),
+                tables,
+            )
+        )
+
+    return [
+        (table, table.foreign_key_constraints.difference(remaining_fkcs))
+        for table in candidate_sort
+    ] + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9ff9ba7c3874f509d7b45229be326daed593a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+# sql/default_comparator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Default implementation of SQL comparison operations.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import type_api
+from .elements import and_
+from .elements import BinaryExpression
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import CollationClause
+from .elements import CollectionAggregate
+from .elements import ExpressionClauseList
+from .elements import False_
+from .elements import Null
+from .elements import OperatorExpression
+from .elements import or_
+from .elements import True_
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .operators import OperatorType
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .operators import custom_op
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+
+
+def _boolean_compare(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    obj: Any,
+    *,
+    negate_op: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+    _python_is_types: Tuple[Type[Any], ...] = (type(None), bool),
+    result_type: Optional[TypeEngine[bool]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> OperatorExpression[bool]:
+    if result_type is None:
+        result_type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    if isinstance(obj, _python_is_types + (Null, True_, False_)):
+        # allow x ==/!= True/False to be treated as a literal.
+        # this comes out to "== / != true/false" or "1/0" if those
+        # constants aren't supported and works on all platforms
+        if op in (operators.eq, operators.ne) and isinstance(
+            obj, (bool, True_, False_)
+        ):
+            return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                expr,
+                coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                op,
+                type_=result_type,
+                negate=negate_op,
+                modifiers=kwargs,
+            )
+        elif op in (
+            operators.is_distinct_from,
+            operators.is_not_distinct_from,
+        ):
+            return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                expr,
+                coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                op,
+                type_=result_type,
+                negate=negate_op,
+                modifiers=kwargs,
+            )
+        elif expr._is_collection_aggregate:
+            obj = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ConstExprRole, element=obj, operator=op, expr=expr
+            )
+        else:
+            # all other None uses IS, IS NOT
+            if op in (operators.eq, operators.is_):
+                return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                    expr,
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                    operators.is_,
+                    negate=operators.is_not,
+                    type_=result_type,
+                )
+            elif op in (operators.ne, operators.is_not):
+                return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                    expr,
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                    operators.is_not,
+                    negate=operators.is_,
+                    type_=result_type,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only '=', '!=', 'is_()', 'is_not()', "
+                    "'is_distinct_from()', 'is_not_distinct_from()' "
+                    "operators can be used with None/True/False"
+                )
+    else:
+        obj = coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole, element=obj, operator=op, expr=expr
+        )
+
+    if reverse:
+        return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+            obj,
+            expr,
+            op,
+            type_=result_type,
+            negate=negate_op,
+            modifiers=kwargs,
+        )
+    else:
+        return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+            expr,
+            obj,
+            op,
+            type_=result_type,
+            negate=negate_op,
+            modifiers=kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def _custom_op_operate(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: custom_op[Any],
+    obj: Any,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+    result_type: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if result_type is None:
+        if op.return_type:
+            result_type = op.return_type
+        elif op.is_comparison:
+            result_type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    return _binary_operate(
+        expr, op, obj, reverse=reverse, result_type=result_type, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def _binary_operate(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    obj: roles.BinaryElementRole[Any],
+    *,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+    result_type: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> OperatorExpression[_T]:
+    coerced_obj = coercions.expect(
+        roles.BinaryElementRole, obj, expr=expr, operator=op
+    )
+
+    if reverse:
+        left, right = coerced_obj, expr
+    else:
+        left, right = expr, coerced_obj
+
+    if result_type is None:
+        op, result_type = left.comparator._adapt_expression(
+            op, right.comparator
+        )
+
+    return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+        left, right, op, type_=result_type, modifiers=kw
+    )
+
+
+def _conjunction_operate(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if op is operators.and_:
+        return and_(expr, other)
+    elif op is operators.or_:
+        return or_(expr, other)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _scalar(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    fn: Callable[[ColumnElement[Any]], ColumnElement[Any]],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    return fn(expr)
+
+
+def _in_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    seq_or_selectable: ClauseElement,
+    negate_op: OperatorType,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    seq_or_selectable = coercions.expect(
+        roles.InElementRole, seq_or_selectable, expr=expr, operator=op
+    )
+    if "in_ops" in seq_or_selectable._annotations:
+        op, negate_op = seq_or_selectable._annotations["in_ops"]
+
+    return _boolean_compare(
+        expr, op, seq_or_selectable, negate_op=negate_op, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def _getitem_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if (
+        isinstance(expr.type, type_api.INDEXABLE)
+        or isinstance(expr.type, type_api.TypeDecorator)
+        and isinstance(expr.type.impl_instance, type_api.INDEXABLE)
+    ):
+        other = coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole, other, expr=expr, operator=op
+        )
+        return _binary_operate(expr, op, other, **kw)
+    else:
+        _unsupported_impl(expr, op, other, **kw)
+
+
+def _unsupported_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "Operator '%s' is not supported on this expression" % op.__name__
+    )
+
+
+def _inv_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__inv__`."""
+
+    # undocumented element currently used by the ORM for
+    # relationship.contains()
+    if hasattr(expr, "negation_clause"):
+        return expr.negation_clause
+    else:
+        return expr._negate()
+
+
+def _neg_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__neg__`."""
+    return UnaryExpression(expr, operator=operators.neg, type_=expr.type)
+
+
+def _bitwise_not_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.bitwise_not`."""
+
+    return UnaryExpression(
+        expr, operator=operators.bitwise_not_op, type_=expr.type
+    )
+
+
+def _match_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match`."""
+
+    return _boolean_compare(
+        expr,
+        operators.match_op,
+        coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole,
+            other,
+            expr=expr,
+            operator=operators.match_op,
+        ),
+        result_type=type_api.MATCHTYPE,
+        negate_op=(
+            operators.not_match_op
+            if op is operators.match_op
+            else operators.match_op
+        ),
+        **kw,
+    )
+
+
+def _distinct_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.distinct`."""
+    return UnaryExpression(
+        expr, operator=operators.distinct_op, type_=expr.type
+    )
+
+
+def _between_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    cleft: Any,
+    cright: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.between`."""
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        ExpressionClauseList._construct_for_list(
+            operators.and_,
+            type_api.NULLTYPE,
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                cleft,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.and_,
+            ),
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                cright,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.and_,
+            ),
+            group=False,
+        ),
+        op,
+        negate=(
+            operators.not_between_op
+            if op is operators.between_op
+            else operators.between_op
+        ),
+        modifiers=kw,
+    )
+
+
+def _collate_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[str], op: OperatorType, collation: str, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[str]:
+    return CollationClause._create_collation_expression(expr, collation)
+
+
+def _regexp_match_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[str],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    pattern: Any,
+    flags: Optional[str],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole,
+            pattern,
+            expr=expr,
+            operator=operators.comma_op,
+        ),
+        op,
+        negate=operators.not_regexp_match_op,
+        modifiers={"flags": flags},
+    )
+
+
+def _regexp_replace_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    pattern: Any,
+    replacement: Any,
+    flags: Optional[str],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        ExpressionClauseList._construct_for_list(
+            operators.comma_op,
+            type_api.NULLTYPE,
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                pattern,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.comma_op,
+            ),
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                replacement,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.comma_op,
+            ),
+            group=False,
+        ),
+        op,
+        modifiers={"flags": flags},
+    )
+
+
+# a mapping of operators with the method they use, along with
+# additional keyword arguments to be passed
+operator_lookup: Dict[
+    str,
+    Tuple[
+        Callable[..., ColumnElement[Any]],
+        util.immutabledict[
+            str, Union[OperatorType, Callable[..., ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ],
+    ],
+] = {
+    "and_": (_conjunction_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "or_": (_conjunction_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "inv": (_inv_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "add": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "mul": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "sub": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "div": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "mod": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_xor_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_or_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_and_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_not_op": (_bitwise_not_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_lshift_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_rshift_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "truediv": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "floordiv": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "custom_op": (_custom_op_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "json_path_getitem_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "json_getitem_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "concat_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "any_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": CollectionAggregate._create_any}),
+    ),
+    "all_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": CollectionAggregate._create_all}),
+    ),
+    "lt": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.ge})),
+    "le": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.gt})),
+    "ne": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.eq})),
+    "gt": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.le})),
+    "ge": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.lt})),
+    "eq": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.ne})),
+    "is_distinct_from": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_not_distinct_from}),
+    ),
+    "is_not_distinct_from": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_distinct_from}),
+    ),
+    "like_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_like_op}),
+    ),
+    "ilike_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_ilike_op}),
+    ),
+    "not_like_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.like_op}),
+    ),
+    "not_ilike_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.ilike_op}),
+    ),
+    "contains_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_contains_op}),
+    ),
+    "icontains_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_icontains_op}),
+    ),
+    "startswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_startswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "istartswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_istartswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "endswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_endswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "iendswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_iendswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "desc_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_desc}),
+    ),
+    "asc_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_asc}),
+    ),
+    "nulls_first_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_nulls_first}),
+    ),
+    "nulls_last_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_nulls_last}),
+    ),
+    "in_op": (
+        _in_impl,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_in_op}),
+    ),
+    "not_in_op": (
+        _in_impl,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.in_op}),
+    ),
+    "is_": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_}),
+    ),
+    "is_not": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_not}),
+    ),
+    "collate": (_collate_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "match_op": (_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "not_match_op": (_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "distinct_op": (_distinct_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "between_op": (_between_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "not_between_op": (_between_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "neg": (_neg_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "getitem": (_getitem_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "lshift": (_unsupported_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "rshift": (_unsupported_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "contains": (_unsupported_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "regexp_match_op": (_regexp_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "not_regexp_match_op": (_regexp_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "regexp_replace_op": (_regexp_replace_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+}
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16b2a30c2c19f7897c4d9b6e7e57fd03cb121f6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1817 @@
+# sql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Provide :class:`_expression.Insert`, :class:`_expression.Update` and
+:class:`_expression.Delete`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import roles
+from . import util as sql_util
+from ._typing import _TP
+from ._typing import _unexpected_kw
+from ._typing import is_column_element
+from ._typing import is_named_from_clause
+from .base import _entity_namespace_key
+from .base import _exclusive_against
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import _select_iterables
+from .base import ColumnCollection
+from .base import CompileState
+from .base import DialectKWArgs
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasCompileState
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Null
+from .selectable import Alias
+from .selectable import ExecutableReturnsRows
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import HasCTE
+from .selectable import HasPrefixes
+from .selectable import Join
+from .selectable import SelectLabelStyle
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+from .sqltypes import NullType
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ._typing import _DMLColumnKeyMapping
+    from ._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+    from ._typing import _T0  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T1  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T2  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T3  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T4  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T5  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T6  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T7  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA  # noqa
+    from .base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import Select
+    from .selectable import Selectable
+
+    def isupdate(dml: DMLState) -> TypeGuard[UpdateDMLState]: ...
+
+    def isdelete(dml: DMLState) -> TypeGuard[DeleteDMLState]: ...
+
+    def isinsert(dml: DMLState) -> TypeGuard[InsertDMLState]: ...
+
+else:
+    isupdate = operator.attrgetter("isupdate")
+    isdelete = operator.attrgetter("isdelete")
+    isinsert = operator.attrgetter("isinsert")
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_DMLColumnElement = Union[str, ColumnClause[Any]]
+_DMLTableElement = Union[TableClause, Alias, Join]
+
+
+class DMLState(CompileState):
+    _no_parameters = True
+    _dict_parameters: Optional[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]] = None
+    _multi_parameters: Optional[
+        List[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]
+    ] = None
+    _ordered_values: Optional[List[Tuple[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]] = None
+    _parameter_ordering: Optional[List[_DMLColumnElement]] = None
+    _primary_table: FromClause
+    _supports_implicit_returning = True
+
+    isupdate = False
+    isdelete = False
+    isinsert = False
+
+    statement: UpdateBase
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, statement: UpdateBase, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_entity_description(cls, statement: UpdateBase) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "name": (
+                statement.table.name
+                if is_named_from_clause(statement.table)
+                else None
+            ),
+            "table": statement.table,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_returning_column_descriptions(
+        cls, statement: UpdateBase
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": c.key,
+                "type": c.type,
+                "expr": c,
+            }
+            for c in statement._all_selected_columns
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def dml_table(self) -> _DMLTableElement:
+        return self.statement.table
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_plugin_class(cls, statement: Executable) -> Type[DMLState]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_multi_crud_kv_pairs(
+        cls,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        multi_kv_iterator: Iterable[Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]],
+    ) -> List[Dict[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]:
+        return [
+            {
+                coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k): v
+                for k, v in mapping.items()
+            }
+            for mapping in multi_kv_iterator
+        ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_crud_kv_pairs(
+        cls,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        kv_iterator: Iterable[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]],
+        needs_to_be_cacheable: bool,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]:
+        return [
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k),
+                (
+                    v
+                    if not needs_to_be_cacheable
+                    else coercions.expect(
+                        roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                        v,
+                        type_=NullType(),
+                        is_crud=True,
+                    )
+                ),
+            )
+            for k, v in kv_iterator
+        ]
+
+    def _make_extra_froms(
+        self, statement: DMLWhereBase
+    ) -> Tuple[FromClause, List[FromClause]]:
+        froms: List[FromClause] = []
+
+        all_tables = list(sql_util.tables_from_leftmost(statement.table))
+        primary_table = all_tables[0]
+        seen = {primary_table}
+
+        consider = statement._where_criteria
+        if self._dict_parameters:
+            consider += tuple(self._dict_parameters.values())
+
+        for crit in consider:
+            for item in _from_objects(crit):
+                if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                    froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        froms.extend(all_tables[1:])
+        return primary_table, froms
+
+    def _process_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._dict_parameters = statement._values
+            self._no_parameters = False
+
+    def _process_select_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        assert statement._select_names is not None
+        parameters: MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any] = {
+            name: Null() for name in statement._select_names
+        }
+
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._no_parameters = False
+            self._dict_parameters = parameters
+        else:
+            # this condition normally not reachable as the Insert
+            # does not allow this construction to occur
+            assert False, "This statement already has parameters"
+
+    def _no_multi_values_supported(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "%s construct does not support "
+            "multiple parameter sets." % statement.__visit_name__.upper()
+        )
+
+    def _cant_mix_formats_error(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Can't mix single and multiple VALUES "
+            "formats in one INSERT statement; one style appends to a "
+            "list while the other replaces values, so the intent is "
+            "ambiguous."
+        )
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "insert")
+class InsertDMLState(DMLState):
+    isinsert = True
+
+    include_table_with_column_exprs = False
+
+    _has_multi_parameters = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statement: Insert,
+        compiler: SQLCompiler,
+        disable_implicit_returning: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self._primary_table = statement.table
+
+        if disable_implicit_returning:
+            self._supports_implicit_returning = False
+
+        self.isinsert = True
+        if statement._select_names:
+            self._process_select_values(statement)
+        if statement._values is not None:
+            self._process_values(statement)
+        if statement._multi_values:
+            self._process_multi_values(statement)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _insert_col_keys(self) -> List[str]:
+        # this is also done in crud.py -> _key_getters_for_crud_column
+        return [
+            coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, col, as_key=True)
+            for col in self._dict_parameters or ()
+        ]
+
+    def _process_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._has_multi_parameters = False
+            self._dict_parameters = statement._values
+            self._no_parameters = False
+        elif self._has_multi_parameters:
+            self._cant_mix_formats_error()
+
+    def _process_multi_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        for parameters in statement._multi_values:
+            multi_parameters: List[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]] = [
+                (
+                    {
+                        c.key: value
+                        for c, value in zip(statement.table.c, parameter_set)
+                    }
+                    if isinstance(parameter_set, collections_abc.Sequence)
+                    else parameter_set
+                )
+                for parameter_set in parameters
+            ]
+
+            if self._no_parameters:
+                self._no_parameters = False
+                self._has_multi_parameters = True
+                self._multi_parameters = multi_parameters
+                self._dict_parameters = self._multi_parameters[0]
+            elif not self._has_multi_parameters:
+                self._cant_mix_formats_error()
+            else:
+                assert self._multi_parameters
+                self._multi_parameters.extend(multi_parameters)
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "update")
+class UpdateDMLState(DMLState):
+    isupdate = True
+
+    include_table_with_column_exprs = False
+
+    def __init__(self, statement: Update, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any):
+        self.statement = statement
+
+        self.isupdate = True
+        if statement._ordered_values is not None:
+            self._process_ordered_values(statement)
+        elif statement._values is not None:
+            self._process_values(statement)
+        elif statement._multi_values:
+            self._no_multi_values_supported(statement)
+        t, ef = self._make_extra_froms(statement)
+        self._primary_table = t
+        self._extra_froms = ef
+
+        self.is_multitable = mt = ef
+        self.include_table_with_column_exprs = bool(
+            mt and compiler.render_table_with_column_in_update_from
+        )
+
+    def _process_ordered_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        parameters = statement._ordered_values
+
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._no_parameters = False
+            assert parameters is not None
+            self._dict_parameters = dict(parameters)
+            self._ordered_values = parameters
+            self._parameter_ordering = [key for key, value in parameters]
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can only invoke ordered_values() once, and not mixed "
+                "with any other values() call"
+            )
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "delete")
+class DeleteDMLState(DMLState):
+    isdelete = True
+
+    def __init__(self, statement: Delete, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any):
+        self.statement = statement
+
+        self.isdelete = True
+        t, ef = self._make_extra_froms(statement)
+        self._primary_table = t
+        self._extra_froms = ef
+        self.is_multitable = ef
+
+
+class UpdateBase(
+    roles.DMLRole,
+    HasCTE,
+    HasCompileState,
+    DialectKWArgs,
+    HasPrefixes,
+    Generative,
+    ExecutableReturnsRows,
+    ClauseElement,
+):
+    """Form the base for ``INSERT``, ``UPDATE``, and ``DELETE`` statements."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "update_base"
+
+    _hints: util.immutabledict[Tuple[_DMLTableElement, str], str] = (
+        util.EMPTY_DICT
+    )
+    named_with_column = False
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = (
+        SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+    )
+    table: _DMLTableElement
+
+    _return_defaults = False
+    _return_defaults_columns: Optional[Tuple[_ColumnsClauseElement, ...]] = (
+        None
+    )
+    _supplemental_returning: Optional[Tuple[_ColumnsClauseElement, ...]] = None
+    _returning: Tuple[_ColumnsClauseElement, ...] = ()
+
+    is_dml = True
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self, fromclause: FromClause
+    ) -> None:
+        fromclause._columns._populate_separate_keys(
+            col._make_proxy(fromclause)
+            for col in self._all_selected_columns
+            if is_column_element(col)
+        )
+
+    def params(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        """Set the parameters for the statement.
+
+        This method raises ``NotImplementedError`` on the base class,
+        and is overridden by :class:`.ValuesBase` to provide the
+        SET/VALUES clause of UPDATE and INSERT.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "params() is not supported for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements."
+            " To set the values for an INSERT or UPDATE statement, use"
+            " stmt.values(**parameters)."
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_dialect_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self:
+        """Add dialect options to this INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE object.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            upd = table.update().dialect_options(mysql_limit=10)
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.4 - this method supersedes the dialect options
+           associated with the constructor.
+
+
+        """
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(opt)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def return_defaults(
+        self,
+        *cols: _DMLColumnArgument,
+        supplemental_cols: Optional[Iterable[_DMLColumnArgument]] = None,
+        sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Make use of a :term:`RETURNING` clause for the purpose
+        of fetching server-side expressions and defaults, for supporting
+        backends only.
+
+        .. deepalchemy::
+
+            The :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method is used by the ORM
+            for its internal work in fetching newly generated primary key
+            and server default values, in particular to provide the underyling
+            implementation of the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.eager_defaults`
+            ORM feature as well as to allow RETURNING support with bulk
+            ORM inserts.  Its behavior is fairly idiosyncratic
+            and is not really intended for general use.  End users should
+            stick with using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in order to
+            add RETURNING clauses to their INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
+            statements.
+
+        Normally, a single row INSERT statement will automatically populate the
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute when executed,
+        which stores the primary key of the row that was just inserted in the
+        form of a :class:`.Row` object with column names as named tuple keys
+        (and the :attr:`.Row._mapping` view fully populated as well). The
+        dialect in use chooses the strategy to use in order to populate this
+        data; if it was generated using server-side defaults and / or SQL
+        expressions, dialect-specific approaches such as ``cursor.lastrowid``
+        or ``RETURNING`` are typically used to acquire the new primary key
+        value.
+
+        However, when the statement is modified by calling
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` before executing the statement,
+        additional behaviors take place **only** for backends that support
+        RETURNING and for :class:`.Table` objects that maintain the
+        :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning` parameter at its default value of
+        ``True``. In these cases, when the :class:`.CursorResult` is returned
+        from the statement's execution, not only will
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` be populated as always, the
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.returned_defaults` attribute will also be
+        populated with a :class:`.Row` named-tuple representing the full range
+        of server generated
+        values from that single row, including values for any columns that
+        specify :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default` or which make use of
+        :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` using a SQL expression.
+
+        When invoking INSERT statements with multiple rows using
+        :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`, the
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` modifier will have the effect of
+        the :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` and
+        :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows` attributes being
+        fully populated with lists of :class:`.Row` objects representing newly
+        inserted primary key values as well as newly inserted server generated
+        values for each row inserted. The
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` and
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.returned_defaults` attributes will also continue
+        to be populated with the first row of these two collections.
+
+        If the backend does not support RETURNING or the :class:`.Table` in use
+        has disabled :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning`, then no RETURNING
+        clause is added and no additional data is fetched, however the
+        INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement proceeds normally.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().values(data='newdata').return_defaults()
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+            server_created_at = result.returned_defaults['created_at']
+
+        When used against an UPDATE statement
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` instead looks for columns that
+        include :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate` or
+        :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_onupdate` parameters assigned, when
+        constructing the columns that will be included in the RETURNING clause
+        by default if explicit columns were not specified. When used against a
+        DELETE statement, no columns are included in RETURNING by default, they
+        instead must be specified explicitly as there are no columns that
+        normally change values when a DELETE statement proceeds.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0  :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` is supported
+           for DELETE statements also and has been moved from
+           :class:`.ValuesBase` to :class:`.UpdateBase`.
+
+        The :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method is mutually exclusive
+        against the :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method and errors will be
+        raised during the SQL compilation process if both are used at the same
+        time on one statement. The RETURNING clause of the INSERT, UPDATE or
+        DELETE statement is therefore controlled by only one of these methods
+        at a time.
+
+        The :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method differs from
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in these ways:
+
+        1. :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method causes the
+           :attr:`.CursorResult.returned_defaults` collection to be populated
+           with the first row from the RETURNING result. This attribute is not
+           populated when using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`.
+
+        2. :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` is compatible with existing
+           logic used to fetch auto-generated primary key values that are then
+           populated into the :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+           attribute. By contrast, using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` will
+           have the effect of the :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+           attribute being left unpopulated.
+
+        3. :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` can be called against any
+           backend. Backends that don't support RETURNING will skip the usage
+           of the feature, rather than raising an exception, *unless*
+           ``supplemental_cols`` is passed. The return value
+           of :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults` will be ``None``
+           for backends that don't support RETURNING or for which the target
+           :class:`.Table` sets :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning` to
+           ``False``.
+
+        4. An INSERT statement invoked with executemany() is supported if the
+           backend database driver supports the
+           :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`
+           feature which is now supported by most SQLAlchemy-included backends.
+           When executemany is used, the
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows` and
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` accessors
+           will return the inserted defaults and primary keys.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added
+              :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows` and
+              :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` accessors.
+              In version 2.0, the underlying implementation which fetches and
+              populates the data for these attributes was generalized to be
+              supported by most backends, whereas in 1.4 they were only
+              supported by the ``psycopg2`` driver.
+
+
+        :param cols: optional list of column key names or
+         :class:`_schema.Column` that acts as a filter for those columns that
+         will be fetched.
+        :param supplemental_cols: optional list of RETURNING expressions,
+          in the same form as one would pass to the
+          :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method. When present, the additional
+          columns will be included in the RETURNING clause, and the
+          :class:`.CursorResult` object will be "rewound" when returned, so
+          that methods like :meth:`.CursorResult.all` will return new rows
+          mostly as though the statement used :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+          directly. However, unlike when using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+          directly, the **order of the columns is undefined**, so can only be
+          targeted using names or :attr:`.Row._mapping` keys; they cannot
+          reliably be targeted positionally.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param sort_by_parameter_order: for a batch INSERT that is being
+         executed against multiple parameter sets, organize the results of
+         RETURNING so that the returned rows correspond to the order of
+         parameter sets passed in.  This applies only to an :term:`executemany`
+         execution for supporting dialects and typically makes use of the
+         :term:`insertmanyvalues` feature.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_returning_order` - background on
+            sorting of RETURNING rows for bulk INSERT
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._return_defaults:
+            # note _return_defaults_columns = () means return all columns,
+            # so if we have been here before, only update collection if there
+            # are columns in the collection
+            if self._return_defaults_columns and cols:
+                self._return_defaults_columns = tuple(
+                    util.OrderedSet(self._return_defaults_columns).union(
+                        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c)
+                        for c in cols
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                # set for all columns
+                self._return_defaults_columns = ()
+        else:
+            self._return_defaults_columns = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c) for c in cols
+            )
+        self._return_defaults = True
+        if sort_by_parameter_order:
+            if not self.is_insert:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'sort_by_parameter_order' argument to "
+                    "return_defaults() only applies to INSERT statements"
+                )
+            self._sort_by_parameter_order = True
+        if supplemental_cols:
+            # uniquifying while also maintaining order (the maintain of order
+            # is for test suites but also for vertical splicing
+            supplemental_col_tup = (
+                coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c)
+                for c in supplemental_cols
+            )
+
+            if self._supplemental_returning is None:
+                self._supplemental_returning = tuple(
+                    util.unique_list(supplemental_col_tup)
+                )
+            else:
+                self._supplemental_returning = tuple(
+                    util.unique_list(
+                        self._supplemental_returning
+                        + tuple(supplemental_col_tup)
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def returning(
+        self,
+        *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+        sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        **__kw: Any,
+    ) -> UpdateBase:
+        r"""Add a :term:`RETURNING` or equivalent clause to this statement.
+
+        e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> stmt = (
+            ...     table.update()
+            ...     .where(table.c.data == "value")
+            ...     .values(status="X")
+            ...     .returning(table.c.server_flag, table.c.updated_timestamp)
+            ... )
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}UPDATE some_table SET status=:status
+            WHERE some_table.data = :data_1
+            RETURNING some_table.server_flag, some_table.updated_timestamp
+
+        The method may be invoked multiple times to add new entries to the
+        list of expressions to be returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 The method may be invoked multiple times to
+         add new entries to the list of expressions to be returned.
+
+        The given collection of column expressions should be derived from the
+        table that is the target of the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.  While
+        :class:`_schema.Column` objects are typical, the elements can also be
+        expressions:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> stmt = table.insert().returning(
+            ...     (table.c.first_name + " " + table.c.last_name).label("fullname")
+            ... )
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}INSERT INTO some_table (first_name, last_name)
+            VALUES (:first_name, :last_name)
+            RETURNING some_table.first_name || :first_name_1 || some_table.last_name AS fullname
+
+        Upon compilation, a RETURNING clause, or database equivalent,
+        will be rendered within the statement.   For INSERT and UPDATE,
+        the values are the newly inserted/updated values.  For DELETE,
+        the values are those of the rows which were deleted.
+
+        Upon execution, the values of the columns to be returned are made
+        available via the result set and can be iterated using
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchone` and similar.
+        For DBAPIs which do not
+        natively support returning values (i.e. cx_oracle), SQLAlchemy will
+        approximate this behavior at the result level so that a reasonable
+        amount of behavioral neutrality is provided.
+
+        Note that not all databases/DBAPIs
+        support RETURNING.   For those backends with no support,
+        an exception is raised upon compilation and/or execution.
+        For those who do support it, the functionality across backends
+        varies greatly, including restrictions on executemany()
+        and other statements which return multiple rows. Please
+        read the documentation notes for the database in use in
+        order to determine the availability of RETURNING.
+
+        :param \*cols: series of columns, SQL expressions, or whole tables
+         entities to be returned.
+        :param sort_by_parameter_order: for a batch INSERT that is being
+         executed against multiple parameter sets, organize the results of
+         RETURNING so that the returned rows correspond to the order of
+         parameter sets passed in.  This applies only to an :term:`executemany`
+         execution for supporting dialects and typically makes use of the
+         :term:`insertmanyvalues` feature.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_returning_order` - background on
+            sorting of RETURNING rows for bulk INSERT (Core level discussion)
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert_returning_ordered` - example of
+            use with :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` (ORM level discussion)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+          :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` - an alternative method tailored
+          towards efficient fetching of server-side defaults and triggers
+          for single-row INSERTs or UPDATEs.
+
+          :ref:`tutorial_insert_returning` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if __kw:
+            raise _unexpected_kw("UpdateBase.returning()", __kw)
+        if self._return_defaults:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "return_defaults() is already configured on this statement"
+            )
+        self._returning += tuple(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c) for c in cols
+        )
+        if sort_by_parameter_order:
+            if not self.is_insert:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'sort_by_parameter_order' argument to returning() "
+                    "only applies to INSERT statements"
+                )
+            self._sort_by_parameter_order = True
+        return self
+
+    def corresponding_column(
+        self, column: KeyedColumnElement[Any], require_embedded: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.exported_columns.corresponding_column(
+            column, require_embedded=require_embedded
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return [c for c in _select_iterables(self._returning)]
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def exported_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[Optional[str], ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Return the RETURNING columns as a column collection for this
+        statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return ColumnCollection(
+            (c.key, c)
+            for c in self._all_selected_columns
+            if is_column_element(c)
+        ).as_readonly()
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        selectable: Optional[_DMLTableArgument] = None,
+        dialect_name: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Add a table hint for a single table to this
+        INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.with_hint` currently applies only to
+         Microsoft SQL Server.  For MySQL INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE hints, use
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.prefix_with`.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the :class:`_schema.Table` that is the subject of this
+        statement, or optionally to that of the given
+        :class:`_schema.Table` passed as the ``selectable`` argument.
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add a hint
+        that only takes effect for SQL Server::
+
+            mytable.insert().with_hint("WITH (PAGLOCK)", dialect_name="mssql")
+
+        :param text: Text of the hint.
+        :param selectable: optional :class:`_schema.Table` that specifies
+         an element of the FROM clause within an UPDATE or DELETE
+         to be the subject of the hint - applies only to certain backends.
+        :param dialect_name: defaults to ``*``, if specified as the name
+         of a particular dialect, will apply these hints only when
+         that dialect is in use.
+        """
+        if selectable is None:
+            selectable = self.table
+        else:
+            selectable = coercions.expect(roles.DMLTableRole, selectable)
+        self._hints = self._hints.union({(selectable, dialect_name): text})
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity_description(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` description of the table and/or
+        entity which this DML construct is operating against.
+
+        This attribute is generally useful when using the ORM, as an
+        extended structure which includes information about mapped
+        entities is returned.  The section :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+        contains more background.
+
+        For a Core statement, the structure returned by this accessor
+        is derived from the :attr:`.UpdateBase.table` attribute, and
+        refers to the :class:`.Table` being inserted, updated, or deleted::
+
+            >>> stmt = insert(user_table)
+            >>> stmt.entity_description
+            {
+                "name": "user_table",
+                "table": Table("user_table", ...)
+            }
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.UpdateBase.returning_column_descriptions`
+
+            :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions` - entity information for
+            a :func:`.select` construct
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """
+        meth = DMLState.get_plugin_class(self).get_entity_description
+        return meth(self)
+
+    @property
+    def returning_column_descriptions(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` description of the columns
+        which this DML construct is RETURNING against, in other words
+        the expressions established as part of :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`.
+
+        This attribute is generally useful when using the ORM, as an
+        extended structure which includes information about mapped
+        entities is returned.  The section :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+        contains more background.
+
+        For a Core statement, the structure returned by this accessor is
+        derived from the same objects that are returned by the
+        :attr:`.UpdateBase.exported_columns` accessor::
+
+            >>> stmt = insert(user_table).returning(user_table.c.id, user_table.c.name)
+            >>> stmt.entity_description
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "id",
+                    "type": Integer,
+                    "expr": Column("id", Integer(), table=<user>, ...)
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "type": String(),
+                    "expr": Column("name", String(), table=<user>, ...)
+                },
+            ]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.UpdateBase.entity_description`
+
+            :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions` - entity information for
+            a :func:`.select` construct
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        meth = DMLState.get_plugin_class(
+            self
+        ).get_returning_column_descriptions
+        return meth(self)
+
+
+class ValuesBase(UpdateBase):
+    """Supplies support for :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` to
+    INSERT and UPDATE constructs."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "values_base"
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = False
+
+    select: Optional[Select[Any]] = None
+    """SELECT statement for INSERT .. FROM SELECT"""
+
+    _post_values_clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None
+    """used by extensions to Insert etc. to add additional syntacitcal
+    constructs, e.g. ON CONFLICT etc."""
+
+    _values: Optional[util.immutabledict[_DMLColumnElement, Any]] = None
+    _multi_values: Tuple[
+        Union[
+            Sequence[Dict[_DMLColumnElement, Any]],
+            Sequence[Sequence[Any]],
+        ],
+        ...,
+    ] = ()
+
+    _ordered_values: Optional[List[Tuple[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]] = None
+
+    _select_names: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    _inline: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        self.table = coercions.expect(
+            roles.DMLTableRole, table, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_exclusive_against(
+        "_select_names",
+        "_ordered_values",
+        msgs={
+            "_select_names": "This construct already inserts from a SELECT",
+            "_ordered_values": "This statement already has ordered "
+            "values present",
+        },
+    )
+    def values(
+        self,
+        *args: Union[
+            _DMLColumnKeyMapping[Any],
+            Sequence[Any],
+        ],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Specify a fixed VALUES clause for an INSERT statement, or the SET
+        clause for an UPDATE.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_expression.Insert` and
+        :class:`_expression.Update`
+        constructs support
+        per-execution time formatting of the VALUES and/or SET clauses,
+        based on the arguments passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+        However, the :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` method can be used to "fix" a
+        particular set of parameters into the statement.
+
+        Multiple calls to :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` will produce a new
+        construct, each one with the parameter list modified to include
+        the new parameters sent.  In the typical case of a single
+        dictionary of parameters, the newly passed keys will replace
+        the same keys in the previous construct.  In the case of a list-based
+        "multiple values" construct, each new list of values is extended
+        onto the existing list of values.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key value pairs representing the string key
+          of a :class:`_schema.Column`
+          mapped to the value to be rendered into the
+          VALUES or SET clause::
+
+                users.insert().values(name="some name")
+
+                users.update().where(users.c.id==5).values(name="some name")
+
+        :param \*args: As an alternative to passing key/value parameters,
+         a dictionary, tuple, or list of dictionaries or tuples can be passed
+         as a single positional argument in order to form the VALUES or
+         SET clause of the statement.  The forms that are accepted vary
+         based on whether this is an :class:`_expression.Insert` or an
+         :class:`_expression.Update` construct.
+
+         For either an :class:`_expression.Insert` or
+         :class:`_expression.Update`
+         construct, a single dictionary can be passed, which works the same as
+         that of the kwargs form::
+
+            users.insert().values({"name": "some name"})
+
+            users.update().values({"name": "some new name"})
+
+         Also for either form but more typically for the
+         :class:`_expression.Insert` construct, a tuple that contains an
+         entry for every column in the table is also accepted::
+
+            users.insert().values((5, "some name"))
+
+         The :class:`_expression.Insert` construct also supports being
+         passed a list of dictionaries or full-table-tuples, which on the
+         server will render the less common SQL syntax of "multiple values" -
+         this syntax is supported on backends such as SQLite, PostgreSQL,
+         MySQL, but not necessarily others::
+
+            users.insert().values([
+                                {"name": "some name"},
+                                {"name": "some other name"},
+                                {"name": "yet another name"},
+                            ])
+
+         The above form would render a multiple VALUES statement similar to::
+
+                INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES
+                                (:name_1),
+                                (:name_2),
+                                (:name_3)
+
+         It is essential to note that **passing multiple values is
+         NOT the same as using traditional executemany() form**.  The above
+         syntax is a **special** syntax not typically used.  To emit an
+         INSERT statement against multiple rows, the normal method is
+         to pass a multiple values list to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`
+         method, which is supported by all database backends and is generally
+         more efficient for a very large number of parameters.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`tutorial_multiple_parameters` - an introduction to
+               the traditional Core method of multiple parameter set
+               invocation for INSERTs and other statements.
+
+          The UPDATE construct also supports rendering the SET parameters
+          in a specific order.  For this feature refer to the
+          :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values` method.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values`
+
+
+        """
+        if args:
+            # positional case.  this is currently expensive.   we don't
+            # yet have positional-only args so we have to check the length.
+            # then we need to check multiparams vs. single dictionary.
+            # since the parameter format is needed in order to determine
+            # a cache key, we need to determine this up front.
+            arg = args[0]
+
+            if kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't pass positional and kwargs to values() "
+                    "simultaneously"
+                )
+            elif len(args) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
+                    "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally."
+                )
+
+            elif isinstance(arg, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                if arg and isinstance(arg[0], dict):
+                    multi_kv_generator = DMLState.get_plugin_class(
+                        self
+                    )._get_multi_crud_kv_pairs
+                    self._multi_values += (multi_kv_generator(self, arg),)
+                    return self
+
+                if arg and isinstance(arg[0], (list, tuple)):
+                    self._multi_values += (arg,)
+                    return self
+
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    # crud.py raises during compilation if this is not the
+                    # case
+                    assert isinstance(self, Insert)
+
+                # tuple values
+                arg = {c.key: value for c, value in zip(self.table.c, arg)}
+
+        else:
+            # kwarg path.  this is the most common path for non-multi-params
+            # so this is fairly quick.
+            arg = cast("Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]", kwargs)
+            if args:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
+                    "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally."
+                )
+
+        # for top level values(), convert literals to anonymous bound
+        # parameters at statement construction time, so that these values can
+        # participate in the cache key process like any other ClauseElement.
+        # crud.py now intercepts bound parameters with unique=True from here
+        # and ensures they get the "crud"-style name when rendered.
+
+        kv_generator = DMLState.get_plugin_class(self)._get_crud_kv_pairs
+        coerced_arg = dict(kv_generator(self, arg.items(), True))
+        if self._values:
+            self._values = self._values.union(coerced_arg)
+        else:
+            self._values = util.immutabledict(coerced_arg)
+        return self
+
+
+class Insert(ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an INSERT construct.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`_expression.insert()` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "insert"
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = True
+
+    select = None
+    include_insert_from_select_defaults = False
+
+    _sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False
+
+    is_insert = True
+
+    table: TableClause
+
+    _traverse_internals = (
+        [
+            ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_inline", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_select_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+            ("_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_values),
+            ("_multi_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_multi_values),
+            ("select", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_post_values_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_returning", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+            ("_return_defaults", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            (
+                "_return_defaults_columns",
+                InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple,
+            ),
+            ("_sort_by_parameter_order", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + DialectKWArgs._dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        super().__init__(table)
+
+    @_generative
+    def inline(self) -> Self:
+        """Make this :class:`_expression.Insert` construct "inline" .
+
+        When set, no attempt will be made to retrieve the
+        SQL-generated default values to be provided within the statement;
+        in particular,
+        this allows SQL expressions to be rendered 'inline' within the
+        statement without the need to pre-execute them beforehand; for
+        backends that support "returning", this turns off the "implicit
+        returning" feature for the statement.
+
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :paramref:`_expression.Insert.inline`
+           parameter
+           is now superseded by the :meth:`_expression.Insert.inline` method.
+
+        """
+        self._inline = True
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def from_select(
+        self,
+        names: Sequence[_DMLColumnArgument],
+        select: Selectable,
+        include_defaults: bool = True,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Insert` construct which represents
+        an ``INSERT...FROM SELECT`` statement.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            sel = select(table1.c.a, table1.c.b).where(table1.c.c > 5)
+            ins = table2.insert().from_select(['a', 'b'], sel)
+
+        :param names: a sequence of string column names or
+         :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects representing the target columns.
+        :param select: a :func:`_expression.select` construct,
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         or other construct which resolves into a
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`,
+         such as an ORM :class:`_query.Query` object, etc.  The order of
+         columns returned from this FROM clause should correspond to the
+         order of columns sent as the ``names`` parameter;  while this
+         is not checked before passing along to the database, the database
+         would normally raise an exception if these column lists don't
+         correspond.
+        :param include_defaults: if True, non-server default values and
+         SQL expressions as specified on :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+         (as documented in :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`) not
+         otherwise specified in the list of names will be rendered
+         into the INSERT and SELECT statements, so that these values are also
+         included in the data to be inserted.
+
+         .. note:: A Python-side default that uses a Python callable function
+            will only be invoked **once** for the whole statement, and **not
+            per row**.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._values:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already inserts value expressions"
+            )
+
+        self._select_names = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, name, as_key=True)
+            for name in names
+        ]
+        self._inline = True
+        self.include_insert_from_select_defaults = include_defaults
+        self.select = coercions.expect(roles.DMLSelectRole, select)
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning ReturningInsert 1-8 ", *, sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False"  # noqa: E501
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], *, sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[
+            Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]
+        ]: ...
+
+        # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+            **__kw: Any,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Any]: ...
+
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+            **__kw: Any,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ReturningInsert(Insert, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Typing-only class that establishes a generic type form of
+    :class:`.Insert` which tracks returned column types.
+
+    This datatype is delivered when calling the
+    :meth:`.Insert.returning` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class DMLWhereBase:
+    table: _DMLTableElement
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, *whereclause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new construct with the given expression(s) added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        Both :meth:`_dml.Update.where` and :meth:`_dml.Delete.where`
+        support multiple-table forms, including database-specific
+        ``UPDATE...FROM`` as well as ``DELETE..USING``.  For backends that
+        don't have multiple-table support, a backend agnostic approach
+        to using multiple tables is to make use of correlated subqueries.
+        See the linked tutorial sections below for examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_correlated_updates`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_update_from`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_multi_table_deletes`
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in whereclause:
+            where_criteria: ColumnElement[Any] = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            self._where_criteria += (where_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    def filter(self, *criteria: roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]) -> Self:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_dml.DMLWhereBase.where` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self.where(*criteria)
+
+    def _filter_by_zero(self) -> _DMLTableElement:
+        return self.table
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""apply the given filtering criterion as a WHERE clause
+        to this select.
+
+        """
+        from_entity = self._filter_by_zero()
+
+        clauses = [
+            _entity_namespace_key(from_entity, key) == value
+            for key, value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return self.filter(*clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Return the completed WHERE clause for this :class:`.DMLWhereBase`
+        statement.
+
+        This assembles the current collection of WHERE criteria
+        into a single :class:`_expression.BooleanClauseList` construct.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return BooleanClauseList._construct_for_whereclause(
+            self._where_criteria
+        )
+
+
+class Update(DMLWhereBase, ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an Update construct.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Update` object is created using the
+    :func:`_expression.update()` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "update"
+
+    is_update = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = (
+        [
+            ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_where_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_inline", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_ordered_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_ordered_values),
+            ("_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_values),
+            ("_returning", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+            ("_return_defaults", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            (
+                "_return_defaults_columns",
+                InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple,
+            ),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + DialectKWArgs._dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        super().__init__(table)
+
+    @_generative
+    def ordered_values(self, *args: Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]) -> Self:
+        """Specify the VALUES clause of this UPDATE statement with an explicit
+        parameter ordering that will be maintained in the SET clause of the
+        resulting UPDATE statement.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.update().ordered_values(
+                ("name", "ed"), ("ident", "foo")
+            )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :ref:`tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates` - full example of the
+           :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values`
+           method
+           supersedes the
+           :paramref:`_expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+           parameter, which will be removed in SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+        """
+        if self._values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "This statement already has values present"
+            )
+        elif self._ordered_values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "This statement already has ordered values present"
+            )
+
+        kv_generator = DMLState.get_plugin_class(self)._get_crud_kv_pairs
+        self._ordered_values = kv_generator(self, args, True)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def inline(self) -> Self:
+        """Make this :class:`_expression.Update` construct "inline" .
+
+        When set, SQL defaults present on :class:`_schema.Column`
+        objects via the
+        ``default`` keyword will be compiled 'inline' into the statement and
+        not pre-executed.  This means that their values will not be available
+        in the dictionary returned from
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.last_updated_params`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :paramref:`_expression.update.inline`
+           parameter
+           is now superseded by the :meth:`_expression.Update.inline` method.
+
+        """
+        self._inline = True
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning ReturningUpdate 1-8
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0]
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[
+            Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]
+        ]: ...
+
+        # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Any]: ...
+
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ReturningUpdate(Update, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Typing-only class that establishes a generic type form of
+    :class:`.Update` which tracks returned column types.
+
+    This datatype is delivered when calling the
+    :meth:`.Update.returning` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class Delete(DMLWhereBase, UpdateBase):
+    """Represent a DELETE construct.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Delete` object is created using the
+    :func:`_expression.delete()` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "delete"
+
+    is_delete = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = (
+        [
+            ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_where_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_returning", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + DialectKWArgs._dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        self.table = coercions.expect(
+            roles.DMLTableRole, table, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning ReturningDelete 1-8
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0]
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[
+            Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]
+        ]: ...
+
+        # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Any]: ...
+
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ReturningDelete(Update, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Typing-only class that establishes a generic type form of
+    :class:`.Delete` which tracks returned column types.
+
+    This datatype is delivered when calling the
+    :meth:`.Delete.returning` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..213cf056a7efd6cc09421fd5b9eb3b60e83fb629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,5433 @@
+# sql/elements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Core SQL expression elements, including :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`,
+:class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, and derived classes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import IntEnum
+import itertools
+import operator
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple as typing_Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import traversals
+from . import type_api
+from ._typing import has_schema_attr
+from ._typing import is_named_from_clause
+from ._typing import is_quoted_name
+from ._typing import is_tuple_type
+from .annotation import Annotated
+from .annotation import SupportsWrappingAnnotations
+from .base import _clone
+from .base import _expand_cloned
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasMemoized
+from .base import Immutable
+from .base import NO_ARG
+from .base import SingletonConstant
+from .cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey
+from .cache_key import NO_CACHE
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion  # noqa
+from .operators import ColumnOperators
+from .traversals import HasCopyInternals
+from .visitors import cloned_traverse
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .visitors import traverse
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util import TypingOnly
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import ParamSpec
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ByArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _HasDialect
+    from ._typing import _InfoType
+    from ._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from .cache_key import CacheKey
+    from .compiler import Compiled
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .functions import FunctionElement
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from .schema import FetchedValue
+    from .schema import ForeignKey
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+    from .selectable import TextualSelect
+    from .sqltypes import TupleType
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .visitors import _CloneCallableType
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from .visitors import anon_map
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CacheStats
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+
+_NUMERIC = Union[float, Decimal]
+_NUMBER = Union[float, int, Decimal]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_OPT = TypeVar("_OPT", bound="Any")
+_NT = TypeVar("_NT", bound="_NUMERIC")
+
+_NMT = TypeVar("_NMT", bound="_NUMBER")
+
+
+@overload
+def literal(
+    value: Any,
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def literal(
+    value: _T,
+    type_: None = None,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def literal(
+    value: Any,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+def literal(
+    value: Any,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[Any]:
+    r"""Return a literal clause, bound to a bind parameter.
+
+    Literal clauses are created automatically when non-
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects (such as strings, ints, dates,
+    etc.) are
+    used in a comparison operation with a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    subclass,
+    such as a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` object.  Use this function
+    to force the generation of a literal clause, which will be created as a
+    :class:`BindParameter` with a bound value.
+
+    :param value: the value to be bound. Can be any Python object supported by
+     the underlying DB-API, or is translatable via the given type argument.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine` which will
+     provide bind-parameter translation for this literal.
+
+    :param literal_execute: optional bool, when True, the SQL engine will
+     attempt to render the bound value directly in the SQL statement at
+     execution time rather than providing as a parameter value.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+    return coercions.expect(
+        roles.LiteralValueRole,
+        value,
+        type_=type_,
+        literal_execute=literal_execute,
+    )
+
+
+def literal_column(
+    text: str, type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None
+) -> ColumnClause[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object that has the
+    :paramref:`_expression.column.is_literal` flag set to True.
+
+    :func:`_expression.literal_column` is similar to
+    :func:`_expression.column`, except that
+    it is more often used as a "standalone" column expression that renders
+    exactly as stated; while :func:`_expression.column`
+    stores a string name that
+    will be assumed to be part of a table and may be quoted as such,
+    :func:`_expression.literal_column` can be that,
+    or any other arbitrary column-oriented
+    expression.
+
+    :param text: the text of the expression; can be any SQL expression.
+      Quoting rules will not be applied. To specify a column-name expression
+      which should be subject to quoting rules, use the :func:`column`
+      function.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
+      object which will
+      provide result-set translation and additional expression semantics for
+      this column. If left as ``None`` the type will be :class:`.NullType`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_select_arbitrary_text`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnClause(text, type_=type_, is_literal=True)
+
+
+class CompilerElement(Visitable):
+    """base class for SQL elements that can be compiled to produce a
+    SQL string.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __visit_name__ = "compiler_element"
+
+    supports_execution = False
+
+    stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def compile(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_HasDialect] = None,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Compiled:
+        """Compile this SQL expression.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`~.Compiled` object.
+        Calling ``str()`` or ``unicode()`` on the returned value will yield a
+        string representation of the result. The
+        :class:`~.Compiled` object also can return a
+        dictionary of bind parameter names and values
+        using the ``params`` accessor.
+
+        :param bind: An :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` which
+           can provide a :class:`.Dialect` in order to generate a
+           :class:`.Compiled` object.  If the ``bind`` and
+           ``dialect`` parameters are both omitted, a default SQL compiler
+           is used.
+
+        :param column_keys: Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of
+            column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the
+            compiled statement. If ``None``, all columns from the target table
+            object are rendered.
+
+        :param dialect: A :class:`.Dialect` instance which can generate
+            a :class:`.Compiled` object.  This argument takes precedence over
+            the ``bind`` argument.
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: optional dictionary of additional parameters
+            that will be passed through to the compiler within all "visit"
+            methods.  This allows any custom flag to be passed through to
+            a custom compilation construct, for example.  It is also used
+            for the case of passing the ``literal_binds`` flag through::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select
+
+                t = table('t', column('x'))
+
+                s = select(t).where(t.c.x == 5)
+
+                print(s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}))
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+        """
+
+        if dialect is None:
+            if bind:
+                dialect = bind.dialect
+            elif self.stringify_dialect == "default":
+                default = util.preloaded.engine_default
+                dialect = default.StrCompileDialect()
+            else:
+                url = util.preloaded.engine_url
+                dialect = url.URL.create(
+                    self.stringify_dialect
+                ).get_dialect()()
+
+        return self._compiler(dialect, **kw)
+
+    def _compiler(self, dialect: Dialect, **kw: Any) -> Compiled:
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self, ClauseElement)
+        return dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.compile())
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class ClauseElement(
+    SupportsWrappingAnnotations,
+    MemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    HasCopyInternals,
+    ExternallyTraversible,
+    CompilerElement,
+):
+    """Base class for elements of a programmatically constructed SQL
+    expression.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "clause"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType:
+            """like annotations, however these propagate outwards liberally
+            as SQL constructs are built, and are set up at construction time.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+    else:
+        _propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[Self] = None
+
+    is_clause_element = True
+    is_selectable = False
+    is_dml = False
+    _is_column_element = False
+    _is_keyed_column_element = False
+    _is_table = False
+    _gen_static_annotations_cache_key = False
+    _is_textual = False
+    _is_from_clause = False
+    _is_returns_rows = False
+    _is_text_clause = False
+    _is_from_container = False
+    _is_select_container = False
+    _is_select_base = False
+    _is_select_statement = False
+    _is_bind_parameter = False
+    _is_clause_list = False
+    _is_lambda_element = False
+    _is_singleton_constant = False
+    _is_immutable = False
+    _is_star = False
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self) -> Optional[Label[Any]]:
+        return None
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = None
+
+    negation_clause: ColumnElement[bool]
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def get_children(
+            self, *, omit_attrs: typing_Tuple[str, ...] = ..., **kw: Any
+        ) -> Iterable[ClauseElement]: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return []
+
+    def _set_propagate_attrs(self, values: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Self:
+        # usually, self._propagate_attrs is empty here.  one case where it's
+        # not is a subquery against ORM select, that is then pulled as a
+        # property of an aliased class.   should all be good
+
+        # assert not self._propagate_attrs
+
+        self._propagate_attrs = util.immutabledict(values)
+        return self
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Create a shallow copy of this ClauseElement.
+
+        This method may be used by a generative API.  Its also used as
+        part of the "deep" copy afforded by a traversal that combines
+        the _copy_internals() method.
+
+        """
+
+        skip = self._memoized_keys
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+
+        if skip:
+            # ensure this iteration remains atomic
+            c.__dict__ = {
+                k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.copy().items() if k not in skip
+            }
+        else:
+            c.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+
+        # this is a marker that helps to "equate" clauses to each other
+        # when a Select returns its list of FROM clauses.  the cloning
+        # process leaves around a lot of remnants of the previous clause
+        # typically in the form of column expressions still attached to the
+        # old table.
+        cc = self._is_clone_of
+        c._is_clone_of = cc if cc is not None else self
+        return c
+
+    def _negate_in_binary(self, negated_op, original_op):
+        """a hook to allow the right side of a binary expression to respond
+        to a negation of the binary expression.
+
+        Used for the special case of expanding bind parameter with IN.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        """in the context of binary expression, convert the type of this
+        object to the one given.
+
+        applies only to :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` classes.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _constructor(self):
+        """return the 'constructor' for this ClauseElement.
+
+        This is for the purposes for creating a new object of
+        this type.   Usually, its just the element's __class__.
+        However, the "Annotated" version of the object overrides
+        to return the class of its proxied element.
+
+        """
+        return self.__class__
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _cloned_set(self):
+        """Return the set consisting all cloned ancestors of this
+        ClauseElement.
+
+        Includes this ClauseElement.  This accessor tends to be used for
+        FromClause objects to identify 'equivalent' FROM clauses, regardless
+        of transformative operations.
+
+        """
+        s = util.column_set()
+        f: Optional[ClauseElement] = self
+
+        # note this creates a cycle, asserted in test_memusage. however,
+        # turning this into a plain @property adds tends of thousands of method
+        # calls to Core / ORM performance tests, so the small overhead
+        # introduced by the relatively small amount of short term cycles
+        # produced here is preferable
+        while f is not None:
+            s.add(f)
+            f = f._is_clone_of
+        return s
+
+    def _de_clone(self):
+        while self._is_clone_of is not None:
+            self = self._is_clone_of
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "This SQL expression has no entity namespace "
+            "with which to filter from."
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d.pop("_is_clone_of", None)
+        d.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        return d
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        if self.supports_execution:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self, Executable)
+            return connection._execute_clauseelement(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self)
+
+    def _execute_on_scalar(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """an additional hook for subclasses to provide a different
+        implementation for connection.scalar() vs. connection.execute().
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self._execute_on_connection(
+            connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+        ).scalar()
+
+    def _get_embedded_bindparams(self) -> Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]:
+        """Return the list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects embedded in the
+        object.
+
+        This accomplishes the same purpose as ``visitors.traverse()`` or
+        similar would provide, however by making use of the cache key
+        it takes advantage of memoization of the key to result in fewer
+        net method calls, assuming the statement is also going to be
+        executed.
+
+        """
+
+        key = self._generate_cache_key()
+        if key is None:
+            bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+            traverse(self, {}, {"bindparam": bindparams.append})
+            return bindparams
+
+        else:
+            return key.bindparams
+
+    def unique_params(
+        self,
+        __optionaldict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy with :func:`_expression.bindparam` elements
+        replaced.
+
+        Same functionality as :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.params`,
+        except adds `unique=True`
+        to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be
+        used.
+
+        """
+        return self._replace_params(True, __optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def params(
+        self,
+        __optionaldict: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy with :func:`_expression.bindparam` elements
+        replaced.
+
+        Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with
+        :func:`_expression.bindparam`
+        elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary::
+
+          >>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
+          >>> print(clause.compile().params)
+          {'foo':None}
+          >>> print(clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params)
+          {'foo':7}
+
+        """
+        return self._replace_params(False, __optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def _replace_params(
+        self,
+        unique: bool,
+        optionaldict: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        if optionaldict:
+            kwargs.update(optionaldict)
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bind: BindParameter[Any]) -> None:
+            if bind.key in kwargs:
+                bind.value = kwargs[bind.key]
+                bind.required = False
+            if unique:
+                bind._convert_to_unique()
+
+        return cloned_traverse(
+            self,
+            {"maintain_key": True, "detect_subquery_cols": True},
+            {"bindparam": visit_bindparam},
+        )
+
+    def compare(self, other: ClauseElement, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        r"""Compare this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` to
+        the given :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`.
+
+        Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a
+        straight identity comparison.
+
+        \**kw are arguments consumed by subclass ``compare()`` methods and
+        may be used to modify the criteria for comparison
+        (see :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`).
+
+        """
+        return traversals.compare(self, other, **kw)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> ClauseElement:
+        """Apply a 'grouping' to this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`.
+
+        This method is overridden by subclasses to return a "grouping"
+        construct, i.e. parenthesis.   In particular it's used by "binary"
+        expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a
+        larger expression, as well as by :func:`_expression.select`
+        constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another
+        :func:`_expression.select`.  (Note that subqueries should be
+        normally created using the :meth:`_expression.Select.alias` method,
+        as many
+        platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).
+
+        As expressions are composed together, the application of
+        :meth:`self_group` is automatic - end-user code should never
+        need to use this method directly.  Note that SQLAlchemy's
+        clause constructs take operator precedence into account -
+        so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in
+        an expression like ``x OR (y AND z)`` - AND takes precedence
+        over OR.
+
+        The base :meth:`self_group` method of
+        :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        just returns self.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _ungroup(self) -> ClauseElement:
+        """Return this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        without any groupings.
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+    def _compile_w_cache(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType],
+        column_keys: List[str],
+        for_executemany: bool = False,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[
+        Compiled, Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]], CacheStats
+    ]:
+        elem_cache_key: Optional[CacheKey]
+
+        if compiled_cache is not None and dialect._supports_statement_cache:
+            elem_cache_key = self._generate_cache_key()
+        else:
+            elem_cache_key = None
+
+        if elem_cache_key is not None:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert compiled_cache is not None
+
+            cache_key, extracted_params = elem_cache_key
+            key = (
+                dialect,
+                cache_key,
+                tuple(column_keys),
+                bool(schema_translate_map),
+                for_executemany,
+            )
+            compiled_sql = compiled_cache.get(key)
+
+            if compiled_sql is None:
+                cache_hit = dialect.CACHE_MISS
+                compiled_sql = self._compiler(
+                    dialect,
+                    cache_key=elem_cache_key,
+                    column_keys=column_keys,
+                    for_executemany=for_executemany,
+                    schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+                compiled_cache[key] = compiled_sql
+            else:
+                cache_hit = dialect.CACHE_HIT
+        else:
+            extracted_params = None
+            compiled_sql = self._compiler(
+                dialect,
+                cache_key=elem_cache_key,
+                column_keys=column_keys,
+                for_executemany=for_executemany,
+                schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+            if not dialect._supports_statement_cache:
+                cache_hit = dialect.NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT
+            elif compiled_cache is None:
+                cache_hit = dialect.CACHING_DISABLED
+            else:
+                cache_hit = dialect.NO_CACHE_KEY
+
+        return compiled_sql, extracted_params, cache_hit
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        # undocumented element currently used by the ORM for
+        # relationship.contains()
+        if hasattr(self, "negation_clause"):
+            return self.negation_clause
+        else:
+            return self._negate()
+
+    def _negate(self) -> ClauseElement:
+        grouped = self.self_group(against=operators.inv)
+        assert isinstance(grouped, ColumnElement)
+        return UnaryExpression(grouped, operator=operators.inv)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        friendly = self.description
+        if friendly is None:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        else:
+            return "<%s.%s at 0x%x; %s>" % (
+                self.__module__,
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                id(self),
+                friendly,
+            )
+
+
+class DQLDMLClauseElement(ClauseElement):
+    """represents a :class:`.ClauseElement` that compiles to a DQL or DML
+    expression, not DDL.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _compiler(self, dialect: Dialect, **kw: Any) -> SQLCompiler:
+            """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+            Dialect."""
+            ...
+
+        def compile(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            bind: Optional[_HasDialect] = None,
+            dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> SQLCompiler: ...
+
+
+class CompilerColumnElement(
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    CompilerElement,
+):
+    """A compiler-only column element used for ad-hoc string compilations.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    _is_collection_aggregate = False
+
+
+# SQLCoreOperations should be suiting the ExpressionElementRole
+# and ColumnsClauseRole.   however the MRO issues become too elaborate
+# at the moment.
+class SQLCoreOperations(Generic[_T_co], ColumnOperators, TypingOnly):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # annotations for comparison methods
+    # these are from operators->Operators / ColumnOperators,
+    # redefined with the specific types returned by ColumnElement hierarchies
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.non_memoized_property
+        def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType: ...
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = ...,
+            is_comparison: bool = ...,
+            *,
+            return_type: _TypeEngineArgument[_OPT],
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[_OPT]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = ...,
+            is_comparison: bool = ...,
+            return_type: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = ...,
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = ...,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[Any]]: ...
+
+        def op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = 0,
+            is_comparison: bool = False,
+            return_type: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[Any]]: ...
+
+        def bool_op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = 0,
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[bool]]: ...
+
+        def __and__(self, other: Any) -> BooleanClauseList: ...
+
+        def __or__(self, other: Any) -> BooleanClauseList: ...
+
+        def __invert__(self) -> ColumnElement[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __le__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        # declare also that this class has an hash method otherwise
+        # it may be assumed to be None by type checkers since the
+        # object defines __eq__ and python sets it to None in that case:
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__
+        def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            ...
+
+        def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            ...
+
+        def is_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def is_not_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __neg__(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __contains__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __lshift__(self: _SQO[int], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[int]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __lshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __lshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rshift__(self: _SQO[int], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[int]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def concat(self: _SQO[str], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def concat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def concat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def like(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def ilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_xor(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_or(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_and(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_not(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_lshift(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_rshift(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def in_(
+            self,
+            other: Union[
+                Iterable[Any], BindParameter[Any], roles.InElementRole
+            ],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def not_in(
+            self,
+            other: Union[
+                Iterable[Any], BindParameter[Any], roles.InElementRole
+            ],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def notin_(
+            self,
+            other: Union[
+                Iterable[Any], BindParameter[Any], roles.InElementRole
+            ],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def not_like(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def notlike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def not_ilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def notilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def is_(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def is_not(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def isnot(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def startswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def istartswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def endswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def iendswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def icontains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def match(self, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def regexp_match(
+            self, pattern: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def regexp_replace(
+            self, pattern: Any, replacement: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        def desc(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def asc(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nulls_first(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nullsfirst(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nulls_last(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nullslast(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def collate(self, collation: str) -> CollationClause: ...
+
+        def between(
+            self, cleft: Any, cright: Any, symmetric: bool = False
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def distinct(self: _SQO[_T_co]) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def any_(self) -> CollectionAggregate[Any]: ...
+
+        def all_(self) -> CollectionAggregate[Any]: ...
+
+        # numeric overloads.  These need more tweaking
+        # in particular they all need to have a variant for Optiona[_T]
+        # because Optional only applies to the data side, not the expression
+        # side
+
+        @overload
+        def __add__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __add__(
+            self: _SQO[str],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __radd__(self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __radd__(self: _SQO[str], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        def __radd__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __sub__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rsub__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mul__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmul__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rmul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mod__(self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmod__(self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __truediv__(
+            self: _SQO[int], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NUMERIC]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __truediv__(self: _SQO[_NT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rtruediv__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NUMERIC]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __floordiv__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rfloordiv__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+
+class SQLColumnExpression(
+    SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T_co], TypingOnly
+):
+    """A type that may be used to indicate any SQL column element or object
+    that acts in place of one.
+
+    :class:`.SQLColumnExpression` is a base of
+    :class:`.ColumnElement`, as well as within the bases of ORM elements
+    such as :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`, and may be used in :pep:`484`
+    typing to indicate arguments or return values that should behave
+    as column expressions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+_SQO = SQLCoreOperations
+
+
+class ColumnElement(
+    roles.ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole,
+    roles.StatementOptionRole,
+    roles.WhereHavingRole,
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[_T],
+    roles.OrderByRole,
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    roles.LimitOffsetRole,
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLExpressionRole,
+    SQLColumnExpression[_T],
+    DQLDMLClauseElement,
+):
+    """Represent a column-oriented SQL expression suitable for usage in the
+    "columns" clause, WHERE clause etc. of a statement.
+
+    While the most familiar kind of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` is the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` object, :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    serves as the basis
+    for any unit that may be present in a SQL expression, including
+    the expressions themselves, SQL functions, bound parameters,
+    literal expressions, keywords such as ``NULL``, etc.
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    is the ultimate base class for all such elements.
+
+    A wide variety of SQLAlchemy Core functions work at the SQL expression
+    level, and are intended to accept instances of
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` as
+    arguments.  These functions will typically document that they accept a
+    "SQL expression" as an argument.  What this means in terms of SQLAlchemy
+    usually refers to an input which is either already in the form of a
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` object,
+    or a value which can be **coerced** into
+    one.  The coercion rules followed by most, but not all, SQLAlchemy Core
+    functions with regards to SQL expressions are as follows:
+
+        * a literal Python value, such as a string, integer or floating
+          point value, boolean, datetime, ``Decimal`` object, or virtually
+          any other Python object, will be coerced into a "literal bound
+          value".  This generally means that a :func:`.bindparam` will be
+          produced featuring the given value embedded into the construct; the
+          resulting :class:`.BindParameter` object is an instance of
+          :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+          The Python value will ultimately be sent
+          to the DBAPI at execution time as a parameterized argument to the
+          ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` methods, after SQLAlchemy
+          type-specific converters (e.g. those provided by any associated
+          :class:`.TypeEngine` objects) are applied to the value.
+
+        * any special object value, typically ORM-level constructs, which
+          feature an accessor called ``__clause_element__()``.  The Core
+          expression system looks for this method when an object of otherwise
+          unknown type is passed to a function that is looking to coerce the
+          argument into a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` and sometimes a
+          :class:`_expression.SelectBase` expression.
+          It is used within the ORM to
+          convert from ORM-specific objects like mapped classes and
+          mapped attributes into Core expression objects.
+
+        * The Python ``None`` value is typically interpreted as ``NULL``,
+          which in SQLAlchemy Core produces an instance of :func:`.null`.
+
+    A :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` provides the ability to generate new
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    objects using Python expressions.  This means that Python operators
+    such as ``==``, ``!=`` and ``<`` are overloaded to mimic SQL operations,
+    and allow the instantiation of further :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    instances
+    which are composed from other, more fundamental
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    objects.  For example, two :class:`.ColumnClause` objects can be added
+    together with the addition operator ``+`` to produce
+    a :class:`.BinaryExpression`.
+    Both :class:`.ColumnClause` and :class:`.BinaryExpression` are subclasses
+    of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column('a') + column('b')
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression object at 0x101029dd0>
+        >>> print(column('a') + column('b'))
+        {printsql}a + b
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "column_element"
+
+    primary_key: bool = False
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]
+    _is_column_element = True
+    _insert_sentinel: bool = False
+    _omit_from_statements = False
+    _is_collection_aggregate = False
+
+    foreign_keys: AbstractSet[ForeignKey] = frozenset()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _proxies(self) -> List[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return []
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The named label that can be used to target
+        this column in a result set in a "table qualified" context.
+
+        This label is almost always the label used when
+        rendering <expr> AS <label> in a SELECT statement when using
+        the LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL label style, which is what the
+        legacy ORM ``Query`` object uses as well.
+
+        For a regular Column bound to a Table, this is typically the label
+        <tablename>_<columnname>.  For other constructs, different rules
+        may apply, such as anonymized labels and others.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.21 renamed from ``._label``
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The 'key' that in some circumstances refers to this object in a
+    Python namespace.
+
+    This typically refers to the "key" of the column as present in the
+    ``.c`` collection of a selectable, e.g. ``sometable.c["somekey"]`` would
+    return a :class:`_schema.Column` with a ``.key`` of "somekey".
+
+    """
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _tq_key_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """A label-based version of 'key' that in some circumstances refers
+        to this object in a Python namespace.
+
+
+        _tq_key_label comes into play when a select() statement is constructed
+        with apply_labels(); in this case, all Column objects in the ``.c``
+        collection are rendered as <tablename>_<columnname> in SQL; this is
+        essentially the value of ._label. But to locate those columns in the
+        ``.c`` collection, the name is along the lines of <tablename>_<key>;
+        that's the typical value of .key_label.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.21 renamed from ``._key_label``
+
+        """
+        return self._proxy_key
+
+    @property
+    def _key_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """legacy; renamed to _tq_key_label"""
+        return self._tq_key_label
+
+    @property
+    def _label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """legacy; renamed to _tq_label"""
+        return self._tq_label
+
+    @property
+    def _non_anon_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """the 'name' that naturally applies this element when rendered in
+        SQL.
+
+        Concretely, this is the "name" of a column or a label in a
+        SELECT statement; ``<columnname>`` and ``<labelname>`` below::
+
+            SELECT <columnmame> FROM table
+
+            SELECT column AS <labelname> FROM table
+
+        Above, the two names noted will be what's present in the DBAPI
+        ``cursor.description`` as the names.
+
+        If this attribute returns ``None``, it means that the SQL element as
+        written does not have a 100% fully predictable "name" that would appear
+        in the ``cursor.description``. Examples include SQL functions, CAST
+        functions, etc. While such things do return names in
+        ``cursor.description``, they are only predictable on a
+        database-specific basis; e.g. an expression like ``MAX(table.col)`` may
+        appear as the string ``max`` on one database (like PostgreSQL) or may
+        appear as the whole expression ``max(table.col)`` on SQLite.
+
+        The default implementation looks for a ``.name`` attribute on the
+        object, as has been the precedent established in SQLAlchemy for many
+        years.  An exception is made on the ``FunctionElement`` subclass
+        so that the return value is always ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.21
+
+
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self, "name", None)
+
+    _render_label_in_columns_clause = True
+    """A flag used by select._columns_plus_names that helps to determine
+    we are actually going to render in terms of "SELECT <col> AS <label>".
+    This flag can be returned as False for some Column objects that want
+    to be rendered as simple "SELECT <col>"; typically columns that don't have
+    any parent table and are named the same as what the label would be
+    in any case.
+
+    """
+
+    _allow_label_resolve = True
+    """A flag that can be flipped to prevent a column from being resolvable
+    by string label name.
+
+    The joined eager loader strategy in the ORM uses this, for example.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_implicitly_boolean = False
+
+    _alt_names: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @overload
+    def self_group(self, against: None = None) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if (
+            against in (operators.and_, operators.or_, operators._asbool)
+            and self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity
+        ):
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.is_true, operators.is_false)
+        elif against in (operators.any_op, operators.all_op):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @overload
+    def _negate(self: ColumnElement[bool]) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _negate(self: ColumnElement[_T]) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+    def _negate(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity:
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.is_false, operators.is_true)
+        else:
+            grouped = self.self_group(against=operators.inv)
+            assert isinstance(grouped, ColumnElement)
+            return UnaryExpression(
+                grouped, operator=operators.inv, wraps_column_expression=True
+            )
+
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            # used for delayed setup of
+            # type_api
+            return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def comparator(self) -> TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]:
+        try:
+            comparator_factory = self.type.comparator_factory
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Object %r associated with '.type' attribute "
+                "is not a TypeEngine class or object" % self.type
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return comparator_factory(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Neither %r object nor %r object has an attribute %r"
+                % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    key,
+                )
+            ) from err
+
+    def operate(
+        self,
+        op: operators.OperatorType,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: operators.OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: operators.OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            None,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            type_=type_,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        """Return a column expression.
+
+        Part of the inspection interface; returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def base_columns(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return frozenset(c for c in self.proxy_set if not c._proxies)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def proxy_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """set of all columns we are proxying
+
+        as of 2.0 this is explicitly deannotated columns.  previously it was
+        effectively deannotated columns but wasn't enforced.  annotated
+        columns should basically not go into sets if at all possible because
+        their hashing behavior is very non-performant.
+
+        """
+        return frozenset([self._deannotate()]).union(
+            itertools.chain(*[c.proxy_set for c in self._proxies])
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expanded_proxy_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return frozenset(_expand_cloned(self.proxy_set))
+
+    def _uncached_proxy_list(self) -> List[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """An 'uncached' version of proxy set.
+
+        This list includes annotated columns which perform very poorly in
+        set operations.
+
+        """
+
+        return [self] + list(
+            itertools.chain(*[c._uncached_proxy_list() for c in self._proxies])
+        )
+
+    def shares_lineage(self, othercolumn: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        has a common ancestor to this :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`."""
+
+        return bool(self.proxy_set.intersection(othercolumn.proxy_set))
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given column element compares to this one
+        when targeting within a result row."""
+
+        return (
+            hasattr(other, "name")
+            and hasattr(self, "name")
+            and other.name == self.name
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _proxy_key(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._annotations and "proxy_key" in self._annotations:
+            return cast(str, self._annotations["proxy_key"])
+
+        name = self.key
+        if not name:
+            # there's a bit of a seeming contradiction which is that the
+            # "_non_anon_label" of a column can in fact be an
+            # "_anonymous_label"; this is when it's on a column that is
+            # proxying for an anonymous expression in a subquery.
+            name = self._non_anon_label
+
+        if isinstance(name, _anonymous_label):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _expression_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """a suggested label to use in the case that the column has no name,
+        which should be used if possible as the explicit 'AS <label>'
+        where this expression would normally have an anon label.
+
+        this is essentially mostly what _proxy_key does except it returns
+        None if the column has a normal name that can be used.
+
+        """
+
+        if getattr(self, "name", None) is not None:
+            return None
+        elif self._annotations and "proxy_key" in self._annotations:
+            return cast(str, self._annotations["proxy_key"])
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        """Create a new :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` representing this
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` as it appears in the select list of
+        a descending selectable.
+
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self._anon_name_label
+            if key is None:
+                key = self._proxy_key
+        else:
+            key = name
+
+        assert key is not None
+
+        co: ColumnClause[_T] = ColumnClause(
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name)
+                if name_is_truncatable
+                else name
+            ),
+            type_=getattr(self, "type", None),
+            _selectable=selectable,
+        )
+
+        co._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if compound_select_cols:
+            co._proxies = list(compound_select_cols)
+        else:
+            co._proxies = [self]
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            co._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(key)
+        return key, co
+
+    def cast(self, type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_OPT]) -> Cast[_OPT]:
+        """Produce a type cast, i.e. ``CAST(<expression> AS <type>)``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`_expression.cast` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+            :func:`_expression.cast`
+
+            :func:`_expression.type_coerce`
+
+        """
+        return Cast(self, type_)
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[_T]:
+        """Produce a column label, i.e. ``<columnname> AS <name>``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`_expression.label` function.
+
+        If 'name' is ``None``, an anonymous label name will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return Label(name, self, self.type)
+
+    def _anon_label(
+        self, seed: Optional[str], add_hash: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> _anonymous_label:
+        while self._is_clone_of is not None:
+            self = self._is_clone_of
+
+        # as of 1.4 anonymous label for ColumnElement uses hash(), not id(),
+        # as the identifier, because a column and its annotated version are
+        # the same thing in a SQL statement
+        hash_value = hash(self)
+
+        if add_hash:
+            # this path is used for disambiguating anon labels that would
+            # otherwise be the same name for the same element repeated.
+            # an additional numeric value is factored in for each label.
+
+            # shift hash(self) (which is id(self), typically 8 byte integer)
+            # 16 bits leftward.  fill extra add_hash on right
+            assert add_hash < (2 << 15)
+            assert seed
+            hash_value = (hash_value << 16) | add_hash
+
+            # extra underscore is added for labels with extra hash
+            # values, to isolate the "deduped anon" namespace from the
+            # regular namespace.  eliminates chance of these
+            # manufactured hash values overlapping with regular ones for some
+            # undefined python interpreter
+            seed = seed + "_"
+
+        if isinstance(seed, _anonymous_label):
+            return _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                hash_value, "", enclosing_label=seed
+            )
+
+        return _anonymous_label.safe_construct(hash_value, seed or "anon")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_name_label(self) -> str:
+        """Provides a constant 'anonymous label' for this ColumnElement.
+
+        This is a label() expression which will be named at compile time.
+        The same label() is returned each time ``anon_label`` is called so
+        that expressions can reference ``anon_label`` multiple times,
+        producing the same label name at compile time.
+
+        The compiler uses this function automatically at compile time
+        for expressions that are known to be 'unnamed' like binary
+        expressions and function calls.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.9 - this attribute was not intended to be
+           public and is renamed to _anon_name_label.  anon_name exists
+           for backwards compat
+
+        """
+        name = getattr(self, "name", None)
+        return self._anon_label(name)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_key_label(self) -> _anonymous_label:
+        """Provides a constant 'anonymous key label' for this ColumnElement.
+
+        Compare to ``anon_label``, except that the "key" of the column,
+        if available, is used to generate the label.
+
+        This is used when a deduplicating key is placed into the columns
+        collection of a selectable.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.9 - this attribute was not intended to be
+           public and is renamed to _anon_key_label.  anon_key_label exists
+           for backwards compat
+
+        """
+        return self._anon_label(self._proxy_key)
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.ColumnElement.anon_label` attribute is now "
+        "private, and the public accessor is deprecated.",
+    )
+    def anon_label(self) -> str:
+        return self._anon_name_label
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.ColumnElement.anon_key_label` attribute is "
+        "now private, and the public accessor is deprecated.",
+    )
+    def anon_key_label(self) -> str:
+        return self._anon_key_label
+
+    def _dedupe_anon_label_idx(self, idx: int) -> str:
+        """label to apply to a column that is anon labeled, but repeated
+        in the SELECT, so that we have to make an "extra anon" label that
+        disambiguates it from the previous appearance.
+
+        these labels come out like "foo_bar_id__1" and have double underscores
+        in them.
+
+        """
+        label = getattr(self, "name", None)
+
+        # current convention is that if the element doesn't have a
+        # ".name" (usually because it is not NamedColumn), we try to
+        # use a "table qualified" form for the "dedupe anon" label,
+        # based on the notion that a label like
+        # "CAST(casttest.v1 AS DECIMAL) AS casttest_v1__1" looks better than
+        # "CAST(casttest.v1 AS DECIMAL) AS anon__1"
+
+        if label is None:
+            return self._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(idx)
+        else:
+            return self._anon_label(label, add_hash=idx)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_tq_label(self) -> _anonymous_label:
+        return self._anon_label(getattr(self, "_tq_label", None))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_tq_key_label(self) -> _anonymous_label:
+        return self._anon_label(getattr(self, "_tq_key_label", None))
+
+    def _dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(self, idx: int) -> _anonymous_label:
+        label = getattr(self, "_tq_label", None) or "anon"
+
+        return self._anon_label(label, add_hash=idx)
+
+
+class KeyedColumnElement(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """ColumnElement where ``.key`` is non-None."""
+
+    _is_keyed_column_element = True
+
+    key: str
+
+
+class WrapsColumnExpression(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Mixin that defines a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    as a wrapper with special
+    labeling behavior for an expression that already has a name.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`change_4449`
+
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+        if hasattr(wce, "_tq_label"):
+            return wce._tq_label
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def _label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._tq_label
+
+    @property
+    def _non_anon_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _anon_name_label(self) -> str:
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+
+        # this logic tries to get the WrappedColumnExpression to render
+        # with "<expr> AS <name>", where "<name>" is the natural name
+        # within the expression itself.   e.g. "CAST(table.foo) AS foo".
+        if not wce._is_text_clause:
+            nal = wce._non_anon_label
+            if nal:
+                return nal
+            elif hasattr(wce, "_anon_name_label"):
+                return wce._anon_name_label
+        return super()._anon_name_label
+
+    def _dedupe_anon_label_idx(self, idx: int) -> str:
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+        nal = wce._non_anon_label
+        if nal:
+            return self._anon_label(nal + "_")
+        else:
+            return self._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(idx)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxy_key(self):
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+
+        if not wce._is_text_clause:
+            return wce._proxy_key
+        return super()._proxy_key
+
+
+class BindParameter(roles.InElementRole, KeyedColumnElement[_T]):
+    r"""Represent a "bound expression".
+
+    :class:`.BindParameter` is invoked explicitly using the
+    :func:`.bindparam` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            users_table.c.name == bindparam("username")
+        )
+
+    Detailed discussion of how :class:`.BindParameter` is used is
+    at :func:`.bindparam`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.bindparam`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "bindparam"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("key", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("callable", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        ("value", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("literal_execute", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    key: str
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+    value: Optional[_T]
+
+    _is_crud = False
+    _is_bind_parameter = True
+    _key_is_anon = False
+
+    # bindparam implements its own _gen_cache_key() method however
+    # we check subclasses for this flag, else no cache key is generated
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        key: Optional[str],
+        value: Any = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        unique: bool = False,
+        required: Union[bool, Literal[_NoArg.NO_ARG]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        callable_: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        isoutparam: bool = False,
+        literal_execute: bool = False,
+        _compared_to_operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        _compared_to_type: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]] = None,
+        _is_crud: bool = False,
+    ):
+        if required is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            required = value is _NoArg.NO_ARG and callable_ is None
+        if value is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            value = None
+
+        if quote is not None:
+            key = quoted_name.construct(key, quote)
+
+        if unique:
+            self.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self),
+                (
+                    key
+                    if key is not None
+                    and not isinstance(key, _anonymous_label)
+                    else "param"
+                ),
+                sanitize_key=True,
+            )
+            self._key_is_anon = True
+        elif key:
+            self.key = key
+        else:
+            self.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), "param")
+            self._key_is_anon = True
+
+        # identifying key that won't change across
+        # clones, used to identify the bind's logical
+        # identity
+        self._identifying_key = self.key
+
+        # key that was passed in the first place, used to
+        # generate new keys
+        self._orig_key = key or "param"
+
+        self.unique = unique
+        self.value = value
+        self.callable = callable_
+        self.isoutparam = isoutparam
+        self.required = required
+
+        # indicate an "expanding" parameter; the compiler sets this
+        # automatically in the compiler _render_in_expr_w_bindparam method
+        # for an IN expression
+        self.expanding = expanding
+
+        # this is another hint to help w/ expanding and is typically
+        # set in the compiler _render_in_expr_w_bindparam method for an
+        # IN expression
+        self.expand_op = None
+
+        self.literal_execute = literal_execute
+        if _is_crud:
+            self._is_crud = True
+
+        if type_ is None:
+            if expanding:
+                if value:
+                    check_value = value[0]
+                else:
+                    check_value = type_api._NO_VALUE_IN_LIST
+            else:
+                check_value = value
+            if _compared_to_type is not None:
+                self.type = _compared_to_type.coerce_compared_value(
+                    _compared_to_operator, check_value
+                )
+            else:
+                self.type = type_api._resolve_value_to_type(check_value)
+        elif isinstance(type_, type):
+            self.type = type_()
+        elif is_tuple_type(type_):
+            if value:
+                if expanding:
+                    check_value = value[0]
+                else:
+                    check_value = value
+                cast("BindParameter[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]", self).type = (
+                    type_._resolve_values_to_types(check_value)
+                )
+            else:
+                cast("BindParameter[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]", self).type = (
+                    type_
+                )
+        else:
+            self.type = type_
+
+    def _with_value(self, value, maintain_key=False, required=NO_ARG):
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`.BindParameter` with the given value
+        set.
+        """
+        cloned = self._clone(maintain_key=maintain_key)
+        cloned.value = value
+        cloned.callable = None
+        cloned.required = required if required is not NO_ARG else self.required
+        if cloned.type is type_api.NULLTYPE:
+            cloned.type = type_api._resolve_value_to_type(value)
+        return cloned
+
+    @property
+    def effective_value(self) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Return the value of this bound parameter,
+        taking into account if the ``callable`` parameter
+        was set.
+
+        The ``callable`` value will be evaluated
+        and returned if present, else ``value``.
+
+        """
+        if self.callable:
+            # TODO: set up protocol for bind parameter callable
+            return self.callable()  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self.value
+
+    def render_literal_execute(self) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        """Produce a copy of this bound parameter that will enable the
+        :paramref:`_sql.BindParameter.literal_execute` flag.
+
+        The :paramref:`_sql.BindParameter.literal_execute` flag will
+        have the effect of the parameter rendered in the compiled SQL
+        string using ``[POSTCOMPILE]`` form, which is a special form that
+        is converted to be a rendering of the literal value of the parameter
+        at SQL execution time.    The rationale is to support caching
+        of SQL statement strings that can embed per-statement literal values,
+        such as LIMIT and OFFSET parameters, in the final SQL string that
+        is passed to the DBAPI.   Dialects in particular may want to use
+        this method within custom compilation schemes.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.5
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_thirdparty_caching`
+
+        """
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self)
+        c.literal_execute = True
+        return c
+
+    def _negate_in_binary(self, negated_op, original_op):
+        if self.expand_op is original_op:
+            bind = self._clone()
+            bind.expand_op = negated_op
+            return bind
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self)
+        c.type = type_
+        return c
+
+    def _clone(self, maintain_key: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self, **kw)
+        # ensure all the BindParameter objects stay in cloned set.
+        # in #7823, we changed "clone" so that a clone only keeps a reference
+        # to the "original" element, since for column correspondence, that's
+        # all we need.   However, for BindParam, _cloned_set is used by
+        # the "cache key bind match" lookup, which means if any of those
+        # interim BindParameter objects became part of a cache key in the
+        # cache, we need it.  So here, make sure all clones keep carrying
+        # forward.
+        c._cloned_set.update(self._cloned_set)
+        if not maintain_key and self.unique:
+            c.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(c), c._orig_key or "param", sanitize_key=True
+            )
+        return c
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        _gen_cache_ok = self.__class__.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", False)
+
+        if not _gen_cache_ok:
+            if anon_map is not None:
+                anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+            return None
+
+        id_, found = anon_map.get_anon(self)
+        if found:
+            return (id_, self.__class__)
+
+        if bindparams is not None:
+            bindparams.append(self)
+
+        return (
+            id_,
+            self.__class__,
+            self.type._static_cache_key,
+            self.key % anon_map if self._key_is_anon else self.key,
+            self.literal_execute,
+        )
+
+    def _convert_to_unique(self):
+        if not self.unique:
+            self.unique = True
+            self.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), self._orig_key or "param", sanitize_key=True
+            )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """execute a deferred value for serialization purposes."""
+
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        v = self.value
+        if self.callable:
+            v = self.callable()
+            d["callable"] = None
+        d["value"] = v
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        if state.get("unique", False):
+            state["key"] = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), state.get("_orig_key", "param"), sanitize_key=True
+            )
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r, %r, type_=%r)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.key,
+            self.value,
+            self.type,
+        )
+
+
+class TypeClause(DQLDMLClauseElement):
+    """Handle a type keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    Used by the ``Case`` statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "typeclause"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, type_):
+        self.type = type_
+
+
+class TextClause(
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLExpressionRole,
+    roles.StatementOptionRole,
+    roles.WhereHavingRole,
+    roles.OrderByRole,
+    roles.FromClauseRole,
+    roles.SelectStatementRole,
+    roles.InElementRole,
+    Generative,
+    Executable,
+    DQLDMLClauseElement,
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[Any],
+    inspection.Inspectable["TextClause"],
+):
+    """Represent a literal SQL text fragment.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+        result = connection.execute(t)
+
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TextClause` construct is produced using the
+    :func:`_expression.text`
+    function; see that function for full documentation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "textclause"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_bindparams", InternalTraversal.dp_string_clauseelement_dict),
+        ("text", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    _is_text_clause = True
+
+    _is_textual = True
+
+    _bind_params_regex = re.compile(r"(?<![:\w\x5c]):(\w+)(?!:)", re.UNICODE)
+    _is_implicitly_boolean = False
+
+    _render_label_in_columns_clause = False
+
+    _omit_from_statements = False
+
+    _is_collection_aggregate = False
+
+    @property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return ()
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        # support use in select.where(), query.filter()
+        return and_(self, other)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    # help in those cases where text() is
+    # interpreted in a column expression situation
+    key: Optional[str] = None
+    _label: Optional[str] = None
+
+    _allow_label_resolve = False
+
+    @property
+    def _is_star(self):
+        return self.text == "*"
+
+    def __init__(self, text: str):
+        self._bindparams: Dict[str, BindParameter[Any]] = {}
+
+        def repl(m):
+            self._bindparams[m.group(1)] = BindParameter(m.group(1))
+            return ":%s" % m.group(1)
+
+        # scan the string and search for bind parameter names, add them
+        # to the list of bindparams
+        self.text = self._bind_params_regex.sub(repl, text)
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(
+        self,
+        *binds: BindParameter[Any],
+        **names_to_values: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Establish the values and/or types of bound parameters within
+        this :class:`_expression.TextClause` construct.
+
+        Given a text construct such as::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                        "AND timestamp=:timestamp")
+
+        the :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        method can be used to establish
+        the initial value of ``:name`` and ``:timestamp``,
+        using simple keyword arguments::
+
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(name='jack',
+                        timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5))
+
+        Where above, new :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        will be generated with the names ``name`` and ``timestamp``, and
+        values of ``jack`` and ``datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)``,
+        respectively.  The types will be
+        inferred from the values given, in this case :class:`.String` and
+        :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        When specific typing behavior is needed, the positional ``*binds``
+        argument can be used in which to specify :func:`.bindparam` constructs
+        directly.  These constructs must include at least the ``key``
+        argument, then an optional value and type::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                            bindparam('name', value='jack', type_=String),
+                            bindparam('timestamp', type_=DateTime)
+                        )
+
+        Above, we specified the type of :class:`.DateTime` for the
+        ``timestamp`` bind, and the type of :class:`.String` for the ``name``
+        bind.  In the case of ``name`` we also set the default value of
+        ``"jack"``.
+
+        Additional bound parameters can be supplied at statement execution
+        time, e.g.::
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt,
+                        timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5))
+
+        The :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        method can be called repeatedly,
+        where it will re-use existing :class:`.BindParameter` objects to add
+        new information.  For example, we can call
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        first with typing information, and a
+        second time with value information, and it will be combined::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                        "AND timestamp=:timestamp")
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                bindparam('name', type_=String),
+                bindparam('timestamp', type_=DateTime)
+            )
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                name='jack',
+                timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)
+            )
+
+        The :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        method also supports the concept of
+        **unique** bound parameters.  These are parameters that are
+        "uniquified" on name at statement compilation time, so that  multiple
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+        constructs may be combined together without the names
+        conflicting.  To use this feature, specify the
+        :paramref:`.BindParameter.unique` flag on each :func:`.bindparam`
+        object::
+
+            stmt1 = text("select id from table where name=:name").bindparams(
+                bindparam("name", value='name1', unique=True)
+            )
+            stmt2 = text("select id from table where name=:name").bindparams(
+                bindparam("name", value='name2', unique=True)
+            )
+
+            union = union_all(
+                stmt1.columns(column("id")),
+                stmt2.columns(column("id"))
+            )
+
+        The above statement will render as::
+
+            select id from table where name=:name_1
+            UNION ALL select id from table where name=:name_2
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.11  Added support for the
+           :paramref:`.BindParameter.unique` flag to work with
+           :func:`_expression.text`
+           constructs.
+
+        """
+        self._bindparams = new_params = self._bindparams.copy()
+
+        for bind in binds:
+            try:
+                # the regex used for text() currently will not match
+                # a unique/anonymous key in any case, so use the _orig_key
+                # so that a text() construct can support unique parameters
+                existing = new_params[bind._orig_key]
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % bind._orig_key
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                new_params[existing._orig_key] = bind
+
+        for key, value in names_to_values.items():
+            try:
+                existing = new_params[key]
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % key
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                new_params[key] = existing._with_value(value, required=False)
+        return self
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.selectable")
+    def columns(
+        self, *cols: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **types: TypeEngine[Any]
+    ) -> TextualSelect:
+        r"""Turn this :class:`_expression.TextClause` object into a
+        :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+        object that serves the same role as a SELECT
+        statement.
+
+        The :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` is part of the
+        :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+        hierarchy and can be embedded into another statement by using the
+        :meth:`_expression.TextualSelect.subquery` method to produce a
+        :class:`.Subquery`
+        object, which can then be SELECTed from.
+
+        This function essentially bridges the gap between an entirely
+        textual SELECT statement and the SQL expression language concept
+        of a "selectable"::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column, text
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(column('id'), column('name')).subquery('st')
+
+            stmt = select(mytable).\
+                    select_from(
+                        mytable.join(stmt, mytable.c.name == stmt.c.name)
+                    ).where(stmt.c.id > 5)
+
+        Above, we pass a series of :func:`_expression.column` elements to the
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` method positionally.  These
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+        elements now become first class elements upon the
+        :attr:`_expression.TextualSelect.selected_columns` column collection,
+        which then
+        become part of the :attr:`.Subquery.c` collection after
+        :meth:`_expression.TextualSelect.subquery` is invoked.
+
+        The column expressions we pass to
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` may
+        also be typed; when we do so, these :class:`.TypeEngine` objects become
+        the effective return type of the column, so that SQLAlchemy's
+        result-set-processing systems may be used on the return values.
+        This is often needed for types such as date or boolean types, as well
+        as for unicode processing on some dialect configurations::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                        column('id', Integer),
+                        column('name', Unicode),
+                        column('timestamp', DateTime)
+                    )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        As a shortcut to the above syntax, keyword arguments referring to
+        types alone may be used, if only type conversion is needed::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                        id=Integer,
+                        name=Unicode,
+                        timestamp=DateTime
+                    )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        The positional form of :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`
+        also provides the
+        unique feature of **positional column targeting**, which is
+        particularly useful when using the ORM with complex textual queries. If
+        we specify the columns from our model to
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`,
+        the result set will match to those columns positionally, meaning the
+        name or origin of the column in the textual SQL doesn't matter::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT users.id, addresses.id, users.id, "
+                 "users.name, addresses.email_address AS email "
+                 "FROM users JOIN addresses ON users.id=addresses.user_id "
+                 "WHERE users.id = 1").columns(
+                    User.id,
+                    Address.id,
+                    Address.user_id,
+                    User.name,
+                    Address.email_address
+                 )
+
+            query = session.query(User).from_statement(stmt).options(
+                contains_eager(User.addresses))
+
+        The :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` method provides a direct
+        route to calling :meth:`_expression.FromClause.subquery` as well as
+        :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.cte`
+        against a textual SELECT statement::
+
+            stmt = stmt.columns(id=Integer, name=String).cte('st')
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.id == stmt.c.id)
+
+        :param \*cols: A series of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects,
+         typically
+         :class:`_schema.Column` objects from a :class:`_schema.Table`
+         or ORM level
+         column-mapped attributes, representing a set of columns that this
+         textual string will SELECT from.
+
+        :param \**types: A mapping of string names to :class:`.TypeEngine`
+         type objects indicating the datatypes to use for names that are
+         SELECTed from the textual string.  Prefer to use the ``*cols``
+         argument as it also indicates positional ordering.
+
+        """
+        selectable = util.preloaded.sql_selectable
+
+        input_cols: List[NamedColumn[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, col) for col in cols
+        ]
+
+        positional_input_cols = [
+            (
+                ColumnClause(col.key, types.pop(col.key))
+                if col.key in types
+                else col
+            )
+            for col in input_cols
+        ]
+        keyed_input_cols: List[NamedColumn[Any]] = [
+            ColumnClause(key, type_) for key, type_ in types.items()
+        ]
+
+        elem = selectable.TextualSelect.__new__(selectable.TextualSelect)
+        elem._init(
+            self,
+            positional_input_cols + keyed_input_cols,
+            positional=bool(positional_input_cols) and not keyed_input_cols,
+        )
+        return elem
+
+    @property
+    def type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @property
+    def comparator(self):
+        # TODO: this seems wrong, it seems like we might not
+        # be using this method.
+        return self.type.comparator_factory(self)  # type: ignore
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[Any]]:
+        if against is operators.in_op:
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class Null(SingletonConstant, roles.ConstExprRole[None], ColumnElement[None]):
+    """Represent the NULL keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.Null` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.null` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "null"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = []
+    _singleton: Null
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls) -> Null:
+        """Return a constant :class:`.Null` construct."""
+
+        return Null._singleton
+
+
+Null._create_singleton()
+
+
+class False_(
+    SingletonConstant, roles.ConstExprRole[bool], ColumnElement[bool]
+):
+    """Represent the ``false`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.False_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.false` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "false"
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = []
+    _singleton: False_
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self) -> True_:
+        return True_._singleton
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls) -> False_:
+        return False_._singleton
+
+
+False_._create_singleton()
+
+
+class True_(SingletonConstant, roles.ConstExprRole[bool], ColumnElement[bool]):
+    """Represent the ``true`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.True_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.true` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "true"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = []
+    _singleton: True_
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self) -> False_:
+        return False_._singleton
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ifnone(
+        cls, other: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if other is None:
+            return cls._instance()
+        else:
+            return other
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls) -> True_:
+        return True_._singleton
+
+
+True_._create_singleton()
+
+
+class ClauseList(
+    roles.InElementRole,
+    roles.OrderByRole,
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    DQLDMLClauseElement,
+):
+    """Describe a list of clauses, separated by an operator.
+
+    By default, is comma-separated, such as a column listing.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "clauselist"
+
+    # this is used only by the ORM in a legacy use case for
+    # composite attributes
+    _is_clause_list = True
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+    ]
+
+    clauses: List[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        operator: OperatorType = operators.comma_op,
+        group: bool = True,
+        group_contents: bool = True,
+        _literal_as_text_role: Type[roles.SQLRole] = roles.WhereHavingRole,
+    ):
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.group = group
+        self.group_contents = group_contents
+        clauses_iterator: Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]] = clauses
+        text_converter_role: Type[roles.SQLRole] = _literal_as_text_role
+        self._text_converter_role = text_converter_role
+
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    text_converter_role, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                ).self_group(against=self.operator)
+                for clause in clauses_iterator
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.clauses = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    text_converter_role, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                )
+                for clause in clauses_iterator
+            ]
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = operators.is_boolean(self.operator)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_raw(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        clauses: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+    ) -> ClauseList:
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.clauses = list(clauses) if clauses else []
+        self.group = True
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.group_contents = True
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = False
+        return self
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return iter(self.clauses)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            [elem._select_iterable for elem in self.clauses]
+        )
+
+    def append(self, clause):
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses.append(
+                coercions.expect(self._text_converter_role, clause).self_group(
+                    against=self.operator
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            self.clauses.append(
+                coercions.expect(self._text_converter_role, clause)
+            )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[c._from_objects for c in self.clauses]))
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[Any]]:
+        if self.group and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class OperatorExpression(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """base for expressions that contain an operator and operands
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    operator: OperatorType
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+
+    group: bool = True
+
+    @property
+    def is_comparison(self):
+        return operators.is_comparison(self.operator)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if (
+            self.group
+            and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against)
+            or (
+                # a negate against a non-boolean operator
+                # doesn't make too much sense but we should
+                # group for that
+                against is operators.inv
+                and not operators.is_boolean(self.operator)
+            )
+        ):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def _flattened_operator_clauses(
+        self,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_op(
+        cls,
+        left: ColumnElement[Any],
+        right: ColumnElement[Any],
+        op: OperatorType,
+        *,
+        type_: TypeEngine[_T],
+        negate: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        modifiers: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> OperatorExpression[_T]:
+        if operators.is_associative(op):
+            assert (
+                negate is None
+            ), f"negate not supported for associative operator {op}"
+
+            multi = False
+            if getattr(
+                left, "operator", None
+            ) is op and type_._compare_type_affinity(left.type):
+                multi = True
+                left_flattened = left._flattened_operator_clauses
+            else:
+                left_flattened = (left,)
+
+            if getattr(
+                right, "operator", None
+            ) is op and type_._compare_type_affinity(right.type):
+                multi = True
+                right_flattened = right._flattened_operator_clauses
+            else:
+                right_flattened = (right,)
+
+            if multi:
+                return ExpressionClauseList._construct_for_list(
+                    op,
+                    type_,
+                    *(left_flattened + right_flattened),
+                )
+
+        if right._is_collection_aggregate:
+            negate = None
+
+        return BinaryExpression(
+            left, right, op, type_=type_, negate=negate, modifiers=modifiers
+        )
+
+
+class ExpressionClauseList(OperatorExpression[_T]):
+    """Describe a list of clauses, separated by an operator,
+    in a column expression context.
+
+    :class:`.ExpressionClauseList` differs from :class:`.ClauseList` in that
+    it represents a column-oriented DQL expression only, not an open ended
+    list of anything comma separated.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "expression_clauselist"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+    ]
+
+    clauses: typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]
+
+    group: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.operator = operator
+
+        self.clauses = tuple(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for clause in clauses
+        )
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = operators.is_boolean(self.operator)
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def _flattened_operator_clauses(
+        self,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]:
+        return self.clauses
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return iter(self.clauses)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[c._from_objects for c in self.clauses]))
+
+    def _append_inplace(self, clause: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self.clauses += (clause,)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_list(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        type_: TypeEngine[_T],
+        *clauses: ColumnElement[Any],
+        group: bool = True,
+    ) -> ExpressionClauseList[_T]:
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.group = group
+        if group:
+            self.clauses = tuple(
+                c.self_group(against=operator) for c in clauses
+            )
+        else:
+            self.clauses = clauses
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.type = type_
+        return self
+
+    def _negate(self) -> Any:
+        grouped = self.self_group(against=operators.inv)
+        assert isinstance(grouped, ColumnElement)
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            grouped, operator=operators.inv, wraps_column_expression=True
+        )
+
+
+class BooleanClauseList(ExpressionClauseList[bool]):
+    __visit_name__ = "expression_clauselist"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "BooleanClauseList has a private constructor"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _process_clauses_for_boolean(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        continue_on: Any,
+        skip_on: Any,
+        clauses: Iterable[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[int, List[ColumnElement[Any]]]:
+        has_continue_on = None
+
+        convert_clauses = []
+
+        against = operators._asbool
+        lcc = 0
+
+        for clause in clauses:
+            if clause is continue_on:
+                # instance of continue_on, like and_(x, y, True, z), store it
+                # if we didn't find one already, we will use it if there
+                # are no other expressions here.
+                has_continue_on = clause
+            elif clause is skip_on:
+                # instance of skip_on, e.g. and_(x, y, False, z), cancels
+                # the rest out
+                convert_clauses = [clause]
+                lcc = 1
+                break
+            else:
+                if not lcc:
+                    lcc = 1
+                else:
+                    against = operator
+                    # technically this would be len(convert_clauses) + 1
+                    # however this only needs to indicate "greater than one"
+                    lcc = 2
+                convert_clauses.append(clause)
+
+        if not convert_clauses and has_continue_on is not None:
+            convert_clauses = [has_continue_on]
+            lcc = 1
+
+        return lcc, [c.self_group(against=against) for c in convert_clauses]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        continue_on: Any,
+        skip_on: Any,
+        initial_clause: Any = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if initial_clause is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            # no elements period.  deprecated use case.  return an empty
+            # ClauseList construct that generates nothing unless it has
+            # elements added to it.
+            name = operator.__name__
+
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                f"Invoking {name}() without arguments is deprecated, and "
+                f"will be disallowed in a future release.   For an empty "
+                f"""{name}() construct, use '{name}({
+                    'true()' if continue_on is True_._singleton else 'false()'
+                }, *args)' """
+                f"""or '{name}({
+                    'True' if continue_on is True_._singleton else 'False'
+                }, *args)'.""",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            return cls._construct_raw(operator)
+
+        lcc, convert_clauses = cls._process_clauses_for_boolean(
+            operator,
+            continue_on,
+            skip_on,
+            [
+                coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, clause)
+                for clause in util.coerce_generator_arg(
+                    (initial_clause,) + clauses
+                )
+            ],
+        )
+
+        if lcc > 1:
+            # multiple elements.  Return regular BooleanClauseList
+            # which will link elements against the operator.
+
+            flattened_clauses = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                (
+                    (c for c in to_flat._flattened_operator_clauses)
+                    if getattr(to_flat, "operator", None) is operator
+                    else (to_flat,)
+                )
+                for to_flat in convert_clauses
+            )
+
+            return cls._construct_raw(operator, flattened_clauses)  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            assert lcc
+            # just one element.  return it as a single boolean element,
+            # not a list and discard the operator.
+            return convert_clauses[0]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_whereclause(
+        cls, clauses: Iterable[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]:
+        operator, continue_on, skip_on = (
+            operators.and_,
+            True_._singleton,
+            False_._singleton,
+        )
+
+        lcc, convert_clauses = cls._process_clauses_for_boolean(
+            operator,
+            continue_on,
+            skip_on,
+            clauses,  # these are assumed to be coerced already
+        )
+
+        if lcc > 1:
+            # multiple elements.  Return regular BooleanClauseList
+            # which will link elements against the operator.
+            return cls._construct_raw(operator, convert_clauses)
+        elif lcc == 1:
+            # just one element.  return it as a single boolean element,
+            # not a list and discard the operator.
+            return convert_clauses[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_raw(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        clauses: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+    ) -> BooleanClauseList:
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.clauses = tuple(clauses) if clauses else ()
+        self.group = True
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = True
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_(
+        cls,
+        initial_clause: Union[
+            Literal[True], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], _NoArg
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        r"""Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+        See :func:`_sql.and_` for full documentation.
+        """
+        return cls._construct(
+            operators.and_,
+            True_._singleton,
+            False_._singleton,
+            initial_clause,
+            *clauses,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def or_(
+        cls,
+        initial_clause: Union[
+            Literal[False], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], _NoArg
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+        See :func:`_sql.or_` for full documentation.
+        """
+        return cls._construct(
+            operators.or_,
+            False_._singleton,
+            True_._singleton,
+            initial_clause,
+            *clauses,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[bool]]:
+        if not self.clauses:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().self_group(against=against)
+
+
+and_ = BooleanClauseList.and_
+or_ = BooleanClauseList.or_
+
+
+class Tuple(ClauseList, ColumnElement[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]):
+    """Represent a SQL tuple."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "tuple"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        ClauseList._traverse_internals + []
+    )
+
+    type: TupleType
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        types: Optional[Sequence[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]]] = None,
+    ):
+        sqltypes = util.preloaded.sql_sqltypes
+
+        if types is None:
+            init_clauses: List[ColumnElement[Any]] = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, c)
+                for c in clauses
+            ]
+        else:
+            if len(types) != len(clauses):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Wrong number of elements for %d-tuple: %r "
+                    % (len(types), clauses)
+                )
+            init_clauses = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                    c,
+                    type_=typ if not typ._isnull else None,
+                )
+                for typ, c in zip(types, clauses)
+            ]
+
+        self.type = sqltypes.TupleType(*[arg.type for arg in init_clauses])
+        super().__init__(*init_clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj, type_=None, expanding=False):
+        if expanding:
+            return BindParameter(
+                None,
+                value=obj,
+                _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                unique=True,
+                expanding=True,
+                type_=type_,
+                _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            )
+        else:
+            return Tuple(
+                *[
+                    BindParameter(
+                        None,
+                        o,
+                        _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                        _compared_to_type=compared_to_type,
+                        unique=True,
+                        type_=type_,
+                    )
+                    for o, compared_to_type in zip(obj, self.type.types)
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        # Tuple is parenthesized by definition.
+        return self
+
+
+class Case(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Case` is produced using the :func:`.case` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).\
+                    where(
+                        case(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J'),
+                            else_='E'
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    Details on :class:`.Case` usage is at :func:`.case`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.case`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "case"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("value", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("whens", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuples),
+        ("else_", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    # for case(), the type is derived from the whens.  so for the moment
+    # users would have to cast() the case to get a specific type
+
+    whens: List[typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ColumnElement[_T]]]
+    else_: Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]
+    value: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *whens: Union[
+            typing_Tuple[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], Any],
+            Mapping[Any, Any],
+        ],
+        value: Optional[Any] = None,
+        else_: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ):
+        new_whens: Iterable[Any] = coercions._expression_collection_was_a_list(
+            "whens", "case", whens
+        )
+        try:
+            new_whens = util.dictlike_iteritems(new_whens)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        self.whens = [
+            (
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                    c,
+                    apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                ).self_group(),
+                coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, r),
+            )
+            for (c, r) in new_whens
+        ]
+
+        if value is None:
+            self.value = None
+        else:
+            self.value = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, value)
+
+        if else_ is not None:
+            self.else_ = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, else_)
+        else:
+            self.else_ = None
+
+        type_ = next(
+            (
+                then.type
+                # Iterate `whens` in reverse to match previous behaviour
+                # where type of final element took priority
+                for *_, then in reversed(self.whens)
+                if not then.type._isnull
+            ),
+            self.else_.type if self.else_ is not None else type_api.NULLTYPE,
+        )
+        self.type = cast(_T, type_)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(*[x._from_objects for x in self.get_children()])
+        )
+
+
+class Cast(WrapsColumnExpression[_T]):
+    """Represent a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Cast` is produced using the :func:`.cast` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select(cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4)))
+
+    Details on :class:`.Cast` usage is at :func:`.cast`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+        :func:`.try_cast`
+
+        :func:`.type_coerce` - an alternative to CAST that coerces the type
+        on the Python side only, which is often sufficient to generate the
+        correct SQL and data coercion.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "cast"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    clause: ColumnElement[Any]
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+    typeclause: TypeClause
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+    ):
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.clause = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expression,
+            type_=self.type,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+        )
+        self.typeclause = TypeClause(self.type)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.clause._from_objects
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self):
+        return self.clause
+
+
+class TryCast(Cast[_T]):
+    """Represent a TRY_CAST expression.
+
+    Details on :class:`.TryCast` usage is at :func:`.try_cast`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.try_cast`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "try_cast"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class TypeCoerce(WrapsColumnExpression[_T]):
+    """Represent a Python-side type-coercion wrapper.
+
+    :class:`.TypeCoerce` supplies the :func:`_expression.type_coerce`
+    function; see that function for usage details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.type_coerce`
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "type_coerce"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    clause: ColumnElement[Any]
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+    ):
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.clause = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expression,
+            type_=self.type,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.clause._from_objects
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def typed_expression(self):
+        if isinstance(self.clause, BindParameter):
+            bp = self.clause._clone()
+            bp.type = self.type
+            return bp
+        else:
+            return self.clause
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self):
+        return self.clause
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> TypeCoerce[_T]:
+        grouped = self.clause.self_group(against=against)
+        if grouped is not self.clause:
+            return TypeCoerce(grouped, self.type)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class Extract(ColumnElement[int]):
+    """Represent a SQL EXTRACT clause, ``extract(field FROM expr)``."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "extract"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("expr", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("field", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any]
+    field: str
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]):
+        self.type = type_api.INTEGERTYPE
+        self.field = field
+        self.expr = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.expr._from_objects
+
+
+class _label_reference(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Wrap a column expression as it appears in a 'reference' context.
+
+    This expression is any that includes an _order_by_label_element,
+    which is a Label, or a DESC / ASC construct wrapping a Label.
+
+    The production of _label_reference() should occur when an expression
+    is added to this context; this includes the ORDER BY or GROUP BY of a
+    SELECT statement, as well as a few other places, such as the ORDER BY
+    within an OVER clause.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "label_reference"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    element: ColumnElement[_T]
+
+    def __init__(self, element: ColumnElement[_T]):
+        self.element = element
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return []
+
+
+class _textual_label_reference(ColumnElement[Any]):
+    __visit_name__ = "textual_label_reference"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_string)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, element: str):
+        self.element = element
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _text_clause(self) -> TextClause:
+        return TextClause(self.element)
+
+
+class UnaryExpression(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Define a 'unary' expression.
+
+    A unary expression has a single column expression
+    and an operator.  The operator can be placed on the left
+    (where it is called the 'operator') or right (where it is called the
+    'modifier') of the column expression.
+
+    :class:`.UnaryExpression` is the basis for several unary operators
+    including those used by :func:`.desc`, :func:`.asc`, :func:`.distinct`,
+    :func:`.nulls_first` and :func:`.nulls_last`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unary"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("modifier", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+    ]
+
+    element: ClauseElement
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: ColumnElement[Any],
+        operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        modifier: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        wraps_column_expression: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.modifier = modifier
+        self._propagate_attrs = element._propagate_attrs
+        self.element = element.self_group(
+            against=self.operator or self.modifier
+        )
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.wraps_column_expression = wraps_column_expression
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nulls_first(
+        cls,
+        column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.nulls_first_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nulls_last(
+        cls,
+        column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.nulls_last_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_desc(
+        cls, column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T]
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.desc_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_asc(
+        cls,
+        column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.asc_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_distinct(
+        cls,
+        expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr
+        )
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.distinct_op,
+            type_=col_expr.type,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_bitwise_not(
+        cls,
+        expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr
+        )
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.bitwise_not_op,
+            type_=col_expr.type,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self) -> Optional[Label[Any]]:
+        if self.modifier in (operators.desc_op, operators.asc_op):
+            return self.element._order_by_label_element
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity:
+            return UnaryExpression(
+                self.self_group(against=operators.inv),
+                operator=operators.inv,
+                type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                wraps_column_expression=self.wraps_column_expression,
+            )
+        else:
+            return ClauseElement._negate(self)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if self.operator and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class CollectionAggregate(UnaryExpression[_T]):
+    """Forms the basis for right-hand collection operator modifiers
+    ANY and ALL.
+
+    The ANY and ALL keywords are available in different ways on different
+    backends.  On PostgreSQL, they only work for an ARRAY type.  On
+    MySQL, they only work for subqueries.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    _is_collection_aggregate = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_any(
+        cls, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]
+    ) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expr,
+        )
+        col_expr = col_expr.self_group()
+        return CollectionAggregate(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.any_op,
+            type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_all(
+        cls, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]
+    ) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expr,
+        )
+        col_expr = col_expr.self_group()
+        return CollectionAggregate(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.all_op,
+            type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    # operate and reverse_operate are hardwired to
+    # dispatch onto the type comparator directly, so that we can
+    # ensure "reversed" behavior.
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        if not operators.is_comparison(op):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Only comparison operators may be used with ANY/ALL"
+            )
+        kwargs["reverse"] = True
+        return self.comparator.operate(operators.mirror(op), *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        # comparison operators should never call reverse_operate
+        assert not operators.is_comparison(op)
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Only comparison operators may be used with ANY/ALL"
+        )
+
+
+class AsBoolean(WrapsColumnExpression[bool], UnaryExpression[bool]):
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, element, operator, negate):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.negate = negate
+        self.modifier = None
+        self.wraps_column_expression = True
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = element._is_implicitly_boolean
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self):
+        return self.element
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if isinstance(self.element, (True_, False_)):
+            return self.element._negate()
+        else:
+            return AsBoolean(self.element, self.negate, self.operator)
+
+
+class BinaryExpression(OperatorExpression[_T]):
+    """Represent an expression that is ``LEFT <operator> RIGHT``.
+
+    A :class:`.BinaryExpression` is generated automatically
+    whenever two column expressions are used in a Python binary expression:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column('a') + column('b')
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression object at 0x101029dd0>
+        >>> print(column('a') + column('b'))
+        {printsql}a + b
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "binary"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("left", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("right", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("negate", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("modifiers", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        (
+            "type",
+            InternalTraversal.dp_type,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("left", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("right", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("modifiers", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        # "type" affects JSON CAST operators, so while redundant in most cases,
+        # is needed for that one
+        (
+            "type",
+            InternalTraversal.dp_type,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    _is_implicitly_boolean = True
+    """Indicates that any database will know this is a boolean expression
+    even if the database does not have an explicit boolean datatype.
+
+    """
+
+    modifiers: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]
+
+    left: ColumnElement[Any]
+    right: ColumnElement[Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: ColumnElement[Any],
+        right: ColumnElement[Any],
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        negate: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        modifiers: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        # allow compatibility with libraries that
+        # refer to BinaryExpression directly and pass strings
+        if isinstance(operator, str):
+            operator = operators.custom_op(operator)
+        self._orig = (left.__hash__(), right.__hash__())
+        self._propagate_attrs = left._propagate_attrs or right._propagate_attrs
+        self.left = left.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.right = right.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.operator = operator
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.negate = negate
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = operators.is_boolean(operator)
+
+        if modifiers is None:
+            self.modifiers = {}
+        else:
+            self.modifiers = modifiers
+
+    @property
+    def _flattened_operator_clauses(
+        self,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]:
+        return (self.left, self.right)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Implement Python-side "bool" for BinaryExpression as a
+        simple "identity" check for the left and right attributes,
+        if the operator is "eq" or "ne".  Otherwise the expression
+        continues to not support "bool" like all other column expressions.
+
+        The rationale here is so that ColumnElement objects can be hashable.
+        What?  Well, suppose you do this::
+
+            c1, c2 = column('x'), column('y')
+            s1 = set([c1, c2])
+
+        We do that **a lot**, columns inside of sets is an extremely basic
+        thing all over the ORM for example.
+
+        So what happens if we do this? ::
+
+            c1 in s1
+
+        Hashing means it will normally use ``__hash__()`` of the object,
+        but in case of hash collision, it's going to also do ``c1 == c1``
+        and/or ``c1 == c2`` inside.  Those operations need to return a
+        True/False value.   But because we override ``==`` and ``!=``, they're
+        going to get a BinaryExpression.  Hence we implement ``__bool__`` here
+        so that these comparisons behave in this particular context mostly
+        like regular object comparisons.  Thankfully Python is OK with
+        that!  Otherwise we'd have to use special set classes for columns
+        (which we used to do, decades ago).
+
+        """
+        if self.operator in (operators.eq, operators.ne):
+            # this is using the eq/ne operator given int hash values,
+            # rather than Operator, so that "bool" can be based on
+            # identity
+            return self.operator(*self._orig)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __invert__(
+            self: BinaryExpression[_T],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[_T]: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.left._from_objects + self.right._from_objects
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.negate is not None:
+            return BinaryExpression(
+                self.left,
+                self.right._negate_in_binary(self.negate, self.operator),
+                self.negate,
+                negate=self.operator,
+                type_=self.type,
+                modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.self_group()._negate()
+
+
+class Slice(ColumnElement[Any]):
+    """Represent SQL for a Python array-slice object.
+
+    This is not a specific SQL construct at this level, but
+    may be interpreted by specific dialects, e.g. PostgreSQL.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "slice"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("start", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("stop", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("step", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, start, stop, step, _name=None):
+        self.start = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            start,
+            name=_name,
+            type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE,
+        )
+        self.stop = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            stop,
+            name=_name,
+            type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE,
+        )
+        self.step = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            step,
+            name=_name,
+            type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE,
+        )
+        self.type = type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        assert against is operator.getitem  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+        return self
+
+
+class IndexExpression(BinaryExpression[Any]):
+    """Represent the class of expressions that are like an "index"
+    operation."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class GroupedElement(DQLDMLClauseElement):
+    """Represent any parenthesized expression"""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "grouping"
+
+    element: ClauseElement
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _ungroup(self):
+        return self.element._ungroup()
+
+
+class Grouping(GroupedElement, ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a grouping within a column expression"""
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    element: Union[TextClause, ClauseList, ColumnElement[_T]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, element: Union[TextClause, ClauseList, ColumnElement[_T]]
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+
+        # nulltype assignment issue
+        self.type = getattr(element, "type", type_api.NULLTYPE)  # type: ignore
+        self._propagate_attrs = element._propagate_attrs
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        return self.__class__(self.element._with_binary_element_type(type_))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_implicitly_boolean(self):
+        return self.element._is_implicitly_boolean
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return (
+            getattr(self.element, "_tq_label", None) or self._anon_name_label
+        )
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _proxies(self) -> List[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if isinstance(self.element, ColumnElement):
+            return [self.element]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {"element": self.element, "type": self.type}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.element = state["element"]
+        self.type = state["type"]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class _OverrideBinds(Grouping[_T]):
+    """used by cache_key->_apply_params_to_element to allow compilation /
+    execution of a SQL element that's been cached, using an alternate set of
+    bound parameter values.
+
+    This is used by the ORM to swap new parameter values into expressions
+    that are embedded into loader options like with_expression(),
+    selectinload().  Previously, this task was accomplished using the
+    .params() method which would perform a deep-copy instead.  This deep
+    copy proved to be too expensive for more complex expressions.
+
+    See #11085
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "override_binds"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: ColumnElement[_T],
+        bindparams: Sequence[BindParameter[Any]],
+        replaces_params: Sequence[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+        self.translate = {
+            k.key: v.value for k, v in zip(replaces_params, bindparams)
+        }
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Optional[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        """generate a cache key for the given element, substituting its bind
+        values for the translation values present."""
+
+        existing_bps: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+        ck = self.element._gen_cache_key(anon_map, existing_bps)
+
+        bindparams.extend(
+            (
+                bp._with_value(
+                    self.translate[bp.key], maintain_key=True, required=False
+                )
+                if bp.key in self.translate
+                else bp
+            )
+            for bp in existing_bps
+        )
+
+        return ck
+
+
+class _OverRange(IntEnum):
+    RANGE_UNBOUNDED = 0
+    RANGE_CURRENT = 1
+
+
+RANGE_UNBOUNDED = _OverRange.RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+RANGE_CURRENT = _OverRange.RANGE_CURRENT
+
+
+class Over(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent an OVER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against a so-called
+    "window" function, as well as any aggregate function,
+    which produces results relative to the result set
+    itself.  Most modern SQL backends now support window functions.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "over"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("order_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("partition_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("range_", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("rows", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    ]
+
+    order_by: Optional[ClauseList] = None
+    partition_by: Optional[ClauseList] = None
+
+    element: ColumnElement[_T]
+    """The underlying expression object to which this :class:`.Over`
+    object refers."""
+
+    range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[int, int]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: ColumnElement[_T],
+        partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(order_by), _literal_as_text_role=roles.ByOfRole
+            )
+        if partition_by is not None:
+            self.partition_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(partition_by),
+                _literal_as_text_role=roles.ByOfRole,
+            )
+
+        if range_:
+            self.range_ = self._interpret_range(range_)
+            if rows:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "'range_' and 'rows' are mutually exclusive"
+                )
+            else:
+                self.rows = None
+        elif rows:
+            self.rows = self._interpret_range(rows)
+            self.range_ = None
+        else:
+            self.rows = self.range_ = None
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (
+            self.element,
+            self.partition_by,
+            self.order_by,
+            self.range_,
+            self.rows,
+        )
+
+    def _interpret_range(
+        self, range_: typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[int, int]:
+        if not isinstance(range_, tuple) or len(range_) != 2:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("2-tuple expected for range/rows")
+
+        lower: int
+        upper: int
+
+        if range_[0] is None:
+            lower = RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+        else:
+            try:
+                lower = int(range_[0])
+            except ValueError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Integer or None expected for range value"
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                if lower == 0:
+                    lower = RANGE_CURRENT
+
+        if range_[1] is None:
+            upper = RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+        else:
+            try:
+                upper = int(range_[1])
+            except ValueError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Integer or None expected for range value"
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                if upper == 0:
+                    upper = RANGE_CURRENT
+
+        return lower, upper
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return self.element.type
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(
+                *[
+                    c._from_objects
+                    for c in (self.element, self.partition_by, self.order_by)
+                    if c is not None
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class WithinGroup(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY) clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against so-called
+    "ordered set aggregate" and "hypothetical
+    set aggregate" functions, including ``percentile_cont()``,
+    ``rank()``, ``dense_rank()``, etc.
+
+    It's supported only by certain database backends, such as PostgreSQL,
+    Oracle and MS SQL Server.
+
+    The :class:`.WithinGroup` construct extracts its type from the
+    method :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group_type`.  If this returns
+    ``None``, the function's ``.type`` is used.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "withingroup"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("order_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    order_by: Optional[ClauseList] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: FunctionElement[_T],
+        *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(order_by), _literal_as_text_role=roles.ByOfRole
+            )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.element,) + (
+            tuple(self.order_by) if self.order_by is not None else ()
+        )
+
+    def over(self, partition_by=None, order_by=None, range_=None, rows=None):
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this :class:`.WithinGroup`
+        construct.
+
+        This function has the same signature as that of
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.over`.
+
+        """
+        return Over(
+            self,
+            partition_by=partition_by,
+            order_by=order_by,
+            range_=range_,
+            rows=rows,
+        )
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            wgt = self.element.within_group_type(self)
+            if wgt is not None:
+                return wgt
+            else:
+                return self.element.type
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(
+                *[
+                    c._from_objects
+                    for c in (self.element, self.order_by)
+                    if c is not None
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class FunctionFilter(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a function FILTER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against aggregate and window functions,
+    which controls which rows are passed to it.
+    It's supported only by certain database backends.
+
+    Invocation of :class:`.FunctionFilter` is via
+    :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`::
+
+        func.count(1).filter(True)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "funcfilter"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("func", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("criterion", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    criterion: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: FunctionElement[_T],
+        *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ):
+        self.func = func
+        self.filter(*criterion)
+
+    def filter(self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an additional FILTER against the function.
+
+        This method adds additional criteria to the initial criteria
+        set up by :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`.
+
+        Multiple criteria are joined together at SQL render time
+        via ``AND``.
+
+
+        """
+
+        for crit in list(criterion):
+            crit = coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, crit)
+
+            if self.criterion is not None:
+                self.criterion = self.criterion & crit
+            else:
+                self.criterion = crit
+
+        return self
+
+    def over(
+        self,
+        partition_by: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+                _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+                _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ) -> Over[_T]:
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this filtered function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.rank().filter(MyClass.y > 5).over(order_by='x')
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over, funcfilter
+            over(funcfilter(func.rank(), MyClass.y > 5), order_by='x')
+
+        See :func:`_expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        """
+        return Over(
+            self,
+            partition_by=partition_by,
+            order_by=order_by,
+            range_=range_,
+            rows=rows,
+        )
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if operators.is_precedent(operators.filter_op, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return self.func.type
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(
+                *[
+                    c._from_objects
+                    for c in (self.func, self.criterion)
+                    if c is not None
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class NamedColumn(KeyedColumnElement[_T]):
+    is_literal = False
+    table: Optional[FromClause] = None
+    name: str
+    key: str
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        return (hasattr(other, "name") and self.name == other.name) or (
+            hasattr(other, "_label") and self._label == other._label
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _tq_key_label(self):
+        """table qualified label based on column key.
+
+        for table-bound columns this is <tablename>_<column key/proxy key>;
+
+        all other expressions it resolves to key/proxy key.
+
+        """
+        proxy_key = self._proxy_key
+        if proxy_key and proxy_key != self.name:
+            return self._gen_tq_label(proxy_key)
+        else:
+            return self._tq_label
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """table qualified label based on column name.
+
+        for table-bound columns this is <tablename>_<columnname>; all other
+        expressions it resolves to .name.
+
+        """
+        return self._gen_tq_label(self.name)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return True
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _non_anon_label(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def _gen_tq_label(
+        self, name: str, dedupe_on_key: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        return name
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            self.key,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            type_=type_,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+        )
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        disallow_is_literal: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        c = ColumnClause(
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name or self.name)
+                if name_is_truncatable
+                else (name or self.name)
+            ),
+            type_=self.type,
+            _selectable=selectable,
+            is_literal=False,
+        )
+
+        c._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if name is None:
+            c.key = self.key
+        if compound_select_cols:
+            c._proxies = list(compound_select_cols)
+        else:
+            c._proxies = [self]
+
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+        return c.key, c
+
+
+_PS = ParamSpec("_PS")
+
+
+class Label(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole[_T], NamedColumn[_T]):
+    """Represents a column label (AS).
+
+    Represent a label, as typically applied to any column-level
+    element using the ``AS`` sql keyword.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "label"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("_element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("_element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    _element: ColumnElement[_T]
+    name: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str],
+        element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        orig_element = element
+        element = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            element,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+        )
+        while isinstance(element, Label):
+            # TODO: this is only covered in test_text.py, but nothing
+            # fails if it's removed.  determine rationale
+            element = element.element
+
+        if name:
+            self.name = name
+        else:
+            self.name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), getattr(element, "name", "anon")
+            )
+            if isinstance(orig_element, Label):
+                # TODO: no coverage for this block, again would be in
+                # test_text.py where the resolve_label concept is important
+                self._resolve_label = orig_element._label
+
+        self.key = self._tq_label = self._tq_key_label = self.name
+        self._element = element
+
+        self.type = (
+            type_api.to_instance(type_)
+            if type_ is not None
+            else self._element.type
+        )
+
+        self._proxies = [element]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.name, self._element, self.type)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj, type_=None, expanding=False):
+        return BindParameter(
+            None,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            type_=type_,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_implicitly_boolean(self):
+        return self.element._is_implicitly_boolean
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _allow_label_resolve(self):
+        return self.element._allow_label_resolve
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self):
+        return self
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def element(self) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        return self._element.self_group(against=operators.as_)
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Label[_T]:
+        return self._apply_to_inner(self._element.self_group, against=against)
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return self._apply_to_inner(self._element._negate)
+
+    def _apply_to_inner(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[_PS, ColumnElement[_T]],
+        *arg: _PS.args,
+        **kw: _PS.kwargs,
+    ) -> Label[_T]:
+        sub_element = fn(*arg, **kw)
+        if sub_element is not self._element:
+            return Label(self.name, sub_element, type_=self.type)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self,
+        *,
+        clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self._element = clone(self._element, **kw)
+        if anonymize_labels:
+            self.name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), getattr(self.element, "name", "anon")
+            )
+            self.key = self._tq_label = self._tq_key_label = self.name
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        name = self.name if not name else name
+
+        key, e = self.element._make_proxy(
+            selectable,
+            name=name,
+            disallow_is_literal=True,
+            name_is_truncatable=isinstance(name, _truncated_label),
+            compound_select_cols=compound_select_cols,
+        )
+
+        # there was a note here to remove this assertion, which was here
+        # to determine if we later could support a use case where
+        # the key and name of a label are separate.  But I don't know what
+        # that case was.  For now, this is an unexpected case that occurs
+        # when a label name conflicts with other columns and select()
+        # is attempting to disambiguate an explicit label, which is not what
+        # the user would want.   See issue #6090.
+        if key != self.name and not isinstance(self.name, _anonymous_label):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Label name %s is being renamed to an anonymous label due "
+                "to disambiguation "
+                "which is not supported right now.  Please use unique names "
+                "for explicit labels." % (self.name)
+            )
+
+        e._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        e._proxies.append(self)
+        if self.type is not None:
+            e.type = self.type
+
+        return self.key, e
+
+
+class ColumnClause(
+    roles.DDLReferredColumnRole,
+    roles.LabeledColumnExprRole[_T],
+    roles.StrAsPlainColumnRole,
+    Immutable,
+    NamedColumn[_T],
+):
+    """Represents a column expression from any textual string.
+
+    The :class:`.ColumnClause`, a lightweight analogue to the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` class, is typically invoked using the
+    :func:`_expression.column` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select(id, name).select_from("user")
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL like::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+    :class:`.ColumnClause` is the immediate superclass of the schema-specific
+    :class:`_schema.Column` object.  While the :class:`_schema.Column`
+    class has all the
+    same capabilities as :class:`.ColumnClause`, the :class:`.ColumnClause`
+    class is usable by itself in those cases where behavioral requirements
+    are limited to simple SQL expression generation.  The object has none of
+    the associations with schema-level metadata or with execution-time
+    behavior that :class:`_schema.Column` does,
+    so in that sense is a "lightweight"
+    version of :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+    Full details on :class:`.ColumnClause` usage is at
+    :func:`_expression.column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+
+    """
+
+    table: Optional[FromClause]
+    is_literal: bool
+
+    __visit_name__ = "column"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("is_literal", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    onupdate: Optional[DefaultGenerator] = None
+    default: Optional[DefaultGenerator] = None
+    server_default: Optional[FetchedValue] = None
+    server_onupdate: Optional[FetchedValue] = None
+
+    _is_multiparam_column = False
+
+    @property
+    def _is_star(self):
+        return self.is_literal and self.name == "*"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        is_literal: bool = False,
+        _selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    ):
+        self.key = self.name = text
+        self.table = _selectable
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.is_literal = is_literal
+
+    def get_children(self, *, column_tables=False, **kw):
+        # override base get_children() to not return the Table
+        # or selectable that is parent to this column.  Traversals
+        # expect the columns of tables and subqueries to be leaf nodes.
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        if self.table is not None:
+            return self.table.entity_namespace
+        else:
+            return super().entity_namespace
+
+    def _clone(self, detect_subquery_cols=False, **kw):
+        if (
+            detect_subquery_cols
+            and self.table is not None
+            and self.table._is_subquery
+        ):
+            clone = kw.pop("clone")
+            table = clone(self.table, **kw)
+            new = table.c.corresponding_column(self)
+            return new
+
+        return super()._clone(**kw)
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        t = self.table
+        if t is not None:
+            return [t]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return self.table is not None
+
+    @property
+    def _ddl_label(self):
+        return self._gen_tq_label(self.name, dedupe_on_key=False)
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        if (
+            self.is_literal
+            or self.table is None
+            or self.table._is_textual
+            or not hasattr(other, "proxy_set")
+            or (
+                isinstance(other, ColumnClause)
+                and (
+                    other.is_literal
+                    or other.table is None
+                    or other.table._is_textual
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            return (hasattr(other, "name") and self.name == other.name) or (
+                hasattr(other, "_tq_label")
+                and self._tq_label == other._tq_label
+            )
+        else:
+            return other.proxy_set.intersection(self.proxy_set)
+
+    def _gen_tq_label(
+        self, name: str, dedupe_on_key: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """generate table-qualified label
+
+        for a table-bound column this is <tablename>_<columnname>.
+
+        used primarily for LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        as well as the .columns collection on a Join object.
+
+        """
+        label: str
+        t = self.table
+        if self.is_literal:
+            return None
+        elif t is not None and is_named_from_clause(t):
+            if has_schema_attr(t) and t.schema:
+                label = t.schema.replace(".", "_") + "_" + t.name + "_" + name
+            else:
+                assert not TYPE_CHECKING or isinstance(t, NamedFromClause)
+                label = t.name + "_" + name
+
+            # propagate name quoting rules for labels.
+            if is_quoted_name(name) and name.quote is not None:
+                if is_quoted_name(label):
+                    label.quote = name.quote
+                else:
+                    label = quoted_name(label, name.quote)
+            elif is_quoted_name(t.name) and t.name.quote is not None:
+                # can't get this situation to occur, so let's
+                # assert false on it for now
+                assert not isinstance(label, quoted_name)
+                label = quoted_name(label, t.name.quote)
+
+            if dedupe_on_key:
+                # ensure the label name doesn't conflict with that of an
+                # existing column.   note that this implies that any Column
+                # must **not** set up its _label before its parent table has
+                # all of its other Column objects set up.  There are several
+                # tables in the test suite which will fail otherwise; example:
+                # table "owner" has columns "name" and "owner_name".  Therefore
+                # column owner.name cannot use the label "owner_name", it has
+                # to be "owner_name_1".
+                if label in t.c:
+                    _label = label
+                    counter = 1
+                    while _label in t.c:
+                        _label = label + "_" + str(counter)
+                        counter += 1
+                    label = _label
+
+            return coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, label)
+
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        disallow_is_literal: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        # the "is_literal" flag normally should never be propagated; a proxied
+        # column is always a SQL identifier and never the actual expression
+        # being evaluated. however, there is a case where the "is_literal" flag
+        # might be used to allow the given identifier to have a fixed quoting
+        # pattern already, so maintain the flag for the proxy unless a
+        # :class:`.Label` object is creating the proxy.  See [ticket:4730].
+        is_literal = (
+            not disallow_is_literal
+            and self.is_literal
+            and (
+                # note this does not accommodate for quoted_name differences
+                # right now
+                name is None
+                or name == self.name
+            )
+        )
+        c = self._constructor(
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name or self.name)
+                if name_is_truncatable
+                else (name or self.name)
+            ),
+            type_=self.type,
+            _selectable=selectable,
+            is_literal=is_literal,
+        )
+        c._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if name is None:
+            c.key = self.key
+        if compound_select_cols:
+            c._proxies = list(compound_select_cols)
+        else:
+            c._proxies = [self]
+
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+        return c.key, c
+
+
+class TableValuedColumn(NamedColumn[_T]):
+    __visit_name__ = "table_valued_column"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("scalar_alias", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, scalar_alias: NamedFromClause, type_: TypeEngine[_T]):
+        self.scalar_alias = scalar_alias
+        self.key = self.name = scalar_alias.name
+        self.type = type_
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        self.scalar_alias = clone(self.scalar_alias, **kw)
+        self.key = self.name = self.scalar_alias.name
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self.scalar_alias]
+
+
+class CollationClause(ColumnElement[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "collation"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("collation", InternalTraversal.dp_string)
+    ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_collation_expression(
+        cls, expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[str], collation: str
+    ) -> BinaryExpression[str]:
+        expr = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole[str], expression)
+        return BinaryExpression(
+            expr,
+            CollationClause(collation),
+            operators.collate,
+            type_=expr.type,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(self, collation):
+        self.collation = collation
+
+
+class _IdentifiedClause(Executable, ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = "identified"
+
+    def __init__(self, ident):
+        self.ident = ident
+
+
+class SavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "savepoint"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+
+class RollbackToSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "rollback_to_savepoint"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+
+class ReleaseSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "release_savepoint"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+
+class quoted_name(util.MemoizedSlots, str):
+    """Represent a SQL identifier combined with quoting preferences.
+
+    :class:`.quoted_name` is a Python unicode/str subclass which
+    represents a particular identifier name along with a
+    ``quote`` flag.  This ``quote`` flag, when set to
+    ``True`` or ``False``, overrides automatic quoting behavior
+    for this identifier in order to either unconditionally quote
+    or to not quote the name.  If left at its default of ``None``,
+    quoting behavior is applied to the identifier on a per-backend basis
+    based on an examination of the token itself.
+
+    A :class:`.quoted_name` object with ``quote=True`` is also
+    prevented from being modified in the case of a so-called
+    "name normalize" option.  Certain database backends, such as
+    Oracle, Firebird, and DB2 "normalize" case-insensitive names
+    as uppercase.  The SQLAlchemy dialects for these backends
+    convert from SQLAlchemy's lower-case-means-insensitive convention
+    to the upper-case-means-insensitive conventions of those backends.
+    The ``quote=True`` flag here will prevent this conversion from occurring
+    to support an identifier that's quoted as all lower case against
+    such a backend.
+
+    The :class:`.quoted_name` object is normally created automatically
+    when specifying the name for key schema constructs such as
+    :class:`_schema.Table`, :class:`_schema.Column`, and others.
+    The class can also be
+    passed explicitly as the name to any function that receives a name which
+    can be quoted.  Such as to use the :meth:`_engine.Engine.has_table`
+    method with
+    an unconditionally quoted name::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import quoted_name
+
+        engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://some_dsn")
+        print(inspect(engine).has_table(quoted_name("some_table", True)))
+
+    The above logic will run the "has table" logic against the Oracle backend,
+    passing the name exactly as ``"some_table"`` without converting to
+    upper case.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2 The :class:`.quoted_name` construct is now
+       importable from ``sqlalchemy.sql``, in addition to the previous
+       location of ``sqlalchemy.sql.elements``.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "quote", "lower", "upper"
+
+    quote: Optional[bool]
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(cls, value: str, quote: Optional[bool]) -> quoted_name: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(cls, value: None, quote: Optional[bool]) -> None: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(
+        cls, value: Optional[str], quote: Optional[bool]
+    ) -> Optional[quoted_name]:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return quoted_name(value, quote)
+
+    def __new__(cls, value: str, quote: Optional[bool]) -> quoted_name:
+        assert (
+            value is not None
+        ), "use quoted_name.construct() for None passthrough"
+        if isinstance(value, cls) and (quote is None or value.quote == quote):
+            return value
+        self = super().__new__(cls, value)
+
+        self.quote = quote
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return quoted_name, (str(self), self.quote)
+
+    def _memoized_method_lower(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return str(self).lower()
+
+    def _memoized_method_upper(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return str(self).upper()
+
+
+def _find_columns(clause: ClauseElement) -> Set[ColumnClause[Any]]:
+    """locate Column objects within the given expression."""
+
+    cols: Set[ColumnClause[Any]] = set()
+    traverse(clause, {}, {"column": cols.add})
+    return cols
+
+
+def _type_from_args(args: Sequence[ColumnElement[_T]]) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+    for a in args:
+        if not a.type._isnull:
+            return a.type
+    else:
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _corresponding_column_or_error(fromclause, column, require_embedded=False):
+    c = fromclause.corresponding_column(
+        column, require_embedded=require_embedded
+    )
+    if c is None:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Given column '%s', attached to table '%s', "
+            "failed to locate a corresponding column from table '%s'"
+            % (column, getattr(column, "table", None), fromclause.description)
+        )
+    return c
+
+
+class _memoized_property_but_not_nulltype(
+    util.memoized_property["TypeEngine[_T]"]
+):
+    """memoized property, but dont memoize NullType"""
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        result = self.fget(obj)
+        if not result._isnull:
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result
+        return result
+
+
+class AnnotatedColumnElement(Annotated):
+    _Annotated__element: ColumnElement[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        Annotated.__init__(self, element, values)
+        for attr in (
+            "comparator",
+            "_proxy_key",
+            "_tq_key_label",
+            "_tq_label",
+            "_non_anon_label",
+            "type",
+        ):
+            self.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        for attr in ("name", "key", "table"):
+            if self.__dict__.get(attr, False) is None:
+                self.__dict__.pop(attr)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        clone = super()._with_annotations(values)
+        clone.__dict__.pop("comparator", None)
+        return clone
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def name(self):
+        """pull 'name' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.name
+
+    @_memoized_property_but_not_nulltype
+    def type(self):
+        """pull 'type' from parent and don't cache if null.
+
+        type is routinely changed on existing columns within the
+        mapped_column() initialization process, and "type" is also consulted
+        during the creation of SQL expressions.  Therefore it can change after
+        it was already retrieved.  At the same time we don't want annotated
+        objects having overhead when expressions are produced, so continue
+        to memoize, but only when we have a non-null type.
+
+        """
+        return self._Annotated__element.type
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def table(self):
+        """pull 'table' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.table
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def key(self):
+        """pull 'key' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self._Annotated__element, Column)
+        return self._Annotated__element.info
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_name_label(self) -> str:
+        return self._Annotated__element._anon_name_label
+
+
+class _truncated_label(quoted_name):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify symbolic "
+    "names that may require truncation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, value: str, quote: Optional[bool] = None) -> Any:
+        quote = getattr(value, "quote", quote)
+        # return super(_truncated_label, cls).__new__(cls, value, quote, True)
+        return super().__new__(cls, value, quote)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (str(self), self.quote)
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
+        return self
+
+
+class conv(_truncated_label):
+    """Mark a string indicating that a name has already been converted
+    by a naming convention.
+
+    This is a string subclass that indicates a name that should not be
+    subject to any further naming conventions.
+
+    E.g. when we create a :class:`.Constraint` using a naming convention
+    as follows::
+
+        m = MetaData(naming_convention={
+            "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"
+        })
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('x', Integer),
+                        CheckConstraint('x > 5', name='x5'))
+
+    The name of the above constraint will be rendered as ``"ck_t_x5"``.
+    That is, the existing name ``x5`` is used in the naming convention as the
+    ``constraint_name`` token.
+
+    In some situations, such as in migration scripts, we may be rendering
+    the above :class:`.CheckConstraint` with a name that's already been
+    converted.  In order to make sure the name isn't double-modified, the
+    new name is applied using the :func:`_schema.conv` marker.  We can
+    use this explicitly as follows::
+
+
+        m = MetaData(naming_convention={
+            "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"
+        })
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('x', Integer),
+                        CheckConstraint('x > 5', name=conv('ck_t_x5')))
+
+    Where above, the :func:`_schema.conv` marker indicates that the constraint
+    name here is final, and the name will render as ``"ck_t_x5"`` and not
+    ``"ck_t_ck_t_x5"``
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+# for backwards compatibility in case
+# someone is re-implementing the
+# _truncated_identifier() sequence in a custom
+# compiler
+_generated_label = _truncated_label
+
+
+class _anonymous_label(_truncated_label):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify anonymously
+    generated names."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def safe_construct(
+        cls,
+        seed: int,
+        body: str,
+        enclosing_label: Optional[str] = None,
+        sanitize_key: bool = False,
+    ) -> _anonymous_label:
+        # need to escape chars that interfere with format
+        # strings in any case, issue #8724
+        body = re.sub(r"[%\(\) \$]+", "_", body)
+
+        if sanitize_key:
+            # sanitize_key is then an extra step used by BindParameter
+            body = body.strip("_")
+
+        label = "%%(%d %s)s" % (seed, body.replace("%", "%%"))
+        if enclosing_label:
+            label = "%s%s" % (enclosing_label, label)
+
+        return _anonymous_label(label)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if "%" in other and not isinstance(other, _anonymous_label):
+            other = str(other).replace("%", "%%")
+        else:
+            other = str(other)
+
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                str.__add__(self, other),
+                self.quote,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        if "%" in other and not isinstance(other, _anonymous_label):
+            other = str(other).replace("%", "%%")
+        else:
+            other = str(other)
+
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                str.__add__(other, self),
+                self.quote,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_):
+        if self.quote is not None:
+            # preserve quoting only if necessary
+            return quoted_name(self % map_, self.quote)
+        else:
+            # else skip the constructor call
+            return self % map_
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/events.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07d3d6545c2750952e49c361b4b79236231070ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/events.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+# sql/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .. import event
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import Constraint
+    from .schema import SchemaItem
+    from .schema import Table
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.interfaces import ReflectedColumn
+    from ..engine.reflection import Inspector
+
+
+class DDLEvents(event.Events[SchemaEventTarget]):
+    """
+    Define event listeners for schema objects,
+    that is, :class:`.SchemaItem` and other :class:`.SchemaEventTarget`
+    subclasses, including :class:`_schema.MetaData`, :class:`_schema.Table`,
+    :class:`_schema.Column`, etc.
+
+    **Create / Drop Events**
+
+    Events emitted when CREATE and DROP commands are emitted to the database.
+    The event hooks in this category include :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_create`,
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create`, :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_drop`, and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_drop`.
+
+    These events are emitted when using schema-level methods such as
+    :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`. Per-object
+    create/drop methods such as :meth:`.Table.create`, :meth:`.Table.drop`,
+    :meth:`.Index.create` are also included, as well as dialect-specific
+    methods such as :meth:`_postgresql.ENUM.create`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0 :class:`.DDLEvents` event hooks now take place
+       for non-table objects including constraints, indexes, and
+       dialect-specific schema types.
+
+    Event hooks may be attached directly to a :class:`_schema.Table` object or
+    to a :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, as well as to any
+    :class:`.SchemaItem` class or object that can be individually created and
+    dropped using a distinct SQL command. Such classes include :class:`.Index`,
+    :class:`.Sequence`, and dialect-specific classes such as
+    :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+    Example using the :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create` event, where a custom
+    event hook will emit an ``ALTER TABLE`` command on the current connection,
+    after ``CREATE TABLE`` is emitted::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Metadata, Integer
+
+        m = MetaData()
+        some_table = Table('some_table', m, Column('data', Integer))
+
+        @event.listens_for(some_table, "after_create")
+        def after_create(target, connection, **kw):
+            connection.execute(text(
+                "ALTER TABLE %s SET name=foo_%s" % (target.name, target.name)
+            ))
+
+
+        some_engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@host/test")
+
+        # will emit "CREATE TABLE some_table" as well as the above
+        # "ALTER TABLE" statement afterwards
+        m.create_all(some_engine)
+
+    Constraint objects such as :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`,
+    :class:`.UniqueConstraint`, :class:`.CheckConstraint` may also be
+    subscribed to these events, however they will **not** normally produce
+    events as these objects are usually rendered inline within an
+    enclosing ``CREATE TABLE`` statement and implicitly dropped from a
+    ``DROP TABLE`` statement.
+
+    For the :class:`.Index` construct, the event hook will be emitted
+    for ``CREATE INDEX``, however SQLAlchemy does not normally emit
+    ``DROP INDEX`` when dropping tables as this is again implicit within the
+    ``DROP TABLE`` statement.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+       for create/drop events was expanded from its previous support for
+       :class:`.MetaData` and :class:`.Table` to also include
+       :class:`.Constraint` and all subclasses, :class:`.Index`,
+       :class:`.Sequence` and some type-related constructs such as
+       :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+    .. note:: These event hooks are only emitted within the scope of
+       SQLAlchemy's create/drop methods; they are not necessarily supported
+       by tools such as `alembic <https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org>`_.
+
+
+    **Attachment Events**
+
+    Attachment events are provided to customize
+    behavior whenever a child schema element is associated
+    with a parent, such as when a :class:`_schema.Column` is associated
+    with its :class:`_schema.Table`, when a
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`, etc.  These events include
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_parent_attach` and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach`.
+
+    **Reflection Events**
+
+    The :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event is used to intercept
+    and modify the in-Python definition of database columns when
+    :term:`reflection` of database tables proceeds.
+
+    **Use with Generic DDL**
+
+    DDL events integrate closely with the
+    :class:`.DDL` class and the :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` hierarchy
+    of DDL clause constructs, which are themselves appropriate
+    as listener callables::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import DDL
+        event.listen(
+            some_table,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET name=foo_%(table)s")
+        )
+
+    **Event Propagation to MetaData Copies**
+
+    For all :class:`.DDLEvent` events, the ``propagate=True`` keyword argument
+    will ensure that a given event handler is propagated to copies of the
+    object, which are made when using the :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata`
+    method::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import DDL
+
+        metadata = MetaData()
+        some_table = Table("some_table", metadata, Column("data", Integer))
+
+        event.listen(
+            some_table,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET name=foo_%(table)s"),
+            propagate=True
+        )
+
+        new_metadata = MetaData()
+        new_table = some_table.to_metadata(new_metadata)
+
+    The above :class:`.DDL` object will be associated with the
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create` event for both the ``some_table`` and
+    the ``new_table`` :class:`.Table` objects.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSchemaClassOrObject"
+    _dispatch_target = SchemaEventTarget
+
+    def before_create(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called before CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` accepts the ``insert=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be prepended to the internal list of events upon discovery, and execute
+        before registered listener functions that do not pass this argument.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_create(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called after CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_drop(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called before DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_drop(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called after DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_parent_attach(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, parent: SchemaItem
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called before a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_parent_attach(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, parent: SchemaItem
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called after a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def _sa_event_column_added_to_pk_constraint(
+        self, const: Constraint, col: Column[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """internal event hook used for primary key naming convention
+        updates.
+
+        """
+
+    def column_reflect(
+        self, inspector: Inspector, table: Table, column_info: ReflectedColumn
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called for each unit of 'column info' retrieved when
+        a :class:`_schema.Table` is being reflected.
+
+        This event is most easily used by applying it to a specific
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData` instance, where it will take effect for
+        all :class:`_schema.Table` objects within that
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData` that undergo reflection::
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            @event.listens_for(metadata, 'column_reflect')
+            def receive_column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                # receives for all Table objects that are reflected
+                # under this MetaData
+
+
+            # will use the above event hook
+            my_table = Table("my_table", metadata, autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 The :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+           hook may now be applied to a :class:`_schema.MetaData` object as
+           well as the :class:`_schema.MetaData` class itself where it will
+           take place for all :class:`_schema.Table` objects associated with
+           the targeted :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        It may also be applied to the :class:`_schema.Table` class across
+        the board::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import Table
+
+            @event.listens_for(Table, 'column_reflect')
+            def receive_column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                # receives for all Table objects that are reflected
+
+        It can also be applied to a specific :class:`_schema.Table` at the
+        point that one is being reflected using the
+        :paramref:`_schema.Table.listeners` parameter::
+
+            t1 = Table(
+                "my_table",
+                autoload_with=some_engine,
+                listeners=[
+                    ('column_reflect', receive_column_reflect)
+                ]
+            )
+
+        The dictionary of column information as returned by the
+        dialect is passed, and can be modified.  The dictionary
+        is that returned in each element of the list returned
+        by :meth:`.reflection.Inspector.get_columns`:
+
+            * ``name`` - the column's name, is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.name` parameter
+
+            * ``type`` - the type of this column, which should be an instance
+              of :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`, is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.type` parameter
+
+            * ``nullable`` - boolean flag if the column is NULL or NOT NULL,
+              is applied to the :paramref:`_schema.Column.nullable` parameter
+
+            * ``default`` - the column's server default value.  This is
+              normally specified as a plain string SQL expression, however the
+              event can pass a :class:`.FetchedValue`, :class:`.DefaultClause`,
+              or :func:`_expression.text` object as well.  Is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default` parameter
+
+        The event is called before any action is taken against
+        this dictionary, and the contents can be modified; the following
+        additional keys may be added to the dictionary to further modify
+        how the :class:`_schema.Column` is constructed:
+
+
+            * ``key`` - the string key that will be used to access this
+              :class:`_schema.Column` in the ``.c`` collection; will be applied
+              to the :paramref:`_schema.Column.key` parameter. Is also used
+              for ORM mapping.  See the section
+              :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` for an example.
+
+            * ``quote`` - force or un-force quoting on the column name;
+              is applied to the :paramref:`_schema.Column.quote` parameter.
+
+            * ``info`` - a dictionary of arbitrary data to follow along with
+              the :class:`_schema.Column`, is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.info` parameter.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` -
+            in the ORM mapping documentation
+
+            :ref:`automap_intercepting_columns` -
+            in the :ref:`automap_toplevel` documentation
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - in
+            the :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel` documentation
+
+        """
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91237a085e974d65b3a879ebc377b8091b324128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# sql/expression.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines the public namespace for SQL expression constructs.
+
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ._dml_constructors import delete as delete
+from ._dml_constructors import insert as insert
+from ._dml_constructors import update as update
+from ._elements_constructors import all_ as all_
+from ._elements_constructors import and_ as and_
+from ._elements_constructors import any_ as any_
+from ._elements_constructors import asc as asc
+from ._elements_constructors import between as between
+from ._elements_constructors import bindparam as bindparam
+from ._elements_constructors import bitwise_not as bitwise_not
+from ._elements_constructors import case as case
+from ._elements_constructors import cast as cast
+from ._elements_constructors import collate as collate
+from ._elements_constructors import column as column
+from ._elements_constructors import desc as desc
+from ._elements_constructors import distinct as distinct
+from ._elements_constructors import extract as extract
+from ._elements_constructors import false as false
+from ._elements_constructors import funcfilter as funcfilter
+from ._elements_constructors import label as label
+from ._elements_constructors import not_ as not_
+from ._elements_constructors import null as null
+from ._elements_constructors import nulls_first as nulls_first
+from ._elements_constructors import nulls_last as nulls_last
+from ._elements_constructors import or_ as or_
+from ._elements_constructors import outparam as outparam
+from ._elements_constructors import over as over
+from ._elements_constructors import text as text
+from ._elements_constructors import true as true
+from ._elements_constructors import try_cast as try_cast
+from ._elements_constructors import tuple_ as tuple_
+from ._elements_constructors import type_coerce as type_coerce
+from ._elements_constructors import within_group as within_group
+from ._selectable_constructors import alias as alias
+from ._selectable_constructors import cte as cte
+from ._selectable_constructors import except_ as except_
+from ._selectable_constructors import except_all as except_all
+from ._selectable_constructors import exists as exists
+from ._selectable_constructors import intersect as intersect
+from ._selectable_constructors import intersect_all as intersect_all
+from ._selectable_constructors import join as join
+from ._selectable_constructors import lateral as lateral
+from ._selectable_constructors import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from ._selectable_constructors import select as select
+from ._selectable_constructors import table as table
+from ._selectable_constructors import tablesample as tablesample
+from ._selectable_constructors import union as union
+from ._selectable_constructors import union_all as union_all
+from ._selectable_constructors import values as values
+from ._typing import ColumnExpressionArgument as ColumnExpressionArgument
+from .base import _from_objects as _from_objects
+from .base import _select_iterables as _select_iterables
+from .base import ColumnCollection as ColumnCollection
+from .base import Executable as Executable
+from .cache_key import CacheKey as CacheKey
+from .dml import Delete as Delete
+from .dml import Insert as Insert
+from .dml import Update as Update
+from .dml import UpdateBase as UpdateBase
+from .dml import ValuesBase as ValuesBase
+from .elements import _truncated_label as _truncated_label
+from .elements import BinaryExpression as BinaryExpression
+from .elements import BindParameter as BindParameter
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList as BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import Case as Case
+from .elements import Cast as Cast
+from .elements import ClauseElement as ClauseElement
+from .elements import ClauseList as ClauseList
+from .elements import CollectionAggregate as CollectionAggregate
+from .elements import ColumnClause as ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement as ColumnElement
+from .elements import ExpressionClauseList as ExpressionClauseList
+from .elements import Extract as Extract
+from .elements import False_ as False_
+from .elements import FunctionFilter as FunctionFilter
+from .elements import Grouping as Grouping
+from .elements import Label as Label
+from .elements import literal as literal
+from .elements import literal_column as literal_column
+from .elements import Null as Null
+from .elements import Over as Over
+from .elements import quoted_name as quoted_name
+from .elements import ReleaseSavepointClause as ReleaseSavepointClause
+from .elements import RollbackToSavepointClause as RollbackToSavepointClause
+from .elements import SavepointClause as SavepointClause
+from .elements import SQLColumnExpression as SQLColumnExpression
+from .elements import TextClause as TextClause
+from .elements import True_ as True_
+from .elements import TryCast as TryCast
+from .elements import Tuple as Tuple
+from .elements import TypeClause as TypeClause
+from .elements import TypeCoerce as TypeCoerce
+from .elements import UnaryExpression as UnaryExpression
+from .elements import WithinGroup as WithinGroup
+from .functions import func as func
+from .functions import Function as Function
+from .functions import FunctionElement as FunctionElement
+from .functions import modifier as modifier
+from .lambdas import lambda_stmt as lambda_stmt
+from .lambdas import LambdaElement as LambdaElement
+from .lambdas import StatementLambdaElement as StatementLambdaElement
+from .operators import ColumnOperators as ColumnOperators
+from .operators import custom_op as custom_op
+from .operators import Operators as Operators
+from .selectable import Alias as Alias
+from .selectable import AliasedReturnsRows as AliasedReturnsRows
+from .selectable import CompoundSelect as CompoundSelect
+from .selectable import CTE as CTE
+from .selectable import Exists as Exists
+from .selectable import FromClause as FromClause
+from .selectable import FromGrouping as FromGrouping
+from .selectable import GenerativeSelect as GenerativeSelect
+from .selectable import HasCTE as HasCTE
+from .selectable import HasPrefixes as HasPrefixes
+from .selectable import HasSuffixes as HasSuffixes
+from .selectable import Join as Join
+from .selectable import LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT as LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT
+from .selectable import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY as LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+)
+from .selectable import LABEL_STYLE_NONE as LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from .selectable import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL as LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+)
+from .selectable import Lateral as Lateral
+from .selectable import ReturnsRows as ReturnsRows
+from .selectable import ScalarSelect as ScalarSelect
+from .selectable import ScalarValues as ScalarValues
+from .selectable import Select as Select
+from .selectable import Selectable as Selectable
+from .selectable import SelectBase as SelectBase
+from .selectable import SelectLabelStyle as SelectLabelStyle
+from .selectable import Subquery as Subquery
+from .selectable import TableClause as TableClause
+from .selectable import TableSample as TableSample
+from .selectable import TableValuedAlias as TableValuedAlias
+from .selectable import TextAsFrom as TextAsFrom
+from .selectable import TextualSelect as TextualSelect
+from .selectable import Values as Values
+from .visitors import Visitable as Visitable
+
+nullsfirst = nulls_first
+"""Synonym for the :func:`.nulls_first` function."""
+
+
+nullslast = nulls_last
+"""Synonym for the :func:`.nulls_last` function."""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c960926c1d803666babafecd7b4320af66f455ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2055 @@
+# sql/functions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""SQL function API, factories, and built-in functions.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import annotation
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import schema
+from . import sqltypes
+from . import type_api
+from . import util as sqlutil
+from ._typing import is_table_value_type
+from .base import _entity_namespace
+from .base import ColumnCollection
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasMemoized
+from .elements import _type_from_args
+from .elements import BinaryExpression
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import Cast
+from .elements import ClauseList
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Extract
+from .elements import FunctionFilter
+from .elements import Grouping
+from .elements import literal_column
+from .elements import NamedColumn
+from .elements import Over
+from .elements import WithinGroup
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import Select
+from .selectable import TableValuedAlias
+from .sqltypes import TableValueType
+from .type_api import TypeEngine
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import util
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ByArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _StarOrOne
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import _EntityNamespace
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .elements import TableValuedColumn
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..util.typing import Self
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound=Any)
+
+_registry: util.defaultdict[str, Dict[str, Type[Function[Any]]]] = (
+    util.defaultdict(dict)
+)
+
+
+def register_function(
+    identifier: str, fn: Type[Function[Any]], package: str = "_default"
+) -> None:
+    """Associate a callable with a particular func. name.
+
+    This is normally called by GenericFunction, but is also
+    available by itself so that a non-Function construct
+    can be associated with the :data:`.func` accessor (i.e.
+    CAST, EXTRACT).
+
+    """
+    reg = _registry[package]
+
+    identifier = str(identifier).lower()
+
+    # Check if a function with the same identifier is registered.
+    if identifier in reg:
+        util.warn(
+            "The GenericFunction '{}' is already registered and "
+            "is going to be overridden.".format(identifier)
+        )
+    reg[identifier] = fn
+
+
+class FunctionElement(Executable, ColumnElement[_T], FromClause, Generative):
+    """Base for SQL function-oriented constructs.
+
+    This is a `generic type <https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#generics>`_,
+    meaning that type checkers and IDEs can be instructed on the types to
+    expect in a :class:`_engine.Result` for this function. See
+    :class:`.GenericFunction` for an example of how this is done.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :class:`.Function` - named SQL function.
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("clause_expr", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("_with_ordinality", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_table_value_type", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+    ]
+
+    packagenames: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+
+    _has_args = False
+    _with_ordinality = False
+    _table_value_type: Optional[TableValueType] = None
+
+    # some attributes that are defined between both ColumnElement and
+    # FromClause are set to Any here to avoid typing errors
+    primary_key: Any
+    _is_clone_of: Any
+
+    clause_expr: Grouping[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any]):
+        r"""Construct a :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        :param \*clauses: list of column expressions that form the arguments
+         of the SQL function call.
+
+        :param \**kwargs:  additional kwargs are typically consumed by
+         subclasses.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :data:`.func`
+
+            :class:`.Function`
+
+        """
+        args: Sequence[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in clauses
+        ]
+        self._has_args = self._has_args or bool(args)
+        self.clause_expr = Grouping(
+            ClauseList(operator=operators.comma_op, group_contents=True, *args)
+        )
+
+    _non_anon_label = None
+
+    @property
+    def _proxy_key(self) -> Any:
+        return super()._proxy_key or getattr(self, "name", None)
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        return connection._execute_function(
+            self, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+    def scalar_table_valued(
+        self, name: str, type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None
+    ) -> ScalarFunctionColumn[_T]:
+        """Return a column expression that's against this
+        :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` as a scalar
+        table-valued expression.
+
+        The returned expression is similar to that returned by a single column
+        accessed off of a :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+        construct, except no FROM clause is generated; the function is rendered
+        in the similar way as a scalar subquery.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import func, select
+            >>> fn = func.jsonb_each("{'k', 'v'}").scalar_table_valued("key")
+            >>> print(select(fn))
+            {printsql}SELECT (jsonb_each(:jsonb_each_1)).key
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.alias`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return ScalarFunctionColumn(self, name, type_)
+
+    def table_valued(
+        self, *expr: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` representation of this
+        :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` with table-valued expressions added.
+
+        e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> fn = (
+            ...     func.generate_series(1, 5).
+            ...     table_valued("value", "start", "stop", "step")
+            ... )
+
+            >>> print(select(fn))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.start, anon_1.stop, anon_1.step
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2) AS anon_1{stop}
+
+            >>> print(select(fn.c.value, fn.c.stop).where(fn.c.value > 2))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.stop
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2) AS anon_1
+            WHERE anon_1.value > :value_1{stop}
+
+        A WITH ORDINALITY expression may be generated by passing the keyword
+        argument "with_ordinality":
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> fn = func.generate_series(4, 1, -1).table_valued("gen", with_ordinality="ordinality")
+            >>> print(select(fn))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.gen, anon_1.ordinality
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3) WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1
+
+        :param \*expr: A series of string column names that will be added to the
+         ``.c`` collection of the resulting :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`
+         construct as columns.  :func:`_sql.column` objects with or without
+         datatypes may also be used.
+
+        :param name: optional name to assign to the alias name that's generated.
+         If omitted, a unique anonymizing name is used.
+
+        :param with_ordinality: string name that when present results in the
+         ``WITH ORDINALITY`` clause being added to the alias, and the given
+         string name will be added as a column to the .c collection
+         of the resulting :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the table valued function may be
+         used in the FROM clause without any explicit JOIN to other tables
+         in the SQL query, and no "cartesian product" warning will be generated.
+         May be useful for SQL functions such as ``func.json_each()``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_table_valued` - in the :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` documentation
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued` - variant of
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` which delivers the
+            complete table valued expression as a scalar column expression
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.TableValuedAlias.render_derived` - renders the alias
+            using a derived column clause, e.g. ``AS name(col1, col2, ...)``
+
+        """  # noqa: 501
+
+        new_func = self._generate()
+
+        with_ordinality = kw.pop("with_ordinality", None)
+        joins_implicitly = kw.pop("joins_implicitly", None)
+        name = kw.pop("name", None)
+
+        if with_ordinality:
+            expr += (with_ordinality,)
+            new_func._with_ordinality = True
+
+        new_func.type = new_func._table_value_type = TableValueType(*expr)
+
+        return new_func.alias(name=name, joins_implicitly=joins_implicitly)
+
+    def column_valued(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, joins_implicitly: bool = False
+    ) -> TableValuedColumn[_T]:
+        """Return this :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` as a column expression that
+        selects from itself as a FROM clause.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+            >>> gs = func.generate_series(1, 5, -1).column_valued()
+            >>> print(select(gs))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3) AS anon_1
+
+        This is shorthand for::
+
+            gs = func.generate_series(1, 5, -1).alias().column
+
+        :param name: optional name to assign to the alias name that's generated.
+         If omitted, a unique anonymizing name is used.
+
+        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the "table" portion of the column
+         valued function may be a member of the FROM clause without any
+         explicit JOIN to other tables in the SQL query, and no "cartesian
+         product" warning will be generated. May be useful for SQL functions
+         such as ``func.json_array_elements()``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.46
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_column_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_column_valued` - in the :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` documentation
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+
+        """  # noqa: 501
+
+        return self.alias(name=name, joins_implicitly=joins_implicitly).column
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def columns(self) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        r"""The set of columns exported by this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This is a placeholder collection that allows the function to be
+        placed in the FROM clause of a statement:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import column, select, func
+            >>> stmt = select(column('x'), column('y')).select_from(func.myfunction())
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}SELECT x, y FROM myfunction()
+
+        The above form is a legacy feature that is now superseded by the
+        fully capable :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+        method; see that method for details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` - generates table-valued
+            SQL function expressions.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        """synonym for :attr:`.FunctionElement.columns`."""
+
+        return ColumnCollection(
+            columns=[(col.key, col) for col in self._all_selected_columns]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if is_table_value_type(self.type):
+            # TODO: this might not be fully accurate
+            cols = cast(
+                "Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]", self.type._elements
+            )
+        else:
+            cols = [self.label(None)]
+
+        return cols
+
+    @property
+    def exported_columns(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.columns
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def clauses(self) -> ClauseList:
+        """Return the underlying :class:`.ClauseList` which contains
+        the arguments for this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        """
+        return cast(ClauseList, self.clause_expr.element)
+
+    def over(
+        self,
+        *,
+        partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        rows: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        range_: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ) -> Over[_T]:
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.row_number().over(order_by='x')
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over
+            over(func.row_number(), order_by='x')
+
+        See :func:`_expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.over`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_window_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+        return Over(
+            self,
+            partition_by=partition_by,
+            order_by=order_by,
+            rows=rows,
+            range_=range_,
+        )
+
+    def within_group(
+        self, *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+    ) -> WithinGroup[_T]:
+        """Produce a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr) clause against this function.
+
+        Used against so-called "ordered set aggregate" and "hypothetical
+        set aggregate" functions, including :class:`.percentile_cont`,
+        :class:`.rank`, :class:`.dense_rank`, etc.
+
+        See :func:`_expression.within_group` for a full description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` -
+            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+        """
+        return WithinGroup(self, *order_by)
+
+    @overload
+    def filter(self) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def filter(
+        self,
+        __criterion0: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+        *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> FunctionFilter[_T]: ...
+
+    def filter(
+        self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> Union[Self, FunctionFilter[_T]]:
+        """Produce a FILTER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate and window functions,
+        for database backends that support the "FILTER" clause.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.count(1).filter(True)
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
+            funcfilter(func.count(1), True)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` -
+            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :class:`.FunctionFilter`
+
+            :func:`.funcfilter`
+
+
+        """
+        if not criterion:
+            return self
+        return FunctionFilter(self, *criterion)
+
+    def as_comparison(
+        self, left_index: int, right_index: int
+    ) -> FunctionAsBinary:
+        """Interpret this expression as a boolean comparison between two
+        values.
+
+        This method is used for an ORM use case described at
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_operator_sql_function`.
+
+        A hypothetical SQL function "is_equal()" which compares to values
+        for equality would be written in the Core expression language as::
+
+            expr = func.is_equal("a", "b")
+
+        If "is_equal()" above is comparing "a" and "b" for equality, the
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.as_comparison` method would be invoked as::
+
+            expr = func.is_equal("a", "b").as_comparison(1, 2)
+
+        Where above, the integer value "1" refers to the first argument of the
+        "is_equal()" function and the integer value "2" refers to the second.
+
+        This would create a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that is equivalent to::
+
+            BinaryExpression("a", "b", operator=op.eq)
+
+        However, at the SQL level it would still render as
+        "is_equal('a', 'b')".
+
+        The ORM, when it loads a related object or collection, needs to be able
+        to manipulate the "left" and "right" sides of the ON clause of a JOIN
+        expression. The purpose of this method is to provide a SQL function
+        construct that can also supply this information to the ORM, when used
+        with the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` parameter. The
+        return value is a containment object called :class:`.FunctionAsBinary`.
+
+        An ORM example is as follows::
+
+            class Venue(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'venue'
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                name = Column(String)
+
+                descendants = relationship(
+                    "Venue",
+                    primaryjoin=func.instr(
+                        remote(foreign(name)), name + "/"
+                    ).as_comparison(1, 2) == 1,
+                    viewonly=True,
+                    order_by=name
+                )
+
+        Above, the "Venue" class can load descendant "Venue" objects by
+        determining if the name of the parent Venue is contained within the
+        start of the hypothetical descendant value's name, e.g. "parent1" would
+        match up to "parent1/child1", but not to "parent2/child1".
+
+        Possible use cases include the "materialized path" example given above,
+        as well as making use of special SQL functions such as geometric
+        functions to create join conditions.
+
+        :param left_index: the integer 1-based index of the function argument
+         that serves as the "left" side of the expression.
+        :param right_index: the integer 1-based index of the function argument
+         that serves as the "right" side of the expression.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator_sql_function` -
+            example use within the ORM
+
+        """
+        return FunctionAsBinary(self, left_index, right_index)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> Any:
+        return self.clauses._from_objects
+
+    def within_group_type(
+        self, within_group: WithinGroup[_S]
+    ) -> Optional[TypeEngine[_S]]:
+        """For types that define their return type as based on the criteria
+        within a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY) expression, called by the
+        :class:`.WithinGroup` construct.
+
+        Returns None by default, in which case the function's normal ``.type``
+        is used.
+
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, joins_implicitly: bool = False
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        r"""Produce a :class:`_expression.Alias` construct against this
+        :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.alias` method is part of the
+            mechanism by which "table valued" SQL functions are created.
+            However, most use cases are covered by higher level methods on
+            :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` including
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`, and
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`.
+
+        This construct wraps the function in a named alias which
+        is suitable for the FROM clause, in the style accepted for example
+        by PostgreSQL.  A column expression is also provided using the
+        special ``.column`` attribute, which may
+        be used to refer to the output of the function as a scalar value
+        in the columns or where clause, for a backend such as PostgreSQL.
+
+        For a full table-valued expression, use the
+        :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method first to
+        establish named columns.
+
+        e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import func, select, column
+            >>> data_view = func.unnest([1, 2, 3]).alias("data_view")
+            >>> print(select(data_view.column))
+            {printsql}SELECT data_view
+            FROM unnest(:unnest_1) AS data_view
+
+        The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method provides
+        a shortcut for the above pattern:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> data_view = func.unnest([1, 2, 3]).column_valued("data_view")
+            >>> print(select(data_view))
+            {printsql}SELECT data_view
+            FROM unnest(:unnest_1) AS data_view
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2  Added the ``.column`` accessor
+
+        :param name: alias name, will be rendered as ``AS <name>`` in the
+         FROM clause
+
+        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the table valued function may be
+         used in the FROM clause without any explicit JOIN to other tables
+         in the SQL query, and no "cartesian product" warning will be
+         generated.  May be useful for SQL functions such as
+         ``func.json_each()``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` -
+            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+
+        """
+
+        return TableValuedAlias._construct(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            table_value_type=self.type,
+            joins_implicitly=joins_implicitly,
+        )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[_T]]:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.select` construct
+        against this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This is shorthand for::
+
+            s = select(function_element)
+
+        """
+        s: Select[Any] = Select(self)
+        if self._execution_options:
+            s = s.execution_options(**self._execution_options)
+        return s
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            None,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            unique=True,
+            type_=type_,
+            expanding=expanding,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> ClauseElement:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa E501
+        # for the moment, we are parenthesizing all array-returning
+        # expressions against getitem.  This may need to be made
+        # more portable if in the future we support other DBs
+        # besides postgresql.
+        if against is operators.getitem and isinstance(
+            self.type, sqltypes.ARRAY
+        ):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return super().self_group(against=against)
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace:
+        """overrides FromClause.entity_namespace as functions are generally
+        column expressions and not FromClauses.
+
+        """
+        # ideally functions would not be fromclauses but we failed to make
+        # this adjustment in 1.4
+        return _entity_namespace(self.clause_expr)
+
+
+class FunctionAsBinary(BinaryExpression[Any]):
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("sql_function", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("left_index", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("right_index", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("modifiers", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+    ]
+
+    sql_function: FunctionElement[Any]
+    left_index: int
+    right_index: int
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map: Any, bindparams: Any) -> Any:
+        return ColumnElement._gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, fn: FunctionElement[Any], left_index: int, right_index: int
+    ):
+        self.sql_function = fn
+        self.left_index = left_index
+        self.right_index = right_index
+
+        self.operator = operators.function_as_comparison_op
+        self.type = sqltypes.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self.negate = None
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = True
+        self.modifiers = {}
+
+    @property
+    def left_expr(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.left_index - 1]
+
+    @left_expr.setter
+    def left_expr(self, value: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.left_index - 1] = value
+
+    @property
+    def right_expr(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.right_index - 1]
+
+    @right_expr.setter
+    def right_expr(self, value: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.right_index - 1] = value
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # mypy can't accommodate @property to replace an instance
+        # variable
+
+        left = left_expr
+        right = right_expr
+
+
+class ScalarFunctionColumn(NamedColumn[_T]):
+    __visit_name__ = "scalar_function_column"
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("fn", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    is_literal = False
+    table = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: FunctionElement[_T],
+        name: str,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.name = name
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class _FunctionGenerator:
+    """Generate SQL function expressions.
+
+    :data:`.func` is a special object instance which generates SQL
+    functions based on name-based attributes, e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.count(1))
+        {printsql}count(:param_1)
+
+    The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Function`, and  is a
+    column-oriented SQL element like any other, and is used in that way:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(func.count(table.c.id)))
+        {printsql}SELECT count(sometable.id) FROM sometable
+
+    Any name can be given to :data:`.func`. If the function name is unknown to
+    SQLAlchemy, it will be rendered exactly as is. For common SQL functions
+    which SQLAlchemy is aware of, the name may be interpreted as a *generic
+    function* which will be compiled appropriately to the target database:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.current_timestamp())
+        {printsql}CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+    To call functions which are present in dot-separated packages,
+    specify them in the same manner:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.stats.yield_curve(5, 10))
+        {printsql}stats.yield_curve(:yield_curve_1, :yield_curve_2)
+
+    SQLAlchemy can be made aware of the return type of functions to enable
+    type-specific lexical and result-based behavior. For example, to ensure
+    that a string-based function returns a Unicode value and is similarly
+    treated as a string in expressions, specify
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` as the type:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.my_string(u'hi', type_=Unicode) + ' ' +
+        ...       func.my_string(u'there', type_=Unicode))
+        {printsql}my_string(:my_string_1) || :my_string_2 || my_string(:my_string_3)
+
+    The object returned by a :data:`.func` call is usually an instance of
+    :class:`.Function`.
+    This object meets the "column" interface, including comparison and labeling
+    functions.  The object can also be passed the :meth:`~.Connectable.execute`
+    method of a :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+    where it will be
+    wrapped inside of a SELECT statement first::
+
+        print(connection.execute(func.current_timestamp()).scalar())
+
+    In a few exception cases, the :data:`.func` accessor
+    will redirect a name to a built-in expression such as :func:`.cast`
+    or :func:`.extract`, as these names have well-known meaning
+    but are not exactly the same as "functions" from a SQLAlchemy
+    perspective.
+
+    Functions which are interpreted as "generic" functions know how to
+    calculate their return type automatically. For a listing of known generic
+    functions, see :ref:`generic_functions`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct has only limited support for calling
+        standalone "stored procedures", especially those with special
+        parameterization concerns.
+
+        See the section :ref:`stored_procedures` for details on how to use
+        the DBAPI-level ``callproc()`` method for fully traditional stored
+        procedures.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :class:`.Function`
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    def __init__(self, **opts: Any):
+        self.__names: List[str] = []
+        self.opts = opts
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _FunctionGenerator:
+        # passthru __ attributes; fixes pydoc
+        if name.startswith("__"):
+            try:
+                return self.__dict__[name]  # type: ignore
+            except KeyError:
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+
+        elif name.endswith("_"):
+            name = name[0:-1]
+        f = _FunctionGenerator(**self.opts)
+        f.__names = list(self.__names) + [name]
+        return f
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self, *c: Any, type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Function[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, *c: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Function[Any]: ...
+
+    def __call__(self, *c: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Function[Any]:
+        o = self.opts.copy()
+        o.update(kwargs)
+
+        tokens = len(self.__names)
+
+        if tokens == 2:
+            package, fname = self.__names
+        elif tokens == 1:
+            package, fname = "_default", self.__names[0]
+        else:
+            package = None
+
+        if package is not None:
+            func = _registry[package].get(fname.lower())
+            if func is not None:
+                return func(*c, **o)
+
+        return Function(
+            self.__names[-1], packagenames=tuple(self.__names[0:-1]), *c, **o
+        )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START GENERATED FUNCTION ACCESSORS
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_sql_functions.py
+
+        @property
+        def aggregate_strings(self) -> Type[aggregate_strings]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def ansifunction(self) -> Type[AnsiFunction[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def array_agg(self) -> Type[array_agg[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def cast(self) -> Type[Cast[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def char_length(self) -> Type[char_length]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def concat(self) -> Type[concat]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def count(self) -> Type[count]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def cube(self) -> Type[cube[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def cume_dist(self) -> Type[cume_dist]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_date(self) -> Type[current_date]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_time(self) -> Type[current_time]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_timestamp(self) -> Type[current_timestamp]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_user(self) -> Type[current_user]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def dense_rank(self) -> Type[dense_rank]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def extract(self) -> Type[Extract]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def grouping_sets(self) -> Type[grouping_sets[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def localtime(self) -> Type[localtime]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def localtimestamp(self) -> Type[localtimestamp]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def mode(self) -> Type[mode[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def next_value(self) -> Type[next_value]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def now(self) -> Type[now]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def orderedsetagg(self) -> Type[OrderedSetAgg[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def percent_rank(self) -> Type[percent_rank]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def percentile_cont(self) -> Type[percentile_cont[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def percentile_disc(self) -> Type[percentile_disc[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def random(self) -> Type[random]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def rank(self) -> Type[rank]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def rollup(self) -> Type[rollup[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def session_user(self) -> Type[session_user]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def sysdate(self) -> Type[sysdate]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def user(self) -> Type[user]: ...
+
+        # END GENERATED FUNCTION ACCESSORS
+
+
+func = _FunctionGenerator()
+func.__doc__ = _FunctionGenerator.__doc__
+
+modifier = _FunctionGenerator(group=False)
+
+
+class Function(FunctionElement[_T]):
+    r"""Describe a named SQL function.
+
+    The :class:`.Function` object is typically generated from the
+    :data:`.func` generation object.
+
+
+    :param \*clauses: list of column expressions that form the arguments
+     of the SQL function call.
+
+    :param type\_: optional :class:`.TypeEngine` datatype object that will be
+     used as the return value of the column expression generated by this
+     function call.
+
+    :param packagenames: a string which indicates package prefix names
+     to be prepended to the function name when the SQL is generated.
+     The :data:`.func` generator creates these when it is called using
+     dotted format, e.g.::
+
+        func.mypackage.some_function(col1, col2)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "function"
+
+    _traverse_internals = FunctionElement._traverse_internals + [
+        ("packagenames", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    name: str
+
+    identifier: str
+
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+    """A :class:`_types.TypeEngine` object which refers to the SQL return
+    type represented by this SQL function.
+
+    This datatype may be configured when generating a
+    :class:`_functions.Function` object by passing the
+    :paramref:`_functions.Function.type_` parameter, e.g.::
+
+        >>> select(func.lower("some VALUE", type_=String))
+
+    The small number of built-in classes of :class:`_functions.Function` come
+    with a built-in datatype that's appropriate to the class of function and
+    its arguments. For functions that aren't known, the type defaults to the
+    "null type".
+
+    """
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+        type_: None = ...,
+        packagenames: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T] = ...,
+        packagenames: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        packagenames: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`.Function`.
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct is normally used to construct
+        new :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        """
+        self.packagenames = packagenames or ()
+        self.name = name
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        FunctionElement.__init__(self, *clauses)
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            self.name,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            type_=type_,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+
+class GenericFunction(Function[_T]):
+    """Define a 'generic' function.
+
+    A generic function is a pre-established :class:`.Function`
+    class that is instantiated automatically when called
+    by name from the :data:`.func` attribute.    Note that
+    calling any name from :data:`.func` has the effect that
+    a new :class:`.Function` instance is created automatically,
+    given that name.  The primary use case for defining
+    a :class:`.GenericFunction` class is so that a function
+    of a particular name may be given a fixed return type.
+    It can also include custom argument parsing schemes as well
+    as additional methods.
+
+    Subclasses of :class:`.GenericFunction` are automatically
+    registered under the name of the class.  For
+    example, a user-defined function ``as_utc()`` would
+    be available immediately::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql.functions import GenericFunction
+        from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime()
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+        print(select(func.as_utc()))
+
+    User-defined generic functions can be organized into
+    packages by specifying the "package" attribute when defining
+    :class:`.GenericFunction`.   Third party libraries
+    containing many functions may want to use this in order
+    to avoid name conflicts with other systems.   For example,
+    if our ``as_utc()`` function were part of a package
+    "time"::
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime()
+            package = "time"
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above function would be available from :data:`.func`
+    using the package name ``time``::
+
+        print(select(func.time.as_utc()))
+
+    A final option is to allow the function to be accessed
+    from one name in :data:`.func` but to render as a different name.
+    The ``identifier`` attribute will override the name used to
+    access the function as loaded from :data:`.func`, but will retain
+    the usage of ``name`` as the rendered name::
+
+        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
+            type = Geometry()
+            package = "geo"
+            name = "ST_Buffer"
+            identifier = "buffer"
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above function will render as follows:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.geo.buffer())
+        {printsql}ST_Buffer()
+
+    The name will be rendered as is, however without quoting unless the name
+    contains special characters that require quoting.  To force quoting
+    on or off for the name, use the :class:`.sqlalchemy.sql.quoted_name`
+    construct::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import quoted_name
+
+        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
+            type = Geometry()
+            package = "geo"
+            name = quoted_name("ST_Buffer", True)
+            identifier = "buffer"
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above function will render as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.geo.buffer())
+        {printsql}"ST_Buffer"()
+
+    Type parameters for this class as a
+    `generic type <https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#generics>`_ can be passed
+    and should match the type seen in a :class:`_engine.Result`. For example::
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+            type = DateTime()
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above indicates that the following expression returns a ``datetime``
+    object::
+
+        connection.scalar(select(func.as_utc()))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.13  The :class:`.quoted_name` construct is now
+       recognized for quoting when used with the "name" attribute of the
+       object, so that quoting can be forced on or off for the function
+       name.
+
+
+    """
+
+    coerce_arguments = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    _register: bool
+
+    name = "GenericFunction"
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if annotation.Annotated not in cls.__mro__:
+            cls._register_generic_function(cls.__name__, cls.__dict__)
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _register_generic_function(
+        cls, clsname: str, clsdict: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        cls.name = name = clsdict.get("name", clsname)
+        cls.identifier = identifier = clsdict.get("identifier", name)
+        package = clsdict.get("package", "_default")
+        # legacy
+        if "__return_type__" in clsdict:
+            cls.type = clsdict["__return_type__"]
+
+        # Check _register attribute status
+        cls._register = getattr(cls, "_register", True)
+
+        # Register the function if required
+        if cls._register:
+            register_function(identifier, cls, package)
+        else:
+            # Set _register to True to register child classes by default
+            cls._register = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ):
+        parsed_args = kwargs.pop("_parsed_args", None)
+        if parsed_args is None:
+            parsed_args = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                    c,
+                    name=self.name,
+                    apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                )
+                for c in args
+            ]
+        self._has_args = self._has_args or bool(parsed_args)
+        self.packagenames = ()
+
+        self.clause_expr = Grouping(
+            ClauseList(
+                operator=operators.comma_op, group_contents=True, *parsed_args
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(  # type: ignore
+            kwargs.pop("type_", None) or getattr(self, "type", None)
+        )
+
+
+register_function("cast", Cast)  # type: ignore
+register_function("extract", Extract)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class next_value(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """Represent the 'next value', given a :class:`.Sequence`
+    as its single argument.
+
+    Compiles into the appropriate function on each backend,
+    or will raise NotImplementedError if used on a backend
+    that does not provide support for sequences.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    name = "next_value"
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("sequence", InternalTraversal.dp_named_ddl_element)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, seq: schema.Sequence, **kw: Any):
+        assert isinstance(
+            seq, schema.Sequence
+        ), "next_value() accepts a Sequence object as input."
+        self.sequence = seq
+        self.type = sqltypes.to_instance(  # type: ignore
+            seq.data_type or getattr(self, "type", None)
+        )
+
+    def compare(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, next_value)
+            and self.sequence.name == other.sequence.name
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> Any:
+        return []
+
+
+class AnsiFunction(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Define a function in "ansi" format, which doesn't render parenthesis."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any):
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ReturnTypeFromArgs(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Define a function whose return type is the same as its arguments."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy which seems
+    # to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.  this is even if
+    # all non-generic types are removed from it, so reasons remain unclear for
+    # why this does not work
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        col: ColumnElement[_T],
+        *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+        *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+        *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ):
+        fn_args: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=self.name,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+        kwargs.setdefault("type_", _type_from_args(fn_args))
+        kwargs["_parsed_args"] = fn_args
+        super().__init__(*fn_args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class coalesce(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class max(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):  # noqa:  A001
+    """The SQL MAX() aggregate function."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class min(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):  # noqa: A001
+    """The SQL MIN() aggregate function."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class sum(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):  # noqa: A001
+    """The SQL SUM() aggregate function."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class now(GenericFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The SQL now() datetime function.
+
+    SQLAlchemy dialects will usually render this particular function
+    in a backend-specific way, such as rendering it as ``CURRENT_TIMESTAMP``.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class concat(GenericFunction[str]):
+    """The SQL CONCAT() function, which concatenates strings.
+
+    E.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(func.concat('a', 'b')))
+        {printsql}SELECT concat(:concat_2, :concat_3) AS concat_1
+
+    String concatenation in SQLAlchemy is more commonly available using the
+    Python ``+`` operator with string datatypes, which will render a
+    backend-specific concatenation operator, such as :
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(literal("a") + "b"))
+        {printsql}SELECT :param_1 || :param_2 AS anon_1
+
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class char_length(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """The CHAR_LENGTH() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, arg: _ColumnExpressionArgument[str], **kw: Any):
+        # slight hack to limit to just one positional argument
+        # not sure why this one function has this special treatment
+        super().__init__(arg, **kw)
+
+
+class random(GenericFunction[float]):
+    """The RANDOM() SQL function."""
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class count(GenericFunction[int]):
+    r"""The ANSI COUNT aggregate function.  With no arguments,
+    emits COUNT \*.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        my_table = table('some_table', column('id'))
+
+        stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(my_table)
+
+    Executing ``stmt`` would emit::
+
+        SELECT count(*) AS count_1
+        FROM some_table
+
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression: Union[
+            _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], _StarOrOne, None
+        ] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        if expression is None:
+            expression = literal_column("*")
+        super().__init__(expression, **kwargs)
+
+
+class current_date(AnsiFunction[datetime.date]):
+    """The CURRENT_DATE() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.Date()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class current_time(AnsiFunction[datetime.time]):
+    """The CURRENT_TIME() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.Time()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class current_timestamp(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class current_user(AnsiFunction[str]):
+    """The CURRENT_USER() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class localtime(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The localtime() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class localtimestamp(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The localtimestamp() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class session_user(AnsiFunction[str]):
+    """The SESSION_USER() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class sysdate(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The SYSDATE() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class user(AnsiFunction[str]):
+    """The USER() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class array_agg(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Support for the ARRAY_AGG function.
+
+    The ``func.array_agg(expr)`` construct returns an expression of
+    type :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        stmt = select(func.array_agg(table.c.values)[2:5])
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_postgresql.array_agg` - PostgreSQL-specific version that
+        returns :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`, which has PG-specific operators
+        added.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any):
+        fn_args: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole, c, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+
+        default_array_type = kwargs.pop("_default_array_type", sqltypes.ARRAY)
+        if "type_" not in kwargs:
+            type_from_args = _type_from_args(fn_args)
+            if isinstance(type_from_args, sqltypes.ARRAY):
+                kwargs["type_"] = type_from_args
+            else:
+                kwargs["type_"] = default_array_type(
+                    type_from_args, dimensions=1
+                )
+        kwargs["_parsed_args"] = fn_args
+        super().__init__(*fn_args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class OrderedSetAgg(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Define a function where the return type is based on the sort
+    expression type as defined by the expression passed to the
+    :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group` method."""
+
+    array_for_multi_clause = False
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def within_group_type(
+        self, within_group: WithinGroup[Any]
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        func_clauses = cast(ClauseList, self.clause_expr.element)
+        order_by: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]] = sqlutil.unwrap_order_by(
+            within_group.order_by
+        )
+        if self.array_for_multi_clause and len(func_clauses.clauses) > 1:
+            return sqltypes.ARRAY(order_by[0].type)
+        else:
+            return order_by[0].type
+
+
+class mode(OrderedSetAgg[_T]):
+    """Implement the ``mode`` ordered-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class percentile_cont(OrderedSetAgg[_T]):
+    """Implement the ``percentile_cont`` ordered-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression,
+    or if the arguments are an array, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` of the sort
+    expression's type.
+
+    """
+
+    array_for_multi_clause = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class percentile_disc(OrderedSetAgg[_T]):
+    """Implement the ``percentile_disc`` ordered-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression,
+    or if the arguments are an array, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` of the sort
+    expression's type.
+
+    """
+
+    array_for_multi_clause = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class rank(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """Implement the ``rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Integer`.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class dense_rank(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """Implement the ``dense_rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Integer`.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class percent_rank(GenericFunction[decimal.Decimal]):
+    """Implement the ``percent_rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Numeric`.
+
+    """
+
+    type: sqltypes.Numeric[decimal.Decimal] = sqltypes.Numeric()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class cume_dist(GenericFunction[decimal.Decimal]):
+    """Implement the ``cume_dist`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Numeric`.
+
+    """
+
+    type: sqltypes.Numeric[decimal.Decimal] = sqltypes.Numeric()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class cube(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    r"""Implement the ``CUBE`` grouping operation.
+
+    This function is used as part of the GROUP BY of a statement,
+    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
+        ).group_by(func.cube(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class rollup(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    r"""Implement the ``ROLLUP`` grouping operation.
+
+    This function is used as part of the GROUP BY of a statement,
+    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
+        ).group_by(func.rollup(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class grouping_sets(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    r"""Implement the ``GROUPING SETS`` grouping operation.
+
+    This function is used as part of the GROUP BY of a statement,
+    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
+        ).group_by(func.grouping_sets(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))
+
+    In order to group by multiple sets, use the :func:`.tuple_` construct::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value),
+            table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2,
+            table.c.col_3
+        ).group_by(
+            func.grouping_sets(
+                tuple_(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2),
+                tuple_(table.c.value, table.c.col_3),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class aggregate_strings(GenericFunction[str]):
+    """Implement a generic string aggregation function.
+
+    This function will concatenate non-null values into a string and
+    separate the values by a delimiter.
+
+    This function is compiled on a per-backend basis, into functions
+    such as ``group_concat()``, ``string_agg()``, or ``LISTAGG()``.
+
+    e.g. Example usage with delimiter '.'::
+
+        stmt = select(func.aggregate_strings(table.c.str_col, "."))
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.String`.
+
+    .. versionadded: 2.0.21
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], separator: str):
+        super().__init__(clause, separator)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/lambdas.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/lambdas.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69a53b45d4af13293d6c571cdaec41394470d2f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/lambdas.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1449 @@
+# sql/lambdas.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import threading
+import types
+from types import CodeType
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import cache_key as _cache_key
+from . import coercions
+from . import elements
+from . import roles
+from . import schema
+from . import visitors
+from .base import _clone
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Options
+from .cache_key import CacheConst
+from .operators import ColumnOperators
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .roles import SQLRole
+    from .visitors import _CloneCallableType
+
+_LambdaCacheType = MutableMapping[
+    Tuple[Any, ...], Union["NonAnalyzedFunction", "AnalyzedFunction"]
+]
+_BoundParameterGetter = Callable[..., Any]
+
+_closure_per_cache_key: _LambdaCacheType = util.LRUCache(1000)
+
+
+_LambdaType = Callable[[], Any]
+
+_AnyLambdaType = Callable[..., Any]
+
+_StmtLambdaType = Callable[[], Any]
+
+_E = TypeVar("_E", bound=Executable)
+_StmtLambdaElementType = Callable[[_E], Any]
+
+
+class LambdaOptions(Options):
+    enable_tracking = True
+    track_closure_variables = True
+    track_on: Optional[object] = None
+    global_track_bound_values = True
+    track_bound_values = True
+    lambda_cache: Optional[_LambdaCacheType] = None
+
+
+def lambda_stmt(
+    lmb: _StmtLambdaType,
+    enable_tracking: bool = True,
+    track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+    track_on: Optional[object] = None,
+    global_track_bound_values: bool = True,
+    track_bound_values: bool = True,
+    lambda_cache: Optional[_LambdaCacheType] = None,
+) -> StatementLambdaElement:
+    """Produce a SQL statement that is cached as a lambda.
+
+    The Python code object within the lambda is scanned for both Python
+    literals that will become bound parameters as well as closure variables
+    that refer to Core or ORM constructs that may vary.   The lambda itself
+    will be invoked only once per particular set of constructs detected.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import lambda_stmt
+
+        stmt = lambda_stmt(lambda: table.select())
+        stmt += lambda s: s.where(table.c.id == 5)
+
+        result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+    The object returned is an instance of :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    :param lmb: a Python function, typically a lambda, which takes no arguments
+     and returns a SQL expression construct
+    :param enable_tracking: when False, all scanning of the given lambda for
+     changes in closure variables or bound parameters is disabled.  Use for
+     a lambda that produces the identical results in all cases with no
+     parameterization.
+    :param track_closure_variables: when False, changes in closure variables
+     within the lambda will not be scanned.   Use for a lambda where the
+     state of its closure variables will never change the SQL structure
+     returned by the lambda.
+    :param track_bound_values: when False, bound parameter tracking will
+     be disabled for the given lambda.  Use for a lambda that either does
+     not produce any bound values, or where the initial bound values never
+     change.
+    :param global_track_bound_values: when False, bound parameter tracking
+     will be disabled for the entire statement including additional links
+     added via the :meth:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement.add_criteria` method.
+    :param lambda_cache: a dictionary or other mapping-like object where
+     information about the lambda's Python code as well as the tracked closure
+     variables in the lambda itself will be stored.   Defaults
+     to a global LRU cache.  This cache is independent of the "compiled_cache"
+     used by the :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_lambda_caching`
+
+
+    """
+
+    return StatementLambdaElement(
+        lmb,
+        roles.StatementRole,
+        LambdaOptions(
+            enable_tracking=enable_tracking,
+            track_on=track_on,
+            track_closure_variables=track_closure_variables,
+            global_track_bound_values=global_track_bound_values,
+            track_bound_values=track_bound_values,
+            lambda_cache=lambda_cache,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+class LambdaElement(elements.ClauseElement):
+    """A SQL construct where the state is stored as an un-invoked lambda.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.LambdaElement` is produced transparently whenever
+    passing lambda expressions into SQL constructs, such as::
+
+        stmt = select(table).where(lambda: table.c.col == parameter)
+
+    The :class:`_sql.LambdaElement` is the base of the
+    :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement` which represents a full statement
+    within a lambda.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_lambda_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "lambda_element"
+
+    _is_lambda_element = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_resolved", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    _transforms: Tuple[_CloneCallableType, ...] = ()
+
+    _resolved_bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    parent_lambda: Optional[StatementLambdaElement] = None
+    closure_cache_key: Union[Tuple[Any, ...], Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]]
+    role: Type[SQLRole]
+    _rec: Union[AnalyzedFunction, NonAnalyzedFunction]
+    fn: _AnyLambdaType
+    tracker_key: Tuple[CodeType, ...]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.fn.__code__,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: _LambdaType,
+        role: Type[SQLRole],
+        opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions] = LambdaOptions,
+        apply_propagate_attrs: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+    ):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.role = role
+        self.tracker_key = (fn.__code__,)
+        self.opts = opts
+
+        if apply_propagate_attrs is None and (role is roles.StatementRole):
+            apply_propagate_attrs = self
+
+        rec = self._retrieve_tracker_rec(fn, apply_propagate_attrs, opts)
+
+        if apply_propagate_attrs is not None:
+            propagate_attrs = rec.propagate_attrs
+            if propagate_attrs:
+                apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs = propagate_attrs
+
+    def _retrieve_tracker_rec(self, fn, apply_propagate_attrs, opts):
+        lambda_cache = opts.lambda_cache
+        if lambda_cache is None:
+            lambda_cache = _closure_per_cache_key
+
+        tracker_key = self.tracker_key
+
+        fn = self.fn
+        closure = fn.__closure__
+        tracker = AnalyzedCode.get(
+            fn,
+            self,
+            opts,
+        )
+
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+        self._resolved_bindparams = bindparams = []
+
+        if self.parent_lambda is not None:
+            parent_closure_cache_key = self.parent_lambda.closure_cache_key
+        else:
+            parent_closure_cache_key = ()
+
+        cache_key: Union[Tuple[Any, ...], Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]]
+
+        if parent_closure_cache_key is not _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+            anon_map = visitors.anon_map()
+            cache_key = tuple(
+                [
+                    getter(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams)
+                    for getter in tracker.closure_trackers
+                ]
+            )
+
+            if _cache_key.NO_CACHE not in anon_map:
+                cache_key = parent_closure_cache_key + cache_key
+
+                self.closure_cache_key = cache_key
+
+                try:
+                    rec = lambda_cache[tracker_key + cache_key]
+                except KeyError:
+                    rec = None
+            else:
+                cache_key = _cache_key.NO_CACHE
+                rec = None
+
+        else:
+            cache_key = _cache_key.NO_CACHE
+            rec = None
+
+        self.closure_cache_key = cache_key
+
+        if rec is None:
+            if cache_key is not _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+                with AnalyzedCode._generation_mutex:
+                    key = tracker_key + cache_key
+                    if key not in lambda_cache:
+                        rec = AnalyzedFunction(
+                            tracker, self, apply_propagate_attrs, fn
+                        )
+                        rec.closure_bindparams = bindparams
+                        lambda_cache[key] = rec
+                    else:
+                        rec = lambda_cache[key]
+            else:
+                rec = NonAnalyzedFunction(self._invoke_user_fn(fn))
+
+        else:
+            bindparams[:] = [
+                orig_bind._with_value(new_bind.value, maintain_key=True)
+                for orig_bind, new_bind in zip(
+                    rec.closure_bindparams, bindparams
+                )
+            ]
+
+        self._rec = rec
+
+        if cache_key is not _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+            if self.parent_lambda is not None:
+                bindparams[:0] = self.parent_lambda._resolved_bindparams
+
+            lambda_element: Optional[LambdaElement] = self
+            while lambda_element is not None:
+                rec = lambda_element._rec
+                if rec.bindparam_trackers:
+                    tracker_instrumented_fn = rec.tracker_instrumented_fn
+                    for tracker in rec.bindparam_trackers:
+                        tracker(
+                            lambda_element.fn,
+                            tracker_instrumented_fn,
+                            bindparams,
+                        )
+                lambda_element = lambda_element.parent_lambda
+
+        return rec
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self._rec.expected_expr, key)
+
+    @property
+    def _is_sequence(self):
+        return self._rec.is_sequence
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        if self._is_sequence:
+            return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                [element._select_iterable for element in self._resolved]
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return self._resolved._select_iterable
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        if self._is_sequence:
+            return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                [element._from_objects for element in self._resolved]
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return self._resolved._from_objects
+
+    def _param_dict(self):
+        return {b.key: b.value for b in self._resolved_bindparams}
+
+    def _setup_binds_for_tracked_expr(self, expr):
+        bindparam_lookup = {b.key: b for b in self._resolved_bindparams}
+
+        def replace(
+            element: Optional[visitors.ExternallyTraversible], **kw: Any
+        ) -> Optional[visitors.ExternallyTraversible]:
+            if isinstance(element, elements.BindParameter):
+                if element.key in bindparam_lookup:
+                    bind = bindparam_lookup[element.key]
+                    if element.expanding:
+                        bind.expanding = True
+                        bind.expand_op = element.expand_op
+                        bind.type = element.type
+                    return bind
+
+            return None
+
+        if self._rec.is_sequence:
+            expr = [
+                visitors.replacement_traverse(sub_expr, {}, replace)
+                for sub_expr in expr
+            ]
+        elif getattr(expr, "is_clause_element", False):
+            expr = visitors.replacement_traverse(expr, {}, replace)
+
+        return expr
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self,
+        clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone,
+        deferred_copy_internals: Optional[_CloneCallableType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        # TODO: this needs A LOT of tests
+        self._resolved = clone(
+            self._resolved,
+            deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _resolved(self):
+        expr = self._rec.expected_expr
+
+        if self._resolved_bindparams:
+            expr = self._setup_binds_for_tracked_expr(expr)
+
+        return expr
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        if self.closure_cache_key is _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+            anon_map[_cache_key.NO_CACHE] = True
+            return None
+
+        cache_key = (
+            self.fn.__code__,
+            self.__class__,
+        ) + self.closure_cache_key
+
+        parent = self.parent_lambda
+
+        while parent is not None:
+            assert parent.closure_cache_key is not CacheConst.NO_CACHE
+            parent_closure_cache_key: Tuple[Any, ...] = (
+                parent.closure_cache_key
+            )
+
+            cache_key = (
+                (parent.fn.__code__,) + parent_closure_cache_key + cache_key
+            )
+
+            parent = parent.parent_lambda
+
+        if self._resolved_bindparams:
+            bindparams.extend(self._resolved_bindparams)
+        return cache_key
+
+    def _invoke_user_fn(self, fn: _AnyLambdaType, *arg: Any) -> ClauseElement:
+        return fn()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+class DeferredLambdaElement(LambdaElement):
+    """A LambdaElement where the lambda accepts arguments and is
+    invoked within the compile phase with special context.
+
+    This lambda doesn't normally produce its real SQL expression outside of the
+    compile phase.  It is passed a fixed set of initial arguments
+    so that it can generate a sample expression.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: _AnyLambdaType,
+        role: Type[roles.SQLRole],
+        opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions] = LambdaOptions,
+        lambda_args: Tuple[Any, ...] = (),
+    ):
+        self.lambda_args = lambda_args
+        super().__init__(fn, role, opts)
+
+    def _invoke_user_fn(self, fn, *arg):
+        return fn(*self.lambda_args)
+
+    def _resolve_with_args(self, *lambda_args: Any) -> ClauseElement:
+        assert isinstance(self._rec, AnalyzedFunction)
+        tracker_fn = self._rec.tracker_instrumented_fn
+        expr = tracker_fn(*lambda_args)
+
+        expr = coercions.expect(self.role, expr)
+
+        expr = self._setup_binds_for_tracked_expr(expr)
+
+        # this validation is getting very close, but not quite, to achieving
+        # #5767.  The problem is if the base lambda uses an unnamed column
+        # as is very common with mixins, the parameter name is different
+        # and it produces a false positive; that is, for the documented case
+        # that is exactly what people will be doing, it doesn't work, so
+        # I'm not really sure how to handle this right now.
+        # expected_binds = [
+        #    b._orig_key
+        #    for b in self._rec.expr._generate_cache_key()[1]
+        #    if b.required
+        # ]
+        # got_binds = [
+        #    b._orig_key for b in expr._generate_cache_key()[1] if b.required
+        # ]
+        # if expected_binds != got_binds:
+        #    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+        #        "Lambda callable at %s produced a different set of bound "
+        #        "parameters than its original run: %s"
+        #        % (self.fn.__code__, ", ".join(got_binds))
+        #    )
+
+        # TODO: TEST TEST TEST, this is very out there
+        for deferred_copy_internals in self._transforms:
+            expr = deferred_copy_internals(expr)
+
+        return expr  # type: ignore
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone=_clone, deferred_copy_internals=None, **kw
+    ):
+        super()._copy_internals(
+            clone=clone,
+            deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals,  # **kw
+            opts=kw,
+        )
+
+        # TODO: A LOT A LOT of tests.   for _resolve_with_args, we don't know
+        # our expression yet.   so hold onto the replacement
+        if deferred_copy_internals:
+            self._transforms += (deferred_copy_internals,)
+
+
+class StatementLambdaElement(
+    roles.AllowsLambdaRole, LambdaElement, Executable
+):
+    """Represent a composable SQL statement as a :class:`_sql.LambdaElement`.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement` is constructed using the
+    :func:`_sql.lambda_stmt` function::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy import lambda_stmt
+
+        stmt = lambda_stmt(lambda: select(table))
+
+    Once constructed, additional criteria can be built onto the statement
+    by adding subsequent lambdas, which accept the existing statement
+    object as a single parameter::
+
+        stmt += lambda s: s.where(table.c.col == parameter)
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_lambda_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            fn: _StmtLambdaType,
+            role: Type[SQLRole],
+            opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions] = LambdaOptions,
+            apply_propagate_attrs: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        ): ...
+
+    def __add__(
+        self, other: _StmtLambdaElementType[Any]
+    ) -> StatementLambdaElement:
+        return self.add_criteria(other)
+
+    def add_criteria(
+        self,
+        other: _StmtLambdaElementType[Any],
+        enable_tracking: bool = True,
+        track_on: Optional[Any] = None,
+        track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+        track_bound_values: bool = True,
+    ) -> StatementLambdaElement:
+        """Add new criteria to this :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> def my_stmt(parameter):
+            ...     stmt = lambda_stmt(
+            ...         lambda: select(table.c.x, table.c.y),
+            ...     )
+            ...     stmt = stmt.add_criteria(
+            ...         lambda: table.c.x > parameter
+            ...     )
+            ...     return stmt
+
+        The :meth:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement.add_criteria` method is
+        equivalent to using the Python addition operator to add a new
+        lambda, except that additional arguments may be added including
+        ``track_closure_values`` and ``track_on``::
+
+            >>> def my_stmt(self, foo):
+            ...     stmt = lambda_stmt(
+            ...         lambda: select(func.max(foo.x, foo.y)),
+            ...         track_closure_variables=False
+            ...     )
+            ...     stmt = stmt.add_criteria(
+            ...         lambda: self.where_criteria,
+            ...         track_on=[self]
+            ...     )
+            ...     return stmt
+
+        See :func:`_sql.lambda_stmt` for a description of the parameters
+        accepted.
+
+        """
+
+        opts = self.opts + dict(
+            enable_tracking=enable_tracking,
+            track_closure_variables=track_closure_variables,
+            global_track_bound_values=self.opts.global_track_bound_values,
+            track_on=track_on,
+            track_bound_values=track_bound_values,
+        )
+
+        return LinkedLambdaElement(other, parent_lambda=self, opts=opts)
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self._rec.expected_expr, ClauseElement)
+        if self._rec.expected_expr.supports_execution:
+            return connection._execute_clauseelement(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Any:
+        return self._rec_expected_expr
+
+    @property
+    def _with_options(self):
+        return self._proxied._with_options
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_plugin_target(self):
+        return self._proxied._effective_plugin_target
+
+    @property
+    def _execution_options(self):
+        return self._proxied._execution_options
+
+    @property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self):
+        return self._proxied._all_selected_columns
+
+    @property
+    def is_select(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_select
+
+    @property
+    def is_update(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_update
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_insert
+
+    @property
+    def is_text(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_text
+
+    @property
+    def is_delete(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_delete
+
+    @property
+    def is_dml(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_dml
+
+    def spoil(self) -> NullLambdaStatement:
+        """Return a new :class:`.StatementLambdaElement` that will run
+        all lambdas unconditionally each time.
+
+        """
+        return NullLambdaStatement(self.fn())
+
+
+class NullLambdaStatement(roles.AllowsLambdaRole, elements.ClauseElement):
+    """Provides the :class:`.StatementLambdaElement` API but does not
+    cache or analyze lambdas.
+
+    the lambdas are instead invoked immediately.
+
+    The intended use is to isolate issues that may arise when using
+    lambda statements.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "lambda_element"
+
+    _is_lambda_element = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_resolved", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, statement):
+        self._resolved = statement
+        self._propagate_attrs = statement._propagate_attrs
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self._resolved, key)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        statement = other(self._resolved)
+
+        return NullLambdaStatement(statement)
+
+    def add_criteria(self, other, **kw):
+        statement = other(self._resolved)
+
+        return NullLambdaStatement(statement)
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        if self._resolved.supports_execution:
+            return connection._execute_clauseelement(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self)
+
+
+class LinkedLambdaElement(StatementLambdaElement):
+    """Represent subsequent links of a :class:`.StatementLambdaElement`."""
+
+    parent_lambda: StatementLambdaElement
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: _StmtLambdaElementType[Any],
+        parent_lambda: StatementLambdaElement,
+        opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions],
+    ):
+        self.opts = opts
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.parent_lambda = parent_lambda
+
+        self.tracker_key = parent_lambda.tracker_key + (fn.__code__,)
+        self._retrieve_tracker_rec(fn, self, opts)
+        self._propagate_attrs = parent_lambda._propagate_attrs
+
+    def _invoke_user_fn(self, fn, *arg):
+        return fn(self.parent_lambda._resolved)
+
+
+class AnalyzedCode:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "track_closure_variables",
+        "track_bound_values",
+        "bindparam_trackers",
+        "closure_trackers",
+        "build_py_wrappers",
+    )
+    _fns: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[CodeType, AnalyzedCode] = (
+        weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    )
+
+    _generation_mutex = threading.RLock()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get(cls, fn, lambda_element, lambda_kw, **kw):
+        try:
+            # TODO: validate kw haven't changed?
+            return cls._fns[fn.__code__]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        with cls._generation_mutex:
+            # check for other thread already created object
+            if fn.__code__ in cls._fns:
+                return cls._fns[fn.__code__]
+
+            analyzed: AnalyzedCode
+            cls._fns[fn.__code__] = analyzed = AnalyzedCode(
+                fn, lambda_element, lambda_kw, **kw
+            )
+            return analyzed
+
+    def __init__(self, fn, lambda_element, opts):
+        if inspect.ismethod(fn):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Method %s may not be passed as a SQL expression" % fn
+            )
+        closure = fn.__closure__
+
+        self.track_bound_values = (
+            opts.track_bound_values and opts.global_track_bound_values
+        )
+        enable_tracking = opts.enable_tracking
+        track_on = opts.track_on
+        track_closure_variables = opts.track_closure_variables
+
+        self.track_closure_variables = track_closure_variables and not track_on
+
+        # a list of callables generated from _bound_parameter_getter_*
+        # functions.  Each of these uses a PyWrapper object to retrieve
+        # a parameter value
+        self.bindparam_trackers = []
+
+        # a list of callables generated from _cache_key_getter_* functions
+        # these callables work to generate a cache key for the lambda
+        # based on what's inside its closure variables.
+        self.closure_trackers = []
+
+        self.build_py_wrappers = []
+
+        if enable_tracking:
+            if track_on:
+                self._init_track_on(track_on)
+
+            self._init_globals(fn)
+
+            if closure:
+                self._init_closure(fn)
+
+        self._setup_additional_closure_trackers(fn, lambda_element, opts)
+
+    def _init_track_on(self, track_on):
+        self.closure_trackers.extend(
+            self._cache_key_getter_track_on(idx, elem)
+            for idx, elem in enumerate(track_on)
+        )
+
+    def _init_globals(self, fn):
+        build_py_wrappers = self.build_py_wrappers
+        bindparam_trackers = self.bindparam_trackers
+        track_bound_values = self.track_bound_values
+
+        for name in fn.__code__.co_names:
+            if name not in fn.__globals__:
+                continue
+
+            _bound_value = self._roll_down_to_literal(fn.__globals__[name])
+
+            if coercions._deep_is_literal(_bound_value):
+                build_py_wrappers.append((name, None))
+                if track_bound_values:
+                    bindparam_trackers.append(
+                        self._bound_parameter_getter_func_globals(name)
+                    )
+
+    def _init_closure(self, fn):
+        build_py_wrappers = self.build_py_wrappers
+        closure = fn.__closure__
+
+        track_bound_values = self.track_bound_values
+        track_closure_variables = self.track_closure_variables
+        bindparam_trackers = self.bindparam_trackers
+        closure_trackers = self.closure_trackers
+
+        for closure_index, (fv, cell) in enumerate(
+            zip(fn.__code__.co_freevars, closure)
+        ):
+            _bound_value = self._roll_down_to_literal(cell.cell_contents)
+
+            if coercions._deep_is_literal(_bound_value):
+                build_py_wrappers.append((fv, closure_index))
+                if track_bound_values:
+                    bindparam_trackers.append(
+                        self._bound_parameter_getter_func_closure(
+                            fv, closure_index
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                # for normal cell contents, add them to a list that
+                # we can compare later when we get new lambdas.  if
+                # any identities have changed, then we will
+                # recalculate the whole lambda and run it again.
+
+                if track_closure_variables:
+                    closure_trackers.append(
+                        self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+                            fn, fv, closure_index, cell.cell_contents
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    def _setup_additional_closure_trackers(self, fn, lambda_element, opts):
+        # an additional step is to actually run the function, then
+        # go through the PyWrapper objects that were set up to catch a bound
+        # parameter.   then if they *didn't* make a param, oh they're another
+        # object in the closure we have to track for our cache key.  so
+        # create trackers to catch those.
+
+        analyzed_function = AnalyzedFunction(
+            self,
+            lambda_element,
+            None,
+            fn,
+        )
+
+        closure_trackers = self.closure_trackers
+
+        for pywrapper in analyzed_function.closure_pywrappers:
+            if not pywrapper._sa__has_param:
+                closure_trackers.append(
+                    self._cache_key_getter_tracked_literal(fn, pywrapper)
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _roll_down_to_literal(cls, element):
+        is_clause_element = hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+
+        if is_clause_element:
+            while not isinstance(
+                element, (elements.ClauseElement, schema.SchemaItem, type)
+            ):
+                try:
+                    element = element.__clause_element__()
+                except AttributeError:
+                    break
+
+        if not is_clause_element:
+            insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+            if insp is not None:
+                try:
+                    return insp.__clause_element__()
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return insp
+
+            # TODO: should we coerce consts None/True/False here?
+            return element
+        else:
+            return element
+
+    def _bound_parameter_getter_func_globals(self, name):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a list of bound parameters
+        with new entries from the ``__globals__`` collection of a particular
+        lambda.
+
+        """
+
+        def extract_parameter_value(
+            current_fn, tracker_instrumented_fn, result
+        ):
+            wrapper = tracker_instrumented_fn.__globals__[name]
+            object.__getattribute__(wrapper, "_extract_bound_parameters")(
+                current_fn.__globals__[name], result
+            )
+
+        return extract_parameter_value
+
+    def _bound_parameter_getter_func_closure(self, name, closure_index):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a list of bound parameters
+        with new entries from the ``__closure__`` collection of a particular
+        lambda.
+
+        """
+
+        def extract_parameter_value(
+            current_fn, tracker_instrumented_fn, result
+        ):
+            wrapper = tracker_instrumented_fn.__closure__[
+                closure_index
+            ].cell_contents
+            object.__getattribute__(wrapper, "_extract_bound_parameters")(
+                current_fn.__closure__[closure_index].cell_contents, result
+            )
+
+        return extract_parameter_value
+
+    def _cache_key_getter_track_on(self, idx, elem):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a cache key with new entries
+        from the "track_on" parameter passed to a :class:`.LambdaElement`.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(elem, tuple):
+            # tuple must contain hascachekey elements
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return tuple(
+                    tup_elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    for tup_elem in opts.track_on[idx]
+                )
+
+        elif isinstance(elem, _cache_key.HasCacheKey):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return opts.track_on[idx]._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+
+        else:
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return opts.track_on[idx]
+
+        return get
+
+    def _cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+        self,
+        fn,
+        variable_name,
+        idx,
+        cell_contents,
+        use_clause_element=False,
+        use_inspect=False,
+    ):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a cache key with new entries
+        from the ``__closure__`` collection of a particular lambda.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(cell_contents, _cache_key.HasCacheKey):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                obj = closure[idx].cell_contents
+                if use_inspect:
+                    obj = inspection.inspect(obj)
+                elif use_clause_element:
+                    while hasattr(obj, "__clause_element__"):
+                        if not getattr(obj, "is_clause_element", False):
+                            obj = obj.__clause_element__()
+
+                return obj._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+
+        elif isinstance(cell_contents, types.FunctionType):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return closure[idx].cell_contents.__code__
+
+        elif isinstance(cell_contents, collections_abc.Sequence):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                contents = closure[idx].cell_contents
+
+                try:
+                    return tuple(
+                        elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        for elem in contents
+                    )
+                except AttributeError as ae:
+                    self._raise_for_uncacheable_closure_variable(
+                        variable_name, fn, from_=ae
+                    )
+
+        else:
+            # if the object is a mapped class or aliased class, or some
+            # other object in the ORM realm of things like that, imitate
+            # the logic used in coercions.expect() to roll it down to the
+            # SQL element
+            element = cell_contents
+            is_clause_element = False
+            while hasattr(element, "__clause_element__"):
+                is_clause_element = True
+                if not getattr(element, "is_clause_element", False):
+                    element = element.__clause_element__()
+                else:
+                    break
+
+            if not is_clause_element:
+                insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+                if insp is not None:
+                    return self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+                        fn, variable_name, idx, insp, use_inspect=True
+                    )
+            else:
+                return self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+                    fn, variable_name, idx, element, use_clause_element=True
+                )
+
+            self._raise_for_uncacheable_closure_variable(variable_name, fn)
+
+        return get
+
+    def _raise_for_uncacheable_closure_variable(
+        self, variable_name, fn, from_=None
+    ):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Closure variable named '%s' inside of lambda callable %s "
+            "does not refer to a cacheable SQL element, and also does not "
+            "appear to be serving as a SQL literal bound value based on "
+            "the default "
+            "SQL expression returned by the function.   This variable "
+            "needs to remain outside the scope of a SQL-generating lambda "
+            "so that a proper cache key may be generated from the "
+            "lambda's state.  Evaluate this variable outside of the "
+            "lambda, set track_on=[<elements>] to explicitly select "
+            "closure elements to track, or set "
+            "track_closure_variables=False to exclude "
+            "closure variables from being part of the cache key."
+            % (variable_name, fn.__code__),
+        ) from from_
+
+    def _cache_key_getter_tracked_literal(self, fn, pytracker):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a cache key with new entries
+        from the ``__closure__`` collection of a particular lambda.
+
+        this getter differs from _cache_key_getter_closure_variable
+        in that these are detected after the function is run, and PyWrapper
+        objects have recorded that a particular literal value is in fact
+        not being interpreted as a bound parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        elem = pytracker._sa__to_evaluate
+        closure_index = pytracker._sa__closure_index
+        variable_name = pytracker._sa__name
+
+        return self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+            fn, variable_name, closure_index, elem
+        )
+
+
+class NonAnalyzedFunction:
+    __slots__ = ("expr",)
+
+    closure_bindparams: Optional[List[BindParameter[Any]]] = None
+    bindparam_trackers: Optional[List[_BoundParameterGetter]] = None
+
+    is_sequence = False
+
+    expr: ClauseElement
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: ClauseElement):
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    @property
+    def expected_expr(self) -> ClauseElement:
+        return self.expr
+
+
+class AnalyzedFunction:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "analyzed_code",
+        "fn",
+        "closure_pywrappers",
+        "tracker_instrumented_fn",
+        "expr",
+        "bindparam_trackers",
+        "expected_expr",
+        "is_sequence",
+        "propagate_attrs",
+        "closure_bindparams",
+    )
+
+    closure_bindparams: Optional[List[BindParameter[Any]]]
+    expected_expr: Union[ClauseElement, List[ClauseElement]]
+    bindparam_trackers: Optional[List[_BoundParameterGetter]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        analyzed_code,
+        lambda_element,
+        apply_propagate_attrs,
+        fn,
+    ):
+        self.analyzed_code = analyzed_code
+        self.fn = fn
+
+        self.bindparam_trackers = analyzed_code.bindparam_trackers
+
+        self._instrument_and_run_function(lambda_element)
+
+        self._coerce_expression(lambda_element, apply_propagate_attrs)
+
+    def _instrument_and_run_function(self, lambda_element):
+        analyzed_code = self.analyzed_code
+
+        fn = self.fn
+        self.closure_pywrappers = closure_pywrappers = []
+
+        build_py_wrappers = analyzed_code.build_py_wrappers
+
+        if not build_py_wrappers:
+            self.tracker_instrumented_fn = tracker_instrumented_fn = fn
+            self.expr = lambda_element._invoke_user_fn(tracker_instrumented_fn)
+        else:
+            track_closure_variables = analyzed_code.track_closure_variables
+            closure = fn.__closure__
+
+            # will form the __closure__ of the function when we rebuild it
+            if closure:
+                new_closure = {
+                    fv: cell.cell_contents
+                    for fv, cell in zip(fn.__code__.co_freevars, closure)
+                }
+            else:
+                new_closure = {}
+
+            # will form the __globals__ of the function when we rebuild it
+            new_globals = fn.__globals__.copy()
+
+            for name, closure_index in build_py_wrappers:
+                if closure_index is not None:
+                    value = closure[closure_index].cell_contents
+                    new_closure[name] = bind = PyWrapper(
+                        fn,
+                        name,
+                        value,
+                        closure_index=closure_index,
+                        track_bound_values=(
+                            self.analyzed_code.track_bound_values
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    if track_closure_variables:
+                        closure_pywrappers.append(bind)
+                else:
+                    value = fn.__globals__[name]
+                    new_globals[name] = bind = PyWrapper(fn, name, value)
+
+            # rewrite the original fn.   things that look like they will
+            # become bound parameters are wrapped in a PyWrapper.
+            self.tracker_instrumented_fn = tracker_instrumented_fn = (
+                self._rewrite_code_obj(
+                    fn,
+                    [new_closure[name] for name in fn.__code__.co_freevars],
+                    new_globals,
+                )
+            )
+
+            # now invoke the function.  This will give us a new SQL
+            # expression, but all the places that there would be a bound
+            # parameter, the PyWrapper in its place will give us a bind
+            # with a predictable name we can match up later.
+
+            # additionally, each PyWrapper will log that it did in fact
+            # create a parameter, otherwise, it's some kind of Python
+            # object in the closure and we want to track that, to make
+            # sure it doesn't change to something else, or if it does,
+            # that we create a different tracked function with that
+            # variable.
+            self.expr = lambda_element._invoke_user_fn(tracker_instrumented_fn)
+
+    def _coerce_expression(self, lambda_element, apply_propagate_attrs):
+        """Run the tracker-generated expression through coercion rules.
+
+        After the user-defined lambda has been invoked to produce a statement
+        for re-use, run it through coercion rules to both check that it's the
+        correct type of object and also to coerce it to its useful form.
+
+        """
+
+        parent_lambda = lambda_element.parent_lambda
+        expr = self.expr
+
+        if parent_lambda is None:
+            if isinstance(expr, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                self.expected_expr = [
+                    cast(
+                        "ClauseElement",
+                        coercions.expect(
+                            lambda_element.role,
+                            sub_expr,
+                            apply_propagate_attrs=apply_propagate_attrs,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    for sub_expr in expr
+                ]
+                self.is_sequence = True
+            else:
+                self.expected_expr = cast(
+                    "ClauseElement",
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        lambda_element.role,
+                        expr,
+                        apply_propagate_attrs=apply_propagate_attrs,
+                    ),
+                )
+                self.is_sequence = False
+        else:
+            self.expected_expr = expr
+            self.is_sequence = False
+
+        if apply_propagate_attrs is not None:
+            self.propagate_attrs = apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs
+        else:
+            self.propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def _rewrite_code_obj(self, f, cell_values, globals_):
+        """Return a copy of f, with a new closure and new globals
+
+        yes it works in pypy :P
+
+        """
+
+        argrange = range(len(cell_values))
+
+        code = "def make_cells():\n"
+        if cell_values:
+            code += "    (%s) = (%s)\n" % (
+                ", ".join("i%d" % i for i in argrange),
+                ", ".join("o%d" % i for i in argrange),
+            )
+        code += "    def closure():\n"
+        code += "        return %s\n" % ", ".join("i%d" % i for i in argrange)
+        code += "    return closure.__closure__"
+        vars_ = {"o%d" % i: cell_values[i] for i in argrange}
+        exec(code, vars_, vars_)
+        closure = vars_["make_cells"]()
+
+        func = type(f)(
+            f.__code__, globals_, f.__name__, f.__defaults__, closure
+        )
+        func.__annotations__ = f.__annotations__
+        func.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
+        func.__doc__ = f.__doc__
+        func.__module__ = f.__module__
+
+        return func
+
+
+class PyWrapper(ColumnOperators):
+    """A wrapper object that is injected into the ``__globals__`` and
+    ``__closure__`` of a Python function.
+
+    When the function is instrumented with :class:`.PyWrapper` objects, it is
+    then invoked just once in order to set up the wrappers.  We look through
+    all the :class:`.PyWrapper` objects we made to find the ones that generated
+    a :class:`.BindParameter` object, e.g. the expression system interpreted
+    something as a literal.   Those positions in the globals/closure are then
+    ones that we will look at, each time a new lambda comes in that refers to
+    the same ``__code__`` object.   In this way, we keep a single version of
+    the SQL expression that this lambda produced, without calling upon the
+    Python function that created it more than once, unless its other closure
+    variables have changed.   The expression is then transformed to have the
+    new bound values embedded into it.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn,
+        name,
+        to_evaluate,
+        closure_index=None,
+        getter=None,
+        track_bound_values=True,
+    ):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self._name = name
+        self._to_evaluate = to_evaluate
+        self._param = None
+        self._has_param = False
+        self._bind_paths = {}
+        self._getter = getter
+        self._closure_index = closure_index
+        self.track_bound_values = track_bound_values
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        value = elem(*arg, **kw)
+        if (
+            self._sa_track_bound_values
+            and coercions._deep_is_literal(value)
+            and not isinstance(
+                # TODO: coverage where an ORM option or similar is here
+                value,
+                _cache_key.HasCacheKey,
+            )
+        ):
+            name = object.__getattribute__(self, "_name")
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't invoke Python callable %s() inside of lambda "
+                "expression argument at %s; lambda SQL constructs should "
+                "not invoke functions from closure variables to produce "
+                "literal values since the "
+                "lambda SQL system normally extracts bound values without "
+                "actually "
+                "invoking the lambda or any functions within it.  Call the "
+                "function outside of the "
+                "lambda and assign to a local variable that is used in the "
+                "lambda as a closure variable, or set "
+                "track_bound_values=False if the return value of this "
+                "function is used in some other way other than a SQL bound "
+                "value." % (name, self._sa_fn.__code__)
+            )
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_py_wrapper_literal")()
+        return op(elem, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_py_wrapper_literal")()
+        return op(other, elem, **kwargs)
+
+    def _extract_bound_parameters(self, starting_point, result_list):
+        param = object.__getattribute__(self, "_param")
+        if param is not None:
+            param = param._with_value(starting_point, maintain_key=True)
+            result_list.append(param)
+        for pywrapper in object.__getattribute__(self, "_bind_paths").values():
+            getter = object.__getattribute__(pywrapper, "_getter")
+            element = getter(starting_point)
+            pywrapper._sa__extract_bound_parameters(element, result_list)
+
+    def _py_wrapper_literal(self, expr=None, operator=None, **kw):
+        param = object.__getattribute__(self, "_param")
+        to_evaluate = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        if param is None:
+            name = object.__getattribute__(self, "_name")
+            self._param = param = elements.BindParameter(
+                name,
+                required=False,
+                unique=True,
+                _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                _compared_to_type=expr.type if expr is not None else None,
+            )
+            self._has_param = True
+        return param._with_value(to_evaluate, maintain_key=True)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        to_evaluate = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        return bool(to_evaluate)
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith("_sa_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, key[4:])
+        elif key in (
+            "__clause_element__",
+            "operate",
+            "reverse_operate",
+            "_py_wrapper_literal",
+            "__class__",
+            "__dict__",
+        ):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+
+        if key.startswith("__"):
+            elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+            return getattr(elem, key)
+        else:
+            return self._sa__add_getter(key, operator.attrgetter)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        return iter(elem)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        if not hasattr(elem, "__getitem__"):
+            raise AttributeError("__getitem__")
+
+        if isinstance(key, PyWrapper):
+            # TODO: coverage
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Dictionary keys / list indexes inside of a cached "
+                "lambda must be Python literals only"
+            )
+        return self._sa__add_getter(key, operator.itemgetter)
+
+    def _add_getter(self, key, getter_fn):
+        bind_paths = object.__getattribute__(self, "_bind_paths")
+
+        bind_path_key = (key, getter_fn)
+        if bind_path_key in bind_paths:
+            return bind_paths[bind_path_key]
+
+        getter = getter_fn(key)
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        value = getter(elem)
+
+        rolled_down_value = AnalyzedCode._roll_down_to_literal(value)
+
+        if coercions._deep_is_literal(rolled_down_value):
+            wrapper = PyWrapper(self._sa_fn, key, value, getter=getter)
+            bind_paths[bind_path_key] = wrapper
+            return wrapper
+        else:
+            return value
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(LambdaElement)
+def insp(lmb):
+    return inspection.inspect(lmb._resolved)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..614b741e8e06f255c4c659809c16fca3c5edb4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# sql/naming.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Establish constraint and index naming conventions.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+
+from . import events  # noqa
+from .base import _NONE_NAME
+from .elements import conv as conv
+from .schema import CheckConstraint
+from .schema import Column
+from .schema import Constraint
+from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from .schema import Index
+from .schema import PrimaryKeyConstraint
+from .schema import Table
+from .schema import UniqueConstraint
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+
+
+class ConventionDict:
+    def __init__(self, const, table, convention):
+        self.const = const
+        self._is_fk = isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)
+        self.table = table
+        self.convention = convention
+        self._const_name = const.name
+
+    def _key_table_name(self):
+        return self.table.name
+
+    def _column_X(self, idx, attrname):
+        if self._is_fk:
+            try:
+                fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+            except IndexError:
+                return ""
+            else:
+                return getattr(fk.parent, attrname)
+        else:
+            cols = list(self.const.columns)
+            try:
+                col = cols[idx]
+            except IndexError:
+                return ""
+            else:
+                return getattr(col, attrname)
+
+    def _key_constraint_name(self):
+        if self._const_name in (None, _NONE_NAME):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Naming convention including "
+                "%(constraint_name)s token requires that "
+                "constraint is explicitly named."
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self._const_name, conv):
+            self.const.name = None
+        return self._const_name
+
+    def _key_column_X_key(self, idx):
+        # note this method was missing before
+        # [ticket:3989], meaning tokens like ``%(column_0_key)s`` weren't
+        # working even though documented.
+        return self._column_X(idx, "key")
+
+    def _key_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx, "name")
+
+    def _key_column_X_label(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx, "_ddl_label")
+
+    def _key_referred_table_name(self):
+        fk = self.const.elements[0]
+        refs = fk.target_fullname.split(".")
+        if len(refs) == 3:
+            refschema, reftable, refcol = refs
+        else:
+            reftable, refcol = refs
+        return reftable
+
+    def _key_referred_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+        # note that before [ticket:3989], this method was returning
+        # the specification for the :class:`.ForeignKey` itself, which normally
+        # would be using the ``.key`` of the column, not the name.
+        return fk.column.name
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self.convention:
+            return self.convention[key](self.const, self.table)
+        elif hasattr(self, "_key_%s" % key):
+            return getattr(self, "_key_%s" % key)()
+        else:
+            col_template = re.match(r".*_?column_(\d+)(_?N)?_.+", key)
+            if col_template:
+                idx = col_template.group(1)
+                multiples = col_template.group(2)
+
+                if multiples:
+                    if self._is_fk:
+                        elems = self.const.elements
+                    else:
+                        elems = list(self.const.columns)
+                    tokens = []
+                    for idx, elem in enumerate(elems):
+                        attr = "_key_" + key.replace("0" + multiples, "X")
+                        try:
+                            tokens.append(getattr(self, attr)(idx))
+                        except AttributeError:
+                            raise KeyError(key)
+                    sep = "_" if multiples.startswith("_") else ""
+                    return sep.join(tokens)
+                else:
+                    attr = "_key_" + key.replace(idx, "X")
+                    idx = int(idx)
+                    if hasattr(self, attr):
+                        return getattr(self, attr)(idx)
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+
+_prefix_dict = {
+    Index: "ix",
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint: "pk",
+    CheckConstraint: "ck",
+    UniqueConstraint: "uq",
+    ForeignKeyConstraint: "fk",
+}
+
+
+def _get_convention(dict_, key):
+    for super_ in key.__mro__:
+        if super_ in _prefix_dict and _prefix_dict[super_] in dict_:
+            return dict_[_prefix_dict[super_]]
+        elif super_ in dict_:
+            return dict_[super_]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _constraint_name_for_table(const, table):
+    metadata = table.metadata
+    convention = _get_convention(metadata.naming_convention, type(const))
+
+    if isinstance(const.name, conv):
+        return const.name
+    elif (
+        convention is not None
+        and not isinstance(const.name, conv)
+        and (
+            const.name is None
+            or "constraint_name" in convention
+            or const.name is _NONE_NAME
+        )
+    ):
+        return conv(
+            convention
+            % ConventionDict(const, table, metadata.naming_convention)
+        )
+    elif convention is _NONE_NAME:
+        return None
+
+
+@event.listens_for(
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint, "_sa_event_column_added_to_pk_constraint"
+)
+def _column_added_to_pk_constraint(pk_constraint, col):
+    if pk_constraint._implicit_generated:
+        # only operate upon the "implicit" pk constraint for now,
+        # as we have to force the name to None to reset it.  the
+        # "implicit" constraint will only have a naming convention name
+        # if at all.
+        table = pk_constraint.table
+        pk_constraint.name = None
+        newname = _constraint_name_for_table(pk_constraint, table)
+        if newname:
+            pk_constraint.name = newname
+
+
+@event.listens_for(Constraint, "after_parent_attach")
+@event.listens_for(Index, "after_parent_attach")
+def _constraint_name(const, table):
+    if isinstance(table, Column):
+        # this path occurs for a CheckConstraint linked to a Column
+
+        # for column-attached constraint, set another event
+        # to link the column attached to the table as this constraint
+        # associated with the table.
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "after_parent_attach",
+            lambda col, table: _constraint_name(const, table),
+        )
+
+    elif isinstance(table, Table):
+        if isinstance(const.name, conv) or const.name is _NONE_NAME:
+            return
+
+        newname = _constraint_name_for_table(const, table)
+        if newname:
+            const.name = newname
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08643af6864b72412a4f0900efdd4527b83e295d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2573 @@
+# sql/operators.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines operators used in SQL expressions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import IntEnum
+from operator import add as _uncast_add
+from operator import and_ as _uncast_and_
+from operator import contains as _uncast_contains
+from operator import eq as _uncast_eq
+from operator import floordiv as _uncast_floordiv
+from operator import ge as _uncast_ge
+from operator import getitem as _uncast_getitem
+from operator import gt as _uncast_gt
+from operator import inv as _uncast_inv
+from operator import le as _uncast_le
+from operator import lshift as _uncast_lshift
+from operator import lt as _uncast_lt
+from operator import mod as _uncast_mod
+from operator import mul as _uncast_mul
+from operator import ne as _uncast_ne
+from operator import neg as _uncast_neg
+from operator import or_ as _uncast_or_
+from operator import rshift as _uncast_rshift
+from operator import sub as _uncast_sub
+from operator import truediv as _uncast_truediv
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from .cache_key import CacheConst
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+class OperatorType(Protocol):
+    """describe an op() function."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    __name__: str
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Operators,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Any,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators: ...
+
+
+add = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_add)
+and_ = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_and_)
+contains = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_contains)
+eq = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_eq)
+floordiv = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_floordiv)
+ge = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_ge)
+getitem = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_getitem)
+gt = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_gt)
+inv = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_inv)
+le = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_le)
+lshift = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_lshift)
+lt = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_lt)
+mod = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_mod)
+mul = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_mul)
+ne = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_ne)
+neg = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_neg)
+or_ = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_or_)
+rshift = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_rshift)
+sub = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_sub)
+truediv = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_truediv)
+
+
+class Operators:
+    """Base of comparison and logical operators.
+
+    Implements base methods
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.operate` and
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.reverse_operate`, as well as
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__and__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__or__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__invert__`.
+
+    Usually is used via its most common subclass
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __and__(self, other: Any) -> Operators:
+        """Implement the ``&`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        AND operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`_expression.and_`, that is::
+
+            a & b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+            and_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``&`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``&`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) & (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(and_, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other: Any) -> Operators:
+        """Implement the ``|`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        OR operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`_expression.or_`, that is::
+
+            a | b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+            or_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``|`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``|`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) | (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(or_, other)
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> Operators:
+        """Implement the ``~`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in a
+        NOT operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`_expression.not_`, that is::
+
+            ~a
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import not_
+            not_(a)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(inv)
+
+    def op(
+        self,
+        opstring: str,
+        precedence: int = 0,
+        is_comparison: bool = False,
+        return_type: Optional[
+            Union[Type[TypeEngine[Any]], TypeEngine[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], Operators]:
+        """Produce a generic operator function.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+          somecolumn.op("*")(5)
+
+        produces::
+
+          somecolumn * 5
+
+        This function can also be used to make bitwise operators explicit. For
+        example::
+
+          somecolumn.op('&')(0xff)
+
+        is a bitwise AND of the value in ``somecolumn``.
+
+        :param opstring: a string which will be output as the infix operator
+          between this element and the expression passed to the
+          generated function.
+
+        :param precedence: precedence which the database is expected to apply
+         to the operator in SQL expressions. This integer value acts as a hint
+         for the SQL compiler to know when explicit parenthesis should be
+         rendered around a particular operation. A lower number will cause the
+         expression to be parenthesized when applied against another operator
+         with higher precedence. The default value of ``0`` is lower than all
+         operators except for the comma (``,``) and ``AS`` operators. A value
+         of 100 will be higher or equal to all operators, and -100 will be
+         lower than or equal to all operators.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_op_parenthesis` - detailed description
+            of how the SQLAlchemy SQL compiler renders parenthesis
+
+        :param is_comparison: legacy; if True, the operator will be considered
+         as a "comparison" operator, that is which evaluates to a boolean
+         true/false value, like ``==``, ``>``, etc.  This flag is provided
+         so that ORM relationships can establish that the operator is a
+         comparison operator when used in a custom join condition.
+
+         Using the ``is_comparison`` parameter is superseded by using the
+         :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` method instead;  this more succinct
+         operator sets this parameter automatically, but also provides
+         correct :pep:`484` typing support as the returned object will
+         express a "boolean" datatype, i.e. ``BinaryExpression[bool]``.
+
+        :param return_type: a :class:`.TypeEngine` class or object that will
+          force the return type of an expression produced by this operator
+          to be of that type.   By default, operators that specify
+          :paramref:`.Operators.op.is_comparison` will resolve to
+          :class:`.Boolean`, and those that do not will be of the same
+          type as the left-hand operand.
+
+        :param python_impl: an optional Python function that can evaluate
+         two Python values in the same way as this operator works when
+         run on the database server.  Useful for in-Python SQL expression
+         evaluation functions, such as for ORM hybrid attributes, and the
+         ORM "evaluator" used to match objects in a session after a multi-row
+         update or delete.
+
+         e.g.::
+
+            >>> expr = column('x').op('+', python_impl=lambda a, b: a + b)('y')
+
+         The operator for the above expression will also work for non-SQL
+         left and right objects::
+
+            >>> expr.operator(5, 10)
+            15
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Operators.bool_op`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator`
+
+        """
+        operator = custom_op(
+            opstring,
+            precedence,
+            is_comparison,
+            return_type,
+            python_impl=python_impl,
+        )
+
+        def against(other: Any) -> Operators:
+            return operator(self, other)
+
+        return against
+
+    def bool_op(
+        self,
+        opstring: str,
+        precedence: int = 0,
+        python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], Operators]:
+        """Return a custom boolean operator.
+
+        This method is shorthand for calling
+        :meth:`.Operators.op` and passing the
+        :paramref:`.Operators.op.is_comparison`
+        flag with True.    A key advantage to using :meth:`.Operators.bool_op`
+        is that when using column constructs, the "boolean" nature of the
+        returned expression will be present for :pep:`484` purposes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Operators.op`
+
+        """
+        return self.op(
+            opstring,
+            precedence=precedence,
+            is_comparison=True,
+            python_impl=python_impl,
+        )
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Operators:
+        r"""Operate on an argument.
+
+        This is the lowest level of operation, raises
+        :class:`NotImplementedError` by default.
+
+        Overriding this on a subclass can allow common
+        behavior to be applied to all operations.
+        For example, overriding :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+        to apply ``func.lower()`` to the left and right
+        side::
+
+            class MyComparator(ColumnOperators):
+                def operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+                    return op(func.lower(self), func.lower(other), **kwargs)
+
+        :param op:  Operator callable.
+        :param \*other: the 'other' side of the operation. Will
+         be a single scalar for most operations.
+        :param \**kwargs: modifiers.  These may be passed by special
+         operators such as :meth:`ColumnOperators.contains`.
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+    __sa_operate__ = operate
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Operators:
+        """Reverse operate on an argument.
+
+        Usage is the same as :meth:`operate`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+
+class custom_op(OperatorType, Generic[_T]):
+    """Represent a 'custom' operator.
+
+    :class:`.custom_op` is normally instantiated when the
+    :meth:`.Operators.op` or :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` methods
+    are used to create a custom operator callable.  The class can also be
+    used directly when programmatically constructing expressions.   E.g.
+    to represent the "factorial" operation::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import UnaryExpression
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+        from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+
+        unary = UnaryExpression(table.c.somecolumn,
+                modifier=operators.custom_op("!"),
+                type_=Numeric)
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.Operators.op`
+
+        :meth:`.Operators.bool_op`
+
+    """
+
+    __name__ = "custom_op"
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "opstring",
+        "precedence",
+        "is_comparison",
+        "natural_self_precedent",
+        "eager_grouping",
+        "return_type",
+        "python_impl",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        opstring: str,
+        precedence: int = 0,
+        is_comparison: bool = False,
+        return_type: Optional[
+            Union[Type[TypeEngine[_T]], TypeEngine[_T]]
+        ] = None,
+        natural_self_precedent: bool = False,
+        eager_grouping: bool = False,
+        python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.opstring = opstring
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self.is_comparison = is_comparison
+        self.natural_self_precedent = natural_self_precedent
+        self.eager_grouping = eager_grouping
+        self.return_type = (
+            return_type._to_instance(return_type) if return_type else None
+        )
+        self.python_impl = python_impl
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, custom_op)
+            and other._hash_key() == self._hash_key()
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._hash_key())
+
+    def _hash_key(self) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            self.opstring,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.is_comparison,
+            self.natural_self_precedent,
+            self.eager_grouping,
+            self.return_type._static_cache_key if self.return_type else None,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Operators,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Any,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators:
+        if hasattr(left, "__sa_operate__"):
+            return left.operate(self, right, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        elif self.python_impl:
+            return self.python_impl(left, right, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Custom operator {self.opstring!r} can't be used with "
+                "plain Python objects unless it includes the "
+                "'python_impl' parameter."
+            )
+
+
+class ColumnOperators(Operators):
+    """Defines boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` expressions.
+
+    By default, all methods call down to
+    :meth:`.operate` or :meth:`.reverse_operate`,
+    passing in the appropriate operator function from the
+    Python builtin ``operator`` module or
+    a SQLAlchemy-specific operator function from
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.expression.operators`.   For example
+    the ``__eq__`` function::
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self.operate(operators.eq, other)
+
+    Where ``operators.eq`` is essentially::
+
+        def eq(a, b):
+            return a == b
+
+    The core column expression unit :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    overrides :meth:`.Operators.operate` and others
+    to return further :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` constructs,
+    so that the ``==`` operation above is replaced by a clause
+    construct.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    timetuple: Literal[None] = None
+    """Hack, allows datetime objects to be compared on the LHS."""
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``<`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a < b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(lt, other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``<=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a <= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(le, other)
+
+    # ColumnOperators defines an __eq__ so it must explicitly declare also
+    # an hash or it's set to None by python:
+    # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+
+    else:
+        __hash__ = Operators.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a = b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(eq, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a != b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NOT NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ne, other)
+
+    def is_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS DISTINCT FROM`` operator.
+
+        Renders "a IS DISTINCT FROM b" on most platforms;
+        on some such as SQLite may render "a IS NOT b".
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_distinct_from, other)
+
+    def is_not_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS NOT DISTINCT FROM`` operator.
+
+        Renders "a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM b" on most platforms;
+        on some such as SQLite may render "a IS b".
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``is_not_distinct_from()`` operator is
+           renamed from ``isnot_distinct_from()`` in previous releases.
+           The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_not_distinct_from, other)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def isnot_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        isnot_distinct_from = is_not_distinct_from
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``>`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a > b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(gt, other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``>=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a >= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ge, other)
+
+    def __neg__(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``-a``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(neg)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        return self.operate(contains, other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the [] operator.
+
+        This can be used by some database-specific types
+        such as PostgreSQL ARRAY and HSTORE.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(getitem, index)
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the << operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        << as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(lshift, other)
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the >> operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        >> as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(rshift, other)
+
+    def concat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the 'concat' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a || b``,
+        or uses the ``concat()`` operator on MySQL.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(concat_op, other)
+
+    def _rconcat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement an 'rconcat' operator.
+
+        this is for internal use at the moment
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.40
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(concat_op, other)
+
+    def like(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``like`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the expression::
+
+            a LIKE other
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.like("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.like("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(like_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def ilike(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``ilike`` operator, e.g. case insensitive LIKE.
+
+        In a column context, produces an expression either of the form::
+
+            lower(a) LIKE lower(other)
+
+        Or on backends that support the ILIKE operator::
+
+            a ILIKE other
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.ilike("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.ilike("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def bitwise_xor(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise XOR operation, typically via the ``^``
+        operator, or ``#`` for PostgreSQL.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_xor_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_or(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise OR operation, typically via the ``|``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_or_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_and(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise AND operation, typically via the ``&``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_and_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_not(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise NOT operation, typically via the ``~``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_not_op)
+
+    def bitwise_lshift(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise LSHIFT operation, typically via the ``<<``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_lshift_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_rshift(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise RSHIFT operation, typically via the ``>>``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_rshift_op, other)
+
+    def in_(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``in`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``column IN <other>``.
+
+        The given parameter ``other`` may be:
+
+        * A list of literal values, e.g.::
+
+            stmt.where(column.in_([1, 2, 3]))
+
+          In this calling form, the list of items is converted to a set of
+          bound parameters the same length as the list given::
+
+            WHERE COL IN (?, ?, ?)
+
+        * A list of tuples may be provided if the comparison is against a
+          :func:`.tuple_` containing multiple expressions::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+            stmt.where(tuple_(col1, col2).in_([(1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30)]))
+
+        * An empty list, e.g.::
+
+            stmt.where(column.in_([]))
+
+          In this calling form, the expression renders an "empty set"
+          expression.  These expressions are tailored to individual backends
+          and are generally trying to get an empty SELECT statement as a
+          subquery.  Such as on SQLite, the expression is::
+
+            WHERE col IN (SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT 1) WHERE 1!=1)
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.4  empty IN expressions now use an
+             execution-time generated SELECT subquery in all cases.
+
+        * A bound parameter, e.g. :func:`.bindparam`, may be used if it
+          includes the :paramref:`.bindparam.expanding` flag::
+
+            stmt.where(column.in_(bindparam('value', expanding=True)))
+
+          In this calling form, the expression renders a special non-SQL
+          placeholder expression that looks like::
+
+            WHERE COL IN ([EXPANDING_value])
+
+          This placeholder expression is intercepted at statement execution
+          time to be converted into the variable number of bound parameter
+          form illustrated earlier.   If the statement were executed as::
+
+            connection.execute(stmt, {"value": [1, 2, 3]})
+
+          The database would be passed a bound parameter for each value::
+
+            WHERE COL IN (?, ?, ?)
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.2 added "expanding" bound parameters
+
+          If an empty list is passed, a special "empty list" expression,
+          which is specific to the database in use, is rendered.  On
+          SQLite this would be::
+
+            WHERE COL IN (SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT 1) WHERE 1!=1)
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3 "expanding" bound parameters now support
+             empty lists
+
+        * a :func:`_expression.select` construct, which is usually a
+          correlated scalar select::
+
+            stmt.where(
+                column.in_(
+                    select(othertable.c.y).
+                    where(table.c.x == othertable.c.x)
+                )
+            )
+
+          In this calling form, :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_` renders as given::
+
+            WHERE COL IN (SELECT othertable.y
+            FROM othertable WHERE othertable.x = table.x)
+
+        :param other: a list of literals, a :func:`_expression.select`
+         construct, or a :func:`.bindparam` construct that includes the
+         :paramref:`.bindparam.expanding` flag set to True.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(in_op, other)
+
+    def not_in(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the ``NOT IN`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`, i.e. ``~x.in_(y)``.
+
+        In the case that ``other`` is an empty sequence, the compiler
+        produces an "empty not in" expression.   This defaults to the
+        expression "1 = 1" to produce true in all cases.  The
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.empty_in_strategy` may be used to
+        alter this behavior.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``not_in()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``notin_()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.2  The :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_` and
+           :meth:`.ColumnOperators.not_in` operators
+           now produce a "static" expression for an empty IN sequence
+           by default.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(not_in_op, other)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5429
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def notin_(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        notin_ = not_in
+
+    def not_like(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the ``NOT LIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`, i.e. ``~x.like(y)``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``not_like()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``notlike()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(not_like_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def notlike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        notlike = not_like
+
+    def not_ilike(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the ``NOT ILIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`, i.e. ``~x.ilike(y)``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``not_ilike()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``notilike()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(not_ilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def notilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        notilike = not_ilike
+
+    def is_(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_not`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_, other)
+
+    def is_not(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS NOT`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS NOT`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS NOT`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``is_not()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``isnot()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_not, other)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5429
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def isnot(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        isnot = is_not
+
+    def startswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``startswith`` operator.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against a match for the start
+        of a string value::
+
+            column LIKE <other> || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.startswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.startswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            somecolumn LIKE :param || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.startswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            somecolumn LIKE :param || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.startswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(
+            startswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def istartswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``istartswith`` operator, e.g. case insensitive
+        version of :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against an insensitive
+        match for the start of a string value::
+
+            lower(column) LIKE lower(<other>) || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.istartswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.escape` parameter will
+        establish a given character as an escape character which can be of
+        use when the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.istartswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.istartswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.istartswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`
+        """
+        return self.operate(
+            istartswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def endswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the 'endswith' operator.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against a match for the end
+        of a string value::
+
+            column LIKE '%' || <other>
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.endswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(
+            endswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def iendswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``iendswith`` operator, e.g. case insensitive
+        version of :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against an insensitive match
+        for the end of a string value::
+
+            lower(column) LIKE '%' || lower(<other>)
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.iendswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.iendswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.iendswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`
+        """
+        return self.operate(
+            iendswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the 'contains' operator.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against a match for the middle
+        of a string value::
+
+            column LIKE '%' || <other> || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.contains("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.contains("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.contains("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.contains("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(contains_op, other, **kw)
+
+    def icontains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``icontains`` operator, e.g. case insensitive
+        version of :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against an insensitive match
+        for the middle of a string value::
+
+            lower(column) LIKE '%' || lower(<other>) || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).\
+                where(sometable.c.column.icontains("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.icontains.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.icontains.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.icontains.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.icontains("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.icontains("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as::
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.icontains("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(icontains_op, other, **kw)
+
+    def match(self, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implements a database-specific 'match' operator.
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.match` attempts to resolve to
+        a MATCH-like function or operator provided by the backend.
+        Examples include:
+
+        * PostgreSQL - renders ``x @@ plainto_tsquery(y)``
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``plainto_tsquery()`` is used instead
+               of ``to_tsquery()`` for PostgreSQL now; for compatibility with
+               other forms, see :ref:`postgresql_match`.
+
+
+        * MySQL - renders ``MATCH (x) AGAINST (y IN BOOLEAN MODE)``
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`_mysql.match` - MySQL specific construct with
+                additional features.
+
+        * Oracle - renders ``CONTAINS(x, y)``
+        * other backends may provide special implementations.
+        * Backends without any special implementation will emit
+          the operator as "MATCH".  This is compatible with SQLite, for
+          example.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(match_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def regexp_match(
+        self, pattern: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implements a database-specific 'regexp match' operator.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table.c.some_column).where(
+                table.c.some_column.regexp_match('^(b|c)')
+            )
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_match` attempts to resolve to
+        a REGEXP-like function or operator provided by the backend, however
+        the specific regular expression syntax and flags available are
+        **not backend agnostic**.
+
+        Examples include:
+
+        * PostgreSQL - renders ``x ~ y`` or ``x !~ y`` when negated.
+        * Oracle - renders ``REGEXP_LIKE(x, y)``
+        * SQLite - uses SQLite's ``REGEXP`` placeholder operator and calls into
+          the Python ``re.match()`` builtin.
+        * other backends may provide special implementations.
+        * Backends without any special implementation will emit
+          the operator as "REGEXP" or "NOT REGEXP".  This is compatible with
+          SQLite and MySQL, for example.
+
+        Regular expression support is currently implemented for Oracle,
+        PostgreSQL, MySQL and MariaDB.  Partial support is available for
+        SQLite.  Support among third-party dialects may vary.
+
+        :param pattern: The regular expression pattern string or column
+          clause.
+        :param flags: Any regular expression string flags to apply, passed as
+          plain Python string only.  These flags are backend specific.
+          Some backends, like PostgreSQL and MariaDB, may alternatively
+          specify the flags as part of the pattern.
+          When using the ignore case flag 'i' in PostgreSQL, the ignore case
+          regexp match operator ``~*`` or ``!~*`` will be used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.48, 2.0.18  Note that due to an implementation
+           error, the "flags" parameter previously accepted SQL expression
+           objects such as column expressions in addition to plain Python
+           strings.   This implementation did not work correctly with caching
+           and was removed; strings only should be passed for the "flags"
+           parameter, as these flags are rendered as literal inline values
+           within SQL expressions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_replace`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(regexp_match_op, pattern, flags=flags)
+
+    def regexp_replace(
+        self, pattern: Any, replacement: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implements a database-specific 'regexp replace' operator.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(
+                table.c.some_column.regexp_replace(
+                    'b(..)',
+                    'X\1Y',
+                    flags='g'
+                )
+            )
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_replace` attempts to resolve to
+        a REGEXP_REPLACE-like function provided by the backend, that
+        usually emit the function ``REGEXP_REPLACE()``.  However,
+        the specific regular expression syntax and flags available are
+        **not backend agnostic**.
+
+        Regular expression replacement support is currently implemented for
+        Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL 8 or greater and MariaDB.  Support among
+        third-party dialects may vary.
+
+        :param pattern: The regular expression pattern string or column
+          clause.
+        :param pattern: The replacement string or column clause.
+        :param flags: Any regular expression string flags to apply, passed as
+          plain Python string only.  These flags are backend specific.
+          Some backends, like PostgreSQL and MariaDB, may alternatively
+          specify the flags as part of the pattern.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.48, 2.0.18  Note that due to an implementation
+           error, the "flags" parameter previously accepted SQL expression
+           objects such as column expressions in addition to plain Python
+           strings.   This implementation did not work correctly with caching
+           and was removed; strings only should be passed for the "flags"
+           parameter, as these flags are rendered as literal inline values
+           within SQL expressions.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_match`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(
+            regexp_replace_op,
+            pattern,
+            replacement=replacement,
+            flags=flags,
+        )
+
+    def desc(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.desc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(desc_op)
+
+    def asc(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.asc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(asc_op)
+
+    def nulls_first(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.nulls_first` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``nulls_first()`` operator is
+           renamed from ``nullsfirst()`` in previous releases.
+           The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+        """
+        return self.operate(nulls_first_op)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def nullsfirst(self) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        nullsfirst = nulls_first
+
+    def nulls_last(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.nulls_last` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``nulls_last()`` operator is
+           renamed from ``nullslast()`` in previous releases.
+           The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+        """
+        return self.operate(nulls_last_op)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5429
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def nullslast(self) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        nullslast = nulls_last
+
+    def collate(self, collation: str) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.collate` clause against
+        the parent object, given the collation string.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.collate`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(collate, collation)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__add__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(add, other)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__sub__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mul__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mod__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mod, other)
+
+    def between(
+        self, cleft: Any, cright: Any, symmetric: bool = False
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.between` clause against
+        the parent object, given the lower and upper range.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(between_op, cleft, cright, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+    def distinct(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.distinct` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(distinct_op)
+
+    def any_(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce an :func:`_expression.any_` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        See the documentation for :func:`_sql.any_` for examples.
+
+        .. note:: be sure to not confuse the newer
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.any_` method with the **legacy**
+            version of this method, the :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+            method that's specific to :class:`_types.ARRAY`, which uses a
+            different calling style.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(any_op)
+
+    def all_(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce an :func:`_expression.all_` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        See the documentation for :func:`_sql.all_` for examples.
+
+        .. note:: be sure to not confuse the newer
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.all_` method with the **legacy**
+            version of this method, the :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+            method that's specific to :class:`_types.ARRAY`, which uses a
+            different calling style.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(all_op)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a + b``
+        if the parent object has non-string affinity.
+        If the parent object has a string affinity,
+        produces the concatenation operator, ``a || b`` -
+        see :meth:`.ColumnOperators.concat`.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(add, other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a - b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a * b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a % b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mod, other)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``, and
+        considers the result type to be numeric.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The truediv operator against two integers
+           is now considered to return a numeric value.    Behavior on specific
+           backends may vary.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(truediv, other)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__truediv__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(truediv, other)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``,
+        which is the same as "truediv", but considers the result
+        type to be integer.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(floordiv, other)
+
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__floordiv__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(floordiv, other)
+
+
+_commutative: Set[Any] = {eq, ne, add, mul}
+_comparison: Set[Any] = {eq, ne, lt, gt, ge, le}
+
+
+def _operator_fn(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> OperatorType:
+    return cast(OperatorType, fn)
+
+
+def commutative_op(fn: _FN) -> _FN:
+    _commutative.add(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+def comparison_op(fn: _FN) -> _FN:
+    _comparison.add(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def from_() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+@comparison_op
+def function_as_comparison_op() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def as_() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def exists() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def is_true(a: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def istrue(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    istrue = is_true
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def is_false(a: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def isfalse(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    isfalse = is_false
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_distinct_from(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_distinct_from(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_not_distinct_from(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_not_distinct_from(b)
+
+
+# deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def isnot_distinct_from(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    isnot_distinct_from = is_not_distinct_from
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_not(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_not(b)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5429
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def isnot(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    isnot = is_not
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def collate(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.collate(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def op(a: Any, opstring: str, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.op(opstring)(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def like_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.like(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_like_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.notlike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notlike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notlike_op = not_like_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def ilike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.ilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_ilike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.not_ilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notilike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notilike_op = not_ilike_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def between_op(a: Any, b: Any, c: Any, symmetric: bool = False) -> Any:
+    return a.between(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_between_op(a: Any, b: Any, c: Any, symmetric: bool = False) -> Any:
+    return ~a.between(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notbetween_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, c: Any, symmetric: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notbetween_op = not_between_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def in_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.in_(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_in_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.not_in(b)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5429
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notin_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notin_op = not_in_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def distinct_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.distinct()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def any_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.any_()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def all_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.all_()
+
+
+def _escaped_like_impl(
+    fn: Callable[..., Any], other: Any, escape: Optional[str], autoescape: bool
+) -> Any:
+    if autoescape:
+        if autoescape is not True:
+            util.warn(
+                "The autoescape parameter is now a simple boolean True/False"
+            )
+        if escape is None:
+            escape = "/"
+
+        if not isinstance(other, str):
+            raise TypeError("String value expected when autoescape=True")
+
+        if escape not in ("%", "_"):
+            other = other.replace(escape, escape + escape)
+
+        other = other.replace("%", escape + "%").replace("_", escape + "_")
+
+    return fn(other, escape=escape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def startswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.startswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_startswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.startswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notstartswith_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notstartswith_op = not_startswith_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def istartswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.istartswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_istartswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.istartswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def endswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.endswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_endswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.endswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notendswith_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notendswith_op = not_endswith_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def iendswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.iendswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_iendswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.iendswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def contains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.contains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_contains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.contains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notcontains_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notcontains_op = not_contains_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def icontains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.icontains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_icontains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.icontains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def match_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.match(b, **kw)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def regexp_match_op(a: Any, b: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.regexp_match(b, flags=flags)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_regexp_match_op(a: Any, b: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return ~a.regexp_match(b, flags=flags)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def regexp_replace_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, replacement: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+) -> Any:
+    return a.regexp_replace(b, replacement=replacement, flags=flags)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_match_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+    return ~a.match(b, **kw)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5429
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notmatch_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notmatch_op = not_match_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def comma_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def filter_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def concat_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        concat = a.concat
+    except AttributeError:
+        return b._rconcat(a)
+    else:
+        return concat(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def desc_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.desc()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def asc_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.asc()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def nulls_first_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.nulls_first()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def nullsfirst_op(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    nullsfirst_op = nulls_first_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def nulls_last_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.nulls_last()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def nullslast_op(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    nullslast_op = nulls_last_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def json_getitem_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def json_path_getitem_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_xor_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_xor(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_or_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_or(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_and_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_and(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_not_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_not()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_lshift_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_lshift(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_rshift_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_rshift(b)
+
+
+def is_comparison(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in _comparison or isinstance(op, custom_op) and op.is_comparison
+
+
+def is_commutative(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in _commutative
+
+
+def is_ordering_modifier(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in (asc_op, desc_op, nulls_first_op, nulls_last_op)
+
+
+def is_natural_self_precedent(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return (
+        op in _natural_self_precedent
+        or isinstance(op, custom_op)
+        and op.natural_self_precedent
+    )
+
+
+_booleans = (inv, is_true, is_false, and_, or_)
+
+
+def is_boolean(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return is_comparison(op) or op in _booleans
+
+
+_mirror = {gt: lt, ge: le, lt: gt, le: ge}
+
+
+def mirror(op: OperatorType) -> OperatorType:
+    """rotate a comparison operator 180 degrees.
+
+    Note this is not the same as negation.
+
+    """
+    return _mirror.get(op, op)
+
+
+_associative = _commutative.union([concat_op, and_, or_]).difference([eq, ne])
+
+
+def is_associative(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in _associative
+
+
+_natural_self_precedent = _associative.union(
+    [getitem, json_getitem_op, json_path_getitem_op]
+)
+"""Operators where if we have (a op b) op c, we don't want to
+parenthesize (a op b).
+
+"""
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def _asbool(a: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _OpLimit(IntEnum):
+    _smallest = -100
+    _largest = 100
+
+
+_PRECEDENCE: Dict[OperatorType, int] = {
+    from_: 15,
+    function_as_comparison_op: 15,
+    any_op: 15,
+    all_op: 15,
+    getitem: 15,
+    json_getitem_op: 15,
+    json_path_getitem_op: 15,
+    mul: 8,
+    truediv: 8,
+    floordiv: 8,
+    mod: 8,
+    neg: 8,
+    bitwise_not_op: 8,
+    add: 7,
+    sub: 7,
+    bitwise_xor_op: 7,
+    bitwise_or_op: 7,
+    bitwise_and_op: 7,
+    bitwise_lshift_op: 7,
+    bitwise_rshift_op: 7,
+    filter_op: 6,
+    concat_op: 5,
+    match_op: 5,
+    not_match_op: 5,
+    regexp_match_op: 5,
+    not_regexp_match_op: 5,
+    regexp_replace_op: 5,
+    ilike_op: 5,
+    not_ilike_op: 5,
+    like_op: 5,
+    not_like_op: 5,
+    in_op: 5,
+    not_in_op: 5,
+    is_: 5,
+    is_not: 5,
+    eq: 5,
+    ne: 5,
+    is_distinct_from: 5,
+    is_not_distinct_from: 5,
+    gt: 5,
+    lt: 5,
+    ge: 5,
+    le: 5,
+    between_op: 5,
+    not_between_op: 5,
+    distinct_op: 5,
+    inv: 5,
+    is_true: 5,
+    is_false: 5,
+    and_: 3,
+    or_: 2,
+    comma_op: -1,
+    desc_op: 3,
+    asc_op: 3,
+    collate: 4,
+    as_: -1,
+    exists: 0,
+    _asbool: -10,
+}
+
+
+def is_precedent(
+    operator: OperatorType, against: Optional[OperatorType]
+) -> bool:
+    if operator is against and is_natural_self_precedent(operator):
+        return False
+    elif against is None:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return bool(
+            _PRECEDENCE.get(
+                operator, getattr(operator, "precedence", _OpLimit._smallest)
+            )
+            <= _PRECEDENCE.get(
+                against, getattr(against, "precedence", _OpLimit._largest)
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/roles.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/roles.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16d16091c9722952863951313247d48a658f05b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/roles.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+# sql/roles.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from .elements import Label
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import Subquery
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+class SQLRole:
+    """Define a "role" within a SQL statement structure.
+
+    Classes within SQL Core participate within SQLRole hierarchies in order
+    to more accurately indicate where they may be used within SQL statements
+    of all types.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    allows_lambda = False
+    uses_inspection = False
+
+
+class UsesInspection:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _post_inspect: Literal[None] = None
+    uses_inspection = True
+
+
+class AllowsLambdaRole:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    allows_lambda = True
+
+
+class HasCacheKeyRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Cacheable Core or ORM object"
+
+
+class ExecutableOptionRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ExecutionOption Core or ORM object"
+
+
+class LiteralValueRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Literal Python value"
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Column expression"
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole(ColumnArgumentRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Column expression or string key"
+
+
+class StrAsPlainColumnRole(ColumnArgumentRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Column expression or string key"
+
+
+class ColumnListRole(SQLRole):
+    """Elements suitable for forming comma separated lists of expressions."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StringRole(SQLRole):
+    """mixin indicating a role that results in strings"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class TruncatedLabelRole(StringRole, SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "String SQL identifier"
+
+
+class ColumnsClauseRole(AllowsLambdaRole, UsesInspection, ColumnListRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Column expression, FROM clause, or other columns clause element"
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class TypedColumnsClauseRole(Generic[_T_co], SQLRole):
+    """element-typed form of ColumnsClauseRole"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class LimitOffsetRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "LIMIT / OFFSET expression"
+
+
+class ByOfRole(ColumnListRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "GROUP BY / OF / etc. expression"
+
+
+class GroupByRole(AllowsLambdaRole, UsesInspection, ByOfRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    # note there's a special case right now where you can pass a whole
+    # ORM entity to group_by() and it splits out.   we may not want to keep
+    # this around
+
+    _role_name = "GROUP BY expression"
+
+
+class OrderByRole(AllowsLambdaRole, ByOfRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORDER BY expression"
+
+
+class StructuralRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StatementOptionRole(StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "statement sub-expression element"
+
+
+class OnClauseRole(AllowsLambdaRole, StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "ON clause, typically a SQL expression or "
+        "ORM relationship attribute"
+    )
+
+
+class WhereHavingRole(OnClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression for WHERE/HAVING role"
+
+
+class ExpressionElementRole(TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T_co]):
+    # note when using generics for ExpressionElementRole,
+    # the generic type needs to be in
+    # sqlalchemy.sql.coercions._impl_lookup mapping also.
+    # these are set up for basic types like int, bool, str, float
+    # right now
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression element"
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[_T]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ConstExprRole(ExpressionElementRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Constant True/False/None expression"
+
+
+class LabeledColumnExprRole(ExpressionElementRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class BinaryElementRole(ExpressionElementRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression element or literal value"
+
+
+class InElementRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "IN expression list, SELECT construct, or bound parameter object"
+    )
+
+
+class JoinTargetRole(AllowsLambdaRole, UsesInspection, StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Join target, typically a FROM expression, or ORM "
+        "relationship attribute"
+    )
+
+
+class FromClauseRole(ColumnsClauseRole, JoinTargetRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "FROM expression, such as a Table or alias() object"
+
+    _is_subquery = False
+
+    named_with_column: bool
+
+
+class StrictFromClauseRole(FromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    # does not allow text() or select() objects
+
+
+class AnonymizedFromClauseRole(StrictFromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _anonymous_fromclause(
+            self, *, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+        ) -> FromClause: ...
+
+
+class ReturnsRowsRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Row returning expression such as a SELECT, a FROM clause, or an "
+        "INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING"
+    )
+
+
+class StatementRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Executable SQL or text() construct"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType: ...
+
+    else:
+        _propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+
+class SelectStatementRole(StatementRole, ReturnsRowsRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SELECT construct or equivalent text() construct"
+
+    def subquery(self) -> Subquery:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "All SelectStatementRole objects should implement a "
+            ".subquery() method."
+        )
+
+
+class HasCTERole(ReturnsRowsRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class IsCTERole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "CTE object"
+
+
+class CompoundElementRole(AllowsLambdaRole, SQLRole):
+    """SELECT statements inside a CompoundSelect, e.g. UNION, EXTRACT, etc."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "SELECT construct for inclusion in a UNION or other set construct"
+    )
+
+
+# TODO: are we using this?
+class DMLRole(StatementRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class DMLTableRole(FromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "subject table for an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE"
+
+
+class DMLColumnRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SET/VALUES column expression or string key"
+
+
+class DMLSelectRole(SQLRole):
+    """A SELECT statement embedded in DML, typically INSERT from SELECT"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SELECT statement or equivalent textual object"
+
+
+class DDLRole(StatementRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class DDLExpressionRole(StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression element for DDL constraint"
+
+
+class DDLConstraintColumnRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "String column name or column expression for DDL constraint"
+
+
+class DDLReferredColumnRole(DDLConstraintColumnRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "String column name or Column object for DDL foreign key constraint"
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8826ebc70a6336b90938fb7ab30934c9e457e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,6147 @@
+# sql/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The schema module provides the building blocks for database metadata.
+
+Each element within this module describes a database entity which can be
+created and dropped, or is otherwise part of such an entity.  Examples include
+tables, columns, sequences, and indexes.
+
+All entities are subclasses of :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.SchemaItem`, and as
+defined in this module they are intended to be agnostic of any vendor-specific
+constructs.
+
+A collection of entities are grouped into a unit called
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`. MetaData serves as a logical grouping of
+schema elements, and can also be associated with an actual database connection
+such that operations involving the contained elements can contact the database
+as needed.
+
+Two of the elements here also build upon their "syntactic" counterparts, which
+are defined in :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.`, specifically
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`.
+Since these objects are part of the SQL expression language, they are usable
+as components in SQL expressions.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+import collections
+from enum import Enum
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence as _typing_Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import ddl
+from . import roles
+from . import type_api
+from . import visitors
+from .base import _DefaultDescriptionTuple
+from .base import _NoneName
+from .base import _SentinelColumnCharacterization
+from .base import _SentinelDefaultCharacterization
+from .base import DedupeColumnCollection
+from .base import DialectKWArgs
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget as SchemaEventTarget
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import quoted_name
+from .elements import TextClause
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .type_api import to_instance
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Final
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _AutoIncrementType
+    from ._typing import _DDLColumnArgument
+    from ._typing import _InfoType
+    from ._typing import _TextCoercedExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from .compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from .visitors import anon_map
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.interfaces import ExecutionContext
+    from ..engine.mock import MockConnection
+    from ..engine.reflection import _ReflectionInfo
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+_SI = TypeVar("_SI", bound="SchemaItem")
+_TAB = TypeVar("_TAB", bound="Table")
+
+
+_CreateDropBind = Union["Engine", "Connection", "MockConnection"]
+
+_ConstraintNameArgument = Optional[Union[str, _NoneName]]
+
+_ServerDefaultArgument = Union[
+    "FetchedValue", str, TextClause, ColumnElement[Any]
+]
+
+
+class SchemaConst(Enum):
+    RETAIN_SCHEMA = 1
+    """Symbol indicating that a :class:`_schema.Table`, :class:`.Sequence`
+    or in some cases a :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object, in situations
+    where the object is being copied for a :meth:`.Table.to_metadata`
+    operation, should retain the schema name that it already has.
+
+    """
+
+    BLANK_SCHEMA = 2
+    """Symbol indicating that a :class:`_schema.Table` or :class:`.Sequence`
+    should have 'None' for its schema, even if the parent
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` has specified a schema.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema`
+
+        :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`
+
+        :paramref:`.Sequence.schema`
+
+    """
+
+    NULL_UNSPECIFIED = 3
+    """Symbol indicating the "nullable" keyword was not passed to a Column.
+
+    This is used to distinguish between the use case of passing
+    ``nullable=None`` to a :class:`.Column`, which has special meaning
+    on some backends such as SQL Server.
+
+    """
+
+
+RETAIN_SCHEMA: Final[Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA]] = (
+    SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA
+)
+BLANK_SCHEMA: Final[Literal[SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA]] = (
+    SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA
+)
+NULL_UNSPECIFIED: Final[Literal[SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED]] = (
+    SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+)
+
+
+def _get_table_key(name: str, schema: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    if schema is None:
+        return name
+    else:
+        return schema + "." + name
+
+
+# this should really be in sql/util.py but we'd have to
+# break an import cycle
+def _copy_expression(
+    expression: ColumnElement[Any],
+    source_table: Optional[Table],
+    target_table: Optional[Table],
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if source_table is None or target_table is None:
+        return expression
+
+    fixed_source_table = source_table
+    fixed_target_table = target_table
+
+    def replace(
+        element: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        if (
+            isinstance(element, Column)
+            and element.table is fixed_source_table
+            and element.key in fixed_source_table.c
+        ):
+            return fixed_target_table.c[element.key]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    return cast(
+        ColumnElement[Any],
+        visitors.replacement_traverse(expression, {}, replace),
+    )
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class SchemaItem(SchemaEventTarget, visitors.Visitable):
+    """Base class for items that define a database schema."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "schema_item"
+
+    create_drop_stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    def _init_items(self, *args: SchemaItem, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize the list of child items for this SchemaItem."""
+        for item in args:
+            if item is not None:
+                try:
+                    spwd = item._set_parent_with_dispatch
+                except AttributeError as err:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "'SchemaItem' object, such as a 'Column' or a "
+                        f"'Constraint' expected, got {item!r}"
+                    ) from err
+                else:
+                    spwd(self, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self, omit_kwarg=["info"])
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        The dictionary is automatically generated when first accessed.
+        It can also be specified in the constructor of some objects,
+        such as :class:`_schema.Table` and :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def _schema_item_copy(self, schema_item: _SI) -> _SI:
+        if "info" in self.__dict__:
+            schema_item.info = self.info.copy()
+        schema_item.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return schema_item
+
+    _use_schema_map = True
+
+
+class HasConditionalDDL:
+    """define a class that includes the :meth:`.HasConditionalDDL.ddl_if`
+    method, allowing for conditional rendering of DDL.
+
+    Currently applies to constraints and indexes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+
+    _ddl_if: Optional[ddl.DDLIf] = None
+
+    def ddl_if(
+        self,
+        dialect: Optional[str] = None,
+        callable_: Optional[ddl.DDLIfCallable] = None,
+        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""apply a conditional DDL rule to this schema item.
+
+        These rules work in a similar manner to the
+        :meth:`.ExecutableDDLElement.execute_if` callable, with the added
+        feature that the criteria may be checked within the DDL compilation
+        phase for a construct such as :class:`.CreateTable`.
+        :meth:`.HasConditionalDDL.ddl_if` currently applies towards the
+        :class:`.Index` construct as well as all :class:`.Constraint`
+        constructs.
+
+        :param dialect: string name of a dialect, or a tuple of string names
+         to indicate multiple dialect types.
+
+        :param callable\_: a callable that is constructed using the same form
+         as that described in
+         :paramref:`.ExecutableDDLElement.execute_if.callable_`.
+
+        :param state: any arbitrary object that will be passed to the
+         callable, if present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`schema_ddl_ddl_if` - background and usage examples
+
+
+        """
+        self._ddl_if = ddl.DDLIf(dialect, callable_, state)
+        return self
+
+
+class HasSchemaAttr(SchemaItem):
+    """schema item that includes a top-level schema name"""
+
+    schema: Optional[str]
+
+
+class Table(
+    DialectKWArgs, HasSchemaAttr, TableClause, inspection.Inspectable["Table"]
+):
+    r"""Represent a table in a database.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        mytable = Table(
+            "mytable", metadata,
+            Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('value', String(50))
+        )
+
+    The :class:`_schema.Table`
+    object constructs a unique instance of itself based
+    on its name and optional schema name within the given
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` object. Calling the :class:`_schema.Table`
+    constructor with the same name and same :class:`_schema.MetaData` argument
+    a second time will return the *same* :class:`_schema.Table`
+    object - in this way
+    the :class:`_schema.Table` constructor acts as a registry function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def primary_key(self) -> PrimaryKeyConstraint: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def foreign_keys(self) -> Set[ForeignKey]: ...
+
+    _columns: DedupeColumnCollection[Column[Any]]
+
+    _sentinel_column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    constraints: Set[Constraint]
+    """A collection of all :class:`_schema.Constraint` objects associated with
+      this :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      Includes :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint`,
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`,
+      :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`.  A separate collection
+      :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_key_constraints` refers to the collection
+      of all :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, and the
+      :attr:`_schema.Table.primary_key` attribute refers to the single
+      :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint` associated with the
+      :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.primary_key`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_key_constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+
+            :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+
+
+    """
+
+    indexes: Set[Index]
+    """A collection of all :class:`_schema.Index` objects associated with this
+      :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`
+
+    """
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        TableClause._traverse_internals
+        + [("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string)]
+    )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def columns(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def exported_columns(
+            self,
+        ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]: ...
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if self._annotations:
+            return (self,) + self._annotations_cache_key
+        else:
+            return (self,)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # typing tools seem to be inconsistent in how they handle
+        # __new__, so suggest this pattern for classes that use
+        # __new__.  apply typing to the __init__ method normally
+        @util.deprecated_params(
+            mustexist=(
+                "1.4",
+                "Deprecated alias of :paramref:`_schema.Table.must_exist`",
+            ),
+        )
+        def __new__(cls, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            return cls._new(*args, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new(cls, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        if not args and not kw:
+            # python3k pickle seems to call this
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+
+        try:
+            name, metadata, args = args[0], args[1], args[2:]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Table() takes at least two positional-only "
+                "arguments 'name' and 'metadata'"
+            )
+
+        schema = kw.get("schema", None)
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = metadata.schema
+        elif schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+            schema = None
+        keep_existing = kw.get("keep_existing", False)
+        extend_existing = kw.get("extend_existing", False)
+
+        if keep_existing and extend_existing:
+            msg = "keep_existing and extend_existing are mutually exclusive."
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
+
+        must_exist = kw.pop("must_exist", kw.pop("mustexist", False))
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            if not keep_existing and not extend_existing and bool(args):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Table '{key}' is already defined for this MetaData "
+                    "instance.  Specify 'extend_existing=True' "
+                    "to redefine "
+                    "options and columns on an "
+                    "existing Table object."
+                )
+            table = metadata.tables[key]
+            if extend_existing:
+                table._init_existing(*args, **kw)
+            return table
+        else:
+            if must_exist:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(f"Table '{key}' not defined")
+            table = object.__new__(cls)
+            table.dispatch.before_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+            metadata._add_table(name, schema, table)
+            try:
+                table.__init__(name, metadata, *args, _no_init=False, **kw)
+                table.dispatch.after_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+                return table
+            except Exception:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    metadata._remove_table(name, schema)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        *args: SchemaItem,
+        schema: Optional[Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA]]] = None,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        quote_schema: Optional[bool] = None,
+        autoload_with: Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]] = None,
+        autoload_replace: bool = True,
+        keep_existing: bool = False,
+        extend_existing: bool = False,
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        implicit_returning: bool = True,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None,
+        listeners: Optional[
+            _typing_Sequence[Tuple[str, Callable[..., Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+        prefixes: Optional[_typing_Sequence[str]] = None,
+        # used internally in the metadata.reflect() process
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[Table]] = None,
+        # used by __new__ to bypass __init__
+        _no_init: bool = True,
+        # dialect-specific keyword args
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Constructor for :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+
+        :param name: The name of this table as represented in the database.
+
+            The table name, along with the value of the ``schema`` parameter,
+            forms a key which uniquely identifies this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            within
+            the owning :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection.
+            Additional calls to :class:`_schema.Table` with the same name,
+            metadata,
+            and schema name will return the same :class:`_schema.Table` object.
+
+            Names which contain no upper case characters
+            will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+            unless they are a reserved word or contain special characters.
+            A name with any number of upper case characters is considered
+            to be case sensitive, and will be sent as quoted.
+
+            To enable unconditional quoting for the table name, specify the flag
+            ``quote=True`` to the constructor, or use the :class:`.quoted_name`
+            construct to specify the name.
+
+        :param metadata: a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+            object which will contain this
+            table.  The metadata is used as a point of association of this table
+            with other tables which are referenced via foreign key.  It also
+            may be used to associate this table with a particular
+            :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        :param \*args: Additional positional arguments are used primarily
+            to add the list of :class:`_schema.Column`
+            objects contained within this
+            table. Similar to the style of a CREATE TABLE statement, other
+            :class:`.SchemaItem` constructs may be added here, including
+            :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, and
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param autoload_replace: Defaults to ``True``; when using
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
+            in conjunction with :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`,
+            indicates
+            that :class:`_schema.Column` objects present in the already-existing
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object should be replaced with columns of the same
+            name retrieved from the autoload process.   When ``False``, columns
+            already present under existing names will be omitted from the
+            reflection process.
+
+            Note that this setting does not impact :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+            specified programmatically within the call to :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that
+            also is autoloading; those :class:`_schema.Column` objects will always
+            replace existing columns of the same name when
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` is ``True``.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
+
+        :param autoload_with: An :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+            :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
+            or a :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object as returned by
+            :func:`_sa.inspect`
+            against one, with which this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object will be reflected.
+            When set to a non-None value, the autoload process will take place
+            for this table against the given engine or connection.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
+
+                :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+
+                :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types`
+
+        :param extend_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this
+            :class:`_schema.Table` is already present in the given
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData`,
+            apply further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+            :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+            If :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` or
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing` are not set,
+            and the given name
+            of the new :class:`_schema.Table` refers to a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that is
+            already present in the target :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection,
+            and
+            this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            specifies additional columns or other constructs
+            or flags that modify the table's state, an
+            error is raised.  The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
+            is to specify what action should be taken when a
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            is specified that matches an existing :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            yet specifies
+            additional constructs.
+
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
+            will also work in conjunction
+            with :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with` to run a new reflection
+            operation against the database, even if a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            of the same name is already present in the target
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData`; newly reflected :class:`_schema.Column`
+            objects
+            and other options will be added into the state of the
+            :class:`_schema.Table`, potentially overwriting existing columns
+            and options of the same name.
+
+            As is always the case with :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`,
+            :class:`_schema.Column` objects can be specified in the same
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            constructor, which will take precedence.  Below, the existing
+            table ``mytable`` will be augmented with :class:`_schema.Column`
+            objects
+            both reflected from the database, as well as the given
+            :class:`_schema.Column`
+            named "y"::
+
+                Table("mytable", metadata,
+                            Column('y', Integer),
+                            extend_existing=True,
+                            autoload_with=engine
+                        )
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_replace`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing`
+
+
+        :param implicit_returning: True by default - indicates that
+            RETURNING can be used, typically by the ORM, in order to fetch
+            server-generated values such as primary key values and
+            server side defaults, on those backends which support RETURNING.
+
+            In modern SQLAlchemy there is generally no reason to alter this
+            setting, except for some backend specific cases
+            (see :ref:`mssql_triggers` in the SQL Server dialect documentation
+            for one such example).
+
+        :param include_columns: A list of strings indicating a subset of
+            columns to be loaded via the ``autoload`` operation; table columns who
+            aren't present in this list will not be represented on the resulting
+            ``Table`` object. Defaults to ``None`` which indicates all columns
+            should be reflected.
+
+        :param resolve_fks: Whether or not to reflect :class:`_schema.Table`
+            objects
+            related to this one via :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects, when
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with` is
+            specified.   Defaults to True.  Set to False to disable reflection of
+            related tables as :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+            objects are encountered; may be
+            used either to save on SQL calls or to avoid issues with related tables
+            that can't be accessed. Note that if a related table is already present
+            in the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, or becomes present later,
+            a
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object associated with this
+            :class:`_schema.Table` will
+            resolve to that table normally.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.resolve_fks`
+
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param keep_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this Table
+            is already present in the given :class:`_schema.MetaData`, ignore
+            further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+            :class:`_schema.Table`, and return the :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object as
+            originally created. This is to allow a function that wishes
+            to define a new :class:`_schema.Table` on first call, but on
+            subsequent calls will return the same :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            without any of the declarations (particularly constraints)
+            being applied a second time.
+
+            If :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` or
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing` are not set,
+            and the given name
+            of the new :class:`_schema.Table` refers to a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that is
+            already present in the target :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection,
+            and
+            this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            specifies additional columns or other constructs
+            or flags that modify the table's state, an
+            error is raised.  The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
+            is to specify what action should be taken when a
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            is specified that matches an existing :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            yet specifies
+            additional constructs.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
+
+        :param listeners: A list of tuples of the form ``(<eventname>, <fn>)``
+            which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen` upon construction.
+            This alternate hook to :func:`.event.listen` allows the establishment
+            of a listener function specific to this :class:`_schema.Table` before
+            the "autoload" process begins.  Historically this has been intended
+            for use with the :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event, however
+            note that this event hook may now be associated with the
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData` object directly::
+
+                def listen_for_reflect(table, column_info):
+                    "handle the column reflection event"
+                    # ...
+
+                t = Table(
+                    'sometable',
+                    autoload_with=engine,
+                    listeners=[
+                        ('column_reflect', listen_for_reflect)
+                    ])
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+
+        :param must_exist: When ``True``, indicates that this Table must already
+            be present in the given :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, else
+            an exception is raised.
+
+        :param prefixes:
+            A list of strings to insert after CREATE in the CREATE TABLE
+            statement.  They will be separated by spaces.
+
+        :param quote: Force quoting of this table's name on or off, corresponding
+            to ``True`` or ``False``.  When left at its default of ``None``,
+            the column identifier will be quoted according to whether the name is
+            case sensitive (identifiers with at least one upper case character are
+            treated as case sensitive), or if it's a reserved word.  This flag
+            is only needed to force quoting of a reserved word which is not known
+            by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+            .. note:: setting this flag to ``False`` will not provide
+              case-insensitive behavior for table reflection; table reflection
+              will always search for a mixed-case name in a case sensitive
+              fashion.  Case insensitive names are specified in SQLAlchemy only
+              by stating the name with all lower case characters.
+
+        :param quote_schema: same as 'quote' but applies to the schema identifier.
+
+        :param schema: The schema name for this table, which is required if
+            the table resides in a schema other than the default selected schema
+            for the engine's database connection.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+            If the owning :class:`_schema.MetaData` of this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            specifies its
+            own :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter,
+            then that schema name will
+            be applied to this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            if the schema parameter here is set
+            to ``None``.  To set a blank schema name on a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that
+            would otherwise use the schema set on the owning
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData`,
+            specify the special symbol :attr:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`.
+
+            The quoting rules for the schema name are the same as those for the
+            ``name`` parameter, in that quoting is applied for reserved words or
+            case-sensitive names; to enable unconditional quoting for the schema
+            name, specify the flag ``quote_schema=True`` to the constructor, or use
+            the :class:`.quoted_name` construct to specify the name.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on table
+            creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the :paramref:`_schema.Table.comment`
+                parameter
+                to :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
+            dialect specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.
+            See the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+            :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if _no_init:
+            # don't run __init__ from __new__ by default;
+            # __new__ has a specific place that __init__ is called
+            return
+
+        super().__init__(quoted_name(name, quote))
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+        if schema is None:
+            self.schema = metadata.schema
+        elif schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+            self.schema = None
+        else:
+            quote_schema = quote_schema
+            assert isinstance(schema, str)
+            self.schema = quoted_name(schema, quote_schema)
+
+        self._sentinel_column = None
+
+        self.indexes = set()
+        self.constraints = set()
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            _implicit_generated=True
+        )._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+        self.foreign_keys = set()  # type: ignore
+        self._extra_dependencies: Set[Table] = set()
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
+        else:
+            self.fullname = self.name
+
+        self.implicit_returning = implicit_returning
+        _reflect_info = kw.pop("_reflect_info", None)
+
+        self.comment = comment
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        if listeners is not None:
+            for evt, fn in listeners:
+                event.listen(self, evt, fn)
+
+        self._prefixes = prefixes if prefixes else []
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kw)
+
+        # load column definitions from the database if 'autoload' is defined
+        # we do it after the table is in the singleton dictionary to support
+        # circular foreign keys
+        if autoload_with is not None:
+            self._autoload(
+                metadata,
+                autoload_with,
+                include_columns,
+                _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                resolve_fks=resolve_fks,
+            )
+
+        # initialize all the column, etc. objects.  done after reflection to
+        # allow user-overrides
+
+        self._init_items(
+            *args,
+            allow_replacements=extend_existing
+            or keep_existing
+            or autoload_with,
+            all_names={},
+        )
+
+    def _autoload(
+        self,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        autoload_with: Union[Engine, Connection],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str] = (),
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[Table]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        insp = inspection.inspect(autoload_with)
+        with insp._inspection_context() as conn_insp:
+            conn_insp.reflect_table(
+                self,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                resolve_fks,
+                _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _sorted_constraints(self) -> List[Constraint]:
+        """Return the set of constraints as a list, sorted by creation
+        order.
+
+        """
+
+        return sorted(self.constraints, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraints(self) -> Set[ForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        """:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects referred to by this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        This list is produced from the collection of
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+        objects currently associated.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_keys`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+
+        """
+        return {
+            fkc.constraint
+            for fkc in self.foreign_keys
+            if fkc.constraint is not None
+        }
+
+    def _init_existing(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        autoload_with = kwargs.pop("autoload_with", None)
+        autoload = kwargs.pop("autoload", autoload_with is not None)
+        autoload_replace = kwargs.pop("autoload_replace", True)
+        schema = kwargs.pop("schema", None)
+        _extend_on = kwargs.pop("_extend_on", None)
+        _reflect_info = kwargs.pop("_reflect_info", None)
+
+        # these arguments are only used with _init()
+        extend_existing = kwargs.pop("extend_existing", False)
+        keep_existing = kwargs.pop("keep_existing", False)
+
+        assert extend_existing
+        assert not keep_existing
+
+        if schema and schema != self.schema:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't change schema of existing table "
+                f"from '{self.schema}' to '{schema}'",
+            )
+
+        include_columns = kwargs.pop("include_columns", None)
+        if include_columns is not None:
+            for c in self.c:
+                if c.name not in include_columns:
+                    self._columns.remove(c)
+
+        resolve_fks = kwargs.pop("resolve_fks", True)
+
+        for key in ("quote", "quote_schema"):
+            if key in kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't redefine 'quote' or 'quote_schema' arguments"
+                )
+
+        # update `self` with these kwargs, if provided
+        self.comment = kwargs.pop("comment", self.comment)
+        self.implicit_returning = kwargs.pop(
+            "implicit_returning", self.implicit_returning
+        )
+        self.info = kwargs.pop("info", self.info)
+
+        exclude_columns: _typing_Sequence[str]
+
+        if autoload:
+            if not autoload_replace:
+                # don't replace columns already present.
+                # we'd like to do this for constraints also however we don't
+                # have simple de-duping for unnamed constraints.
+                exclude_columns = [c.name for c in self.c]
+            else:
+                exclude_columns = ()
+            self._autoload(
+                self.metadata,
+                autoload_with,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                resolve_fks,
+                _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+            )
+
+        all_names = {c.name: c for c in self.c}
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
+        self._init_items(*args, allow_replacements=True, all_names=all_names)
+
+    def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+    def _init_collections(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _reset_exported(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[Column[int]]:
+        return self.primary_key._autoincrement_column
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _sentinel_column_characteristics(
+        self,
+    ) -> _SentinelColumnCharacterization:
+        """determine a candidate column (or columns, in case of a client
+        generated composite primary key) which can be used as an
+        "insert sentinel" for an INSERT statement.
+
+        The returned structure, :class:`_SentinelColumnCharacterization`,
+        includes all the details needed by :class:`.Dialect` and
+        :class:`.SQLCompiler` to determine if these column(s) can be used
+        as an INSERT..RETURNING sentinel for a particular database
+        dialect.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+        """
+
+        sentinel_is_explicit = False
+        sentinel_is_autoinc = False
+        the_sentinel: Optional[_typing_Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+
+        # see if a column was explicitly marked "insert_sentinel=True".
+        explicit_sentinel_col = self._sentinel_column
+
+        if explicit_sentinel_col is not None:
+            the_sentinel = (explicit_sentinel_col,)
+            sentinel_is_explicit = True
+
+        autoinc_col = self._autoincrement_column
+        if sentinel_is_explicit and explicit_sentinel_col is autoinc_col:
+            assert autoinc_col is not None
+            sentinel_is_autoinc = True
+        elif explicit_sentinel_col is None and autoinc_col is not None:
+            the_sentinel = (autoinc_col,)
+            sentinel_is_autoinc = True
+
+        default_characterization = _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.UNKNOWN
+
+        if the_sentinel:
+            the_sentinel_zero = the_sentinel[0]
+            if the_sentinel_zero.identity:
+                if the_sentinel_zero.identity._increment_is_negative:
+                    if sentinel_is_explicit:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Can't use IDENTITY default with negative "
+                            "increment as an explicit sentinel column"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        if sentinel_is_autoinc:
+                            autoinc_col = None
+                            sentinel_is_autoinc = False
+                        the_sentinel = None
+                else:
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.IDENTITY
+                    )
+            elif (
+                the_sentinel_zero.default is None
+                and the_sentinel_zero.server_default is None
+            ):
+                if the_sentinel_zero.nullable:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Column {the_sentinel_zero} has been marked as a "
+                        "sentinel "
+                        "column with no default generation function; it "
+                        "at least needs to be marked nullable=False assuming "
+                        "user-populated sentinel values will be used."
+                    )
+                default_characterization = (
+                    _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE
+                )
+            elif the_sentinel_zero.default is not None:
+                if the_sentinel_zero.default.is_sentinel:
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SENTINEL_DEFAULT
+                    )
+                elif default_is_sequence(the_sentinel_zero.default):
+                    if the_sentinel_zero.default._increment_is_negative:
+                        if sentinel_is_explicit:
+                            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                "Can't use SEQUENCE default with negative "
+                                "increment as an explicit sentinel column"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            if sentinel_is_autoinc:
+                                autoinc_col = None
+                                sentinel_is_autoinc = False
+                            the_sentinel = None
+
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SEQUENCE
+                    )
+                elif the_sentinel_zero.default.is_callable:
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.CLIENTSIDE
+                    )
+            elif the_sentinel_zero.server_default is not None:
+                if sentinel_is_explicit:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Column {the_sentinel[0]} can't be a sentinel column "
+                        "because it uses an explicit server side default "
+                        "that's not the Identity() default."
+                    )
+
+                default_characterization = (
+                    _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SERVERSIDE
+                )
+
+        if the_sentinel is None and self.primary_key:
+            assert autoinc_col is None
+
+            # determine for non-autoincrement pk if all elements are
+            # client side
+            for _pkc in self.primary_key:
+                if _pkc.server_default is not None or (
+                    _pkc.default and not _pkc.default.is_callable
+                ):
+                    break
+            else:
+                the_sentinel = tuple(self.primary_key)
+                default_characterization = (
+                    _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.CLIENTSIDE
+                )
+
+        return _SentinelColumnCharacterization(
+            the_sentinel,
+            sentinel_is_explicit,
+            sentinel_is_autoinc,
+            default_characterization,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[Column[int]]:
+        """Returns the :class:`.Column` object which currently represents
+        the "auto increment" column, if any, else returns None.
+
+        This is based on the rules for :class:`.Column` as defined by the
+        :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement` parameter, which generally means the
+        column within a single integer column primary key constraint that is
+        not constrained by a foreign key.   If the table does not have such
+        a primary key constraint, then there's no "autoincrement" column.
+        A :class:`.Table` may have only one column defined as the
+        "autoincrement" column.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement`
+
+        """
+        return self._autoincrement_column
+
+    @property
+    def key(self) -> str:
+        """Return the 'key' for this :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        This value is used as the dictionary key within the
+        :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables` collection.   It is typically the same
+        as that of :attr:`_schema.Table.name` for a table with no
+        :attr:`_schema.Table.schema`
+        set; otherwise it is typically of the form
+        ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+        """
+        return _get_table_key(self.name, self.schema)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Table(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            [repr(self.name)]
+            + [repr(self.metadata)]
+            + [repr(x) for x in self.columns]
+            + ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in ["schema"]]
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return _get_table_key(self.description, self.schema)
+
+    def add_is_dependent_on(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        """Add a 'dependency' for this Table.
+
+        This is another Table object which must be created
+        first before this one can, or dropped after this one.
+
+        Usually, dependencies between tables are determined via
+        ForeignKey objects.   However, for other situations that
+        create dependencies outside of foreign keys (rules, inheriting),
+        this method can manually establish such a link.
+
+        """
+        self._extra_dependencies.add(table)
+
+    def append_column(
+        self, column: ColumnClause[Any], replace_existing: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Append a :class:`_schema.Column` to this :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        The "key" of the newly added :class:`_schema.Column`, i.e. the
+        value of its ``.key`` attribute, will then be available
+        in the ``.c`` collection of this :class:`_schema.Table`, and the
+        column definition will be included in any CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
+        UPDATE, etc. statements generated from this :class:`_schema.Table`
+        construct.
+
+        Note that this does **not** change the definition of the table
+        as it exists within any underlying database, assuming that
+        table has already been created in the database.   Relational
+        databases support the addition of columns to existing tables
+        using the SQL ALTER command, which would need to be
+        emitted for an already-existing table that doesn't contain
+        the newly added column.
+
+        :param replace_existing: When ``True``, allows replacing existing
+            columns. When ``False``, the default, an warning will be raised
+            if a column with the same ``.key`` already exists. A future
+            version of sqlalchemy will instead rise a warning.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.4.0
+        """
+
+        try:
+            column._set_parent_with_dispatch(
+                self,
+                allow_replacements=replace_existing,
+                all_names={c.name: c for c in self.c},
+            )
+        except exc.DuplicateColumnError as de:
+            raise exc.DuplicateColumnError(
+                f"{de.args[0]} Specify replace_existing=True to "
+                "Table.append_column() to replace an "
+                "existing column."
+            ) from de
+
+    def append_constraint(self, constraint: Union[Index, Constraint]) -> None:
+        """Append a :class:`_schema.Constraint` to this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        This has the effect of the constraint being included in any
+        future CREATE TABLE statement, assuming specific DDL creation
+        events have not been associated with the given
+        :class:`_schema.Constraint` object.
+
+        Note that this does **not** produce the constraint within the
+        relational database automatically, for a table that already exists
+        in the database.   To add a constraint to an
+        existing relational database table, the SQL ALTER command must
+        be used.  SQLAlchemy also provides the
+        :class:`.AddConstraint` construct which can produce this SQL when
+        invoked as an executable clause.
+
+        """
+
+        constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        metadata = parent
+        assert isinstance(metadata, MetaData)
+        metadata._add_table(self.name, self.schema, self)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def create(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_schema.Table.tometadata` is renamed to "
+        ":meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata`",
+    )
+    def tometadata(
+        self,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        schema: Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA]] = RETAIN_SCHEMA,
+        referred_schema_fn: Optional[
+            Callable[
+                [Table, Optional[str], ForeignKeyConstraint, Optional[str]],
+                Optional[str],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Table:
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.Table`
+        associated with a different
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        See :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` for a full description.
+
+        """
+        return self.to_metadata(
+            metadata,
+            schema=schema,
+            referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn,
+            name=name,
+        )
+
+    def to_metadata(
+        self,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        schema: Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA]] = RETAIN_SCHEMA,
+        referred_schema_fn: Optional[
+            Callable[
+                [Table, Optional[str], ForeignKeyConstraint, Optional[str]],
+                Optional[str],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Table:
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.Table` associated with a
+        different :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            m1 = MetaData()
+
+            user = Table('user', m1, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True))
+
+            m2 = MetaData()
+            user_copy = user.to_metadata(m2)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` function
+           was renamed from :meth:`_schema.Table.tometadata`.
+
+
+        :param metadata: Target :class:`_schema.MetaData` object,
+         into which the
+         new :class:`_schema.Table` object will be created.
+
+        :param schema: optional string name indicating the target schema.
+         Defaults to the special symbol :attr:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA` which indicates
+         that no change to the schema name should be made in the new
+         :class:`_schema.Table`.  If set to a string name, the new
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         will have this new name as the ``.schema``.  If set to ``None``, the
+         schema will be set to that of the schema set on the target
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData`, which is typically ``None`` as well,
+         unless
+         set explicitly::
+
+            m2 = MetaData(schema='newschema')
+
+            # user_copy_one will have "newschema" as the schema name
+            user_copy_one = user.to_metadata(m2, schema=None)
+
+            m3 = MetaData()  # schema defaults to None
+
+            # user_copy_two will have None as the schema name
+            user_copy_two = user.to_metadata(m3, schema=None)
+
+        :param referred_schema_fn: optional callable which can be supplied
+         in order to provide for the schema name that should be assigned
+         to the referenced table of a :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+         The callable accepts this parent :class:`_schema.Table`, the
+         target schema that we are changing to, the
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and the existing
+         "target schema" of that constraint.  The function should return the
+         string schema name that should be applied.    To reset the schema
+         to "none", return the symbol :data:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`.  To effect no
+         change, return ``None`` or :data:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA`.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.33  The ``referred_schema_fn`` function
+            may return the :data:`.BLANK_SCHEMA` or :data:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA`
+            symbols.
+
+         E.g.::
+
+                def referred_schema_fn(table, to_schema,
+                                                constraint, referred_schema):
+                    if referred_schema == 'base_tables':
+                        return referred_schema
+                    else:
+                        return to_schema
+
+                new_table = table.to_metadata(m2, schema="alt_schema",
+                                        referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn)
+
+        :param name: optional string name indicating the target table name.
+         If not specified or None, the table name is retained.  This allows
+         a :class:`_schema.Table` to be copied to the same
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` target
+         with a new name.
+
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.name
+
+        actual_schema: Optional[str]
+
+        if schema is RETAIN_SCHEMA:
+            actual_schema = self.schema
+        elif schema is None:
+            actual_schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            actual_schema = schema
+        key = _get_table_key(name, actual_schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            util.warn(
+                f"Table '{self.description}' already exists within the given "
+                "MetaData - not copying."
+            )
+            return metadata.tables[key]
+
+        args = []
+        for col in self.columns:
+            args.append(col._copy(schema=actual_schema))
+        table = Table(
+            name,
+            metadata,
+            schema=actual_schema,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            *args,
+            **self.kwargs,
+        )
+        for const in self.constraints:
+            if isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+                referred_schema = const._referred_schema
+                if referred_schema_fn:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = referred_schema_fn(
+                        self, actual_schema, const, referred_schema
+                    )
+                else:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = (
+                        actual_schema
+                        if referred_schema == self.schema
+                        else None
+                    )
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    const._copy(
+                        schema=fk_constraint_schema, target_table=table
+                    )
+                )
+            elif not const._type_bound:
+                # skip unique constraints that would be generated
+                # by the 'unique' flag on Column
+                if const._column_flag:
+                    continue
+
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    const._copy(schema=actual_schema, target_table=table)
+                )
+        for index in self.indexes:
+            # skip indexes that would be generated
+            # by the 'index' flag on Column
+            if index._column_flag:
+                continue
+            Index(
+                index.name,
+                unique=index.unique,
+                *[
+                    _copy_expression(expr, self, table)
+                    for expr in index._table_bound_expressions
+                ],
+                _table=table,
+                **index.kwargs,
+            )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(table)
+
+
+class Column(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem, ColumnClause[_T]):
+    """Represents a column in a database table."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "column"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    key: str
+
+    server_default: Optional[FetchedValue]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        __name_pos: Optional[
+            Union[str, _TypeEngineArgument[_T], SchemaEventTarget]
+        ] = None,
+        __type_pos: Optional[
+            Union[_TypeEngineArgument[_T], SchemaEventTarget]
+        ] = None,
+        *args: SchemaEventTarget,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        autoincrement: _AutoIncrementType = "auto",
+        default: Optional[Any] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        index: Optional[bool] = None,
+        unique: Optional[bool] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        nullable: Optional[
+            Union[bool, Literal[SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED]]
+        ] = SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED,
+        onupdate: Optional[Any] = None,
+        primary_key: bool = False,
+        server_default: Optional[_ServerDefaultArgument] = None,
+        server_onupdate: Optional[FetchedValue] = None,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        system: bool = False,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        insert_sentinel: bool = False,
+        _omit_from_statements: bool = False,
+        _proxies: Optional[Any] = None,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a new ``Column`` object.
+
+        :param name: The name of this column as represented in the database.
+          This argument may be the first positional argument, or specified
+          via keyword.
+
+          Names which contain no upper case characters
+          will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+          unless they are a reserved word.  Names with any number of upper
+          case characters will be quoted and sent exactly.  Note that this
+          behavior applies even for databases which standardize upper
+          case names as case insensitive such as Oracle.
+
+          The name field may be omitted at construction time and applied
+          later, at any time before the Column is associated with a
+          :class:`_schema.Table`.  This is to support convenient
+          usage within the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension.
+
+        :param type\_: The column's type, indicated using an instance which
+          subclasses :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`.  If no arguments
+          are required for the type, the class of the type can be sent
+          as well, e.g.::
+
+            # use a type with arguments
+            Column('data', String(50))
+
+            # use no arguments
+            Column('level', Integer)
+
+          The ``type`` argument may be the second positional argument
+          or specified by keyword.
+
+          If the ``type`` is ``None`` or is omitted, it will first default to
+          the special type :class:`.NullType`.  If and when this
+          :class:`_schema.Column` is made to refer to another column using
+          :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` and/or
+          :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the type
+          of the remote-referenced column will be copied to this column as
+          well, at the moment that the foreign key is resolved against that
+          remote :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+        :param \*args: Additional positional arguments include various
+          :class:`.SchemaItem` derived constructs which will be applied
+          as options to the column.  These include instances of
+          :class:`.Constraint`, :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
+          :class:`.ColumnDefault`, :class:`.Sequence`, :class:`.Computed`
+          :class:`.Identity`.  In some cases an
+          equivalent keyword argument is available such as ``server_default``,
+          ``default`` and ``unique``.
+
+        :param autoincrement: Set up "auto increment" semantics for an
+          **integer primary key column with no foreign key dependencies**
+          (see later in this docstring for a more specific definition).
+          This may influence the :term:`DDL` that will be emitted for
+          this column during a table create, as well as how the column
+          will be considered when INSERT statements are compiled and
+          executed.
+
+          The default value is the string ``"auto"``,
+          which indicates that a single-column (i.e. non-composite) primary key
+          that is of an INTEGER type with no other client-side or server-side
+          default constructs indicated should receive auto increment semantics
+          automatically. Other values include ``True`` (force this column to
+          have auto-increment semantics for a :term:`composite primary key` as
+          well), ``False`` (this column should never have auto-increment
+          semantics), and the string ``"ignore_fk"`` (special-case for foreign
+          key columns, see below).
+
+          The term "auto increment semantics" refers both to the kind of DDL
+          that will be emitted for the column within a CREATE TABLE statement,
+          when methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and
+          :meth:`.Table.create` are invoked, as well as how the column will be
+          considered when an INSERT statement is compiled and emitted to the
+          database:
+
+          * **DDL rendering** (i.e. :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`,
+            :meth:`.Table.create`): When used on a :class:`.Column` that has
+            no other
+            default-generating construct associated with it (such as a
+            :class:`.Sequence` or :class:`.Identity` construct), the parameter
+            will imply that database-specific keywords such as PostgreSQL
+            ``SERIAL``, MySQL ``AUTO_INCREMENT``, or ``IDENTITY`` on SQL Server
+            should also be rendered.  Not every database backend has an
+            "implied" default generator available; for example the Oracle
+            backend always needs an explicit construct such as
+            :class:`.Identity` to be included with a :class:`.Column` in order
+            for the DDL rendered to include auto-generating constructs to also
+            be produced in the database.
+
+          * **INSERT semantics** (i.e. when a :func:`_sql.insert` construct is
+            compiled into a SQL string and is then executed on a database using
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` or equivalent): A single-row
+            INSERT statement will be known to produce a new integer primary key
+            value automatically for this column, which will be accessible
+            after the statement is invoked via the
+            :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute upon the
+            :class:`_result.Result` object.   This also applies towards use of the
+            ORM when ORM-mapped objects are persisted to the database,
+            indicating that a new integer primary key will be available to
+            become part of the :term:`identity key` for that object.  This
+            behavior takes place regardless of what DDL constructs are
+            associated with the :class:`_schema.Column` and is independent
+            of the "DDL Rendering" behavior discussed in the previous note
+            above.
+
+          The parameter may be set to ``True`` to indicate that a column which
+          is part of a composite (i.e. multi-column) primary key should
+          have autoincrement semantics, though note that only one column
+          within a primary key may have this setting.    It can also
+          be set to ``True`` to indicate autoincrement semantics on a
+          column that has a client-side or server-side default configured,
+          however note that not all dialects can accommodate all styles
+          of default as an "autoincrement".  It can also be
+          set to ``False`` on a single-column primary key that has a
+          datatype of INTEGER in order to disable auto increment semantics
+          for that column.
+
+          The setting *only* has an effect for columns which are:
+
+          * Integer derived (i.e. INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT).
+
+          * Part of the primary key
+
+          * Not referring to another column via :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
+            unless
+            the value is specified as ``'ignore_fk'``::
+
+                # turn on autoincrement for this column despite
+                # the ForeignKey()
+                Column('id', ForeignKey('other.id'),
+                            primary_key=True, autoincrement='ignore_fk')
+
+          It is typically not desirable to have "autoincrement" enabled on a
+          column that refers to another via foreign key, as such a column is
+          required to refer to a value that originates from elsewhere.
+
+          The setting has these effects on columns that meet the
+          above criteria:
+
+          * DDL issued for the column, if the column does not already include
+            a default generating construct supported by the backend such as
+            :class:`.Identity`, will include database-specific
+            keywords intended to signify this column as an
+            "autoincrement" column for specific backends.   Behavior for
+            primary SQLAlchemy dialects includes:
+
+            * AUTO INCREMENT on MySQL and MariaDB
+            * SERIAL on PostgreSQL
+            * IDENTITY on MS-SQL - this occurs even without the
+              :class:`.Identity` construct as the
+              :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement` parameter pre-dates this
+              construct.
+            * SQLite - SQLite integer primary key columns are implicitly
+              "auto incrementing" and no additional keywords are rendered;
+              to render the special SQLite keyword ``AUTOINCREMENT``
+              is not included as this is unnecessary and not recommended
+              by the database vendor.  See the section
+              :ref:`sqlite_autoincrement` for more background.
+            * Oracle - The Oracle dialect has no default "autoincrement"
+              feature available at this time, instead the :class:`.Identity`
+              construct is recommended to achieve this (the :class:`.Sequence`
+              construct may also be used).
+            * Third-party dialects - consult those dialects' documentation
+              for details on their specific behaviors.
+
+          * When a single-row :func:`_sql.insert` construct is compiled and
+            executed, which does not set the :meth:`_sql.Insert.inline`
+            modifier, newly generated primary key values for this column
+            will be automatically retrieved upon statement execution
+            using a method specific to the database driver in use:
+
+            * MySQL, SQLite - calling upon ``cursor.lastrowid()``
+              (see
+              `https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#lastrowid
+              <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#lastrowid>`_)
+            * PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle - use RETURNING or an equivalent
+              construct when rendering an INSERT statement, and then retrieving
+              the newly generated primary key values after execution
+            * PostgreSQL, Oracle for :class:`_schema.Table` objects that
+              set :paramref:`_schema.Table.implicit_returning` to False -
+              for a :class:`.Sequence` only, the :class:`.Sequence` is invoked
+              explicitly before the INSERT statement takes place so that the
+              newly generated primary key value is available to the client
+            * SQL Server for :class:`_schema.Table` objects that
+              set :paramref:`_schema.Table.implicit_returning` to False -
+              the ``SELECT scope_identity()`` construct is used after the
+              INSERT statement is invoked to retrieve the newly generated
+              primary key value.
+            * Third-party dialects - consult those dialects' documentation
+              for details on their specific behaviors.
+
+          * For multiple-row :func:`_sql.insert` constructs invoked with
+            a list of parameters (i.e. "executemany" semantics), primary-key
+            retrieving behaviors are generally disabled, however there may
+            be special APIs that may be used to retrieve lists of new
+            primary key values for an "executemany", such as the psycopg2
+            "fast insertmany" feature.  Such features are very new and
+            may not yet be well covered in documentation.
+
+        :param default: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` expression representing the
+            *default value* for this column, which will be invoked upon insert
+            if this column is otherwise not specified in the VALUES clause of
+            the insert. This is a shortcut to using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as
+            a positional argument; see that class for full detail on the
+            structure of the argument.
+
+            Contrast this argument to
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`
+            which creates a default generator on the database side.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`
+
+        :param doc: optional String that can be used by the ORM or similar
+            to document attributes on the Python side.   This attribute does
+            **not** render SQL comments; use the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`
+            parameter for this purpose.
+
+        :param key: An optional string identifier which will identify this
+            ``Column`` object on the :class:`_schema.Table`.
+            When a key is provided,
+            this is the only identifier referencing the ``Column`` within the
+            application, including ORM attribute mapping; the ``name`` field
+            is used only when rendering SQL.
+
+        :param index: When ``True``, indicates that a :class:`_schema.Index`
+            construct will be automatically generated for this
+            :class:`_schema.Column`, which will result in a "CREATE INDEX"
+            statement being emitted for the :class:`_schema.Table` when the DDL
+            create operation is invoked.
+
+            Using this flag is equivalent to making use of the
+            :class:`_schema.Index` construct explicitly at the level of the
+            :class:`_schema.Table` construct itself::
+
+                Table(
+                    "some_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("x", Integer),
+                    Index("ix_some_table_x", "x")
+                )
+
+            To add the :paramref:`_schema.Index.unique` flag to the
+            :class:`_schema.Index`, set both the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique` and
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` flags to True simultaneously,
+            which will have the effect of rendering the "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"
+            DDL instruction instead of "CREATE INDEX".
+
+            The name of the index is generated using the
+            :ref:`default naming convention <constraint_default_naming_convention>`
+            which for the :class:`_schema.Index` construct is of the form
+            ``ix_<tablename>_<columnname>``.
+
+            As this flag is intended only as a convenience for the common case
+            of adding a single-column, default configured index to a table
+            definition, explicit use of the :class:`_schema.Index` construct
+            should be preferred for most use cases, including composite indexes
+            that encompass more than one column, indexes with SQL expressions
+            or ordering, backend-specific index configuration options, and
+            indexes that use a specific name.
+
+            .. note:: the :attr:`_schema.Column.index` attribute on
+               :class:`_schema.Column`
+               **does not indicate** if this column is indexed or not, only
+               if this flag was explicitly set here.  To view indexes on
+               a column, view the :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` collection
+               or use :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`schema_indexes`
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique`
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param nullable: When set to ``False``, will cause the "NOT NULL"
+            phrase to be added when generating DDL for the column.   When
+            ``True``, will normally generate nothing (in SQL this defaults to
+            "NULL"), except in some very specific backend-specific edge cases
+            where "NULL" may render explicitly.
+            Defaults to ``True`` unless :paramref:`_schema.Column.primary_key`
+            is also ``True`` or the column specifies a :class:`_sql.Identity`,
+            in which case it defaults to ``False``.
+            This parameter is only used when issuing CREATE TABLE statements.
+
+            .. note::
+
+                When the column specifies a :class:`_sql.Identity` this
+                parameter is in general ignored by the DDL compiler. The
+                PostgreSQL database allows nullable identity column by
+                setting this parameter to ``True`` explicitly.
+
+        :param onupdate: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` representing a
+            default value to be applied to the column within UPDATE
+            statements, which will be invoked upon update if this column is not
+            present in the SET clause of the update. This is a shortcut to
+            using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as a positional argument with
+            ``for_update=True``.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_defaults` - complete discussion of onupdate
+
+        :param primary_key: If ``True``, marks this column as a primary key
+            column. Multiple columns can have this flag set to specify
+            composite primary keys. As an alternative, the primary key of a
+            :class:`_schema.Table` can be specified via an explicit
+            :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object.
+
+        :param server_default: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance, str, Unicode
+            or :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` construct representing
+            the DDL DEFAULT value for the column.
+
+            String types will be emitted as-is, surrounded by single quotes::
+
+                Column('x', Text, server_default="val")
+
+                x TEXT DEFAULT 'val'
+
+            A :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` expression will be
+            rendered as-is, without quotes::
+
+                Column('y', DateTime, server_default=text('NOW()'))
+
+                y DATETIME DEFAULT NOW()
+
+            Strings and text() will be converted into a
+            :class:`.DefaultClause` object upon initialization.
+
+            This parameter can also accept complex combinations of contextually
+            valid SQLAlchemy expressions or constructs::
+
+                from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+                from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, ARRAY, Text
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+
+                engine = create_engine(
+                    'postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase'
+                )
+                metadata_obj = MetaData()
+                tbl = Table(
+                        "foo",
+                        metadata_obj,
+                        Column("bar",
+                               ARRAY(Text),
+                               server_default=array(["biz", "bang", "bash"])
+                               )
+                )
+                metadata_obj.create_all(engine)
+
+            The above results in a table created with the following SQL::
+
+                CREATE TABLE foo (
+                    bar TEXT[] DEFAULT ARRAY['biz', 'bang', 'bash']
+                )
+
+            Use :class:`.FetchedValue` to indicate that an already-existing
+            column will generate a default value on the database side which
+            will be available to SQLAlchemy for post-fetch after inserts. This
+            construct does not specify any DDL and the implementation is left
+            to the database, such as via a trigger.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`server_defaults` - complete discussion of server side
+                defaults
+
+        :param server_onupdate: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance
+            representing a database-side default generation function,
+            such as a trigger. This
+            indicates to SQLAlchemy that a newly generated value will be
+            available after updates. This construct does not actually
+            implement any kind of generation function within the database,
+            which instead must be specified separately.
+
+
+            .. warning:: This directive **does not** currently produce MySQL's
+               "ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()" clause.  See
+               :ref:`mysql_timestamp_onupdate` for background on how to
+               produce this clause.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`triggered_columns`
+
+        :param quote: Force quoting of this column's name on or off,
+             corresponding to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default
+             of ``None``, the column identifier will be quoted according to
+             whether the name is case sensitive (identifiers with at least one
+             upper case character are treated as case sensitive), or if it's a
+             reserved word. This flag is only needed to force quoting of a
+             reserved word which is not known by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+        :param unique: When ``True``, and the :paramref:`_schema.Column.index`
+            parameter is left at its default value of ``False``,
+            indicates that a :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`
+            construct will be automatically generated for this
+            :class:`_schema.Column`,
+            which will result in a "UNIQUE CONSTRAINT" clause referring
+            to this column being included
+            in the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement emitted, when the DDL create
+            operation for the :class:`_schema.Table` object is invoked.
+
+            When this flag is ``True`` while the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` parameter is simultaneously
+            set to ``True``, the effect instead is that a
+            :class:`_schema.Index` construct which includes the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Index.unique` parameter set to ``True``
+            is generated.  See the documentation for
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` for additional detail.
+
+            Using this flag is equivalent to making use of the
+            :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint` construct explicitly at the
+            level of the :class:`_schema.Table` construct itself::
+
+                Table(
+                    "some_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("x", Integer),
+                    UniqueConstraint("x")
+                )
+
+            The :paramref:`_schema.UniqueConstraint.name` parameter
+            of the unique constraint object is left at its default value
+            of ``None``; in the absence of a :ref:`naming convention <constraint_naming_conventions>`
+            for the enclosing :class:`_schema.MetaData`, the UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
+            construct will be emitted as unnamed, which typically invokes
+            a database-specific naming convention to take place.
+
+            As this flag is intended only as a convenience for the common case
+            of adding a single-column, default configured unique constraint to a table
+            definition, explicit use of the :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint` construct
+            should be preferred for most use cases, including composite constraints
+            that encompass more than one column, backend-specific index configuration options, and
+            constraints that use a specific name.
+
+            .. note:: the :attr:`_schema.Column.unique` attribute on
+                :class:`_schema.Column`
+                **does not indicate** if this column has a unique constraint or
+                not, only if this flag was explicitly set here.  To view
+                indexes and unique constraints that may involve this column,
+                view the
+                :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` and/or
+                :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints` collections or use
+                :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes` and/or
+                :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`schema_unique_constraint`
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Column.index`
+
+        :param system: When ``True``, indicates this is a "system" column,
+             that is a column which is automatically made available by the
+             database, and should not be included in the columns list for a
+             ``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
+
+             For more elaborate scenarios where columns should be
+             conditionally rendered differently on different backends,
+             consider custom compilation rules for :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+             table creation.
+
+             .. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the
+                :paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`
+                parameter to :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        :param insert_sentinel: Marks this :class:`_schema.Column` as an
+         :term:`insert sentinel` used for optimizing the performance of the
+         :term:`insertmanyvalues` feature for tables that don't
+         otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` - all in one helper for declaring
+            sentinel columns
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501, RST201, RST202
+
+        l_args = [__name_pos, __type_pos] + list(args)
+        del args
+
+        if l_args:
+            if isinstance(l_args[0], str):
+                if name is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass name positionally and as a keyword."
+                    )
+                name = l_args.pop(0)  # type: ignore
+            elif l_args[0] is None:
+                l_args.pop(0)
+        if l_args:
+            coltype = l_args[0]
+
+            if hasattr(coltype, "_sqla_type"):
+                if type_ is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass type_ positionally and as a keyword."
+                    )
+                type_ = l_args.pop(0)  # type: ignore
+            elif l_args[0] is None:
+                l_args.pop(0)
+
+        if name is not None:
+            name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        elif quote is not None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Explicit 'name' is required when sending 'quote' argument"
+            )
+
+        # name = None is expected to be an interim state
+        # note this use case is legacy now that ORM declarative has a
+        # dedicated "column" construct local to the ORM
+        super().__init__(name, type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.key = key if key is not None else name  # type: ignore
+        self.primary_key = primary_key
+        self._insert_sentinel = insert_sentinel
+        self._omit_from_statements = _omit_from_statements
+        self._user_defined_nullable = udn = nullable
+        if udn is not NULL_UNSPECIFIED:
+            self.nullable = udn
+        else:
+            self.nullable = not primary_key
+
+        # these default to None because .index and .unique is *not*
+        # an informational flag about Column - there can still be an
+        # Index or UniqueConstraint referring to this Column.
+        self.index = index
+        self.unique = unique
+
+        self.system = system
+        self.doc = doc
+        self.autoincrement: _AutoIncrementType = autoincrement
+        self.constraints = set()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+        self.comment = comment
+        self.computed = None
+        self.identity = None
+
+        # check if this Column is proxying another column
+
+        if _proxies is not None:
+            self._proxies = _proxies
+        else:
+            # otherwise, add DDL-related events
+            self._set_type(self.type)
+
+        if default is not None:
+            if not isinstance(default, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                default = ColumnDefault(default)
+
+            self.default = default
+            l_args.append(default)
+        else:
+            self.default = None
+
+        if onupdate is not None:
+            if not isinstance(onupdate, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                onupdate = ColumnDefault(onupdate, for_update=True)
+
+            self.onupdate = onupdate
+            l_args.append(onupdate)
+        else:
+            self.onupdate = None
+
+        if server_default is not None:
+            if isinstance(server_default, FetchedValue):
+                server_default = server_default._as_for_update(False)
+                l_args.append(server_default)
+            else:
+                server_default = DefaultClause(server_default)
+                l_args.append(server_default)
+        self.server_default = server_default
+
+        if server_onupdate is not None:
+            if isinstance(server_onupdate, FetchedValue):
+                server_onupdate = server_onupdate._as_for_update(True)
+                l_args.append(server_onupdate)
+            else:
+                server_onupdate = DefaultClause(
+                    server_onupdate, for_update=True
+                )
+                l_args.append(server_onupdate)
+        self.server_onupdate = server_onupdate
+
+        self._init_items(*cast(_typing_Sequence[SchemaItem], l_args))
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**dialect_kwargs)
+
+    table: Table
+
+    constraints: Set[Constraint]
+
+    foreign_keys: Set[ForeignKey]
+    """A collection of all :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` marker objects
+       associated with this :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+       Each object is a member of a :class:`_schema.Table`-wide
+       :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_keys`
+
+    """
+
+    index: Optional[bool]
+    """The value of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` parameter.
+
+       Does not indicate if this :class:`_schema.Column` is actually indexed
+       or not; use :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+    """
+
+    unique: Optional[bool]
+    """The value of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique` parameter.
+
+       Does not indicate if this :class:`_schema.Column` is actually subject to
+       a unique constraint or not; use :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` and
+       :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`.
+
+    """
+
+    computed: Optional[Computed]
+
+    identity: Optional[Identity]
+
+    def _set_type(self, type_: TypeEngine[Any]) -> None:
+        assert self.type._isnull or type_ is self.type
+
+        self.type = type_
+        if isinstance(self.type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.type._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+        for impl in self.type._variant_mapping.values():
+            if isinstance(impl, SchemaEventTarget):
+                impl._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _default_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.default)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _onupdate_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.onupdate)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _gen_static_annotations_cache_key(self) -> bool:  # type: ignore
+        """special attribute used by cache key gen, if true, we will
+        use a static cache key for the annotations dictionary, else we
+        will generate a new cache key for annotations each time.
+
+        Added for #8790
+
+        """
+        return self.table is not None and self.table._is_table
+
+    def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.name is None:
+            return "(no name)"
+        elif self.table is not None:
+            if self.table.named_with_column:
+                return self.table.description + "." + self.description
+            else:
+                return self.description
+        else:
+            return self.description
+
+    def references(self, column: Column[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this Column references the given column via foreign
+        key."""
+
+        for fk in self.foreign_keys:
+            if fk.column.proxy_set.intersection(column.proxy_set):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def append_foreign_key(self, fk: ForeignKey) -> None:
+        fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        kwarg = []
+        if self.key != self.name:
+            kwarg.append("key")
+        if self.primary_key:
+            kwarg.append("primary_key")
+        if not self.nullable:
+            kwarg.append("nullable")
+        if self.onupdate:
+            kwarg.append("onupdate")
+        if self.default:
+            kwarg.append("default")
+        if self.server_default:
+            kwarg.append("server_default")
+        if self.comment:
+            kwarg.append("comment")
+        return "Column(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            [repr(self.name)]
+            + [repr(self.type)]
+            + [repr(x) for x in self.foreign_keys if x is not None]
+            + [repr(x) for x in self.constraints]
+            + [
+                (
+                    self.table is not None
+                    and "table=<%s>" % self.table.description
+                    or "table=None"
+                )
+            ]
+            + ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in kwarg]
+        )
+
+    def _set_parent(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        parent: SchemaEventTarget,
+        *,
+        all_names: Dict[str, Column[Any]],
+        allow_replacements: bool,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        if not self.name:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Column must be constructed with a non-blank name or "
+                "assign a non-blank .name before adding to a Table."
+            )
+
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+        if self.key is None:
+            self.key = self.name
+
+        existing = getattr(self, "table", None)
+        if existing is not None and existing is not table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Column object '{self.key}' already "
+                f"assigned to Table '{existing.description}'"
+            )
+
+        extra_remove = None
+        existing_col = None
+        conflicts_on = ""
+
+        if self.key in table._columns:
+            existing_col = table._columns[self.key]
+            if self.key == self.name:
+                conflicts_on = "name"
+            else:
+                conflicts_on = "key"
+        elif self.name in all_names:
+            existing_col = all_names[self.name]
+            extra_remove = {existing_col}
+            conflicts_on = "name"
+
+        if existing_col is not None:
+            if existing_col is not self:
+                if not allow_replacements:
+                    raise exc.DuplicateColumnError(
+                        f"A column with {conflicts_on} "
+                        f"""'{
+                            self.key if conflicts_on == 'key' else self.name
+                        }' """
+                        f"is already present in table '{table.name}'."
+                    )
+                for fk in existing_col.foreign_keys:
+                    table.foreign_keys.remove(fk)
+                    if fk.constraint in table.constraints:
+                        # this might have been removed
+                        # already, if it's a composite constraint
+                        # and more than one col being replaced
+                        table.constraints.remove(fk.constraint)
+
+        if extra_remove and existing_col is not None and self.key == self.name:
+            util.warn(
+                f'Column with user-specified key "{existing_col.key}" is '
+                "being replaced with "
+                f'plain named column "{self.name}", '
+                f'key "{existing_col.key}" is being removed.  If this is a '
+                "reflection operation, specify autoload_replace=False to "
+                "prevent this replacement."
+            )
+        table._columns.replace(self, extra_remove=extra_remove)
+        all_names[self.name] = self
+        self.table = table
+
+        if self._insert_sentinel:
+            if self.table._sentinel_column is not None:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "a Table may have only one explicit sentinel column"
+                )
+            self.table._sentinel_column = self
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            table.primary_key._replace(self)
+        elif self.key in table.primary_key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Trying to redefine primary-key column '{self.key}' as a "
+                f"non-primary-key column on table '{table.fullname}'"
+            )
+
+        if self.index:
+            if isinstance(self.index, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'index' keyword argument on Column is boolean only. "
+                    "To create indexes with a specific name, create an "
+                    "explicit Index object external to the Table."
+                )
+            table.append_constraint(
+                Index(
+                    None, self.key, unique=bool(self.unique), _column_flag=True
+                )
+            )
+
+        elif self.unique:
+            if isinstance(self.unique, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'unique' keyword argument on Column is boolean "
+                    "only. To create unique constraints or indexes with a "
+                    "specific name, append an explicit UniqueConstraint to "
+                    "the Table's list of elements, or create an explicit "
+                    "Index object external to the Table."
+                )
+            table.append_constraint(
+                UniqueConstraint(self.key, _column_flag=True)
+            )
+
+        self._setup_on_memoized_fks(lambda fk: fk._set_remote_table(table))
+
+        if self.identity and (
+            isinstance(self.default, Sequence)
+            or isinstance(self.onupdate, Sequence)
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "An column cannot specify both Identity and Sequence."
+            )
+
+    def _setup_on_memoized_fks(self, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+        fk_keys = [
+            ((self.table.key, self.key), False),
+            ((self.table.key, self.name), True),
+        ]
+        for fk_key, link_to_name in fk_keys:
+            if fk_key in self.table.metadata._fk_memos:
+                for fk in self.table.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+                    if fk.link_to_name is link_to_name:
+                        fn(fk)
+
+    def _on_table_attach(self, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+        if self.table is not None:
+            fn(self, self.table)
+        else:
+            event.listen(self, "after_parent_attach", fn)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Column.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Column[Any]:
+        return self._copy(**kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Column[Any]:
+        """Create a copy of this ``Column``, uninitialized.
+
+        This is used in :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` and by the ORM.
+
+        """
+
+        # Constraint objects plus non-constraint-bound ForeignKey objects
+        args: List[SchemaItem] = [
+            c._copy(**kw) for c in self.constraints if not c._type_bound
+        ] + [c._copy(**kw) for c in self.foreign_keys if not c.constraint]
+
+        # ticket #5276
+        column_kwargs = {}
+        for dialect_name in self.dialect_options:
+            dialect_options = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]._non_defaults
+            for (
+                dialect_option_key,
+                dialect_option_value,
+            ) in dialect_options.items():
+                column_kwargs[dialect_name + "_" + dialect_option_key] = (
+                    dialect_option_value
+                )
+
+        server_default = self.server_default
+        server_onupdate = self.server_onupdate
+        if isinstance(server_default, (Computed, Identity)):
+            # TODO: likely should be copied in all cases
+            args.append(server_default._copy(**kw))
+            server_default = server_onupdate = None
+
+        type_ = self.type
+        if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+            type_ = type_.copy(**kw)
+
+        # TODO: DefaultGenerator is not copied here!  it's just used again
+        # with _set_parent() pointing to the old column.  see the new
+        # use of _copy() in the new _merge() method
+
+        c = self._constructor(
+            name=self.name,
+            type_=type_,
+            key=self.key,
+            primary_key=self.primary_key,
+            unique=self.unique,
+            system=self.system,
+            # quote=self.quote,  # disabled 2013-08-27 (commit 031ef080)
+            index=self.index,
+            autoincrement=self.autoincrement,
+            default=self.default,
+            server_default=server_default,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            server_onupdate=server_onupdate,
+            doc=self.doc,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            _omit_from_statements=self._omit_from_statements,
+            insert_sentinel=self._insert_sentinel,
+            *args,
+            **column_kwargs,
+        )
+
+        # copy the state of "nullable" exactly, to accommodate for
+        # ORM flipping the .nullable flag directly
+        c.nullable = self.nullable
+        c._user_defined_nullable = self._user_defined_nullable
+
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def _merge(self, other: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        """merge the elements of another column into this one.
+
+        this is used by ORM pep-593 merge and will likely need a lot
+        of fixes.
+
+
+        """
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            other.primary_key = True
+
+        if self.autoincrement != "auto" and other.autoincrement == "auto":
+            other.autoincrement = self.autoincrement
+
+        if self.system:
+            other.system = self.system
+
+        if self.info:
+            other.info.update(self.info)
+
+        type_ = self.type
+        if not type_._isnull and other.type._isnull:
+            if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+                type_ = type_.copy()
+
+            other.type = type_
+
+            if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+                type_._set_parent_with_dispatch(other)
+
+            for impl in type_._variant_mapping.values():
+                if isinstance(impl, SchemaEventTarget):
+                    impl._set_parent_with_dispatch(other)
+
+        if (
+            self._user_defined_nullable is not NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+            and other._user_defined_nullable is NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+        ):
+            other.nullable = self.nullable
+            other._user_defined_nullable = self._user_defined_nullable
+
+        if self.default is not None and other.default is None:
+            new_default = self.default._copy()
+            new_default._set_parent(other)
+
+        if self.server_default and other.server_default is None:
+            new_server_default = self.server_default
+            if isinstance(new_server_default, FetchedValue):
+                new_server_default = new_server_default._copy()
+                new_server_default._set_parent(other)
+            else:
+                other.server_default = new_server_default
+
+        if self.server_onupdate and other.server_onupdate is None:
+            new_server_onupdate = self.server_onupdate
+            new_server_onupdate = new_server_onupdate._copy()
+            new_server_onupdate._set_parent(other)
+
+        if self.onupdate and other.onupdate is None:
+            new_onupdate = self.onupdate._copy()
+            new_onupdate._set_parent(other)
+
+        if self.index in (True, False) and other.index is None:
+            other.index = self.index
+
+        if self.unique in (True, False) and other.unique is None:
+            other.unique = self.unique
+
+        if self.doc and other.doc is None:
+            other.doc = self.doc
+
+        if self.comment and other.comment is None:
+            other.comment = self.comment
+
+        for const in self.constraints:
+            if not const._type_bound:
+                new_const = const._copy()
+                new_const._set_parent(other)
+
+        for fk in self.foreign_keys:
+            if not fk.constraint:
+                new_fk = fk._copy()
+                new_fk._set_parent(other)
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[
+            _typing_Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        """Create a *proxy* for this column.
+
+        This is a copy of this ``Column`` referenced by a different parent
+        (such as an alias or select statement).  The column should
+        be used only in select scenarios, as its full DDL/default
+        information is not transferred.
+
+        """
+
+        fk = [
+            ForeignKey(
+                col if col is not None else f._colspec,
+                _unresolvable=col is None,
+                _constraint=f.constraint,
+            )
+            for f, col in [
+                (fk, fk._resolve_column(raiseerr=False))
+                for fk in self.foreign_keys
+            ]
+        ]
+
+        if name is None and self.name is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot initialize a sub-selectable"
+                " with this Column object until its 'name' has "
+                "been assigned."
+            )
+        try:
+            c = self._constructor(
+                (
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name if name else self.name
+                    )
+                    if name_is_truncatable
+                    else (name or self.name)
+                ),
+                self.type,
+                # this may actually be ._proxy_key when the key is incoming
+                key=key if key else name if name else self.key,
+                primary_key=self.primary_key,
+                nullable=self.nullable,
+                _proxies=(
+                    list(compound_select_cols)
+                    if compound_select_cols
+                    else [self]
+                ),
+                *fk,
+            )
+        except TypeError as err:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Could not create a copy of this %r object.  "
+                "Ensure the class includes a _constructor() "
+                "attribute or method which accepts the "
+                "standard Column constructor arguments, or "
+                "references the Column class itself." % self.__class__
+            ) from err
+
+        c.table = selectable
+        c._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+        if self.primary_key:
+            selectable.primary_key.add(c)  # type: ignore
+        if fk:
+            selectable.foreign_keys.update(fk)  # type: ignore
+        return c.key, c
+
+
+def insert_sentinel(
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    *,
+    default: Optional[Any] = None,
+    omit_from_statements: bool = True,
+) -> Column[Any]:
+    """Provides a surrogate :class:`_schema.Column` that will act as a
+    dedicated insert :term:`sentinel` column, allowing efficient bulk
+    inserts with deterministic RETURNING sorting for tables that
+    don't otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
+
+    Adding this column to a :class:`.Table` object requires that a
+    corresponding database table actually has this column present, so if adding
+    it to an existing model, existing database tables would need to be migrated
+    (e.g. using ALTER TABLE or similar) to include this column.
+
+    For background on how this object is used, see the section
+    :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns` as part of the
+    section :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
+
+    The :class:`_schema.Column` returned will be a nullable integer column by
+    default and make use of a sentinel-specific default generator used only in
+    "insertmanyvalues" operations.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_orm.orm_insert_sentinel`
+
+        :paramref:`_schema.Column.insert_sentinel`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+    return Column(
+        name=name,
+        type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE if type_ is None else type_,
+        default=(
+            default if default is not None else _InsertSentinelColumnDefault()
+        ),
+        _omit_from_statements=omit_from_statements,
+        insert_sentinel=True,
+    )
+
+
+class ForeignKey(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines a dependency between two columns.
+
+    ``ForeignKey`` is specified as an argument to a :class:`_schema.Column`
+    object,
+    e.g.::
+
+        t = Table("remote_table", metadata,
+            Column("remote_id", ForeignKey("main_table.id"))
+        )
+
+    Note that ``ForeignKey`` is only a marker object that defines
+    a dependency between two columns.   The actual constraint
+    is in all cases represented by the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    object.   This object will be generated automatically when
+    a ``ForeignKey`` is associated with a :class:`_schema.Column` which
+    in turn is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`.   Conversely,
+    when :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` is applied to a
+    :class:`_schema.Table`,
+    ``ForeignKey`` markers are automatically generated to be
+    present on each associated :class:`_schema.Column`, which are also
+    associated with the constraint object.
+
+    Note that you cannot define a "composite" foreign key constraint,
+    that is a constraint between a grouping of multiple parent/child
+    columns, using ``ForeignKey`` objects.   To define this grouping,
+    the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object must be used, and applied
+    to the :class:`_schema.Table`.   The associated ``ForeignKey`` objects
+    are created automatically.
+
+    The ``ForeignKey`` objects associated with an individual
+    :class:`_schema.Column`
+    object are available in the `foreign_keys` collection
+    of that column.
+
+    Further examples of foreign key configuration are in
+    :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "foreign_key"
+
+    parent: Column[Any]
+
+    _table_column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        column: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        _constraint: Optional[ForeignKeyConstraint] = None,
+        use_alter: bool = False,
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        onupdate: Optional[str] = None,
+        ondelete: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        link_to_name: bool = False,
+        match: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        _unresolvable: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a column-level FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        The :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object when constructed generates a
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+        which is associated with the parent
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object's collection of constraints.
+
+        :param column: A single target column for the key relationship. A
+            :class:`_schema.Column` object or a column name as a string:
+            ``tablename.columnkey`` or ``schema.tablename.columnkey``.
+            ``columnkey`` is the ``key`` which has been assigned to the column
+            (defaults to the column name itself), unless ``link_to_name`` is
+            ``True`` in which case the rendered name of the column is used.
+
+        :param name: Optional string. An in-database name for the key if
+            `constraint` is not provided.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+            DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+            the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally
+            assigned ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: passed to the underlying
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+            to indicate the constraint should
+            be generated/dropped externally from the CREATE TABLE/ DROP TABLE
+            statement.  See :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
+            for further description.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
+
+                :ref:`use_alter`
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
+            DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+            and FULL.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+          foreign key constraint creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  The
+            arguments are ultimately handled by a corresponding
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+            See the documentation regarding
+            an individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        self._colspec = coercions.expect(roles.DDLReferredColumnRole, column)
+        self._unresolvable = _unresolvable
+
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, str):
+            self._table_column = None
+        else:
+            self._table_column = self._colspec
+
+            if not isinstance(
+                self._table_column.table, (type(None), TableClause)
+            ):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKey received Column not bound "
+                    "to a Table, got: %r" % self._table_column.table
+                )
+
+        # the linked ForeignKeyConstraint.
+        # ForeignKey will create this when parent Column
+        # is attached to a Table, *or* ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # object passes itself in when creating ForeignKey
+        # markers.
+        self.constraint = _constraint
+
+        # .parent is not Optional under normal use
+        self.parent = None  # type: ignore
+
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.name = name
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.match = match
+        self.comment = comment
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._unvalidated_dialect_kw = dialect_kw
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "ForeignKey(%r)" % self._get_colspec()
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.ForeignKey.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, *, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any) -> ForeignKey:
+        return self._copy(schema=schema, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, *, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any) -> ForeignKey:
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object.
+
+        The new :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` will not be bound
+        to any :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        This method is usually used by the internal
+        copy procedures of :class:`_schema.Column`, :class:`_schema.Table`,
+        and :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        :param schema: The returned :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` will
+          reference the original table and column name, qualified
+          by the given string schema name.
+
+        """
+        fk = ForeignKey(
+            self._get_colspec(schema=schema),
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw,
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fk)
+
+    def _get_colspec(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[
+            Union[
+                str,
+                Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA, SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        table_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        _is_copy: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return a string based 'column specification' for this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`.
+
+        This is usually the equivalent of the string-based "tablename.colname"
+        argument first passed to the object's constructor.
+
+        """
+        if schema not in (None, RETAIN_SCHEMA):
+            _schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            if table_name is not None:
+                tname = table_name
+            if schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+                return "%s.%s" % (tname, colname)
+            else:
+                return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, tname, colname)
+        elif table_name:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            if schema:
+                return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, table_name, colname)
+            else:
+                return "%s.%s" % (table_name, colname)
+        elif self._table_column is not None:
+            if self._table_column.table is None:
+                if _is_copy:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Can't copy ForeignKey object which refers to "
+                        f"non-table bound Column {self._table_column!r}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return self._table_column.key
+            return "%s.%s" % (
+                self._table_column.table.fullname,
+                self._table_column.key,
+            )
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(self._colspec, str)
+            return self._colspec
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._column_tokens[0]
+
+    def _table_key(self) -> Any:
+        if self._table_column is not None:
+            if self._table_column.table is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return self._table_column.table.key
+        else:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            return _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+
+    target_fullname = property(_get_colspec)
+
+    def references(self, table: Table) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given :class:`_schema.Table`
+        is referenced by this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`."""
+
+        return table.corresponding_column(self.column) is not None
+
+    def get_referent(self, table: FromClause) -> Optional[Column[Any]]:
+        """Return the :class:`_schema.Column` in the given
+        :class:`_schema.Table` (or any :class:`.FromClause`)
+        referenced by this :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`.
+
+        Returns None if this :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+        does not reference the given
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        """
+        # our column is a Column, and any subquery etc. proxying us
+        # would be doing so via another Column, so that's what would
+        # be returned here
+        return table.columns.corresponding_column(self.column)  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _column_tokens(self) -> Tuple[Optional[str], str, Optional[str]]:
+        """parse a string-based _colspec into its component parts."""
+
+        m = self._get_colspec().split(".")
+        if m is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Invalid foreign key column specification: {self._colspec}"
+            )
+        if len(m) == 1:
+            tname = m.pop()
+            colname = None
+        else:
+            colname = m.pop()
+            tname = m.pop()
+
+        # A FK between column 'bar' and table 'foo' can be
+        # specified as 'foo', 'foo.bar', 'dbo.foo.bar',
+        # 'otherdb.dbo.foo.bar'. Once we have the column name and
+        # the table name, treat everything else as the schema
+        # name. Some databases (e.g. Sybase) support
+        # inter-database foreign keys. See tickets#1341 and --
+        # indirectly related -- Ticket #594. This assumes that '.'
+        # will never appear *within* any component of the FK.
+
+        if len(m) > 0:
+            schema = ".".join(m)
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        return schema, tname, colname
+
+    def _resolve_col_tokens(self) -> Tuple[Table, str, Optional[str]]:
+        if self.parent is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey object does not yet have a "
+                "parent Column associated with it."
+            )
+
+        elif self.parent.table is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey's parent column is not yet associated "
+                "with a Table."
+            )
+
+        parenttable = self.parent.table
+
+        if self._unresolvable:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            tablekey = _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+            return parenttable, tablekey, colname
+
+        # assertion
+        # basically Column._make_proxy() sends the actual
+        # target Column to the ForeignKey object, so the
+        # string resolution here is never called.
+        for c in self.parent.base_columns:
+            if isinstance(c, Column):
+                assert c.table is parenttable
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False
+        ######################
+
+        schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+
+        if schema is None and parenttable.metadata.schema is not None:
+            schema = parenttable.metadata.schema
+
+        tablekey = _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+        return parenttable, tablekey, colname
+
+    def _link_to_col_by_colstring(
+        self, parenttable: Table, table: Table, colname: Optional[str]
+    ) -> Column[Any]:
+        _column = None
+        if colname is None:
+            # colname is None in the case that ForeignKey argument
+            # was specified as table name only, in which case we
+            # match the column name to the same column on the
+            # parent.
+            # this use case wasn't working in later 1.x series
+            # as it had no test coverage; fixed in 2.0
+            parent = self.parent
+            assert parent is not None
+            key = parent.key
+            _column = table.c.get(key, None)
+        elif self.link_to_name:
+            key = colname
+            for c in table.c:
+                if c.name == colname:
+                    _column = c
+        else:
+            key = colname
+            _column = table.c.get(colname, None)
+
+        if _column is None:
+            raise exc.NoReferencedColumnError(
+                "Could not initialize target column "
+                f"for ForeignKey '{self._colspec}' "
+                f"on table '{parenttable.name}': "
+                f"table '{table.name}' has no column named '{key}'",
+                table.name,
+                key,
+            )
+
+        return _column
+
+    def _set_target_column(self, column: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        assert self.parent is not None
+
+        # propagate TypeEngine to parent if it didn't have one
+        if self.parent.type._isnull:
+            self.parent.type = column.type
+
+        # super-edgy case, if other FKs point to our column,
+        # they'd get the type propagated out also.
+
+        def set_type(fk: ForeignKey) -> None:
+            if fk.parent.type._isnull:
+                fk.parent.type = column.type
+
+        self.parent._setup_on_memoized_fks(set_type)
+
+        self.column = column  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def column(self) -> Column[Any]:
+        """Return the target :class:`_schema.Column` referenced by this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`.
+
+        If no target column has been established, an exception
+        is raised.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._resolve_column()
+
+    @overload
+    def _resolve_column(
+        self, *, raiseerr: Literal[True] = ...
+    ) -> Column[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _resolve_column(
+        self, *, raiseerr: bool = ...
+    ) -> Optional[Column[Any]]: ...
+
+    def _resolve_column(
+        self, *, raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Column[Any]]:
+        _column: Column[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, str):
+            parenttable, tablekey, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+
+            if self._unresolvable or tablekey not in parenttable.metadata:
+                if not raiseerr:
+                    return None
+                raise exc.NoReferencedTableError(
+                    f"Foreign key associated with column "
+                    f"'{self.parent}' could not find "
+                    f"table '{tablekey}' with which to generate a "
+                    f"foreign key to target column '{colname}'",
+                    tablekey,
+                )
+            elif parenttable.key not in parenttable.metadata:
+                if not raiseerr:
+                    return None
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Table {parenttable} is no longer associated with its "
+                    "parent MetaData"
+                )
+            else:
+                table = parenttable.metadata.tables[tablekey]
+                return self._link_to_col_by_colstring(
+                    parenttable, table, colname
+                )
+
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, "__clause_element__"):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            return _column
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            return _column
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+
+        if self.parent is not None and self.parent is not parent:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ForeignKey already has a parent !"
+            )
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.parent.foreign_keys.add(self)
+        self.parent._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _set_remote_table(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        parenttable, _, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        _column = self._link_to_col_by_colstring(parenttable, table, colname)
+        self._set_target_column(_column)
+        assert self.constraint is not None
+        self.constraint._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    def _remove_from_metadata(self, metadata: MetaData) -> None:
+        parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+
+        if self in metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+            # TODO: no test coverage for self not in memos
+            metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].remove(self)
+
+    def _set_table(self, column: Column[Any], table: Table) -> None:
+        # standalone ForeignKey - create ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # on the hosting Table when attached to the Table.
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        if self.constraint is None:
+            self.constraint = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                [],
+                [],
+                use_alter=self.use_alter,
+                name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate,
+                ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                initially=self.initially,
+                match=self.match,
+                comment=self.comment,
+                **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw,
+            )
+            self.constraint._append_element(column, self)
+            self.constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+        table.foreign_keys.add(self)
+        # set up remote ".column" attribute, or a note to pick it
+        # up when the other Table/Column shows up
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, str):
+            parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+            fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+            if table_key in parenttable.metadata.tables:
+                table = parenttable.metadata.tables[table_key]
+                try:
+                    _column = self._link_to_col_by_colstring(
+                        parenttable, table, colname
+                    )
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # this is OK, we'll try later
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+            parenttable.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].append(self)
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, "__clause_element__"):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def default_is_sequence(
+        obj: Optional[DefaultGenerator],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[Sequence]: ...
+
+    def default_is_clause_element(
+        obj: Optional[DefaultGenerator],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[ColumnElementColumnDefault]: ...
+
+    def default_is_scalar(
+        obj: Optional[DefaultGenerator],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[ScalarElementColumnDefault]: ...
+
+else:
+    default_is_sequence = operator.attrgetter("is_sequence")
+
+    default_is_clause_element = operator.attrgetter("is_clause_element")
+
+    default_is_scalar = operator.attrgetter("is_scalar")
+
+
+class DefaultGenerator(Executable, SchemaItem):
+    """Base class for column *default* values.
+
+    This object is only present on column.default or column.onupdate.
+    It's not valid as a server default.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "default_generator"
+
+    _is_default_generator = True
+    is_sequence = False
+    is_identity = False
+    is_server_default = False
+    is_clause_element = False
+    is_callable = False
+    is_scalar = False
+    has_arg = False
+    is_sentinel = False
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+        self.column = parent
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.default = self
+
+    def _copy(self) -> DefaultGenerator:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "Using the .execute() method to invoke a "
+            "DefaultGenerator object is deprecated; please use "
+            "the .scalar() method.",
+            "2.0",
+        )
+        return self._execute_on_scalar(
+            connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+    def _execute_on_scalar(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return connection._execute_default(
+            self, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+
+class ColumnDefault(DefaultGenerator, ABC):
+    """A plain default value on a column.
+
+    This could correspond to a constant, a callable function,
+    or a SQL clause.
+
+    :class:`.ColumnDefault` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``default``, ``onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`_schema.Column` are used.  A :class:`.ColumnDefault`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, default=50)
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, ColumnDefault(50))
+
+
+    """
+
+    arg: Any
+
+    @overload
+    def __new__(
+        cls, arg: Callable[..., Any], for_update: bool = ...
+    ) -> CallableColumnDefault: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __new__(
+        cls, arg: ColumnElement[Any], for_update: bool = ...
+    ) -> ColumnElementColumnDefault: ...
+
+    # if I return ScalarElementColumnDefault here, which is what's actually
+    # returned, mypy complains that
+    # overloads overlap w/ incompatible return types.
+    @overload
+    def __new__(cls, arg: object, for_update: bool = ...) -> ColumnDefault: ...
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, arg: Any = None, for_update: bool = False
+    ) -> ColumnDefault:
+        """Construct a new :class:`.ColumnDefault`.
+
+
+        :param arg: argument representing the default value.
+         May be one of the following:
+
+         * a plain non-callable Python value, such as a
+           string, integer, boolean, or other simple type.
+           The default value will be used as is each time.
+         * a SQL expression, that is one which derives from
+           :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.  The SQL expression will
+           be rendered into the INSERT or UPDATE statement,
+           or in the case of a primary key column when
+           RETURNING is not used may be
+           pre-executed before an INSERT within a SELECT.
+         * A Python callable.  The function will be invoked for each
+           new row subject to an INSERT or UPDATE.
+           The callable must accept exactly
+           zero or one positional arguments.  The one-argument form
+           will receive an instance of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+           which provides contextual information as to the current
+           :class:`_engine.Connection` in use as well as the current
+           statement and parameters.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(arg, FetchedValue):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault may not be a server-side default type."
+            )
+        elif callable(arg):
+            cls = CallableColumnDefault
+        elif isinstance(arg, ClauseElement):
+            cls = ColumnElementColumnDefault
+        elif arg is not None:
+            cls = ScalarElementColumnDefault
+
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.arg!r})"
+
+
+class ScalarElementColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """default generator for a fixed scalar Python value
+
+    .. versionadded: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_scalar = True
+    has_arg = True
+
+    def __init__(self, arg: Any, for_update: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+        self.arg = arg
+
+    def _copy(self) -> ScalarElementColumnDefault:
+        return ScalarElementColumnDefault(
+            arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update
+        )
+
+
+class _InsertSentinelColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """Default generator that's specific to the use of a "sentinel" column
+    when using the insertmanyvalues feature.
+
+    This default is used as part of the :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel`
+    construct.
+
+    """
+
+    is_sentinel = True
+    for_update = False
+    arg = None
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> _InsertSentinelColumnDefault:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        col = cast("Column[Any]", parent)
+        if not col._insert_sentinel:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The _InsertSentinelColumnDefault may only be applied to a "
+                "Column marked as insert_sentinel=True"
+            )
+        elif not col.nullable:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The _InsertSentinelColumnDefault may only be applied to a "
+                "Column that is nullable"
+            )
+
+        super()._set_parent(parent, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> _InsertSentinelColumnDefault:
+        return _InsertSentinelColumnDefault()
+
+
+_SQLExprDefault = Union["ColumnElement[Any]", "TextClause"]
+
+
+class ColumnElementColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """default generator for a SQL expression
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_clause_element = True
+    has_arg = True
+    arg: _SQLExprDefault
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: _SQLExprDefault,
+        for_update: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+        self.arg = arg
+
+    def _copy(self) -> ColumnElementColumnDefault:
+        return ColumnElementColumnDefault(
+            arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def _arg_is_typed(self) -> bool:
+        sqltypes = util.preloaded.sql_sqltypes
+
+        return not isinstance(self.arg.type, sqltypes.NullType)
+
+
+class _CallableColumnDefaultProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, context: ExecutionContext) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class CallableColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """default generator for a callable Python function
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_callable = True
+    arg: _CallableColumnDefaultProtocol
+    has_arg = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: Union[_CallableColumnDefaultProtocol, Callable[[], Any]],
+        for_update: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+        self.arg = self._maybe_wrap_callable(arg)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> CallableColumnDefault:
+        return CallableColumnDefault(arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update)
+
+    def _maybe_wrap_callable(
+        self, fn: Union[_CallableColumnDefaultProtocol, Callable[[], Any]]
+    ) -> _CallableColumnDefaultProtocol:
+        """Wrap callables that don't accept a context.
+
+        This is to allow easy compatibility with default callables
+        that aren't specific to accepting of a context.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            return util.wrap_callable(lambda ctx: fn(), fn)  # type: ignore
+
+        defaulted = argspec[3] is not None and len(argspec[3]) or 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        if positionals == 0:
+            return util.wrap_callable(lambda ctx: fn(), fn)  # type: ignore
+
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return fn  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault Python function takes zero or one "
+                "positional arguments"
+            )
+
+
+class IdentityOptions:
+    """Defines options for a named database sequence or an identity column.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.18
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Sequence`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[int] = None,
+        minvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        nominvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        nomaxvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cycle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cache: Optional[int] = None,
+        order: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a :class:`.IdentityOptions` object.
+
+        See the :class:`.Sequence` documentation for a complete description
+        of the parameters.
+
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached.
+        :param cache: optional integer value; number of future values in the
+         sequence which are calculated in advance.
+        :param order: optional boolean value; if ``True``, renders the
+         ORDER keyword.
+
+        """
+        self.start = start
+        self.increment = increment
+        self.minvalue = minvalue
+        self.maxvalue = maxvalue
+        self.nominvalue = nominvalue
+        self.nomaxvalue = nomaxvalue
+        self.cycle = cycle
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.order = order
+
+    @property
+    def _increment_is_negative(self) -> bool:
+        return self.increment is not None and self.increment < 0
+
+
+class Sequence(HasSchemaAttr, IdentityOptions, DefaultGenerator):
+    """Represents a named database sequence.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` object represents the name and configurational
+    parameters of a database sequence.   It also represents
+    a construct that can be "executed" by a SQLAlchemy :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    or :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+    rendering the appropriate "next value" function
+    for the target database and returning a result.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` is typically associated with a primary key column::
+
+        some_table = Table(
+            'some_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, Sequence('some_table_seq', start=1),
+            primary_key=True)
+        )
+
+    When CREATE TABLE is emitted for the above :class:`_schema.Table`, if the
+    target platform supports sequences, a CREATE SEQUENCE statement will
+    be emitted as well.   For platforms that don't support sequences,
+    the :class:`.Sequence` construct is ignored.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`defaults_sequences`
+
+        :class:`.CreateSequence`
+
+        :class:`.DropSequence`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "sequence"
+
+    is_sequence = True
+
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+    data_type: Optional[TypeEngine[int]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[int] = None,
+        minvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        nominvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        nomaxvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cycle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        schema: Optional[Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA]]] = None,
+        cache: Optional[int] = None,
+        order: Optional[bool] = None,
+        data_type: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[int]] = None,
+        optional: bool = False,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+        quote_schema: Optional[bool] = None,
+        for_update: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a :class:`.Sequence` object.
+
+        :param name: the name of the sequence.
+
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.  This value is
+         used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to the database
+         as the value of the "START WITH" clause. If ``None``, the
+         clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a starting
+         value of 1.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0 The :paramref:`.Sequence.start` parameter
+            is required in order to have DDL emit "START WITH".  This is a
+            reversal of a change made in version 1.4 which would implicitly
+            render "START WITH 1" if the :paramref:`.Sequence.start` were
+            not included.  See :ref:`change_7211` for more detail.
+
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "INCREMENT BY" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates an
+         increment of 1.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "MINVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "MAXVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "NO MINVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "NO MAXVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached by an ascending or descending sequence
+         respectively.  This value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command
+         is emitted to the database as the "CYCLE" clause.  If the limit is
+         reached, the next number generated will be the minvalue or maxvalue,
+         respectively.  If cycle=False (the default) any calls to nextval
+         after the sequence has reached its maximum value will return an
+         error.
+
+        :param schema: optional schema name for the sequence, if located
+         in a schema other than the default.  The rules for selecting the
+         schema name when a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+         is also present are the same
+         as that of :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`.
+
+        :param cache: optional integer value; number of future values in the
+         sequence which are calculated in advance.  Renders the CACHE keyword
+         understood by Oracle and PostgreSQL.
+
+        :param order: optional boolean value; if ``True``, renders the
+         ORDER keyword, understood by Oracle, indicating the sequence is
+         definitively ordered.   May be necessary to provide deterministic
+         ordering using Oracle RAC.
+
+        :param data_type: The type to be returned by the sequence, for
+         dialects that allow us to choose between INTEGER, BIGINT, etc.
+         (e.g., mssql).
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0
+
+        :param optional: boolean value, when ``True``, indicates that this
+         :class:`.Sequence` object only needs to be explicitly generated
+         on backends that don't provide another way to generate primary
+         key identifiers.  Currently, it essentially means, "don't create
+         this sequence on the PostgreSQL backend, where the SERIAL keyword
+         creates a sequence for us automatically".
+        :param quote: boolean value, when ``True`` or ``False``, explicitly
+         forces quoting of the :paramref:`_schema.Sequence.name` on or off.
+         When left at its default of ``None``, normal quoting rules based
+         on casing and reserved words take place.
+        :param quote_schema: Set the quoting preferences for the ``schema``
+         name.
+
+        :param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` object which this
+         :class:`.Sequence` will be associated with.  A :class:`.Sequence`
+         that is associated with a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+         gains the following
+         capabilities:
+
+         * The :class:`.Sequence` will inherit the
+           :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema`
+           parameter specified to the target :class:`_schema.MetaData`, which
+           affects the production of CREATE / DROP DDL, if any.
+
+         * The :meth:`.Sequence.create` and :meth:`.Sequence.drop` methods
+           automatically use the engine bound to the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+           object, if any.
+
+         * The :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` and
+           :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`
+           methods will emit CREATE / DROP for this :class:`.Sequence`,
+           even if the :class:`.Sequence` is not associated with any
+           :class:`_schema.Table` / :class:`_schema.Column`
+           that's a member of this
+           :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+         The above behaviors can only occur if the :class:`.Sequence` is
+         explicitly associated with the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+         via this parameter.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`sequence_metadata` - full discussion of the
+            :paramref:`.Sequence.metadata` parameter.
+
+        :param for_update: Indicates this :class:`.Sequence`, when associated
+         with a :class:`_schema.Column`,
+         should be invoked for UPDATE statements
+         on that column's table, rather than for INSERT statements, when
+         no value is otherwise present for that column in the statement.
+
+        """
+        DefaultGenerator.__init__(self, for_update=for_update)
+        IdentityOptions.__init__(
+            self,
+            start=start,
+            increment=increment,
+            minvalue=minvalue,
+            maxvalue=maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=cycle,
+            cache=cache,
+            order=order,
+        )
+        self.column = None
+        self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        self.optional = optional
+        if schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+            self.schema = schema = None
+        elif metadata is not None and schema is None and metadata.schema:
+            self.schema = schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            self.schema = quoted_name.construct(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self._key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if metadata:
+            self._set_metadata(metadata)
+        if data_type is not None:
+            self.data_type = to_instance(data_type)
+        else:
+            self.data_type = None
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def next_value(self) -> Function[int]:
+        """Return a :class:`.next_value` function element
+        which will render the appropriate increment function
+        for this :class:`.Sequence` within any SQL expression.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_functions.func.next_value(self)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        column = parent
+        assert isinstance(column, Column)
+        super()._set_parent(column)
+        column._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> Sequence:
+        return Sequence(
+            name=self.name,
+            start=self.start,
+            increment=self.increment,
+            minvalue=self.minvalue,
+            maxvalue=self.maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=self.nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=self.nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=self.cycle,
+            schema=self.schema,
+            cache=self.cache,
+            order=self.order,
+            data_type=self.data_type,
+            optional=self.optional,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            for_update=self.for_update,
+        )
+
+    def _set_table(self, column: Column[Any], table: Table) -> None:
+        self._set_metadata(table.metadata)
+
+    def _set_metadata(self, metadata: MetaData) -> None:
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.metadata._sequences[self._key] = self
+
+    def create(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Creates this sequence in the database."""
+
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Drops this sequence from the database."""
+
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _not_a_column_expr(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            f"This {self.__class__.__name__} cannot be used directly "
+            "as a column expression.  Use func.next_value(sequence) "
+            "to produce a 'next value' function that's usable "
+            "as a column element."
+        )
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class FetchedValue(SchemaEventTarget):
+    """A marker for a transparent database-side default.
+
+    Use :class:`.FetchedValue` when the database is configured
+    to provide some automatic default for a column.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, FetchedValue())
+
+    Would indicate that some trigger or default generator
+    will create a new value for the ``foo`` column during an
+    INSERT.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`triggered_columns`
+
+    """
+
+    is_server_default = True
+    reflected = False
+    has_argument = False
+    is_clause_element = False
+    is_identity = False
+
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update: bool) -> FetchedValue:
+        if for_update == self.for_update:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self._clone(for_update)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> FetchedValue:
+        return FetchedValue(self.for_update)
+
+    def _clone(self, for_update: bool) -> Self:
+        n = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        n.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        n.__dict__.pop("column", None)
+        n.for_update = for_update
+        return n
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        column = parent
+        assert isinstance(column, Column)
+        self.column = column
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.server_onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.server_default = self
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class DefaultClause(FetchedValue):
+    """A DDL-specified DEFAULT column value.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is a :class:`.FetchedValue`
+    that also generates a "DEFAULT" clause when
+    "CREATE TABLE" is emitted.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``server_default``, ``server_onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`_schema.Column` are used.  A :class:`.DefaultClause`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, server_default="50")
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, DefaultClause("50"))
+
+    """
+
+    has_argument = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: Union[str, ClauseElement, TextClause],
+        for_update: bool = False,
+        _reflected: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        util.assert_arg_type(arg, (str, ClauseElement, TextClause), "arg")
+        super().__init__(for_update)
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.reflected = _reflected
+
+    def _copy(self) -> DefaultClause:
+        return DefaultClause(
+            arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update, _reflected=self.reflected
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "DefaultClause(%r, for_update=%r)" % (self.arg, self.for_update)
+
+
+class Constraint(DialectKWArgs, HasConditionalDDL, SchemaItem):
+    """A table-level SQL constraint.
+
+    :class:`_schema.Constraint` serves as the base class for the series of
+    constraint objects that can be associated with :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects, including :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint`,
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`, and
+    :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "constraint"
+
+    _creation_order: int
+    _column_flag: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        _create_rule: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _type_bound: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Create a SQL constraint.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this ``Constraint``.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+          foreign key constraint creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See
+            the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+            :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        :param _create_rule:
+          used internally by some datatypes that also create constraints.
+
+        :param _type_bound:
+          used internally to indicate that this constraint is associated with
+          a specific datatype.
+
+        """
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._create_rule = _create_rule
+        self._type_bound = _type_bound
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+        self.comment = comment
+
+    def _should_create_for_compiler(
+        self, compiler: DDLCompiler, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        if self._create_rule is not None and not self._create_rule(compiler):
+            return False
+        elif self._ddl_if is not None:
+            return self._ddl_if._should_execute(
+                ddl.CreateConstraint(self), self, None, compiler=compiler, **kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @property
+    def table(self) -> Table:
+        try:
+            if isinstance(self.parent, Table):
+                return self.parent
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This constraint is not bound to a table.  Did you "
+            "mean to call table.append_constraint(constraint) ?"
+        )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, (Table, Column))
+        self.parent = parent
+        parent.constraints.add(self)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Constraint.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._copy(**kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionMixin:
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` of :class:`_schema.Column`
+    objects.
+
+    This collection represents the columns which are referred to by
+    this object.
+
+    """
+
+    _columns: DedupeColumnCollection[Column[Any]]
+
+    _allow_multiple_tables = False
+
+    _pending_colargs: List[Optional[Union[str, Column[Any]]]]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+            self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        _autoattach: bool = True,
+        _column_flag: bool = False,
+        _gather_expressions: Optional[
+            List[Union[str, ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._column_flag = _column_flag
+        self._columns = DedupeColumnCollection()
+
+        processed_expressions: Optional[
+            List[Union[ColumnElement[Any], str]]
+        ] = _gather_expressions
+
+        if processed_expressions is not None:
+            self._pending_colargs = []
+            for (
+                expr,
+                _,
+                _,
+                add_element,
+            ) in coercions.expect_col_expression_collection(
+                roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, columns
+            ):
+                self._pending_colargs.append(add_element)
+                processed_expressions.append(expr)
+        else:
+            self._pending_colargs = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, column)
+                for column in columns
+            ]
+
+        if _autoattach and self._pending_colargs:
+            self._check_attach()
+
+    def _check_attach(self, evt: bool = False) -> None:
+        col_objs = [c for c in self._pending_colargs if isinstance(c, Column)]
+
+        cols_w_table = [c for c in col_objs if isinstance(c.table, Table)]
+
+        cols_wo_table = set(col_objs).difference(cols_w_table)
+        if cols_wo_table:
+            # feature #3341 - place event listeners for Column objects
+            # such that when all those cols are attached, we autoattach.
+            assert not evt, "Should not reach here on event call"
+
+            # issue #3411 - don't do the per-column auto-attach if some of the
+            # columns are specified as strings.
+            has_string_cols = {
+                c for c in self._pending_colargs if c is not None
+            }.difference(col_objs)
+            if not has_string_cols:
+
+                def _col_attached(column: Column[Any], table: Table) -> None:
+                    # this isinstance() corresponds with the
+                    # isinstance() above; only want to count Table-bound
+                    # columns
+                    if isinstance(table, Table):
+                        cols_wo_table.discard(column)
+                        if not cols_wo_table:
+                            self._check_attach(evt=True)
+
+                self._cols_wo_table = cols_wo_table
+                for col in cols_wo_table:
+                    col._on_table_attach(_col_attached)
+                return
+
+        columns = cols_w_table
+
+        tables = {c.table for c in columns}
+        if len(tables) == 1:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(tables.pop())
+        elif len(tables) > 1 and not self._allow_multiple_tables:
+            table = columns[0].table
+            others = [c for c in columns[1:] if c.table is not table]
+            if others:
+                # black could not format this inline
+                other_str = ", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in others)
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Column(s) {other_str} "
+                    f"are not part of table '{table.description}'."
+                )
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def columns(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]:
+        return self._columns.as_readonly()
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]:
+        return self._columns.as_readonly()
+
+    def _col_expressions(
+        self, parent: Union[Table, Column[Any]]
+    ) -> List[Optional[Column[Any]]]:
+        if isinstance(parent, Column):
+            result: List[Optional[Column[Any]]] = [
+                c for c in self._pending_colargs if isinstance(c, Column)
+            ]
+            assert len(result) == len(self._pending_colargs)
+            return result
+        else:
+            try:
+                return [
+                    parent.c[col] if isinstance(col, str) else col
+                    for col in self._pending_colargs
+                ]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                raise exc.ConstraintColumnNotFoundError(
+                    f"Can't create {self.__class__.__name__} "
+                    f"on table '{parent.description}': no column "
+                    f"named '{ke.args[0]}' is present."
+                ) from ke
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, (Table, Column))
+
+        for col in self._col_expressions(parent):
+            if col is not None:
+                self._columns.add(col)
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionConstraint(ColumnCollectionMixin, Constraint):
+    """A constraint that proxies a ColumnCollection."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _autoattach: bool = True,
+        _column_flag: bool = False,
+        _gather_expressions: Optional[List[_DDLColumnArgument]] = None,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""
+        :param \*columns:
+          A sequence of column names or Column objects.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw: other keyword arguments including
+          dialect-specific arguments are propagated to the :class:`.Constraint`
+          superclass.
+
+        """
+        Constraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            info=info,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(
+            self, *columns, _autoattach=_autoattach, _column_flag=_column_flag
+        )
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` representing the set of columns
+    for this constraint.
+
+    """
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, (Column, Table))
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, parent)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, parent)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x: Any) -> bool:
+        return x in self._columns
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.ColumnCollectionConstraint.copy` method "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnCollectionConstraint:
+        return self._copy(target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnCollectionConstraint:
+        # ticket #5276
+        constraint_kwargs = {}
+        for dialect_name in self.dialect_options:
+            dialect_options = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]._non_defaults
+            for (
+                dialect_option_key,
+                dialect_option_value,
+            ) in dialect_options.items():
+                constraint_kwargs[dialect_name + "_" + dialect_option_key] = (
+                    dialect_option_value
+                )
+
+        assert isinstance(self.parent, Table)
+        c = self.__class__(
+            name=self.name,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            *[
+                _copy_expression(expr, self.parent, target_table)
+                for expr in self._columns
+            ],
+            comment=self.comment,
+            **constraint_kwargs,
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def contains_column(self, col: Column[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this constraint contains the given column.
+
+        Note that this object also contains an attribute ``.columns``
+        which is a :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` of
+        :class:`_schema.Column` objects.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._columns.contains_column(col)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Column[Any]]:
+        return iter(self._columns)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._columns)
+
+
+class CheckConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table- or column-level CHECK constraint.
+
+    Can be included in the definition of a Table or Column.
+    """
+
+    _allow_multiple_tables = True
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table_or_column_check_constraint"
+
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "sqltext",
+        ":class:`.CheckConstraint`",
+        ":paramref:`.CheckConstraint.sqltext`",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sqltext: _TextCoercedExpressionArgument[Any],
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _create_rule: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _autoattach: bool = True,
+        _type_bound: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Construct a CHECK constraint.
+
+        :param sqltext:
+         A string containing the constraint definition, which will be used
+         verbatim, or a SQL expression construct.   If given as a string,
+         the object is converted to a :func:`_expression.text` object.
+         If the textual
+         string includes a colon character, escape this using a backslash::
+
+           CheckConstraint(r"foo ~ E'a(?\:b|c)d")
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of the constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        """
+
+        self.sqltext = coercions.expect(roles.DDLExpressionRole, sqltext)
+        columns: List[Column[Any]] = []
+        visitors.traverse(self.sqltext, {}, {"column": columns.append})
+
+        super().__init__(
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            _create_rule=_create_rule,
+            info=info,
+            _type_bound=_type_bound,
+            _autoattach=_autoattach,
+            *columns,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+
+    @property
+    def is_column_level(self) -> bool:
+        return not isinstance(self.parent, Table)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.CheckConstraint.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> CheckConstraint:
+        return self._copy(target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> CheckConstraint:
+        if target_table is not None:
+            # note that target_table is None for the copy process of
+            # a column-bound CheckConstraint, so this path is not reached
+            # in that case.
+            sqltext = _copy_expression(self.sqltext, self.table, target_table)
+        else:
+            sqltext = self.sqltext
+        c = CheckConstraint(
+            sqltext,
+            name=self.name,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            _create_rule=self._create_rule,
+            table=target_table,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            _autoattach=False,
+            _type_bound=self._type_bound,
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+
+class ForeignKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level FOREIGN KEY constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite FOREIGN KEY ... REFERENCES
+    constraint. For a no-frills, single column foreign key, adding a
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` to the definition of a :class:`_schema.Column`
+    is a
+    shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    Examples of foreign key configuration are in :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "foreign_key_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        columns: _typing_Sequence[_DDLColumnArgument],
+        refcolumns: _typing_Sequence[_DDLColumnArgument],
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        onupdate: Optional[str] = None,
+        ondelete: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        use_alter: bool = False,
+        link_to_name: bool = False,
+        match: Optional[str] = None,
+        table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Construct a composite-capable FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of local column names. The named columns
+          must be defined and present in the parent Table. The names should
+          match the ``key`` given to each column (defaults to the name) unless
+          ``link_to_name`` is True.
+
+        :param refcolumns: A sequence of foreign column names or Column
+          objects. The columns must all be located within the same Table.
+
+        :param name: Optional, the in-database name of the key.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+          DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+          DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+          DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+          the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally assigned
+          ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: If True, do not emit the DDL for this constraint as
+          part of the CREATE TABLE definition. Instead, generate it via an
+          ALTER TABLE statement issued after the full collection of tables
+          have been created, and drop it via an ALTER TABLE statement before
+          the full collection of tables are dropped.
+
+          The use of :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` is
+          particularly geared towards the case where two or more tables
+          are established within a mutually-dependent foreign key constraint
+          relationship; however, the :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` and
+          :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`
+          methods will perform this resolution
+          automatically, so the flag is normally not needed.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`use_alter`
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
+          DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+          and FULL.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+          foreign key constraint creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+          specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See
+          the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+          :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        Constraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            info=info,
+            comment=comment,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.match = match
+
+        if len(set(columns)) != len(refcolumns):
+            if len(set(columns)) != len(columns):
+                # e.g. FOREIGN KEY (a, a) REFERENCES r (b, c)
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint with duplicate source column "
+                    "references are not supported."
+                )
+            else:
+                # e.g. FOREIGN KEY (a) REFERENCES r (b, c)
+                # paraphrasing
+                # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-constraints.html
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint number "
+                    "of constrained columns must match the number of "
+                    "referenced columns."
+                )
+
+        # standalone ForeignKeyConstraint - create
+        # associated ForeignKey objects which will be applied to hosted
+        # Column objects (in col.foreign_keys), either now or when attached
+        # to the Table for string-specified names
+        self.elements = [
+            ForeignKey(
+                refcol,
+                _constraint=self,
+                name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate,
+                ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                use_alter=self.use_alter,
+                link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+                match=self.match,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                initially=self.initially,
+                **self.dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+            for refcol in refcolumns
+        ]
+
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns)
+        if table is not None:
+            if hasattr(self, "parent"):
+                assert table is self.parent
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+
+    def _append_element(self, column: Column[Any], fk: ForeignKey) -> None:
+        self._columns.add(column)
+        self.elements.append(fk)
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` representing the set of columns
+    for this constraint.
+
+    """
+
+    elements: List[ForeignKey]
+    """A sequence of :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects.
+
+    Each :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+    represents a single referring column/referred
+    column pair.
+
+    This collection is intended to be read-only.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _elements(self) -> util.OrderedDict[str, ForeignKey]:
+        # legacy - provide a dictionary view of (column_key, fk)
+        return util.OrderedDict(zip(self.column_keys, self.elements))
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        for elem in self.elements:
+            return elem._referred_schema
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def referred_table(self) -> Table:
+        """The :class:`_schema.Table` object to which this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` references.
+
+        This is a dynamically calculated attribute which may not be available
+        if the constraint and/or parent table is not yet associated with
+        a metadata collection that contains the referred table.
+
+        """
+        return self.elements[0].column.table
+
+    def _validate_dest_table(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        table_keys = {elem._table_key() for elem in self.elements}
+        if None not in table_keys and len(table_keys) > 1:
+            elem0, elem1 = sorted(table_keys)[0:2]
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"ForeignKeyConstraint on "
+                f"{table.fullname}({self._col_description}) refers to "
+                f"multiple remote tables: {elem0} and {elem1}"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def column_keys(self) -> _typing_Sequence[str]:
+        """Return a list of string keys representing the local
+        columns in this :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        This list is either the original string arguments sent
+        to the constructor of the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`,
+        or if the constraint has been initialized with :class:`_schema.Column`
+        objects, is the string ``.key`` of each element.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "parent"):
+            return self._columns.keys()
+        else:
+            return [
+                col.key if isinstance(col, ColumnElement) else str(col)
+                for col in self._pending_colargs
+            ]
+
+    @property
+    def _col_description(self) -> str:
+        return ", ".join(self.column_keys)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        ColumnCollectionConstraint._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        for col, fk in zip(self._columns, self.elements):
+            if not hasattr(fk, "parent") or fk.parent is not col:
+                fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(col)
+
+        self._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ForeignKeyConstraint:
+        return self._copy(schema=schema, target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ForeignKeyConstraint:
+        fkc = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+            [x.parent.key for x in self.elements],
+            [
+                x._get_colspec(
+                    schema=schema,
+                    table_name=(
+                        target_table.name
+                        if target_table is not None
+                        and x._table_key() == x.parent.table.key
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                    _is_copy=True,
+                )
+                for x in self.elements
+            ],
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match,
+            comment=self.comment,
+        )
+        for self_fk, other_fk in zip(self.elements, fkc.elements):
+            self_fk._schema_item_copy(other_fk)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fkc)
+
+
+class PrimaryKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint.
+
+    The :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object is present automatically
+    on any :class:`_schema.Table` object; it is assigned a set of
+    :class:`_schema.Column` objects corresponding to those marked with
+    the :paramref:`_schema.Column.primary_key` flag::
+
+        >>> my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        ...                 Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...                 Column('version_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...                 Column('data', String(50))
+        ...     )
+        >>> my_table.primary_key
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            Column('id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False),
+            Column('version_id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False)
+        )
+
+    The primary key of a :class:`_schema.Table` can also be specified by using
+    a :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object explicitly; in this mode of usage,
+    the "name" of the constraint can also be specified, as well as other
+    options which may be recognized by dialects::
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer),
+                    Column('version_id', Integer),
+                    Column('data', String(50)),
+                    PrimaryKeyConstraint('id', 'version_id',
+                                         name='mytable_pk')
+                )
+
+    The two styles of column-specification should generally not be mixed.
+    An warning is emitted if the columns present in the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`
+    don't match the columns that were marked as ``primary_key=True``, if both
+    are present; in this case, the columns are taken strictly from the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` declaration, and those columns otherwise
+    marked as ``primary_key=True`` are ignored.  This behavior is intended to
+    be backwards compatible with previous behavior.
+
+    For the use case where specific options are to be specified on the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, but the usual style of using
+    ``primary_key=True`` flags is still desirable, an empty
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may be specified, which will take on the
+    primary key column collection from the :class:`_schema.Table` based on the
+    flags::
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('version_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('data', String(50)),
+                    PrimaryKeyConstraint(name='mytable_pk',
+                                         mssql_clustered=True)
+                )
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "primary_key_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _implicit_generated: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._implicit_generated = _implicit_generated
+        super().__init__(
+            *columns,
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            info=info,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        super()._set_parent(table)
+
+        if table.primary_key is not self:
+            table.constraints.discard(table.primary_key)
+            table.primary_key = self  # type: ignore
+            table.constraints.add(self)
+
+        table_pks = [c for c in table.c if c.primary_key]
+        if (
+            self._columns
+            and table_pks
+            and set(table_pks) != set(self._columns)
+        ):
+            # black could not format these inline
+            table_pk_str = ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in table_pks)
+            col_str = ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in self._columns)
+
+            util.warn(
+                f"Table '{table.name}' specifies columns "
+                f"{table_pk_str} as "
+                f"primary_key=True, "
+                f"not matching locally specified columns {col_str}; "
+                f"setting the "
+                f"current primary key columns to "
+                f"{col_str}. "
+                f"This warning "
+                f"may become an exception in a future release"
+            )
+            table_pks[:] = []
+
+        for c in self._columns:
+            c.primary_key = True
+            if c._user_defined_nullable is NULL_UNSPECIFIED:
+                c.nullable = False
+        if table_pks:
+            self._columns.extend(table_pks)
+
+    def _reload(self, columns: Iterable[Column[Any]]) -> None:
+        """repopulate this :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` given
+        a set of columns.
+
+        Existing columns in the table that are marked as primary_key=True
+        are maintained.
+
+        Also fires a new event.
+
+        This is basically like putting a whole new
+        :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object on the parent
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object without actually replacing the object.
+
+        The ordering of the given list of columns is also maintained; these
+        columns will be appended to the list of columns after any which
+        are already present.
+
+        """
+        # set the primary key flag on new columns.
+        # note any existing PK cols on the table also have their
+        # flag still set.
+        for col in columns:
+            col.primary_key = True
+
+        self._columns.extend(columns)
+
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint._autoincrement_column._reset(self)  # type: ignore
+        self._set_parent_with_dispatch(self.table)
+
+    def _replace(self, col: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint._autoincrement_column._reset(self)  # type: ignore
+        self._columns.replace(col)
+
+        self.dispatch._sa_event_column_added_to_pk_constraint(self, col)
+
+    @property
+    def columns_autoinc_first(self) -> List[Column[Any]]:
+        autoinc = self._autoincrement_column
+
+        if autoinc is not None:
+            return [autoinc] + [c for c in self._columns if c is not autoinc]
+        else:
+            return list(self._columns)
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[Column[int]]:
+        def _validate_autoinc(col: Column[Any], autoinc_true: bool) -> bool:
+            if col.type._type_affinity is None or not issubclass(
+                col.type._type_affinity,
+                (
+                    type_api.INTEGERTYPE._type_affinity,
+                    type_api.NUMERICTYPE._type_affinity,
+                ),
+            ):
+                if autoinc_true:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Column type {col.type} on column '{col}' is not "
+                        f"compatible with autoincrement=True"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return False
+            elif (
+                not isinstance(col.default, (type(None), Sequence))
+                and not autoinc_true
+            ):
+                return False
+            elif (
+                col.server_default is not None
+                and not isinstance(col.server_default, Identity)
+                and not autoinc_true
+            ):
+                return False
+            elif col.foreign_keys and col.autoincrement not in (
+                True,
+                "ignore_fk",
+            ):
+                return False
+            return True
+
+        if len(self._columns) == 1:
+            col = list(self._columns)[0]
+
+            if col.autoincrement is True:
+                _validate_autoinc(col, True)
+                return col
+            elif col.autoincrement in (
+                "auto",
+                "ignore_fk",
+            ) and _validate_autoinc(col, False):
+                return col
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        else:
+            autoinc = None
+            for col in self._columns:
+                if col.autoincrement is True:
+                    _validate_autoinc(col, True)
+                    if autoinc is not None:
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Only one Column may be marked "
+                            f"autoincrement=True, found both "
+                            f"{col.name} and {autoinc.name}."
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        autoinc = col
+
+            return autoinc
+
+
+class UniqueConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level UNIQUE constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite UNIQUE constraint. For a no-frills,
+    single column constraint, adding ``unique=True`` to the ``Column``
+    definition is a shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    UniqueConstraint.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unique_constraint"
+
+
+class Index(
+    DialectKWArgs, ColumnCollectionMixin, HasConditionalDDL, SchemaItem
+):
+    """A table-level INDEX.
+
+    Defines a composite (one or more column) INDEX.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        sometable = Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100))
+                    )
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name)
+
+    For a no-frills, single column index, adding
+    :class:`_schema.Column` also supports ``index=True``::
+
+        sometable = Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50), index=True)
+                    )
+
+    For a composite index, multiple columns can be specified::
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name, sometable.c.address)
+
+    Functional indexes are supported as well, typically by using the
+    :data:`.func` construct in conjunction with table-bound
+    :class:`_schema.Column` objects::
+
+        Index("some_index", func.lower(sometable.c.name))
+
+    An :class:`.Index` can also be manually associated with a
+    :class:`_schema.Table`,
+    either through inline declaration or using
+    :meth:`_schema.Table.append_constraint`.  When this approach is used,
+    the names
+    of the indexed columns can be specified as strings::
+
+        Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100)),
+                        Index("some_index", "name", "address")
+                )
+
+    To support functional or expression-based indexes in this form, the
+    :func:`_expression.text` construct may be used::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100)),
+                        Index("some_index", text("lower(name)"))
+                )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`schema_indexes` - General information on :class:`.Index`.
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_indexes` - PostgreSQL-specific options available for
+        the :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mysql_indexes` - MySQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mssql_indexes` - MSSQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "index"
+
+    table: Optional[Table]
+    expressions: _typing_Sequence[Union[str, ColumnElement[Any]]]
+    _table_bound_expressions: _typing_Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str],
+        *expressions: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        unique: bool = False,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        _column_flag: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Construct an index object.
+
+        :param name:
+          The name of the index
+
+        :param \*expressions:
+          Column expressions to include in the index.   The expressions
+          are normally instances of :class:`_schema.Column`, but may also
+          be arbitrary SQL expressions which ultimately refer to a
+          :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        :param unique=False:
+            Keyword only argument; if True, create a unique index.
+
+        :param quote=None:
+            Keyword only argument; whether to apply quoting to the name of
+            the index.  Works in the same manner as that of
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.quote`.
+
+        :param info=None: Optional data dictionary which will be populated
+            into the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above
+            are dialect specific, and passed in the form
+            ``<dialectname>_<argname>``. See the documentation regarding an
+            individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+        """
+        self.table = table = None
+
+        self.name = quoted_name.construct(name, quote)
+        self.unique = unique
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        # TODO: consider "table" argument being public, but for
+        # the purpose of the fix here, it starts as private.
+        if _table is not None:
+            table = _table
+
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+
+        self.expressions = []
+        # will call _set_parent() if table-bound column
+        # objects are present
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(
+            self,
+            *expressions,
+            _column_flag=_column_flag,
+            _gather_expressions=self.expressions,
+        )
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent(table)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        if self.table is not None and table is not self.table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Index '{self.name}' is against table "
+                f"'{self.table.description}', and "
+                f"cannot be associated with table '{table.description}'."
+            )
+        self.table = table
+        table.indexes.add(self)
+
+        expressions = self.expressions
+        col_expressions = self._col_expressions(table)
+        assert len(expressions) == len(col_expressions)
+
+        exprs = []
+        for expr, colexpr in zip(expressions, col_expressions):
+            if isinstance(expr, ClauseElement):
+                exprs.append(expr)
+            elif colexpr is not None:
+                exprs.append(colexpr)
+            else:
+                assert False
+        self.expressions = self._table_bound_expressions = exprs
+
+    def create(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`` for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        exprs: _typing_Sequence[Any]  # noqa: F842
+
+        return "Index(%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                [repr(self.name)]
+                + [repr(e) for e in self.expressions]
+                + (self.unique and ["unique=True"] or [])
+            )
+        )
+
+
+_NamingSchemaCallable = Callable[[Constraint, Table], str]
+_NamingSchemaDirective = Union[str, _NamingSchemaCallable]
+
+
+class _NamingSchemaTD(TypedDict, total=False):
+    fk: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    pk: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    ix: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    ck: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    uq: _NamingSchemaDirective
+
+
+_NamingSchemaParameter = Union[
+    # it seems like the TypedDict here is useful for pylance typeahead,
+    # and not much else
+    _NamingSchemaTD,
+    # there is no form that allows Union[Type[Any], str] to work in all
+    # cases, including breaking out Mapping[] entries for each combination
+    # even, therefore keys must be `Any` (see #10264)
+    Mapping[Any, _NamingSchemaDirective],
+]
+
+
+DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION: _NamingSchemaParameter = util.immutabledict(
+    {"ix": "ix_%(column_0_label)s"}
+)
+
+
+class MetaData(HasSchemaAttr):
+    """A collection of :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects and their associated schema
+    constructs.
+
+    Holds a collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects as well as
+    an optional binding to an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.  If bound, the :class:`_schema.Table` objects
+    in the collection and their columns may participate in implicit SQL
+    execution.
+
+    The :class:`_schema.Table` objects themselves are stored in the
+    :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables` dictionary.
+
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` is a thread-safe object for read operations.
+    Construction of new tables within a single :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+    object,
+    either explicitly or via reflection, may not be completely thread-safe.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "metadata"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        quote_schema: Optional[bool] = None,
+        naming_convention: Optional[_NamingSchemaParameter] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new MetaData object.
+
+        :param schema:
+           The default schema to use for the :class:`_schema.Table`,
+           :class:`.Sequence`, and potentially other objects associated with
+           this :class:`_schema.MetaData`. Defaults to ``None``.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`schema_metadata_schema_name` - details on how the
+                :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter is used.
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`
+
+                :paramref:`.Sequence.schema`
+
+        :param quote_schema:
+            Sets the ``quote_schema`` flag for those :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            :class:`.Sequence`, and other objects which make usage of the
+            local ``schema`` name.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param naming_convention: a dictionary referring to values which
+          will establish default naming conventions for :class:`.Constraint`
+          and :class:`.Index` objects, for those objects which are not given
+          a name explicitly.
+
+          The keys of this dictionary may be:
+
+          * a constraint or Index class, e.g. the :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` class, the :class:`.Index`
+            class
+
+          * a string mnemonic for one of the known constraint classes;
+            ``"fk"``, ``"pk"``, ``"ix"``, ``"ck"``, ``"uq"`` for foreign key,
+            primary key, index, check, and unique constraint, respectively.
+
+          * the string name of a user-defined "token" that can be used
+            to define new naming tokens.
+
+          The values associated with each "constraint class" or "constraint
+          mnemonic" key are string naming templates, such as
+          ``"uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s"``,
+          which describe how the name should be composed.  The values
+          associated with user-defined "token" keys should be callables of the
+          form ``fn(constraint, table)``, which accepts the constraint/index
+          object and :class:`_schema.Table` as arguments, returning a string
+          result.
+
+          The built-in names are as follows, some of which may only be
+          available for certain types of constraint:
+
+            * ``%(table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`_schema.Table`
+              object
+              associated with the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(referred_table_name)s`` - the name of the
+              :class:`_schema.Table`
+              object associated with the referencing target of a
+              :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+              at
+              index position "0" within the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(column_0N_name)s`` - the name of all :class:`_schema.Column`
+              objects in order within the constraint, joined without a
+              separator.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_N_name)s`` - the name of all
+              :class:`_schema.Column`
+              objects in order within the constraint, joined with an
+              underscore as a separator.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_label)s``, ``%(column_0N_label)s``,
+              ``%(column_0_N_label)s`` - the label of either the zeroth
+              :class:`_schema.Column` or all :class:`.Columns`, separated with
+              or without an underscore
+
+            * ``%(column_0_key)s``, ``%(column_0N_key)s``,
+              ``%(column_0_N_key)s`` - the key of either the zeroth
+              :class:`_schema.Column` or all :class:`.Columns`, separated with
+              or without an underscore
+
+            * ``%(referred_column_0_name)s``, ``%(referred_column_0N_name)s``
+              ``%(referred_column_0_N_name)s``,  ``%(referred_column_0_key)s``,
+              ``%(referred_column_0N_key)s``, ...  column tokens which
+              render the names/keys/labels of columns that are referenced
+              by a  :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(constraint_name)s`` - a special key that refers to the
+              existing name given to the constraint.  When this key is
+              present, the :class:`.Constraint` object's existing name will be
+              replaced with one that is composed from template string that
+              uses this token. When this token is present, it is required that
+              the :class:`.Constraint` is given an explicit name ahead of time.
+
+            * user-defined: any additional token may be implemented by passing
+              it along with a ``fn(constraint, table)`` callable to the
+              naming_convention dictionary.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3.0 - added new ``%(column_0N_name)s``,
+             ``%(column_0_N_name)s``, and related tokens that produce
+             concatenations of names, keys, or labels for all columns referred
+             to by a given constraint.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` - for detailed usage
+                examples.
+
+        """
+        if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, str):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "expected schema argument to be a string, "
+                f"got {type(schema)}."
+            )
+        self.tables = util.FacadeDict()
+        self.schema = quoted_name.construct(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.naming_convention = (
+            naming_convention
+            if naming_convention
+            else DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION
+        )
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._schemas: Set[str] = set()
+        self._sequences: Dict[str, Sequence] = {}
+        self._fk_memos: Dict[Tuple[str, Optional[str]], List[ForeignKey]] = (
+            collections.defaultdict(list)
+        )
+
+    tables: util.FacadeDict[str, Table]
+    """A dictionary of :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects keyed to their name or "table key".
+
+    The exact key is that determined by the :attr:`_schema.Table.key`
+    attribute;
+    for a table with no :attr:`_schema.Table.schema` attribute,
+    this is the same
+    as :attr:`_schema.Table.name`.  For a table with a schema,
+    it is typically of the
+    form ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "MetaData()"
+
+    def __contains__(self, table_or_key: Union[str, Table]) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(table_or_key, str):
+            table_or_key = table_or_key.key
+        return table_or_key in self.tables
+
+    def _add_table(
+        self, name: str, schema: Optional[str], table: Table
+    ) -> None:
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        self.tables._insert_item(key, table)
+        if schema:
+            self._schemas.add(schema)
+
+    def _remove_table(self, name: str, schema: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        removed = dict.pop(self.tables, key, None)
+        if removed is not None:
+            for fk in removed.foreign_keys:
+                fk._remove_from_metadata(self)
+        if self._schemas:
+            self._schemas = {
+                t.schema for t in self.tables.values() if t.schema is not None
+            }
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "tables": self.tables,
+            "schema": self.schema,
+            "schemas": self._schemas,
+            "sequences": self._sequences,
+            "fk_memos": self._fk_memos,
+            "naming_convention": self.naming_convention,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self.tables = state["tables"]
+        self.schema = state["schema"]
+        self.naming_convention = state["naming_convention"]
+        self._sequences = state["sequences"]
+        self._schemas = state["schemas"]
+        self._fk_memos = state["fk_memos"]
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear all Table objects from this MetaData."""
+
+        dict.clear(self.tables)  # type: ignore
+        self._schemas.clear()
+        self._fk_memos.clear()
+
+    def remove(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        """Remove the given Table object from this MetaData."""
+
+        self._remove_table(table.name, table.schema)
+
+    @property
+    def sorted_tables(self) -> List[Table]:
+        """Returns a list of :class:`_schema.Table` objects sorted in order of
+        foreign key dependency.
+
+        The sorting will place :class:`_schema.Table`
+        objects that have dependencies
+        first, before the dependencies themselves, representing the
+        order in which they can be created.   To get the order in which
+        the tables would be dropped, use the ``reversed()`` Python built-in.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` attribute cannot by itself
+            accommodate automatic resolution of dependency cycles between
+            tables, which are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key
+            constraints. When these cycles are detected, the foreign keys
+            of these tables are omitted from consideration in the sort.
+            A warning is emitted when this condition occurs, which will be an
+            exception raise in a future release.   Tables which are not part
+            of the cycle will still be returned in dependency order.
+
+            To resolve these cycles, the
+            :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be
+            applied to those constraints which create a cycle.  Alternatively,
+            the :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints` function will
+            automatically return foreign key constraints in a separate
+            collection when cycles are detected so that they may be applied
+            to a schema separately.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 1.3.17 - a warning is emitted when
+               :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` cannot perform a proper sort
+               due to cyclical dependencies.  This will be an exception in a
+               future release.  Additionally, the sort will continue to return
+               other tables not involved in the cycle in dependency order which
+               was not the case previously.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_schema.sort_tables`
+
+            :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables`
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+
+        """
+        return ddl.sort_tables(
+            sorted(self.tables.values(), key=lambda t: t.key)  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    # overload needed to work around mypy this mypy
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/17093
+    @overload
+    def reflect(
+        self,
+        bind: Engine,
+        schema: Optional[str] = ...,
+        views: bool = ...,
+        only: Union[
+            _typing_Sequence[str], Callable[[str, MetaData], bool], None
+        ] = ...,
+        extend_existing: bool = ...,
+        autoload_replace: bool = ...,
+        resolve_fks: bool = ...,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def reflect(
+        self,
+        bind: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = ...,
+        views: bool = ...,
+        only: Union[
+            _typing_Sequence[str], Callable[[str, MetaData], bool], None
+        ] = ...,
+        extend_existing: bool = ...,
+        autoload_replace: bool = ...,
+        resolve_fks: bool = ...,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.reflection")
+    def reflect(
+        self,
+        bind: Union[Engine, Connection],
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        views: bool = False,
+        only: Union[
+            _typing_Sequence[str], Callable[[str, MetaData], bool], None
+        ] = None,
+        extend_existing: bool = False,
+        autoload_replace: bool = True,
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Load all available table definitions from the database.
+
+        Automatically creates ``Table`` entries in this ``MetaData`` for any
+        table available in the database but not yet present in the
+        ``MetaData``.  May be called multiple times to pick up tables recently
+        added to the database, however no special action is taken if a table
+        in this ``MetaData`` no longer exists in the database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
+          database.
+
+        :param schema:
+          Optional, query and reflect tables from an alternate schema.
+          If None, the schema associated with this :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+          is used, if any.
+
+        :param views:
+          If True, also reflect views (materialized and plain).
+
+        :param only:
+          Optional.  Load only a sub-set of available named tables.  May be
+          specified as a sequence of names or a callable.
+
+          If a sequence of names is provided, only those tables will be
+          reflected.  An error is raised if a table is requested but not
+          available.  Named tables already present in this ``MetaData`` are
+          ignored.
+
+          If a callable is provided, it will be used as a boolean predicate to
+          filter the list of potential table names.  The callable is called
+          with a table name and this ``MetaData`` instance as positional
+          arguments and should return a true value for any table to reflect.
+
+        :param extend_existing: Passed along to each :class:`_schema.Table` as
+          :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`.
+
+        :param autoload_replace: Passed along to each :class:`_schema.Table`
+          as
+          :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_replace`.
+
+        :param resolve_fks: if True, reflect :class:`_schema.Table`
+         objects linked
+         to :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects located in each
+         :class:`_schema.Table`.
+         For :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`,
+         this has the effect of reflecting
+         related tables that might otherwise not be in the list of tables
+         being reflected, for example if the referenced table is in a
+         different schema or is omitted via the
+         :paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.only` parameter.  When False,
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects are not followed to the
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         in which they link, however if the related table is also part of the
+         list of tables that would be reflected in any case, the
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object will still resolve to its related
+         :class:`_schema.Table` after the :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
+         operation is
+         complete.   Defaults to True.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.resolve_fks`
+
+        :param \**dialect_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned
+         above are dialect specific, and passed in the form
+         ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See the documentation regarding an
+         individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+         documented arguments.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` - Event used to customize
+            the reflected columns. Usually used to generalize the types using
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.as_generic`
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - describes how to
+            reflect tables using general types.
+
+        """
+
+        with inspection.inspect(bind)._inspection_context() as insp:
+            reflect_opts: Any = {
+                "autoload_with": insp,
+                "extend_existing": extend_existing,
+                "autoload_replace": autoload_replace,
+                "resolve_fks": resolve_fks,
+                "_extend_on": set(),
+            }
+
+            reflect_opts.update(dialect_kwargs)
+
+            if schema is None:
+                schema = self.schema
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                reflect_opts["schema"] = schema
+
+            kind = util.preloaded.engine_reflection.ObjectKind.TABLE
+            available: util.OrderedSet[str] = util.OrderedSet(
+                insp.get_table_names(schema)
+            )
+            if views:
+                kind = util.preloaded.engine_reflection.ObjectKind.ANY
+                available.update(insp.get_view_names(schema))
+                try:
+                    available.update(insp.get_materialized_view_names(schema))
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                available_w_schema: util.OrderedSet[str] = util.OrderedSet(
+                    [f"{schema}.{name}" for name in available]
+                )
+            else:
+                available_w_schema = available
+
+            current = set(self.tables)
+
+            if only is None:
+                load = [
+                    name
+                    for name, schname in zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                    if extend_existing or schname not in current
+                ]
+            elif callable(only):
+                load = [
+                    name
+                    for name, schname in zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                    if (extend_existing or schname not in current)
+                    and only(name, self)
+                ]
+            else:
+                missing = [name for name in only if name not in available]
+                if missing:
+                    s = schema and (" schema '%s'" % schema) or ""
+                    missing_str = ", ".join(missing)
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Could not reflect: requested table(s) not available "
+                        f"in {bind.engine!r}{s}: ({missing_str})"
+                    )
+                load = [
+                    name
+                    for name in only
+                    if extend_existing or name not in current
+                ]
+            # pass the available tables so the inspector can
+            # choose to ignore the filter_names
+            _reflect_info = insp._get_reflection_info(
+                schema=schema,
+                filter_names=load,
+                available=available,
+                kind=kind,
+                scope=util.preloaded.engine_reflection.ObjectScope.ANY,
+                **dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+            reflect_opts["_reflect_info"] = _reflect_info
+
+            for name in load:
+                try:
+                    Table(name, self, **reflect_opts)
+                except exc.UnreflectableTableError as uerr:
+                    util.warn(f"Skipping table {name}: {uerr}")
+
+    def create_all(
+        self,
+        bind: _CreateDropBind,
+        tables: Optional[_typing_Sequence[Table]] = None,
+        checkfirst: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to recreate tables already
+        present in the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
+          database.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the total
+          tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, don't issue CREATEs for tables already present
+          in the target database.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(
+            ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst, tables=tables
+        )
+
+    def drop_all(
+        self,
+        bind: _CreateDropBind,
+        tables: Optional[_typing_Sequence[Table]] = None,
+        checkfirst: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Drop all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to drop tables not present in
+        the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
+          database.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the
+          total tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, only issue DROPs for tables confirmed to be
+          present in the target database.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(
+            ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst, tables=tables
+        )
+
+
+class Computed(FetchedValue, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines a generated column, i.e. "GENERATED ALWAYS AS" syntax.
+
+    The :class:`.Computed` construct is an inline construct added to the
+    argument list of a :class:`_schema.Column` object::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Computed
+
+        Table('square', metadata_obj,
+            Column('side', Float, nullable=False),
+            Column('area', Float, Computed('side * side'))
+        )
+
+    See the linked documentation below for complete details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`computed_ddl`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "computed_column"
+
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "sqltext", ":class:`.Computed`", ":paramref:`.Computed.sqltext`"
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self, sqltext: _DDLColumnArgument, persisted: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a GENERATED ALWAYS AS DDL construct to accompany a
+        :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        :param sqltext:
+          A string containing the column generation expression, which will be
+          used verbatim, or a SQL expression construct, such as a
+          :func:`_expression.text`
+          object.   If given as a string, the object is converted to a
+          :func:`_expression.text` object.
+
+        :param persisted:
+          Optional, controls how this column should be persisted by the
+          database.   Possible values are:
+
+          * ``None``, the default, it will use the default persistence
+            defined by the database.
+          * ``True``, will render ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS ... STORED``, or the
+            equivalent for the target database if supported.
+          * ``False``, will render ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS ... VIRTUAL``, or
+            the equivalent for the target database if supported.
+
+          Specifying ``True`` or ``False`` may raise an error when the DDL
+          is emitted to the target database if the database does not support
+          that persistence option.   Leaving this parameter at its default
+          of ``None`` is guaranteed to succeed for all databases that support
+          ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS``.
+
+        """
+        self.sqltext = coercions.expect(roles.DDLExpressionRole, sqltext)
+        self.persisted = persisted
+        self.column = None
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+
+        if not isinstance(
+            parent.server_default, (type(None), Computed)
+        ) or not isinstance(parent.server_onupdate, (type(None), Computed)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "A generated column cannot specify a server_default or a "
+                "server_onupdate argument"
+            )
+        self.column = parent
+        parent.computed = self
+        self.column.server_onupdate = self
+        self.column.server_default = self
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update: bool) -> FetchedValue:
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Computed.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Computed:
+        return self._copy(target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Computed:
+        sqltext = _copy_expression(
+            self.sqltext,
+            self.column.table if self.column is not None else None,
+            target_table,
+        )
+        g = Computed(sqltext, persisted=self.persisted)
+
+        return self._schema_item_copy(g)
+
+
+class Identity(IdentityOptions, FetchedValue, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines an identity column, i.e. "GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT }
+    AS IDENTITY" syntax.
+
+    The :class:`.Identity` construct is an inline construct added to the
+    argument list of a :class:`_schema.Column` object::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Identity
+
+        Table('foo', metadata_obj,
+            Column('id', Integer, Identity())
+            Column('description', Text),
+        )
+
+    See the linked documentation below for complete details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`identity_ddl`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "identity_column"
+
+    is_identity = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        always: bool = False,
+        on_null: Optional[bool] = None,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[int] = None,
+        minvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        nominvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        nomaxvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cycle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cache: Optional[int] = None,
+        order: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY DDL
+        construct to accompany a :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        See the :class:`.Sequence` documentation for a complete description
+        of most parameters.
+
+        .. note::
+            MSSQL supports this construct as the preferred alternative to
+            generate an IDENTITY on a column, but it uses non standard
+            syntax that only support :paramref:`_schema.Identity.start`
+            and :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`.
+            All other parameters are ignored.
+
+        :param always:
+          A boolean, that indicates the type of identity column.
+          If ``False`` is specified, the default, then the user-specified
+          value takes precedence.
+          If ``True`` is specified, a user-specified value is not accepted (
+          on some backends, like PostgreSQL, OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE, or
+          similar, may be specified in an INSERT to override the sequence
+          value).
+          Some backends also have a default value for this parameter,
+          ``None`` can be used to omit rendering this part in the DDL. It
+          will be treated as ``False`` if a backend does not have a default
+          value.
+
+        :param on_null:
+          Set to ``True`` to specify ON NULL in conjunction with a
+          ``always=False`` identity column. This option is only supported on
+          some backends, like Oracle.
+
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached.
+        :param cache: optional integer value; number of future values in the
+         sequence which are calculated in advance.
+        :param order: optional boolean value; if true, renders the
+         ORDER keyword.
+
+        """
+        IdentityOptions.__init__(
+            self,
+            start=start,
+            increment=increment,
+            minvalue=minvalue,
+            maxvalue=maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=cycle,
+            cache=cache,
+            order=order,
+        )
+        self.always = always
+        self.on_null = on_null
+        self.column = None
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+        if not isinstance(
+            parent.server_default, (type(None), Identity)
+        ) or not isinstance(parent.server_onupdate, type(None)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "A column with an Identity object cannot specify a "
+                "server_default or a server_onupdate argument"
+            )
+        if parent.autoincrement is False:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "A column with an Identity object cannot specify "
+                "autoincrement=False"
+            )
+        self.column = parent
+
+        parent.identity = self
+        if parent._user_defined_nullable is NULL_UNSPECIFIED:
+            parent.nullable = False
+
+        parent.server_default = self
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update: bool) -> FetchedValue:
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Identity.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Identity:
+        return self._copy(**kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Identity:
+        i = Identity(
+            always=self.always,
+            on_null=self.on_null,
+            start=self.start,
+            increment=self.increment,
+            minvalue=self.minvalue,
+            maxvalue=self.maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=self.nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=self.nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=self.cycle,
+            cache=self.cache,
+            order=self.order,
+        )
+
+        return self._schema_item_copy(i)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1531b35f5f7872d45427f3b2d42c270ae1863207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,6932 @@
+# sql/selectable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`_expression.FromClause` class of SQL expression elements,
+representing
+SQL tables and derived rowsets.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any as TODO_Any
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import cache_key
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import traversals
+from . import type_api
+from . import visitors
+from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+from ._typing import _no_kw
+from ._typing import _TP
+from ._typing import is_column_element
+from ._typing import is_select_statement
+from ._typing import is_subquery
+from ._typing import is_table
+from ._typing import is_text_clause
+from .annotation import Annotated
+from .annotation import SupportsCloneAnnotations
+from .base import _clone
+from .base import _cloned_difference
+from .base import _cloned_intersection
+from .base import _entity_namespace_key
+from .base import _EntityNamespace
+from .base import _expand_cloned
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import _never_select_column
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .base import _select_iterables
+from .base import CacheableOptions
+from .base import ColumnCollection
+from .base import ColumnSet
+from .base import CompileState
+from .base import DedupeColumnCollection
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasCompileState
+from .base import HasMemoized
+from .base import Immutable
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion
+from .elements import _anonymous_label
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ClauseList
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import DQLDMLClauseElement
+from .elements import GroupedElement
+from .elements import literal_column
+from .elements import TableValuedColumn
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .operators import OperatorType
+from .sqltypes import NULLTYPE
+from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .visitors import prefix_anon_map
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+and_ = BooleanClauseList.and_
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _JoinTargetArgument
+    from ._typing import _LimitOffsetType
+    from ._typing import _MAYBE_ENTITY
+    from ._typing import _NOT_ENTITY
+    from ._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    from ._typing import _T0
+    from ._typing import _T1
+    from ._typing import _T2
+    from ._typing import _T3
+    from ._typing import _T4
+    from ._typing import _T5
+    from ._typing import _T6
+    from ._typing import _T7
+    from ._typing import _TextCoercedExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import _AmbiguousTableNameMap
+    from .base import ExecutableOption
+    from .base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from .cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .dml import Delete
+    from .dml import Update
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .elements import Label
+    from .elements import NamedColumn
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .schema import ForeignKey
+    from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .sqltypes import TableValueType
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .visitors import _CloneCallableType
+
+
+_ColumnsClauseElement = Union["FromClause", ColumnElement[Any], "TextClause"]
+_LabelConventionCallable = Callable[
+    [Union["ColumnElement[Any]", "TextClause"]], Optional[str]
+]
+
+
+class _JoinTargetProtocol(Protocol):
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace: ...
+
+
+_JoinTargetElement = Union["FromClause", _JoinTargetProtocol]
+_OnClauseElement = Union["ColumnElement[bool]", _JoinTargetProtocol]
+
+_ForUpdateOfArgument = Union[
+    # single column, Table, ORM Entity
+    Union[
+        "_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]",
+        "_FromClauseArgument",
+    ],
+    # or sequence of single column elements
+    Sequence["_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]"],
+]
+
+
+_SetupJoinsElement = Tuple[
+    _JoinTargetElement,
+    Optional[_OnClauseElement],
+    Optional["FromClause"],
+    Dict[str, Any],
+]
+
+
+_SelectIterable = Iterable[Union["ColumnElement[Any]", "TextClause"]]
+
+
+class _OffsetLimitParam(BindParameter[int]):
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    @property
+    def _limit_offset_value(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self.effective_value
+
+
+class ReturnsRows(roles.ReturnsRowsRole, DQLDMLClauseElement):
+    """The base-most class for Core constructs that have some concept of
+    columns that can represent rows.
+
+    While the SELECT statement and TABLE are the primary things we think
+    of in this category,  DML like INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE can also specify
+    RETURNING which means they can be used in CTEs and other forms, and
+    PostgreSQL has functions that return rows also.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    _is_returns_rows = True
+
+    # sub-elements of returns_rows
+    _is_from_clause = False
+    _is_select_base = False
+    _is_select_statement = False
+    _is_lateral = False
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self) -> ReturnsRows:
+        return self
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        """A sequence of column expression objects that represents the
+        "selected" columns of this :class:`_expression.ReturnsRows`.
+
+        This is typically equivalent to .exported_columns except it is
+        delivered in the form of a straight sequence and not  keyed
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.ReturnsRows` is
+        'derived' from the given :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self, fromclause: FromClause
+    ) -> None:
+        """Populate columns into an :class:`.AliasedReturnsRows` object."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        """reset internal collections for an incoming column being added."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def exported_columns(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[Any, Any]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        that represents the "exported"
+        columns of this :class:`_expression.ReturnsRows`.
+
+        The "exported" columns represent the collection of
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        expressions that are rendered by this SQL
+        construct.   There are primary varieties which are the
+        "FROM clause columns" of a FROM clause, such as a table, join,
+        or subquery, the "SELECTed columns", which are the columns in
+        the "columns clause" of a SELECT statement, and the RETURNING
+        columns in a DML statement..
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.FromClause.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.exported_columns`
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ExecutableReturnsRows(Executable, ReturnsRows):
+    """base for executable statements that return rows."""
+
+
+class TypedReturnsRows(ExecutableReturnsRows, Generic[_TP]):
+    """base for executable statements that return rows."""
+
+
+class Selectable(ReturnsRows):
+    """Mark a class as being selectable."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "selectable"
+
+    is_selectable = True
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a LATERAL alias of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        The return value is the :class:`_expression.Lateral` construct also
+        provided by the top-level :func:`_expression.lateral` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+        """
+        return Lateral._construct(self, name=name)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The :meth:`.Selectable.replace_selectable` method is "
+        "deprecated, and will be removed in a future release.  Similar "
+        "functionality is available via the sqlalchemy.sql.visitors module.",
+    )
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def replace_selectable(self, old: FromClause, alias: Alias) -> Self:
+        """Replace all occurrences of :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        'old' with the given :class:`_expression.Alias`
+        object, returning a copy of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_util.ClauseAdapter(alias).traverse(self)
+
+    def corresponding_column(
+        self, column: KeyedColumnElement[Any], require_embedded: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Given a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, return the exported
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` object from the
+        :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`
+        collection of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`
+        which corresponds to that
+        original :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` via a common ancestor
+        column.
+
+        :param column: the target :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+                      to be matched.
+
+        :param require_embedded: only return corresponding columns for
+         the given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, if the given
+         :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         is actually present within a sub-element
+         of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+         Normally the column will match if
+         it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported
+         columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns` - the
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+            that is used for the operation.
+
+            :meth:`_expression.ColumnCollection.corresponding_column`
+            - implementation
+            method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.exported_columns.corresponding_column(
+            column, require_embedded
+        )
+
+
+class HasPrefixes:
+    _prefixes: Tuple[Tuple[DQLDMLClauseElement, str], ...] = ()
+
+    _has_prefixes_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_prefixes", InternalTraversal.dp_prefix_sequence)
+    ]
+
+    @_generative
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "prefixes",
+        ":meth:`_expression.HasPrefixes.prefix_with`",
+        ":paramref:`.HasPrefixes.prefix_with.*prefixes`",
+    )
+    def prefix_with(
+        self,
+        *prefixes: _TextCoercedExpressionArgument[Any],
+        dialect: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add one or more expressions following the statement keyword, i.e.
+        SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Generative.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific prefix keywords such as those
+        provided by MySQL.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().prefix_with("LOW_PRIORITY", dialect="mysql")
+
+            # MySQL 5.7 optimizer hints
+            stmt = select(table).prefix_with(
+                "/*+ BKA(t1) */", dialect="mysql")
+
+        Multiple prefixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`_expression.HasPrefixes.prefix_with`.
+
+        :param \*prefixes: textual or :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+         construct which
+         will be rendered following the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+         keyword.
+        :param dialect: optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this prefix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        self._prefixes = self._prefixes + tuple(
+            [
+                (coercions.expect(roles.StatementOptionRole, p), dialect)
+                for p in prefixes
+            ]
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class HasSuffixes:
+    _suffixes: Tuple[Tuple[DQLDMLClauseElement, str], ...] = ()
+
+    _has_suffixes_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_suffixes", InternalTraversal.dp_prefix_sequence)
+    ]
+
+    @_generative
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "suffixes",
+        ":meth:`_expression.HasSuffixes.suffix_with`",
+        ":paramref:`.HasSuffixes.suffix_with.*suffixes`",
+    )
+    def suffix_with(
+        self,
+        *suffixes: _TextCoercedExpressionArgument[Any],
+        dialect: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add one or more expressions following the statement as a whole.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific suffix keywords on
+        certain constructs.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(col1, col2).cte().suffix_with(
+                "cycle empno set y_cycle to 1 default 0", dialect="oracle")
+
+        Multiple suffixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`_expression.HasSuffixes.suffix_with`.
+
+        :param \*suffixes: textual or :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+         construct which
+         will be rendered following the target clause.
+        :param dialect: Optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this suffix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        self._suffixes = self._suffixes + tuple(
+            [
+                (coercions.expect(roles.StatementOptionRole, p), dialect)
+                for p in suffixes
+            ]
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class HasHints:
+    _hints: util.immutabledict[Tuple[FromClause, str], str] = (
+        util.immutabledict()
+    )
+    _statement_hints: Tuple[Tuple[str, str], ...] = ()
+
+    _has_hints_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_statement_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_statement_hint_list),
+        ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+    ]
+
+    def with_statement_hint(self, text: str, dialect_name: str = "*") -> Self:
+        """Add a statement hint to this :class:`_expression.Select` or
+        other selectable object.
+
+        This method is similar to :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint`
+        except that
+        it does not require an individual table, and instead applies to the
+        statement as a whole.
+
+        Hints here are specific to the backend database and may include
+        directives such as isolation levels, file directives, fetch directives,
+        etc.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` - generic SELECT prefixing
+            which also can suit some database-specific HINT syntaxes such as
+            MySQL optimizer hints
+
+        """
+        return self._with_hint(None, text, dialect_name)
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(
+        self,
+        selectable: _FromClauseArgument,
+        text: str,
+        dialect_name: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add an indexing or other executional context hint for the given
+        selectable to this :class:`_expression.Select` or other selectable
+        object.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the given :class:`_schema.Table` or :class:`_expression.Alias`
+        passed as the
+        ``selectable`` argument. The dialect implementation
+        typically uses Python string substitution syntax
+        with the token ``%(name)s`` to render the name of
+        the table or alias. E.g. when using Oracle, the
+        following::
+
+            select(mytable).\
+                with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)")
+
+        Would render SQL as::
+
+            select /*+ index(mytable ix_mytable) */ ... from mytable
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add hints for both Oracle
+        and Sybase simultaneously::
+
+            select(mytable).\
+                with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)", 'oracle').\
+                with_hint(mytable, "WITH INDEX ix_mytable", 'mssql')
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_statement_hint`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._with_hint(selectable, text, dialect_name)
+
+    def _with_hint(
+        self,
+        selectable: Optional[_FromClauseArgument],
+        text: str,
+        dialect_name: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        if selectable is None:
+            self._statement_hints += ((dialect_name, text),)
+        else:
+            self._hints = self._hints.union(
+                {
+                    (
+                        coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, selectable),
+                        dialect_name,
+                    ): text
+                }
+            )
+        return self
+
+
+class FromClause(roles.AnonymizedFromClauseRole, Selectable):
+    """Represent an element that can be used within the ``FROM``
+    clause of a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The most common forms of :class:`_expression.FromClause` are the
+    :class:`_schema.Table` and the :func:`_expression.select` constructs.  Key
+    features common to all :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects include:
+
+    * a :attr:`.c` collection, which provides per-name access to a collection
+      of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects.
+    * a :attr:`.primary_key` attribute, which is a collection of all those
+      :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+      objects that indicate the ``primary_key`` flag.
+    * Methods to generate various derivations of a "from" clause, including
+      :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`,
+      :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`,
+      :meth:`_expression.FromClause.select`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "fromclause"
+    named_with_column = False
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return ()
+
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[FromClause]
+
+    _columns: ColumnCollection[Any, Any]
+
+    schema: Optional[str] = None
+    """Define the 'schema' attribute for this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+    This is typically ``None`` for most objects except that of
+    :class:`_schema.Table`, where it is taken as the value of the
+    :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema` argument.
+
+    """
+
+    is_selectable = True
+    _is_from_clause = True
+    _is_join = False
+
+    _use_schema_map = False
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Return a SELECT of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = some_table.select().where(some_table.c.id == 5)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.select` - general purpose
+            method which allows for arbitrary column lists.
+
+        """
+        return Select(self)
+
+    def join(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Join:
+        """Return a :class:`_expression.Join` from this
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import join
+
+            j = user_table.join(address_table,
+                            user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+            stmt = select(user_table).select_from(j)
+
+        would emit SQL along the lines of::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause` object such as a
+         :class:`_schema.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+         will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+        :param full: if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER
+         JOIN.  Implies :paramref:`.FromClause.join.isouter`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.join` - standalone function
+
+            :class:`_expression.Join` - the type of object produced
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Join:
+        """Return a :class:`_expression.Join` from this
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`, with the "isouter" flag set to
+        True.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import outerjoin
+
+            j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
+                            user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+
+        The above is equivalent to::
+
+            j = user_table.join(
+                address_table,
+                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
+                isouter=True)
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause` object such as a
+         :class:`_schema.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+         will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param full: if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of
+         LEFT OUTER JOIN.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+
+            :class:`_expression.Join`
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, True, full)
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> NamedFromClause:
+        """Return an alias of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            a2 = some_table.alias('a2')
+
+        The above code creates an :class:`_expression.Alias`
+        object which can be used
+        as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_using_aliases`
+
+            :func:`_expression.alias`
+
+        """
+
+        return Alias._construct(self, name=name)
+
+    def tablesample(
+        self,
+        sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> TableSample:
+        """Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        The return value is the :class:`_expression.TableSample`
+        construct also
+        provided by the top-level :func:`_expression.tablesample` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.tablesample` - usage guidelines and parameters
+
+        """
+        return TableSample._construct(
+            self, sampling=sampling, name=name, seed=seed
+        )
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`_expression.FromClause` is
+        'derived' from the given ``FromClause``.
+
+        An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.
+
+        """
+        # this is essentially an "identity" check in the base class.
+        # Other constructs override this to traverse through
+        # contained elements.
+        return fromclause in self._cloned_set
+
+    def _is_lexical_equivalent(self, other: FromClause) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`_expression.FromClause` and
+        the other represent the same lexical identity.
+
+        This tests if either one is a copy of the other, or
+        if they are the same via annotation identity.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self._cloned_set.intersection(other._cloned_set))
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        """A brief description of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        Used primarily for error message formatting.
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self, "name", self.__class__.__name__ + " object")
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self, fromclause: FromClause
+    ) -> None:
+        fromclause._columns._populate_separate_keys(
+            col._make_proxy(fromclause) for col in self.c
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def exported_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        that represents the "exported"
+        columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        The "exported" columns for a :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        object are synonymous
+        with the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns` collection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.exported_columns`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A named-based collection of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        objects maintained by this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        The :attr:`.columns`, or :attr:`.c` collection, is the gateway
+        to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or
+        other selectable-bound columns::
+
+            select(mytable).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)
+
+        :return: a :class:`.ColumnCollection` object.
+
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """
+        A synonym for :attr:`.FromClause.columns`
+
+        :return: a :class:`.ColumnCollection`
+
+        """
+        if "_columns" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._init_collections()
+            self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self._columns.as_readonly()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace:
+        """Return a namespace used for name-based access in SQL expressions.
+
+        This is the namespace that is used to resolve "filter_by()" type
+        expressions, such as::
+
+            stmt.filter_by(address='some address')
+
+        It defaults to the ``.c`` collection, however internally it can
+        be overridden using the "entity_namespace" annotation to deliver
+        alternative results.
+
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def primary_key(self) -> Iterable[NamedColumn[Any]]:
+        """Return the iterable collection of :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+        which comprise the primary key of this :class:`_selectable.FromClause`.
+
+        For a :class:`_schema.Table` object, this collection is represented
+        by the :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint` which itself is an
+        iterable collection of :class:`_schema.Column` objects.
+
+        """
+        self._init_collections()
+        self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self.primary_key
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def foreign_keys(self) -> Iterable[ForeignKey]:
+        """Return the collection of :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` marker objects
+        which this FromClause references.
+
+        Each :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` is a member of a
+        :class:`_schema.Table`-wide
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_key_constraints`
+
+        """
+        self._init_collections()
+        self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self.foreign_keys
+
+    def _reset_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        """Reset the attributes linked to the ``FromClause.c`` attribute.
+
+        This collection is separate from all the other memoized things
+        as it has shown to be sensitive to being cleared out in situations
+        where enclosing code, typically in a replacement traversal scenario,
+        has already established strong relationships
+        with the exported columns.
+
+        The collection is cleared for the case where a table is having a
+        column added to it as well as within a Join during copy internals.
+
+        """
+
+        for key in ["_columns", "columns", "c", "primary_key", "foreign_keys"]:
+            self.__dict__.pop(key, None)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (c for c in self.c if not _never_select_column(c))
+
+    def _init_collections(self) -> None:
+        assert "_columns" not in self.__dict__
+        assert "primary_key" not in self.__dict__
+        assert "foreign_keys" not in self.__dict__
+
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()  # type: ignore
+        self.foreign_keys = set()  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def _cols_populated(self) -> bool:
+        return "_columns" in self.__dict__
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        """Called on subclasses to establish the .c collection.
+
+        Each implementation has a different way of establishing
+        this collection.
+
+        """
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        """Given a column added to the .c collection of an underlying
+        selectable, produce the local version of that column, assuming this
+        selectable ultimately should proxy this column.
+
+        this is used to "ping" a derived selectable to add a new column
+        to its .c. collection when a Column has been added to one of the
+        Table objects it ultimately derives from.
+
+        If the given selectable hasn't populated its .c. collection yet,
+        it should at least pass on the message to the contained selectables,
+        but it will return None.
+
+        This method is currently used by Declarative to allow Table
+        columns to be added to a partially constructed inheritance
+        mapping that may have already produced joins.  The method
+        isn't public right now, as the full span of implications
+        and/or caveats aren't yet clear.
+
+        It's also possible that this functionality could be invoked by
+        default via an event, which would require that
+        selectables maintain a weak referencing collection of all
+        derivations.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_column_collection()
+
+    def _anonymous_fromclause(
+        self, *, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> FromClause:
+        return self.alias(name=name)
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Union[FromGrouping, Self]: ...
+
+
+class NamedFromClause(FromClause):
+    """A :class:`.FromClause` that has a name.
+
+    Examples include tables, subqueries, CTEs, aliased tables.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    named_with_column = True
+
+    name: str
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def table_valued(self) -> TableValuedColumn[Any]:
+        """Return a :class:`_sql.TableValuedColumn` object for this
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        A :class:`_sql.TableValuedColumn` is a :class:`_sql.ColumnElement` that
+        represents a complete row in a table. Support for this construct is
+        backend dependent, and is supported in various forms by backends
+        such as PostgreSQL, Oracle and SQL Server.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import select, column, func, table
+            >>> a = table("a", column("id"), column("x"), column("y"))
+            >>> stmt = select(func.row_to_json(a.table_valued()))
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}SELECT row_to_json(a) AS row_to_json_1
+            FROM a
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+        return TableValuedColumn(self, type_api.TABLEVALUE)
+
+
+class SelectLabelStyle(Enum):
+    """Label style constants that may be passed to
+    :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style`."""
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_NONE = 0
+    """Label style indicating no automatic labeling should be applied to the
+    columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+
+    Below, the columns named ``columna`` are both rendered as is, meaning that
+    the name ``columna`` can only refer to the first occurrence of this name
+    within a result set, as well as if the statement were used as a subquery:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, select, true, LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+        >>> table1 = table("table1", column("columna"), column("columnb"))
+        >>> table2 = table("table2", column("columna"), column("columnc"))
+        >>> print(select(table1, table2).join(table2, true()).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE))
+        {printsql}SELECT table1.columna, table1.columnb, table2.columna, table2.columnc
+        FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON true
+
+    Used with the :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL = 1
+    """Label style indicating all columns should be labeled as
+    ``<tablename>_<columnname>`` when generating the columns clause of a SELECT
+    statement, to disambiguate same-named columns referenced from different
+    tables, aliases, or subqueries.
+
+    Below, all column names are given a label so that the two same-named
+    columns ``columna`` are disambiguated as ``table1_columna`` and
+    ``table2_columna``:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, select, true, LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        >>> table1 = table("table1", column("columna"), column("columnb"))
+        >>> table2 = table("table2", column("columna"), column("columnc"))
+        >>> print(select(table1, table2).join(table2, true()).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL))
+        {printsql}SELECT table1.columna AS table1_columna, table1.columnb AS table1_columnb, table2.columna AS table2_columna, table2.columnc AS table2_columnc
+        FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON true
+
+    Used with the :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.set_label_style` method.
+    Equivalent to the legacy method ``Select.apply_labels()``;
+    :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL` is SQLAlchemy's legacy
+    auto-labeling style. :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY` provides a
+    less intrusive approach to disambiguation of same-named column expressions.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY = 2
+    """Label style indicating that columns with a name that conflicts with
+    an existing name should be labeled with a semi-anonymizing label
+    when generating the columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+
+    Below, most column names are left unaffected, except for the second
+    occurrence of the name ``columna``, which is labeled using the
+    label ``columna_1`` to disambiguate it from that of ``tablea.columna``:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, select, true, LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+        >>> table1 = table("table1", column("columna"), column("columnb"))
+        >>> table2 = table("table2", column("columna"), column("columnc"))
+        >>> print(select(table1, table2).join(table2, true()).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY))
+        {printsql}SELECT table1.columna, table1.columnb, table2.columna AS columna_1, table2.columnc
+        FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON true
+
+    Used with the :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.set_label_style` method,
+    :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY` is the default labeling style
+    for all SELECT statements outside of :term:`1.x style` ORM queries.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT = LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+    """The default label style, refers to
+    :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM = 3
+
+
+(
+    LABEL_STYLE_NONE,
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+    _,
+) = list(SelectLabelStyle)
+
+LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT = LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+
+
+class Join(roles.DMLTableRole, FromClause):
+    """Represent a ``JOIN`` construct between two
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+    elements.
+
+    The public constructor function for :class:`_expression.Join`
+    is the module-level
+    :func:`_expression.join()` function, as well as the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` method
+    of any :class:`_expression.FromClause` (e.g. such as
+    :class:`_schema.Table`).
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.join`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "join"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("left", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("right", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("onclause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("isouter", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("full", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    _is_join = True
+
+    left: FromClause
+    right: FromClause
+    onclause: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    isouter: bool
+    full: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: _FromClauseArgument,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+        The usual entrypoint here is the :func:`_expression.join`
+        function or the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` method of any
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause` object.
+
+        """
+
+        # when deannotate was removed here, callcounts went up for ORM
+        # compilation of eager joins, since there were more comparisons of
+        # annotated objects.   test_orm.py -> test_fetch_results
+        # was therefore changed to show a more real-world use case, where the
+        # compilation is cached; there's no change in post-cache callcounts.
+        # callcounts for a single compilation in that particular test
+        # that includes about eight joins about 1100 extra fn calls, from
+        # 29200 -> 30373
+
+        self.left = coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole,
+            left,
+        )
+        self.right = coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole,
+            right,
+        ).self_group()
+
+        if onclause is None:
+            self.onclause = self._match_primaries(self.left, self.right)
+        else:
+            # note: taken from If91f61527236fd4d7ae3cad1f24c38be921c90ba
+            # not merged yet
+            self.onclause = coercions.expect(
+                roles.OnClauseRole, onclause
+            ).self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+
+        self.isouter = isouter
+        self.full = full
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        return "Join object on %s(%d) and %s(%d)" % (
+            self.left.description,
+            id(self.left),
+            self.right.description,
+            id(self.right),
+        )
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        return (
+            # use hash() to ensure direct comparison to annotated works
+            # as well
+            hash(fromclause) == hash(self)
+            or self.left.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+            or self.right.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+        )
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> FromGrouping:
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _populate_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        sqlutil = util.preloaded.sql_util
+        columns: List[KeyedColumnElement[Any]] = [c for c in self.left.c] + [
+            c for c in self.right.c
+        ]
+
+        self.primary_key.extend(  # type: ignore
+            sqlutil.reduce_columns(
+                (c for c in columns if c.primary_key), self.onclause
+            )
+        )
+        self._columns._populate_separate_keys(
+            (col._tq_key_label, col) for col in columns
+        )
+        self.foreign_keys.update(  # type: ignore
+            itertools.chain(*[col.foreign_keys for col in columns])
+        )
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # see Select._copy_internals() for similar concept
+
+        # here we pre-clone "left" and "right" so that we can
+        # determine the new FROM clauses
+        all_the_froms = set(
+            itertools.chain(
+                _from_objects(self.left),
+                _from_objects(self.right),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # run the clone on those.  these will be placed in the
+        # cache used by the clone function
+        new_froms = {f: clone(f, **kw) for f in all_the_froms}
+
+        # set up a special replace function that will replace for
+        # ColumnClause with parent table referring to those
+        # replaced FromClause objects
+        def replace(
+            obj: Union[BinaryExpression[Any], ColumnClause[Any]],
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Optional[KeyedColumnElement[ColumnElement[Any]]]:
+            if isinstance(obj, ColumnClause) and obj.table in new_froms:
+                newelem = new_froms[obj.table].corresponding_column(obj)
+                return newelem
+            return None
+
+        kw["replace"] = replace
+
+        # run normal _copy_internals.  the clones for
+        # left and right will come from the clone function's
+        # cache
+        super()._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        super()._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        self.left._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        self.right._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+    def _match_primaries(
+        self,
+        left: FromClause,
+        right: FromClause,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if isinstance(left, Join):
+            left_right = left.right
+        else:
+            left_right = None
+        return self._join_condition(left, right, a_subset=left_right)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _join_condition(
+        cls,
+        a: FromClause,
+        b: FromClause,
+        *,
+        a_subset: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[
+            AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Create a join condition between two tables or selectables.
+
+        See sqlalchemy.sql.util.join_condition() for full docs.
+
+        """
+        constraints = cls._joincond_scan_left_right(
+            a, a_subset, b, consider_as_foreign_keys
+        )
+
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            cls._joincond_trim_constraints(
+                a, b, constraints, consider_as_foreign_keys
+            )
+
+        if len(constraints) == 0:
+            if isinstance(b, FromGrouping):
+                hint = (
+                    " Perhaps you meant to convert the right side to a "
+                    "subquery using alias()?"
+                )
+            else:
+                hint = ""
+            raise exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't find any foreign key relationships "
+                "between '%s' and '%s'.%s"
+                % (a.description, b.description, hint)
+            )
+
+        crit = [(x == y) for x, y in list(constraints.values())[0]]
+        if len(crit) == 1:
+            return crit[0]
+        else:
+            return and_(*crit)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _can_join(
+        cls,
+        left: FromClause,
+        right: FromClause,
+        *,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[
+            AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(left, Join):
+            left_right = left.right
+        else:
+            left_right = None
+
+        constraints = cls._joincond_scan_left_right(
+            a=left,
+            b=right,
+            a_subset=left_right,
+            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+        )
+
+        return bool(constraints)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _joincond_scan_left_right(
+        cls,
+        a: FromClause,
+        a_subset: Optional[FromClause],
+        b: FromClause,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]],
+    ) -> collections.defaultdict[
+        Optional[ForeignKeyConstraint],
+        List[Tuple[ColumnClause[Any], ColumnClause[Any]]],
+    ]:
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+
+        a = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, a)
+        b = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, b)
+
+        constraints: collections.defaultdict[
+            Optional[ForeignKeyConstraint],
+            List[Tuple[ColumnClause[Any], ColumnClause[Any]]],
+        ] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        for left in (a_subset, a):
+            if left is None:
+                continue
+            for fk in sorted(
+                b.foreign_keys,
+                key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order,
+            ):
+                if (
+                    consider_as_foreign_keys is not None
+                    and fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+                ):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    col = fk.get_referent(left)
+                except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                    table_names = {t.name for t in sql_util.find_tables(left)}
+                    if nrte.table_name in table_names:
+                        raise
+                    else:
+                        continue
+
+                if col is not None:
+                    constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if left is not b:
+                for fk in sorted(
+                    left.foreign_keys,
+                    key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order,
+                ):
+                    if (
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys is not None
+                        and fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        col = fk.get_referent(b)
+                    except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                        table_names = {t.name for t in sql_util.find_tables(b)}
+                        if nrte.table_name in table_names:
+                            raise
+                        else:
+                            continue
+
+                    if col is not None:
+                        constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if constraints:
+                break
+        return constraints
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _joincond_trim_constraints(
+        cls,
+        a: FromClause,
+        b: FromClause,
+        constraints: Dict[Any, Any],
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        # more than one constraint matched.  narrow down the list
+        # to include just those FKCs that match exactly to
+        # "consider_as_foreign_keys".
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            for const in list(constraints):
+                if {f.parent for f in const.elements} != set(
+                    consider_as_foreign_keys
+                ):
+                    del constraints[const]
+
+        # if still multiple constraints, but
+        # they all refer to the exact same end result, use it.
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            dedupe = {tuple(crit) for crit in constraints.values()}
+            if len(dedupe) == 1:
+                key = list(constraints)[0]
+                constraints = {key: constraints[key]}
+
+        if len(constraints) != 1:
+            raise exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't determine join between '%s' and '%s'; "
+                "tables have more than one foreign key "
+                "constraint relationship between them. "
+                "Please specify the 'onclause' of this "
+                "join explicitly." % (a.description, b.description)
+            )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Create a :class:`_expression.Select` from this
+        :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
+
+            stmt = stmt.select()
+
+        The above will produce a SQL string resembling::
+
+            SELECT table_a.id, table_a.col, table_b.id, table_b.a_id
+            FROM table_a JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id
+
+        """
+        return Select(self.left, self.right).select_from(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _anonymous_fromclause(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> TODO_Any:
+        sqlutil = util.preloaded.sql_util
+        if flat:
+            if name is not None:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError("Can't send name argument with flat")
+            left_a, right_a = (
+                self.left._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True),
+                self.right._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True),
+            )
+            adapter = sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(left_a).chain(
+                sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(right_a)
+            )
+
+            return left_a.join(
+                right_a,
+                adapter.traverse(self.onclause),
+                isouter=self.isouter,
+                full=self.full,
+            )
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.select()
+                .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+                .correlate(None)
+                .alias(name)
+            )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return itertools.chain(
+            *[_from_objects(x.left, x.right) for x in self._cloned_set]
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        self_list: List[FromClause] = [self]
+        return self_list + self.left._from_objects + self.right._from_objects
+
+
+class NoInit:
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The %s class is not intended to be constructed "
+            "directly.  Please use the %s() standalone "
+            "function or the %s() method available from appropriate "
+            "selectable objects."
+            % (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                self.__class__.__name__.lower(),
+                self.__class__.__name__.lower(),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class LateralFromClause(NamedFromClause):
+    """mark a FROM clause as being able to render directly as LATERAL"""
+
+
+# FromClause ->
+#   AliasedReturnsRows
+#        -> Alias   only for FromClause
+#        -> Subquery  only for SelectBase
+#        -> CTE only for HasCTE -> SelectBase, DML
+#        -> Lateral -> FromClause, but we accept SelectBase
+#           w/ non-deprecated coercion
+#        -> TableSample -> only for FromClause
+
+
+class AliasedReturnsRows(NoInit, NamedFromClause):
+    """Base class of aliases against tables, subqueries, and other
+    selectables."""
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    _supports_derived_columns = False
+
+    element: ReturnsRows
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+    ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls,
+        selectable: Any,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj._init(selectable, name=name, **kw)
+        return obj
+
+    def _init(self, selectable: Any, *, name: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        self.element = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ReturnsRowsRole, selectable, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        self.element = selectable
+        self._orig_name = name
+        if name is None:
+            if (
+                isinstance(selectable, FromClause)
+                and selectable.named_with_column
+            ):
+                name = getattr(selectable, "name", None)
+                if isinstance(name, _anonymous_label):
+                    name = None
+            name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), name or "anon")
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        super()._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        self.element._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        self.element._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(self)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        name = self.name
+        if isinstance(name, _anonymous_label):
+            name = "anon_1"
+
+        return name
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def implicit_returning(self) -> bool:
+        return self.element.implicit_returning  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def original(self) -> ReturnsRows:
+        """Legacy for dialects that are referring to Alias.original."""
+        return self.element
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        if fromclause in self._cloned_set:
+            return True
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        existing_element = self.element
+
+        super()._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+
+        # the element clone is usually against a Table that returns the
+        # same object.  don't reset exported .c. collections and other
+        # memoized details if it was not changed.  this saves a lot on
+        # performance.
+        if existing_element is not self.element:
+            self._reset_column_collection()
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self]
+
+
+class FromClauseAlias(AliasedReturnsRows):
+    element: FromClause
+
+
+class Alias(roles.DMLTableRole, FromClauseAlias):
+    """Represents an table or selectable alias (AS).
+
+    Represents an alias, as typically applied to any table or
+    sub-select within a SQL statement using the ``AS`` keyword (or
+    without the keyword on certain databases such as Oracle).
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`_expression.alias` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+    method available
+    on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "alias"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    element: FromClause
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        flat: bool = False,
+    ) -> NamedFromClause:
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole, selectable, allow_select=True
+        ).alias(name=name, flat=flat)
+
+
+class TableValuedAlias(LateralFromClause, Alias):
+    """An alias against a "table valued" SQL function.
+
+    This construct provides for a SQL function that returns columns
+    to be used in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.   The
+    object is generated using the :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+    method, e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+        >>> fn = func.json_array_elements_text('["one", "two", "three"]').table_valued("value")
+        >>> print(select(fn.c.value))
+        {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value
+        FROM json_array_elements_text(:json_array_elements_text_1) AS anon_1
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table_valued_alias"
+
+    _supports_derived_columns = True
+    _render_derived = False
+    _render_derived_w_types = False
+    joins_implicitly = False
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("_tableval_type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("_render_derived", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_render_derived_w_types", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        selectable: Any,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        table_value_type: Optional[TableValueType] = None,
+        joins_implicitly: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super()._init(selectable, name=name)
+
+        self.joins_implicitly = joins_implicitly
+        self._tableval_type = (
+            type_api.TABLEVALUE
+            if table_value_type is None
+            else table_value_type
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def column(self) -> TableValuedColumn[Any]:
+        """Return a column expression representing this
+        :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        This accessor is used to implement the
+        :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method. See that
+        method for further details.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> print(select(func.some_func().table_valued("value").column))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1 FROM some_func() AS anon_1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+        """
+
+        return TableValuedColumn(self, self._tableval_type)
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        """Return a new alias of this :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        This creates a distinct FROM object that will be distinguished
+        from the original one when used in a SQL statement.
+
+        """
+
+        tva: TableValuedAlias = TableValuedAlias._construct(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            table_value_type=self._tableval_type,
+            joins_implicitly=self.joins_implicitly,
+        )
+
+        if self._render_derived:
+            tva._render_derived = True
+            tva._render_derived_w_types = self._render_derived_w_types
+
+        return tva
+
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a new :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` with the lateral flag
+        set, so that it renders as LATERAL.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.lateral`
+
+        """
+        tva = self.alias(name=name)
+        tva._is_lateral = True
+        return tva
+
+    def render_derived(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        with_types: bool = False,
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        """Apply "render derived" to this :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        This has the effect of the individual column names listed out
+        after the alias name in the "AS" sequence, e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> print(
+            ...     select(
+            ...         func.unnest(array(["one", "two", "three"])).
+                        table_valued("x", with_ordinality="o").render_derived()
+            ...     )
+            ... )
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.x, anon_1.o
+            FROM unnest(ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s, %(param_3)s]) WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1(x, o)
+
+        The ``with_types`` keyword will render column types inline within
+        the alias expression (this syntax currently applies to the
+        PostgreSQL database):
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> print(
+            ...     select(
+            ...         func.json_to_recordset(
+            ...             '[{"a":1,"b":"foo"},{"a":"2","c":"bar"}]'
+            ...         )
+            ...         .table_valued(column("a", Integer), column("b", String))
+            ...         .render_derived(with_types=True)
+            ...     )
+            ... )
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.a, anon_1.b FROM json_to_recordset(:json_to_recordset_1)
+            AS anon_1(a INTEGER, b VARCHAR)
+
+        :param name: optional string name that will be applied to the alias
+         generated.  If left as None, a unique anonymizing name will be used.
+
+        :param with_types: if True, the derived columns will include the
+         datatype specification with each column. This is a special syntax
+         currently known to be required by PostgreSQL for some SQL functions.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        # note: don't use the @_generative system here, keep a reference
+        # to the original object.  otherwise you can have re-use of the
+        # python id() of the original which can cause name conflicts if
+        # a new anon-name grabs the same identifier as the local anon-name
+        # (just saw it happen on CI)
+
+        # construct against original to prevent memory growth
+        # for repeated generations
+        new_alias: TableValuedAlias = TableValuedAlias._construct(
+            self.element,
+            name=name,
+            table_value_type=self._tableval_type,
+            joins_implicitly=self.joins_implicitly,
+        )
+        new_alias._render_derived = True
+        new_alias._render_derived_w_types = with_types
+        return new_alias
+
+
+class Lateral(FromClauseAlias, LateralFromClause):
+    """Represent a LATERAL subquery.
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`_expression.lateral` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.lateral`
+    method available
+    on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    While LATERAL is part of the SQL standard, currently only more recent
+    PostgreSQL versions provide support for this keyword.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "lateral"
+    _is_lateral = True
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: Union[SelectBase, _FromClauseArgument],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> LateralFromClause:
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole, selectable, explicit_subquery=True
+        ).lateral(name=name)
+
+
+class TableSample(FromClauseAlias):
+    """Represent a TABLESAMPLE clause.
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`_expression.tablesample` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.tablesample`
+    method
+    available on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.tablesample`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "tablesample"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        AliasedReturnsRows._traverse_internals
+        + [
+            ("sampling", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("seed", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: _FromClauseArgument,
+        sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> TableSample:
+        return coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, selectable).tablesample(
+            sampling, name=name, seed=seed
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def _init(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        selectable: Any,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+        seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert sampling is not None
+        functions = util.preloaded.sql_functions
+        if not isinstance(sampling, functions.Function):
+            sampling = functions.func.system(sampling)
+
+        self.sampling: Function[Any] = sampling
+        self.seed = seed
+        super()._init(selectable, name=name)
+
+    def _get_method(self) -> Function[Any]:
+        return self.sampling
+
+
+class CTE(
+    roles.DMLTableRole,
+    roles.IsCTERole,
+    Generative,
+    HasPrefixes,
+    HasSuffixes,
+    AliasedReturnsRows,
+):
+    """Represent a Common Table Expression.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.CTE` object is obtained using the
+    :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.cte` method from any SELECT statement. A less often
+    available syntax also allows use of the :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` method
+    present on :term:`DML` constructs such as :class:`_sql.Insert`,
+    :class:`_sql.Update` and
+    :class:`_sql.Delete`.   See the :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` method for
+    usage details on CTEs.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_subqueries_ctes` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+        :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` - examples of calling styles
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "cte"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        AliasedReturnsRows._traverse_internals
+        + [
+            ("_cte_alias", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_restates", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("recursive", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("nesting", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + HasSuffixes._has_suffixes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    element: HasCTE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: HasCTE,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE`,
+        or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+        Please see :meth:`_expression.HasCTE.cte` for detail on CTE usage.
+
+        """
+        return coercions.expect(roles.HasCTERole, selectable).cte(
+            name=name, recursive=recursive
+        )
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        selectable: Select[Any],
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+        nesting: bool = False,
+        _cte_alias: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        _restates: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        _prefixes: Optional[Tuple[()]] = None,
+        _suffixes: Optional[Tuple[()]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.recursive = recursive
+        self.nesting = nesting
+        self._cte_alias = _cte_alias
+        # Keep recursivity reference with union/union_all
+        self._restates = _restates
+        if _prefixes:
+            self._prefixes = _prefixes
+        if _suffixes:
+            self._suffixes = _suffixes
+        super()._init(selectable, name=name)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        if self._cte_alias is not None:
+            self._cte_alias._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(self)
+        else:
+            self.element._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(self)
+
+    def alias(self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False) -> CTE:
+        """Return an :class:`_expression.Alias` of this
+        :class:`_expression.CTE`.
+
+        This method is a CTE-specific specialization of the
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_using_aliases`
+
+            :func:`_expression.alias`
+
+        """
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self.element,
+            name=name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            nesting=self.nesting,
+            _cte_alias=self,
+            _prefixes=self._prefixes,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes,
+        )
+
+    def union(self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE` with a SQL ``UNION``
+        of the original CTE against the given selectables provided
+        as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28 multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` - examples of calling styles
+
+        """
+        assert is_select_statement(
+            self.element
+        ), f"CTE element f{self.element} does not support union()"
+
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self.element.union(*other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            nesting=self.nesting,
+            _restates=self,
+            _prefixes=self._prefixes,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes,
+        )
+
+    def union_all(self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE` with a SQL ``UNION ALL``
+        of the original CTE against the given selectables provided
+        as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28 multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` - examples of calling styles
+
+        """
+
+        assert is_select_statement(
+            self.element
+        ), f"CTE element f{self.element} does not support union_all()"
+
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self.element.union_all(*other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            nesting=self.nesting,
+            _restates=self,
+            _prefixes=self._prefixes,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes,
+        )
+
+    def _get_reference_cte(self) -> CTE:
+        """
+        A recursive CTE is updated to attach the recursive part.
+        Updated CTEs should still refer to the original CTE.
+        This function returns this reference identifier.
+        """
+        return self._restates if self._restates is not None else self
+
+
+class _CTEOpts(NamedTuple):
+    nesting: bool
+
+
+class _ColumnsPlusNames(NamedTuple):
+    required_label_name: Optional[str]
+    """
+    string label name, if non-None, must be rendered as a
+    label, i.e. "AS <name>"
+    """
+
+    proxy_key: Optional[str]
+    """
+    proxy_key that is to be part of the result map for this
+    col.  this is also the key in a fromclause.c or
+    select.selected_columns collection
+    """
+
+    fallback_label_name: Optional[str]
+    """
+    name that can be used to render an "AS <name>" when
+    we have to render a label even though
+    required_label_name was not given
+    """
+
+    column: Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]
+    """
+    the ColumnElement itself
+    """
+
+    repeated: bool
+    """
+    True if this is a duplicate of a previous column
+    in the list of columns
+    """
+
+
+class SelectsRows(ReturnsRows):
+    """Sub-base of ReturnsRows for elements that deliver rows
+    directly, namely SELECT and INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE..RETURNING"""
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+    def _generate_columns_plus_names(
+        self,
+        anon_for_dupe_key: bool,
+        cols: Optional[_SelectIterable] = None,
+    ) -> List[_ColumnsPlusNames]:
+        """Generate column names as rendered in a SELECT statement by
+        the compiler.
+
+        This is distinct from the _column_naming_convention generator that's
+        intended for population of .c collections and similar, which has
+        different rules.   the collection returned here calls upon the
+        _column_naming_convention as well.
+
+        """
+
+        if cols is None:
+            cols = self._all_selected_columns
+
+        key_naming_convention = SelectState._column_naming_convention(
+            self._label_style
+        )
+
+        names = {}
+
+        result: List[_ColumnsPlusNames] = []
+        result_append = result.append
+
+        table_qualified = self._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        label_style_none = self._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+        # a counter used for "dedupe" labels, which have double underscores
+        # in them and are never referred by name; they only act
+        # as positional placeholders.  they need only be unique within
+        # the single columns clause they're rendered within (required by
+        # some dbs such as mysql).  So their anon identity is tracked against
+        # a fixed counter rather than hash() identity.
+        dedupe_hash = 1
+
+        for c in cols:
+            repeated = False
+
+            if not c._render_label_in_columns_clause:
+                effective_name = required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                    None
+                )
+            elif label_style_none:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert is_column_element(c)
+
+                effective_name = required_label_name = None
+                fallback_label_name = c._non_anon_label or c._anon_name_label
+            else:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert is_column_element(c)
+
+                if table_qualified:
+                    required_label_name = effective_name = (
+                        fallback_label_name
+                    ) = c._tq_label
+                else:
+                    effective_name = fallback_label_name = c._non_anon_label
+                    required_label_name = None
+
+                if effective_name is None:
+                    # it seems like this could be _proxy_key and we would
+                    # not need _expression_label but it isn't
+                    # giving us a clue when to use anon_label instead
+                    expr_label = c._expression_label
+                    if expr_label is None:
+                        repeated = c._anon_name_label in names
+                        names[c._anon_name_label] = c
+                        effective_name = required_label_name = None
+
+                        if repeated:
+                            # here, "required_label_name" is sent as
+                            # "None" and "fallback_label_name" is sent.
+                            if table_qualified:
+                                fallback_label_name = (
+                                    c._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                            else:
+                                fallback_label_name = c._dedupe_anon_label_idx(
+                                    dedupe_hash
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                        else:
+                            fallback_label_name = c._anon_name_label
+                    else:
+                        required_label_name = effective_name = (
+                            fallback_label_name
+                        ) = expr_label
+
+            if effective_name is not None:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert is_column_element(c)
+
+                if effective_name in names:
+                    # when looking to see if names[name] is the same column as
+                    # c, use hash(), so that an annotated version of the column
+                    # is seen as the same as the non-annotated
+                    if hash(names[effective_name]) != hash(c):
+                        # different column under the same name.  apply
+                        # disambiguating label
+                        if table_qualified:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._anon_tq_label
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._anon_name_label
+                            )
+
+                        if anon_for_dupe_key and required_label_name in names:
+                            # here, c._anon_tq_label is definitely unique to
+                            # that column identity (or annotated version), so
+                            # this should always be true.
+                            # this is also an infrequent codepath because
+                            # you need two levels of duplication to be here
+                            assert hash(names[required_label_name]) == hash(c)
+
+                            # the column under the disambiguating label is
+                            # already present.  apply the "dedupe" label to
+                            # subsequent occurrences of the column so that the
+                            # original stays non-ambiguous
+                            if table_qualified:
+                                required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                    c._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                            else:
+                                required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                    c._dedupe_anon_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                            repeated = True
+                        else:
+                            names[required_label_name] = c
+                    elif anon_for_dupe_key:
+                        # same column under the same name. apply the "dedupe"
+                        # label so that the original stays non-ambiguous
+                        if table_qualified:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                            )
+                            dedupe_hash += 1
+                        else:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._dedupe_anon_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                            )
+                            dedupe_hash += 1
+                        repeated = True
+                else:
+                    names[effective_name] = c
+
+            result_append(
+                _ColumnsPlusNames(
+                    required_label_name,
+                    key_naming_convention(c),
+                    fallback_label_name,
+                    c,
+                    repeated,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+
+class HasCTE(roles.HasCTERole, SelectsRows):
+    """Mixin that declares a class to include CTE support."""
+
+    _has_ctes_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_independent_ctes", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_independent_ctes_opts", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    ]
+
+    _independent_ctes: Tuple[CTE, ...] = ()
+    _independent_ctes_opts: Tuple[_CTEOpts, ...] = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_cte(self, *ctes: CTE, nest_here: bool = False) -> Self:
+        r"""Add one or more :class:`_sql.CTE` constructs to this statement.
+
+        This method will associate the given :class:`_sql.CTE` constructs with
+        the parent statement such that they will each be unconditionally
+        rendered in the WITH clause of the final statement, even if not
+        referenced elsewhere within the statement or any sub-selects.
+
+        The optional :paramref:`.HasCTE.add_cte.nest_here` parameter when set
+        to True will have the effect that each given :class:`_sql.CTE` will
+        render in a WITH clause rendered directly along with this statement,
+        rather than being moved to the top of the ultimate rendered statement,
+        even if this statement is rendered as a subquery within a larger
+        statement.
+
+        This method has two general uses. One is to embed CTE statements that
+        serve some purpose without being referenced explicitly, such as the use
+        case of embedding a DML statement such as an INSERT or UPDATE as a CTE
+        inline with a primary statement that may draw from its results
+        indirectly.  The other is to provide control over the exact placement
+        of a particular series of CTE constructs that should remain rendered
+        directly in terms of a particular statement that may be nested in a
+        larger statement.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import table, column, select
+            t = table('t', column('c1'), column('c2'))
+
+            ins = t.insert().values({"c1": "x", "c2": "y"}).cte()
+
+            stmt = select(t).add_cte(ins)
+
+        Would render::
+
+            WITH anon_1 AS
+            (INSERT INTO t (c1, c2) VALUES (:param_1, :param_2))
+            SELECT t.c1, t.c2
+            FROM t
+
+        Above, the "anon_1" CTE is not referenced in the SELECT
+        statement, however still accomplishes the task of running an INSERT
+        statement.
+
+        Similarly in a DML-related context, using the PostgreSQL
+        :class:`_postgresql.Insert` construct to generate an "upsert"::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import table, column
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+
+            t = table("t", column("c1"), column("c2"))
+
+            delete_statement_cte = (
+                t.delete().where(t.c.c1 < 1).cte("deletions")
+            )
+
+            insert_stmt = insert(t).values({"c1": 1, "c2": 2})
+            update_statement = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+                index_elements=[t.c.c1],
+                set_={
+                    "c1": insert_stmt.excluded.c1,
+                    "c2": insert_stmt.excluded.c2,
+                },
+            ).add_cte(delete_statement_cte)
+
+            print(update_statement)
+
+        The above statement renders as::
+
+            WITH deletions AS
+            (DELETE FROM t WHERE t.c1 < %(c1_1)s)
+            INSERT INTO t (c1, c2) VALUES (%(c1)s, %(c2)s)
+            ON CONFLICT (c1) DO UPDATE SET c1 = excluded.c1, c2 = excluded.c2
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.21
+
+        :param \*ctes: zero or more :class:`.CTE` constructs.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0  Multiple CTE instances are accepted
+
+        :param nest_here: if True, the given CTE or CTEs will be rendered
+         as though they specified the :paramref:`.HasCTE.cte.nesting` flag
+         to ``True`` when they were added to this :class:`.HasCTE`.
+         Assuming the given CTEs are not referenced in an outer-enclosing
+         statement as well, the CTEs given should render at the level of
+         this statement when this flag is given.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.HasCTE.cte.nesting`
+
+
+        """
+        opt = _CTEOpts(
+            nest_here,
+        )
+        for cte in ctes:
+            cte = coercions.expect(roles.IsCTERole, cte)
+            self._independent_ctes += (cte,)
+            self._independent_ctes_opts += (opt,)
+        return self
+
+    def cte(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+        nesting: bool = False,
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE`,
+        or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+        Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT
+        statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along
+        with the primary statement, using a clause called "WITH".
+        Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to
+        allow "recursive" queries, where a SELECT statement can draw
+        upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.
+
+        CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT
+        and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows
+        when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of
+        CTE rows.
+
+        SQLAlchemy detects :class:`_expression.CTE` objects, which are treated
+        similarly to :class:`_expression.Alias` objects, as special elements
+        to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well
+        as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.
+
+        For special prefixes such as PostgreSQL "MATERIALIZED" and
+        "NOT MATERIALIZED", the :meth:`_expression.CTE.prefix_with`
+        method may be
+        used to establish these.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.13 Added support for prefixes.
+           In particular - MATERIALIZED and NOT MATERIALIZED.
+
+        :param name: name given to the common table expression.  Like
+         :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`, the name can be left as
+         ``None`` in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query
+         compile time.
+        :param recursive: if ``True``, will render ``WITH RECURSIVE``.
+         A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in
+         conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows
+         from those already selected.
+        :param nesting: if ``True``, will render the CTE locally to the
+         statement in which it is referenced.   For more complex scenarios,
+         the :meth:`.HasCTE.add_cte` method using the
+         :paramref:`.HasCTE.add_cte.nest_here`
+         parameter may also be used to more carefully
+         control the exact placement of a particular CTE.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.HasCTE.add_cte`
+
+        The following examples include two from PostgreSQL's documentation at
+        https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html,
+        as well as additional examples.
+
+        Example 1, non recursive::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
+                                    MetaData, select, func)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            orders = Table('orders', metadata,
+                Column('region', String),
+                Column('amount', Integer),
+                Column('product', String),
+                Column('quantity', Integer)
+            )
+
+            regional_sales = select(
+                                orders.c.region,
+                                func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
+                            ).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")
+
+
+            top_regions = select(regional_sales.c.region).\
+                    where(
+                        regional_sales.c.total_sales >
+                        select(
+                            func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales) / 10
+                        )
+                    ).cte("top_regions")
+
+            statement = select(
+                        orders.c.region,
+                        orders.c.product,
+                        func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
+                        func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
+                ).where(orders.c.region.in_(
+                    select(top_regions.c.region)
+                )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+        Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
+                                    MetaData, select, func)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            parts = Table('parts', metadata,
+                Column('part', String),
+                Column('sub_part', String),
+                Column('quantity', Integer),
+            )
+
+            included_parts = select(\
+                parts.c.sub_part, parts.c.part, parts.c.quantity\
+                ).\
+                where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
+                cte(recursive=True)
+
+
+            incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
+            parts_alias = parts.alias()
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                select(
+                    parts_alias.c.sub_part,
+                    parts_alias.c.part,
+                    parts_alias.c.quantity
+                ).\
+                where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+            )
+
+            statement = select(
+                        included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                        func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
+                          label('total_quantity')
+                    ).\
+                    group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+        Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs::
+
+            from datetime import date
+            from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
+                                    Date, select, literal, and_, exists)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
+                Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
+                Column('count', Integer),
+            )
+
+            # add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
+            product_id = 1
+            day = date.today()
+            count = 5
+
+            update_cte = (
+                visitors.update()
+                .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
+                            visitors.c.date == day))
+                .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
+                .returning(literal(1))
+                .cte('update_cte')
+            )
+
+            upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
+                [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
+                select(literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count))
+                    .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
+            )
+
+            connection.execute(upsert)
+
+        Example 4, Nesting CTE (SQLAlchemy 1.4.24 and above)::
+
+            value_a = select(
+                literal("root").label("n")
+            ).cte("value_a")
+
+            # A nested CTE with the same name as the root one
+            value_a_nested = select(
+                literal("nesting").label("n")
+            ).cte("value_a", nesting=True)
+
+            # Nesting CTEs takes ascendency locally
+            # over the CTEs at a higher level
+            value_b = select(value_a_nested.c.n).cte("value_b")
+
+            value_ab = select(value_a.c.n.label("a"), value_b.c.n.label("b"))
+
+        The above query will render the second CTE nested inside the first,
+        shown with inline parameters below as::
+
+            WITH
+                value_a AS
+                    (SELECT 'root' AS n),
+                value_b AS
+                    (WITH value_a AS
+                        (SELECT 'nesting' AS n)
+                    SELECT value_a.n AS n FROM value_a)
+            SELECT value_a.n AS a, value_b.n AS b
+            FROM value_a, value_b
+
+        The same CTE can be set up using the :meth:`.HasCTE.add_cte` method
+        as follows (SQLAlchemy 2.0 and above)::
+
+            value_a = select(
+                literal("root").label("n")
+            ).cte("value_a")
+
+            # A nested CTE with the same name as the root one
+            value_a_nested = select(
+                literal("nesting").label("n")
+            ).cte("value_a")
+
+            # Nesting CTEs takes ascendency locally
+            # over the CTEs at a higher level
+            value_b = (
+                select(value_a_nested.c.n).
+                add_cte(value_a_nested, nest_here=True).
+                cte("value_b")
+            )
+
+            value_ab = select(value_a.c.n.label("a"), value_b.c.n.label("b"))
+
+        Example 5, Non-Linear CTE (SQLAlchemy 1.4.28 and above)::
+
+            edge = Table(
+                "edge",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("left", Integer),
+                Column("right", Integer),
+            )
+
+            root_node = select(literal(1).label("node")).cte(
+                "nodes", recursive=True
+            )
+
+            left_edge = select(edge.c.left).join(
+                root_node, edge.c.right == root_node.c.node
+            )
+            right_edge = select(edge.c.right).join(
+                root_node, edge.c.left == root_node.c.node
+            )
+
+            subgraph_cte = root_node.union(left_edge, right_edge)
+
+            subgraph = select(subgraph_cte)
+
+        The above query will render 2 UNIONs inside the recursive CTE::
+
+            WITH RECURSIVE nodes(node) AS (
+                    SELECT 1 AS node
+                UNION
+                    SELECT edge."left" AS "left"
+                    FROM edge JOIN nodes ON edge."right" = nodes.node
+                UNION
+                    SELECT edge."right" AS "right"
+                    FROM edge JOIN nodes ON edge."left" = nodes.node
+            )
+            SELECT nodes.node FROM nodes
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.cte` - ORM version of
+            :meth:`_expression.HasCTE.cte`.
+
+        """
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self, name=name, recursive=recursive, nesting=nesting
+        )
+
+
+class Subquery(AliasedReturnsRows):
+    """Represent a subquery of a SELECT.
+
+    A :class:`.Subquery` is created by invoking the
+    :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` method, or for convenience the
+    :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.alias` method, on any
+    :class:`_expression.SelectBase` subclass
+    which includes :class:`_expression.Select`,
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`, and
+    :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`.  As rendered in a FROM clause,
+    it represents the
+    body of the SELECT statement inside of parenthesis, followed by the usual
+    "AS <somename>" that defines all "alias" objects.
+
+    The :class:`.Subquery` object is very similar to the
+    :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    object and can be used in an equivalent way.    The difference between
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` and :class:`.Subquery` is that
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` always
+    contains a :class:`_expression.FromClause` object whereas
+    :class:`.Subquery`
+    always contains a :class:`_expression.SelectBase` object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 The :class:`.Subquery` class was added which now
+       serves the purpose of providing an aliased version of a SELECT
+       statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "subquery"
+
+    _is_subquery = True
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    element: SelectBase
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls, selectable: SelectBase, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Subquery:
+        """Return a :class:`.Subquery` object."""
+
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.SelectStatementRole, selectable
+        ).subquery(name=name)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`.Subquery.as_scalar` method, which was previously "
+        "``Alias.as_scalar()`` prior to version 1.4, is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release; Please use the "
+        ":meth:`_expression.Select.scalar_subquery` method of the "
+        ":func:`_expression.select` "
+        "construct before constructing a subquery object, or with the ORM "
+        "use the :meth:`_query.Query.scalar_subquery` method.",
+    )
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        return self.element.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE).scalar_subquery()
+
+
+class FromGrouping(GroupedElement, FromClause):
+    """Represent a grouping of a FROM clause"""
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    element: FromClause
+
+    def __init__(self, element: FromClause):
+        self.element = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, element)
+
+    def _init_collections(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.element.columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.element.columns
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self) -> Iterable[NamedColumn[Any]]:
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self) -> Iterable[ForeignKey]:
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> NamedFromGrouping:
+        return NamedFromGrouping(self.element.alias(name=name, flat=flat))
+
+    def _anonymous_fromclause(self, **kw: Any) -> FromGrouping:
+        return FromGrouping(self.element._anonymous_fromclause(**kw))
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._hide_froms
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, FromClause]:
+        return {"element": self.element}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, FromClause]) -> None:
+        self.element = state["element"]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class NamedFromGrouping(FromGrouping, NamedFromClause):
+    """represent a grouping of a named FROM clause
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class TableClause(roles.DMLTableRole, Immutable, NamedFromClause):
+    """Represents a minimal "table" construct.
+
+    This is a lightweight table object that has only a name, a
+    collection of columns, which are typically produced
+    by the :func:`_expression.column` function, and a schema::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        user = table("user",
+                column("id"),
+                column("name"),
+                column("description"),
+        )
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TableClause` construct serves as the base for
+    the more commonly used :class:`_schema.Table` object, providing
+    the usual set of :class:`_expression.FromClause` services including
+    the ``.c.`` collection and statement generation methods.
+
+    It does **not** provide all the additional schema-level services
+    of :class:`_schema.Table`, including constraints, references to other
+    tables, or support for :class:`_schema.MetaData`-level services.
+    It's useful
+    on its own as an ad-hoc construct used to generate quick SQL
+    statements when a more fully fledged :class:`_schema.Table`
+    is not on hand.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        (
+            "columns",
+            InternalTraversal.dp_fromclause_canonical_column_collection,
+        ),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    _is_table = True
+
+    fullname: str
+
+    implicit_returning = False
+    """:class:`_expression.TableClause`
+    doesn't support having a primary key or column
+    -level defaults, so implicit returning doesn't apply."""
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[ColumnClause[Any]]:
+        """No PK or default support so no autoincrement column."""
+        return None
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *columns: ColumnClause[Any], **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.name = name
+        self._columns = DedupeColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()  # type: ignore
+        self.foreign_keys = set()  # type: ignore
+        for c in columns:
+            self.append_column(c)
+
+        schema = kw.pop("schema", None)
+        if schema is not None:
+            self.schema = schema
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
+        else:
+            self.fullname = self.name
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unsupported argument(s): %s" % list(kw))
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def columns(
+            self,
+        ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, ColumnClause[Any]]: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, ColumnClause[Any]]: ...
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            return self.schema + "." + self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _init_collections(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    def append_column(self, c: ColumnClause[Any]) -> None:
+        existing = c.table
+        if existing is not None and existing is not self:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "column object '%s' already assigned to table '%s'"
+                % (c.key, existing)
+            )
+
+        self._columns.add(c)
+        c.table = self
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def insert(self) -> util.preloaded.sql_dml.Insert:
+        """Generate an :class:`_sql.Insert` construct against this
+        :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.insert().values(name='foo')
+
+        See :func:`_expression.insert` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.preloaded.sql_dml.Insert(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def update(self) -> Update:
+        """Generate an :func:`_expression.update` construct against this
+        :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.update().where(table.c.id==7).values(name='foo')
+
+        See :func:`_expression.update` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_dml.Update(
+            self,
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def delete(self) -> Delete:
+        """Generate a :func:`_expression.delete` construct against this
+        :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.delete().where(table.c.id==7)
+
+        See :func:`_expression.delete` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_dml.Delete(self)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self]
+
+
+ForUpdateParameter = Union["ForUpdateArg", None, bool, Dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+class ForUpdateArg(ClauseElement):
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("of", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("nowait", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("read", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("skip_locked", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    of: Optional[Sequence[ClauseElement]]
+    nowait: bool
+    read: bool
+    skip_locked: bool
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_argument(
+        cls, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter
+    ) -> Optional[ForUpdateArg]:
+        if isinstance(with_for_update, ForUpdateArg):
+            return with_for_update
+        elif with_for_update in (None, False):
+            return None
+        elif with_for_update is True:
+            return ForUpdateArg()
+        else:
+            return ForUpdateArg(**cast("Dict[str, Any]", with_for_update))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, ForUpdateArg)
+            and other.nowait == self.nowait
+            and other.read == self.read
+            and other.skip_locked == self.skip_locked
+            and other.key_share == self.key_share
+            and other.of is self.of
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        nowait: bool = False,
+        read: bool = False,
+        of: Optional[_ForUpdateOfArgument] = None,
+        skip_locked: bool = False,
+        key_share: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Represents arguments specified to
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.for_update`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.nowait = nowait
+        self.read = read
+        self.skip_locked = skip_locked
+        self.key_share = key_share
+        if of is not None:
+            self.of = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, elem)
+                for elem in util.to_list(of)
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.of = None
+
+
+class Values(roles.InElementRole, Generative, LateralFromClause):
+    """Represent a ``VALUES`` construct that can be used as a FROM element
+    in a statement.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Values` object is created from the
+    :func:`_expression.values` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "values"
+
+    _data: Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]], ...] = ()
+
+    _unnamed: bool
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_column_args", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_data", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_multi_values),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("literal_binds", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: ColumnClause[Any],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        literal_binds: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._column_args = columns
+
+        if name is None:
+            self._unnamed = True
+            self.name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), "anon")
+        else:
+            self._unnamed = False
+            self.name = name
+        self.literal_binds = literal_binds
+        self.named_with_column = not self._unnamed
+
+    @property
+    def _column_types(self) -> List[TypeEngine[Any]]:
+        return [col.type for col in self._column_args]
+
+    @_generative
+    def alias(self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Values`
+        construct that is a copy of this
+        one with the given name.
+
+        This method is a VALUES-specific specialization of the
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_using_aliases`
+
+            :func:`_expression.alias`
+
+        """
+        non_none_name: str
+
+        if name is None:
+            non_none_name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), "anon")
+        else:
+            non_none_name = name
+
+        self.name = non_none_name
+        self.named_with_column = True
+        self._unnamed = False
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Values` with the lateral flag set,
+        so that
+        it renders as LATERAL.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.lateral`
+
+        """
+        non_none_name: str
+
+        if name is None:
+            non_none_name = self.name
+        else:
+            non_none_name = name
+
+        self._is_lateral = True
+        self.name = non_none_name
+        self._unnamed = False
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def data(self, values: Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Values` construct,
+        adding the given data to the data list.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_values = my_values.data([(1, 'value 1'), (2, 'value2')])
+
+        :param values: a sequence (i.e. list) of tuples that map to the
+         column expressions given in the :class:`_expression.Values`
+         constructor.
+
+        """
+
+        self._data += (values,)
+        return self
+
+    def scalar_values(self) -> ScalarValues:
+        """Returns a scalar ``VALUES`` construct that can be used as a
+        COLUMN element in a statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+        """
+        return ScalarValues(self._column_args, self._data, self.literal_binds)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        for c in self._column_args:
+            if c.table is not None and c.table is not self:
+                _, c = c._make_proxy(self)
+            else:
+                # if the column was used in other contexts, ensure
+                # no memoizations of other FROM clauses.
+                # see test_values.py -> test_auto_proxy_select_direct_col
+                c._reset_memoizations()
+            self._columns.add(c)
+            c.table = self
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self]
+
+
+class ScalarValues(roles.InElementRole, GroupedElement, ColumnElement[Any]):
+    """Represent a scalar ``VALUES`` construct that can be used as a
+    COLUMN element in a statement.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.ScalarValues` object is created from the
+    :meth:`_expression.Values.scalar_values` method. It's also
+    automatically generated when a :class:`_expression.Values` is used in
+    an ``IN`` or ``NOT IN`` condition.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "scalar_values"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_column_args", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_data", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_multi_values),
+        ("literal_binds", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        columns: Sequence[ColumnClause[Any]],
+        data: Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]], ...],
+        literal_binds: bool,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._column_args = columns
+        self._data = data
+        self.literal_binds = literal_binds
+
+    @property
+    def _column_types(self) -> List[TypeEngine[Any]]:
+        return [col.type for col in self._column_args]
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> ScalarValues:
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class SelectBase(
+    roles.SelectStatementRole,
+    roles.DMLSelectRole,
+    roles.CompoundElementRole,
+    roles.InElementRole,
+    HasCTE,
+    SupportsCloneAnnotations,
+    Selectable,
+):
+    """Base class for SELECT statements.
+
+
+    This includes :class:`_expression.Select`,
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect` and
+    :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_select_base = True
+    is_select = True
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set.
+
+        This collection differs from the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns`
+        collection of a :class:`_expression.FromClause` in that the columns
+        within this collection cannot be directly nested inside another SELECT
+        statement; a subquery must be applied first which provides for the
+        necessary parenthesization required by SQL.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :attr:`_sql.SelectBase.selected_columns` collection does not
+            include expressions established in the columns clause using the
+            :func:`_sql.text` construct; these are silently omitted from the
+            collection. To use plain textual column expressions inside of a
+            :class:`_sql.Select` construct, use the :func:`_sql.literal_column`
+            construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        """A sequence of expressions that correspond to what is rendered
+        in the columns clause, including :class:`_sql.TextClause`
+        constructs.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.12
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.SelectBase.exported_columns`
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def exported_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        that represents the "exported"
+        columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`, not including
+        :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        The "exported" columns for a :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+        object are synonymous
+        with the :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.selected_columns` collection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Select.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.FromClause.exported_columns`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.selected_columns.as_readonly()
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.c` and "
+        ":attr:`_expression.SelectBase.columns` attributes "
+        "are deprecated and will be removed in a future release; these "
+        "attributes implicitly create a subquery that should be explicit.  "
+        "Please call :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` "
+        "first in order to create "
+        "a subquery, which then contains this attribute.  To access the "
+        "columns that this SELECT object SELECTs "
+        "from, use the :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.selected_columns` "
+        "attribute.",
+    )
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._implicit_subquery.columns
+
+    @property
+    def columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.c
+
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        """
+        Retrieve the current label style.
+
+        Implemented by subclasses.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the specified label style.
+
+        Implemented by subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.select` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release; this method implicitly "
+        "creates a subquery that should be explicit.  "
+        "Please call :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` "
+        "first in order to create "
+        "a subquery, which then can be selected.",
+    )
+    def select(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Select[Any]:
+        return self._implicit_subquery.select(*arg, **kw)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _implicit_subquery(self) -> Subquery:
+        return self.subquery()
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.as_scalar` "
+        "method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":meth:`_expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.",
+    )
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        return self.scalar_subquery()
+
+    def exists(self) -> Exists:
+        """Return an :class:`_sql.Exists` representation of this selectable,
+        which can be used as a column expression.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`_sql.Exists`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_sql.exists`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_exists` - in the :term:`2.0 style` tutorial.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return Exists(self)
+
+    def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        """Return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, which can be
+        used as a column expression.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect`.
+
+        Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns
+        clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.  The scalar
+        subquery can then be used in the WHERE clause or columns clause of
+        an enclosing SELECT.
+
+        Note that the scalar subquery differentiates from the FROM-level
+        subquery that can be produced using the
+        :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery`
+        method.
+
+        .. versionchanged: 1.4 - the ``.as_scalar()`` method was renamed to
+           :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+        """
+        if self._label_style is not LABEL_STYLE_NONE:
+            self = self.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
+
+        return ScalarSelect(self)
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[Any]:
+        """Return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, embedded as a
+        subquery with a label.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.
+
+        """
+        return self.scalar_subquery().label(name)
+
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a LATERAL alias of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        The return value is the :class:`_expression.Lateral` construct also
+        provided by the top-level :func:`_expression.lateral` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+        """
+        return Lateral._factory(self, name)
+
+    def subquery(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Subquery:
+        """Return a subquery of this :class:`_expression.SelectBase`.
+
+        A subquery is from a SQL perspective a parenthesized, named
+        construct that can be placed in the FROM clause of another
+        SELECT statement.
+
+        Given a SELECT statement such as::
+
+            stmt = select(table.c.id, table.c.name)
+
+        The above statement might look like::
+
+            SELECT table.id, table.name FROM table
+
+        The subquery form by itself renders the same way, however when
+        embedded into the FROM clause of another SELECT statement, it becomes
+        a named sub-element::
+
+            subq = stmt.subquery()
+            new_stmt = select(subq)
+
+        The above renders as::
+
+            SELECT anon_1.id, anon_1.name
+            FROM (SELECT table.id, table.name FROM table) AS anon_1
+
+        Historically, :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery`
+        is equivalent to calling
+        the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+        method on a FROM object; however,
+        as a :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+        object is not directly  FROM object,
+        the :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery`
+        method provides clearer semantics.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return Subquery._construct(
+            self._ensure_disambiguated_names(), name=name
+        )
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> Self:
+        """Ensure that the names generated by this selectbase will be
+        disambiguated in some way, if possible.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> Subquery:
+        """Return a named subquery against this
+        :class:`_expression.SelectBase`.
+
+        For a :class:`_expression.SelectBase` (as opposed to a
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`),
+        this returns a :class:`.Subquery` object which behaves mostly the
+        same as the :class:`_expression.Alias` object that is used with a
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.alias`
+           method is now
+           a synonym for the :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` method.
+
+        """
+        return self.subquery(name=name)
+
+
+_SB = TypeVar("_SB", bound=SelectBase)
+
+
+class SelectStatementGrouping(GroupedElement, SelectBase, Generic[_SB]):
+    """Represent a grouping of a :class:`_expression.SelectBase`.
+
+    This differs from :class:`.Subquery` in that we are still
+    an "inner" SELECT statement, this is strictly for grouping inside of
+    compound selects.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "select_statement_grouping"
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    _is_select_container = True
+
+    element: _SB
+
+    def __init__(self, element: _SB) -> None:
+        self.element = cast(
+            _SB, coercions.expect(roles.SelectStatementRole, element)
+        )
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> SelectStatementGrouping[_SB]:
+        new_element = self.element._ensure_disambiguated_names()
+        if new_element is not self.element:
+            return SelectStatementGrouping(new_element)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        return self.element.get_label_style()
+
+    def set_label_style(
+        self, label_style: SelectLabelStyle
+    ) -> SelectStatementGrouping[_SB]:
+        return SelectStatementGrouping(
+            self.element.set_label_style(label_style)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def select_statement(self) -> _SB:
+        return self.element
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _ungroup(self) -> _SB: ...
+
+    # def _generate_columns_plus_names(
+    #    self, anon_for_dupe_key: bool
+    # ) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, ColumnElement[Any], bool]]:
+    #    return self.element._generate_columns_plus_names(anon_for_dupe_key)
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.element._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+            subquery, proxy_compound_columns=proxy_compound_columns
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return self.element._all_selected_columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def selected_columns(self) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        the embedded SELECT statement returns in its result set, not including
+        :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns`
+
+        """
+        return self.element.selected_columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+
+class GenerativeSelect(SelectBase, Generative):
+    """Base class for SELECT statements where additional elements can be
+    added.
+
+    This serves as the base for :class:`_expression.Select` and
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`
+    where elements such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY can be added and column
+    rendering can be controlled.  Compare to
+    :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`, which,
+    while it subclasses :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+    and is also a SELECT construct,
+    represents a fixed textual string which cannot be altered at this level,
+    only wrapped as a subquery.
+
+    """
+
+    _order_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _group_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _limit_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _offset_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _fetch_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _fetch_clause_options: Optional[Dict[str, bool]] = None
+    _for_update_arg: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT):
+        self._label_style = _label_style
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_for_update(
+        self,
+        *,
+        nowait: bool = False,
+        read: bool = False,
+        of: Optional[_ForUpdateOfArgument] = None,
+        skip_locked: bool = False,
+        key_share: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Specify a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause for this
+        :class:`_expression.GenerativeSelect`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table).with_for_update(nowait=True)
+
+        On a database like PostgreSQL or Oracle, the above would render a
+        statement like::
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT
+
+        on other backends, the ``nowait`` option is ignored and instead
+        would produce::
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE
+
+        When called with no arguments, the statement will render with
+        the suffix ``FOR UPDATE``.   Additional arguments can then be
+        provided which allow for common database-specific
+        variants.
+
+        :param nowait: boolean; will render ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` on Oracle
+         and PostgreSQL dialects.
+
+        :param read: boolean; will render ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` on MySQL,
+         ``FOR SHARE`` on PostgreSQL.  On PostgreSQL, when combined with
+         ``nowait``, will render ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``.
+
+        :param of: SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements,
+         (typically :class:`_schema.Column` objects or a compatible expression,
+         for some backends may also be a table expression) which will render
+         into a ``FOR UPDATE OF`` clause; supported by PostgreSQL, Oracle, some
+         MySQL versions and possibly others. May render as a table or as a
+         column depending on backend.
+
+        :param skip_locked: boolean, will render ``FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED``
+         on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects or ``FOR SHARE SKIP LOCKED`` if
+         ``read=True`` is also specified.
+
+        :param key_share: boolean, will render ``FOR NO KEY UPDATE``,
+         or if combined with ``read=True`` will render ``FOR KEY SHARE``,
+         on the PostgreSQL dialect.
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg(
+            nowait=nowait,
+            read=read,
+            of=of,
+            skip_locked=skip_locked,
+            key_share=key_share,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        """
+        Retrieve the current label style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self._label_style
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the specified label style.
+
+        There are three "label styles" available,
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`,
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL`, and
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_NONE`.   The default style is
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL`.
+
+        In modern SQLAlchemy, there is not generally a need to change the
+        labeling style, as per-expression labels are more effectively used by
+        making use of the :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.label` method. In past
+        versions, :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL` was used to
+        disambiguate same-named columns from different tables, aliases, or
+        subqueries; the newer :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY` now
+        applies labels only to names that conflict with an existing name so
+        that the impact of this labeling is minimal.
+
+        The rationale for disambiguation is mostly so that all column
+        expressions are available from a given :attr:`_sql.FromClause.c`
+        collection when a subquery is created.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the
+            :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.set_label_style` method replaces the
+            previous combination of ``.apply_labels()``, ``.with_labels()`` and
+            ``use_labels=True`` methods and/or parameters.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL`
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_NONE`
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT`
+
+        """
+        if self._label_style is not style:
+            self = self._generate()
+            self._label_style = style
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _group_by_clause(self) -> ClauseList:
+        """ClauseList access to group_by_clauses for legacy dialects"""
+        return ClauseList._construct_raw(
+            operators.comma_op, self._group_by_clauses
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_clause(self) -> ClauseList:
+        """ClauseList access to order_by_clauses for legacy dialects"""
+        return ClauseList._construct_raw(
+            operators.comma_op, self._order_by_clauses
+        )
+
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause(
+        self,
+        element: _LimitOffsetType,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[int]] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        """Convert the given value to an "offset or limit" clause.
+
+        This handles incoming integers and converts to an expression; if
+        an expression is already given, it is passed through.
+
+        """
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.LimitOffsetRole, element, name=name, type_=type_
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+        self, clause: ColumnElement[Any], attrname: str
+    ) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+        self, clause: Optional[_OffsetLimitParam], attrname: str
+    ) -> Optional[int]: ...
+
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+        self, clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]], attrname: str
+    ) -> Union[NoReturn, Optional[int]]:
+        """Convert the "offset or limit" clause of a select construct to an
+        integer.
+
+        This is only possible if the value is stored as a simple bound
+        parameter. Otherwise, a compilation error is raised.
+
+        """
+        if clause is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            value = clause._limit_offset_value
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "This SELECT structure does not use a simple "
+                "integer value for %s" % attrname
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return util.asint(value)
+
+    @property
+    def _limit(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Get an integer value for the limit.  This should only be used
+        by code that cannot support a limit as a BindParameter or
+        other custom clause as it will throw an exception if the limit
+        isn't currently set to an integer.
+
+        """
+        return self._offset_or_limit_clause_asint(self._limit_clause, "limit")
+
+    def _simple_int_clause(self, clause: ClauseElement) -> bool:
+        """True if the clause is a simple integer, False
+        if it is not present or is a SQL expression.
+        """
+        return isinstance(clause, _OffsetLimitParam)
+
+    @property
+    def _offset(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Get an integer value for the offset.  This should only be used
+        by code that cannot support an offset as a BindParameter or
+        other custom clause as it will throw an exception if the
+        offset isn't currently set to an integer.
+
+        """
+        return self._offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+            self._offset_clause, "offset"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _has_row_limiting_clause(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._limit_clause is not None
+            or self._offset_clause is not None
+            or self._fetch_clause is not None
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def limit(self, limit: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion
+        applied.
+
+        This is a numerical value which usually renders as a ``LIMIT``
+        expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+        support ``LIMIT`` will attempt to provide similar
+        functionality.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit` method will replace
+           any clause applied with :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`.
+
+        :param limit: an integer LIMIT parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result. Pass ``None`` to reset it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset`
+
+        """
+
+        self._fetch_clause = self._fetch_clause_options = None
+        self._limit_clause = self._offset_or_limit_clause(limit)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def fetch(
+        self,
+        count: _LimitOffsetType,
+        with_ties: bool = False,
+        percent: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the given FETCH FIRST criterion
+        applied.
+
+        This is a numeric value which usually renders as
+        ``FETCH {FIRST | NEXT} [ count ] {ROW | ROWS} {ONLY | WITH TIES}``
+        expression in the resulting select. This functionality is
+        is currently implemented for Oracle, PostgreSQL, MSSQL.
+
+        Use :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset` to specify the offset.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch` method will replace
+           any clause applied with :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param count: an integer COUNT parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result. When ``percent=True`` this will
+         represent the percentage of rows to return, not the absolute value.
+         Pass ``None`` to reset it.
+
+        :param with_ties: When ``True``, the WITH TIES option is used
+         to return any additional rows that tie for the last place in the
+         result set according to the ``ORDER BY`` clause. The
+         ``ORDER BY`` may be mandatory in this case. Defaults to ``False``
+
+        :param percent: When ``True``, ``count`` represents the percentage
+         of the total number of selected rows to return. Defaults to ``False``
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset`
+
+        """
+
+        self._limit_clause = None
+        if count is None:
+            self._fetch_clause = self._fetch_clause_options = None
+        else:
+            self._fetch_clause = self._offset_or_limit_clause(count)
+            self._fetch_clause_options = {
+                "with_ties": with_ties,
+                "percent": percent,
+            }
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def offset(self, offset: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion
+        applied.
+
+
+        This is a numeric value which usually renders as an ``OFFSET``
+        expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+        support ``OFFSET`` will attempt to provide similar
+        functionality.
+
+        :param offset: an integer OFFSET parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result. Pass ``None`` to reset it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`
+
+        """
+
+        self._offset_clause = self._offset_or_limit_clause(offset)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def slice(
+        self,
+        start: int,
+        stop: int,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply LIMIT / OFFSET to this statement based on a slice.
+
+        The start and stop indices behave like the argument to Python's
+        built-in :func:`range` function. This method provides an
+        alternative to using ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` to get a slice of the
+        query.
+
+        For example, ::
+
+            stmt = select(User).order_by(User).id.slice(1, 3)
+
+        renders as
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+           SELECT users.id AS users_id,
+                  users.name AS users_name
+           FROM users ORDER BY users.id
+           LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
+           (2, 1)
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.slice` method will replace
+           any clause applied with :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4  Added the :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.slice`
+           method generalized from the ORM.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`
+
+        """
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+        self._fetch_clause = self._fetch_clause_options = None
+        self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause = sql_util._make_slice(
+            self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause, start, stop
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def order_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY
+        criteria applied.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id, table.c.name)
+
+        Calling this method multiple times is equivalent to calling it once
+        with all the clauses concatenated. All existing ORDER BY criteria may
+        be cancelled by passing ``None`` by itself.  New ORDER BY criteria may
+        then be added by invoking :meth:`_orm.Query.order_by` again, e.g.::
+
+            # will erase all ORDER BY and ORDER BY new_col alone
+            stmt = stmt.order_by(None).order_by(new_col)
+
+        :param \*clauses: a series of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         constructs
+         which will be used to generate an ORDER BY clause.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+
+        if not clauses and __first is None:
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self._order_by_clauses += tuple(
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.OrderByRole, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                )
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def group_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY
+        criterion applied.
+
+        All existing GROUP BY settings can be suppressed by passing ``None``.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table.c.name, func.max(table.c.stat)).\
+            group_by(table.c.name)
+
+        :param \*clauses: a series of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         constructs
+         which will be used to generate an GROUP BY clause.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_group_by_w_aggregates` - in the
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+
+        if not clauses and __first is None:
+            self._group_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self._group_by_clauses += tuple(
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.GroupByRole, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                )
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "compound_select")
+class CompoundSelectState(CompileState):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _label_resolve_dict(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]:
+        # TODO: this is hacky and slow
+        hacky_subquery = self.statement.subquery()
+        hacky_subquery.named_with_column = False
+        d = {c.key: c for c in hacky_subquery.c}
+        return d, d, d
+
+
+class _CompoundSelectKeyword(Enum):
+    UNION = "UNION"
+    UNION_ALL = "UNION ALL"
+    EXCEPT = "EXCEPT"
+    EXCEPT_ALL = "EXCEPT ALL"
+    INTERSECT = "INTERSECT"
+    INTERSECT_ALL = "INTERSECT ALL"
+
+
+class CompoundSelect(HasCompileState, GenerativeSelect, ExecutableReturnsRows):
+    """Forms the basis of ``UNION``, ``UNION ALL``, and other
+    SELECT-based set operations.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.union`
+
+        :func:`_expression.union_all`
+
+        :func:`_expression.intersect`
+
+        :func:`_expression.intersect_all`
+
+        :func:`_expression.except`
+
+        :func:`_expression.except_all`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "compound_select"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("selects", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_limit_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("_offset_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("_fetch_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("_fetch_clause_options", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        ("_order_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_group_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_for_update_arg", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("keyword", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ] + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+
+    selects: List[SelectBase]
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+    _auto_correlate = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keyword: _CompoundSelectKeyword,
+        *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument,
+    ):
+        self.keyword = keyword
+        self.selects = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.CompoundElementRole, s, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            ).self_group(against=self)
+            for s in selects
+        ]
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union_all(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION_ALL, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except_all(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT_ALL, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect_all(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT_ALL, *selects)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return self.selects[0]._scalar_type()
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> GroupedElement:
+        return SelectStatementGrouping(self)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        for s in self.selects:
+            if s.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> CompoundSelect:
+        if self._label_style is not style:
+            self = self._generate()
+            select_0 = self.selects[0].set_label_style(style)
+            self.selects = [select_0] + self.selects[1:]
+
+        return self
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> CompoundSelect:
+        new_select = self.selects[0]._ensure_disambiguated_names()
+        if new_select is not self.selects[0]:
+            self = self._generate()
+            self.selects = [new_select] + self.selects[1:]
+
+        return self
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # this is a slightly hacky thing - the union exports a
+        # column that resembles just that of the *first* selectable.
+        # to get at a "composite" column, particularly foreign keys,
+        # you have to dig through the proxies collection which we
+        # generate below.
+        select_0 = self.selects[0]
+
+        if self._label_style is not LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT:
+            select_0 = select_0.set_label_style(self._label_style)
+
+        # hand-construct the "_proxies" collection to include all
+        # derived columns place a 'weight' annotation corresponding
+        # to how low in the list of select()s the column occurs, so
+        # that the corresponding_column() operation can resolve
+        # conflicts
+        extra_col_iterator = zip(
+            *[
+                [
+                    c._annotate(dd)
+                    for c in stmt._all_selected_columns
+                    if is_column_element(c)
+                ]
+                for dd, stmt in [
+                    ({"weight": i + 1}, stmt)
+                    for i, stmt in enumerate(self.selects)
+                ]
+            ]
+        )
+
+        # the incoming proxy_compound_columns can be present also if this is
+        # a compound embedded in a compound.  it's probably more appropriate
+        # that we generate new weights local to this nested compound, though
+        # i haven't tried to think what it means for compound nested in
+        # compound
+        select_0._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+            subquery, proxy_compound_columns=extra_col_iterator
+        )
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        super()._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        for select in self.selects:
+            select._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return self.selects[0]._all_selected_columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set,
+        not including :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        For a :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`, the
+        :attr:`_expression.CompoundSelect.selected_columns`
+        attribute returns the selected
+        columns of the first SELECT statement contained within the series of
+        statements within the set operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self.selects[0].selected_columns
+
+
+# backwards compat
+for elem in _CompoundSelectKeyword:
+    setattr(CompoundSelect, elem.name, elem)
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "select")
+class SelectState(util.MemoizedSlots, CompileState):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "from_clauses",
+        "froms",
+        "columns_plus_names",
+        "_label_resolve_dict",
+    )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        default_select_compile_options: CacheableOptions
+    else:
+
+        class default_select_compile_options(CacheableOptions):
+            _cache_key_traversal = []
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_plugin_class(
+            cls, statement: Executable
+        ) -> Type[SelectState]: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statement: Select[Any],
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.from_clauses = statement._from_obj
+
+        for memoized_entities in statement._memoized_select_entities:
+            self._setup_joins(
+                memoized_entities._setup_joins, memoized_entities._raw_columns
+            )
+
+        if statement._setup_joins:
+            self._setup_joins(statement._setup_joins, statement._raw_columns)
+
+        self.froms = self._get_froms(statement)
+
+        self.columns_plus_names = statement._generate_columns_plus_names(True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _plugin_not_implemented(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The default SELECT construct without plugins does not "
+            "implement this method."
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_column_descriptions(
+        cls, statement: Select[Any]
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "type": element.type,
+                "expr": element,
+            }
+            for _, name, _, element, _ in (
+                statement._generate_columns_plus_names(False)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_statement(
+        cls, statement: Select[Any], from_statement: roles.ReturnsRowsRole
+    ) -> ExecutableReturnsRows:
+        cls._plugin_not_implemented()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_columns_clause_froms(
+        cls, statement: Select[Any]
+    ) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return cls._normalize_froms(
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                element._from_objects for element in statement._raw_columns
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _column_naming_convention(
+        cls, label_style: SelectLabelStyle
+    ) -> _LabelConventionCallable:
+        table_qualified = label_style is LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+
+        dedupe = label_style is not LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+        pa = prefix_anon_map()
+        names = set()
+
+        def go(
+            c: Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause],
+            col_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        ) -> Optional[str]:
+            if is_text_clause(c):
+                return None
+            elif TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert is_column_element(c)
+
+            if not dedupe:
+                name = c._proxy_key
+                if name is None:
+                    name = "_no_label"
+                return name
+
+            name = c._tq_key_label if table_qualified else c._proxy_key
+
+            if name is None:
+                name = "_no_label"
+                if name in names:
+                    return c._anon_label(name) % pa
+                else:
+                    names.add(name)
+                    return name
+
+            elif name in names:
+                return (
+                    c._anon_tq_key_label % pa
+                    if table_qualified
+                    else c._anon_key_label % pa
+                )
+            else:
+                names.add(name)
+                return name
+
+        return go
+
+    def _get_froms(self, statement: Select[Any]) -> List[FromClause]:
+        ambiguous_table_name_map: _AmbiguousTableNameMap
+        self._ambiguous_table_name_map = ambiguous_table_name_map = {}
+
+        return self._normalize_froms(
+            itertools.chain(
+                self.from_clauses,
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        element._from_objects
+                        for element in statement._raw_columns
+                    ]
+                ),
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        element._from_objects
+                        for element in statement._where_criteria
+                    ]
+                ),
+            ),
+            check_statement=statement,
+            ambiguous_table_name_map=ambiguous_table_name_map,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _normalize_froms(
+        cls,
+        iterable_of_froms: Iterable[FromClause],
+        check_statement: Optional[Select[Any]] = None,
+        ambiguous_table_name_map: Optional[_AmbiguousTableNameMap] = None,
+    ) -> List[FromClause]:
+        """given an iterable of things to select FROM, reduce them to what
+        would actually render in the FROM clause of a SELECT.
+
+        This does the job of checking for JOINs, tables, etc. that are in fact
+        overlapping due to cloning, adaption, present in overlapping joins,
+        etc.
+
+        """
+        seen: Set[FromClause] = set()
+        froms: List[FromClause] = []
+
+        for item in iterable_of_froms:
+            if is_subquery(item) and item.element is check_statement:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "select() construct refers to itself as a FROM"
+                )
+
+            if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        if froms:
+            toremove = set(
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [_expand_cloned(f._hide_froms) for f in froms]
+                )
+            )
+            if toremove:
+                # filter out to FROM clauses not in the list,
+                # using a list to maintain ordering
+                froms = [f for f in froms if f not in toremove]
+
+            if ambiguous_table_name_map is not None:
+                ambiguous_table_name_map.update(
+                    (
+                        fr.name,
+                        _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                            hash(fr.name), fr.name
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    for item in froms
+                    for fr in item._from_objects
+                    if is_table(fr)
+                    and fr.schema
+                    and fr.name not in ambiguous_table_name_map
+                )
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _get_display_froms(
+        self,
+        explicit_correlate_froms: Optional[Sequence[FromClause]] = None,
+        implicit_correlate_froms: Optional[Sequence[FromClause]] = None,
+    ) -> List[FromClause]:
+        """Return the full list of 'from' clauses to be displayed.
+
+        Takes into account a set of existing froms which may be
+        rendered in the FROM clause of enclosing selects; this Select
+        may want to leave those absent if it is automatically
+        correlating.
+
+        """
+
+        froms = self.froms
+
+        if self.statement._correlate:
+            to_correlate = self.statement._correlate
+            if to_correlate:
+                froms = [
+                    f
+                    for f in froms
+                    if f
+                    not in _cloned_intersection(
+                        _cloned_intersection(
+                            froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()
+                        ),
+                        to_correlate,
+                    )
+                ]
+
+        if self.statement._correlate_except is not None:
+            froms = [
+                f
+                for f in froms
+                if f
+                not in _cloned_difference(
+                    _cloned_intersection(
+                        froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()
+                    ),
+                    self.statement._correlate_except,
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if (
+            self.statement._auto_correlate
+            and implicit_correlate_froms
+            and len(froms) > 1
+        ):
+            froms = [
+                f
+                for f in froms
+                if f
+                not in _cloned_intersection(froms, implicit_correlate_froms)
+            ]
+
+            if not len(froms):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Select statement '%r"
+                    "' returned no FROM clauses "
+                    "due to auto-correlation; "
+                    "specify correlate(<tables>) "
+                    "to control correlation "
+                    "manually." % self.statement
+                )
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _memoized_attr__label_resolve_dict(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]:
+        with_cols: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = {
+            c._tq_label or c.key: c
+            for c in self.statement._all_selected_columns
+            if c._allow_label_resolve
+        }
+        only_froms: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = {
+            c.key: c  # type: ignore
+            for c in _select_iterables(self.froms)
+            if c._allow_label_resolve
+        }
+        only_cols: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = with_cols.copy()
+        for key, value in only_froms.items():
+            with_cols.setdefault(key, value)
+
+        return with_cols, only_froms, only_cols
+
+    @classmethod
+    def determine_last_joined_entity(
+        cls, stmt: Select[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[_JoinTargetElement]:
+        if stmt._setup_joins:
+            return stmt._setup_joins[-1][0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_selected_columns(cls, statement: Select[Any]) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return [c for c in _select_iterables(statement._raw_columns)]
+
+    def _setup_joins(
+        self,
+        args: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...],
+        raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement],
+    ) -> None:
+        for right, onclause, left, flags in args:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                if onclause is not None:
+                    assert isinstance(onclause, ColumnElement)
+
+            isouter = flags["isouter"]
+            full = flags["full"]
+
+            if left is None:
+                (
+                    left,
+                    replace_from_obj_index,
+                ) = self._join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+                    raw_columns, left, right, onclause
+                )
+            else:
+                (replace_from_obj_index) = self._join_place_explicit_left_side(
+                    left
+                )
+
+            # these assertions can be made here, as if the right/onclause
+            # contained ORM elements, the select() statement would have been
+            # upgraded to an ORM select, and this method would not be called;
+            # orm.context.ORMSelectCompileState._join() would be
+            # used instead.
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(right, FromClause)
+                if onclause is not None:
+                    assert isinstance(onclause, ColumnElement)
+
+            if replace_from_obj_index is not None:
+                # splice into an existing element in the
+                # self._from_obj list
+                left_clause = self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+
+                self.from_clauses = (
+                    self.from_clauses[:replace_from_obj_index]
+                    + (
+                        Join(
+                            left_clause,
+                            right,
+                            onclause,
+                            isouter=isouter,
+                            full=full,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    + self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index + 1 :]
+                )
+            else:
+                assert left is not None
+                self.from_clauses = self.from_clauses + (
+                    Join(left, right, onclause, isouter=isouter, full=full),
+                )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+        self,
+        raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement],
+        left: Optional[FromClause],
+        right: _JoinTargetElement,
+        onclause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[FromClause], Optional[int]]:
+        """When join conditions don't express the left side explicitly,
+        determine if an existing FROM or entity in this query
+        can serve as the left hand side.
+
+        """
+
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+
+        replace_from_obj_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+        from_clauses = self.from_clauses
+
+        if from_clauses:
+            indexes: List[int] = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                from_clauses, right, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+                left = from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+        else:
+            potential = {}
+            statement = self.statement
+
+            for from_clause in itertools.chain(
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [element._from_objects for element in raw_columns]
+                ),
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        element._from_objects
+                        for element in statement._where_criteria
+                    ]
+                ),
+            ):
+                potential[from_clause] = ()
+
+            all_clauses = list(potential.keys())
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                all_clauses, right, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                left = all_clauses[indexes[0]]
+
+        if len(indexes) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't determine which FROM clause to join "
+                "from, there are multiple FROMS which can "
+                "join to this entity. Please use the .select_from() "
+                "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already to "
+                "help resolve the ambiguity."
+            )
+        elif not indexes:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Don't know how to join to %r. "
+                "Please use the .select_from() "
+                "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already to "
+                "help resolve the ambiguity." % (right,)
+            )
+        return left, replace_from_obj_index
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _join_place_explicit_left_side(
+        self, left: FromClause
+    ) -> Optional[int]:
+        replace_from_obj_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+
+        from_clauses = list(self.statement._iterate_from_elements())
+
+        if from_clauses:
+            indexes: List[int] = sql_util.find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+                self.from_clauses, left
+            )
+        else:
+            indexes = []
+
+        if len(indexes) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't identify which entity in which to assign the "
+                "left side of this join.   Please use a more specific "
+                "ON clause."
+            )
+
+        # have an index, means the left side is already present in
+        # an existing FROM in the self._from_obj tuple
+        if indexes:
+            replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+
+        # no index, means we need to add a new element to the
+        # self._from_obj tuple
+
+        return replace_from_obj_index
+
+
+class _SelectFromElements:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...]
+
+    def _iterate_from_elements(self) -> Iterator[FromClause]:
+        # note this does not include elements
+        # in _setup_joins
+
+        seen = set()
+        for element in self._raw_columns:
+            for fr in element._from_objects:
+                if fr in seen:
+                    continue
+                seen.add(fr)
+                yield fr
+        for element in self._where_criteria:
+            for fr in element._from_objects:
+                if fr in seen:
+                    continue
+                seen.add(fr)
+                yield fr
+        for element in self._from_obj:
+            if element in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(element)
+            yield element
+
+
+class _MemoizedSelectEntities(
+    cache_key.HasCacheKey, traversals.HasCopyInternals, visitors.Traversible
+):
+    """represents partial state from a Select object, for the case
+    where Select.columns() has redefined the set of columns/entities the
+    statement will be SELECTing from.  This object represents
+    the entities from the SELECT before that transformation was applied,
+    so that transformations that were made in terms of the SELECT at that
+    time, such as join() as well as options(), can access the correct context.
+
+    In previous SQLAlchemy versions, this wasn't needed because these
+    constructs calculated everything up front, like when you called join()
+    or options(), it did everything to figure out how that would translate
+    into specific SQL constructs that would be ready to send directly to the
+    SQL compiler when needed.  But as of
+    1.4, all of that stuff is done in the compilation phase, during the
+    "compile state" portion of the process, so that the work can all be
+    cached.  So it needs to be able to resolve joins/options2 based on what
+    the list of entities was when those methods were called.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "memoized_select_entities"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_raw_columns", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_setup_joins", InternalTraversal.dp_setup_join_tuple),
+        ("_with_options", InternalTraversal.dp_executable_options),
+    ]
+
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[ClauseElement]
+    _raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+    _setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...]
+    _with_options: Tuple[ExecutableOption, ...]
+
+    _annotations = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items()}
+
+        c._is_clone_of = self.__dict__.get("_is_clone_of", self)
+        return c
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_for_statement(cls, select_stmt: Select[Any]) -> None:
+        if select_stmt._setup_joins or select_stmt._with_options:
+            self = _MemoizedSelectEntities()
+            self._raw_columns = select_stmt._raw_columns
+            self._setup_joins = select_stmt._setup_joins
+            self._with_options = select_stmt._with_options
+
+            select_stmt._memoized_select_entities += (self,)
+            select_stmt._raw_columns = []
+            select_stmt._setup_joins = select_stmt._with_options = ()
+
+
+class Select(
+    HasPrefixes,
+    HasSuffixes,
+    HasHints,
+    HasCompileState,
+    _SelectFromElements,
+    GenerativeSelect,
+    TypedReturnsRows[_TP],
+):
+    """Represents a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.Select` object is normally constructed using the
+    :func:`_sql.select` function.  See that function for details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_sql.select`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "select"
+
+    _setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...] = ()
+    _memoized_select_entities: Tuple[TODO_Any, ...] = ()
+
+    _raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+
+    _distinct: bool = False
+    _distinct_on: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _correlate: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _correlate_except: Optional[Tuple[FromClause, ...]] = None
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _having_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _auto_correlate = True
+    _is_select_statement = True
+    _compile_options: CacheableOptions = (
+        SelectState.default_select_compile_options
+    )
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        [
+            ("_raw_columns", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            (
+                "_memoized_select_entities",
+                InternalTraversal.dp_memoized_select_entities,
+            ),
+            ("_from_obj", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            ("_where_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_having_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_order_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_group_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_setup_joins", InternalTraversal.dp_setup_join_tuple),
+            ("_correlate", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_correlate_except", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_limit_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_offset_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_fetch_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_fetch_clause_options", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+            ("_for_update_arg", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_distinct", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_distinct_on", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_label_style", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ]
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + HasSuffixes._has_suffixes_traverse_internals
+        + HasHints._has_hints_traverse_internals
+        + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = _traverse_internals + [
+        ("_compile_options", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key)
+    ]
+
+    _compile_state_factory: Type[SelectState]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_raw_select(cls, **kw: Any) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Create a :class:`.Select` using raw ``__new__`` with no coercions.
+
+        Used internally to build up :class:`.Select` constructs with
+        pre-established state.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = Select.__new__(Select)
+        stmt.__dict__.update(kw)
+        return stmt
+
+    def __init__(self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        The public constructor for :class:`_expression.Select` is the
+        :func:`_sql.select` function.
+
+        """
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, ent, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for ent in entities
+        ]
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if not self._raw_columns:
+            return NULLTYPE
+        elem = self._raw_columns[0]
+        cols = list(elem._select_iterable)
+        return cols[0].type
+
+    def filter(self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_sql.Select.where` method."""
+
+        return self.where(*criteria)
+
+    def _filter_by_zero(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        FromClause, _JoinTargetProtocol, ColumnElement[Any], TextClause
+    ]:
+        if self._setup_joins:
+            meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(
+                self
+            ).determine_last_joined_entity
+            _last_joined_entity = meth(self)
+            if _last_joined_entity is not None:
+                return _last_joined_entity
+
+        if self._from_obj:
+            return self._from_obj[0]
+
+        return self._raw_columns[0]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_subquery(
+            self: Select[Tuple[_MAYBE_ENTITY]],
+        ) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_subquery(
+            self: Select[Tuple[_NOT_ENTITY]],
+        ) -> ScalarSelect[_NOT_ENTITY]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+        def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""apply the given filtering criterion as a WHERE clause
+        to this select.
+
+        """
+        from_entity = self._filter_by_zero()
+
+        clauses = [
+            _entity_namespace_key(from_entity, key) == value
+            for key, value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return self.filter(*clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self) -> Any:
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` 'column descriptions' structure
+        referring to the columns which are SELECTed by this statement.
+
+        This attribute is generally useful when using the ORM, as an
+        extended structure which includes information about mapped
+        entities is returned.  The section :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+        contains more background.
+
+        For a Core-only statement, the structure returned by this accessor
+        is derived from the same objects that are returned by the
+        :attr:`.Select.selected_columns` accessor, formatted as a list of
+        dictionaries which contain the keys ``name``, ``type`` and ``expr``,
+        which indicate the column expressions to be selected::
+
+            >>> stmt = select(user_table)
+            >>> stmt.column_descriptions
+            [
+                {
+                    'name': 'id',
+                    'type': Integer(),
+                    'expr': Column('id', Integer(), ...)},
+                {
+                    'name': 'name',
+                    'type': String(length=30),
+                    'expr': Column('name', String(length=30), ...)}
+            ]
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.33 The :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions`
+           attribute returns a structure for a Core-only set of entities,
+           not just ORM-only entities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.UpdateBase.entity_description` - entity information for
+            an :func:`.insert`, :func:`.update`, or :func:`.delete`
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """
+        meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).get_column_descriptions
+        return meth(self)
+
+    def from_statement(
+        self, statement: roles.ReturnsRowsRole
+    ) -> ExecutableReturnsRows:
+        """Apply the columns which this :class:`.Select` would select
+        onto another statement.
+
+        This operation is :term:`plugin-specific` and will raise a not
+        supported exception if this :class:`_sql.Select` does not select from
+        plugin-enabled entities.
+
+
+        The statement is typically either a :func:`_expression.text` or
+        :func:`_expression.select` construct, and should return the set of
+        columns appropriate to the entities represented by this
+        :class:`.Select`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_selecting_text` - usage examples in the
+            ORM Querying Guide
+
+        """
+        meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).from_statement
+        return meth(self, statement)
+
+    @_generative
+    def join(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting
+        :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(user_table).join(address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+
+        The above statement generates SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :meth:`_expression.Select.join` now creates
+           a :class:`_sql.Join` object between a :class:`_sql.FromClause`
+           source that is within the FROM clause of the existing SELECT,
+           and a given target :class:`_sql.FromClause`, and then adds
+           this :class:`_sql.Join` to the FROM clause of the newly generated
+           SELECT statement.    This is completely reworked from the behavior
+           in 1.3, which would instead create a subquery of the entire
+           :class:`_expression.Select` and then join that subquery to the
+           target.
+
+           This is a **backwards incompatible change** as the previous behavior
+           was mostly useless, producing an unnamed subquery rejected by
+           most databases in any case.   The new behavior is modeled after
+           that of the very successful :meth:`_orm.Query.join` method in the
+           ORM, in order to support the functionality of :class:`_orm.Query`
+           being available by using a :class:`_sql.Select` object with an
+           :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+           See the notes for this change at :ref:`change_select_join`.
+
+
+        :param target: target table to join towards
+
+        :param onclause: ON clause of the join.  If omitted, an ON clause
+         is generated automatically based on the :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+         linkages between the two tables, if one can be unambiguously
+         determined, otherwise an error is raised.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, generate LEFT OUTER join.  Same as
+         :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin`.
+
+        :param full: if True, generate FULL OUTER join.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_select_join` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.join_from`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        join_target = coercions.expect(
+            roles.JoinTargetRole, target, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        if onclause is not None:
+            onclause_element = coercions.expect(roles.OnClauseRole, onclause)
+        else:
+            onclause_element = None
+
+        self._setup_joins += (
+            (
+                join_target,
+                onclause_element,
+                None,
+                {"isouter": isouter, "full": full},
+            ),
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def outerjoin_from(
+        self,
+        from_: _FromClauseArgument,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL LEFT OUTER JOIN against this
+        :class:`_expression.Select` object's criterion and apply generatively,
+        returning the newly resulting :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        Usage is the same as that of :meth:`_selectable.Select.join_from`.
+
+        """
+        return self.join_from(
+            from_, target, onclause=onclause, isouter=True, full=full
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def join_from(
+        self,
+        from_: _FromClauseArgument,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting
+        :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(user_table, address_table).join_from(
+                user_table, address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id
+            )
+
+        The above statement generates SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name, address.id, address.email, address.user_id
+            FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param from\_: the left side of the join, will be rendered in the
+         FROM clause and is roughly equivalent to using the
+         :meth:`.Select.select_from` method.
+
+        :param target: target table to join towards
+
+        :param onclause: ON clause of the join.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, generate LEFT OUTER join.  Same as
+         :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin`.
+
+        :param full: if True, generate FULL OUTER join.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_select_join` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.join`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        # note the order of parsing from vs. target is important here, as we
+        # are also deriving the source of the plugin (i.e. the subject mapper
+        # in an ORM query) which should favor the "from_" over the "target"
+
+        from_ = coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole, from_, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        join_target = coercions.expect(
+            roles.JoinTargetRole, target, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        if onclause is not None:
+            onclause_element = coercions.expect(roles.OnClauseRole, onclause)
+        else:
+            onclause_element = None
+
+        self._setup_joins += (
+            (
+                join_target,
+                onclause_element,
+                from_,
+                {"isouter": isouter, "full": full},
+            ),
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a left outer join.
+
+        Parameters are the same as that of :meth:`_expression.Select.join`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin` now
+           creates a :class:`_sql.Join` object between a
+           :class:`_sql.FromClause` source that is within the FROM clause of
+           the existing SELECT, and a given target :class:`_sql.FromClause`,
+           and then adds this :class:`_sql.Join` to the FROM clause of the
+           newly generated SELECT statement.    This is completely reworked
+           from the behavior in 1.3, which would instead create a subquery of
+           the entire
+           :class:`_expression.Select` and then join that subquery to the
+           target.
+
+           This is a **backwards incompatible change** as the previous behavior
+           was mostly useless, producing an unnamed subquery rejected by
+           most databases in any case.   The new behavior is modeled after
+           that of the very successful :meth:`_orm.Query.join` method in the
+           ORM, in order to support the functionality of :class:`_orm.Query`
+           being available by using a :class:`_sql.Select` object with an
+           :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+           See the notes for this change at :ref:`change_select_join`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_select_join` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.join`
+
+        """
+        return self.join(target, onclause=onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+    def get_final_froms(self) -> Sequence[FromClause]:
+        """Compute the final displayed list of :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        elements.
+
+        This method will run through the full computation required to
+        determine what FROM elements will be displayed in the resulting
+        SELECT statement, including shadowing individual tables with
+        JOIN objects, as well as full computation for ORM use cases including
+        eager loading clauses.
+
+        For ORM use, this accessor returns the **post compilation**
+        list of FROM objects; this collection will include elements such as
+        eagerly loaded tables and joins.  The objects will **not** be
+        ORM enabled and not work as a replacement for the
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.select_froms` collection; additionally, the
+        method is not well performing for an ORM enabled statement as it
+        will incur the full ORM construction process.
+
+        To retrieve the FROM list that's implied by the "columns" collection
+        passed to the :class:`_sql.Select` originally, use the
+        :attr:`_sql.Select.columns_clause_froms` accessor.
+
+        To select from an alternative set of columns while maintaining the
+        FROM list, use the :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns` method and
+        pass the
+        :paramref:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns.maintain_column_froms`
+        parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.23 - the :meth:`_sql.Select.get_final_froms`
+           method replaces the previous :attr:`_sql.Select.froms` accessor,
+           which is deprecated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.columns_clause_froms`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._compile_state_factory(self, None)._get_display_froms()
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4.23",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.Select.froms` attribute is moved to "
+        "the :meth:`_expression.Select.get_final_froms` method.",
+    )
+    def froms(self) -> Sequence[FromClause]:
+        """Return the displayed list of :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        elements.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.get_final_froms()
+
+    @property
+    def columns_clause_froms(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        """Return the set of :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects implied
+        by the columns clause of this SELECT statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.23
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.froms` - "final" FROM list taking the full
+            statement into account
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns` - makes use of this
+            collection to set up a new FROM list
+
+        """
+
+        return SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).get_columns_clause_froms(
+            self
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def inner_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        """An iterator of all :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        expressions which would
+        be rendered into the columns clause of the resulting SELECT statement.
+
+        This method is legacy as of 1.4 and is superseded by the
+        :attr:`_expression.Select.exported_columns` collection.
+
+        """
+
+        return iter(self._all_selected_columns)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        if fromclause is not None and self in fromclause._cloned_set:
+            return True
+
+        for f in self._iterate_from_elements():
+            if f.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # Select() object has been cloned and probably adapted by the
+        # given clone function.  Apply the cloning function to internal
+        # objects
+
+        # 1. keep a dictionary of the froms we've cloned, and what
+        # they've become.  This allows us to ensure the same cloned from
+        # is used when other items such as columns are "cloned"
+
+        all_the_froms = set(
+            itertools.chain(
+                _from_objects(*self._raw_columns),
+                _from_objects(*self._where_criteria),
+                _from_objects(*[elem[0] for elem in self._setup_joins]),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # do a clone for the froms we've gathered.  what is important here
+        # is if any of the things we are selecting from, like tables,
+        # were converted into Join objects.   if so, these need to be
+        # added to _from_obj explicitly, because otherwise they won't be
+        # part of the new state, as they don't associate themselves with
+        # their columns.
+        new_froms = {f: clone(f, **kw) for f in all_the_froms}
+
+        # 2. copy FROM collections, adding in joins that we've created.
+        existing_from_obj = [clone(f, **kw) for f in self._from_obj]
+        add_froms = (
+            {f for f in new_froms.values() if isinstance(f, Join)}
+            .difference(all_the_froms)
+            .difference(existing_from_obj)
+        )
+
+        self._from_obj = tuple(existing_from_obj) + tuple(add_froms)
+
+        # 3. clone everything else, making sure we use columns
+        # corresponding to the froms we just made.
+        def replace(
+            obj: Union[BinaryExpression[Any], ColumnClause[Any]],
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Optional[KeyedColumnElement[ColumnElement[Any]]]:
+            if isinstance(obj, ColumnClause) and obj.table in new_froms:
+                newelem = new_froms[obj.table].corresponding_column(obj)
+                return newelem
+            return None
+
+        kw["replace"] = replace
+
+        # copy everything else.   for table-ish things like correlate,
+        # correlate_except, setup_joins, these clone normally.  For
+        # column-expression oriented things like raw_columns, where_criteria,
+        # order by, we get this from the new froms.
+        super()._copy_internals(clone=clone, omit_attrs=("_from_obj",), **kw)
+
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+    def get_children(self, **kw: Any) -> Iterable[ClauseElement]:
+        return itertools.chain(
+            super().get_children(
+                omit_attrs=("_from_obj", "_correlate", "_correlate_except"),
+                **kw,
+            ),
+            self._iterate_from_elements(),
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_columns(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given entities appended to its columns clause.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_select = my_select.add_columns(table.c.new_column)
+
+        The original expressions in the columns clause remain in place.
+        To replace the original expressions with new ones, see the method
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.with_only_columns`.
+
+        :param \*entities: column, table, or other entity expressions to be
+         added to the columns clause
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_only_columns` - replaces existing
+            expressions rather than appending.
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_select_multiple_entities` - ORM-centric
+            example
+
+        """
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+        self._raw_columns = self._raw_columns + [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, column, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for column in entities
+        ]
+        return self
+
+    def _set_entities(
+        self, entities: Iterable[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, ent, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for ent in util.to_list(entities)
+        ]
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_expression.Select.column` method is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release.  Please use "
+        ":meth:`_expression.Select.add_columns`",
+    )
+    def column(self, column: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given column expression added to its columns clause.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_select = my_select.column(table.c.new_column)
+
+        See the documentation for
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.with_only_columns`
+        for guidelines on adding /replacing the columns of a
+        :class:`_expression.Select` object.
+
+        """
+        return self.add_columns(column)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def reduce_columns(self, only_synonyms: bool = True) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with redundantly
+        named, equivalently-valued columns removed from the columns clause.
+
+        "Redundant" here means two columns where one refers to the
+        other either based on foreign key, or via a simple equality
+        comparison in the WHERE clause of the statement.   The primary purpose
+        of this method is to automatically construct a select statement
+        with all uniquely-named columns, without the need to use
+        table-qualified labels as
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.set_label_style`
+        does.
+
+        When columns are omitted based on foreign key, the referred-to
+        column is the one that's kept.  When columns are omitted based on
+        WHERE equivalence, the first column in the columns clause is the
+        one that's kept.
+
+        :param only_synonyms: when True, limit the removal of columns
+         to those which have the same name as the equivalent.   Otherwise,
+         all columns that are equivalent to another are removed.
+
+        """
+        woc: Select[Any]
+        woc = self.with_only_columns(
+            *util.preloaded.sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                self._all_selected_columns,
+                only_synonyms=only_synonyms,
+                *(self._where_criteria + self._from_obj),
+            )
+        )
+        return woc
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_only_columns Select 8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_sel_v1_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0]) -> Select[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_only_columns
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = False,
+        **__kw: Any,
+    ) -> Select[Any]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = False,
+        **__kw: Any,
+    ) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with its columns
+        clause replaced with the given entities.
+
+        By default, this method is exactly equivalent to as if the original
+        :func:`_expression.select` had been called with the given entities.
+        E.g. a statement::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table1.c.b)
+            s = s.with_only_columns(table1.c.b)
+
+        should be exactly equivalent to::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.b)
+
+        In this mode of operation, :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns`
+        will also dynamically alter the FROM clause of the
+        statement if it is not explicitly stated.
+        To maintain the existing set of FROMs including those implied by the
+        current columns clause, add the
+        :paramref:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns.maintain_column_froms`
+        parameter::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table2.c.b)
+            s = s.with_only_columns(table1.c.a, maintain_column_froms=True)
+
+        The above parameter performs a transfer of the effective FROMs
+        in the columns collection to the :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from`
+        method, as though the following were invoked::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table2.c.b)
+            s = s.select_from(table1, table2).with_only_columns(table1.c.a)
+
+        The :paramref:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns.maintain_column_froms`
+        parameter makes use of the :attr:`_sql.Select.columns_clause_froms`
+        collection and performs an operation equivalent to the following::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table2.c.b)
+            s = s.select_from(*s.columns_clause_froms).with_only_columns(table1.c.a)
+
+        :param \*entities: column expressions to be used.
+
+        :param maintain_column_froms: boolean parameter that will ensure the
+         FROM list implied from the current columns clause will be transferred
+         to the :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from` method first.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.23
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        if __kw:
+            raise _no_kw()
+
+        # memoizations should be cleared here as of
+        # I95c560ffcbfa30b26644999412fb6a385125f663 , asserting this
+        # is the case for now.
+        self._assert_no_memoizations()
+
+        if maintain_column_froms:
+            self.select_from.non_generative(  # type: ignore
+                self, *self.columns_clause_froms
+            )
+
+        # then memoize the FROMs etc.
+        _MemoizedSelectEntities._generate_for_statement(self)
+
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c)
+            for c in coercions._expression_collection_was_a_list(
+                "entities", "Select.with_only_columns", entities
+            )
+        ]
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Return the completed WHERE clause for this
+        :class:`_expression.Select` statement.
+
+        This assembles the current collection of WHERE criteria
+        into a single :class:`_expression.BooleanClauseList` construct.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return BooleanClauseList._construct_for_whereclause(
+            self._where_criteria
+        )
+
+    _whereclause = whereclause
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, *whereclause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+
+        assert isinstance(self._where_criteria, tuple)
+
+        for criterion in whereclause:
+            where_criteria: ColumnElement[Any] = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            self._where_criteria += (where_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def having(self, *having: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given expression added to
+        its HAVING clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in having:
+            having_criteria = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            self._having_criteria += (having_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def distinct(self, *expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct which
+        will apply DISTINCT to the SELECT statement overall.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+            stmt = select(users_table.c.id, users_table.c.name).distinct()
+
+        The above would produce an statement resembling::
+
+            SELECT DISTINCT user.id, user.name FROM user
+
+        The method also accepts an ``*expr`` parameter which produces the
+        PostgreSQL dialect-specific ``DISTINCT ON`` expression.  Using this
+        parameter on other backends which don't support this syntax will
+        raise an error.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the PostgreSQL dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (<expressions>)``
+         construct.  A deprecation warning and/or :class:`_exc.CompileError`
+         will be raised on other backends.
+
+         .. deprecated:: 1.4 Using \*expr in other dialects is deprecated
+            and will raise :class:`_exc.CompileError` in a future version.
+
+        """
+        if expr:
+            self._distinct = True
+            self._distinct_on = self._distinct_on + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, e, apply_propagate_attrs=self)
+                for e in expr
+            )
+        else:
+            self._distinct = True
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def select_from(self, *froms: _FromClauseArgument) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with the
+        given FROM expression(s)
+        merged into its list of FROM objects.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table1 = table('t1', column('a'))
+            table2 = table('t2', column('b'))
+            s = select(table1.c.a).\
+                select_from(
+                    table1.join(table2, table1.c.a==table2.c.b)
+                )
+
+        The "from" list is a unique set on the identity of each element,
+        so adding an already present :class:`_schema.Table`
+        or other selectable
+        will have no effect.   Passing a :class:`_expression.Join` that refers
+        to an already present :class:`_schema.Table`
+        or other selectable will have
+        the effect of concealing the presence of that selectable as
+        an individual element in the rendered FROM list, instead
+        rendering it into a JOIN clause.
+
+        While the typical purpose of :meth:`_expression.Select.select_from`
+        is to
+        replace the default, derived FROM clause with a join, it can
+        also be called with individual table elements, multiple times
+        if desired, in the case that the FROM clause cannot be fully
+        derived from the columns clause::
+
+            select(func.count('*')).select_from(table1)
+
+        """
+
+        self._from_obj += tuple(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.FromClauseRole, fromclause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for fromclause in froms
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.Select`
+        which will correlate the given FROM
+        clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        Calling this method turns off the :class:`_expression.Select` object's
+        default behavior of "auto-correlation".  Normally, FROM elements
+        which appear in a :class:`_expression.Select`
+        that encloses this one via
+        its :term:`WHERE clause`, ORDER BY, HAVING or
+        :term:`columns clause` will be omitted from this
+        :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object's :term:`FROM clause`.
+        Setting an explicit correlation collection using the
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+        method provides a fixed list of FROM objects
+        that can potentially take place in this process.
+
+        When :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+        is used to apply specific FROM clauses
+        for correlation, the FROM elements become candidates for
+        correlation regardless of how deeply nested this
+        :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object is, relative to an enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`
+        which refers to
+        the same FROM object.  This is in contrast to the behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" which only correlates to an immediate enclosing
+        :class:`_expression.Select`.
+        Multi-level correlation ensures that the link
+        between enclosed and enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`
+        is always via
+        at least one WHERE/ORDER BY/HAVING/columns clause in order for
+        correlation to take place.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, the :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object will correlate
+        none of its FROM entries, and all will render unconditionally
+        in the local FROM clause.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: one or more :class:`.FromClause` or other
+         FROM-compatible construct such as an ORM mapped entity to become part
+         of the correlate collection; alternatively pass a single value
+         ``None`` to remove all existing correlations.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate_except`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery`
+
+        """
+
+        # tests failing when we try to change how these
+        # arguments are passed
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if not fromclauses or fromclauses[0] in {None, False}:
+            if len(fromclauses) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "additional FROM objects not accepted when "
+                    "passing None/False to correlate()"
+                )
+            self._correlate = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate = self._correlate + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, f) for f in fromclauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate_except(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.Select`
+        which will omit the given FROM
+        clauses from the auto-correlation process.
+
+        Calling :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate_except` turns off the
+        :class:`_expression.Select` object's default behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" for the given FROM elements.  An element
+        specified here will unconditionally appear in the FROM list, while
+        all other FROM elements remain subject to normal auto-correlation
+        behaviors.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, or no arguments are passed,
+        the :class:`_expression.Select` object will correlate all of its
+        FROM entries.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery`
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if not fromclauses or fromclauses[0] in {None, False}:
+            if len(fromclauses) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "additional FROM objects not accepted when "
+                    "passing None/False to correlate_except()"
+                )
+            self._correlate_except = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate_except = (self._correlate_except or ()) + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, f) for f in fromclauses
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set,
+        not including :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        This collection differs from the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns`
+        collection of a :class:`_expression.FromClause` in that the columns
+        within this collection cannot be directly nested inside another SELECT
+        statement; a subquery must be applied first which provides for the
+        necessary parenthesization required by SQL.
+
+        For a :func:`_expression.select` construct, the collection here is
+        exactly what would be rendered inside the "SELECT" statement, and the
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects are directly present as they
+        were given, e.g.::
+
+            col1 = column('q', Integer)
+            col2 = column('p', Integer)
+            stmt = select(col1, col2)
+
+        Above, ``stmt.selected_columns`` would be a collection that contains
+        the ``col1`` and ``col2`` objects directly. For a statement that is
+        against a :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`, the collection will use the
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects that are in the
+        :attr:`_expression.FromClause.c` collection of the from element.
+
+        A use case for the :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns` collection is
+        to allow the existing columns to be referenced when adding additional
+        criteria, e.g.::
+
+            def filter_on_id(my_select, id):
+                return my_select.where(my_select.selected_columns['id'] == id)
+
+            stmt = select(MyModel)
+
+            # adds "WHERE id=:param" to the statement
+            stmt = filter_on_id(stmt, 42)
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns` collection does not
+            include expressions established in the columns clause using the
+            :func:`_sql.text` construct; these are silently omitted from the
+            collection. To use plain textual column expressions inside of a
+            :class:`_sql.Select` construct, use the :func:`_sql.literal_column`
+            construct.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        # compare to SelectState._generate_columns_plus_names, which
+        # generates the actual names used in the SELECT string.  that
+        # method is more complex because it also renders columns that are
+        # fully ambiguous, e.g. same column more than once.
+        conv = cast(
+            "Callable[[Any], str]",
+            SelectState._column_naming_convention(self._label_style),
+        )
+
+        cc: ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = ColumnCollection(
+            [
+                (conv(c), c)
+                for c in self._all_selected_columns
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+        )
+        return cc.as_readonly()
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).all_selected_columns
+        return list(meth(self))
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> Select[Any]:
+        if self._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_NONE:
+            self = self.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY)
+        return self
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Generate column proxies to place in the exported ``.c``
+        collection of a subquery."""
+
+        if proxy_compound_columns:
+            extra_col_iterator = proxy_compound_columns
+            prox = [
+                c._make_proxy(
+                    subquery,
+                    key=proxy_key,
+                    name=required_label_name,
+                    name_is_truncatable=True,
+                    compound_select_cols=extra_cols,
+                )
+                for (
+                    (
+                        required_label_name,
+                        proxy_key,
+                        fallback_label_name,
+                        c,
+                        repeated,
+                    ),
+                    extra_cols,
+                ) in (
+                    zip(
+                        self._generate_columns_plus_names(False),
+                        extra_col_iterator,
+                    )
+                )
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+        else:
+            prox = [
+                c._make_proxy(
+                    subquery,
+                    key=proxy_key,
+                    name=required_label_name,
+                    name_is_truncatable=True,
+                )
+                for (
+                    required_label_name,
+                    proxy_key,
+                    fallback_label_name,
+                    c,
+                    repeated,
+                ) in (self._generate_columns_plus_names(False))
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+
+        subquery._columns._populate_separate_keys(prox)
+
+    def _needs_parens_for_grouping(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_row_limiting_clause or bool(
+            self._order_by_clause.clauses
+        )
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[SelectStatementGrouping[Self], Self]:
+        """Return a 'grouping' construct as per the
+        :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` specification.
+
+        This produces an element that can be embedded in an expression. Note
+        that this method is called automatically as needed when constructing
+        expressions and should not require explicit use.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(against, CompoundSelect)
+            and not self._needs_parens_for_grouping()
+        ):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return SelectStatementGrouping(self)
+
+    def union(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``UNION`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union(self, *other)
+
+    def union_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``UNION ALL`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union_all(self, *other)
+
+    def except_(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``EXCEPT`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectable provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except(self, *other)
+
+    def except_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``EXCEPT ALL`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except_all(self, *other)
+
+    def intersect(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``INTERSECT`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect(self, *other)
+
+    def intersect_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    ) -> CompoundSelect:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``INTERSECT ALL`` of this select() construct
+        against the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all(self, *other)
+
+
+class ScalarSelect(
+    roles.InElementRole, Generative, GroupedElement, ColumnElement[_T]
+):
+    """Represent a scalar subquery.
+
+
+    A :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect` is created by invoking the
+    :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.scalar_subquery` method.   The object
+    then participates in other SQL expressions as a SQL column expression
+    within the :class:`_sql.ColumnElement` hierarchy.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+    """
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    _from_objects: List[FromClause] = []
+    _is_from_container = True
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        _is_implicitly_boolean = False
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    element: SelectBase
+
+    def __init__(self, element: SelectBase) -> None:
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = element._scalar_type()
+        self._propagate_attrs = element._propagate_attrs
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"element": self.element, "type": self.type}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self.element = state["element"]
+        self.type = state["type"]
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Scalar Select expression has no "
+            "columns; use this object directly "
+            "within a column-level expression."
+        )
+
+    c = columns
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, crit: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Apply a WHERE clause to the SELECT statement referred to
+        by this :class:`_expression.ScalarSelect`.
+
+        """
+        self.element = cast("Select[Any]", self.element).where(crit)
+        return self
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _ungroup(self) -> Select[Any]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.ScalarSelect`
+        which will correlate the given FROM
+        clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        This method is mirrored from the :meth:`_sql.Select.correlate` method
+        of the underlying :class:`_sql.Select`.  The method applies the
+        :meth:_sql.Select.correlate` method, then returns a new
+        :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect` against that statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Previously, the
+           :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate`
+           method was only available from :class:`_sql.Select`.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.ScalarSelect.correlate_except`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+
+        """
+        self.element = cast("Select[Any]", self.element).correlate(
+            *fromclauses
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate_except(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.ScalarSelect`
+        which will omit the given FROM
+        clauses from the auto-correlation process.
+
+        This method is mirrored from the
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.correlate_except` method of the underlying
+        :class:`_sql.Select`.  The method applies the
+        :meth:_sql.Select.correlate_except` method, then returns a new
+        :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect` against that statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Previously, the
+           :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate_except`
+           method was only available from :class:`_sql.Select`.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.ScalarSelect.correlate`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+
+        """
+
+        self.element = cast("Select[Any]", self.element).correlate_except(
+            *fromclauses
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class Exists(UnaryExpression[bool]):
+    """Represent an ``EXISTS`` clause.
+
+    See :func:`_sql.exists` for a description of usage.
+
+    An ``EXISTS`` clause can also be constructed from a :func:`_sql.select`
+    instance by calling :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    element: Union[SelectStatementGrouping[Select[Any]], ScalarSelect[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        __argument: Optional[
+            Union[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], SelectBase, ScalarSelect[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        s: ScalarSelect[Any]
+
+        # TODO: this seems like we should be using coercions for this
+        if __argument is None:
+            s = Select(literal_column("*")).scalar_subquery()
+        elif isinstance(__argument, SelectBase):
+            s = __argument.scalar_subquery()
+            s._propagate_attrs = __argument._propagate_attrs
+        elif isinstance(__argument, ScalarSelect):
+            s = __argument
+        else:
+            s = Select(__argument).scalar_subquery()
+
+        UnaryExpression.__init__(
+            self,
+            s,
+            operator=operators.exists,
+            type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+            wraps_column_expression=True,
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return []
+
+    def _regroup(
+        self, fn: Callable[[Select[Any]], Select[Any]]
+    ) -> SelectStatementGrouping[Select[Any]]:
+        element = self.element._ungroup()
+        new_element = fn(element)
+
+        return_value = new_element.self_group(against=operators.exists)
+        assert isinstance(return_value, SelectStatementGrouping)
+        return return_value
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[bool]]:
+        r"""Return a SELECT of this :class:`_expression.Exists`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = exists(some_table.c.id).where(some_table.c.id == 5).select()
+
+        This will produce a statement resembling::
+
+            SELECT EXISTS (SELECT id FROM some_table WHERE some_table = :param) AS anon_1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.select` - general purpose
+            method which allows for arbitrary column lists.
+
+        """  # noqa
+
+        return Select(self)
+
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply correlation to the subquery noted by this
+        :class:`_sql.Exists`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate`
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(
+            lambda element: element.correlate(*fromclauses)
+        )
+        return e
+
+    def correlate_except(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply correlation to the subquery noted by this
+        :class:`_sql.Exists`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate_except`
+
+        """
+
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(
+            lambda element: element.correlate_except(*fromclauses)
+        )
+        return e
+
+    def select_from(self, *froms: _FromClauseArgument) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Exists` construct,
+        applying the given
+        expression to the :meth:`_expression.Select.select_from`
+        method of the select
+        statement contained.
+
+        .. note:: it is typically preferable to build a :class:`_sql.Select`
+           statement first, including the desired WHERE clause, then use the
+           :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` method to produce an
+           :class:`_sql.Exists` object at once.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(lambda element: element.select_from(*froms))
+        return e
+
+    def where(self, *clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.exists` construct with the
+        given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+
+        .. note:: it is typically preferable to build a :class:`_sql.Select`
+           statement first, including the desired WHERE clause, then use the
+           :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` method to produce an
+           :class:`_sql.Exists` object at once.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(lambda element: element.where(*clause))
+        return e
+
+
+class TextualSelect(SelectBase, ExecutableReturnsRows, Generative):
+    """Wrap a :class:`_expression.TextClause` construct within a
+    :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+    interface.
+
+    This allows the :class:`_expression.TextClause` object to gain a
+    ``.c`` collection
+    and other FROM-like capabilities such as
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`,
+    :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.cte`, etc.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` construct is produced via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`
+    method - see that method for details.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+       class was renamed
+       from ``TextAsFrom``, to more correctly suit its role as a
+       SELECT-oriented object and not a FROM clause.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` - primary creation interface.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "textual_select"
+
+    _label_style = LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("column_args", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+    ] + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+
+    _is_textual = True
+
+    is_text = True
+    is_select = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text: TextClause,
+        columns: List[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+        positional: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._init(
+            text,
+            # convert for ORM attributes->columns, etc
+            [
+                coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, c)
+                for c in columns
+            ],
+            positional,
+        )
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        text: TextClause,
+        columns: List[NamedColumn[Any]],
+        positional: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.element = text
+        self.column_args = columns
+        self.positional = positional
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set,
+        not including :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        This collection differs from the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns`
+        collection of a :class:`_expression.FromClause` in that the columns
+        within this collection cannot be directly nested inside another SELECT
+        statement; a subquery must be applied first which provides for the
+        necessary parenthesization required by SQL.
+
+        For a :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` construct, the collection
+        contains the :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects that were
+        passed to the constructor, typically via the
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` method.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return ColumnCollection(
+            (c.key, c) for c in self.column_args
+        ).as_readonly()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return self.column_args
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> TextualSelect:
+        return self
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> TextualSelect:
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(
+        self,
+        *binds: BindParameter[Any],
+        **bind_as_values: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        self.element = self.element.bindparams(*binds, **bind_as_values)
+        return self
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        fromclause: FromClause,
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(fromclause, Subquery)
+
+        if proxy_compound_columns:
+            fromclause._columns._populate_separate_keys(
+                c._make_proxy(fromclause, compound_select_cols=extra_cols)
+                for c, extra_cols in zip(
+                    self.column_args, proxy_compound_columns
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            fromclause._columns._populate_separate_keys(
+                c._make_proxy(fromclause) for c in self.column_args
+            )
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> Union[TypeEngine[Any], Any]:
+        return self.column_args[0].type
+
+
+TextAsFrom = TextualSelect
+"""Backwards compatibility with the previous name"""
+
+
+class AnnotatedFromClause(Annotated):
+    def _copy_internals(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super()._copy_internals(**kw)
+        if kw.get("ind_cols_on_fromclause", False):
+            ee = self._Annotated__element  # type: ignore
+
+            self.c = ee.__class__.c.fget(self)  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """proxy the .c collection of the underlying FromClause.
+
+        Originally implemented in 2008 as a simple load of the .c collection
+        when the annotated construct was created (see d3621ae961a), in modern
+        SQLAlchemy versions this can be expensive for statements constructed
+        with ORM aliases.   So for #8796 SQLAlchemy 2.0 we instead proxy
+        it, which works just as well.
+
+        Two different use cases seem to require the collection either copied
+        from the underlying one, or unique to this AnnotatedFromClause.
+
+        See test_selectable->test_annotated_corresponding_column
+
+        """
+        ee = self._Annotated__element  # type: ignore
+        return ee.c  # type: ignore
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b99445e4bed4484628c1accfc0bbb86c2aa4292a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3786 @@
+# sql/sqltypes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""SQL specific types.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import datetime as dt
+import decimal
+import enum
+import json
+import pickle
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import elements
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import type_api
+from .base import _NONE_NAME
+from .base import NO_ARG
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .elements import quoted_name
+from .elements import Slice
+from .elements import TypeCoerce as type_coerce  # noqa
+from .type_api import Emulated
+from .type_api import NativeForEmulated  # noqa
+from .type_api import to_instance as to_instance
+from .type_api import TypeDecorator as TypeDecorator
+from .type_api import TypeEngine as TypeEngine
+from .type_api import TypeEngineMixin
+from .type_api import Variant  # noqa
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import processors
+from ..util import langhelpers
+from ..util import OrderedDict
+from ..util.typing import is_literal
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import typing_get_args
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from .schema import MetaData
+    from .type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from .type_api import _ComparatorFactory
+    from .type_api import _MatchedOnType
+    from .type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+_CT = TypeVar("_CT", bound=Any)
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE", bound="TypeEngine[Any]")
+
+
+class HasExpressionLookup(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Mixin expression adaptations based on lookup tables.
+
+    These rules are currently used by the numeric, integer and date types
+    which have detailed cross-expression coercion rules.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_CT]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        _blank_dict = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            othertype = other_comparator.type._type_affinity
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self.type, HasExpressionLookup)
+            lookup = self.type._expression_adaptations.get(
+                op, self._blank_dict
+            ).get(othertype, self.type)
+            if lookup is othertype:
+                return (op, other_comparator.type)
+            elif lookup is self.type._type_affinity:
+                return (op, self.type)
+            else:
+                return (op, to_instance(lookup))
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+
+
+class Concatenable(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """A mixin that marks a type as supporting 'concatenation',
+    typically strings."""
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            if op is operators.add and isinstance(
+                other_comparator,
+                (Concatenable.Comparator, NullType.Comparator),
+            ):
+                return operators.concat_op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return super()._adapt_expression(op, other_comparator)
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+
+
+class Indexable(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """A mixin that marks a type as supporting indexing operations,
+    such as array or JSON structures.
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index):
+            (
+                adjusted_op,
+                adjusted_right_expr,
+                result_type,
+            ) = self._setup_getitem(index)
+            return self.operate(
+                adjusted_op, adjusted_right_expr, result_type=result_type
+            )
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+
+
+class String(Concatenable, TypeEngine[str]):
+    """The base for all string and character types.
+
+    In SQL, corresponds to VARCHAR.
+
+    The `length` field is usually required when the `String` type is
+    used within a CREATE TABLE statement, as VARCHAR requires a length
+    on most databases.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "string"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        length: Optional[int] = None,
+        collation: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a string-holding type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL and CAST expressions.  May be safely omitted if no ``CREATE
+          TABLE`` will be issued.  Certain databases may require a
+          ``length`` for use in DDL, and will raise an exception when
+          the ``CREATE TABLE`` DDL is issued if a ``VARCHAR``
+          with no length is included.  Whether the value is
+          interpreted as bytes or characters is database specific.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for
+          use in DDL and CAST expressions.  Renders using the
+          COLLATE keyword supported by SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.
+          E.g.:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import cast, select, String
+            >>> print(select(cast('some string', String(collation='utf8'))))
+            {printsql}SELECT CAST(:param_1 AS VARCHAR COLLATE utf8) AS anon_1
+
+          .. note::
+
+            In most cases, the :class:`.Unicode` or :class:`.UnicodeText`
+            datatypes should be used for a :class:`_schema.Column` that expects
+            to store non-ascii data. These datatypes will ensure that the
+            correct types are used on the database.
+
+        """
+
+        self.length = length
+        self.collation = collation
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        # I was SO PROUD of my regex trick, but we dont need it.
+        # re.search(r"[^\u0000-\u007F]", value)
+
+        if value.isascii():
+            return _STRING
+        else:
+            return _UNICODE
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.replace("'", "''")
+
+            if dialect.identifier_preparer._double_percents:
+                value = value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+            return "'%s'" % value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return str
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.STRING
+
+
+class Text(String):
+    """A variably sized string type.
+
+    In SQL, usually corresponds to CLOB or TEXT.  In general, TEXT objects
+    do not have a length; while some databases will accept a length
+    argument here, it will be rejected by others.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "text"
+
+
+class Unicode(String):
+    """A variable length Unicode string type.
+
+    The :class:`.Unicode` type is a :class:`.String` subclass that assumes
+    input and output strings that may contain non-ASCII characters, and for
+    some backends implies an underlying column type that is explicitly
+    supporting of non-ASCII data, such as ``NVARCHAR`` on Oracle and SQL
+    Server.  This will impact the output of ``CREATE TABLE`` statements and
+    ``CAST`` functions at the dialect level.
+
+    The character encoding used by the :class:`.Unicode` type that is used to
+    transmit and receive data to the database is usually determined by the
+    DBAPI itself. All modern DBAPIs accommodate non-ASCII strings but may have
+    different methods of managing database encodings; if necessary, this
+    encoding should be configured as detailed in the notes for the target DBAPI
+    in the :ref:`dialect_toplevel` section.
+
+    In modern SQLAlchemy, use of the :class:`.Unicode` datatype does not
+    imply any encoding/decoding behavior within SQLAlchemy itself.  In Python
+    3, all string objects are inherently Unicode capable, and SQLAlchemy
+    does not produce bytestring objects nor does it accommodate a DBAPI that
+    does not return Python Unicode objects in result sets for string values.
+
+    .. warning:: Some database backends, particularly SQL Server with pyodbc,
+       are known to have undesirable behaviors regarding data that is noted
+       as being of ``NVARCHAR`` type as opposed to ``VARCHAR``, including
+       datatype mismatch errors and non-use of indexes.  See the section
+       on :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes` for background on working
+       around unicode character issues for backends like SQL Server with
+       pyodbc as well as cx_Oracle.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.UnicodeText` - unlengthed textual counterpart
+        to :class:`.Unicode`.
+
+        :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unicode"
+
+
+class UnicodeText(Text):
+    """An unbounded-length Unicode string type.
+
+    See :class:`.Unicode` for details on the unicode
+    behavior of this object.
+
+    Like :class:`.Unicode`, usage the :class:`.UnicodeText` type implies a
+    unicode-capable type being used on the backend, such as
+    ``NCLOB``, ``NTEXT``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unicode_text"
+
+
+class Integer(HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[int]):
+    """A type for ``int`` integers."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "integer"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_memoized_property
+        def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[Integer]: ...
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return int
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        if value.bit_length() >= 32:
+            return _BIGINTEGER
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(int(value))
+
+        return process
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: Date,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {Integer: Numeric, Numeric: Numeric},
+            operators.floordiv: {Integer: self.__class__, Numeric: Numeric},
+            operators.sub: {Integer: self.__class__, Numeric: Numeric},
+        }
+
+
+class SmallInteger(Integer):
+    """A type for smaller ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``SMALLINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "small_integer"
+
+
+class BigInteger(Integer):
+    """A type for bigger ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``BIGINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "big_integer"
+
+
+_N = TypeVar("_N", bound=Union[decimal.Decimal, float])
+
+
+class Numeric(HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[_N]):
+    """Base for non-integer numeric types, such as
+    ``NUMERIC``, ``FLOAT``, ``DECIMAL``, and other variants.
+
+    The :class:`.Numeric` datatype when used directly will render DDL
+    corresponding to precision numerics if available, such as
+    ``NUMERIC(precision, scale)``.  The :class:`.Float` subclass will
+    attempt to render a floating-point datatype such as ``FLOAT(precision)``.
+
+    :class:`.Numeric` returns Python ``decimal.Decimal`` objects by default,
+    based on the default value of ``True`` for the
+    :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` parameter.  If this parameter is set to
+    False, returned values are coerced to Python ``float`` objects.
+
+    The :class:`.Float` subtype, being more specific to floating point,
+    defaults the :paramref:`.Float.asdecimal` flag to False so that the
+    default Python datatype is ``float``.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        When using a :class:`.Numeric` datatype against a database type that
+        returns Python floating point values to the driver, the accuracy of the
+        decimal conversion indicated by :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` may be
+        limited.   The behavior of specific numeric/floating point datatypes
+        is a product of the SQL datatype in use, the Python :term:`DBAPI`
+        in use, as well as strategies that may be present within
+        the SQLAlchemy dialect in use.   Users requiring specific precision/
+        scale are encouraged to experiment with the available datatypes
+        in order to determine the best results.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "numeric"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_memoized_property
+        def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[Numeric[_N]]: ...
+
+    _default_decimal_return_scale = 10
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Numeric[decimal.Decimal],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[True] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Numeric[float],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[False] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        precision: Optional[int] = None,
+        scale: Optional[int] = None,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = None,
+        asdecimal: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a Numeric.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+          TABLE``.
+
+        :param scale: the numeric scale for use in DDL ``CREATE TABLE``.
+
+        :param asdecimal: default True.  Return whether or not
+          values should be sent as Python Decimal objects, or
+          as floats.   Different DBAPIs send one or the other based on
+          datatypes - the Numeric type will ensure that return values
+          are one or the other across DBAPIs consistently.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specifying this value will override that length.  Types which
+         do include an explicit ".scale" value, such as the base
+         :class:`.Numeric` as well as the MySQL float types, will use the
+         value of ".scale" as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not
+         otherwise specified.
+
+        When using the ``Numeric`` type, care should be taken to ensure
+        that the asdecimal setting is appropriate for the DBAPI in use -
+        when Numeric applies a conversion from Decimal->float or float->
+        Decimal, this conversion incurs an additional performance overhead
+        for all result columns received.
+
+        DBAPIs that return Decimal natively (e.g. psycopg2) will have
+        better accuracy and higher performance with a setting of ``True``,
+        as the native translation to Decimal reduces the amount of floating-
+        point issues at play, and the Numeric type itself doesn't need
+        to apply any further conversions.  However, another DBAPI which
+        returns floats natively *will* incur an additional conversion
+        overhead, and is still subject to floating point data loss - in
+        which case ``asdecimal=False`` will at least remove the extra
+        conversion overhead.
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_decimal_return_scale(self):
+        if self.decimal_return_scale is not None:
+            return self.decimal_return_scale
+        elif getattr(self, "scale", None) is not None:
+            return self.scale
+        else:
+            return self._default_decimal_return_scale
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(value)
+
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return decimal.Decimal
+        else:
+            return float
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI will give us Decimal directly
+                return None
+            else:
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI returns floats, convert.
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal,
+                    (
+                        self.scale
+                        if self.scale is not None
+                        else self._default_decimal_return_scale
+                    ),
+                )
+        else:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.add: {Numeric: self.__class__, Integer: self.__class__},
+            operators.sub: {Numeric: self.__class__, Integer: self.__class__},
+        }
+
+
+class Float(Numeric[_N]):
+    """Type representing floating point types, such as ``FLOAT`` or ``REAL``.
+
+    This type returns Python ``float`` objects by default, unless the
+    :paramref:`.Float.asdecimal` flag is set to ``True``, in which case they
+    are coerced to ``decimal.Decimal`` objects.
+
+    When a :paramref:`.Float.precision` is not provided in a
+    :class:`_types.Float` type some backend may compile this type as
+    an 8 bytes / 64 bit float datatype. To use a 4 bytes / 32 bit float
+    datatype a precision <= 24 can usually be provided or the
+    :class:`_types.REAL` type can be used.
+    This is known to be the case in the PostgreSQL and MSSQL dialects
+    that render the type as ``FLOAT`` that's in both an alias of
+    ``DOUBLE PRECISION``. Other third party dialects may have similar
+    behavior.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+
+    scale = None
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Float[float],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[False] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Float[decimal.Decimal],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[True] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self: Float[_N],
+        precision: Optional[int] = None,
+        asdecimal: bool = False,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a Float.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+           TABLE``. Backends **should** attempt to ensure this precision
+           indicates a number of digits for the generic
+           :class:`_sqltypes.Float` datatype.
+
+           .. note:: For the Oracle backend, the
+              :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.precision` parameter is not accepted
+              when rendering DDL, as Oracle does not support float precision
+              specified as a number of decimal places. Instead, use the
+              Oracle-specific :class:`_oracle.FLOAT` datatype and specify the
+              :paramref:`_oracle.FLOAT.binary_precision` parameter. This is new
+              in version 2.0 of SQLAlchemy.
+
+              To create a database agnostic :class:`_types.Float` that
+              separately specifies binary precision for Oracle, use
+              :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.with_variant` as follows::
+
+                    from sqlalchemy import Column
+                    from sqlalchemy import Float
+                    from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
+
+                    Column(
+                        "float_data",
+                        Float(5).with_variant(oracle.FLOAT(binary_precision=16), "oracle")
+                    )
+
+        :param asdecimal: the same flag as that of :class:`.Numeric`, but
+          defaults to ``False``.   Note that setting this flag to ``True``
+          results in floating point conversion.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specifying this value will override that length.  Note that the
+         MySQL float types, which do include "scale", will use "scale"
+         as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not otherwise specified.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+            )
+        elif dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class Double(Float[_N]):
+    """A type for double ``FLOAT`` floating point types.
+
+    Typically generates a ``DOUBLE`` or ``DOUBLE_PRECISION`` in DDL,
+    and otherwise acts like a normal :class:`.Float` on the Python
+    side.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "double"
+
+
+class _RenderISO8601NoT:
+    def _literal_processor_datetime(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_portion(dialect, None)
+
+    def _literal_processor_date(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_portion(dialect, 0)
+
+    def _literal_processor_time(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_portion(dialect, -1)
+
+    def _literal_processor_portion(self, dialect, _portion=None):
+        assert _portion in (None, 0, -1)
+        if _portion is not None:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{value.isoformat().split("T")[_portion]}'"""
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{value.isoformat().replace("T", " ")}'"""
+
+        return process
+
+
+class DateTime(
+    _RenderISO8601NoT, HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.datetime]
+):
+    """A type for ``datetime.datetime()`` objects.
+
+    Date and time types return objects from the Python ``datetime``
+    module.  Most DBAPIs have built in support for the datetime
+    module, with the noted exception of SQLite.  In the case of
+    SQLite, date and time types are stored as strings which are then
+    converted back to datetime objects when rows are returned.
+
+    For the time representation within the datetime type, some
+    backends include additional options, such as timezone support and
+    fractional seconds support.  For fractional seconds, use the
+    dialect-specific datatype, such as :class:`.mysql.TIME`.  For
+    timezone support, use at least the :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP` datatype,
+    if not the dialect-specific datatype object.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "datetime"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the datetime type should
+         enable timezone support, if available on the
+         **base date/time-holding type only**.   It is recommended
+         to make use of the :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP` datatype directly when
+         using this flag, as some databases include separate generic
+         date/time-holding types distinct from the timezone-capable
+         TIMESTAMP datatype, such as Oracle.
+
+
+        """
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        with_timezone = value.tzinfo is not None
+        if with_timezone and not self.timezone:
+            return DATETIME_TIMEZONE
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_datetime(dialect)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.datetime
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {Interval: self.__class__},
+            operators.sub: {Interval: self.__class__, DateTime: Interval},
+        }
+
+
+class Date(_RenderISO8601NoT, HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.date]):
+    """A type for ``datetime.date()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "date"
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.date
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_date(dialect)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Interval: DateTime,
+                Time: DateTime,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                # date - integer = date
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                # date - date = integer.
+                Date: Integer,
+                Interval: DateTime,
+                # date - datetime = interval,
+                # this one is not in the PG docs
+                # but works
+                DateTime: Interval,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class Time(_RenderISO8601NoT, HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.time]):
+    """A type for ``datetime.time()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "time"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False):
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.time
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        with_timezone = value.tzinfo is not None
+        if with_timezone and not self.timezone:
+            return TIME_TIMEZONE
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {Date: DateTime, Interval: self.__class__},
+            operators.sub: {Time: Interval, Interval: self.__class__},
+        }
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_time(dialect)
+
+
+class _Binary(TypeEngine[bytes]):
+    """Define base behavior for binary types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, length: Optional[int] = None):
+        self.length = length
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            # TODO: this is useless for real world scenarios; implement
+            # real binary literals
+            value = value.decode(
+                dialect._legacy_binary_type_literal_encoding
+            ).replace("'", "''")
+            return "'%s'" % value
+
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return bytes
+
+    # Python 3 - sqlite3 doesn't need the `Binary` conversion
+    # here, though pg8000 does to indicate "bytea"
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        return process
+
+    # Python 3 has native bytes() type
+    # both sqlite3 and pg8000 seem to return it,
+    # psycopg2 as of 2.5 returns 'memoryview'
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.returns_native_bytes:
+            return None
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = bytes(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.BINARY
+
+
+class LargeBinary(_Binary):
+    """A type for large binary byte data.
+
+    The :class:`.LargeBinary` type corresponds to a large and/or unlengthed
+    binary type for the target platform, such as BLOB on MySQL and BYTEA for
+    PostgreSQL.  It also handles the necessary conversions for the DBAPI.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "large_binary"
+
+    def __init__(self, length: Optional[int] = None):
+        """
+        Construct a LargeBinary type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL statements, for those binary types that accept a length,
+          such as the MySQL BLOB type.
+
+        """
+        _Binary.__init__(self, length=length)
+
+
+class SchemaType(SchemaEventTarget, TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Add capabilities to a type which allow for schema-level DDL to be
+    associated with a type.
+
+    Supports types that must be explicitly created/dropped (i.e. PG ENUM type)
+    as well as types that are complimented by table or schema level
+    constraints, triggers, and other rules.
+
+    :class:`.SchemaType` classes can also be targets for the
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_parent_attach` and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach` events, where the events fire off
+    surrounding the association of the type object with a parent
+    :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Enum`
+
+        :class:`.Boolean`
+
+
+    """
+
+    _use_schema_map = True
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+        inherit_schema: bool = False,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _create_events: bool = True,
+        _adapted_from: Optional[SchemaType] = None,
+    ):
+        if name is not None:
+            self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        else:
+            self.name = None
+        self.schema = schema
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.inherit_schema = inherit_schema
+        self._create_events = _create_events
+
+        if _create_events and self.metadata:
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_create),
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_drop),
+            )
+
+        if _adapted_from:
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(_adapted_from.dispatch)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column, **kw):
+        # set parent hook is when this type is associated with a column.
+        # Column calls it for all SchemaEventTarget instances, either the
+        # base type and/or variants in _variant_mapping.
+
+        # we want to register a second hook to trigger when that column is
+        # associated with a table.  in that event, we and all of our variants
+        # may want to set up some state on the table such as a CheckConstraint
+        # that will conditionally render at DDL render time.
+
+        # the base SchemaType also sets up events for
+        # on_table/metadata_create/drop in this method, which is used by
+        # "native" types with a separate CREATE/DROP e.g. Postgresql.ENUM
+
+        column._on_table_attach(util.portable_instancemethod(self._set_table))
+
+    def _variant_mapping_for_set_table(self, column):
+        if column.type._variant_mapping:
+            variant_mapping = dict(column.type._variant_mapping)
+            variant_mapping["_default"] = column.type
+        else:
+            variant_mapping = None
+        return variant_mapping
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        if self.inherit_schema:
+            self.schema = table.schema
+        elif self.metadata and self.schema is None and self.metadata.schema:
+            self.schema = self.metadata.schema
+
+        if not self._create_events:
+            return
+
+        variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping_for_set_table(column)
+
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "before_create",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._on_table_create, {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping}
+            ),
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "after_drop",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._on_table_drop, {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping}
+            ),
+        )
+        if self.metadata is None:
+            # if SchemaType were created w/ a metadata argument, these
+            # events would already have been associated with that metadata
+            # and would preclude an association with table.metadata
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(
+                    self._on_metadata_create,
+                    {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+                ),
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(
+                    self._on_metadata_drop,
+                    {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+                ),
+            )
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        return self.adapt(
+            cast("Type[TypeEngine[Any]]", self.__class__),
+            _create_events=True,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        kw.setdefault("_create_events", False)
+        kw.setdefault("_adapted_from", self)
+        return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def create(self, bind, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue CREATE DDL for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t.create(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue DROP DDL for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t.drop(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_table_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_table_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_metadata_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_metadata_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _is_impl_for_variant(self, dialect, kw):
+        variant_mapping = kw.pop("variant_mapping", None)
+
+        if not variant_mapping:
+            return True
+
+        # for types that have _variant_mapping, all the impls in the map
+        # that are SchemaEventTarget subclasses get set up as event holders.
+        # this is so that constructs that need
+        # to be associated with the Table at dialect-agnostic time etc. like
+        # CheckConstraints can be set up with that table.  they then add
+        # to these constraints a DDL check_rule that among other things
+        # will check this _is_impl_for_variant() method to determine when
+        # the dialect is known that we are part of the table's DDL sequence.
+
+        # since PostgreSQL is the only DB that has ARRAY this can only
+        # be integration tested by PG-specific tests
+        def _we_are_the_impl(typ):
+            return (
+                typ is self
+                or isinstance(typ, ARRAY)
+                and typ.item_type is self  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+            )
+
+        if dialect.name in variant_mapping and _we_are_the_impl(
+            variant_mapping[dialect.name]
+        ):
+            return True
+        elif dialect.name not in variant_mapping:
+            return _we_are_the_impl(variant_mapping["_default"])
+
+
+class Enum(String, SchemaType, Emulated, TypeEngine[Union[str, enum.Enum]]):
+    """Generic Enum Type.
+
+    The :class:`.Enum` type provides a set of possible string values
+    which the column is constrained towards.
+
+    The :class:`.Enum` type will make use of the backend's native "ENUM"
+    type if one is available; otherwise, it uses a VARCHAR datatype.
+    An option also exists to automatically produce a CHECK constraint
+    when the VARCHAR (so called "non-native") variant is produced;
+    see the  :paramref:`.Enum.create_constraint` flag.
+
+    The :class:`.Enum` type also provides in-Python validation of string
+    values during both read and write operations.  When reading a value
+    from the database in a result set, the string value is always checked
+    against the list of possible values and a ``LookupError`` is raised
+    if no match is found.  When passing a value to the database as a
+    plain string within a SQL statement, if the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.validate_strings` parameter is
+    set to True, a ``LookupError`` is raised for any string value that's
+    not located in the given list of possible values; note that this
+    impacts usage of LIKE expressions with enumerated values (an unusual
+    use case).
+
+    The source of enumerated values may be a list of string values, or
+    alternatively a PEP-435-compliant enumerated class.  For the purposes
+    of the :class:`.Enum` datatype, this class need only provide a
+    ``__members__`` method.
+
+    When using an enumerated class, the enumerated objects are used
+    both for input and output, rather than strings as is the case with
+    a plain-string enumerated type::
+
+        import enum
+        from sqlalchemy import Enum
+
+        class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
+            one = 1
+            two = 2
+            three = 3
+
+        t = Table(
+            'data', MetaData(),
+            Column('value', Enum(MyEnum))
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(t.insert(), {"value": MyEnum.two})
+        assert connection.scalar(t.select()) is MyEnum.two
+
+    Above, the string names of each element, e.g. "one", "two", "three",
+    are persisted to the database; the values of the Python Enum, here
+    indicated as integers, are **not** used; the value of each enum can
+    therefore be any kind of Python object whether or not it is persistable.
+
+    In order to persist the values and not the names, the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.values_callable` parameter may be used.   The value of
+    this parameter is a user-supplied callable, which  is intended to be used
+    with a PEP-435-compliant enumerated class and  returns a list of string
+    values to be persisted.   For a simple enumeration that uses string values,
+    a callable such as  ``lambda x: [e.value for e in x]`` is sufficient.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_mapped_column_enums` - background on using
+        the :class:`_sqltypes.Enum` datatype with the ORM's
+        :ref:`ORM Annotated Declarative <orm_declarative_mapped_column>`
+        feature.
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.ENUM` - PostgreSQL-specific type,
+        which has additional functionality.
+
+        :class:`.mysql.ENUM` - MySQL-specific type
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "enum"
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums: object, **kw: Any):
+        r"""Construct an enum.
+
+        Keyword arguments which don't apply to a specific backend are ignored
+        by that backend.
+
+        :param \*enums: either exactly one PEP-435 compliant enumerated type
+           or one or more string labels.
+
+        :param create_constraint: defaults to False.  When creating a
+           non-native enumerated type, also build a CHECK constraint on the
+           database against the valid values.
+
+           .. note:: it is strongly recommended that the CHECK constraint
+              have an explicit name in order to support schema-management
+              concerns.  This can be established either by setting the
+              :paramref:`.Enum.name` parameter or by setting up an
+              appropriate naming convention; see
+              :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` for background.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - this flag now defaults to False, meaning
+              no CHECK constraint is generated for a non-native enumerated
+              type.
+
+        :param metadata: Associate this type directly with a ``MetaData``
+           object. For types that exist on the target database as an
+           independent schema construct (PostgreSQL), this type will be
+           created and dropped within ``create_all()`` and ``drop_all()``
+           operations. If the type is not associated with any ``MetaData``
+           object, it will associate itself with each ``Table`` in which it is
+           used, and will be created when any of those individual tables are
+           created, after a check is performed for its existence. The type is
+           only dropped when ``drop_all()`` is called for that ``Table``
+           object's metadata, however.
+
+           The value of the :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter of
+           the :class:`_schema.MetaData` object, if set, will be used as the
+           default value of the :paramref:`_types.Enum.schema` on this object
+           if an explicit value is not otherwise supplied.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4.12 :class:`_types.Enum` inherits the
+              :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter of the
+              :class:`_schema.MetaData` object if present, when passed using
+              the :paramref:`_types.Enum.metadata` parameter.
+
+        :param name: The name of this type. This is required for PostgreSQL
+           and any future supported database which requires an explicitly
+           named type, or an explicitly named constraint in order to generate
+           the type and/or a table that uses it. If a PEP-435 enumerated
+           class was used, its name (converted to lower case) is used by
+           default.
+
+        :param native_enum: Use the database's native ENUM type when
+           available. Defaults to True. When False, uses VARCHAR + check
+           constraint for all backends. When False, the VARCHAR length can be
+           controlled with :paramref:`.Enum.length`; currently "length" is
+           ignored if native_enum=True.
+
+        :param length: Allows specifying a custom length for the VARCHAR
+           when a non-native enumeration datatype is used.  By default it uses
+           the length of the longest value.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0 The :paramref:`.Enum.length` parameter
+              is used unconditionally for ``VARCHAR`` rendering regardless of
+              the :paramref:`.Enum.native_enum` parameter, for those backends
+              where ``VARCHAR`` is used for enumerated datatypes.
+
+
+        :param schema: Schema name of this type. For types that exist on the
+           target database as an independent schema construct (PostgreSQL),
+           this parameter specifies the named schema in which the type is
+           present.
+
+           If not present, the schema name will be taken from the
+           :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection if passed as
+           :paramref:`_types.Enum.metadata`, for a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+           that includes the :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4.12 :class:`_types.Enum` inherits the
+              :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter of the
+              :class:`_schema.MetaData` object if present, when passed using
+              the :paramref:`_types.Enum.metadata` parameter.
+
+           Otherwise, if the :paramref:`_types.Enum.inherit_schema` flag is set
+           to ``True``, the schema will be inherited from the associated
+           :class:`_schema.Table` object if any; when
+           :paramref:`_types.Enum.inherit_schema` is at its default of
+           ``False``, the owning table's schema is **not** used.
+
+
+        :param quote: Set explicit quoting preferences for the type's name.
+
+        :param inherit_schema: When ``True``, the "schema" from the owning
+           :class:`_schema.Table`
+           will be copied to the "schema" attribute of this
+           :class:`.Enum`, replacing whatever value was passed for the
+           ``schema`` attribute.   This also takes effect when using the
+           :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` operation.
+
+        :param validate_strings: when True, string values that are being
+           passed to the database in a SQL statement will be checked
+           for validity against the list of enumerated values.  Unrecognized
+           values will result in a ``LookupError`` being raised.
+
+        :param values_callable: A callable which will be passed the PEP-435
+           compliant enumerated type, which should then return a list of string
+           values to be persisted. This allows for alternate usages such as
+           using the string value of an enum to be persisted to the database
+           instead of its name. The callable must return the values to be
+           persisted in the same order as iterating through the Enum's
+           ``__member__`` attribute. For example
+           ``lambda x: [i.value for i in x]``.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.2.3
+
+        :param sort_key_function: a Python callable which may be used as the
+           "key" argument in the Python ``sorted()`` built-in.   The SQLAlchemy
+           ORM requires that primary key columns which are mapped must
+           be sortable in some way.  When using an unsortable enumeration
+           object such as a Python 3 ``Enum`` object, this parameter may be
+           used to set a default sort key function for the objects.  By
+           default, the database value of the enumeration is used as the
+           sorting function.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        :param omit_aliases: A boolean that when true will remove aliases from
+           pep 435 enums. defaults to ``True``.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 2.0 This parameter now defaults to True.
+
+        """
+        self._enum_init(enums, kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _enums_argument(self):
+        if self.enum_class is not None:
+            return [self.enum_class]
+        else:
+            return self.enums
+
+    def _enum_init(self, enums, kw):
+        """internal init for :class:`.Enum` and subclasses.
+
+        friendly init helper used by subclasses to remove
+        all the Enum-specific keyword arguments from kw.  Allows all
+        other arguments in kw to pass through.
+
+        """
+        self.native_enum = kw.pop("native_enum", True)
+        self.create_constraint = kw.pop("create_constraint", False)
+        self.values_callable = kw.pop("values_callable", None)
+        self._sort_key_function = kw.pop("sort_key_function", NO_ARG)
+        length_arg = kw.pop("length", NO_ARG)
+        self._omit_aliases = kw.pop("omit_aliases", True)
+        _disable_warnings = kw.pop("_disable_warnings", False)
+        values, objects = self._parse_into_values(enums, kw)
+        self._setup_for_values(values, objects, kw)
+
+        self.validate_strings = kw.pop("validate_strings", False)
+
+        if self.enums:
+            self._default_length = length = max(len(x) for x in self.enums)
+        else:
+            self._default_length = length = 0
+
+        if length_arg is not NO_ARG:
+            if (
+                not _disable_warnings
+                and length_arg is not None
+                and length_arg < length
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "When provided, length must be larger or equal"
+                    " than the length of the longest enum value. %s < %s"
+                    % (length_arg, length)
+                )
+            length = length_arg
+
+        self._valid_lookup[None] = self._object_lookup[None] = None
+
+        super().__init__(length=length)
+
+        # assign name to the given enum class if no other name, and this
+        # enum is not an "empty" enum.  if the enum is "empty" we assume
+        # this is a template enum that will be used to generate
+        # new Enum classes.
+        if self.enum_class and values:
+            kw.setdefault("name", self.enum_class.__name__.lower())
+        SchemaType.__init__(
+            self,
+            name=kw.pop("name", None),
+            schema=kw.pop("schema", None),
+            metadata=kw.pop("metadata", None),
+            inherit_schema=kw.pop("inherit_schema", False),
+            quote=kw.pop("quote", None),
+            _create_events=kw.pop("_create_events", True),
+            _adapted_from=kw.pop("_adapted_from", None),
+        )
+
+    def _parse_into_values(self, enums, kw):
+        if not enums and "_enums" in kw:
+            enums = kw.pop("_enums")
+
+        if len(enums) == 1 and hasattr(enums[0], "__members__"):
+            self.enum_class = enums[0]
+
+            _members = self.enum_class.__members__
+
+            if self._omit_aliases is True:
+                # remove aliases
+                members = OrderedDict(
+                    (n, v) for n, v in _members.items() if v.name == n
+                )
+            else:
+                members = _members
+            if self.values_callable:
+                values = self.values_callable(self.enum_class)
+            else:
+                values = list(members)
+            objects = [members[k] for k in members]
+            return values, objects
+        else:
+            self.enum_class = None
+            return enums, enums
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Any) -> Enum:
+        tv = type(value)
+        typ = self._resolve_for_python_type(tv, tv, tv)
+        assert typ is not None
+        return typ
+
+    def _resolve_for_python_type(
+        self,
+        python_type: Type[Any],
+        matched_on: _MatchedOnType,
+        matched_on_flattened: Type[Any],
+    ) -> Optional[Enum]:
+        # "generic form" indicates we were placed in a type map
+        # as ``sqlalchemy.Enum(enum.Enum)`` which indicates we need to
+        # get enumerated values from the datatype
+        we_are_generic_form = self._enums_argument == [enum.Enum]
+
+        native_enum = None
+
+        if not we_are_generic_form and python_type is matched_on:
+            # if we have enumerated values, and the incoming python
+            # type is exactly the one that matched in the type map,
+            # then we use these enumerated values and dont try to parse
+            # what's incoming
+            enum_args = self._enums_argument
+
+        elif is_literal(python_type):
+            # for a literal, where we need to get its contents, parse it out.
+            enum_args = typing_get_args(python_type)
+            bad_args = [arg for arg in enum_args if not isinstance(arg, str)]
+            if bad_args:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Can't create string-based Enum datatype from non-string "
+                    f"values: {', '.join(repr(x) for x in bad_args)}.  Please "
+                    f"provide an explicit Enum datatype for this Python type"
+                )
+            native_enum = False
+        elif isinstance(python_type, type) and issubclass(
+            python_type, enum.Enum
+        ):
+            # same for an enum.Enum
+            enum_args = [python_type]
+
+        else:
+            enum_args = self._enums_argument
+
+        # make a new Enum that looks like this one.
+        # arguments or other rules
+        kw = self._make_enum_kw({})
+
+        if native_enum is False:
+            kw["native_enum"] = False
+
+        kw["length"] = NO_ARG if self.length == 0 else self.length
+        return cast(
+            Enum,
+            self._generic_type_affinity(_enums=enum_args, **kw),  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        )
+
+    def _setup_for_values(self, values, objects, kw):
+        self.enums = list(values)
+
+        self._valid_lookup = dict(zip(reversed(objects), reversed(values)))
+
+        self._object_lookup = dict(zip(values, objects))
+
+        self._valid_lookup.update(
+            [
+                (value, self._valid_lookup[self._object_lookup[value]])
+                for value in values
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sort_key_function(self):
+        if self._sort_key_function is NO_ARG:
+            return self._db_value_for_elem
+        else:
+            return self._sort_key_function
+
+    @property
+    def native(self):
+        return self.native_enum
+
+    def _db_value_for_elem(self, elem):
+        try:
+            return self._valid_lookup[elem]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            # for unknown string values, we return as is.  While we can
+            # validate these if we wanted, that does not allow for lesser-used
+            # end-user use cases, such as using a LIKE comparison with an enum,
+            # or for an application that wishes to apply string tests to an
+            # ENUM (see [ticket:3725]).  While we can decide to differentiate
+            # here between an INSERT statement and a criteria used in a SELECT,
+            # for now we're staying conservative w/ behavioral changes (perhaps
+            # someone has a trigger that handles strings on INSERT)
+            if not self.validate_strings and isinstance(elem, str):
+                return elem
+            else:
+                raise LookupError(
+                    "'%s' is not among the defined enum values. "
+                    "Enum name: %s. Possible values: %s"
+                    % (
+                        elem,
+                        self.name,
+                        langhelpers.repr_tuple_names(self.enums),
+                    )
+                ) from err
+
+    class Comparator(String.Comparator[str]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        type: String
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            op, typ = super()._adapt_expression(op, other_comparator)
+            if op is operators.concat_op:
+                typ = String(self.type.length)
+            return op, typ
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def _object_value_for_elem(self, elem):
+        try:
+            return self._object_lookup[elem]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise LookupError(
+                "'%s' is not among the defined enum values. "
+                "Enum name: %s. Possible values: %s"
+                % (
+                    elem,
+                    self.name,
+                    langhelpers.repr_tuple_names(self.enums),
+                )
+            ) from err
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self,
+            additional_kw=[
+                ("native_enum", True),
+                ("create_constraint", False),
+                ("length", self._default_length),
+            ],
+            to_inspect=[Enum, SchemaType],
+        )
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype=False):
+        try:
+            args = self.enums
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "TypeEngine.as_generic() heuristic "
+                "is undefined for types that inherit Enum but do not have "
+                "an `enums` attribute."
+            ) from None
+
+        return util.constructor_copy(
+            self, self._generic_type_affinity, *args, _disable_warnings=True
+        )
+
+    def _make_enum_kw(self, kw):
+        kw.setdefault("validate_strings", self.validate_strings)
+        if self.name:
+            kw.setdefault("name", self.name)
+        kw.setdefault("schema", self.schema)
+        kw.setdefault("inherit_schema", self.inherit_schema)
+        kw.setdefault("metadata", self.metadata)
+        kw.setdefault("native_enum", self.native_enum)
+        kw.setdefault("values_callable", self.values_callable)
+        kw.setdefault("create_constraint", self.create_constraint)
+        kw.setdefault("length", self.length)
+        kw.setdefault("omit_aliases", self._omit_aliases)
+        return kw
+
+    def adapt_to_emulated(self, impltype, **kw):
+        self._make_enum_kw(kw)
+        kw["_disable_warnings"] = True
+        kw.setdefault("_create_events", False)
+        assert "_enums" in kw
+        return impltype(**kw)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        kw["_enums"] = self._enums_argument
+        kw["_disable_warnings"] = True
+        return super().adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(compiler.dialect, kw):
+            return False
+        return (
+            not self.native_enum or not compiler.dialect.supports_native_enum
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        schema = util.preloaded.sql_schema
+        SchemaType._set_table(self, column, table)
+
+        if not self.create_constraint:
+            return
+
+        variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping_for_set_table(column)
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, String()).in_(self.enums),
+            name=_NONE_NAME if self.name is None else self.name,
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint,
+                {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+            ),
+            _type_bound=True,
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        parent_processor = super().literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._db_value_for_elem(value)
+            if parent_processor:
+                value = parent_processor(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        parent_processor = super().bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._db_value_for_elem(value)
+            if parent_processor:
+                value = parent_processor(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        parent_processor = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if parent_processor:
+                value = parent_processor(value)
+
+            value = self._object_value_for_elem(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        return SchemaType.copy(self, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.enum_class:
+            return self.enum_class
+        else:
+            return super().python_type
+
+
+class PickleType(TypeDecorator[object]):
+    """Holds Python objects, which are serialized using pickle.
+
+    PickleType builds upon the Binary type to apply Python's
+    ``pickle.dumps()`` to incoming objects, and ``pickle.loads()`` on
+    the way out, allowing any pickleable Python object to be stored as
+    a serialized binary field.
+
+    To allow ORM change events to propagate for elements associated
+    with :class:`.PickleType`, see :ref:`mutable_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    impl = LargeBinary
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        protocol: int = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
+        pickler: Any = None,
+        comparator: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any], bool]] = None,
+        impl: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a PickleType.
+
+        :param protocol: defaults to ``pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL``.
+
+        :param pickler: defaults to pickle.  May be any object with
+          pickle-compatible ``dumps`` and ``loads`` methods.
+
+        :param comparator: a 2-arg callable predicate used
+          to compare values of this type.  If left as ``None``,
+          the Python "equals" operator is used to compare values.
+
+        :param impl: A binary-storing :class:`_types.TypeEngine` class or
+          instance to use in place of the default :class:`_types.LargeBinary`.
+          For example the :class: `_mysql.LONGBLOB` class may be more effective
+          when using MySQL.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.20
+
+        """
+        self.protocol = protocol
+        self.pickler = pickler or pickle
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        super().__init__()
+
+        if impl:
+            # custom impl is not necessarily a LargeBinary subclass.
+            # make an exception to typing for this
+            self.impl = to_instance(impl)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return PickleType, (self.protocol, None, self.comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+        dumps = self.pickler.dumps
+        protocol = self.protocol
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return fixed_impl_processor(value)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        loads = self.pickler.loads
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(value):
+                value = fixed_impl_processor(value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+
+        return process
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        if self.comparator:
+            return self.comparator(x, y)
+        else:
+            return x == y
+
+
+class Boolean(SchemaType, Emulated, TypeEngine[bool]):
+    """A bool datatype.
+
+    :class:`.Boolean` typically uses BOOLEAN or SMALLINT on the DDL side,
+    and on the Python side deals in ``True`` or ``False``.
+
+    The :class:`.Boolean` datatype currently has two levels of assertion
+    that the values persisted are simple true/false values.  For all
+    backends, only the Python values ``None``, ``True``, ``False``, ``1``
+    or ``0`` are accepted as parameter values.   For those backends that
+    don't support a "native boolean" datatype, an option exists to
+    also create a CHECK constraint on the target column
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2 the :class:`.Boolean` datatype now asserts that
+       incoming Python values are already in pure boolean form.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "boolean"
+    native = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        create_constraint: bool = False,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        _create_events: bool = True,
+        _adapted_from: Optional[SchemaType] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a Boolean.
+
+        :param create_constraint: defaults to False.  If the boolean
+          is generated as an int/smallint, also create a CHECK constraint
+          on the table that ensures 1 or 0 as a value.
+
+          .. note:: it is strongly recommended that the CHECK constraint
+             have an explicit name in order to support schema-management
+             concerns.  This can be established either by setting the
+             :paramref:`.Boolean.name` parameter or by setting up an
+             appropriate naming convention; see
+             :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` for background.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - this flag now defaults to False, meaning
+             no CHECK constraint is generated for a non-native enumerated
+             type.
+
+        :param name: if a CHECK constraint is generated, specify
+          the name of the constraint.
+
+        """
+        self.create_constraint = create_constraint
+        self.name = name
+        self._create_events = _create_events
+        if _adapted_from:
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(_adapted_from.dispatch)
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(compiler.dialect, kw):
+            return False
+        return (
+            not compiler.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+            and compiler.dialect.non_native_boolean_check_constraint
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        schema = util.preloaded.sql_schema
+        if not self.create_constraint:
+            return
+
+        variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping_for_set_table(column)
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, self).in_([0, 1]),
+            name=_NONE_NAME if self.name is None else self.name,
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint,
+                {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+            ),
+            _type_bound=True,
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return bool
+
+    _strict_bools = frozenset([None, True, False])
+
+    def _strict_as_bool(self, value):
+        if value not in self._strict_bools:
+            if not isinstance(value, int):
+                raise TypeError("Not a boolean value: %r" % (value,))
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Value %r is not None, True, or False" % (value,)
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        compiler = dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, None)
+        true = compiler.visit_true(None)
+        false = compiler.visit_false(None)
+
+        def process(value):
+            return true if self._strict_as_bool(value) else false
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        _strict_as_bool = self._strict_as_bool
+
+        _coerce: Union[Type[bool], Type[int]]
+
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            _coerce = bool
+        else:
+            _coerce = int
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = _strict_as_bool(value)
+            if value is not None:
+                value = _coerce(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.int_to_boolean
+
+
+class _AbstractInterval(HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.timedelta]):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: DateTime,
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+                DateTime: DateTime,
+                Time: Time,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {Interval: self.__class__},
+            operators.mul: {Numeric: self.__class__},
+            operators.truediv: {Numeric: self.__class__},
+        }
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[Interval]:
+        return Interval
+
+
+class Interval(Emulated, _AbstractInterval, TypeDecorator[dt.timedelta]):
+    """A type for ``datetime.timedelta()`` objects.
+
+    The Interval type deals with ``datetime.timedelta`` objects.  In
+    PostgreSQL and Oracle, the native ``INTERVAL`` type is used; for others,
+    the value is stored as a date which is relative to the "epoch"
+    (Jan. 1, 1970).
+
+    Note that the ``Interval`` type does not currently provide date arithmetic
+    operations on platforms which do not support interval types natively. Such
+    operations usually require transformation of both sides of the expression
+    (such as, conversion of both sides into integer epoch values first) which
+    currently is a manual procedure (such as via
+    :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`).
+
+    """
+
+    impl = DateTime
+    epoch = dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(0, dt.timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native: bool = True,
+        second_precision: Optional[int] = None,
+        day_precision: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct an Interval object.
+
+        :param native: when True, use the actual
+          INTERVAL type provided by the database, if
+          supported (currently PostgreSQL, Oracle).
+          Otherwise, represent the interval data as
+          an epoch value regardless.
+
+        :param second_precision: For native interval types
+          which support a "fractional seconds precision" parameter,
+          i.e. Oracle and PostgreSQL
+
+        :param day_precision: for native interval types which
+          support a "day precision" parameter, i.e. Oracle.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.native = native
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+
+    class Comparator(
+        TypeDecorator.Comparator[_CT],
+        _AbstractInterval.Comparator[_CT],
+    ):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def adapt_to_emulated(self, impltype, **kw):
+        return _AbstractInterval.adapt(self, impltype, **kw)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        return self.impl_instance.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> _BindProcessorType[dt.timedelta]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.impl_instance, DateTime)
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(
+                value: Optional[dt.timedelta],
+            ) -> Any:
+                if value is not None:
+                    dt_value = epoch + value
+                else:
+                    dt_value = None
+                return fixed_impl_processor(dt_value)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(
+                value: Optional[dt.timedelta],
+            ) -> Any:
+                if value is not None:
+                    dt_value = epoch + value
+                else:
+                    dt_value = None
+                return dt_value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: Any
+    ) -> _ResultProcessorType[dt.timedelta]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.impl_instance, DateTime)
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(value: Any) -> Optional[dt.timedelta]:
+                dt_value = fixed_impl_processor(value)
+                if dt_value is None:
+                    return None
+                return dt_value - epoch
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value: Any) -> Optional[dt.timedelta]:
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return value - epoch  # type: ignore
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSON(Indexable, TypeEngine[Any]):
+    """Represent a SQL JSON type.
+
+    .. note::  :class:`_types.JSON`
+       is provided as a facade for vendor-specific
+       JSON types.  Since it supports JSON SQL operations, it only
+       works on backends that have an actual JSON type, currently:
+
+       * PostgreSQL - see :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSON` and
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSONB` for backend-specific
+         notes
+
+       * MySQL - see
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.JSON` for backend-specific notes
+
+       * SQLite as of version 3.9 - see
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.JSON` for backend-specific notes
+
+       * Microsoft SQL Server 2016 and later - see
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.JSON` for backend-specific notes
+
+    :class:`_types.JSON` is part of the Core in support of the growing
+    popularity of native JSON datatypes.
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON` type stores arbitrary JSON format data, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', JSON)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                {"data": {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}}
+            )
+
+    **JSON-Specific Expression Operators**
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype provides these additional SQL operations:
+
+    * Keyed index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key']
+
+    * Integer index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[3]
+
+    * Path index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', 5, ..., 'key_n')]
+
+    * Data casters for specific JSON element types, subsequent to an index
+      or path operation being invoked::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"].as_integer()
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+    Additional operations may be available from the dialect-specific versions
+    of :class:`_types.JSON`, such as
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSON` and
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSONB` which both offer additional
+    PostgreSQL-specific operations.
+
+    **Casting JSON Elements to Other Types**
+
+    Index operations, i.e. those invoked by calling upon the expression using
+    the Python bracket operator as in ``some_column['some key']``, return an
+    expression object whose type defaults to :class:`_types.JSON` by default,
+    so that
+    further JSON-oriented instructions may be called upon the result type.
+    However, it is likely more common that an index operation is expected
+    to return a specific scalar element, such as a string or integer.  In
+    order to provide access to these elements in a backend-agnostic way,
+    a series of data casters are provided:
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_string` - return the element as a string
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_boolean` - return the element as a boolean
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_float` - return the element as a float
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_integer` - return the element as an integer
+
+    These data casters are implemented by supporting dialects in order to
+    assure that comparisons to the above types will work as expected, such as::
+
+        # integer comparison
+        data_table.c.data["some_integer_key"].as_integer() == 5
+
+        # boolean comparison
+        data_table.c.data["some_boolean"].as_boolean() == True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.11 Added type-specific casters for the basic JSON
+       data element types.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The data caster functions are new in version 1.3.11, and supersede
+        the previous documented approaches of using CAST; for reference,
+        this looked like::
+
+           from sqlalchemy import cast, type_coerce
+           from sqlalchemy import String, JSON
+           cast(
+               data_table.c.data['some_key'], String
+           ) == type_coerce(55, JSON)
+
+        The above case now works directly as::
+
+            data_table.c.data['some_key'].as_integer() == 5
+
+        For details on the previous comparison approach within the 1.3.x
+        series, see the documentation for SQLAlchemy 1.2 or the included HTML
+        files in the doc/ directory of the version's distribution.
+
+    **Detecting Changes in JSON columns when using the ORM**
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM, does not
+    detect in-place mutations to the structure.  In order to detect these, the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used, most typically
+    using the :class:`.MutableDict` class.  This extension will
+    allow "in-place" changes to the datastructure to produce events which
+    will be detected by the unit of work.  See the example at :class:`.HSTORE`
+    for a simple example involving a dictionary.
+
+    Alternatively, assigning a JSON structure to an ORM element that
+    replaces the old one will always trigger a change event.
+
+    **Support for JSON null vs. SQL NULL**
+
+    When working with NULL values, the :class:`_types.JSON` type recommends the
+    use of two specific constants in order to differentiate between a column
+    that evaluates to SQL NULL, e.g. no value, vs. the JSON-encoded string of
+    ``"null"``. To insert or select against a value that is SQL NULL, use the
+    constant :func:`.null`. This symbol may be passed as a parameter value
+    specifically when using the :class:`_types.JSON` datatype, which contains
+    special logic that interprets this symbol to mean that the column value
+    should be SQL NULL as opposed to JSON ``"null"``::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import null
+        conn.execute(table.insert(), {"json_value": null()})
+
+    To insert or select against a value that is JSON ``"null"``, use the
+    constant :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`::
+
+        conn.execute(table.insert(), {"json_value": JSON.NULL})
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON` type supports a flag
+    :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` which when set to True will result
+    in the Python constant ``None`` evaluating to the value of SQL
+    NULL, and when set to False results in the Python constant
+    ``None`` evaluating to the value of JSON ``"null"``.    The Python
+    value ``None`` may be used in conjunction with either
+    :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL` and :func:`.null` in order to indicate NULL
+    values, but care must be taken as to the value of the
+    :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` in these cases.
+
+    **Customizing the JSON Serializer**
+
+    The JSON serializer and deserializer used by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    defaults to
+    Python's ``json.dumps`` and ``json.loads`` functions; in the case of the
+    psycopg2 dialect, psycopg2 may be using its own custom loader function.
+
+    In order to affect the serializer / deserializer, they are currently
+    configurable at the :func:`_sa.create_engine` level via the
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.json_serializer` and
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.json_deserializer` parameters.  For example,
+    to turn off ``ensure_ascii``::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "sqlite://",
+            json_serializer=lambda obj: json.dumps(obj, ensure_ascii=False))
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.3.7
+
+        SQLite dialect's ``json_serializer`` and ``json_deserializer``
+        parameters renamed from ``_json_serializer`` and
+        ``_json_deserializer``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSON`
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSONB`
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.JSON`
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.JSON`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "JSON"
+
+    hashable = False
+    NULL = util.symbol("JSON_NULL")
+    """Describe the json value of NULL.
+
+    This value is used to force the JSON value of ``"null"`` to be
+    used as the value.   A value of Python ``None`` will be recognized
+    either as SQL NULL or JSON ``"null"``, based on the setting
+    of the :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` flag; the
+    :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`
+    constant can be used to always resolve to JSON ``"null"`` regardless
+    of this setting.  This is in contrast to the :func:`_expression.null`
+    construct,
+    which always resolves to SQL NULL.  E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import null
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSON
+
+        # will *always* insert SQL NULL
+        obj1 = MyObject(json_value=null())
+
+        # will *always* insert JSON string "null"
+        obj2 = MyObject(json_value=JSON.NULL)
+
+        session.add_all([obj1, obj2])
+        session.commit()
+
+    In order to set JSON NULL as a default value for a column, the most
+    transparent method is to use :func:`_expression.text`::
+
+        Table(
+            'my_table', metadata,
+            Column('json_data', JSON, default=text("'null'"))
+        )
+
+    While it is possible to use :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL` in this context, the
+    :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL` value will be returned as the value of the
+    column,
+    which in the context of the ORM or other repurposing of the default
+    value, may not be desirable.  Using a SQL expression means the value
+    will be re-fetched from the database within the context of retrieving
+    generated defaults.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, none_as_null: bool = False):
+        """Construct a :class:`_types.JSON` type.
+
+        :param none_as_null=False: if True, persist the value ``None`` as a
+         SQL NULL value, not the JSON encoding of ``null``. Note that when this
+         flag is False, the :func:`.null` construct can still be used to
+         persist a NULL value, which may be passed directly as a parameter
+         value that is specially interpreted by the :class:`_types.JSON` type
+         as SQL NULL::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import null
+             conn.execute(table.insert(), {"data": null()})
+
+         .. note::
+
+              :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` does **not** apply to the
+              values passed to :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` and
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`; a value of ``None``
+              passed for these parameters means "no default present".
+
+              Additionally, when used in SQL comparison expressions, the
+              Python value ``None`` continues to refer to SQL null, and not
+              JSON NULL.  The :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` flag refers
+              explicitly to the **persistence** of the value within an
+              INSERT or UPDATE statement.   The :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`
+              value should be used for SQL expressions that wish to compare to
+              JSON null.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+              :attr:`.types.JSON.NULL`
+
+        """
+        self.none_as_null = none_as_null
+
+    class JSONElementType(TypeEngine[Any]):
+        """Common function for index / path elements in a JSON expression."""
+
+        _integer = Integer()
+        _string = String()
+
+        def string_bind_processor(self, dialect):
+            return self._string._cached_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def string_literal_processor(self, dialect):
+            return self._string._cached_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+            int_processor = self._integer._cached_bind_processor(dialect)
+            string_processor = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if int_processor and isinstance(value, int):
+                    value = int_processor(value)
+                elif string_processor and isinstance(value, str):
+                    value = string_processor(value)
+                return value
+
+            return process
+
+        def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+            int_processor = self._integer._cached_literal_processor(dialect)
+            string_processor = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if int_processor and isinstance(value, int):
+                    value = int_processor(value)
+                elif string_processor and isinstance(value, str):
+                    value = string_processor(value)
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+                return value
+
+            return process
+
+    class JSONIndexType(JSONElementType):
+        """Placeholder for the datatype of a JSON index value.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of JSON index values
+        for special syntaxes.
+
+        """
+
+    class JSONIntIndexType(JSONIndexType):
+        """Placeholder for the datatype of a JSON index value.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of JSON index values
+        for special syntaxes.
+
+        """
+
+    class JSONStrIndexType(JSONIndexType):
+        """Placeholder for the datatype of a JSON index value.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of JSON index values
+        for special syntaxes.
+
+        """
+
+    class JSONPathType(JSONElementType):
+        """Placeholder type for JSON path operations.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of a path-based
+        index value into a specific SQL syntax.
+
+        """
+
+        __visit_name__ = "json_path"
+
+    class Comparator(Indexable.Comparator[_T], Concatenable.Comparator[_T]):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.JSON`."""
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            if not isinstance(index, str) and isinstance(
+                index, collections_abc.Sequence
+            ):
+                index = coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    index,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    operator=operators.json_path_getitem_op,
+                    bindparam_type=JSON.JSONPathType,
+                )
+
+                operator = operators.json_path_getitem_op
+            else:
+                index = coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    index,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    operator=operators.json_getitem_op,
+                    bindparam_type=(
+                        JSON.JSONIntIndexType
+                        if isinstance(index, int)
+                        else JSON.JSONStrIndexType
+                    ),
+                )
+                operator = operators.json_getitem_op
+
+            return operator, index, self.type
+
+        def as_boolean(self):
+            """Cast an indexed value as boolean.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_boolean()
+                ).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_boolean() == True
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """
+            return self._binary_w_type(Boolean(), "as_boolean")
+
+        def as_string(self):
+            """Cast an indexed value as string.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_string()
+                ).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_string() ==
+                    'some string'
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """
+            return self._binary_w_type(Unicode(), "as_string")
+
+        def as_integer(self):
+            """Cast an indexed value as integer.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_integer()
+                ).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_integer() == 5
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """
+            return self._binary_w_type(Integer(), "as_integer")
+
+        def as_float(self):
+            """Cast an indexed value as float.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_float()
+                ).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_float() == 29.75
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """
+            return self._binary_w_type(Float(), "as_float")
+
+        def as_numeric(self, precision, scale, asdecimal=True):
+            """Cast an indexed value as numeric/decimal.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(
+                    mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_numeric(10, 6)
+                ).where(
+                    mytable.c.
+                    json_column['some_data'].as_numeric(10, 6) == 29.75
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+            """
+            return self._binary_w_type(
+                Numeric(precision, scale, asdecimal=asdecimal), "as_numeric"
+            )
+
+        def as_json(self):
+            """Cast an indexed value as JSON.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column['some_data'].as_json())
+
+            This is typically the default behavior of indexed elements in any
+            case.
+
+            Note that comparison of full JSON structures may not be
+            supported by all backends.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """
+            return self.expr
+
+        def _binary_w_type(self, typ, method_name):
+            if not isinstance(
+                self.expr, elements.BinaryExpression
+            ) or self.expr.operator not in (
+                operators.json_getitem_op,
+                operators.json_path_getitem_op,
+            ):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "The JSON cast operator JSON.%s() only works with a JSON "
+                    "index expression e.g. col['q'].%s()"
+                    % (method_name, method_name)
+                )
+            expr = self.expr._clone()
+            expr.type = typ
+            return expr
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dict
+
+    @property  # type: ignore  # mypy property bug
+    def should_evaluate_none(self):
+        """Alias of :attr:`_types.JSON.none_as_null`"""
+        return not self.none_as_null
+
+    @should_evaluate_none.setter
+    def should_evaluate_none(self, value):
+        self.none_as_null = not value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _str_impl(self):
+        return String()
+
+    def _make_bind_processor(self, string_process, json_serializer):
+        if string_process:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is self.NULL:
+                    value = None
+                elif isinstance(value, elements.Null) or (
+                    value is None and self.none_as_null
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+                serialized = json_serializer(value)
+                return string_process(serialized)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is self.NULL:
+                    value = None
+                elif isinstance(value, elements.Null) or (
+                    value is None and self.none_as_null
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+                return json_serializer(value)
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        string_process = self._str_impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+        json_serializer = dialect._json_serializer or json.dumps
+
+        return self._make_bind_processor(string_process, json_serializer)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        string_process = self._str_impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        json_deserializer = dialect._json_deserializer or json.loads
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            if string_process:
+                value = string_process(value)
+            return json_deserializer(value)
+
+        return process
+
+
+class ARRAY(
+    SchemaEventTarget, Indexable, Concatenable, TypeEngine[Sequence[Any]]
+):
+    """Represent a SQL Array type.
+
+    .. note::  This type serves as the basis for all ARRAY operations.
+       However, currently **only the PostgreSQL backend has support for SQL
+       arrays in SQLAlchemy**. It is recommended to use the PostgreSQL-specific
+       :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ARRAY` type directly when using
+       ARRAY types with PostgreSQL, as it provides additional operators
+       specific to that backend.
+
+    :class:`_types.ARRAY` is part of the Core in support of various SQL
+    standard functions such as :class:`_functions.array_agg`
+    which explicitly involve
+    arrays; however, with the exception of the PostgreSQL backend and possibly
+    some third-party dialects, no other SQLAlchemy built-in dialect has support
+    for this type.
+
+    An :class:`_types.ARRAY` type is constructed given the "type"
+    of element::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", ARRAY(Integer))
+            )
+
+    The above type represents an N-dimensional array,
+    meaning a supporting backend such as PostgreSQL will interpret values
+    with any number of dimensions automatically.   To produce an INSERT
+    construct that passes in a 1-dimensional array of integers::
+
+        connection.execute(
+                mytable.insert(),
+                {"data": [1,2,3]}
+        )
+
+    The :class:`_types.ARRAY` type can be constructed given a fixed number
+    of dimensions::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=2))
+            )
+
+    Sending a number of dimensions is optional, but recommended if the
+    datatype is to represent arrays of more than one dimension.  This number
+    is used:
+
+    * When emitting the type declaration itself to the database, e.g.
+      ``INTEGER[][]``
+
+    * When translating Python values to database values, and vice versa, e.g.
+      an ARRAY of :class:`.Unicode` objects uses this number to efficiently
+      access the string values inside of array structures without resorting
+      to per-row type inspection
+
+    * When used with the Python ``getitem`` accessor, the number of dimensions
+      serves to define the kind of type that the ``[]`` operator should
+      return, e.g. for an ARRAY of INTEGER with two dimensions::
+
+          >>> expr = table.c.column[5]  # returns ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=1)
+          >>> expr = expr[6]  # returns Integer
+
+    For 1-dimensional arrays, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` instance with no
+    dimension parameter will generally assume single-dimensional behaviors.
+
+    SQL expressions of type :class:`_types.ARRAY` have support for "index" and
+    "slice" behavior.  The ``[]`` operator produces expression
+    constructs which will produce the appropriate SQL, both for
+    SELECT statements::
+
+        select(mytable.c.data[5], mytable.c.data[2:7])
+
+    as well as UPDATE statements when the :meth:`_expression.Update.values`
+    method is used::
+
+        mytable.update().values({
+            mytable.c.data[5]: 7,
+            mytable.c.data[2:7]: [1, 2, 3]
+        })
+
+    Indexed access is one-based by default;
+    for zero-based index conversion, set :paramref:`_types.ARRAY.zero_indexes`.
+
+    The :class:`_types.ARRAY` type also provides for the operators
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any` and
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`. The PostgreSQL-specific version of
+    :class:`_types.ARRAY` also provides additional operators.
+
+    .. container:: topic
+
+        **Detecting Changes in ARRAY columns when using the ORM**
+
+        The :class:`_sqltypes.ARRAY` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM,
+        does not detect in-place mutations to the array. In order to detect
+        these, the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used, using
+        the :class:`.MutableList` class::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import ARRAY
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableList
+
+            class SomeOrmClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                data = Column(MutableList.as_mutable(ARRAY(Integer)))
+
+        This extension will allow "in-place" changes such to the array
+        such as ``.append()`` to produce events which will be detected by the
+        unit of work.  Note that changes to elements **inside** the array,
+        including subarrays that are mutated in place, are **not** detected.
+
+        Alternatively, assigning a new array value to an ORM element that
+        replaces the old one will always trigger a change event.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ARRAY"
+
+    _is_array = True
+
+    zero_indexes = False
+    """If True, Python zero-based indexes should be interpreted as one-based
+    on the SQL expression side."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        item_type: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+        as_tuple: bool = False,
+        dimensions: Optional[int] = None,
+        zero_indexes: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct an :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myarray', ARRAY(Integer))
+
+        Arguments are:
+
+        :param item_type: The data type of items of this array. Note that
+          dimensionality is irrelevant here, so multi-dimensional arrays like
+          ``INTEGER[][]``, are constructed as ``ARRAY(Integer)``, not as
+          ``ARRAY(ARRAY(Integer))`` or such.
+
+        :param as_tuple=False: Specify whether return results
+          should be converted to tuples from lists.  This parameter is
+          not generally needed as a Python list corresponds well
+          to a SQL array.
+
+        :param dimensions: if non-None, the ARRAY will assume a fixed
+         number of dimensions.   This impacts how the array is declared
+         on the database, how it goes about interpreting Python and
+         result values, as well as how expression behavior in conjunction
+         with the "getitem" operator works.  See the description at
+         :class:`_types.ARRAY` for additional detail.
+
+        :param zero_indexes=False: when True, index values will be converted
+         between Python zero-based and SQL one-based indexes, e.g.
+         a value of one will be added to all index values before passing
+         to the database.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(item_type, ARRAY):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Do not nest ARRAY types; ARRAY(basetype) "
+                "handles multi-dimensional arrays of basetype"
+            )
+        if isinstance(item_type, type):
+            item_type = item_type()
+        self.item_type = item_type
+        self.as_tuple = as_tuple
+        self.dimensions = dimensions
+        self.zero_indexes = zero_indexes
+
+    class Comparator(
+        Indexable.Comparator[Sequence[Any]],
+        Concatenable.Comparator[Sequence[Any]],
+    ):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+        More operators are available on the dialect-specific form
+        of this type.  See :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator`.
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        type: ARRAY
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            arr_type = self.type
+
+            return_type: TypeEngine[Any]
+
+            if isinstance(index, slice):
+                return_type = arr_type
+                if arr_type.zero_indexes:
+                    index = slice(index.start + 1, index.stop + 1, index.step)
+                slice_ = Slice(
+                    index.start, index.stop, index.step, _name=self.expr.key
+                )
+                return operators.getitem, slice_, return_type
+            else:
+                if arr_type.zero_indexes:
+                    index += 1
+                if arr_type.dimensions is None or arr_type.dimensions == 1:
+                    return_type = arr_type.item_type
+                else:
+                    adapt_kw = {"dimensions": arr_type.dimensions - 1}
+                    return_type = arr_type.adapt(
+                        arr_type.__class__, **adapt_kw
+                    )
+
+                return operators.getitem, index, return_type
+
+        def contains(self, *arg, **kw):
+            """``ARRAY.contains()`` not implemented for the base ARRAY type.
+            Use the dialect-specific ARRAY type.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` - PostgreSQL specific version.
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "ARRAY.contains() not implemented for the base "
+                "ARRAY type; please use the dialect-specific ARRAY type"
+            )
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+        def any(self, other, operator=None):
+            """Return ``other operator ANY (array)`` clause.
+
+            .. legacy:: This method is an :class:`_types.ARRAY` - specific
+                construct that is now superseded by the :func:`_sql.any_`
+                function, which features a different calling style. The
+                :func:`_sql.any_` function is also mirrored at the method level
+                via the :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.any_` method.
+
+            Usage of array-specific :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+            is as follows::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select(table.c.data).where(
+                            table.c.data.any(7, operator=operators.lt)
+                        )
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :func:`_expression.any_`
+
+                :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+
+            """
+            elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+            operator = operator if operator else operators.eq
+
+            arr_type = self.type
+
+            return elements.CollectionAggregate._create_any(self.expr).operate(
+                operators.mirror(operator),
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    element=other,
+                    operator=operator,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    bindparam_type=arr_type.item_type,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+        def all(self, other, operator=None):
+            """Return ``other operator ALL (array)`` clause.
+
+            .. legacy:: This method is an :class:`_types.ARRAY` - specific
+                construct that is now superseded by the :func:`_sql.all_`
+                function, which features a different calling style. The
+                :func:`_sql.all_` function is also mirrored at the method level
+                via the :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.all_` method.
+
+            Usage of array-specific :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+            is as follows::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select(table.c.data).where(
+                            table.c.data.all(7, operator=operators.lt)
+                        )
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :func:`_expression.all_`
+
+                :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+
+            """
+            elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+            operator = operator if operator else operators.eq
+
+            arr_type = self.type
+
+            return elements.CollectionAggregate._create_all(self.expr).operate(
+                operators.mirror(operator),
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    element=other,
+                    operator=operator,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    bindparam_type=arr_type.item_type,
+                ),
+            )
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def hashable(self):
+        return self.as_tuple
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return list
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        return x == y
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column, outer=False, **kw):
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        if not outer and isinstance(self.item_type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.item_type._set_parent(column, **kw)
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(self, parent):
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        super()._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent, outer=True)
+
+        if isinstance(self.item_type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.item_type._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent)
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).literal_processor(
+            dialect
+        )
+        if item_proc is None:
+            return None
+
+        def to_str(elements):
+            return f"[{', '.join(elements)}]"
+
+        def process(value):
+            inner = self._apply_item_processor(
+                value, item_proc, self.dimensions, to_str
+            )
+            return inner
+
+        return process
+
+    def _apply_item_processor(self, arr, itemproc, dim, collection_callable):
+        """Helper method that can be used by bind_processor(),
+        literal_processor(), etc. to apply an item processor to elements of
+        an array value, taking into account the 'dimensions' for this
+        array type.
+
+        See the Postgresql ARRAY datatype for usage examples.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        if dim is None:
+            arr = list(arr)
+        if (
+            dim == 1
+            or dim is None
+            and (
+                # this has to be (list, tuple), or at least
+                # not hasattr('__iter__'), since Py3K strings
+                # etc. have __iter__
+                not arr
+                or not isinstance(arr[0], (list, tuple))
+            )
+        ):
+            if itemproc:
+                return collection_callable(itemproc(x) for x in arr)
+            else:
+                return collection_callable(arr)
+        else:
+            return collection_callable(
+                (
+                    self._apply_item_processor(
+                        x,
+                        itemproc,
+                        dim - 1 if dim is not None else None,
+                        collection_callable,
+                    )
+                    if x is not None
+                    else None
+                )
+                for x in arr
+            )
+
+
+class TupleType(TypeEngine[Tuple[Any, ...]]):
+    """represent the composite type of a Tuple."""
+
+    _is_tuple_type = True
+
+    types: List[TypeEngine[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, *types: _TypeEngineArgument[Any]):
+        self._fully_typed = NULLTYPE not in types
+        self.types = [
+            item_type() if isinstance(item_type, type) else item_type
+            for item_type in types
+        ]
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if value is type_api._NO_VALUE_IN_LIST:
+            return super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+        else:
+            return TupleType(
+                *[
+                    typ.coerce_compared_value(op, elem)
+                    for typ, elem in zip(self.types, value)
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def _resolve_values_to_types(self, value: Any) -> TupleType:
+        if self._fully_typed:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return TupleType(
+                *[
+                    _resolve_value_to_type(elem) if typ is NULLTYPE else typ
+                    for typ, elem in zip(self.types, value)
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The tuple type does not support being fetched "
+            "as a column in a result row."
+        )
+
+
+class REAL(Float[_N]):
+    """The SQL REAL type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Float` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REAL"
+
+
+class FLOAT(Float[_N]):
+    """The SQL FLOAT type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Float` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "FLOAT"
+
+
+class DOUBLE(Double[_N]):
+    """The SQL DOUBLE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Double` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOUBLE"
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(Double[_N]):
+    """The SQL DOUBLE PRECISION type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Double` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOUBLE_PRECISION"
+
+
+class NUMERIC(Numeric[_N]):
+    """The SQL NUMERIC type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Numeric` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMERIC"
+
+
+class DECIMAL(Numeric[_N]):
+    """The SQL DECIMAL type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Numeric` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DECIMAL"
+
+
+class INTEGER(Integer):
+    """The SQL INT or INTEGER type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Integer` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INTEGER"
+
+
+INT = INTEGER
+
+
+class SMALLINT(SmallInteger):
+    """The SQL SMALLINT type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.SmallInteger` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLINT"
+
+
+class BIGINT(BigInteger):
+    """The SQL BIGINT type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.BigInteger` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIGINT"
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(DateTime):
+    """The SQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+    :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP` datatypes have support for timezone
+    storage on some backends, such as PostgreSQL and Oracle.  Use the
+    :paramref:`~types.TIMESTAMP.timezone` argument in order to enable
+    "TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE" for these backends.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the TIMESTAMP type should
+         enable timezone support, if available on the target database.
+         On a per-dialect basis is similar to "TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE".
+         If the target database does not support timezones, this flag is
+         ignored.
+
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.TIMESTAMP
+
+
+class DATETIME(DateTime):
+    """The SQL DATETIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIME"
+
+
+class DATE(Date):
+    """The SQL DATE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATE"
+
+
+class TIME(Time):
+    """The SQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIME"
+
+
+class TEXT(Text):
+    """The SQL TEXT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TEXT"
+
+
+class CLOB(Text):
+    """The CLOB type.
+
+    This type is found in Oracle and Informix.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CLOB"
+
+
+class VARCHAR(String):
+    """The SQL VARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARCHAR"
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(Unicode):
+    """The SQL NVARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NVARCHAR"
+
+
+class CHAR(String):
+    """The SQL CHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CHAR"
+
+
+class NCHAR(Unicode):
+    """The SQL NCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NCHAR"
+
+
+class BLOB(LargeBinary):
+    """The SQL BLOB type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BLOB"
+
+
+class BINARY(_Binary):
+    """The SQL BINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BINARY"
+
+
+class VARBINARY(_Binary):
+    """The SQL VARBINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARBINARY"
+
+
+class BOOLEAN(Boolean):
+    """The SQL BOOLEAN type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BOOLEAN"
+
+
+class NullType(TypeEngine[None]):
+    """An unknown type.
+
+    :class:`.NullType` is used as a default type for those cases where
+    a type cannot be determined, including:
+
+    * During table reflection, when the type of a column is not recognized
+      by the :class:`.Dialect`
+    * When constructing SQL expressions using plain Python objects of
+      unknown types (e.g. ``somecolumn == my_special_object``)
+    * When a new :class:`_schema.Column` is created,
+      and the given type is passed
+      as ``None`` or is not passed at all.
+
+    The :class:`.NullType` can be used within SQL expression invocation
+    without issue, it just has no behavior either at the expression
+    construction level or at the bind-parameter/result processing level.
+    :class:`.NullType` will result in a :exc:`.CompileError` if the compiler
+    is asked to render the type itself, such as if it is used in a
+    :func:`.cast` operation or within a schema creation operation such as that
+    invoked by :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` or the
+    :class:`.CreateTable`
+    construct.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "null"
+
+    _isnull = True
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(
+                other_comparator, NullType.Comparator
+            ) or not operators.is_commutative(op):
+                return op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return other_comparator._adapt_expression(op, self)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class TableValueType(HasCacheKey, TypeEngine[Any]):
+    """Refers to a table value type."""
+
+    _is_table_value = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_elements", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, *elements: Union[str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]]):
+        self._elements = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.StrAsPlainColumnRole, elem)
+            for elem in elements
+        ]
+
+
+class MatchType(Boolean):
+    """Refers to the return type of the MATCH operator.
+
+    As the :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match` is probably the most open-ended
+    operator in generic SQLAlchemy Core, we can't assume the return type
+    at SQL evaluation time, as MySQL returns a floating point, not a boolean,
+    and other backends might do something different.    So this type
+    acts as a placeholder, currently subclassing :class:`.Boolean`.
+    The type allows dialects to inject result-processing functionality
+    if needed, and on MySQL will return floating-point values.
+
+    """
+
+
+_UUID_RETURN = TypeVar("_UUID_RETURN", str, _python_UUID)
+
+
+class Uuid(Emulated, TypeEngine[_UUID_RETURN]):
+    """Represent a database agnostic UUID datatype.
+
+    For backends that have no "native" UUID datatype, the value will
+    make use of ``CHAR(32)`` and store the UUID as a 32-character alphanumeric
+    hex string.
+
+    For backends which are known to support ``UUID`` directly or a similar
+    uuid-storing datatype such as SQL Server's ``UNIQUEIDENTIFIER``, a
+    "native" mode enabled by default allows these types will be used on those
+    backends.
+
+    In its default mode of use, the :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` datatype expects
+    **Python uuid objects**, from the Python
+    `uuid <https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html>`_
+    module::
+
+        import uuid
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Uuid
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, String
+
+
+        metadata_obj = MetaData()
+
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata_obj,
+            Column('uuid_data', Uuid, primary_key=True),
+            Column("other_data", String)
+        )
+
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                t.insert(),
+                {"uuid_data": uuid.uuid4(), "other_data", "some data"}
+            )
+
+    To have the :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` datatype work with string-based
+    Uuids (e.g. 32 character hexadecimal strings), pass the
+    :paramref:`_sqltypes.Uuid.as_uuid` parameter with the value ``False``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_sqltypes.UUID` - represents exactly the ``UUID`` datatype
+        without any backend-agnostic behaviors.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "uuid"
+
+    collation: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Uuid[_python_UUID],
+        as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...,
+        native_uuid: bool = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Uuid[str],
+        as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...,
+        native_uuid: bool = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True, native_uuid: bool = True):
+        """Construct a :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` type.
+
+        :param as_uuid=True: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         .. versionchanged: 2.0 ``as_uuid`` now defaults to ``True``.
+
+        :param native_uuid=True: if True, backends that support either the
+         ``UUID`` datatype directly, or a UUID-storing value
+         (such as SQL Server's ``UNIQUEIDENTIFIER`` will be used by those
+         backends.   If False, a ``CHAR(32)`` datatype will be used for
+         all backends regardless of native support.
+
+        """
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+        self.native_uuid = native_uuid
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return _python_UUID if self.as_uuid else str
+
+    @property
+    def native(self):
+        return self.native_uuid
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        character_based_uuid = (
+            not dialect.supports_native_uuid or not self.native_uuid
+        )
+
+        if character_based_uuid:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.hex
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.replace("-", "")
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        character_based_uuid = (
+            not dialect.supports_native_uuid or not self.native_uuid
+        )
+
+        if character_based_uuid:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = _python_UUID(value)
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = str(_python_UUID(value))
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+        else:
+            if not self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = str(value)
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        character_based_uuid = (
+            not dialect.supports_native_uuid or not self.native_uuid
+        )
+
+        if not self.as_uuid:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{value.replace("-", "").replace("'", "''")}'"""
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            if character_based_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{value.hex}'"""
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{str(value).replace("'", "''")}'"""
+
+                return process
+
+
+class UUID(Uuid[_UUID_RETURN], type_api.NativeForEmulated):
+    """Represent the SQL UUID type.
+
+    This is the SQL-native form of the :class:`_types.Uuid` database agnostic
+    datatype, and is backwards compatible with the previous PostgreSQL-only
+    version of ``UUID``.
+
+    The :class:`_sqltypes.UUID` datatype only works on databases that have a
+    SQL datatype named ``UUID``. It will not function for backends which don't
+    have this exact-named type, including SQL Server. For backend-agnostic UUID
+    values with native support, including for SQL Server's ``UNIQUEIDENTIFIER``
+    datatype, use the :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` datatype.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "UUID"
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self: UUID[_python_UUID], as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self: UUID[str], as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...): ...
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True):
+        """Construct a :class:`_sqltypes.UUID` type.
+
+
+        :param as_uuid=True: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         .. versionchanged: 2.0 ``as_uuid`` now defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+        self.native_uuid = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, impl, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("as_uuid", impl.as_uuid)
+        return cls(**kw)
+
+
+NULLTYPE = NullType()
+BOOLEANTYPE = Boolean()
+STRINGTYPE = String()
+INTEGERTYPE = Integer()
+NUMERICTYPE: Numeric[decimal.Decimal] = Numeric()
+MATCHTYPE = MatchType()
+TABLEVALUE = TableValueType()
+DATETIME_TIMEZONE = DateTime(timezone=True)
+TIME_TIMEZONE = Time(timezone=True)
+_BIGINTEGER = BigInteger()
+_DATETIME = DateTime()
+_TIME = Time()
+_STRING = String()
+_UNICODE = Unicode()
+
+_type_map: Dict[Type[Any], TypeEngine[Any]] = {
+    int: Integer(),
+    float: Float(),
+    bool: BOOLEANTYPE,
+    _python_UUID: Uuid(),
+    decimal.Decimal: Numeric(),
+    dt.date: Date(),
+    dt.datetime: _DATETIME,
+    dt.time: _TIME,
+    dt.timedelta: Interval(),
+    type(None): NULLTYPE,
+    bytes: LargeBinary(),
+    str: _STRING,
+    enum.Enum: Enum(enum.Enum),
+    Literal: Enum(enum.Enum),  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+}
+
+
+_type_map_get = _type_map.get
+
+
+def _resolve_value_to_type(value: Any) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+    _result_type = _type_map_get(type(value), False)
+
+    if _result_type is False:
+        _result_type = getattr(value, "__sa_type_engine__", False)
+
+    if _result_type is False:
+        # use inspect() to detect SQLAlchemy built-in
+        # objects.
+        insp = inspection.inspect(value, False)
+        if (
+            insp is not None
+            and
+            # foil mock.Mock() and other impostors by ensuring
+            # the inspection target itself self-inspects
+            insp.__class__ in inspection._registrars
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Object %r is not legal as a SQL literal value" % (value,)
+            )
+        return NULLTYPE
+    else:
+        return _result_type._resolve_for_literal(  # type: ignore [union-attr]
+            value
+        )
+
+
+# back-assign to type_api
+type_api.BOOLEANTYPE = BOOLEANTYPE
+type_api.STRINGTYPE = STRINGTYPE
+type_api.INTEGERTYPE = INTEGERTYPE
+type_api.NULLTYPE = NULLTYPE
+type_api.NUMERICTYPE = NUMERICTYPE
+type_api.MATCHTYPE = MATCHTYPE
+type_api.INDEXABLE = INDEXABLE = Indexable
+type_api.TABLEVALUE = TABLEVALUE
+type_api._resolve_value_to_type = _resolve_value_to_type
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/traversals.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/traversals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76643b6d0a637e484c630f73c9923e8a9add85d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/traversals.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1022 @@
+# sql/traversals.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import itertools
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+from . import operators
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+from .visitors import anon_map
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import HasTraversalDispatch
+from .visitors import HasTraverseInternals
+from .. import util
+from ..util import langhelpers
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+SKIP_TRAVERSE = util.symbol("skip_traverse")
+COMPARE_FAILED = False
+COMPARE_SUCCEEDED = True
+
+
+def compare(obj1: Any, obj2: Any, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+    strategy: TraversalComparatorStrategy
+    if kw.get("use_proxies", False):
+        strategy = ColIdentityComparatorStrategy()
+    else:
+        strategy = TraversalComparatorStrategy()
+
+    return strategy.compare(obj1, obj2, **kw)
+
+
+def _preconfigure_traversals(target_hierarchy: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target_hierarchy):
+        if hasattr(cls, "_generate_cache_attrs") and hasattr(
+            cls, "_traverse_internals"
+        ):
+            cls._generate_cache_attrs()
+            _copy_internals.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                cls._traverse_internals,
+                "_generated_copy_internals_traversal",
+            )
+            _get_children.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                cls._traverse_internals,
+                "_generated_get_children_traversal",
+            )
+
+
+class HasShallowCopy(HasTraverseInternals):
+    """attribute-wide operations that are useful for classes that use
+    __slots__ and therefore can't operate on their attributes in a dictionary.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _generated_shallow_copy_traversal(self, other: Self) -> None: ...
+
+        def _generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal(
+            self, d: Dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def _generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal(self) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_shallow_copy(
+        cls,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        method_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Self, Self], None]:
+        code = "\n".join(
+            f"    other.{attrname} = self.{attrname}"
+            for attrname, _ in internal_dispatch
+        )
+        meth_text = f"def {method_name}(self, other):\n{code}\n"
+        return langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_shallow_to_dict(
+        cls,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        method_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Self], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        code = ",\n".join(
+            f"    '{attrname}': self.{attrname}"
+            for attrname, _ in internal_dispatch
+        )
+        meth_text = f"def {method_name}(self):\n    return {{{code}}}\n"
+        return langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_shallow_from_dict(
+        cls,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        method_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Self, Dict[str, Any]], None]:
+        code = "\n".join(
+            f"    self.{attrname} = d['{attrname}']"
+            for attrname, _ in internal_dispatch
+        )
+        meth_text = f"def {method_name}(self, d):\n{code}\n"
+        return langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name)
+
+    def _shallow_from_dict(self, d: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        shallow_from_dict: Callable[[HasShallowCopy, Dict[str, Any]], None]
+        try:
+            shallow_from_dict = cls.__dict__[
+                "_generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal"
+            ]
+        except KeyError:
+            shallow_from_dict = self._generate_shallow_from_dict(
+                cls._traverse_internals,
+                "_generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal",
+            )
+
+            cls._generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal = shallow_from_dict  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+        shallow_from_dict(self, d)
+
+    def _shallow_to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        shallow_to_dict: Callable[[HasShallowCopy], Dict[str, Any]]
+
+        try:
+            shallow_to_dict = cls.__dict__[
+                "_generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal"
+            ]
+        except KeyError:
+            shallow_to_dict = self._generate_shallow_to_dict(
+                cls._traverse_internals, "_generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal"
+            )
+
+            cls._generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal = shallow_to_dict  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        return shallow_to_dict(self)
+
+    def _shallow_copy_to(self, other: Self) -> None:
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        shallow_copy: Callable[[Self, Self], None]
+        try:
+            shallow_copy = cls.__dict__["_generated_shallow_copy_traversal"]
+        except KeyError:
+            shallow_copy = self._generate_shallow_copy(
+                cls._traverse_internals, "_generated_shallow_copy_traversal"
+            )
+
+            cls._generated_shallow_copy_traversal = shallow_copy  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        shallow_copy(self, other)
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Create a shallow copy"""
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        self._shallow_copy_to(c)
+        return c
+
+
+class GenerativeOnTraversal(HasShallowCopy):
+    """Supplies Generative behavior but making use of traversals to shallow
+    copy.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.sql.base.Generative`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _generate(self) -> Self:
+        cls = self.__class__
+        s = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self._shallow_copy_to(s)
+        return s
+
+
+def _clone(element, **kw):
+    return element._clone()
+
+
+class HasCopyInternals(HasTraverseInternals):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Iterable[str] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reassign internal elements to be clones of themselves.
+
+        Called during a copy-and-traverse operation on newly
+        shallow-copied elements to create a deep copy.
+
+        The given clone function should be used, which may be applying
+        additional transformations to the element (i.e. replacement
+        traversal, cloned traversal, annotations).
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            traverse_internals = self._traverse_internals
+        except AttributeError:
+            # user-defined classes may not have a _traverse_internals
+            return
+
+        for attrname, obj, meth in _copy_internals.run_generated_dispatch(
+            self, traverse_internals, "_generated_copy_internals_traversal"
+        ):
+            if attrname in omit_attrs:
+                continue
+
+            if obj is not None:
+                result = meth(attrname, self, obj, **kw)
+                if result is not None:
+                    setattr(self, attrname, result)
+
+
+class _CopyInternalsTraversal(HasTraversalDispatch):
+    """Generate a _copy_internals internal traversal dispatch for classes
+    with a _traverse_internals collection."""
+
+    def visit_clauseelement(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return clone(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_list(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return [clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element]
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuple(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple([clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element])
+
+    def visit_executable_options(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple([clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element])
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return {clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element}
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return [
+            tuple(clone(tup_elem, **kw) for tup_elem in elem)
+            for elem in element
+        ]
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return {key: clone(value, **kw) for key, value in element.items()}
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple(
+            (
+                clone(target, **kw) if target is not None else None,
+                clone(onclause, **kw) if onclause is not None else None,
+                clone(from_, **kw) if from_ is not None else None,
+                flags,
+            )
+            for (target, onclause, from_, flags) in element
+        )
+
+    def visit_memoized_select_entities(self, attrname, parent, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_clauseelement_tuple(attrname, parent, element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        # sequence of 2-tuples
+        return [
+            (
+                (
+                    clone(key, **kw)
+                    if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__")
+                    else key
+                ),
+                clone(value, **kw),
+            )
+            for key, value in element
+        ]
+
+    def visit_dml_values(self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        return {
+            (
+                clone(key, **kw) if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__") else key
+            ): clone(value, **kw)
+            for key, value in element.items()
+        }
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        # sequence of sequences, each sequence contains a list/dict/tuple
+
+        def copy(elem):
+            if isinstance(elem, (list, tuple)):
+                return [
+                    (
+                        clone(value, **kw)
+                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                        else value
+                    )
+                    for value in elem
+                ]
+            elif isinstance(elem, dict):
+                return {
+                    (
+                        clone(key, **kw)
+                        if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__")
+                        else key
+                    ): (
+                        clone(value, **kw)
+                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                        else value
+                    )
+                    for key, value in elem.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                # TODO: use abc classes
+                assert False
+
+        return [
+            [copy(sub_element) for sub_element in sequence]
+            for sequence in element
+        ]
+
+    def visit_propagate_attrs(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return element
+
+
+_copy_internals = _CopyInternalsTraversal()
+
+
+def _flatten_clauseelement(element):
+    while hasattr(element, "__clause_element__") and not getattr(
+        element, "is_clause_element", False
+    ):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+
+    return element
+
+
+class _GetChildrenTraversal(HasTraversalDispatch):
+    """Generate a _children_traversal internal traversal dispatch for classes
+    with a _traverse_internals collection."""
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key(self, element, **kw):
+        # the GetChildren traversal refers explicitly to ClauseElement
+        # structures.  Within these, a plain HasCacheKey is not a
+        # ClauseElement, so don't include these.
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_clauseelement(self, element, **kw):
+        return (element,)
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_list(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuple(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(self, element, **kw):
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(element)
+
+    def visit_fromclause_canonical_column_collection(self, element, **kw):
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(self, element, **kw):
+        return element.values()
+
+    def visit_fromclause_ordered_set(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(self, element, **kw):
+        for target, onclause, from_, flags in element:
+            if from_ is not None:
+                yield from_
+
+            if not isinstance(target, str):
+                yield _flatten_clauseelement(target)
+
+            if onclause is not None and not isinstance(onclause, str):
+                yield _flatten_clauseelement(onclause)
+
+    def visit_memoized_select_entities(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_clauseelement_tuple(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(self, element, **kw):
+        for k, v in element:
+            if hasattr(k, "__clause_element__"):
+                yield k
+            yield v
+
+    def visit_dml_values(self, element, **kw):
+        expr_values = {k for k in element if hasattr(k, "__clause_element__")}
+        str_values = expr_values.symmetric_difference(element)
+
+        for k in sorted(str_values):
+            yield element[k]
+        for k in expr_values:
+            yield k
+            yield element[k]
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(self, element, **kw):
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_propagate_attrs(self, element, **kw):
+        return ()
+
+
+_get_children = _GetChildrenTraversal()
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+def _resolve_name_for_compare(element, name, anon_map, **kw):
+    if isinstance(name, util.preloaded.sql_elements._anonymous_label):
+        name = name.apply_map(anon_map)
+
+    return name
+
+
+class TraversalComparatorStrategy(HasTraversalDispatch, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = "stack", "cache", "anon_map"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.stack: Deque[
+            Tuple[
+                Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+                Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+            ]
+        ] = deque()
+        self.cache = set()
+
+    def _memoized_attr_anon_map(self):
+        return (anon_map(), anon_map())
+
+    def compare(
+        self,
+        obj1: ExternallyTraversible,
+        obj2: ExternallyTraversible,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        stack = self.stack
+        cache = self.cache
+
+        compare_annotations = kw.get("compare_annotations", False)
+
+        stack.append((obj1, obj2))
+
+        while stack:
+            left, right = stack.popleft()
+
+            if left is right:
+                continue
+            elif left is None or right is None:
+                # we know they are different so no match
+                return False
+            elif (left, right) in cache:
+                continue
+            cache.add((left, right))
+
+            visit_name = left.__visit_name__
+            if visit_name != right.__visit_name__:
+                return False
+
+            meth = getattr(self, "compare_%s" % visit_name, None)
+
+            if meth:
+                attributes_compared = meth(left, right, **kw)
+                if attributes_compared is COMPARE_FAILED:
+                    return False
+                elif attributes_compared is SKIP_TRAVERSE:
+                    continue
+
+                # attributes_compared is returned as a list of attribute
+                # names that were "handled" by the comparison method above.
+                # remaining attribute names in the _traverse_internals
+                # will be compared.
+            else:
+                attributes_compared = ()
+
+            for (
+                (left_attrname, left_visit_sym),
+                (right_attrname, right_visit_sym),
+            ) in zip_longest(
+                left._traverse_internals,
+                right._traverse_internals,
+                fillvalue=(None, None),
+            ):
+                if not compare_annotations and (
+                    (left_attrname == "_annotations")
+                    or (right_attrname == "_annotations")
+                ):
+                    continue
+
+                if (
+                    left_attrname != right_attrname
+                    or left_visit_sym is not right_visit_sym
+                ):
+                    return False
+                elif left_attrname in attributes_compared:
+                    continue
+
+                assert left_visit_sym is not None
+                assert left_attrname is not None
+                assert right_attrname is not None
+
+                dispatch = self.dispatch(left_visit_sym)
+                assert dispatch is not None, (
+                    f"{self.__class__} has no dispatch for "
+                    f"'{self._dispatch_lookup[left_visit_sym]}'"
+                )
+                left_child = operator.attrgetter(left_attrname)(left)
+                right_child = operator.attrgetter(right_attrname)(right)
+                if left_child is None:
+                    if right_child is not None:
+                        return False
+                    else:
+                        continue
+
+                comparison = dispatch(
+                    left_attrname, left, left_child, right, right_child, **kw
+                )
+                if comparison is COMPARE_FAILED:
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def compare_inner(self, obj1, obj2, **kw):
+        comparator = self.__class__()
+        return comparator.compare(obj1, obj2, **kw)
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[0], []) != right._gen_cache_key(
+            self.anon_map[1], []
+        ):
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_propagate_attrs(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return self.compare_inner(
+            left.get("plugin_subject", None), right.get("plugin_subject", None)
+        )
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if l is None:
+                if r is not None:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+                else:
+                    continue
+            elif r is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            if l._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[0], []) != r._gen_cache_key(
+                self.anon_map[1], []
+            ):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_executable_options(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if l is None:
+                if r is not None:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+                else:
+                    continue
+            elif r is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            if (
+                l._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[0], [])
+                if l._is_has_cache_key
+                else l
+            ) != (
+                r._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[1], [])
+                if r._is_has_cache_key
+                else r
+            ):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_clauseelement(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        self.stack.append((left, right))
+
+    def visit_fromclause_canonical_column_collection(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lcol, rcol in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((lcol, rcol))
+
+    def visit_fromclause_derived_column_collection(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lstr, rstr in zip_longest(
+            sorted(left), sorted(right), fillvalue=None
+        ):
+            if lstr != rstr:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            self.stack.append((left[lstr], right[rstr]))
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for ltup, rtup in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if ltup is None or rtup is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            for l, r in zip_longest(ltup, rtup, fillvalue=None):
+                self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuple(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def _compare_unordered_sequences(self, seq1, seq2, **kw):
+        if seq1 is None:
+            return seq2 is None
+
+        completed: Set[object] = set()
+        for clause in seq1:
+            for other_clause in set(seq2).difference(completed):
+                if self.compare_inner(clause, other_clause, **kw):
+                    completed.add(other_clause)
+                    break
+        return len(completed) == len(seq1) == len(seq2)
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return self._compare_unordered_sequences(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def visit_fromclause_ordered_set(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def visit_string(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_string_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_string_multi_dict(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lk, rk in zip_longest(
+            sorted(left.keys()), sorted(right.keys()), fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if lk != rk:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            lv, rv = left[lk], right[rk]
+
+            lhc = isinstance(left, HasCacheKey)
+            rhc = isinstance(right, HasCacheKey)
+            if lhc and rhc:
+                if lv._gen_cache_key(
+                    self.anon_map[0], []
+                ) != rv._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[1], []):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+            elif lhc != rhc:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            elif lv != rv:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_multi(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        lhc = isinstance(left, HasCacheKey)
+        rhc = isinstance(right, HasCacheKey)
+        if lhc and rhc:
+            if left._gen_cache_key(
+                self.anon_map[0], []
+            ) != right._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[1], []):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+        elif lhc != rhc:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+        else:
+            return left == right
+
+    def visit_anon_name(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return _resolve_name_for_compare(
+            left_parent, left, self.anon_map[0], **kw
+        ) == _resolve_name_for_compare(
+            right_parent, right, self.anon_map[1], **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_boolean(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_operator(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_type(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left._compare_type_affinity(right)
+
+    def visit_plain_dict(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_dialect_options(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_annotations_key(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left and right:
+            return (
+                left_parent._annotations_cache_key
+                == right_parent._annotations_cache_key
+            )
+        else:
+            return left == right
+
+    def visit_with_context_options(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple((fn.__code__, c_key) for fn, c_key in left) == tuple(
+            (fn.__code__, c_key) for fn, c_key in right
+        )
+
+    def visit_plain_obj(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_named_ddl_element(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left is None:
+            if right is not None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+        return left.name == right.name
+
+    def visit_prefix_sequence(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for (l_clause, l_str), (r_clause, r_str) in zip_longest(
+            left, right, fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if l_str != r_str:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                self.stack.append((l_clause, r_clause))
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        # TODO: look at attrname for "legacy_join" and use different structure
+        for (
+            (l_target, l_onclause, l_from, l_flags),
+            (r_target, r_onclause, r_from, r_flags),
+        ) in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=(None, None, None, None)):
+            if l_flags != r_flags:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            self.stack.append((l_target, r_target))
+            self.stack.append((l_onclause, r_onclause))
+            self.stack.append((l_from, r_from))
+
+    def visit_memoized_select_entities(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return self.visit_clauseelement_tuple(
+            attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_table_hint_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        left_keys = sorted(left, key=lambda elem: (elem[0].fullname, elem[1]))
+        right_keys = sorted(
+            right, key=lambda elem: (elem[0].fullname, elem[1])
+        )
+        for (ltable, ldialect), (rtable, rdialect) in zip_longest(
+            left_keys, right_keys, fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if ldialect != rdialect:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            elif left[(ltable, ldialect)] != right[(rtable, rdialect)]:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                self.stack.append((ltable, rtable))
+
+    def visit_statement_hint_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_unknown_structure(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        # sequence of tuple pairs
+
+        for (lk, lv), (rk, rv) in zip_longest(
+            left, right, fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lk, rk, **kw):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def _compare_dml_values_or_ce(self, lv, rv, **kw):
+        lvce = hasattr(lv, "__clause_element__")
+        rvce = hasattr(rv, "__clause_element__")
+        if lvce != rvce:
+            return False
+        elif lvce and not self.compare_inner(lv, rv, **kw):
+            return False
+        elif not lvce and lv != rv:
+            return False
+        elif not self.compare_inner(lv, rv, **kw):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def visit_dml_values(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left is None or right is None or len(left) != len(right):
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+        if isinstance(left, collections_abc.Sequence):
+            for lv, rv in zip(left, right):
+                if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lv, rv, **kw):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+        elif isinstance(right, collections_abc.Sequence):
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+        else:
+            # dictionaries guaranteed to support insert ordering in
+            # py37 so that we can compare the keys in order.  without
+            # this, we can't compare SQL expression keys because we don't
+            # know which key is which
+            for (lk, lv), (rk, rv) in zip(left.items(), right.items()):
+                if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lk, rk, **kw):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+                if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lv, rv, **kw):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lseq, rseq in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if lseq is None or rseq is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            for ld, rd in zip_longest(lseq, rseq, fillvalue=None):
+                if (
+                    self.visit_dml_values(
+                        attrname, left_parent, ld, right_parent, rd, **kw
+                    )
+                    is COMPARE_FAILED
+                ):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_expression_clauselist(self, left, right, **kw):
+        if left.operator is right.operator:
+            if operators.is_associative(left.operator):
+                if self._compare_unordered_sequences(
+                    left.clauses, right.clauses, **kw
+                ):
+                    return ["operator", "clauses"]
+                else:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                return ["operator"]
+        else:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_clauselist(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return self.compare_expression_clauselist(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def compare_binary(self, left, right, **kw):
+        if left.operator == right.operator:
+            if operators.is_commutative(left.operator):
+                if (
+                    self.compare_inner(left.left, right.left, **kw)
+                    and self.compare_inner(left.right, right.right, **kw)
+                ) or (
+                    self.compare_inner(left.left, right.right, **kw)
+                    and self.compare_inner(left.right, right.left, **kw)
+                ):
+                    return ["operator", "negate", "left", "right"]
+                else:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                return ["operator", "negate"]
+        else:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_bindparam(self, left, right, **kw):
+        compare_keys = kw.pop("compare_keys", True)
+        compare_values = kw.pop("compare_values", True)
+
+        if compare_values:
+            omit = []
+        else:
+            # this means, "skip these, we already compared"
+            omit = ["callable", "value"]
+
+        if not compare_keys:
+            omit.append("key")
+
+        return omit
+
+
+class ColIdentityComparatorStrategy(TraversalComparatorStrategy):
+    def compare_column_element(
+        self, left, right, use_proxies=True, equivalents=(), **kw
+    ):
+        """Compare ColumnElements using proxies and equivalent collections.
+
+        This is a comparison strategy specific to the ORM.
+        """
+
+        to_compare = (right,)
+        if equivalents and right in equivalents:
+            to_compare = equivalents[right].union(to_compare)
+
+        for oth in to_compare:
+            if use_proxies and left.shares_lineage(oth):
+                return SKIP_TRAVERSE
+            elif hash(left) == hash(right):
+                return SKIP_TRAVERSE
+        else:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_column(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return self.compare_column_element(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def compare_label(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return self.compare_column_element(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def compare_table(self, left, right, **kw):
+        # tables compare on identity, since it's not really feasible to
+        # compare them column by column with the above rules
+        return SKIP_TRAVERSE if left is right else COMPARE_FAILED
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7374c967af84bd787b0eabd233b9c0f9019eee75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2303 @@
+# sql/type_api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base types API.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+from types import ModuleType
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NewType
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .cache_key import CacheConst
+from .cache_key import NO_CACHE
+from .operators import ColumnOperators
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeAliasType
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+# these are back-assigned by sqltypes.
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from .sqltypes import _resolve_value_to_type as _resolve_value_to_type
+    from .sqltypes import BOOLEANTYPE as BOOLEANTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import INDEXABLE as INDEXABLE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import INTEGERTYPE as INTEGERTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import MATCHTYPE as MATCHTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import NULLTYPE as NULLTYPE
+    from .sqltypes import NUMERICTYPE as NUMERICTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import STRINGTYPE as STRINGTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import TABLEVALUE as TABLEVALUE  # noqa: F401
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..util.typing import GenericProtocol
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_T_con = TypeVar("_T_con", bound=Any, contravariant=True)
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE", bound="TypeEngine[Any]")
+_CT = TypeVar("_CT", bound=Any)
+
+_MatchedOnType = Union[
+    "GenericProtocol[Any]", TypeAliasType, NewType, Type[Any]
+]
+
+
+class _NoValueInList(Enum):
+    NO_VALUE_IN_LIST = 0
+    """indicates we are trying to determine the type of an expression
+    against an empty list."""
+
+
+_NO_VALUE_IN_LIST = _NoValueInList.NO_VALUE_IN_LIST
+
+
+class _LiteralProcessorType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> str: ...
+
+
+class _BindProcessorType(Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Optional[_T_con]) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _ResultProcessorType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> Optional[_T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _SentinelProcessorType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> Optional[_T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _BaseTypeMemoDict(TypedDict):
+    impl: TypeEngine[Any]
+    result: Dict[Any, Optional[_ResultProcessorType[Any]]]
+
+
+class _TypeMemoDict(_BaseTypeMemoDict, total=False):
+    literal: Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[Any]]
+    bind: Optional[_BindProcessorType[Any]]
+    sentinel: Optional[_SentinelProcessorType[Any]]
+    custom: Dict[Any, object]
+
+
+class _ComparatorFactory(Protocol[_T]):
+    def __call__(
+        self, expr: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]: ...
+
+
+class TypeEngine(Visitable, Generic[_T]):
+    """The ultimate base class for all SQL datatypes.
+
+    Common subclasses of :class:`.TypeEngine` include
+    :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer`, and :class:`.Boolean`.
+
+    For an overview of the SQLAlchemy typing system, see
+    :ref:`types_toplevel`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`types_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    _sqla_type = True
+    _isnull = False
+    _is_tuple_type = False
+    _is_table_value = False
+    _is_array = False
+    _is_type_decorator = False
+
+    render_bind_cast = False
+    """Render bind casts for :attr:`.BindTyping.RENDER_CASTS` mode.
+
+    If True, this type (usually a dialect level impl type) signals
+    to the compiler that a cast should be rendered around a bound parameter
+    for this type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.BindTyping`
+
+    """
+
+    render_literal_cast = False
+    """render casts when rendering a value as an inline literal,
+    e.g. with :meth:`.TypeEngine.literal_processor`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(
+        ColumnOperators,
+        Generic[_CT],
+    ):
+        """Base class for custom comparison operations defined at the
+        type level.  See :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`.
+
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = "expr", "type"
+
+        expr: ColumnElement[_CT]
+        type: TypeEngine[_CT]
+
+        def __clause_element__(self) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            return self.expr
+
+        def __init__(self, expr: ColumnElement[_CT]):
+            self.expr = expr
+            self.type = expr.type
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.default_comparator")
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            default_comparator = util.preloaded.sql_default_comparator
+            op_fn, addtl_kw = default_comparator.operator_lookup[op.__name__]
+            if kwargs:
+                addtl_kw = addtl_kw.union(kwargs)
+            return op_fn(self.expr, op, *other, **addtl_kw)
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.default_comparator")
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            default_comparator = util.preloaded.sql_default_comparator
+            op_fn, addtl_kw = default_comparator.operator_lookup[op.__name__]
+            if kwargs:
+                addtl_kw = addtl_kw.union(kwargs)
+            return op_fn(self.expr, op, other, reverse=True, **addtl_kw)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            """evaluate the return type of <self> <op> <othertype>,
+            and apply any adaptations to the given operator.
+
+            This method determines the type of a resulting binary expression
+            given two source types and an operator.   For example, two
+            :class:`_schema.Column` objects, both of the type
+            :class:`.Integer`, will
+            produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that also has the type
+            :class:`.Integer` when compared via the addition (``+``) operator.
+            However, using the addition operator with an :class:`.Integer`
+            and a :class:`.Date` object will produce a :class:`.Date`, assuming
+            "days delta" behavior by the database (in reality, most databases
+            other than PostgreSQL don't accept this particular operation).
+
+            The method returns a tuple of the form <operator>, <type>.
+            The resulting operator and type will be those applied to the
+            resulting :class:`.BinaryExpression` as the final operator and the
+            right-hand side of the expression.
+
+            Note that only a subset of operators make usage of
+            :meth:`._adapt_expression`,
+            including math operators and user-defined operators, but not
+            boolean comparison or special SQL keywords like MATCH or BETWEEN.
+
+            """
+
+            return op, self.type
+
+    hashable = True
+    """Flag, if False, means values from this type aren't hashable.
+
+    Used by the ORM when uniquing result lists.
+
+    """
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+    """A :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class which will apply
+    to operations performed by owning :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    objects.
+
+    The :attr:`.comparator_factory` attribute is a hook consulted by
+    the core expression system when column and SQL expression operations
+    are performed.   When a :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class is
+    associated with this attribute, it allows custom re-definition of
+    all existing operators, as well as definition of new operators.
+    Existing operators include those provided by Python operator overloading
+    such as :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__` and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    those provided as standard
+    attributes of :class:`.operators.ColumnOperators` such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.like`
+    and :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.in_`.
+
+    Rudimentary usage of this hook is allowed through simple subclassing
+    of existing types, or alternatively by using :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+    See the documentation section :ref:`types_operators` for examples.
+
+    """
+
+    sort_key_function: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+    """A sorting function that can be passed as the key to sorted.
+
+    The default value of ``None`` indicates that the values stored by
+    this type are self-sorting.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+    """
+
+    should_evaluate_none: bool = False
+    """If True, the Python constant ``None`` is considered to be handled
+    explicitly by this type.
+
+    The ORM uses this flag to indicate that a positive value of ``None``
+    is passed to the column in an INSERT statement, rather than omitting
+    the column from the INSERT statement which has the effect of firing
+    off column-level defaults.   It also allows types which have special
+    behavior for Python None, such as a JSON type, to indicate that
+    they'd like to handle the None value explicitly.
+
+    To set this flag on an existing type, use the
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.evaluates_none` method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.TypeEngine.evaluates_none`
+
+    """
+
+    _variant_mapping: util.immutabledict[str, TypeEngine[Any]] = (
+        util.EMPTY_DICT
+    )
+
+    def evaluates_none(self) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy of this type which has the
+        :attr:`.should_evaluate_none` flag set to True.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+                Table(
+                    'some_table', metadata,
+                    Column(
+                        String(50).evaluates_none(),
+                        nullable=True,
+                        server_default='no value')
+                )
+
+        The ORM uses this flag to indicate that a positive value of ``None``
+        is passed to the column in an INSERT statement, rather than omitting
+        the column from the INSERT statement which has the effect of firing
+        off column-level defaults.   It also allows for types which have
+        special behavior associated with the Python None value to indicate
+        that the value doesn't necessarily translate into SQL NULL; a
+        prime example of this is a JSON type which may wish to persist the
+        JSON value ``'null'``.
+
+        In all cases, the actual NULL SQL value can be always be
+        persisted in any column by using
+        the :obj:`_expression.null` SQL construct in an INSERT statement
+        or associated with an ORM-mapped attribute.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The "evaluates none" flag does **not** apply to a value
+            of ``None`` passed to :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` or
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`; in these cases,
+            ``None``
+            still means "no default".
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_forcing_null` - in the ORM documentation
+
+            :paramref:`.postgresql.JSON.none_as_null` - PostgreSQL JSON
+            interaction with this flag.
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.should_evaluate_none` - class-level flag
+
+        """
+        typ = self.copy()
+        typ.should_evaluate_none = True
+        return typ
+
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        return self.adapt(self.__class__)
+
+    def copy_value(self, value: Any) -> Any:
+        return value
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a conversion function for processing literal values that are
+        to be rendered directly without using binds.
+
+        This function is used when the compiler makes use of the
+        "literal_binds" flag, typically used in DDL generation as well
+        as in certain scenarios where backends don't accept bound parameters.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a literal Python value
+        as the sole positional argument and will return a string representation
+        to be rendered in a SQL statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.literal_processor`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.literal_processor`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a conversion function for processing bind values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a bind parameter value
+        as the sole positional argument and will return a value to
+        send to the DB-API.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_processor`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_processor`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: object
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a conversion function for processing result row values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a result row column
+        value as the sole positional argument and will return a value
+        to return to the user.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.result_processor`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.result_processor`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        :param coltype: DBAPI coltype argument received in cursor.description.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def column_expression(
+        self, colexpr: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a SELECT column expression, return a wrapping SQL expression.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps a column expression
+        as rendered in the columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+        It is used for special data types that require
+        columns to be wrapped in some special database function in order
+        to coerce the value before being sent back to the application.
+        It is the SQL analogue of the :meth:`.TypeEngine.result_processor`
+        method.
+
+        This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+        statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** called
+        against specific values.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.column_expression`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.column_expression`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.column_expression`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_column_expression(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if column_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.__class__.column_expression.__code__
+            is not TypeEngine.column_expression.__code__
+        )
+
+    def bind_expression(
+        self, bindvalue: BindParameter[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a bind value (i.e. a :class:`.BindParameter` instance),
+        return a SQL expression in its place.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps the existing bound
+        parameter within the statement.  It is used for special data types
+        that require literals being wrapped in some special database function
+        in order to coerce an application-level value into a database-specific
+        format.  It is the SQL analogue of the
+        :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method.
+
+        This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+        statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** called
+        against specific values.
+
+        Note that this method, when implemented, should always return
+        the exact same structure, without any conditional logic, as it
+        may be used in an executemany() call against an arbitrary number
+        of bound parameter sets.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_expression`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_expression`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.bind_expression`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_expression(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if bind_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(self, TypeEngine.bind_expression)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_instance(cls_or_self: Union[Type[_TE], _TE]) -> _TE:
+        return to_instance(cls_or_self)
+
+    def compare_values(self, x: Any, y: Any) -> bool:
+        """Compare two values for equality."""
+
+        return x == y  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi: ModuleType) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return the corresponding type object from the underlying DB-API, if
+        any.
+
+        This can be useful for calling ``setinputsizes()``, for example.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[Any]:
+        """Return the Python type object expected to be returned
+        by instances of this type, if known.
+
+        Basically, for those types which enforce a return type,
+        or are known across the board to do such for all common
+        DBAPIs (like ``int`` for example), will return that type.
+
+        If a return type is not defined, raises
+        ``NotImplementedError``.
+
+        Note that any type also accommodates NULL in SQL which
+        means you can also get back ``None`` from any type
+        in practice.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def with_variant(
+        self,
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+        *dialect_names: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Produce a copy of this type object that will utilize the given
+        type when applied to the dialect of the given name.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.types import String
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects import mysql
+
+            string_type = String()
+
+            string_type = string_type.with_variant(
+                mysql.VARCHAR(collation='foo'), 'mysql', 'mariadb'
+            )
+
+        The variant mapping indicates that when this type is
+        interpreted by a specific dialect, it will instead be
+        transmuted into the given type, rather than using the
+        primary type.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.with_variant`
+           method now works with a :class:`_types.TypeEngine` object "in
+           place", returning a copy of the original type rather than returning
+           a wrapping object; the ``Variant`` class is no longer used.
+
+        :param type\_: a :class:`.TypeEngine` that will be selected
+         as a variant from the originating type, when a dialect
+         of the given name is in use.
+        :param \*dialect_names: one or more base names of the dialect which
+         uses this type. (i.e. ``'postgresql'``, ``'mysql'``, etc.)
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0 multiple dialect names can be specified
+            for one variant.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_with_variant` - illustrates the use of
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.with_variant`.
+
+        """
+
+        if not dialect_names:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("At least one dialect name is required")
+        for dialect_name in dialect_names:
+            if dialect_name in self._variant_mapping:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Dialect {dialect_name!r} is already present in "
+                    f"the mapping for this {self!r}"
+                )
+        new_type = self.copy()
+        type_ = to_instance(type_)
+        if type_._variant_mapping:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "can't pass a type that already has variants as a "
+                "dialect-level type to with_variant()"
+            )
+
+        new_type._variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping.union(
+            {dialect_name: type_ for dialect_name in dialect_names}
+        )
+        return new_type
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Any) -> Self:
+        """adjust this type given a literal Python value that will be
+        stored in a bound parameter.
+
+        Used exclusively by _resolve_value_to_type().
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.30 or 2.0
+
+        TODO: this should be part of public API
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.TypeEngine._resolve_for_python_type`
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _resolve_for_python_type(
+        self,
+        python_type: Type[Any],
+        matched_on: _MatchedOnType,
+        matched_on_flattened: Type[Any],
+    ) -> Optional[Self]:
+        """given a Python type (e.g. ``int``, ``str``, etc. ) return an
+        instance of this :class:`.TypeEngine` that's appropriate for this type.
+
+        An additional argument ``matched_on`` is passed, which indicates an
+        entry from the ``__mro__`` of the given ``python_type`` that more
+        specifically matches how the caller located this :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        object.   Such as, if a lookup of some kind links the ``int`` Python
+        type to the :class:`.Integer` SQL type, and the original object
+        was some custom subclass of ``int`` such as ``MyInt(int)``, the
+        arguments passed would be ``(MyInt, int)``.
+
+        If the given Python type does not correspond to this
+        :class:`.TypeEngine`, or the Python type is otherwise ambiguous, the
+        method should return None.
+
+        For simple cases, the method checks that the ``python_type``
+        and ``matched_on`` types are the same (i.e. not a subclass), and
+        returns self; for all other cases, it returns ``None``.
+
+        The initial use case here is for the ORM to link user-defined
+        Python standard library ``enum.Enum`` classes to the SQLAlchemy
+        :class:`.Enum` SQL type when constructing ORM Declarative mappings.
+
+        :param python_type: the Python type we want to use
+        :param matched_on: the Python type that led us to choose this
+         particular :class:`.TypeEngine` class, which would be a supertype
+         of ``python_type``.   By default, the request is rejected if
+         ``python_type`` doesn't match ``matched_on`` (None is returned).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+        TODO: this should be part of public API
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.TypeEngine._resolve_for_literal`
+
+        """
+
+        if python_type is not matched_on_flattened:
+            return None
+
+        return self
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Optional[Type[TypeEngine[_T]]]:
+        """Return a rudimental 'affinity' value expressing the general class
+        of type."""
+
+        typ = None
+        for t in self.__class__.__mro__:
+            if t is TypeEngine or TypeEngineMixin in t.__bases__:
+                return typ
+            elif issubclass(t, TypeEngine):
+                typ = t
+        else:
+            return self.__class__
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _generic_type_affinity(
+        self,
+    ) -> Type[TypeEngine[_T]]:
+        best_camelcase = None
+        best_uppercase = None
+
+        if not isinstance(self, TypeEngine):
+            return self.__class__
+
+        for t in self.__class__.__mro__:
+            if (
+                t.__module__
+                in (
+                    "sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes",
+                    "sqlalchemy.sql.type_api",
+                )
+                and issubclass(t, TypeEngine)
+                and TypeEngineMixin not in t.__bases__
+                and t not in (TypeEngine, TypeEngineMixin)
+                and t.__name__[0] != "_"
+            ):
+                if t.__name__.isupper() and not best_uppercase:
+                    best_uppercase = t
+                elif not t.__name__.isupper() and not best_camelcase:
+                    best_camelcase = t
+
+        return (
+            best_camelcase
+            or best_uppercase
+            or cast("Type[TypeEngine[_T]]", NULLTYPE.__class__)
+        )
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype: bool = False) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """
+        Return an instance of the generic type corresponding to this type
+        using heuristic rule. The method may be overridden if this
+        heuristic rule is not sufficient.
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import INTEGER
+        >>> INTEGER(display_width=4).as_generic()
+        Integer()
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import NVARCHAR
+        >>> NVARCHAR(length=100).as_generic()
+        Unicode(length=100)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - describes the
+            use of :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.as_generic` in conjunction with
+            the :meth:`_sql.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event, which is its
+            intended use.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            not allow_nulltype
+            and self._generic_type_affinity == NULLTYPE.__class__
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Default TypeEngine.as_generic() "
+                "heuristic method was unsuccessful for {}. A custom "
+                "as_generic() method must be implemented for this "
+                "type class.".format(
+                    self.__class__.__module__ + "." + self.__class__.__name__
+                )
+            )
+
+        return util.constructor_copy(self, self._generic_type_affinity)
+
+    def dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific implementation for this
+        :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            tm = dialect._type_memos[self]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return tm["impl"]
+        return self._dialect_info(dialect)["impl"]
+
+    def _unwrapped_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Return the 'unwrapped' dialect impl for this type.
+
+        For a type that applies wrapping logic (e.g. TypeDecorator), give
+        us the real, actual dialect-level type that is used.
+
+        This is used by TypeDecorator itself as well at least one case where
+        dialects need to check that a particular specific dialect-level
+        type is in use, within the :meth:`.DefaultDialect.set_input_sizes`
+        method.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+    def _cached_literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific literal processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]["literal"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into literal_processor() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        d["literal"] = lp = d["impl"].literal_processor(dialect)
+        return lp
+
+    def _cached_bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific bind processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]["bind"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into bind_processor() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        d["bind"] = bp = d["impl"].bind_processor(dialect)
+        return bp
+
+    def _cached_result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: Any
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific result processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]["result"][coltype]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into result_processor() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        # key assumption: DBAPI type codes are
+        # constants.  Else this dictionary would
+        # grow unbounded.
+        rp = d["impl"].result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        d["result"][coltype] = rp
+        return rp
+
+    def _cached_custom_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, key: str, fn: Callable[[TypeEngine[_T]], _O]
+    ) -> _O:
+        """return a dialect-specific processing object for
+        custom purposes.
+
+        The cx_Oracle dialect uses this at the moment.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return cast(_O, dialect._type_memos[self]["custom"][key])
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into fn() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        impl = d["impl"]
+        custom_dict = d.setdefault("custom", {})
+        custom_dict[key] = result = fn(impl)
+        return result
+
+    def _dialect_info(self, dialect: Dialect) -> _TypeMemoDict:
+        """Return a dialect-specific registry which
+        caches a dialect-specific implementation, bind processing
+        function, and one or more result processing functions."""
+
+        if self in dialect._type_memos:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]
+        else:
+            impl = self._gen_dialect_impl(dialect)
+            if impl is self:
+                impl = self.adapt(type(self))
+            # this can't be self, else we create a cycle
+            assert impl is not self
+            d: _TypeMemoDict = {"impl": impl, "result": {}}
+            dialect._type_memos[self] = d
+            return d
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if dialect.name in self._variant_mapping:
+            return self._variant_mapping[dialect.name]._gen_dialect_impl(
+                dialect
+            )
+        else:
+            return dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _static_cache_key(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        names = util.get_cls_kwargs(self.__class__)
+        return (self.__class__,) + tuple(
+            (
+                k,
+                (
+                    self.__dict__[k]._static_cache_key
+                    if isinstance(self.__dict__[k], TypeEngine)
+                    else self.__dict__[k]
+                ),
+            )
+            for k in names
+            if k in self.__dict__
+            and not k.startswith("_")
+            and self.__dict__[k] is not None
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Produce an "adapted" form of this type, given an "impl" class
+        to work with.
+
+        This method is used internally to associate generic
+        types with "implementation" types that are specific to a particular
+        dialect.
+        """
+        typ = util.constructor_copy(
+            self, cast(Type[TypeEngine[Any]], cls), **kw
+        )
+        typ._variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping
+        return typ
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Given an operator and value, gives the type a chance
+        to return a type which the value should be coerced into.
+
+        The default behavior here is conservative; if the right-hand
+        side is already coerced into a SQL type based on its
+        Python type, it is usually left alone.
+
+        End-user functionality extension here should generally be via
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`, which provides more liberal behavior in that
+        it defaults to coercing the other side of the expression into this
+        type, thus applying special Python conversions above and beyond those
+        needed by the DBAPI to both ides. It also provides the public method
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` which is intended for
+        end-user customization of this behavior.
+
+        """
+        _coerced_type = _resolve_value_to_type(value)
+        if (
+            _coerced_type is NULLTYPE
+            or _coerced_type._type_affinity is self._type_affinity
+        ):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _coerced_type
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other: TypeEngine[Any]) -> bool:
+        return self._type_affinity is other._type_affinity
+
+    def compile(self, dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None) -> str:
+        """Produce a string-compiled form of this :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        When called with no arguments, uses a "default" dialect
+        to produce a string result.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` instance.
+
+        """
+        # arg, return value is inconsistent with
+        # ClauseElement.compile()....this is a mistake.
+
+        if dialect is None:
+            dialect = self._default_dialect()
+
+        return dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    def _default_dialect(self) -> Dialect:
+        default = util.preloaded.engine_default
+
+        # dmypy / mypy seems to sporadically keep thinking this line is
+        # returning Any, which seems to be caused by the @deprecated_params
+        # decorator on the DefaultDialect constructor
+        return default.StrCompileDialect()  # type: ignore
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.compile())
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class TypeEngineMixin:
+    """classes which subclass this can act as "mixin" classes for
+    TypeEngine."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _static_cache_key(
+            self,
+        ) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def adapt(
+            self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+        ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+        def adapt(
+            self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+        ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+        def dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ExternalType(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """mixin that defines attributes and behaviors specific to third-party
+    datatypes.
+
+    "Third party" refers to datatypes that are defined outside the scope
+    of SQLAlchemy within either end-user application code or within
+    external extensions to SQLAlchemy.
+
+    Subclasses currently include :class:`.TypeDecorator` and
+    :class:`.UserDefinedType`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28
+
+    """
+
+    cache_ok: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Indicate if statements using this :class:`.ExternalType` are "safe to
+    cache".
+
+    The default value ``None`` will emit a warning and then not allow caching
+    of a statement which includes this type.   Set to ``False`` to disable
+    statements using this type from being cached at all without a warning.
+    When set to ``True``, the object's class and selected elements from its
+    state will be used as part of the cache key.  For example, using a
+    :class:`.TypeDecorator`::
+
+        class MyType(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String
+
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            def __init__(self, choices):
+                self.choices = tuple(choices)
+                self.internal_only = True
+
+    The cache key for the above type would be equivalent to::
+
+        >>> MyType(["a", "b", "c"])._static_cache_key
+        (<class '__main__.MyType'>, ('choices', ('a', 'b', 'c')))
+
+    The caching scheme will extract attributes from the type that correspond
+    to the names of parameters in the ``__init__()`` method.  Above, the
+    "choices" attribute becomes part of the cache key but "internal_only"
+    does not, because there is no parameter named "internal_only".
+
+    The requirements for cacheable elements is that they are hashable
+    and also that they indicate the same SQL rendered for expressions using
+    this type every time for a given cache value.
+
+    To accommodate for datatypes that refer to unhashable structures such
+    as dictionaries, sets and lists, these objects can be made "cacheable"
+    by assigning hashable structures to the attributes whose names
+    correspond with the names of the arguments.  For example, a datatype
+    which accepts a dictionary of lookup values may publish this as a sorted
+    series of tuples.   Given a previously un-cacheable type as::
+
+        class LookupType(UserDefinedType):
+            '''a custom type that accepts a dictionary as a parameter.
+
+            this is the non-cacheable version, as "self.lookup" is not
+            hashable.
+
+            '''
+
+            def __init__(self, lookup):
+                self.lookup = lookup
+
+            def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+                return "VARCHAR(255)"
+
+            def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+                # ...  works with "self.lookup" ...
+
+    Where "lookup" is a dictionary.  The type will not be able to generate
+    a cache key::
+
+        >>> type_ = LookupType({"a": 10, "b": 20})
+        >>> type_._static_cache_key
+        <stdin>:1: SAWarning: UserDefinedType LookupType({'a': 10, 'b': 20}) will not
+        produce a cache key because the ``cache_ok`` flag is not set to True.
+        Set this flag to True if this type object's state is safe to use
+        in a cache key, or False to disable this warning.
+        symbol('no_cache')
+
+    If we **did** set up such a cache key, it wouldn't be usable. We would
+    get a tuple structure that contains a dictionary inside of it, which
+    cannot itself be used as a key in a "cache dictionary" such as SQLAlchemy's
+    statement cache, since Python dictionaries aren't hashable::
+
+        >>> # set cache_ok = True
+        >>> type_.cache_ok = True
+
+        >>> # this is the cache key it would generate
+        >>> key = type_._static_cache_key
+        >>> key
+        (<class '__main__.LookupType'>, ('lookup', {'a': 10, 'b': 20}))
+
+        >>> # however this key is not hashable, will fail when used with
+        >>> # SQLAlchemy statement cache
+        >>> some_cache = {key: "some sql value"}
+        Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1,
+        in <module> TypeError: unhashable type: 'dict'
+
+    The type may be made cacheable by assigning a sorted tuple of tuples
+    to the ".lookup" attribute::
+
+        class LookupType(UserDefinedType):
+            '''a custom type that accepts a dictionary as a parameter.
+
+            The dictionary is stored both as itself in a private variable,
+            and published in a public variable as a sorted tuple of tuples,
+            which is hashable and will also return the same value for any
+            two equivalent dictionaries.  Note it assumes the keys and
+            values of the dictionary are themselves hashable.
+
+            '''
+
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            def __init__(self, lookup):
+                self._lookup = lookup
+
+                # assume keys/values of "lookup" are hashable; otherwise
+                # they would also need to be converted in some way here
+                self.lookup = tuple(
+                    (key, lookup[key]) for key in sorted(lookup)
+                )
+
+            def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+                return "VARCHAR(255)"
+
+            def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+                # ...  works with "self._lookup" ...
+
+    Where above, the cache key for ``LookupType({"a": 10, "b": 20})`` will be::
+
+        >>> LookupType({"a": 10, "b": 20})._static_cache_key
+        (<class '__main__.LookupType'>, ('lookup', (('a', 10), ('b', 20))))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.14 - added the ``cache_ok`` flag to allow
+       some configurability of caching for :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28 - added the :class:`.ExternalType` mixin which
+       generalizes the ``cache_ok`` flag to both the :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+       and :class:`.UserDefinedType` classes.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _static_cache_key(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        cache_ok = self.__class__.__dict__.get("cache_ok", None)
+
+        if cache_ok is None:
+            for subtype in self.__class__.__mro__:
+                if ExternalType in subtype.__bases__:
+                    break
+            else:
+                subtype = self.__class__.__mro__[1]
+
+            util.warn(
+                "%s %r will not produce a cache key because "
+                "the ``cache_ok`` attribute is not set to True.  This can "
+                "have significant performance implications including some "
+                "performance degradations in comparison to prior SQLAlchemy "
+                "versions.  Set this attribute to True if this type object's "
+                "state is safe to use in a cache key, or False to "
+                "disable this warning." % (subtype.__name__, self),
+                code="cprf",
+            )
+        elif cache_ok is True:
+            return super()._static_cache_key
+
+        return NO_CACHE
+
+
+class UserDefinedType(
+    ExternalType, TypeEngineMixin, TypeEngine[_T], util.EnsureKWArg
+):
+    """Base for user defined types.
+
+    This should be the base of new types.  Note that
+    for most cases, :class:`.TypeDecorator` is probably
+    more appropriate::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+      class MyType(types.UserDefinedType):
+          cache_ok = True
+
+          def __init__(self, precision = 8):
+              self.precision = precision
+
+          def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+              return "MYTYPE(%s)" % self.precision
+
+          def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+              return process
+
+          def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+              return process
+
+    Once the type is made, it's immediately usable::
+
+      table = Table('foo', metadata_obj,
+          Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+          Column('data', MyType(16))
+          )
+
+    The ``get_col_spec()`` method will in most cases receive a keyword
+    argument ``type_expression`` which refers to the owning expression
+    of the type as being compiled, such as a :class:`_schema.Column` or
+    :func:`.cast` construct.  This keyword is only sent if the method
+    accepts keyword arguments (e.g. ``**kw``) in its argument signature;
+    introspection is used to check for this in order to support legacy
+    forms of this function.
+
+    The :attr:`.UserDefinedType.cache_ok` class-level flag indicates if this
+    custom :class:`.UserDefinedType` is safe to be used as part of a cache key.
+    This flag defaults to ``None`` which will initially generate a warning
+    when the SQL compiler attempts to generate a cache key for a statement
+    that uses this type.  If the :class:`.UserDefinedType` is not guaranteed
+    to produce the same bind/result behavior and SQL generation
+    every time, this flag should be set to ``False``; otherwise if the
+    class produces the same behavior each time, it may be set to ``True``.
+    See :attr:`.UserDefinedType.cache_ok` for further notes on how this works.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28 Generalized the :attr:`.ExternalType.cache_ok`
+       flag so that it is available for both :class:`.TypeDecorator` as well
+       as :class:`.UserDefinedType`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "user_defined"
+
+    ensure_kwarg = "get_col_spec"
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Default behavior for :class:`.UserDefinedType` is the
+        same as that of :class:`.TypeDecorator`; by default it returns
+        ``self``, assuming the compared value should be coerced into
+        the same type as this one.  See
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` for more detail.
+
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+
+class Emulated(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Mixin for base types that emulate the behavior of a DB-native type.
+
+    An :class:`.Emulated` type will use an available database type
+    in conjunction with Python-side routines and/or database constraints
+    in order to approximate the behavior of a database type that is provided
+    natively by some backends.  When a native-providing backend is in
+    use, the native version of the type is used.  This native version
+    should include the :class:`.NativeForEmulated` mixin to allow it to be
+    distinguished from :class:`.Emulated`.
+
+    Current examples of :class:`.Emulated` are:  :class:`.Interval`,
+    :class:`.Enum`, :class:`.Boolean`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.0b3
+
+    """
+
+    native: bool
+
+    def adapt_to_emulated(
+        self,
+        impltype: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Given an impl class, adapt this type to the impl assuming
+        "emulated".
+
+        The impl should also be an "emulated" version of this type,
+        most likely the same class as this type itself.
+
+        e.g.: sqltypes.Enum adapts to the Enum class.
+
+        """
+        return super().adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if _is_native_for_emulated(cls):
+            if self.native:
+                # native support requested, dialect gave us a native
+                # implementor, pass control over to it
+                return cls.adapt_emulated_to_native(self, **kw)
+            else:
+                # non-native support, let the native implementor
+                # decide also, at the moment this is just to help debugging
+                # as only the default logic is implemented.
+                return cls.adapt_native_to_emulated(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            # this would be, both classes are Enum, or both classes
+            # are postgresql.ENUM
+            if issubclass(cls, self.__class__):
+                return self.adapt_to_emulated(cls, **kw)
+            else:
+                return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+
+def _is_native_for_emulated(
+    typ: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]],
+) -> TypeGuard[Type[NativeForEmulated]]:
+    return hasattr(typ, "adapt_emulated_to_native")
+
+
+class NativeForEmulated(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Indicates DB-native types supported by an :class:`.Emulated` type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.0b3
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_native_to_emulated(
+        cls,
+        impl: Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Given an impl, adapt this type's class to the impl assuming
+        "emulated".
+
+
+        """
+        impltype = impl.__class__
+        return impl.adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(
+        cls,
+        impl: Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Given an impl, adapt this type's class to the impl assuming
+        "native".
+
+        The impl will be an :class:`.Emulated` class but not a
+        :class:`.NativeForEmulated`.
+
+        e.g.: postgresql.ENUM produces a type given an Enum instance.
+
+        """
+
+        # dmypy seems to crash on this
+        return cls(**kw)  # type: ignore
+
+    # dmypy seems to crash with this, on repeated runs with changes
+    # if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    #    def __init__(self, **kw: Any):
+    #        ...
+
+
+class TypeDecorator(SchemaEventTarget, ExternalType, TypeEngine[_T]):
+    """Allows the creation of types which add additional functionality
+    to an existing type.
+
+    This method is preferred to direct subclassing of SQLAlchemy's
+    built-in types as it ensures that all required functionality of
+    the underlying type is kept in place.
+
+    Typical usage::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+      class MyType(types.TypeDecorator):
+          '''Prefixes Unicode values with "PREFIX:" on the way in and
+          strips it off on the way out.
+          '''
+
+          impl = types.Unicode
+
+          cache_ok = True
+
+          def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+              return "PREFIX:" + value
+
+          def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+              return value[7:]
+
+          def copy(self, **kw):
+              return MyType(self.impl.length)
+
+    The class-level ``impl`` attribute is required, and can reference any
+    :class:`.TypeEngine` class.  Alternatively, the :meth:`load_dialect_impl`
+    method can be used to provide different type classes based on the dialect
+    given; in this case, the ``impl`` variable can reference
+    ``TypeEngine`` as a placeholder.
+
+    The :attr:`.TypeDecorator.cache_ok` class-level flag indicates if this
+    custom :class:`.TypeDecorator` is safe to be used as part of a cache key.
+    This flag defaults to ``None`` which will initially generate a warning
+    when the SQL compiler attempts to generate a cache key for a statement
+    that uses this type.  If the :class:`.TypeDecorator` is not guaranteed
+    to produce the same bind/result behavior and SQL generation
+    every time, this flag should be set to ``False``; otherwise if the
+    class produces the same behavior each time, it may be set to ``True``.
+    See :attr:`.TypeDecorator.cache_ok` for further notes on how this works.
+
+    Types that receive a Python type that isn't similar to the ultimate type
+    used may want to define the :meth:`TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value`
+    method. This is used to give the expression system a hint when coercing
+    Python objects into bind parameters within expressions. Consider this
+    expression::
+
+        mytable.c.somecol + datetime.date(2009, 5, 15)
+
+    Above, if "somecol" is an ``Integer`` variant, it makes sense that
+    we're doing date arithmetic, where above is usually interpreted
+    by databases as adding a number of days to the given date.
+    The expression system does the right thing by not attempting to
+    coerce the "date()" value into an integer-oriented bind parameter.
+
+    However, in the case of ``TypeDecorator``, we are usually changing an
+    incoming Python type to something new - ``TypeDecorator`` by default will
+    "coerce" the non-typed side to be the same type as itself. Such as below,
+    we define an "epoch" type that stores a date value as an integer::
+
+        class MyEpochType(types.TypeDecorator):
+            impl = types.Integer
+
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            epoch = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                return (value - self.epoch).days
+
+            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+                return self.epoch + timedelta(days=value)
+
+    Our expression of ``somecol + date`` with the above type will coerce the
+    "date" on the right side to also be treated as ``MyEpochType``.
+
+    This behavior can be overridden via the
+    :meth:`~TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` method, which returns a type
+    that should be used for the value of the expression. Below we set it such
+    that an integer value will be treated as an ``Integer``, and any other
+    value is assumed to be a date and will be treated as a ``MyEpochType``::
+
+        def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+            if isinstance(value, int):
+                return Integer()
+            else:
+                return self
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       Note that the **behavior of coerce_compared_value is not inherited
+       by default from that of the base type**.
+       If the :class:`.TypeDecorator` is augmenting a
+       type that requires special logic for certain types of operators,
+       this method **must** be overridden.  A key example is when decorating
+       the :class:`_postgresql.JSON` and :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` types;
+       the default rules of :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` should
+       be used in order to deal with operators like index operations::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import JSON
+            from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+            class MyJsonType(TypeDecorator):
+                impl = JSON
+
+                cache_ok = True
+
+                def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+                    return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+       Without the above step, index operations such as ``mycol['foo']``
+       will cause the index value ``'foo'`` to be JSON encoded.
+
+       Similarly, when working with the :class:`.ARRAY` datatype, the
+       type coercion for index operations (e.g. ``mycol[5]``) is also
+       handled by :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value`, where
+       again a simple override is sufficient unless special rules are needed
+       for particular operators::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import ARRAY
+            from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+            class MyArrayType(TypeDecorator):
+                impl = ARRAY
+
+                cache_ok = True
+
+                def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+                    return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "type_decorator"
+
+    _is_type_decorator = True
+
+    # this is that pattern I've used in a few places (Dialect.dbapi,
+    # Dialect.type_compiler) where the "cls.attr" is a class to make something,
+    # and "instance.attr" is an instance of that thing.  It's such a nifty,
+    # great pattern, and there is zero chance Python typing tools will ever be
+    # OK with it.  For TypeDecorator.impl, this is a highly public attribute so
+    # we really can't change its behavior without a major deprecation routine.
+    impl: Union[TypeEngine[Any], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]]
+
+    # we are changing its behavior *slightly*, which is that we now consume
+    # the instance level version from this memoized property instead, so you
+    # can't reassign "impl" on an existing TypeDecorator that's already been
+    # used (something one shouldn't do anyway) without also updating
+    # impl_instance.
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def impl_instance(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return self.impl  # type: ignore
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
+        """Construct a :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        Arguments sent here are passed to the constructor
+        of the class assigned to the ``impl`` class level attribute,
+        assuming the ``impl`` is a callable, and the resulting
+        object is assigned to the ``self.impl`` instance attribute
+        (thus overriding the class attribute of the same name).
+
+        If the class level ``impl`` is not a callable (the unusual case),
+        it will be assigned to the same instance attribute 'as-is',
+        ignoring those arguments passed to the constructor.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to customize the generation
+        of ``self.impl`` entirely.
+
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(self.__class__, "impl"):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "TypeDecorator implementations "
+                "require a class-level variable "
+                "'impl' which refers to the class of "
+                "type being decorated"
+            )
+
+        self.impl = to_instance(self.__class__.impl, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    coerce_to_is_types: Sequence[Type[Any]] = (type(None),)
+    """Specify those Python types which should be coerced at the expression
+    level to "IS <constant>" when compared using ``==`` (and same for
+    ``IS NOT`` in conjunction with ``!=``).
+
+    For most SQLAlchemy types, this includes ``NoneType``, as well as
+    ``bool``.
+
+    :class:`.TypeDecorator` modifies this list to only include ``NoneType``,
+    as typedecorator implementations that deal with boolean types are common.
+
+    Custom :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes can override this attribute to
+    return an empty tuple, in which case no values will be coerced to
+    constants.
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_CT]):
+        """A :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` that is specific to
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        User-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes should not typically
+        need to modify this.
+
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self.expr.type, TypeDecorator)
+            kwargs["_python_is_types"] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super().operate(op, *other, **kwargs)
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self.expr.type, TypeDecorator)
+            kwargs["_python_is_types"] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super().reverse_operate(op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def comparator_factory(  # type: ignore  # mypy properties bug
+        self,
+    ) -> _ComparatorFactory[Any]:
+        if TypeDecorator.Comparator in self.impl.comparator_factory.__mro__:  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            return self.impl.comparator_factory
+        else:
+            # reconcile the Comparator class on the impl with that
+            # of TypeDecorator
+            return type(
+                "TDComparator",
+                (TypeDecorator.Comparator, self.impl.comparator_factory),  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+                {},
+            )
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        if dialect.name in self._variant_mapping:
+            adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(
+                self._variant_mapping[dialect.name]
+            )
+        else:
+            adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if adapted is not self:
+            return adapted
+
+        # otherwise adapt the impl type, link
+        # to a copy of this TypeDecorator and return
+        # that.
+        typedesc = self.load_dialect_impl(dialect).dialect_impl(dialect)
+        tt = self.copy()
+        if not isinstance(tt, self.__class__):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Type object %s does not properly "
+                "implement the copy() method, it must "
+                "return an object of type %s" % (self, self.__class__)
+            )
+        tt.impl = tt.impl_instance = typedesc
+        return tt
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Optional[Type[TypeEngine[Any]]]:
+        return self.impl_instance._type_affinity
+
+    def _set_parent(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, outer: bool = False, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        super()._set_parent(parent)
+
+        if not outer and isinstance(self.impl_instance, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.impl_instance._set_parent(parent, outer=False, **kw)
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        super()._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent, outer=True, **kw)
+
+        if isinstance(self.impl_instance, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.impl_instance._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent)
+
+    def type_engine(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` instance
+        for this :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        In most cases this returns a dialect-adapted form of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` type represented by ``self.impl``.
+        Makes usage of :meth:`dialect_impl`.
+        Behavior can be customized here by overriding
+        :meth:`load_dialect_impl`.
+
+        """
+        adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if not isinstance(adapted, type(self)):
+            return adapted
+        else:
+            return self.load_dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+    def load_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Return a :class:`.TypeEngine` object corresponding to a dialect.
+
+        This is an end-user override hook that can be used to provide
+        differing types depending on the given dialect.  It is used
+        by the :class:`.TypeDecorator` implementation of :meth:`type_engine`
+        to help determine what type should ultimately be returned
+        for a given :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default returns ``self.impl``.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance
+
+    def _unwrapped_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Return the 'unwrapped' dialect impl for this type.
+
+        This is used by the :meth:`.DefaultDialect.set_input_sizes`
+        method.
+
+        """
+        # some dialects have a lookup for a TypeDecorator subclass directly.
+        # postgresql.INTERVAL being the main example
+        typ = self.dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+        # if we are still a type decorator, load the per-dialect switch
+        # (such as what Variant uses), then get the dialect impl for that.
+        if isinstance(typ, self.__class__):
+            return typ.load_dialect_impl(dialect).dialect_impl(dialect)
+        else:
+            return typ
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        """Proxy all other undefined accessors to the underlying
+        implementation."""
+        return getattr(self.impl_instance, key)
+
+    def process_literal_param(
+        self, value: Optional[_T], dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> str:
+        """Receive a literal parameter value to be rendered inline within
+        a statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+            statement, when rendering a SQL string. Unlike other SQL
+            compilation methods, it is passed a specific Python value to be
+            rendered as a string. However it should not be confused with the
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` method, which is
+            the more typical method that processes the actual value passed to a
+            particular parameter at statement execution time.
+
+        Custom subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should override
+        this method to provide custom behaviors for incoming data values
+        that are in the special case of being rendered as literals.
+
+        The returned string will be rendered into the output string.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value: Optional[_T], dialect: Dialect) -> Any:
+        """Receive a bound parameter value to be converted.
+
+        Custom subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should override
+        this method to provide custom behaviors for incoming data values.
+        This method is called at **statement execution time** and is passed
+        the literal Python data value which is to be associated with a bound
+        parameter in the statement.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or serializing data.
+        This could also be used as a hook for validating logic.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value`
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_result_value(
+        self, value: Optional[Any], dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Receive a result-row column value to be converted.
+
+        Custom subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should override
+        this method to provide custom behaviors for data values
+        being received in result rows coming from the database.
+        This method is called at **result fetching time** and is passed
+        the literal Python data value that's extracted from a database result
+        row.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or deserializing data.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param`
+
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_processor(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_bind_param is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_bind_param to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(
+            self, TypeDecorator.process_bind_param
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_literal_processor(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_literal_param is implemented."""
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(
+            self, TypeDecorator.process_literal_param
+        )
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Provide a literal processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for literal value conversion which normally occurs via
+        the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.literal_processor` method.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            User-defined subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should
+            **not** implement this method, and should instead implement
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param` so that the
+            "inner" processing provided by the implementing type is maintained.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._has_literal_processor:
+            process_literal_param = self.process_literal_param
+            process_bind_param = None
+        elif self._has_bind_processor:
+            # use the bind processor if dont have a literal processor,
+            # but we have an impl literal processor
+            process_literal_param = None
+            process_bind_param = self.process_bind_param
+        else:
+            process_literal_param = None
+            process_bind_param = None
+
+        if process_literal_param is not None:
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.literal_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+                fixed_process_literal_param = process_literal_param
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> str:
+                    return fixed_impl_processor(
+                        fixed_process_literal_param(value, dialect)
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                fixed_process_literal_param = process_literal_param
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> str:
+                    return fixed_process_literal_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+
+        elif process_bind_param is not None:
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.literal_processor(dialect)
+            if not impl_processor:
+                return None
+            else:
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+                fixed_process_bind_param = process_bind_param
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> str:
+                    return fixed_impl_processor(
+                        fixed_process_bind_param(value, dialect)
+                    )
+
+                return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl_instance.literal_processor(dialect)
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Provide a bound value processing function for the
+        given :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for bound value conversion which normally occurs via
+        the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            User-defined subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should
+            **not** implement this method, and should instead implement
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` so that the "inner"
+            processing provided by the implementing type is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_bind_processor:
+            process_param = self.process_bind_param
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+                fixed_process_param = process_param
+
+                def process(value: Optional[_T]) -> Any:
+                    return fixed_impl_processor(
+                        fixed_process_param(value, dialect)
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                fixed_process_param = process_param
+
+                def process(value: Optional[_T]) -> Any:
+                    return fixed_process_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_result_processor(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_result_value is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_result_value to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(
+            self, TypeDecorator.process_result_value
+        )
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: Any
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Provide a result value processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for bound value conversion which normally occurs via
+        the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.result_processor` method.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            User-defined subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should
+            **not** implement this method, and should instead implement
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value` so that the
+            "inner" processing provided by the implementing type is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+        :param coltype: A SQLAlchemy data type
+
+        """
+        if self._has_result_processor:
+            process_value = self.process_result_value
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.result_processor(
+                dialect, coltype
+            )
+            if impl_processor:
+                fixed_process_value = process_value
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+                    return fixed_process_value(
+                        fixed_impl_processor(value), dialect
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                fixed_process_value = process_value
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+                    return fixed_process_value(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl_instance.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_expression(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            util.method_is_overridden(self, TypeDecorator.bind_expression)
+            or self.impl_instance._has_bind_expression
+        )
+
+    def bind_expression(
+        self, bindparam: BindParameter[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a bind value (i.e. a :class:`.BindParameter` instance),
+        return a SQL expression which will typically wrap the given parameter.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+            statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** necessarily
+            called against specific values, and should not be confused with the
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` method, which is
+            the more typical method that processes the actual value passed to a
+            particular parameter at statement execution time.
+
+        Subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` can override this method
+        to provide custom bind expression behavior for the type.  This
+        implementation will **replace** that of the underlying implementation
+        type.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance.bind_expression(bindparam)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_column_expression(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if column_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            util.method_is_overridden(self, TypeDecorator.column_expression)
+            or self.impl_instance._has_column_expression
+        )
+
+    def column_expression(
+        self, column: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a SELECT column expression, return a wrapping SQL expression.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+            statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** called
+            against specific values, and should not be confused with the
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value` method, which is
+            the more typical method that processes the actual value returned
+            in a result row subsequent to statement execution time.
+
+        Subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` can override this method
+        to provide custom column expression behavior for the type.  This
+        implementation will **replace** that of the underlying implementation
+        type.
+
+        See the description of :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.column_expression`
+        for a complete description of the method's use.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.impl_instance.column_expression(column)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        By default, returns self.   This method is called by
+        the expression system when an object using this type is
+        on the left or right side of an expression against a plain Python
+        object which does not yet have a SQLAlchemy type assigned::
+
+            expr = table.c.somecolumn + 35
+
+        Where above, if ``somecolumn`` uses this type, this method will
+        be called with the value ``operator.add``
+        and ``35``.  The return value is whatever SQLAlchemy type should
+        be used for ``35`` for this particular operation.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`.TypeDecorator` instance.
+
+        This is a shallow copy and is provided to fulfill part of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` contract.  It usually does not
+        need to be overridden unless the user-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        has local state that should be deep-copied.
+
+        """
+
+        instance = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        instance.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return instance
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi: ModuleType) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return the DBAPI type object represented by this
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.get_dbapi_type` of the
+        underlying "impl".
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance.get_dbapi_type(dbapi)
+
+    def compare_values(self, x: Any, y: Any) -> bool:
+        """Given two values, compare them for equality.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.compare_values`
+        of the underlying "impl", which in turn usually
+        uses the Python equals operator ``==``.
+
+        This function is used by the ORM to compare
+        an original-loaded value with an intercepted
+        "changed" value, to determine if a net change
+        has occurred.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance.compare_values(x, y)
+
+    # mypy property bug
+    @property
+    def sort_key_function(self) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+        return self.impl_instance.sort_key_function
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=self.impl_instance)
+
+
+class Variant(TypeDecorator[_T]):
+    """deprecated.  symbol is present for backwards-compatibility with
+    workaround recipes, however this actual type should not be used.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Variant is no longer used in SQLAlchemy; this is a "
+            "placeholder symbol for backwards compatibility."
+        )
+
+
+@overload
+def to_instance(
+    typeobj: Union[Type[_TE], _TE], *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> _TE: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def to_instance(typeobj: None, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> TypeEngine[None]: ...
+
+
+def to_instance(
+    typeobj: Union[Type[_TE], _TE, None], *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> Union[_TE, TypeEngine[None]]:
+    if typeobj is None:
+        return NULLTYPE
+
+    if callable(typeobj):
+        return typeobj(*arg, **kw)
+    else:
+        return typeobj
+
+
+def adapt_type(
+    typeobj: TypeEngine[Any],
+    colspecs: Mapping[Type[Any], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]],
+) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+    if isinstance(typeobj, type):
+        typeobj = typeobj()
+    for t in typeobj.__class__.__mro__[0:-1]:
+        try:
+            impltype = colspecs[t]
+            break
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    else:
+        # couldn't adapt - so just return the type itself
+        # (it may be a user-defined type)
+        return typeobj
+    # if we adapted the given generic type to a database-specific type,
+    # but it turns out the originally given "generic" type
+    # is actually a subclass of our resulting type, then we were already
+    # given a more specific type than that required; so use that.
+    if issubclass(typeobj.__class__, impltype):
+        return typeobj
+    return typeobj.adapt(impltype)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08f02f48283dc0256aa3909853277fe89989377c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1486 @@
+# sql/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""High level utilities which build upon other modules here.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import copy
+from itertools import chain
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import visitors
+from ._typing import is_text_clause
+from .annotation import _deep_annotate as _deep_annotate  # noqa: F401
+from .annotation import _deep_deannotate as _deep_deannotate  # noqa: F401
+from .annotation import _shallow_annotate as _shallow_annotate  # noqa: F401
+from .base import _expand_cloned
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey as HasCacheKey  # noqa: F401
+from .ddl import sort_tables as sort_tables  # noqa: F401
+from .elements import _find_columns as _find_columns
+from .elements import _label_reference
+from .elements import _textual_label_reference
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Grouping
+from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from .elements import Label
+from .elements import NamedColumn
+from .elements import Null
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .schema import Column
+from .selectable import Alias
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import FromGrouping
+from .selectable import Join
+from .selectable import ScalarSelect
+from .selectable import SelectBase
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .visitors import _ET
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ._typing import _LimitOffsetType
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import Selectable
+    from .visitors import _TraverseCallableType
+    from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+    from .visitors import ExternalTraversal
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _AnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _AnyMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _AnySingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.row import Row
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+
+def join_condition(
+    a: FromClause,
+    b: FromClause,
+    a_subset: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]] = None,
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """Create a join condition between two tables or selectables.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        join_condition(tablea, tableb)
+
+    would produce an expression along the lines of::
+
+        tablea.c.id==tableb.c.tablea_id
+
+    The join is determined based on the foreign key relationships
+    between the two selectables.   If there are multiple ways
+    to join, or no way to join, an error is raised.
+
+    :param a_subset: An optional expression that is a sub-component
+        of ``a``.  An attempt will be made to join to just this sub-component
+        first before looking at the full ``a`` construct, and if found
+        will be successful even if there are other ways to join to ``a``.
+        This allows the "right side" of a join to be passed thereby
+        providing a "natural join".
+
+    """
+    return Join._join_condition(
+        a,
+        b,
+        a_subset=a_subset,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+    )
+
+
+def find_join_source(
+    clauses: List[FromClause], join_to: FromClause
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses and a selectable,
+    return the first index and element from the list of
+    clauses which can be joined against the selectable.  returns
+    None, None if no match is found.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        clause1 = table1.join(table2)
+        clause2 = table4.join(table5)
+
+        join_to = table2.join(table3)
+
+        find_join_source([clause1, clause2], join_to) == clause1
+
+    """
+
+    selectables = list(_from_objects(join_to))
+    idx = []
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables:
+            if f.is_derived_from(s):
+                idx.append(i)
+    return idx
+
+
+def find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+    clauses: Sequence[FromClause], join_from: FromClause
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses and a selectable,
+    return the indexes from the list of
+    clauses which is derived from the selectable.
+
+    """
+
+    selectables = list(_from_objects(join_from))
+    liberal_idx = []
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables:
+            # basic check, if f is derived from s.
+            # this can be joins containing a table, or an aliased table
+            # or select statement matching to a table.  This check
+            # will match a table to a selectable that is adapted from
+            # that table.  With Query, this suits the case where a join
+            # is being made to an adapted entity
+            if f.is_derived_from(s):
+                liberal_idx.append(i)
+                break
+
+    # in an extremely small set of use cases, a join is being made where
+    # there are multiple FROM clauses where our target table is represented
+    # in more than one, such as embedded or similar.   in this case, do
+    # another pass where we try to get a more exact match where we aren't
+    # looking at adaption relationships.
+    if len(liberal_idx) > 1:
+        conservative_idx = []
+        for idx in liberal_idx:
+            f = clauses[idx]
+            for s in selectables:
+                if set(surface_selectables(f)).intersection(
+                    surface_selectables(s)
+                ):
+                    conservative_idx.append(idx)
+                    break
+        if conservative_idx:
+            return conservative_idx
+
+    return liberal_idx
+
+
+def find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+    clauses: Sequence[FromClause],
+    join_to: _JoinTargetElement,
+    onclause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses, a selectable,
+    and optional ON clause, return a list of integer indexes from the
+    clauses list indicating the clauses that can be joined from.
+
+    The presence of an "onclause" indicates that at least one clause can
+    definitely be joined from; if the list of clauses is of length one
+    and the onclause is given, returns that index.   If the list of clauses
+    is more than length one, and the onclause is given, attempts to locate
+    which clauses contain the same columns.
+
+    """
+    idx = []
+    selectables = set(_from_objects(join_to))
+
+    # if we are given more than one target clause to join
+    # from, use the onclause to provide a more specific answer.
+    # otherwise, don't try to limit, after all, "ON TRUE" is a valid
+    # on clause
+    if len(clauses) > 1 and onclause is not None:
+        resolve_ambiguity = True
+        cols_in_onclause = _find_columns(onclause)
+    else:
+        resolve_ambiguity = False
+        cols_in_onclause = None
+
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables.difference([f]):
+            if resolve_ambiguity:
+                assert cols_in_onclause is not None
+                if set(f.c).union(s.c).issuperset(cols_in_onclause):
+                    idx.append(i)
+                    break
+            elif onclause is not None or Join._can_join(f, s):
+                idx.append(i)
+                break
+
+    if len(idx) > 1:
+        # this is the same "hide froms" logic from
+        # Selectable._get_display_froms
+        toremove = set(
+            chain(*[_expand_cloned(f._hide_froms) for f in clauses])
+        )
+        idx = [i for i in idx if clauses[i] not in toremove]
+
+    # onclause was given and none of them resolved, so assume
+    # all indexes can match
+    if not idx and onclause is not None:
+        return list(range(len(clauses)))
+    else:
+        return idx
+
+
+def visit_binary_product(
+    fn: Callable[
+        [BinaryExpression[Any], ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]], None
+    ],
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+) -> None:
+    """Produce a traversal of the given expression, delivering
+    column comparisons to the given function.
+
+    The function is of the form::
+
+        def my_fn(binary, left, right)
+
+    For each binary expression located which has a
+    comparison operator, the product of "left" and
+    "right" will be delivered to that function,
+    in terms of that binary.
+
+    Hence an expression like::
+
+        and_(
+            (a + b) == q + func.sum(e + f),
+            j == r
+        )
+
+    would have the traversal::
+
+        a <eq> q
+        a <eq> e
+        a <eq> f
+        b <eq> q
+        b <eq> e
+        b <eq> f
+        j <eq> r
+
+    That is, every combination of "left" and
+    "right" that doesn't further contain
+    a binary comparison is passed as pairs.
+
+    """
+    stack: List[BinaryExpression[Any]] = []
+
+    def visit(element: ClauseElement) -> Iterator[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if isinstance(element, ScalarSelect):
+            # we don't want to dig into correlated subqueries,
+            # those are just column elements by themselves
+            yield element
+        elif element.__visit_name__ == "binary" and operators.is_comparison(
+            element.operator  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            stack.insert(0, element)  # type: ignore
+            for l in visit(element.left):  # type: ignore
+                for r in visit(element.right):  # type: ignore
+                    fn(stack[0], l, r)
+            stack.pop(0)
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                visit(elem)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(element, ColumnClause):
+                yield element
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                yield from visit(elem)
+
+    list(visit(expr))
+    visit = None  # type: ignore  # remove gc cycles
+
+
+def find_tables(
+    clause: ClauseElement,
+    *,
+    check_columns: bool = False,
+    include_aliases: bool = False,
+    include_joins: bool = False,
+    include_selects: bool = False,
+    include_crud: bool = False,
+) -> List[TableClause]:
+    """locate Table objects within the given expression."""
+
+    tables: List[TableClause] = []
+    _visitors: Dict[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]] = {}
+
+    if include_selects:
+        _visitors["select"] = _visitors["compound_select"] = tables.append
+
+    if include_joins:
+        _visitors["join"] = tables.append
+
+    if include_aliases:
+        _visitors["alias"] = _visitors["subquery"] = _visitors[
+            "tablesample"
+        ] = _visitors["lateral"] = tables.append
+
+    if include_crud:
+        _visitors["insert"] = _visitors["update"] = _visitors["delete"] = (
+            lambda ent: tables.append(ent.table)
+        )
+
+    if check_columns:
+
+        def visit_column(column):
+            tables.append(column.table)
+
+        _visitors["column"] = visit_column
+
+    _visitors["table"] = tables.append
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {}, _visitors)
+    return tables
+
+
+def unwrap_order_by(clause: Any) -> Any:
+    """Break up an 'order by' expression into individual column-expressions,
+    without DESC/ASC/NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST"""
+
+    cols = util.column_set()
+    result = []
+    stack = deque([clause])
+
+    # examples
+    # column -> ASC/DESC == column
+    # column -> ASC/DESC -> label == column
+    # column -> label -> ASC/DESC -> label == column
+    # scalar_select -> label -> ASC/DESC == scalar_select -> label
+
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.popleft()
+        if isinstance(t, ColumnElement) and (
+            not isinstance(t, UnaryExpression)
+            or not operators.is_ordering_modifier(t.modifier)  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            if isinstance(t, Label) and not isinstance(
+                t.element, ScalarSelect
+            ):
+                t = t.element
+
+                if isinstance(t, Grouping):
+                    t = t.element
+
+                stack.append(t)
+                continue
+            elif isinstance(t, _label_reference):
+                t = t.element
+
+                stack.append(t)
+                continue
+            if isinstance(t, (_textual_label_reference)):
+                continue
+            if t not in cols:
+                cols.add(t)
+                result.append(t)
+
+        else:
+            for c in t.get_children():
+                stack.append(c)
+    return result
+
+
+def unwrap_label_reference(element):
+    def replace(
+        element: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        if isinstance(element, _label_reference):
+            return element.element
+        elif isinstance(element, _textual_label_reference):
+            assert False, "can't unwrap a textual label reference"
+        return None
+
+    return visitors.replacement_traverse(element, {}, replace)
+
+
+def expand_column_list_from_order_by(collist, order_by):
+    """Given the columns clause and ORDER BY of a selectable,
+    return a list of column expressions that can be added to the collist
+    corresponding to the ORDER BY, without repeating those already
+    in the collist.
+
+    """
+    cols_already_present = {
+        col.element if col._order_by_label_element is not None else col
+        for col in collist
+    }
+
+    to_look_for = list(chain(*[unwrap_order_by(o) for o in order_by]))
+
+    return [col for col in to_look_for if col not in cols_already_present]
+
+
+def clause_is_present(clause, search):
+    """Given a target clause and a second to search within, return True
+    if the target is plainly present in the search without any
+    subqueries or aliases involved.
+
+    Basically descends through Joins.
+
+    """
+
+    for elem in surface_selectables(search):
+        if clause == elem:  # use == here so that Annotated's compare
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def tables_from_leftmost(clause: FromClause) -> Iterator[FromClause]:
+    if isinstance(clause, Join):
+        yield from tables_from_leftmost(clause.left)
+        yield from tables_from_leftmost(clause.right)
+    elif isinstance(clause, FromGrouping):
+        yield from tables_from_leftmost(clause.element)
+    else:
+        yield clause
+
+
+def surface_selectables(clause):
+    stack = [clause]
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop()
+        yield elem
+        if isinstance(elem, Join):
+            stack.extend((elem.left, elem.right))
+        elif isinstance(elem, FromGrouping):
+            stack.append(elem.element)
+
+
+def surface_selectables_only(clause):
+    stack = [clause]
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(elem, (TableClause, Alias)):
+            yield elem
+        if isinstance(elem, Join):
+            stack.extend((elem.left, elem.right))
+        elif isinstance(elem, FromGrouping):
+            stack.append(elem.element)
+        elif isinstance(elem, ColumnClause):
+            if elem.table is not None:
+                stack.append(elem.table)
+            else:
+                yield elem
+        elif elem is not None:
+            yield elem
+
+
+def extract_first_column_annotation(column, annotation_name):
+    filter_ = (FromGrouping, SelectBase)
+
+    stack = deque([column])
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.popleft()
+        if annotation_name in elem._annotations:
+            return elem._annotations[annotation_name]
+        for sub in elem.get_children():
+            if isinstance(sub, filter_):
+                continue
+            stack.append(sub)
+    return None
+
+
+def selectables_overlap(left: FromClause, right: FromClause) -> bool:
+    """Return True if left/right have some overlapping selectable"""
+
+    return bool(
+        set(surface_selectables(left)).intersection(surface_selectables(right))
+    )
+
+
+def bind_values(clause):
+    """Return an ordered list of "bound" values in the given clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> expr = and_(
+        ...    table.c.foo==5, table.c.foo==7
+        ... )
+        >>> bind_values(expr)
+        [5, 7]
+    """
+
+    v = []
+
+    def visit_bindparam(bind):
+        v.append(bind.effective_value)
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam})
+    return v
+
+
+def _quote_ddl_expr(element):
+    if isinstance(element, str):
+        element = element.replace("'", "''")
+        return "'%s'" % element
+    else:
+        return repr(element)
+
+
+class _repr_base:
+    _LIST: int = 0
+    _TUPLE: int = 1
+    _DICT: int = 2
+
+    __slots__ = ("max_chars",)
+
+    max_chars: int
+
+    def trunc(self, value: Any) -> str:
+        rep = repr(value)
+        lenrep = len(rep)
+        if lenrep > self.max_chars:
+            segment_length = self.max_chars // 2
+            rep = (
+                rep[0:segment_length]
+                + (
+                    " ... (%d characters truncated) ... "
+                    % (lenrep - self.max_chars)
+                )
+                + rep[-segment_length:]
+            )
+        return rep
+
+
+def _repr_single_value(value):
+    rp = _repr_base()
+    rp.max_chars = 300
+    return rp.trunc(value)
+
+
+class _repr_row(_repr_base):
+    """Provide a string view of a row."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("row",)
+
+    def __init__(self, row: Row[Any], max_chars: int = 300):
+        self.row = row
+        self.max_chars = max_chars
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+        return "(%s%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in self.row),
+            "," if len(self.row) == 1 else "",
+        )
+
+
+class _long_statement(str):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        lself = len(self)
+        if lself > 500:
+            lleft = 250
+            lright = 100
+            trunc = lself - lleft - lright
+            return (
+                f"{self[0:lleft]} ... {trunc} "
+                f"characters truncated ... {self[-lright:]}"
+            )
+        else:
+            return str.__str__(self)
+
+
+class _repr_params(_repr_base):
+    """Provide a string view of bound parameters.
+
+    Truncates display to a given number of 'multi' parameter sets,
+    as well as long values to a given number of characters.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "params", "batches", "ismulti", "max_params"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        batches: int,
+        max_params: int = 100,
+        max_chars: int = 300,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        self.params = params
+        self.ismulti = ismulti
+        self.batches = batches
+        self.max_chars = max_chars
+        self.max_params = max_params
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.ismulti is None:
+            return self.trunc(self.params)
+
+        if isinstance(self.params, list):
+            typ = self._LIST
+
+        elif isinstance(self.params, tuple):
+            typ = self._TUPLE
+        elif isinstance(self.params, dict):
+            typ = self._DICT
+        else:
+            return self.trunc(self.params)
+
+        if self.ismulti:
+            multi_params = cast(
+                "_AnyMultiExecuteParams",
+                self.params,
+            )
+
+            if len(self.params) > self.batches:
+                msg = (
+                    " ... displaying %i of %i total bound parameter sets ... "
+                )
+                return " ".join(
+                    (
+                        self._repr_multi(
+                            multi_params[: self.batches - 2],
+                            typ,
+                        )[0:-1],
+                        msg % (self.batches, len(self.params)),
+                        self._repr_multi(multi_params[-2:], typ)[1:],
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                return self._repr_multi(multi_params, typ)
+        else:
+            return self._repr_params(
+                cast(
+                    "_AnySingleExecuteParams",
+                    self.params,
+                ),
+                typ,
+            )
+
+    def _repr_multi(
+        self,
+        multi_params: _AnyMultiExecuteParams,
+        typ: int,
+    ) -> str:
+        if multi_params:
+            if isinstance(multi_params[0], list):
+                elem_type = self._LIST
+            elif isinstance(multi_params[0], tuple):
+                elem_type = self._TUPLE
+            elif isinstance(multi_params[0], dict):
+                elem_type = self._DICT
+            else:
+                assert False, "Unknown parameter type %s" % (
+                    type(multi_params[0])
+                )
+
+            elements = ", ".join(
+                self._repr_params(params, elem_type) for params in multi_params
+            )
+        else:
+            elements = ""
+
+        if typ == self._LIST:
+            return "[%s]" % elements
+        else:
+            return "(%s)" % elements
+
+    def _get_batches(self, params: Iterable[Any]) -> Any:
+        lparams = list(params)
+        lenparams = len(lparams)
+        if lenparams > self.max_params:
+            lleft = self.max_params // 2
+            return (
+                lparams[0:lleft],
+                lparams[-lleft:],
+                lenparams - self.max_params,
+            )
+        else:
+            return lparams, None, None
+
+    def _repr_params(
+        self,
+        params: _AnySingleExecuteParams,
+        typ: int,
+    ) -> str:
+        if typ is self._DICT:
+            return self._repr_param_dict(
+                cast("_CoreSingleExecuteParams", params)
+            )
+        elif typ is self._TUPLE:
+            return self._repr_param_tuple(cast("Sequence[Any]", params))
+        else:
+            return self._repr_param_list(params)
+
+    def _repr_param_dict(self, params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+        (
+            items_first_batch,
+            items_second_batch,
+            trunclen,
+        ) = self._get_batches(params.items())
+
+        if items_second_batch:
+            text = "{%s" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    f"{key!r}: {trunc(value)}"
+                    for key, value in items_first_batch
+                )
+            )
+            text += f" ... {trunclen} parameters truncated ... "
+            text += "%s}" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    f"{key!r}: {trunc(value)}"
+                    for key, value in items_second_batch
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "{%s}" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    f"{key!r}: {trunc(value)}"
+                    for key, value in items_first_batch
+                )
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def _repr_param_tuple(self, params: Sequence[Any]) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+
+        (
+            items_first_batch,
+            items_second_batch,
+            trunclen,
+        ) = self._get_batches(params)
+
+        if items_second_batch:
+            text = "(%s" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch)
+            )
+            text += f" ... {trunclen} parameters truncated ... "
+            text += "%s)" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_second_batch),
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "(%s%s)" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch),
+                "," if len(items_first_batch) == 1 else "",
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def _repr_param_list(self, params: _AnySingleExecuteParams) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+        (
+            items_first_batch,
+            items_second_batch,
+            trunclen,
+        ) = self._get_batches(params)
+
+        if items_second_batch:
+            text = "[%s" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch)
+            )
+            text += f" ... {trunclen} parameters truncated ... "
+            text += "%s]" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_second_batch)
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "[%s]" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch)
+            )
+        return text
+
+
+def adapt_criterion_to_null(crit: _CE, nulls: Collection[Any]) -> _CE:
+    """given criterion containing bind params, convert selected elements
+    to IS NULL.
+
+    """
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if (
+            isinstance(binary.left, BindParameter)
+            and binary.left._identifying_key in nulls
+        ):
+            # reverse order if the NULL is on the left side
+            binary.left = binary.right
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.is_not
+        elif (
+            isinstance(binary.right, BindParameter)
+            and binary.right._identifying_key in nulls
+        ):
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.is_not
+
+    return visitors.cloned_traverse(crit, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+
+def splice_joins(
+    left: Optional[FromClause],
+    right: Optional[FromClause],
+    stop_on: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+) -> Optional[FromClause]:
+    if left is None:
+        return right
+
+    stack: List[Tuple[Optional[FromClause], Optional[Join]]] = [(right, None)]
+
+    adapter = ClauseAdapter(left)
+    ret = None
+    while stack:
+        (right, prevright) = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(right, Join) and right is not stop_on:
+            right = right._clone()
+            right.onclause = adapter.traverse(right.onclause)
+            stack.append((right.left, right))
+        else:
+            right = adapter.traverse(right)
+        if prevright is not None:
+            assert right is not None
+            prevright.left = right
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = right
+
+    return ret
+
+
+@overload
+def reduce_columns(
+    columns: Iterable[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    *clauses: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    **kw: bool,
+) -> Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def reduce_columns(
+    columns: _SelectIterable,
+    *clauses: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    **kw: bool,
+) -> Sequence[Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]]: ...
+
+
+def reduce_columns(
+    columns: _SelectIterable,
+    *clauses: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    **kw: bool,
+) -> Collection[Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]]:
+    r"""given a list of columns, return a 'reduced' set based on natural
+    equivalents.
+
+    the set is reduced to the smallest list of columns which have no natural
+    equivalent present in the list.  A "natural equivalent" means that two
+    columns will ultimately represent the same value because they are related
+    by a foreign key.
+
+    \*clauses is an optional list of join clauses which will be traversed
+    to further identify columns that are "equivalent".
+
+    \**kw may specify 'ignore_nonexistent_tables' to ignore foreign keys
+    whose tables are not yet configured, or columns that aren't yet present.
+
+    This function is primarily used to determine the most minimal "primary
+    key" from a selectable, by reducing the set of primary key columns present
+    in the selectable to just those that are not repeated.
+
+    """
+    ignore_nonexistent_tables = kw.pop("ignore_nonexistent_tables", False)
+    only_synonyms = kw.pop("only_synonyms", False)
+
+    column_set = util.OrderedSet(columns)
+    cset_no_text: util.OrderedSet[ColumnElement[Any]] = column_set.difference(
+        c for c in column_set if is_text_clause(c)  # type: ignore
+    )
+
+    omit = util.column_set()
+    for col in cset_no_text:
+        for fk in chain(*[c.foreign_keys for c in col.proxy_set]):
+            for c in cset_no_text:
+                if c is col:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    fk_col = fk.column
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                except exc.NoReferencedTableError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                if fk_col.shares_lineage(c) and (
+                    not only_synonyms or c.name == col.name
+                ):
+                    omit.add(col)
+                    break
+
+    if clauses:
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                cols = util.column_set(
+                    chain(
+                        *[c.proxy_set for c in cset_no_text.difference(omit)]
+                    )
+                )
+                if binary.left in cols and binary.right in cols:
+                    for c in reversed(cset_no_text):
+                        if c.shares_lineage(binary.right) and (
+                            not only_synonyms or c.name == binary.left.name
+                        ):
+                            omit.add(c)
+                            break
+
+        for clause in clauses:
+            if clause is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+    return column_set.difference(omit)
+
+
+def criterion_as_pairs(
+    expression,
+    consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
+    consider_as_referenced_keys=None,
+    any_operator=False,
+):
+    """traverse an expression and locate binary criterion pairs."""
+
+    if consider_as_foreign_keys and consider_as_referenced_keys:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Can only specify one of "
+            "'consider_as_foreign_keys' or "
+            "'consider_as_referenced_keys'"
+        )
+
+    def col_is(a, b):
+        # return a is b
+        return a.compare(b)
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if not any_operator and binary.operator is not operators.eq:
+            return
+        if not isinstance(binary.left, ColumnElement) or not isinstance(
+            binary.right, ColumnElement
+        ):
+            return
+
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_foreign_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.right, binary.left)
+                or binary.right not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_foreign_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.left, binary.right)
+                or binary.left not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+        elif consider_as_referenced_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_referenced_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.right, binary.left)
+                or binary.right not in consider_as_referenced_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_referenced_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.left, binary.right)
+                or binary.left not in consider_as_referenced_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+        else:
+            if isinstance(binary.left, Column) and isinstance(
+                binary.right, Column
+            ):
+                if binary.left.references(binary.right):
+                    pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+                elif binary.right.references(binary.left):
+                    pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+
+    pairs: List[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]] = []
+    visitors.traverse(expression, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+    return pairs
+
+
+class ClauseAdapter(visitors.ReplacingExternalTraversal):
+    """Clones and modifies clauses based on column correspondence.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+      table1 = Table('sometable', metadata,
+          Column('col1', Integer),
+          Column('col2', Integer)
+          )
+      table2 = Table('someothertable', metadata,
+          Column('col1', Integer),
+          Column('col2', Integer)
+          )
+
+      condition = table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    make an alias of table1::
+
+      s = table1.alias('foo')
+
+    calling ``ClauseAdapter(s).traverse(condition)`` converts
+    condition to read::
+
+      s.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__traverse_options__",
+        "selectable",
+        "include_fn",
+        "exclude_fn",
+        "equivalents",
+        "adapt_on_names",
+        "adapt_from_selectables",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        selectable: Selectable,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        include_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        exclude_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.__traverse_options__ = {
+            "stop_on": [selectable],
+            "anonymize_labels": anonymize_labels,
+        }
+        self.selectable = selectable
+        self.include_fn = include_fn
+        self.exclude_fn = exclude_fn
+        self.equivalents = util.column_dict(equivalents or {})
+        self.adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+        self.adapt_from_selectables = adapt_from_selectables
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+        # note this specializes the ReplacingExternalTraversal.traverse()
+        # method to state
+        # that we will return the same kind of ExternalTraversal object as
+        # we were given.  This is probably not 100% true, such as it's
+        # possible for us to swap out Alias for Table at the top level.
+        # Ideally there could be overloads specific to ColumnElement and
+        # FromClause but Mypy is not accepting those as compatible with
+        # the base ReplacingExternalTraversal
+        @overload
+        def traverse(self, obj: _ET) -> _ET: ...
+
+        def traverse(
+            self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+        ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]: ...
+
+    def _corresponding_column(
+        self, col, require_embedded, _seen=util.EMPTY_SET
+    ):
+        newcol = self.selectable.corresponding_column(
+            col, require_embedded=require_embedded
+        )
+        if newcol is None and col in self.equivalents and col not in _seen:
+            for equiv in self.equivalents[col]:
+                newcol = self._corresponding_column(
+                    equiv,
+                    require_embedded=require_embedded,
+                    _seen=_seen.union([col]),
+                )
+                if newcol is not None:
+                    return newcol
+
+        if (
+            self.adapt_on_names
+            and newcol is None
+            and isinstance(col, NamedColumn)
+        ):
+            newcol = self.selectable.exported_columns.get(col.name)
+        return newcol
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def replace(
+        self, col: _ET, _include_singleton_constants: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_ET]:
+        functions = util.preloaded.sql_functions
+
+        # TODO: cython candidate
+
+        if self.include_fn and not self.include_fn(col):  # type: ignore
+            return None
+        elif self.exclude_fn and self.exclude_fn(col):  # type: ignore
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(col, FromClause) and not isinstance(
+            col, functions.FunctionElement
+        ):
+            if self.selectable.is_derived_from(col):
+                if self.adapt_from_selectables:
+                    for adp in self.adapt_from_selectables:
+                        if adp.is_derived_from(col):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        return None
+                return self.selectable  # type: ignore
+            elif isinstance(col, Alias) and isinstance(
+                col.element, TableClause
+            ):
+                # we are a SELECT statement and not derived from an alias of a
+                # table (which nonetheless may be a table our SELECT derives
+                # from), so return the alias to prevent further traversal
+                # or
+                # we are an alias of a table and we are not derived from an
+                # alias of a table (which nonetheless may be the same table
+                # as ours) so, same thing
+                return col  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                # other cases where we are a selectable and the element
+                # is another join or selectable that contains a table which our
+                # selectable derives from, that we want to process
+                return None
+
+        elif not isinstance(col, ColumnElement):
+            return None
+        elif not _include_singleton_constants and col._is_singleton_constant:
+            # dont swap out NULL, TRUE, FALSE for a label name
+            # in a SQL statement that's being rewritten,
+            # leave them as the constant.  This is first noted in #6259,
+            # however the logic to check this moved here as of #7154 so that
+            # it is made specific to SQL rewriting and not all column
+            # correspondence
+
+            return None
+
+        if "adapt_column" in col._annotations:
+            col = col._annotations["adapt_column"]
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(col, KeyedColumnElement)
+
+        if self.adapt_from_selectables and col not in self.equivalents:
+            for adp in self.adapt_from_selectables:
+                if adp.c.corresponding_column(col, False) is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(col, KeyedColumnElement)
+
+        return self._corresponding_column(  # type: ignore
+            col, require_embedded=True
+        )
+
+
+class _ColumnLookup(Protocol):
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: None) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: ColumnClause[Any]) -> ColumnClause[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: ColumnElement[Any]) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _ET) -> _ET: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ColumnAdapter(ClauseAdapter):
+    """Extends ClauseAdapter with extra utility functions.
+
+    Key aspects of ColumnAdapter include:
+
+    * Expressions that are adapted are stored in a persistent
+      .columns collection; so that an expression E adapted into
+      an expression E1, will return the same object E1 when adapted
+      a second time.   This is important in particular for things like
+      Label objects that are anonymized, so that the ColumnAdapter can
+      be used to present a consistent "adapted" view of things.
+
+    * Exclusion of items from the persistent collection based on
+      include/exclude rules, but also independent of hash identity.
+      This because "annotated" items all have the same hash identity as their
+      parent.
+
+    * "wrapping" capability is added, so that the replacement of an expression
+      E can proceed through a series of adapters.  This differs from the
+      visitor's "chaining" feature in that the resulting object is passed
+      through all replacing functions unconditionally, rather than stopping
+      at the first one that returns non-None.
+
+    * An adapt_required option, used by eager loading to indicate that
+      We don't trust a result row column that is not translated.
+      This is to prevent a column from being interpreted as that
+      of the child row in a self-referential scenario, see
+      inheritance/test_basic.py->EagerTargetingTest.test_adapt_stringency
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "columns",
+        "adapt_required",
+        "allow_label_resolve",
+        "_wrap",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    columns: _ColumnLookup
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        selectable: Selectable,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        adapt_required: bool = False,
+        include_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        exclude_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        allow_label_resolve: bool = True,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            selectable,
+            equivalents,
+            include_fn=include_fn,
+            exclude_fn=exclude_fn,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            adapt_from_selectables=adapt_from_selectables,
+        )
+
+        self.columns = util.WeakPopulateDict(self._locate_col)  # type: ignore
+        if self.include_fn or self.exclude_fn:
+            self.columns = self._IncludeExcludeMapping(self, self.columns)
+        self.adapt_required = adapt_required
+        self.allow_label_resolve = allow_label_resolve
+        self._wrap = None
+
+    class _IncludeExcludeMapping:
+        def __init__(self, parent, columns):
+            self.parent = parent
+            self.columns = columns
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            if (
+                self.parent.include_fn and not self.parent.include_fn(key)
+            ) or (self.parent.exclude_fn and self.parent.exclude_fn(key)):
+                if self.parent._wrap:
+                    return self.parent._wrap.columns[key]
+                else:
+                    return key
+            return self.columns[key]
+
+    def wrap(self, adapter):
+        ac = copy.copy(self)
+        ac._wrap = adapter
+        ac.columns = util.WeakPopulateDict(ac._locate_col)  # type: ignore
+        if ac.include_fn or ac.exclude_fn:
+            ac.columns = self._IncludeExcludeMapping(ac, ac.columns)
+
+        return ac
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: _ET) -> _ET: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        return self.columns[obj]
+
+    def chain(self, visitor: ExternalTraversal) -> ColumnAdapter:
+        assert isinstance(visitor, ColumnAdapter)
+
+        return super().chain(visitor)
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @property
+        def visitor_iterator(self) -> Iterator[ColumnAdapter]: ...
+
+    adapt_clause = traverse
+    adapt_list = ClauseAdapter.copy_and_process
+
+    def adapt_check_present(
+        self, col: ColumnElement[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        newcol = self.columns[col]
+
+        if newcol is col and self._corresponding_column(col, True) is None:
+            return None
+
+        return newcol
+
+    def _locate_col(
+        self, col: ColumnElement[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        # both replace and traverse() are overly complicated for what
+        # we are doing here and we would do better to have an inlined
+        # version that doesn't build up as much overhead.  the issue is that
+        # sometimes the lookup does in fact have to adapt the insides of
+        # say a labeled scalar subquery.   However, if the object is an
+        # Immutable, i.e. Column objects, we can skip the "clone" /
+        # "copy internals" part since those will be no-ops in any case.
+        # additionally we want to catch singleton objects null/true/false
+        # and make sure they are adapted as well here.
+
+        if col._is_immutable:
+            for vis in self.visitor_iterator:
+                c = vis.replace(col, _include_singleton_constants=True)
+                if c is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                c = col
+        else:
+            c = ClauseAdapter.traverse(self, col)
+
+        if self._wrap:
+            c2 = self._wrap._locate_col(c)
+            if c2 is not None:
+                c = c2
+
+        if self.adapt_required and c is col:
+            return None
+
+        # allow_label_resolve is consumed by one case for joined eager loading
+        # as part of its logic to prevent its own columns from being affected
+        # by .order_by().  Before full typing were applied to the ORM, this
+        # logic would set this attribute on the incoming object (which is
+        # typically a column, but we have a test for it being a non-column
+        # object) if no column were found.  While this seemed to
+        # have no negative effects, this adjustment should only occur on the
+        # new column which is assumed to be local to an adapted selectable.
+        if c is not col:
+            c._allow_label_resolve = self.allow_label_resolve
+
+        return c
+
+
+def _offset_or_limit_clause(
+    element: _LimitOffsetType,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[int]] = None,
+) -> ColumnElement[int]:
+    """Convert the given value to an "offset or limit" clause.
+
+    This handles incoming integers and converts to an expression; if
+    an expression is already given, it is passed through.
+
+    """
+    return coercions.expect(
+        roles.LimitOffsetRole, element, name=name, type_=type_
+    )
+
+
+def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint_if_possible(
+    clause: _LimitOffsetType,
+) -> _LimitOffsetType:
+    """Return the offset or limit clause as a simple integer if possible,
+    else return the clause.
+
+    """
+    if clause is None:
+        return None
+    if hasattr(clause, "_limit_offset_value"):
+        value = clause._limit_offset_value
+        return util.asint(value)
+    else:
+        return clause
+
+
+def _make_slice(
+    limit_clause: _LimitOffsetType,
+    offset_clause: _LimitOffsetType,
+    start: int,
+    stop: int,
+) -> Tuple[Optional[ColumnElement[int]], Optional[ColumnElement[int]]]:
+    """Compute LIMIT/OFFSET in terms of slice start/end"""
+
+    # for calculated limit/offset, try to do the addition of
+    # values to offset in Python, however if a SQL clause is present
+    # then the addition has to be on the SQL side.
+
+    # TODO: typing is finding a few gaps in here, see if they can be
+    # closed up
+
+    if start is not None and stop is not None:
+        offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause_asint_if_possible(
+            offset_clause
+        )
+        if offset_clause is None:
+            offset_clause = 0
+
+        if start != 0:
+            offset_clause = offset_clause + start  # type: ignore
+
+        if offset_clause == 0:
+            offset_clause = None
+        else:
+            assert offset_clause is not None
+            offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(offset_clause)
+
+        limit_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(stop - start)
+
+    elif start is None and stop is not None:
+        limit_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(stop)
+    elif start is not None and stop is None:
+        offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause_asint_if_possible(
+            offset_clause
+        )
+        if offset_clause is None:
+            offset_clause = 0
+
+        if start != 0:
+            offset_clause = offset_clause + start
+
+        if offset_clause == 0:
+            offset_clause = None
+        else:
+            offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(offset_clause)
+
+    return limit_clause, offset_clause
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ef9f16fed037348d2680759d04f00e8b3391043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1165 @@
+# sql/visitors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Visitor/traversal interface and library functions.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import langhelpers
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_util import prefix_anon_map as prefix_anon_map
+    from ._py_util import cache_anon_map as anon_map
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        prefix_anon_map as prefix_anon_map,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        cache_anon_map as anon_map,
+    )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "iterate",
+    "traverse_using",
+    "traverse",
+    "cloned_traverse",
+    "replacement_traverse",
+    "Visitable",
+    "ExternalTraversal",
+    "InternalTraversal",
+    "anon_map",
+]
+
+
+class _CompilerDispatchType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(_self, self: Visitable, visitor: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class Visitable:
+    """Base class for visitable objects.
+
+    :class:`.Visitable` is used to implement the SQL compiler dispatch
+    functions.    Other forms of traversal such as for cache key generation
+    are implemented separately using the :class:`.HasTraverseInternals`
+    interface.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :class:`.Visitable` class was named
+       :class:`.Traversible` in the 1.4 series; the name is changed back
+       to :class:`.Visitable` in 2.0 which is what it was prior to 1.4.
+
+       Both names remain importable in both 1.4 and 2.0 versions.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    __visit_name__: str
+
+    _original_compiler_dispatch: _CompilerDispatchType
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor: Any, **kw: Any) -> str: ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if "__visit_name__" in cls.__dict__:
+            cls._generate_compiler_dispatch()
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_compiler_dispatch(cls) -> None:
+        visit_name = cls.__visit_name__
+
+        if "_compiler_dispatch" in cls.__dict__:
+            # class has a fixed _compiler_dispatch() method.
+            # copy it to "original" so that we can get it back if
+            # sqlalchemy.ext.compiles overrides it.
+            cls._original_compiler_dispatch = cls._compiler_dispatch
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(visit_name, str):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"__visit_name__ on class {cls.__name__} must be a string "
+                "at the class level"
+            )
+
+        name = "visit_%s" % visit_name
+        getter = operator.attrgetter(name)
+
+        def _compiler_dispatch(
+            self: Visitable, visitor: Any, **kw: Any
+        ) -> str:
+            """Look for an attribute named "visit_<visit_name>" on the
+            visitor, and call it with the same kw params.
+
+            """
+            try:
+                meth = getter(visitor)
+            except AttributeError as err:
+                return visitor.visit_unsupported_compilation(self, err, **kw)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+            else:
+                return meth(self, **kw)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+        cls._compiler_dispatch = (  # type: ignore
+            cls._original_compiler_dispatch
+        ) = _compiler_dispatch
+
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key: Any) -> Any:
+        # allow generic classes in py3.9+
+        return cls
+
+
+class InternalTraversal(Enum):
+    r"""Defines visitor symbols used for internal traversal.
+
+    The :class:`.InternalTraversal` class is used in two ways.  One is that
+    it can serve as the superclass for an object that implements the
+    various visit methods of the class.   The other is that the symbols
+    themselves of :class:`.InternalTraversal` are used within
+    the ``_traverse_internals`` collection.   Such as, the :class:`.Case`
+    object defines ``_traverse_internals`` as ::
+
+        class Case(ColumnElement[_T]):
+            _traverse_internals = [
+                ("value", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+                ("whens", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuples),
+                ("else_", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ]
+
+    Above, the :class:`.Case` class indicates its internal state as the
+    attributes named ``value``, ``whens``, and ``else_``.    They each
+    link to an :class:`.InternalTraversal` method which indicates the type
+    of datastructure to which each attribute refers.
+
+    Using the ``_traverse_internals`` structure, objects of type
+    :class:`.InternalTraversible` will have the following methods automatically
+    implemented:
+
+    * :meth:`.HasTraverseInternals.get_children`
+
+    * :meth:`.HasTraverseInternals._copy_internals`
+
+    * :meth:`.HasCacheKey._gen_cache_key`
+
+    Subclasses can also implement these methods directly, particularly for the
+    :meth:`.HasTraverseInternals._copy_internals` method, when special steps
+    are needed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    dp_has_cache_key = "HC"
+    """Visit a :class:`.HasCacheKey` object."""
+
+    dp_has_cache_key_list = "HL"
+    """Visit a list of :class:`.HasCacheKey` objects."""
+
+    dp_clauseelement = "CE"
+    """Visit a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` object."""
+
+    dp_fromclause_canonical_column_collection = "FC"
+    """Visit a :class:`_expression.FromClause` object in the context of the
+    ``columns`` attribute.
+
+    The column collection is "canonical", meaning it is the originally
+    defined location of the :class:`.ColumnClause` objects.   Right now
+    this means that the object being visited is a
+    :class:`_expression.TableClause`
+    or :class:`_schema.Table` object only.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_clauseelement_tuples = "CTS"
+    """Visit a list of tuples which contain :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_clauseelement_list = "CL"
+    """Visit a list of :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_clauseelement_tuple = "CT"
+    """Visit a tuple of :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_executable_options = "EO"
+
+    dp_with_context_options = "WC"
+
+    dp_fromclause_ordered_set = "CO"
+    """Visit an ordered set of :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects. """
+
+    dp_string = "S"
+    """Visit a plain string value.
+
+    Examples include table and column names, bound parameter keys, special
+    keywords such as "UNION", "UNION ALL".
+
+    The string value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_string_list = "SL"
+    """Visit a list of strings."""
+
+    dp_anon_name = "AN"
+    """Visit a potentially "anonymized" string value.
+
+    The string value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_boolean = "B"
+    """Visit a boolean value.
+
+    The boolean value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_operator = "O"
+    """Visit an operator.
+
+    The operator is a function from the :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+    module.
+
+    The operator value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_type = "T"
+    """Visit a :class:`.TypeEngine` object
+
+    The type object is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_plain_dict = "PD"
+    """Visit a dictionary with string keys.
+
+    The keys of the dictionary should be strings, the values should
+    be immutable and hashable.   The dictionary is considered to be
+    significant for cache key generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_dialect_options = "DO"
+    """Visit a dialect options structure."""
+
+    dp_string_clauseelement_dict = "CD"
+    """Visit a dictionary of string keys to :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_string_multi_dict = "MD"
+    """Visit a dictionary of string keys to values which may either be
+    plain immutable/hashable or :class:`.HasCacheKey` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_annotations_key = "AK"
+    """Visit the _annotations_cache_key element.
+
+    This is a dictionary of additional information about a ClauseElement
+    that modifies its role.  It should be included when comparing or caching
+    objects, however generating this key is relatively expensive.   Visitors
+    should check the "_annotations" dict for non-None first before creating
+    this key.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_plain_obj = "PO"
+    """Visit a plain python object.
+
+    The value should be immutable and hashable, such as an integer.
+    The value is considered to be significant for cache key generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_named_ddl_element = "DD"
+    """Visit a simple named DDL element.
+
+    The current object used by this method is the :class:`.Sequence`.
+
+    The object is only considered to be important for cache key generation
+    as far as its name, but not any other aspects of it.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_prefix_sequence = "PS"
+    """Visit the sequence represented by :class:`_expression.HasPrefixes`
+    or :class:`_expression.HasSuffixes`.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_table_hint_list = "TH"
+    """Visit the ``_hints`` collection of a :class:`_expression.Select`
+    object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_setup_join_tuple = "SJ"
+
+    dp_memoized_select_entities = "ME"
+
+    dp_statement_hint_list = "SH"
+    """Visit the ``_statement_hints`` collection of a
+    :class:`_expression.Select`
+    object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_unknown_structure = "UK"
+    """Visit an unknown structure.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_dml_ordered_values = "DML_OV"
+    """Visit the values() ordered tuple list of an
+    :class:`_expression.Update` object."""
+
+    dp_dml_values = "DML_V"
+    """Visit the values() dictionary of a :class:`.ValuesBase`
+    (e.g. Insert or Update) object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_dml_multi_values = "DML_MV"
+    """Visit the values() multi-valued list of dictionaries of an
+    :class:`_expression.Insert` object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_propagate_attrs = "PA"
+    """Visit the propagate attrs dict.  This hardcodes to the particular
+    elements we care about right now."""
+
+    """Symbols that follow are additional symbols that are useful in
+    caching applications.
+
+    Traversals for :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects only need to use
+    those symbols present in :class:`.InternalTraversal`.  However, for
+    additional caching use cases within the ORM, symbols dealing with the
+    :class:`.HasCacheKey` class are added here.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_ignore = "IG"
+    """Specify an object that should be ignored entirely.
+
+    This currently applies function call argument caching where some
+    arguments should not be considered to be part of a cache key.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_inspectable = "IS"
+    """Visit an inspectable object where the return value is a
+    :class:`.HasCacheKey` object."""
+
+    dp_multi = "M"
+    """Visit an object that may be a :class:`.HasCacheKey` or may be a
+    plain hashable object."""
+
+    dp_multi_list = "MT"
+    """Visit a tuple containing elements that may be :class:`.HasCacheKey` or
+    may be a plain hashable object."""
+
+    dp_has_cache_key_tuples = "HT"
+    """Visit a list of tuples which contain :class:`.HasCacheKey`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_inspectable_list = "IL"
+    """Visit a list of inspectable objects which upon inspection are
+    HasCacheKey objects."""
+
+
+_TraverseInternalsType = List[Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]]
+"""a structure that defines how a HasTraverseInternals should be
+traversed.
+
+This structure consists of a list of (attributename, internaltraversal)
+tuples, where the "attributename" refers to the name of an attribute on an
+instance of the HasTraverseInternals object, and "internaltraversal" refers
+to an :class:`.InternalTraversal` enumeration symbol defining what kind
+of data this attribute stores, which indicates to the traverser how it should
+be handled.
+
+"""
+
+
+class HasTraverseInternals:
+    """base for classes that have a "traverse internals" element,
+    which defines all kinds of ways of traversing the elements of an object.
+
+    Compared to :class:`.Visitable`, which relies upon an external visitor to
+    define how the object is travered (i.e. the :class:`.SQLCompiler`), the
+    :class:`.HasTraverseInternals` interface allows classes to define their own
+    traversal, that is, what attributes are accessed and in what order.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType
+
+    _is_immutable: bool = False
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.traversals")
+    def get_children(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Tuple[str, ...] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> Iterable[HasTraverseInternals]:
+        r"""Return immediate child :class:`.visitors.HasTraverseInternals`
+        elements of this :class:`.visitors.HasTraverseInternals`.
+
+        This is used for visit traversal.
+
+        \**kw may contain flags that change the collection that is
+        returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to
+        cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a
+        different context (such as schema-level collections instead of
+        clause-level).
+
+        """
+
+        traversals = util.preloaded.sql_traversals
+
+        try:
+            traverse_internals = self._traverse_internals
+        except AttributeError:
+            # user-defined classes may not have a _traverse_internals
+            return []
+
+        dispatch = traversals._get_children.run_generated_dispatch
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            meth(obj, **kw)
+            for attrname, obj, meth in dispatch(
+                self, traverse_internals, "_generated_get_children_traversal"
+            )
+            if attrname not in omit_attrs and obj is not None
+        )
+
+
+class _InternalTraversalDispatchType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(s, self: object, visitor: HasTraversalDispatch) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class HasTraversalDispatch:
+    r"""Define infrastructure for classes that perform internal traversals
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _dispatch_lookup: ClassVar[Dict[Union[InternalTraversal, str], str]] = {}
+
+    def dispatch(self, visit_symbol: InternalTraversal) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        """Given a method from :class:`.HasTraversalDispatch`, return the
+        corresponding method on a subclass.
+
+        """
+        name = _dispatch_lookup[visit_symbol]
+        return getattr(self, name, None)  # type: ignore
+
+    def run_generated_dispatch(
+        self,
+        target: object,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        generate_dispatcher_name: str,
+    ) -> Any:
+        dispatcher: _InternalTraversalDispatchType
+        try:
+            dispatcher = target.__class__.__dict__[generate_dispatcher_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            # traversals.py -> _preconfigure_traversals()
+            # may be used to run these ahead of time, but
+            # is not enabled right now.
+            # this block will generate any remaining dispatchers.
+            dispatcher = self.generate_dispatch(
+                target.__class__, internal_dispatch, generate_dispatcher_name
+            )
+        return dispatcher(target, self)
+
+    def generate_dispatch(
+        self,
+        target_cls: Type[object],
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        generate_dispatcher_name: str,
+    ) -> _InternalTraversalDispatchType:
+        dispatcher = self._generate_dispatcher(
+            internal_dispatch, generate_dispatcher_name
+        )
+        # assert isinstance(target_cls, type)
+        setattr(target_cls, generate_dispatcher_name, dispatcher)
+        return dispatcher
+
+    def _generate_dispatcher(
+        self, internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType, method_name: str
+    ) -> _InternalTraversalDispatchType:
+        names = []
+        for attrname, visit_sym in internal_dispatch:
+            meth = self.dispatch(visit_sym)
+            if meth is not None:
+                visit_name = _dispatch_lookup[visit_sym]
+                names.append((attrname, visit_name))
+
+        code = (
+            ("    return [\n")
+            + (
+                ", \n".join(
+                    "        (%r, self.%s, visitor.%s)"
+                    % (attrname, attrname, visit_name)
+                    for attrname, visit_name in names
+                )
+            )
+            + ("\n    ]\n")
+        )
+        meth_text = ("def %s(self, visitor):\n" % method_name) + code + "\n"
+        return cast(
+            _InternalTraversalDispatchType,
+            langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name),
+        )
+
+
+ExtendedInternalTraversal = InternalTraversal
+
+
+def _generate_traversal_dispatch() -> None:
+    lookup = _dispatch_lookup
+
+    for sym in InternalTraversal:
+        key = sym.name
+        if key.startswith("dp_"):
+            visit_key = key.replace("dp_", "visit_")
+            sym_name = sym.value
+            assert sym_name not in lookup, sym_name
+            lookup[sym] = lookup[sym_name] = visit_key
+
+
+_dispatch_lookup = HasTraversalDispatch._dispatch_lookup
+_generate_traversal_dispatch()
+
+
+class ExternallyTraversible(HasTraverseInternals, Visitable):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _annotations: Mapping[Any, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self: ...
+
+        def get_children(
+            self, *, omit_attrs: Tuple[str, ...] = (), **kw: Any
+        ) -> Iterable[ExternallyTraversible]: ...
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """clone this element"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Tuple[str, ...] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reassign internal elements to be clones of themselves.
+
+        Called during a copy-and-traverse operation on newly
+        shallow-copied elements to create a deep copy.
+
+        The given clone function should be used, which may be applying
+        additional transformations to the element (i.e. replacement
+        traversal, cloned traversal, annotations).
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+_ET = TypeVar("_ET", bound=ExternallyTraversible)
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+_TraverseCallableType = Callable[[_ET], None]
+
+
+class _CloneCallableType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, element: _ET, **kw: Any) -> _ET: ...
+
+
+class _TraverseTransformCallableType(Protocol[_ET]):
+    def __call__(self, element: _ET, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_ET]: ...
+
+
+_ExtT = TypeVar("_ExtT", bound="ExternalTraversal")
+
+
+class ExternalTraversal(util.MemoizedSlots):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse externally using
+    the :func:`.visitors.traverse` function.
+
+    Direct usage of the :func:`.visitors.traverse` function is usually
+    preferred.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_visitor_dict", "_next")
+
+    __traverse_options__: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    _next: Optional[ExternalTraversal]
+
+    def traverse_single(self, obj: Visitable, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        for v in self.visitor_iterator:
+            meth = getattr(v, "visit_%s" % obj.__visit_name__, None)
+            if meth:
+                return meth(obj, **kw)
+
+    def iterate(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Iterator[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator
+        of all elements.
+
+        """
+        return iterate(obj, self.__traverse_options__)
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict)
+
+    def _memoized_attr__visitor_dict(
+        self,
+    ) -> Dict[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]]:
+        visitors = {}
+
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if name.startswith("visit_"):
+                visitors[name[6:]] = getattr(self, name)
+        return visitors
+
+    @property
+    def visitor_iterator(self) -> Iterator[ExternalTraversal]:
+        """Iterate through this visitor and each 'chained' visitor."""
+
+        v: Optional[ExternalTraversal] = self
+        while v:
+            yield v
+            v = getattr(v, "_next", None)
+
+    def chain(self: _ExtT, visitor: ExternalTraversal) -> _ExtT:
+        """'Chain' an additional ExternalTraversal onto this ExternalTraversal
+
+        The chained visitor will receive all visit events after this one.
+
+        """
+        tail = list(self.visitor_iterator)[-1]
+        tail._next = visitor
+        return self
+
+
+class CloningExternalTraversal(ExternalTraversal):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse` function.
+
+    Direct usage of the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse` function is usually
+    preferred.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def copy_and_process(
+        self, list_: List[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> List[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Apply cloned traversal to the given list of elements, and return
+        the new list.
+
+        """
+        return [self.traverse(x) for x in list_]
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return cloned_traverse(
+            obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict
+        )
+
+
+class ReplacingExternalTraversal(CloningExternalTraversal):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` function.
+
+    Direct usage of the :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` function is
+    usually preferred.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def replace(
+        self, elem: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Receive pre-copied elements during a cloning traversal.
+
+        If the method returns a new element, the element is used
+        instead of creating a simple copy of the element.  Traversal
+        will halt on the newly returned element if it is re-encountered.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        def replace(
+            element: ExternallyTraversible,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+            for v in self.visitor_iterator:
+                e = cast(ReplacingExternalTraversal, v).replace(element)
+                if e is not None:
+                    return e
+
+            return None
+
+        return replacement_traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, replace)
+
+
+# backwards compatibility
+Traversible = Visitable
+
+ClauseVisitor = ExternalTraversal
+CloningVisitor = CloningExternalTraversal
+ReplacingCloningVisitor = ReplacingExternalTraversal
+
+
+def iterate(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+) -> Iterator[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    r"""Traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator.
+
+    Traversal is configured to be breadth-first.
+
+    The central API feature used by the :func:`.visitors.iterate`
+    function is the
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.get_children` method of
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects.  This method should return all
+    the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects which are associated with a
+    particular :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` object. For example, a
+    :class:`.Case` structure will refer to a series of
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects within its "whens" and "else\_"
+    member variables.
+
+    :param obj: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` structure to be traversed
+
+    :param opts: dictionary of iteration options.   This dictionary is usually
+     empty in modern usage.
+
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return
+
+    yield obj
+    children = obj.get_children(**opts)
+
+    if not children:
+        return
+
+    stack = deque([children])
+    while stack:
+        t_iterator = stack.popleft()
+        for t in t_iterator:
+            yield t
+            stack.append(t.get_children(**opts))
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse_using(
+    iterator: Iterable[ExternallyTraversible],
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse_using(
+    iterator: Iterable[ExternallyTraversible],
+    obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+
+def traverse_using(
+    iterator: Iterable[ExternallyTraversible],
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Visit the given expression structure using the given iterator of
+    objects.
+
+    :func:`.visitors.traverse_using` is usually called internally as the result
+    of the :func:`.visitors.traverse` function.
+
+    :param iterator: an iterable or sequence which will yield
+     :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+     structures; the iterator is assumed to be the
+     product of the :func:`.visitors.iterate` function.
+
+    :param obj: the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+     that was used as the target of the
+     :func:`.iterate` function.
+
+    :param visitors: dictionary of visit functions.  See :func:`.traverse`
+     for details on this dictionary.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.traverse`
+
+
+    """
+    for target in iterator:
+        meth = visitors.get(target.__visit_name__, None)
+        if meth:
+            meth(target)
+    return obj
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse(
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse(
+    obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+
+def traverse(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Traverse and visit the given expression structure using the default
+    iterator.
+
+     e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import visitors
+
+        stmt = select(some_table).where(some_table.c.foo == 'bar')
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bind_param):
+            print("found bound value: %s" % bind_param.value)
+
+        visitors.traverse(stmt, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam})
+
+    The iteration of objects uses the :func:`.visitors.iterate` function,
+    which does a breadth-first traversal using a stack.
+
+    :param obj: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` structure to be traversed
+
+    :param opts: dictionary of iteration options.   This dictionary is usually
+     empty in modern usage.
+
+    :param visitors: dictionary of visit functions.   The dictionary should
+     have strings as keys, each of which would correspond to the
+     ``__visit_name__`` of a particular kind of SQL expression object, and
+     callable functions  as values, each of which represents a visitor function
+     for that kind of object.
+
+    """
+    return traverse_using(iterate(obj, opts), obj, visitors)
+
+
+@overload
+def cloned_traverse(
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+# a bit of controversy here, as the clone of the lead element
+# *could* in theory replace with an entirely different kind of element.
+# however this is really not how cloned_traverse is ever used internally
+# at least.
+@overload
+def cloned_traverse(
+    obj: _ET,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> _ET: ...
+
+
+def cloned_traverse(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Clone the given expression structure, allowing modifications by
+    visitors for mutable objects.
+
+    Traversal usage is the same as that of :func:`.visitors.traverse`.
+    The visitor functions present in the ``visitors`` dictionary may also
+    modify the internals of the given structure as the traversal proceeds.
+
+    The :func:`.cloned_traverse` function does **not** provide objects that are
+    part of the :class:`.Immutable` interface to the visit methods (this
+    primarily includes :class:`.ColumnClause`, :class:`.Column`,
+    :class:`.TableClause` and :class:`.Table` objects). As this traversal is
+    only intended to allow in-place mutation of objects, :class:`.Immutable`
+    objects are skipped. The :meth:`.Immutable._clone` method is still called
+    on each object to allow for objects to replace themselves with a different
+    object based on a clone of their sub-internals (e.g. a
+    :class:`.ColumnClause` that clones its subquery to return a new
+    :class:`.ColumnClause`).
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :func:`.cloned_traverse` function omits
+       objects that are part of the :class:`.Immutable` interface.
+
+    The central API feature used by the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse`
+    and :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` functions, in addition to the
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.get_children`
+    function that is used to achieve
+    the iteration, is the :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement._copy_internals`
+    method.
+    For a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+    structure to support cloning and replacement
+    traversals correctly, it needs to be able to pass a cloning function into
+    its internal members in order to make copies of them.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.visitors.traverse`
+
+        :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse`
+
+    """
+
+    cloned: Dict[int, ExternallyTraversible] = {}
+    stop_on = set(opts.get("stop_on", []))
+
+    def deferred_copy_internals(
+        obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        return cloned_traverse(obj, opts, visitors)
+
+    def clone(elem: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        if elem in stop_on:
+            return elem
+        else:
+            if id(elem) not in cloned:
+                if "replace" in kw:
+                    newelem = cast(
+                        Optional[ExternallyTraversible], kw["replace"](elem)
+                    )
+                    if newelem is not None:
+                        cloned[id(elem)] = newelem
+                        return newelem
+
+                # the _clone method for immutable normally returns "self".
+                # however, the method is still allowed to return a
+                # different object altogether; ColumnClause._clone() will
+                # based on options clone the subquery to which it is associated
+                # and return the new corresponding column.
+                cloned[id(elem)] = newelem = elem._clone(clone=clone, **kw)
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+
+                # however, visit methods which are tasked with in-place
+                # mutation of the object should not get access to the immutable
+                # object.
+                if not elem._is_immutable:
+                    meth = visitors.get(newelem.__visit_name__, None)
+                    if meth:
+                        meth(newelem)
+            return cloned[id(elem)]
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(
+            obj, deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals, **opts
+        )
+    clone = None  # type: ignore[assignment]  # remove gc cycles
+    return obj
+
+
+@overload
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: _CE,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> _CE: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Clone the given expression structure, allowing element
+    replacement by a given replacement function.
+
+    This function is very similar to the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse`
+    function, except instead of being passed a dictionary of visitors, all
+    elements are unconditionally passed into the given replace function.
+    The replace function then has the option to return an entirely new object
+    which will replace the one given.  If it returns ``None``, then the object
+    is kept in place.
+
+    The difference in usage between :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse` and
+    :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` is that in the former case, an
+    already-cloned object is passed to the visitor function, and the visitor
+    function can then manipulate the internal state of the object.
+    In the case of the latter, the visitor function should only return an
+    entirely different object, or do nothing.
+
+    The use case for :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` is that of
+    replacing a FROM clause inside of a SQL structure with a different one,
+    as is a common use case within the ORM.
+
+    """
+
+    cloned = {}
+    stop_on = {id(x) for x in opts.get("stop_on", [])}
+
+    def deferred_copy_internals(
+        obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        return replacement_traverse(obj, opts, replace)
+
+    def clone(elem: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        if (
+            id(elem) in stop_on
+            or "no_replacement_traverse" in elem._annotations
+        ):
+            return elem
+        else:
+            newelem = replace(elem)
+            if newelem is not None:
+                stop_on.add(id(newelem))
+                return newelem  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                # base "already seen" on id(), not hash, so that we don't
+                # replace an Annotated element with its non-annotated one, and
+                # vice versa
+                id_elem = id(elem)
+                if id_elem not in cloned:
+                    if "replace" in kw:
+                        newelem = kw["replace"](elem)
+                        if newelem is not None:
+                            cloned[id_elem] = newelem
+                            return newelem  # type: ignore
+
+                    cloned[id_elem] = newelem = elem._clone(**kw)
+                    newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+                return cloned[id_elem]  # type: ignore
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(
+            obj, deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals, **opts
+        )
+    clone = None  # type: ignore[assignment]  # remove gc cycles
+    return obj
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7b7fd2e662d8f1b495cf702318d046f742c0a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# testing/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from unittest import mock
+
+from . import config
+from .assertions import assert_raises
+from .assertions import assert_raises_context_ok
+from .assertions import assert_raises_message
+from .assertions import assert_raises_message_context_ok
+from .assertions import assert_warns
+from .assertions import assert_warns_message
+from .assertions import AssertsCompiledSQL
+from .assertions import AssertsExecutionResults
+from .assertions import ComparesIndexes
+from .assertions import ComparesTables
+from .assertions import emits_warning
+from .assertions import emits_warning_on
+from .assertions import eq_
+from .assertions import eq_ignore_whitespace
+from .assertions import eq_regex
+from .assertions import expect_deprecated
+from .assertions import expect_deprecated_20
+from .assertions import expect_raises
+from .assertions import expect_raises_message
+from .assertions import expect_warnings
+from .assertions import in_
+from .assertions import int_within_variance
+from .assertions import is_
+from .assertions import is_false
+from .assertions import is_instance_of
+from .assertions import is_none
+from .assertions import is_not
+from .assertions import is_not_
+from .assertions import is_not_none
+from .assertions import is_true
+from .assertions import le_
+from .assertions import ne_
+from .assertions import not_in
+from .assertions import not_in_
+from .assertions import startswith_
+from .assertions import uses_deprecated
+from .config import add_to_marker
+from .config import async_test
+from .config import combinations
+from .config import combinations_list
+from .config import db
+from .config import fixture
+from .config import requirements as requires
+from .config import skip_test
+from .config import Variation
+from .config import variation
+from .config import variation_fixture
+from .exclusions import _is_excluded
+from .exclusions import _server_version
+from .exclusions import against as _against
+from .exclusions import db_spec
+from .exclusions import exclude
+from .exclusions import fails
+from .exclusions import fails_if
+from .exclusions import fails_on
+from .exclusions import fails_on_everything_except
+from .exclusions import future
+from .exclusions import only_if
+from .exclusions import only_on
+from .exclusions import skip
+from .exclusions import skip_if
+from .schema import eq_clause_element
+from .schema import eq_type_affinity
+from .util import adict
+from .util import fail
+from .util import flag_combinations
+from .util import force_drop_names
+from .util import lambda_combinations
+from .util import metadata_fixture
+from .util import provide_metadata
+from .util import resolve_lambda
+from .util import rowset
+from .util import run_as_contextmanager
+from .util import teardown_events
+from .warnings import assert_warnings
+from .warnings import warn_test_suite
+
+
+def against(*queries):
+    return _against(config._current, *queries)
+
+
+crashes = skip
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d379a52165a8e0d84883b6357f822ca9a0d6705c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+# testing/assertions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import contextlib
+from copy import copy
+from itertools import filterfalse
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from . import assertsql
+from . import config
+from . import engines
+from . import mock
+from .exclusions import db_spec
+from .util import fail
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import types as sqltypes
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import default
+from ..engine import url
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..util import decorator
+
+
+def expect_warnings(*messages, **kw):
+    """Context manager which expects one or more warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning emitted via
+    sqlalchemy.util.warn and sqlalchemy.util.warn_limited.   Otherwise
+    pass string expressions that will match selected warnings via regex;
+    all non-matching warnings are sent through.
+
+    The expect version **asserts** that the warnings were in fact seen.
+
+    Note that the test suite sets SAWarning warnings to raise exceptions.
+
+    """  # noqa
+    return _expect_warnings_sqla_only(sa_exc.SAWarning, messages, **kw)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def expect_warnings_on(db, *messages, **kw):
+    """Context manager which expects one or more warnings on specific
+    dialects.
+
+    The expect version **asserts** that the warnings were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+    spec = db_spec(db)
+
+    if isinstance(db, str) and not spec(config._current):
+        yield
+    else:
+        with expect_warnings(*messages, **kw):
+            yield
+
+
+def emits_warning(*messages):
+    """Decorator form of expect_warnings().
+
+    Note that emits_warning does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_warnings(assert_=False, *messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def expect_deprecated(*messages, **kw):
+    return _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+        sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning, messages, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def expect_deprecated_20(*messages, **kw):
+    return _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+        sa_exc.Base20DeprecationWarning, messages, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def emits_warning_on(db, *messages):
+    """Mark a test as emitting a warning on a specific dialect.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning failures.  Or pass one or more
+    strings; these will be matched to the root of the warning description by
+    warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    Note that emits_warning_on does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_warnings_on(db, assert_=False, *messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def uses_deprecated(*messages):
+    """Mark a test as immune from fatal deprecation warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SADeprecationWarning failures.
+    Or pass one or more strings; these will be matched to the root
+    of the warning description by warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    As a special case, you may pass a function name prefixed with //
+    and it will be re-written as needed to match the standard warning
+    verbiage emitted by the sqlalchemy.util.deprecated decorator.
+
+    Note that uses_deprecated does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_deprecated(*messages, assert_=False):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+_FILTERS = None
+_SEEN = None
+_EXC_CLS = None
+
+
+def _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+    exc_cls,
+    messages,
+    regex=True,
+    search_msg=False,
+    assert_=True,
+):
+    """SQLAlchemy internal use only _expect_warnings().
+
+    Alembic is using _expect_warnings() directly, and should be updated
+    to use this new interface.
+
+    """
+    return _expect_warnings(
+        exc_cls,
+        messages,
+        regex=regex,
+        search_msg=search_msg,
+        assert_=assert_,
+        raise_on_any_unexpected=True,
+    )
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _expect_warnings(
+    exc_cls,
+    messages,
+    regex=True,
+    search_msg=False,
+    assert_=True,
+    raise_on_any_unexpected=False,
+    squelch_other_warnings=False,
+):
+    global _FILTERS, _SEEN, _EXC_CLS
+
+    if regex or search_msg:
+        filters = [re.compile(msg, re.I | re.S) for msg in messages]
+    else:
+        filters = list(messages)
+
+    if _FILTERS is not None:
+        # nested call; update _FILTERS and _SEEN, return.  outer
+        # block will assert our messages
+        assert _SEEN is not None
+        assert _EXC_CLS is not None
+        _FILTERS.extend(filters)
+        _SEEN.update(filters)
+        _EXC_CLS += (exc_cls,)
+        yield
+    else:
+        seen = _SEEN = set(filters)
+        _FILTERS = filters
+        _EXC_CLS = (exc_cls,)
+
+        if raise_on_any_unexpected:
+
+            def real_warn(msg, *arg, **kw):
+                raise AssertionError("Got unexpected warning: %r" % msg)
+
+        else:
+            real_warn = warnings.warn
+
+        def our_warn(msg, *arg, **kw):
+            if isinstance(msg, _EXC_CLS):
+                exception = type(msg)
+                msg = str(msg)
+            elif arg:
+                exception = arg[0]
+            else:
+                exception = None
+
+            if not exception or not issubclass(exception, _EXC_CLS):
+                if not squelch_other_warnings:
+                    return real_warn(msg, *arg, **kw)
+                else:
+                    return
+
+            if not filters and not raise_on_any_unexpected:
+                return
+
+            for filter_ in filters:
+                if (
+                    (search_msg and filter_.search(msg))
+                    or (regex and filter_.match(msg))
+                    or (not regex and filter_ == msg)
+                ):
+                    seen.discard(filter_)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if not squelch_other_warnings:
+                    real_warn(msg, *arg, **kw)
+
+        with mock.patch("warnings.warn", our_warn):
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                _SEEN = _FILTERS = _EXC_CLS = None
+
+                if assert_:
+                    assert not seen, "Warnings were not seen: %s" % ", ".join(
+                        "%r" % (s.pattern if regex else s) for s in seen
+                    )
+
+
+def global_cleanup_assertions():
+    """Check things that have to be finalized at the end of a test suite.
+
+    Hardcoded at the moment, a modular system can be built here
+    to support things like PG prepared transactions, tables all
+    dropped, etc.
+
+    """
+    _assert_no_stray_pool_connections()
+
+
+def _assert_no_stray_pool_connections():
+    engines.testing_reaper.assert_all_closed()
+
+
+def int_within_variance(expected, received, variance):
+    deviance = int(expected * variance)
+    assert (
+        abs(received - expected) < deviance
+    ), "Given int value %s is not within %d%% of expected value %s" % (
+        received,
+        variance * 100,
+        expected,
+    )
+
+
+def eq_regex(a, b, msg=None):
+    assert re.match(b, a), msg or "%r !~ %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def eq_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a == b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a == b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def ne_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a != b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a != b, msg or "%r == %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def le_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a <= b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a <= b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_instance_of(a, b, msg=None):
+    assert isinstance(a, b), msg or "%r is not an instance of %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_none(a, msg=None):
+    is_(a, None, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_not_none(a, msg=None):
+    is_not(a, None, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_true(a, msg=None):
+    is_(bool(a), True, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_false(a, msg=None):
+    is_(bool(a), False, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is b, msg or "%r is not %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_not(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is not b, msg or "%r is %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+# deprecated.  See #5429
+is_not_ = is_not
+
+
+def in_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a in b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a in b, msg or "%r not in %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def not_in(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a in not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a not in b, msg or "%r is in %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+# deprecated.  See #5429
+not_in_ = not_in
+
+
+def startswith_(a, fragment, msg=None):
+    """Assert a.startswith(fragment), with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a.startswith(fragment), msg or "%r does not start with %r" % (
+        a,
+        fragment,
+    )
+
+
+def eq_ignore_whitespace(a, b, msg=None):
+    a = re.sub(r"^\s+?|\n", "", a)
+    a = re.sub(r" {2,}", " ", a)
+    a = re.sub(r"\t", "", a)
+    b = re.sub(r"^\s+?|\n", "", b)
+    b = re.sub(r" {2,}", " ", b)
+    b = re.sub(r"\t", "", b)
+
+    assert a == b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def _assert_proper_exception_context(exception):
+    """assert that any exception we're catching does not have a __context__
+    without a __cause__, and that __suppress_context__ is never set.
+
+    Python 3 will report nested as exceptions as "during the handling of
+    error X, error Y occurred". That's not what we want to do.  we want
+    these exceptions in a cause chain.
+
+    """
+
+    if (
+        exception.__context__ is not exception.__cause__
+        and not exception.__suppress_context__
+    ):
+        assert False, (
+            "Exception %r was correctly raised but did not set a cause, "
+            "within context %r as its cause."
+            % (exception, exception.__context__)
+        )
+
+
+def assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kw):
+    return _assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, args, kw, check_context=True)
+
+
+def assert_raises_context_ok(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kw):
+    return _assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, args, kw)
+
+
+def assert_raises_message(except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    return _assert_raises(
+        except_cls, callable_, args, kwargs, msg=msg, check_context=True
+    )
+
+
+def assert_warns(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    """legacy adapter function for functions that were previously using
+    assert_raises with SAWarning or similar.
+
+    has some workarounds to accommodate the fact that the callable completes
+    with this approach rather than stopping at the exception raise.
+
+
+    """
+    with _expect_warnings_sqla_only(except_cls, [".*"]):
+        return callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_warns_message(except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    """legacy adapter function for functions that were previously using
+    assert_raises with SAWarning or similar.
+
+    has some workarounds to accommodate the fact that the callable completes
+    with this approach rather than stopping at the exception raise.
+
+    Also uses regex.search() to match the given message to the error string
+    rather than regex.match().
+
+    """
+    with _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+        except_cls,
+        [msg],
+        search_msg=True,
+        regex=False,
+    ):
+        return callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_raises_message_context_ok(
+    except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs
+):
+    return _assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, args, kwargs, msg=msg)
+
+
+def _assert_raises(
+    except_cls, callable_, args, kwargs, msg=None, check_context=False
+):
+    with _expect_raises(except_cls, msg, check_context) as ec:
+        callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+    return ec.error
+
+
+class _ErrorContainer:
+    error = None
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _expect_raises(except_cls, msg=None, check_context=False):
+    if (
+        isinstance(except_cls, type)
+        and issubclass(except_cls, Warning)
+        or isinstance(except_cls, Warning)
+    ):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Use expect_warnings for warnings, not "
+            "expect_raises / assert_raises"
+        )
+    ec = _ErrorContainer()
+    if check_context:
+        are_we_already_in_a_traceback = sys.exc_info()[0]
+    try:
+        yield ec
+        success = False
+    except except_cls as err:
+        ec.error = err
+        success = True
+        if msg is not None:
+            # I'm often pdbing here, and "err" above isn't
+            # in scope, so assign the string explicitly
+            error_as_string = str(err)
+            assert re.search(msg, error_as_string, re.UNICODE), "%r !~ %s" % (
+                msg,
+                error_as_string,
+            )
+        if check_context and not are_we_already_in_a_traceback:
+            _assert_proper_exception_context(err)
+        print(str(err).encode("utf-8"))
+
+    # it's generally a good idea to not carry traceback objects outside
+    # of the except: block, but in this case especially we seem to have
+    # hit some bug in either python 3.10.0b2 or greenlet or both which
+    # this seems to fix:
+    # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/242
+    del ec
+
+    # assert outside the block so it works for AssertionError too !
+    assert success, "Callable did not raise an exception"
+
+
+def expect_raises(except_cls, check_context=True):
+    return _expect_raises(except_cls, check_context=check_context)
+
+
+def expect_raises_message(except_cls, msg, check_context=True):
+    return _expect_raises(except_cls, msg=msg, check_context=check_context)
+
+
+class AssertsCompiledSQL:
+    def assert_compile(
+        self,
+        clause,
+        result,
+        params=None,
+        checkparams=None,
+        for_executemany=False,
+        check_literal_execute=None,
+        check_post_param=None,
+        dialect=None,
+        checkpositional=None,
+        check_prefetch=None,
+        use_default_dialect=False,
+        allow_dialect_select=False,
+        supports_default_values=True,
+        supports_default_metavalue=True,
+        literal_binds=False,
+        render_postcompile=False,
+        schema_translate_map=None,
+        render_schema_translate=False,
+        default_schema_name=None,
+        from_linting=False,
+        check_param_order=True,
+        use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=False,
+    ):
+        if use_default_dialect:
+            dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+            dialect.supports_default_values = supports_default_values
+            dialect.supports_default_metavalue = supports_default_metavalue
+        elif allow_dialect_select:
+            dialect = None
+        else:
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = getattr(self, "__dialect__", None)
+
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = config.db.dialect
+            elif dialect == "default" or dialect == "default_qmark":
+                if dialect == "default":
+                    dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+                else:
+                    dialect = default.DefaultDialect("qmark")
+                dialect.supports_default_values = supports_default_values
+                dialect.supports_default_metavalue = supports_default_metavalue
+            elif dialect == "default_enhanced":
+                dialect = default.StrCompileDialect()
+            elif isinstance(dialect, str):
+                dialect = url.URL.create(dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+        if default_schema_name:
+            dialect.default_schema_name = default_schema_name
+
+        kw = {}
+        compile_kwargs = {}
+
+        if schema_translate_map:
+            kw["schema_translate_map"] = schema_translate_map
+
+        if params is not None:
+            kw["column_keys"] = list(params)
+
+        if literal_binds:
+            compile_kwargs["literal_binds"] = True
+
+        if render_postcompile:
+            compile_kwargs["render_postcompile"] = True
+
+        if use_literal_execute_for_simple_int:
+            compile_kwargs["use_literal_execute_for_simple_int"] = True
+
+        if for_executemany:
+            kw["for_executemany"] = True
+
+        if render_schema_translate:
+            kw["render_schema_translate"] = True
+
+        if from_linting or getattr(self, "assert_from_linting", False):
+            kw["linting"] = sql.FROM_LINTING
+
+        from sqlalchemy import orm
+
+        if isinstance(clause, orm.Query):
+            stmt = clause._statement_20()
+            stmt._label_style = LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            clause = stmt
+
+        if compile_kwargs:
+            kw["compile_kwargs"] = compile_kwargs
+
+        class DontAccess:
+            def __getattribute__(self, key):
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "compiler accessed .statement; use "
+                    "compiler.current_executable"
+                )
+
+        class CheckCompilerAccess:
+            def __init__(self, test_statement):
+                self.test_statement = test_statement
+                self._annotations = {}
+                self.supports_execution = getattr(
+                    test_statement, "supports_execution", False
+                )
+
+                if self.supports_execution:
+                    self._execution_options = test_statement._execution_options
+
+                    if hasattr(test_statement, "_returning"):
+                        self._returning = test_statement._returning
+                    if hasattr(test_statement, "_inline"):
+                        self._inline = test_statement._inline
+                    if hasattr(test_statement, "_return_defaults"):
+                        self._return_defaults = test_statement._return_defaults
+
+            @property
+            def _variant_mapping(self):
+                return self.test_statement._variant_mapping
+
+            def _default_dialect(self):
+                return self.test_statement._default_dialect()
+
+            def compile(self, dialect, **kw):
+                return self.test_statement.compile.__func__(
+                    self, dialect=dialect, **kw
+                )
+
+            def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+                return self.test_statement._compiler.__func__(
+                    self, dialect, **kw
+                )
+
+            def _compiler_dispatch(self, compiler, **kwargs):
+                if hasattr(compiler, "statement"):
+                    with mock.patch.object(
+                        compiler, "statement", DontAccess()
+                    ):
+                        return self.test_statement._compiler_dispatch(
+                            compiler, **kwargs
+                        )
+                else:
+                    return self.test_statement._compiler_dispatch(
+                        compiler, **kwargs
+                    )
+
+        # no construct can assume it's the "top level" construct in all cases
+        # as anything can be nested.  ensure constructs don't assume they
+        # are the "self.statement" element
+        c = CheckCompilerAccess(clause).compile(dialect=dialect, **kw)
+
+        if isinstance(clause, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+            cache_key_no_warnings = clause._static_cache_key
+            if cache_key_no_warnings:
+                hash(cache_key_no_warnings)
+        else:
+            cache_key_no_warnings = clause._generate_cache_key()
+            if cache_key_no_warnings:
+                hash(cache_key_no_warnings[0])
+
+        param_str = repr(getattr(c, "params", {}))
+        param_str = param_str.encode("utf-8").decode("ascii", "ignore")
+        print(("\nSQL String:\n" + str(c) + param_str).encode("utf-8"))
+
+        cc = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(c))
+
+        eq_(cc, result, "%r != %r on dialect %r" % (cc, result, dialect))
+
+        if checkparams is not None:
+            if render_postcompile:
+                expanded_state = c.construct_expanded_state(
+                    params, escape_names=False
+                )
+                eq_(expanded_state.parameters, checkparams)
+            else:
+                eq_(c.construct_params(params), checkparams)
+        if checkpositional is not None:
+            if render_postcompile:
+                expanded_state = c.construct_expanded_state(
+                    params, escape_names=False
+                )
+                eq_(
+                    tuple(
+                        [
+                            expanded_state.parameters[x]
+                            for x in expanded_state.positiontup
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    checkpositional,
+                )
+            else:
+                p = c.construct_params(params, escape_names=False)
+                eq_(tuple([p[x] for x in c.positiontup]), checkpositional)
+        if check_prefetch is not None:
+            eq_(c.prefetch, check_prefetch)
+        if check_literal_execute is not None:
+            eq_(
+                {
+                    c.bind_names[b]: b.effective_value
+                    for b in c.literal_execute_params
+                },
+                check_literal_execute,
+            )
+        if check_post_param is not None:
+            eq_(
+                {
+                    c.bind_names[b]: b.effective_value
+                    for b in c.post_compile_params
+                },
+                check_post_param,
+            )
+        if check_param_order and getattr(c, "params", None):
+
+            def get_dialect(paramstyle, positional):
+                cp = copy(dialect)
+                cp.paramstyle = paramstyle
+                cp.positional = positional
+                return cp
+
+            pyformat_dialect = get_dialect("pyformat", False)
+            pyformat_c = clause.compile(dialect=pyformat_dialect, **kw)
+            stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(pyformat_c))
+
+            qmark_dialect = get_dialect("qmark", True)
+            qmark_c = clause.compile(dialect=qmark_dialect, **kw)
+            values = list(qmark_c.positiontup)
+            escaped = qmark_c.escaped_bind_names
+
+            for post_param in (
+                qmark_c.post_compile_params | qmark_c.literal_execute_params
+            ):
+                name = qmark_c.bind_names[post_param]
+                if name in values:
+                    values = [v for v in values if v != name]
+            positions = []
+            pos_by_value = defaultdict(list)
+            for v in values:
+                try:
+                    if v in pos_by_value:
+                        start = pos_by_value[v][-1]
+                    else:
+                        start = 0
+                    esc = escaped.get(v, v)
+                    pos = stmt.index("%%(%s)s" % (esc,), start) + 2
+                    positions.append(pos)
+                    pos_by_value[v].append(pos)
+                except ValueError:
+                    msg = "Expected to find bindparam %r in %r" % (v, stmt)
+                    assert False, msg
+
+            ordered = all(
+                positions[i - 1] < positions[i]
+                for i in range(1, len(positions))
+            )
+
+            expected = [v for _, v in sorted(zip(positions, values))]
+
+            msg = (
+                "Order of parameters %s does not match the order "
+                "in the statement %s. Statement %r" % (values, expected, stmt)
+            )
+
+            is_true(ordered, msg)
+
+
+class ComparesTables:
+    def assert_tables_equal(
+        self,
+        table,
+        reflected_table,
+        strict_types=False,
+        strict_constraints=True,
+    ):
+        assert len(table.c) == len(reflected_table.c)
+        for c, reflected_c in zip(table.c, reflected_table.c):
+            eq_(c.name, reflected_c.name)
+            assert reflected_c is reflected_table.c[c.name]
+
+            if strict_constraints:
+                eq_(c.primary_key, reflected_c.primary_key)
+                eq_(c.nullable, reflected_c.nullable)
+
+            if strict_types:
+                msg = "Type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'"
+                assert isinstance(reflected_c.type, type(c.type)), msg % (
+                    reflected_c.type,
+                    c.type,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.assert_types_base(reflected_c, c)
+
+            if isinstance(c.type, sqltypes.String):
+                eq_(c.type.length, reflected_c.type.length)
+
+            if strict_constraints:
+                eq_(
+                    {f.column.name for f in c.foreign_keys},
+                    {f.column.name for f in reflected_c.foreign_keys},
+                )
+            if c.server_default:
+                assert isinstance(
+                    reflected_c.server_default, schema.FetchedValue
+                )
+
+        if strict_constraints:
+            assert len(table.primary_key) == len(reflected_table.primary_key)
+            for c in table.primary_key:
+                assert reflected_table.primary_key.columns[c.name] is not None
+
+    def assert_types_base(self, c1, c2):
+        assert c1.type._compare_type_affinity(
+            c2.type
+        ), "On column %r, type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'" % (
+            c1.name,
+            c1.type,
+            c2.type,
+        )
+
+
+class AssertsExecutionResults:
+    def assert_result(self, result, class_, *objects):
+        result = list(result)
+        print(repr(result))
+        self.assert_list(result, class_, objects)
+
+    def assert_list(self, result, class_, list_):
+        self.assert_(
+            len(result) == len(list_),
+            "result list is not the same size as test list, "
+            + "for class "
+            + class_.__name__,
+        )
+        for i in range(0, len(list_)):
+            self.assert_row(class_, result[i], list_[i])
+
+    def assert_row(self, class_, rowobj, desc):
+        self.assert_(
+            rowobj.__class__ is class_, "item class is not " + repr(class_)
+        )
+        for key, value in desc.items():
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                if isinstance(value[1], list):
+                    self.assert_list(getattr(rowobj, key), value[0], value[1])
+                else:
+                    self.assert_row(value[0], getattr(rowobj, key), value[1])
+            else:
+                self.assert_(
+                    getattr(rowobj, key) == value,
+                    "attribute %s value %s does not match %s"
+                    % (key, getattr(rowobj, key), value),
+                )
+
+    def assert_unordered_result(self, result, cls, *expected):
+        """As assert_result, but the order of objects is not considered.
+
+        The algorithm is very expensive but not a big deal for the small
+        numbers of rows that the test suite manipulates.
+        """
+
+        class immutabledict(dict):
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return id(self)
+
+        found = util.IdentitySet(result)
+        expected = {immutabledict(e) for e in expected}
+
+        for wrong in filterfalse(lambda o: isinstance(o, cls), found):
+            fail(
+                'Unexpected type "%s", expected "%s"'
+                % (type(wrong).__name__, cls.__name__)
+            )
+
+        if len(found) != len(expected):
+            fail(
+                'Unexpected object count "%s", expected "%s"'
+                % (len(found), len(expected))
+            )
+
+        NOVALUE = object()
+
+        def _compare_item(obj, spec):
+            for key, value in spec.items():
+                if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                    try:
+                        self.assert_unordered_result(
+                            getattr(obj, key), value[0], *value[1]
+                        )
+                    except AssertionError:
+                        return False
+                else:
+                    if getattr(obj, key, NOVALUE) != value:
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        for expected_item in expected:
+            for found_item in found:
+                if _compare_item(found_item, expected_item):
+                    found.remove(found_item)
+                    break
+            else:
+                fail(
+                    "Expected %s instance with attributes %s not found."
+                    % (cls.__name__, repr(expected_item))
+                )
+        return True
+
+    def sql_execution_asserter(self, db=None):
+        if db is None:
+            from . import db as db
+
+        return assertsql.assert_engine(db)
+
+    def assert_sql_execution(self, db, callable_, *rules):
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter(db) as asserter:
+            result = callable_()
+        asserter.assert_(*rules)
+        return result
+
+    def assert_sql(self, db, callable_, rules):
+        newrules = []
+        for rule in rules:
+            if isinstance(rule, dict):
+                newrule = assertsql.AllOf(
+                    *[assertsql.CompiledSQL(k, v) for k, v in rule.items()]
+                )
+            else:
+                newrule = assertsql.CompiledSQL(*rule)
+            newrules.append(newrule)
+
+        return self.assert_sql_execution(db, callable_, *newrules)
+
+    def assert_sql_count(self, db, callable_, count):
+        return self.assert_sql_execution(
+            db, callable_, assertsql.CountStatements(count)
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assert_execution(self, db, *rules):
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter(db) as asserter:
+            yield
+        asserter.assert_(*rules)
+
+    def assert_statement_count(self, db, count):
+        return self.assert_execution(db, assertsql.CountStatements(count))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assert_statement_count_multi_db(self, dbs, counts):
+        recs = [
+            (self.sql_execution_asserter(db), db, count)
+            for (db, count) in zip(dbs, counts)
+        ]
+        asserters = []
+        for ctx, db, count in recs:
+            asserters.append(ctx.__enter__())
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            for asserter, (ctx, db, count) in zip(asserters, recs):
+                ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+                asserter.assert_(assertsql.CountStatements(count))
+
+
+class ComparesIndexes:
+    def compare_table_index_with_expected(
+        self, table: schema.Table, expected: list, dialect_name: str
+    ):
+        eq_(len(table.indexes), len(expected))
+        idx_dict = {idx.name: idx for idx in table.indexes}
+        for exp in expected:
+            idx = idx_dict[exp["name"]]
+            eq_(idx.unique, exp["unique"])
+            cols = [c for c in exp["column_names"] if c is not None]
+            eq_(len(idx.columns), len(cols))
+            for c in cols:
+                is_true(c in idx.columns)
+            exprs = exp.get("expressions")
+            if exprs:
+                eq_(len(idx.expressions), len(exprs))
+                for idx_exp, expr, col in zip(
+                    idx.expressions, exprs, exp["column_names"]
+                ):
+                    if col is None:
+                        eq_(idx_exp.text, expr)
+            if (
+                exp.get("dialect_options")
+                and f"{dialect_name}_include" in exp["dialect_options"]
+            ):
+                eq_(
+                    idx.dialect_options[dialect_name]["include"],
+                    exp["dialect_options"][f"{dialect_name}_include"],
+                )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6095729340de925cf7a148f01e05f7799223a69b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+# testing/assertsql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from .. import event
+from ..engine import url
+from ..engine.default import DefaultDialect
+from ..schema import BaseDDLElement
+
+
+class AssertRule:
+    is_consumed = False
+    errormessage = None
+    consume_statement = True
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        pass
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        assert False, (
+            "All statements are complete, but pending "
+            "assertion rules remain"
+        )
+
+
+class SQLMatchRule(AssertRule):
+    pass
+
+
+class CursorSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+    def __init__(self, statement, params=None, consume_statement=True):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.consume_statement = consume_statement
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        stmt = execute_observed.statements[0]
+        if self.statement != stmt.statement or (
+            self.params is not None and self.params != stmt.parameters
+        ):
+            self.consume_statement = True
+            self.errormessage = (
+                "Testing for exact SQL %s parameters %s received %s %s"
+                % (
+                    self.statement,
+                    self.params,
+                    stmt.statement,
+                    stmt.parameters,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            execute_observed.statements.pop(0)
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            if not execute_observed.statements:
+                self.consume_statement = True
+
+
+class CompiledSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+    def __init__(
+        self, statement, params=None, dialect="default", enable_returning=True
+    ):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.enable_returning = enable_returning
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", self.statement)
+        return received_statement == stmt
+
+    def _compile_dialect(self, execute_observed):
+        if self.dialect == "default":
+            dialect = DefaultDialect()
+            # this is currently what tests are expecting
+            # dialect.supports_default_values = True
+            dialect.supports_default_metavalue = True
+
+            if self.enable_returning:
+                dialect.insert_returning = dialect.update_returning = (
+                    dialect.delete_returning
+                ) = True
+                dialect.use_insertmanyvalues = True
+                dialect.supports_multivalues_insert = True
+                dialect.update_returning_multifrom = True
+                dialect.delete_returning_multifrom = True
+                # dialect.favor_returning_over_lastrowid = True
+                # dialect.insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = True
+
+                # this is calculated but we need it to be True for this
+                # to look like all the current RETURNING dialects
+                assert dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+
+            return dialect
+        else:
+            return url.URL.create(self.dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+    def _received_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        """reconstruct the statement and params in terms
+        of a target dialect, which for CompiledSQL is just DefaultDialect."""
+
+        context = execute_observed.context
+        compare_dialect = self._compile_dialect(execute_observed)
+
+        # received_statement runs a full compile().  we should not need to
+        # consider extracted_parameters; if we do this indicates some state
+        # is being sent from a previous cached query, which some misbehaviors
+        # in the ORM can cause, see #6881
+        cache_key = None  # execute_observed.context.compiled.cache_key
+        extracted_parameters = (
+            None  # execute_observed.context.extracted_parameters
+        )
+
+        if "schema_translate_map" in context.execution_options:
+            map_ = context.execution_options["schema_translate_map"]
+        else:
+            map_ = None
+
+        if isinstance(execute_observed.clauseelement, BaseDDLElement):
+            compiled = execute_observed.clauseelement.compile(
+                dialect=compare_dialect,
+                schema_translate_map=map_,
+            )
+        else:
+            compiled = execute_observed.clauseelement.compile(
+                cache_key=cache_key,
+                dialect=compare_dialect,
+                column_keys=context.compiled.column_keys,
+                for_executemany=context.compiled.for_executemany,
+                schema_translate_map=map_,
+            )
+        _received_statement = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(compiled))
+        parameters = execute_observed.parameters
+
+        if not parameters:
+            _received_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            _received_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    m, extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters
+                )
+                for m in parameters
+            ]
+
+        return _received_statement, _received_parameters
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        context = execute_observed.context
+
+        _received_statement, _received_parameters = self._received_statement(
+            execute_observed
+        )
+        params = self._all_params(context)
+
+        equivalent = self._compare_sql(execute_observed, _received_statement)
+
+        if equivalent:
+            if params is not None:
+                all_params = list(params)
+                all_received = list(_received_parameters)
+                while all_params and all_received:
+                    param = dict(all_params.pop(0))
+
+                    for idx, received in enumerate(list(all_received)):
+                        # do a positive compare only
+                        for param_key in param:
+                            # a key in param did not match current
+                            # 'received'
+                            if (
+                                param_key not in received
+                                or received[param_key] != param[param_key]
+                            ):
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            # all keys in param matched 'received';
+                            # onto next param
+                            del all_received[idx]
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        # param did not match any entry
+                        # in all_received
+                        equivalent = False
+                        break
+                if all_params or all_received:
+                    equivalent = False
+
+        if equivalent:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            self.errormessage = None
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = self._failure_message(
+                execute_observed, params
+            ) % {
+                "received_statement": _received_statement,
+                "received_parameters": _received_parameters,
+            }
+
+    def _all_params(self, context):
+        if self.params:
+            if callable(self.params):
+                params = self.params(context)
+            else:
+                params = self.params
+            if not isinstance(params, list):
+                params = [params]
+            return params
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _failure_message(self, execute_observed, expected_params):
+        return (
+            "Testing for compiled statement\n%r partial params %s, "
+            "received\n%%(received_statement)r with params "
+            "%%(received_parameters)r"
+            % (
+                self.statement.replace("%", "%%"),
+                repr(expected_params).replace("%", "%%"),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RegexSQL(CompiledSQL):
+    def __init__(
+        self, regex, params=None, dialect="default", enable_returning=False
+    ):
+        SQLMatchRule.__init__(self)
+        self.regex = re.compile(regex)
+        self.orig_regex = regex
+        self.params = params
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.enable_returning = enable_returning
+
+    def _failure_message(self, execute_observed, expected_params):
+        return (
+            "Testing for compiled statement ~%r partial params %s, "
+            "received %%(received_statement)r with params "
+            "%%(received_parameters)r"
+            % (
+                self.orig_regex.replace("%", "%%"),
+                repr(expected_params).replace("%", "%%"),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        return bool(self.regex.match(received_statement))
+
+
+class DialectSQL(CompiledSQL):
+    def _compile_dialect(self, execute_observed):
+        return execute_observed.context.dialect
+
+    def _compare_no_space(self, real_stmt, received_stmt):
+        stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", real_stmt)
+        return received_stmt == stmt
+
+    def _received_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        received_stmt, received_params = super()._received_statement(
+            execute_observed
+        )
+
+        # TODO: why do we need this part?
+        for real_stmt in execute_observed.statements:
+            if self._compare_no_space(real_stmt.statement, received_stmt):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Can't locate compiled statement %r in list of "
+                "statements actually invoked" % received_stmt
+            )
+
+        return received_stmt, execute_observed.context.compiled_parameters
+
+    def _dialect_adjusted_statement(self, dialect):
+        paramstyle = dialect.paramstyle
+        stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", self.statement)
+
+        # temporarily escape out PG double colons
+        stmt = stmt.replace("::", "!!")
+
+        if paramstyle == "pyformat":
+            stmt = re.sub(r":([\w_]+)", r"%(\1)s", stmt)
+        else:
+            # positional params
+            repl = None
+            if paramstyle == "qmark":
+                repl = "?"
+            elif paramstyle == "format":
+                repl = r"%s"
+            elif paramstyle.startswith("numeric"):
+                counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+                num_identifier = "$" if paramstyle == "numeric_dollar" else ":"
+
+                def repl(m):
+                    return f"{num_identifier}{next(counter)}"
+
+            stmt = re.sub(r":([\w_]+)", repl, stmt)
+
+        # put them back
+        stmt = stmt.replace("!!", "::")
+
+        return stmt
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        stmt = self._dialect_adjusted_statement(
+            execute_observed.context.dialect
+        )
+        return received_statement == stmt
+
+    def _failure_message(self, execute_observed, expected_params):
+        return (
+            "Testing for compiled statement\n%r partial params %s, "
+            "received\n%%(received_statement)r with params "
+            "%%(received_parameters)r"
+            % (
+                self._dialect_adjusted_statement(
+                    execute_observed.context.dialect
+                ).replace("%", "%%"),
+                repr(expected_params).replace("%", "%%"),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class CountStatements(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self, count):
+        self.count = count
+        self._statement_count = 0
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        self._statement_count += 1
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        if self.count != self._statement_count:
+            assert False, "desired statement count %d does not match %d" % (
+                self.count,
+                self._statement_count,
+            )
+
+
+class AllOf(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = set(rules)
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        for rule in list(self.rules):
+            rule.errormessage = None
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.rules.discard(rule)
+                if not self.rules:
+                    self.is_consumed = True
+                break
+            elif not rule.errormessage:
+                # rule is not done yet
+                self.errormessage = None
+                break
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = list(self.rules)[0].errormessage
+
+
+class EachOf(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = list(rules)
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        if not self.rules:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            self.consume_statement = False
+
+        while self.rules:
+            rule = self.rules[0]
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.rules.pop(0)
+            elif rule.errormessage:
+                self.errormessage = rule.errormessage
+            if rule.consume_statement:
+                break
+
+        if not self.rules:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        if self.rules and not self.rules[0].is_consumed:
+            self.rules[0].no_more_statements()
+        elif self.rules:
+            super().no_more_statements()
+
+
+class Conditional(EachOf):
+    def __init__(self, condition, rules, else_rules):
+        if condition:
+            super().__init__(*rules)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(*else_rules)
+
+
+class Or(AllOf):
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.is_consumed = True
+                break
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = list(self.rules)[0].errormessage
+
+
+class SQLExecuteObserved:
+    def __init__(self, context, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+        self.context = context
+        self.clauseelement = clauseelement
+
+        if multiparams:
+            self.parameters = multiparams
+        elif params:
+            self.parameters = [params]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = []
+        self.statements = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self.statements)
+
+
+class SQLCursorExecuteObserved(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "SQLCursorExecuteObserved",
+        ["statement", "parameters", "context", "executemany"],
+    )
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLAsserter:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.accumulated = []
+
+    def _close(self):
+        self._final = self.accumulated
+        del self.accumulated
+
+    def assert_(self, *rules):
+        rule = EachOf(*rules)
+
+        observed = list(self._final)
+        while observed:
+            statement = observed.pop(0)
+            rule.process_statement(statement)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                break
+            elif rule.errormessage:
+                assert False, rule.errormessage
+        if observed:
+            assert False, "Additional SQL statements remain:\n%s" % observed
+        elif not rule.is_consumed:
+            rule.no_more_statements()
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def assert_engine(engine):
+    asserter = SQLAsserter()
+
+    orig = []
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "before_execute")
+    def connection_execute(
+        conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
+    ):
+        # grab the original statement + params before any cursor
+        # execution
+        orig[:] = clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "after_cursor_execute")
+    def cursor_execute(
+        conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+    ):
+        if not context:
+            return
+        # then grab real cursor statements and associate them all
+        # around a single context
+        if (
+            asserter.accumulated
+            and asserter.accumulated[-1].context is context
+        ):
+            obs = asserter.accumulated[-1]
+        else:
+            obs = SQLExecuteObserved(context, orig[0], orig[1], orig[2])
+            asserter.accumulated.append(obs)
+        obs.statements.append(
+            SQLCursorExecuteObserved(
+                statement, parameters, context, executemany
+            )
+        )
+
+    try:
+        yield asserter
+    finally:
+        event.remove(engine, "after_cursor_execute", cursor_execute)
+        event.remove(engine, "before_execute", connection_execute)
+        asserter._close()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/asyncio.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55426a06367794c8a5c911f0f5fc48ff02c66f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/asyncio.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# testing/asyncio.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+# functions and wrappers to run tests, fixtures, provisioning and
+# setup/teardown in an asyncio event loop, conditionally based on the
+# current DB driver being used for a test.
+
+# note that SQLAlchemy's asyncio integration also supports a method
+# of running individual asyncio functions inside of separate event loops
+# using "async_fallback" mode; however running whole functions in the event
+# loop is a more accurate test for how SQLAlchemy's asyncio features
+# would run in the real world.
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import wraps
+import inspect
+
+from . import config
+from ..util.concurrency import _AsyncUtil
+
+# may be set to False if the
+# --disable-asyncio flag is passed to the test runner.
+ENABLE_ASYNCIO = True
+_async_util = _AsyncUtil()  # it has lazy init so just always create one
+
+
+def _shutdown():
+    """called when the test finishes"""
+    _async_util.close()
+
+
+def _run_coroutine_function(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    return _async_util.run(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _assume_async(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a function in an asyncio loop unconditionally.
+
+    This function is used for provisioning features like
+    testing a database connection for server info.
+
+    Note that for blocking IO database drivers, this means they block the
+    event loop.
+
+    """
+
+    if not ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return _async_util.run_in_greenlet(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _maybe_async_provisioning(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a function in an asyncio loop if any current drivers might need it.
+
+    This function is used for provisioning features that take
+    place outside of a specific database driver being selected, so if the
+    current driver that happens to be used for the provisioning operation
+    is an async driver, it will run in asyncio and not fail.
+
+    Note that for blocking IO database drivers, this means they block the
+    event loop.
+
+    """
+    if not ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    if config.any_async:
+        return _async_util.run_in_greenlet(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _maybe_async(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a function in an asyncio loop if the current selected driver is
+    async.
+
+    This function is used for test setup/teardown and tests themselves
+    where the current DB driver is known.
+
+
+    """
+    if not ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    is_async = config._current.is_async
+
+    if is_async:
+        return _async_util.run_in_greenlet(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _maybe_async_wrapper(fn):
+    """Apply the _maybe_async function to an existing function and return
+    as a wrapped callable, supporting generator functions as well.
+
+    This is currently used for pytest fixtures that support generator use.
+
+    """
+
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(fn):
+        _stop = object()
+
+        def call_next(gen):
+            try:
+                return next(gen)
+                # can't raise StopIteration in an awaitable.
+            except StopIteration:
+                return _stop
+
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def wrap_fixture(*args, **kwargs):
+            gen = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+            while True:
+                value = _maybe_async(call_next, gen)
+                if value is _stop:
+                    break
+                yield value
+
+    else:
+
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def wrap_fixture(*args, **kwargs):
+            return _maybe_async(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrap_fixture
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a6f5cb060d9cb64c1a1098ca1106855dd5573e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+# testing/config.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from argparse import Namespace
+import collections
+import inspect
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import mock
+from . import requirements as _requirements
+from .util import fail
+from .. import util
+
+# default requirements; this is replaced by plugin_base when pytest
+# is run
+requirements = _requirements.SuiteRequirements()
+
+db = None
+db_url = None
+db_opts = None
+file_config = None
+test_schema = None
+test_schema_2 = None
+any_async = False
+_current = None
+ident = "main"
+options: Namespace = None  # type: ignore
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .plugin.plugin_base import FixtureFunctions
+
+    _fixture_functions: FixtureFunctions
+else:
+
+    class _NullFixtureFunctions:
+        def _null_decorator(self):
+            def go(fn):
+                return fn
+
+            return go
+
+        def skip_test_exception(self, *arg, **kw):
+            return Exception()
+
+        @property
+        def add_to_marker(self):
+            return mock.Mock()
+
+        def mark_base_test_class(self):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def combinations(self, *arg_sets, **kw):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def param_ident(self, *parameters):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def fixture(self, *arg, **kw):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def get_current_test_name(self):
+            return None
+
+        def async_test(self, fn):
+            return fn
+
+    # default fixture functions; these are replaced by plugin_base when
+    # pytest runs
+    _fixture_functions = _NullFixtureFunctions()
+
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+def combinations(
+    *comb: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]],
+    argnames: Optional[str] = None,
+    id_: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: str,
+) -> Callable[[_FN], _FN]:
+    r"""Deliver multiple versions of a test based on positional combinations.
+
+    This is a facade over pytest.mark.parametrize.
+
+
+    :param \*comb: argument combinations.  These are tuples that will be passed
+     positionally to the decorated function.
+
+    :param argnames: optional list of argument names.   These are the names
+     of the arguments in the test function that correspond to the entries
+     in each argument tuple.   pytest.mark.parametrize requires this, however
+     the combinations function will derive it automatically if not present
+     by using ``inspect.getfullargspec(fn).args[1:]``.  Note this assumes the
+     first argument is "self" which is discarded.
+
+    :param id\_: optional id template.  This is a string template that
+     describes how the "id" for each parameter set should be defined, if any.
+     The number of characters in the template should match the number of
+     entries in each argument tuple.   Each character describes how the
+     corresponding entry in the argument tuple should be handled, as far as
+     whether or not it is included in the arguments passed to the function, as
+     well as if it is included in the tokens used to create the id of the
+     parameter set.
+
+     If omitted, the argument combinations are passed to parametrize as is.  If
+     passed, each argument combination is turned into a pytest.param() object,
+     mapping the elements of the argument tuple to produce an id based on a
+     character value in the same position within the string template using the
+     following scheme::
+
+        i - the given argument is a string that is part of the id only, don't
+            pass it as an argument
+
+        n - the given argument should be passed and it should be added to the
+            id by calling the .__name__ attribute
+
+        r - the given argument should be passed and it should be added to the
+            id by calling repr()
+
+        s - the given argument should be passed and it should be added to the
+            id by calling str()
+
+        a - (argument) the given argument should be passed and it should not
+            be used to generated the id
+
+     e.g.::
+
+        @testing.combinations(
+            (operator.eq, "eq"),
+            (operator.ne, "ne"),
+            (operator.gt, "gt"),
+            (operator.lt, "lt"),
+            id_="na"
+        )
+        def test_operator(self, opfunc, name):
+            pass
+
+    The above combination will call ``.__name__`` on the first member of
+    each tuple and use that as the "id" to pytest.param().
+
+
+    """
+    return _fixture_functions.combinations(
+        *comb, id_=id_, argnames=argnames, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def combinations_list(arg_iterable: Iterable[Tuple[Any, ...]], **kw):
+    "As combination, but takes a single iterable"
+    return combinations(*arg_iterable, **kw)
+
+
+class Variation:
+    __slots__ = ("_name", "_argname")
+
+    def __init__(self, case, argname, case_names):
+        self._name = case
+        self._argname = argname
+        for casename in case_names:
+            setattr(self, casename, casename == case)
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self._name == self._argname
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return not self.__bool__()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self._argname}={self._name!r}"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self)
+
+    def fail(self) -> NoReturn:
+        fail(f"Unknown {self}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def idfn(cls, variation):
+        return variation.name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def generate_cases(cls, argname, cases):
+        case_names = [
+            argname if c is True else "not_" + argname if c is False else c
+            for c in cases
+        ]
+
+        typ = type(
+            argname,
+            (Variation,),
+            {
+                "__slots__": tuple(case_names),
+            },
+        )
+
+        return [typ(casename, argname, case_names) for casename in case_names]
+
+
+def variation(argname_or_fn, cases=None):
+    """a helper around testing.combinations that provides a single namespace
+    that can be used as a switch.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        @testing.variation("querytyp", ["select", "subquery", "legacy_query"])
+        @testing.variation("lazy", ["select", "raise", "raise_on_sql"])
+        def test_thing(
+            self,
+            querytyp,
+            lazy,
+            decl_base
+        ):
+            class Thing(decl_base):
+                __tablename__ = 'thing'
+
+                # use name directly
+                rel = relationship("Rel", lazy=lazy.name)
+
+            # use as a switch
+            if querytyp.select:
+                stmt = select(Thing)
+            elif querytyp.subquery:
+                stmt = select(Thing).subquery()
+            elif querytyp.legacy_query:
+                stmt = Session.query(Thing)
+            else:
+                querytyp.fail()
+
+
+    The variable provided is a slots object of boolean variables, as well
+    as the name of the case itself under the attribute ".name"
+
+    """
+
+    if inspect.isfunction(argname_or_fn):
+        argname = argname_or_fn.__name__
+        cases = argname_or_fn(None)
+
+        @variation_fixture(argname, cases)
+        def go(self, request):
+            yield request.param
+
+        return go
+    else:
+        argname = argname_or_fn
+    cases_plus_limitations = [
+        (
+            entry
+            if (isinstance(entry, tuple) and len(entry) == 2)
+            else (entry, None)
+        )
+        for entry in cases
+    ]
+
+    variations = Variation.generate_cases(
+        argname, [c for c, l in cases_plus_limitations]
+    )
+    return combinations(
+        *[
+            (
+                (variation._name, variation, limitation)
+                if limitation is not None
+                else (variation._name, variation)
+            )
+            for variation, (case, limitation) in zip(
+                variations, cases_plus_limitations
+            )
+        ],
+        id_="ia",
+        argnames=argname,
+    )
+
+
+def variation_fixture(argname, cases, scope="function"):
+    return fixture(
+        params=Variation.generate_cases(argname, cases),
+        ids=Variation.idfn,
+        scope=scope,
+    )
+
+
+def fixture(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+    return _fixture_functions.fixture(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def get_current_test_name() -> str:
+    return _fixture_functions.get_current_test_name()
+
+
+def mark_base_test_class() -> Any:
+    return _fixture_functions.mark_base_test_class()
+
+
+class _AddToMarker:
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(_fixture_functions.add_to_marker, attr)
+
+
+add_to_marker = _AddToMarker()
+
+
+class Config:
+    def __init__(self, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        self._set_name(db)
+        self.db = db
+        self.db_opts = db_opts
+        self.options = options
+        self.file_config = file_config
+        self.test_schema = "test_schema"
+        self.test_schema_2 = "test_schema_2"
+
+        self.is_async = db.dialect.is_async and not util.asbool(
+            db.url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+        )
+
+    _stack = collections.deque()
+    _configs = set()
+
+    def _set_name(self, db):
+        suffix = "_async" if db.dialect.is_async else ""
+        if db.dialect.server_version_info:
+            svi = ".".join(str(tok) for tok in db.dialect.server_version_info)
+            self.name = "%s+%s%s_[%s]" % (db.name, db.driver, suffix, svi)
+        else:
+            self.name = "%s+%s%s" % (db.name, db.driver, suffix)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        """add a config as one of the global configs.
+
+        If there are no configs set up yet, this config also
+        gets set as the "_current".
+        """
+        global any_async
+
+        cfg = Config(db, db_opts, options, file_config)
+
+        # if any backends include an async driver, then ensure
+        # all setup/teardown and tests are wrapped in the maybe_async()
+        # decorator that will set up a greenlet context for async drivers.
+        any_async = any_async or cfg.is_async
+
+        cls._configs.add(cfg)
+        return cfg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_as_current(cls, config, namespace):
+        global db, _current, db_url, test_schema, test_schema_2, db_opts
+        _current = config
+        db_url = config.db.url
+        db_opts = config.db_opts
+        test_schema = config.test_schema
+        test_schema_2 = config.test_schema_2
+        namespace.db = db = config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push_engine(cls, db, namespace):
+        assert _current, "Can't push without a default Config set up"
+        cls.push(
+            Config(
+                db, _current.db_opts, _current.options, _current.file_config
+            ),
+            namespace,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push(cls, config, namespace):
+        cls._stack.append(_current)
+        cls.set_as_current(config, namespace)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pop(cls, namespace):
+        if cls._stack:
+            # a failed test w/ -x option can call reset() ahead of time
+            _current = cls._stack[-1]
+            del cls._stack[-1]
+            cls.set_as_current(_current, namespace)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, namespace):
+        if cls._stack:
+            cls.set_as_current(cls._stack[0], namespace)
+            cls._stack.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_configs(cls):
+        return cls._configs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_dbs(cls):
+        for cfg in cls.all_configs():
+            yield cfg.db
+
+    def skip_test(self, msg):
+        skip_test(msg)
+
+
+def skip_test(msg):
+    raise _fixture_functions.skip_test_exception(msg)
+
+
+def async_test(fn):
+    return _fixture_functions.async_test(fn)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca3e1ac5ecaaf73468e790418122202e4486d1dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+# testing/engines.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+import warnings
+import weakref
+
+from . import config
+from .util import decorator
+from .util import gc_collect
+from .. import event
+from .. import pool
+from ..util import await_only
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine.url import URL
+    from ..ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine
+
+
+class ConnectionKiller:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.proxy_refs = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.testing_engines = collections.defaultdict(set)
+        self.dbapi_connections = set()
+
+    def add_pool(self, pool):
+        event.listen(pool, "checkout", self._add_conn)
+        event.listen(pool, "checkin", self._remove_conn)
+        event.listen(pool, "close", self._remove_conn)
+        event.listen(pool, "close_detached", self._remove_conn)
+        # note we are keeping "invalidated" here, as those are still
+        # opened connections we would like to roll back
+
+    def _add_conn(self, dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        self.dbapi_connections.add(dbapi_con)
+        self.proxy_refs[con_proxy] = True
+
+    def _remove_conn(self, dbapi_conn, *arg):
+        self.dbapi_connections.discard(dbapi_conn)
+
+    def add_engine(self, engine, scope):
+        self.add_pool(engine.pool)
+
+        assert scope in ("class", "global", "function", "fixture")
+        self.testing_engines[scope].add(engine)
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "testing_reaper couldn't rollback/close connection: %s" % e
+            )
+
+    def rollback_all(self):
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self._safe(rec.rollback)
+
+    def checkin_all(self):
+        # run pool.checkin() for all ConnectionFairy instances we have
+        # tracked.
+
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self.dbapi_connections.discard(rec.dbapi_connection)
+                self._safe(rec._checkin)
+
+        # for fairy refs that were GCed and could not close the connection,
+        # such as asyncio, roll back those remaining connections
+        for con in self.dbapi_connections:
+            self._safe(con.rollback)
+        self.dbapi_connections.clear()
+
+    def close_all(self):
+        self.checkin_all()
+
+    def prepare_for_drop_tables(self, connection):
+        # don't do aggressive checks for third party test suites
+        if not config.bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy:
+            return
+
+        from . import provision
+
+        provision.prepare_for_drop_tables(connection.engine.url, connection)
+
+    def _drop_testing_engines(self, scope):
+        eng = self.testing_engines[scope]
+        for rec in list(eng):
+            for proxy_ref in list(self.proxy_refs):
+                if proxy_ref is not None and proxy_ref.is_valid:
+                    if (
+                        proxy_ref._pool is not None
+                        and proxy_ref._pool is rec.pool
+                    ):
+                        self._safe(proxy_ref._checkin)
+
+            if hasattr(rec, "sync_engine"):
+                await_only(rec.dispose())
+            else:
+                rec.dispose()
+        eng.clear()
+
+    def after_test(self):
+        self._drop_testing_engines("function")
+
+    def after_test_outside_fixtures(self, test):
+        # don't do aggressive checks for third party test suites
+        if not config.bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy:
+            return
+
+        if test.__class__.__leave_connections_for_teardown__:
+            return
+
+        self.checkin_all()
+
+        # on PostgreSQL, this will test for any "idle in transaction"
+        # connections.   useful to identify tests with unusual patterns
+        # that can't be cleaned up correctly.
+        from . import provision
+
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            provision.prepare_for_drop_tables(conn.engine.url, conn)
+
+    def stop_test_class_inside_fixtures(self):
+        self.checkin_all()
+        self._drop_testing_engines("function")
+        self._drop_testing_engines("class")
+
+    def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(self):
+        # ensure no refs to checked out connections at all.
+
+        if pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records:
+            gc_collect()
+
+            if pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records:
+                ln = len(pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records)
+                pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records.clear()
+                assert (
+                    False
+                ), "%d connection recs not cleared after test suite" % (ln)
+
+    def final_cleanup(self):
+        self.checkin_all()
+        for scope in self.testing_engines:
+            self._drop_testing_engines(scope)
+
+    def assert_all_closed(self):
+        for rec in self.proxy_refs:
+            if rec.is_valid:
+                assert False
+
+
+testing_reaper = ConnectionKiller()
+
+
+@decorator
+def assert_conns_closed(fn, *args, **kw):
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.assert_all_closed()
+
+
+@decorator
+def rollback_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that rolls back all open connections after fn execution."""
+
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.rollback_all()
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_first(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections before fn execution."""
+
+    testing_reaper.checkin_all()
+    fn(*args, **kw)
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections after fn execution."""
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.checkin_all()
+
+
+def all_dialects(exclude=None):
+    import sqlalchemy.dialects as d
+
+    for name in d.__all__:
+        # TEMPORARY
+        if exclude and name in exclude:
+            continue
+        mod = getattr(d, name, None)
+        if not mod:
+            mod = getattr(
+                __import__("sqlalchemy.dialects.%s" % name).dialects, name
+            )
+        yield mod.dialect()
+
+
+class ReconnectFixture:
+    def __init__(self, dbapi):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self.connections = []
+        self.is_stopped = False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.dbapi, key)
+
+    def connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        conn = self.dbapi.connect(*args, **kwargs)
+        if self.is_stopped:
+            self._safe(conn.close)
+            curs = conn.cursor()  # should fail on Oracle etc.
+            # should fail for everything that didn't fail
+            # above, connection is closed
+            curs.execute("select 1")
+            assert False, "simulated connect failure didn't work"
+        else:
+            self.connections.append(conn)
+            return conn
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn("ReconnectFixture couldn't close connection: %s" % e)
+
+    def shutdown(self, stop=False):
+        # TODO: this doesn't cover all cases
+        # as nicely as we'd like, namely MySQLdb.
+        # would need to implement R. Brewer's
+        # proxy server idea to get better
+        # coverage.
+        self.is_stopped = stop
+        for c in list(self.connections):
+            self._safe(c.close)
+        self.connections = []
+
+    def restart(self):
+        self.is_stopped = False
+
+
+def reconnecting_engine(url=None, options=None):
+    url = url or config.db.url
+    dbapi = config.db.dialect.dbapi
+    if not options:
+        options = {}
+    options["module"] = ReconnectFixture(dbapi)
+    engine = testing_engine(url, options)
+    _dispose = engine.dispose
+
+    def dispose():
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown()
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.is_stopped = False
+        _dispose()
+
+    engine.test_shutdown = engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown
+    engine.test_restart = engine.dialect.dbapi.restart
+    engine.dispose = dispose
+    return engine
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def testing_engine(
+    url: Optional[URL] = None,
+    options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    asyncio: Literal[False] = False,
+    transfer_staticpool: bool = False,
+) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def testing_engine(
+    url: Optional[URL] = None,
+    options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    asyncio: Literal[True] = True,
+    transfer_staticpool: bool = False,
+) -> AsyncEngine: ...
+
+
+def testing_engine(
+    url=None,
+    options=None,
+    asyncio=False,
+    transfer_staticpool=False,
+    share_pool=False,
+    _sqlite_savepoint=False,
+):
+    if asyncio:
+        assert not _sqlite_savepoint
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
+            create_async_engine as create_engine,
+        )
+    else:
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.engine.url import make_url
+
+    if not options:
+        use_reaper = True
+        scope = "function"
+        sqlite_savepoint = False
+    else:
+        use_reaper = options.pop("use_reaper", True)
+        scope = options.pop("scope", "function")
+        sqlite_savepoint = options.pop("sqlite_savepoint", False)
+
+    url = url or config.db.url
+
+    url = make_url(url)
+    if options is None:
+        if config.db is None or url.drivername == config.db.url.drivername:
+            options = config.db_opts
+        else:
+            options = {}
+    elif config.db is not None and url.drivername == config.db.url.drivername:
+        default_opt = config.db_opts.copy()
+        default_opt.update(options)
+
+    engine = create_engine(url, **options)
+
+    if sqlite_savepoint and engine.name == "sqlite":
+        # apply SQLite savepoint workaround
+        @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+        def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+            dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+        @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+        def do_begin(conn):
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+
+    if transfer_staticpool:
+        from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+
+        if config.db is not None and isinstance(config.db.pool, StaticPool):
+            use_reaper = False
+            engine.pool._transfer_from(config.db.pool)
+    elif share_pool:
+        engine.pool = config.db.pool
+
+    if scope == "global":
+        if asyncio:
+            engine.sync_engine._has_events = True
+        else:
+            engine._has_events = (
+                True  # enable event blocks, helps with profiling
+            )
+
+    if (
+        isinstance(engine.pool, pool.QueuePool)
+        and "pool" not in options
+        and "pool_timeout" not in options
+        and "max_overflow" not in options
+    ):
+        engine.pool._timeout = 0
+        engine.pool._max_overflow = 0
+    if use_reaper:
+        testing_reaper.add_engine(engine, scope)
+
+    return engine
+
+
+def mock_engine(dialect_name=None):
+    """Provides a mocking engine based on the current testing.db.
+
+    This is normally used to test DDL generation flow as emitted
+    by an Engine.
+
+    It should not be used in other cases, as assert_compile() and
+    assert_sql_execution() are much better choices with fewer
+    moving parts.
+
+    """
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_mock_engine
+
+    if not dialect_name:
+        dialect_name = config.db.name
+
+    buffer = []
+
+    def executor(sql, *a, **kw):
+        buffer.append(sql)
+
+    def assert_sql(stmts):
+        recv = [re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(s)) for s in buffer]
+        assert recv == stmts, recv
+
+    def print_sql():
+        d = engine.dialect
+        return "\n".join(str(s.compile(dialect=d)) for s in engine.mock)
+
+    engine = create_mock_engine(dialect_name + "://", executor)
+    assert not hasattr(engine, "mock")
+    engine.mock = buffer
+    engine.assert_sql = assert_sql
+    engine.print_sql = print_sql
+    return engine
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyCursor:
+    """Proxy a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level cursor operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, conn, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.connection = conn
+        self.cursor = conn.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def execute(self, stmt, parameters=None, **kw):
+        if parameters:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, parameters, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, **kw)
+
+    def executemany(self, stmt, params, **kw):
+        return self.cursor.executemany(stmt, params, **kw)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.cursor)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.cursor, key)
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyConnection:
+    """Proxy a DBAPI connection.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level connection operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, conn, cursor_cls):
+        self.conn = conn
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.cursor_cls = cursor_cls
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.cursor_cls(self.engine, self.conn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.conn.close()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.conn, key)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9102968f2ea7813225592fa131631ba317c9eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# testing/entities.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from ..orm.writeonly import WriteOnlyCollection
+
+_repr_stack = set()
+
+
+class BasicEntity:
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        for key, value in kw.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if id(self) in _repr_stack:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        _repr_stack.add(id(self))
+        try:
+            return "%s(%s)" % (
+                (self.__class__.__name__),
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        "%s=%r" % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                        for key in sorted(self.__dict__.keys())
+                        if not key.startswith("_")
+                    ]
+                ),
+            )
+        finally:
+            _repr_stack.remove(id(self))
+
+
+_recursion_stack = set()
+
+
+class ComparableMixin:
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """'Deep, sparse compare.
+
+        Deeply compare two entities, following the non-None attributes of the
+        non-persisted object, if possible.
+
+        """
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        elif not self.__class__ == other.__class__:
+            return False
+
+        if id(self) in _recursion_stack:
+            return True
+        _recursion_stack.add(id(self))
+
+        try:
+            # pick the entity that's not SA persisted as the source
+            try:
+                self_key = sa.orm.attributes.instance_state(self).key
+            except sa.orm.exc.NO_STATE:
+                self_key = None
+
+            if other is None:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+            elif self_key is not None:
+                a = other
+                b = self
+            else:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+
+            for attr in list(a.__dict__):
+                if attr.startswith("_"):
+                    continue
+
+                value = getattr(a, attr)
+
+                if isinstance(value, WriteOnlyCollection):
+                    continue
+
+                try:
+                    # handle lazy loader errors
+                    battr = getattr(b, attr)
+                except (AttributeError, sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError):
+                    return False
+
+                if hasattr(value, "__iter__") and not isinstance(value, str):
+                    if hasattr(value, "__getitem__") and not hasattr(
+                        value, "keys"
+                    ):
+                        if list(value) != list(battr):
+                            return False
+                    else:
+                        if set(value) != set(battr):
+                            return False
+                else:
+                    if value is not None and value != battr:
+                        return False
+            return True
+        finally:
+            _recursion_stack.remove(id(self))
+
+
+class ComparableEntity(ComparableMixin, BasicEntity):
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__class__)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8008ba417d962098cb4dd895dabb3ed560f9f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+# testing/exclusions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import contextlib
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import config
+from .. import util
+from ..util import decorator
+from ..util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+
+def skip_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    rule = compound()
+    pred = _as_predicate(predicate, reason)
+    rule.skips.add(pred)
+    return rule
+
+
+def fails_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    rule = compound()
+    pred = _as_predicate(predicate, reason)
+    rule.fails.add(pred)
+    return rule
+
+
+class compound:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.fails = set()
+        self.skips = set()
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.add(other)
+
+    def as_skips(self):
+        rule = compound()
+        rule.skips.update(self.skips)
+        rule.skips.update(self.fails)
+        return rule
+
+    def add(self, *others):
+        copy = compound()
+        copy.fails.update(self.fails)
+        copy.skips.update(self.skips)
+
+        for other in others:
+            copy.fails.update(other.fails)
+            copy.skips.update(other.skips)
+        return copy
+
+    def not_(self):
+        copy = compound()
+        copy.fails.update(NotPredicate(fail) for fail in self.fails)
+        copy.skips.update(NotPredicate(skip) for skip in self.skips)
+        return copy
+
+    @property
+    def enabled(self):
+        return self.enabled_for_config(config._current)
+
+    def enabled_for_config(self, config):
+        for predicate in self.skips.union(self.fails):
+            if predicate(config):
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def matching_config_reasons(self, config):
+        return [
+            predicate._as_string(config)
+            for predicate in self.skips.union(self.fails)
+            if predicate(config)
+        ]
+
+    def _extend(self, other):
+        self.skips.update(other.skips)
+        self.fails.update(other.fails)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        if hasattr(fn, "_sa_exclusion_extend"):
+            fn._sa_exclusion_extend._extend(self)
+            return fn
+
+        @decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+            return self._do(config._current, fn, *args, **kw)
+
+        decorated = decorate(fn)
+        decorated._sa_exclusion_extend = self
+        return decorated
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def fail_if(self):
+        all_fails = compound()
+        all_fails.fails.update(self.skips.union(self.fails))
+
+        try:
+            yield
+        except Exception as ex:
+            all_fails._expect_failure(config._current, ex)
+        else:
+            all_fails._expect_success(config._current)
+
+    def _do(self, cfg, fn, *args, **kw):
+        for skip in self.skips:
+            if skip(cfg):
+                msg = "'%s' : %s" % (
+                    config.get_current_test_name(),
+                    skip._as_string(cfg),
+                )
+                config.skip_test(msg)
+
+        try:
+            return_value = fn(*args, **kw)
+        except Exception as ex:
+            self._expect_failure(cfg, ex, name=fn.__name__)
+        else:
+            self._expect_success(cfg, name=fn.__name__)
+            return return_value
+
+    def _expect_failure(self, config, ex, name="block"):
+        for fail in self.fails:
+            if fail(config):
+                print(
+                    "%s failed as expected (%s): %s "
+                    % (name, fail._as_string(config), ex)
+                )
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ex.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
+
+    def _expect_success(self, config, name="block"):
+        if not self.fails:
+            return
+
+        for fail in self.fails:
+            if fail(config):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Unexpected success for '%s' (%s)"
+                    % (
+                        name,
+                        " and ".join(
+                            fail._as_string(config) for fail in self.fails
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+def only_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return skip_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+def succeeds_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return fails_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+class Predicate:
+    @classmethod
+    def as_predicate(cls, predicate, description=None):
+        if isinstance(predicate, compound):
+            return cls.as_predicate(predicate.enabled_for_config, description)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, Predicate):
+            if description and predicate.description is None:
+                predicate.description = description
+            return predicate
+        elif isinstance(predicate, (list, set)):
+            return OrPredicate(
+                [cls.as_predicate(pred) for pred in predicate], description
+            )
+        elif isinstance(predicate, tuple):
+            return SpecPredicate(*predicate)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, str):
+            tokens = re.match(
+                r"([\+\w]+)\s*(?:(>=|==|!=|<=|<|>)\s*([\d\.]+))?", predicate
+            )
+            if not tokens:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't locate DB name in predicate: %r" % predicate
+                )
+            db = tokens.group(1)
+            op = tokens.group(2)
+            spec = (
+                tuple(int(d) for d in tokens.group(3).split("."))
+                if tokens.group(3)
+                else None
+            )
+
+            return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec, description=description)
+        elif callable(predicate):
+            return LambdaPredicate(predicate, description)
+        else:
+            assert False, "unknown predicate type: %s" % predicate
+
+    def _format_description(self, config, negate=False):
+        bool_ = self(config)
+        if negate:
+            bool_ = not negate
+        return self.description % {
+            "driver": (
+                config.db.url.get_driver_name() if config else "<no driver>"
+            ),
+            "database": (
+                config.db.url.get_backend_name() if config else "<no database>"
+            ),
+            "doesnt_support": "doesn't support" if bool_ else "does support",
+            "does_support": "does support" if bool_ else "doesn't support",
+        }
+
+    def _as_string(self, config=None, negate=False):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class BooleanPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, value, description=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.description = description or "boolean %s" % value
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.value
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        return self._format_description(config, negate=negate)
+
+
+class SpecPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, db, op=None, spec=None, description=None):
+        self.db = db
+        self.op = op
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.description = description
+
+    _ops = {
+        "<": operator.lt,
+        ">": operator.gt,
+        "==": operator.eq,
+        "!=": operator.ne,
+        "<=": operator.le,
+        ">=": operator.ge,
+        "in": operator.contains,
+        "between": lambda val, pair: val >= pair[0] and val <= pair[1],
+    }
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        if config is None:
+            return False
+
+        engine = config.db
+
+        if "+" in self.db:
+            dialect, driver = self.db.split("+")
+        else:
+            dialect, driver = self.db, None
+
+        if dialect and engine.name != dialect:
+            return False
+        if driver is not None and engine.driver != driver:
+            return False
+
+        if self.op is not None:
+            assert driver is None, "DBAPI version specs not supported yet"
+
+            version = _server_version(engine)
+            oper = (
+                hasattr(self.op, "__call__") and self.op or self._ops[self.op]
+            )
+            return oper(version, self.spec)
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return self._format_description(config)
+        elif self.op is None:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s" % self.db
+            else:
+                return "%s" % self.db
+        else:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s %s %s" % (self.db, self.op, self.spec)
+            else:
+                return "%s %s %s" % (self.db, self.op, self.spec)
+
+
+class LambdaPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, lambda_, description=None, args=None, kw=None):
+        spec = inspect_getfullargspec(lambda_)
+        if not spec[0]:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda db: lambda_()
+        else:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda_
+        self.args = args or ()
+        self.kw = kw or {}
+        if description:
+            self.description = description
+        elif lambda_.__doc__:
+            self.description = lambda_.__doc__
+        else:
+            self.description = "custom function"
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.lambda_(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        return self._format_description(config)
+
+
+class NotPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicate, description=None):
+        self.predicate = predicate
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return not self.predicate(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if self.description:
+            return self._format_description(config, not negate)
+        else:
+            return self.predicate._as_string(config, not negate)
+
+
+class OrPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicates, description=None):
+        self.predicates = predicates
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        for pred in self.predicates:
+            if pred(config):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _eval_str(self, config, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            conjunction = " and "
+        else:
+            conjunction = " or "
+        return conjunction.join(
+            p._as_string(config, negate=negate) for p in self.predicates
+        )
+
+    def _negation_str(self, config):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return "Not " + self._format_description(config)
+        else:
+            return self._eval_str(config, negate=True)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            return self._negation_str(config)
+        else:
+            if self.description is not None:
+                return self._format_description(config)
+            else:
+                return self._eval_str(config)
+
+
+_as_predicate = Predicate.as_predicate
+
+
+def _is_excluded(db, op, spec):
+    return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec)(config._current)
+
+
+def _server_version(engine):
+    """Return a server_version_info tuple."""
+
+    # force metadata to be retrieved
+    conn = engine.connect()
+    version = getattr(engine.dialect, "server_version_info", None)
+    if version is None:
+        version = ()
+    conn.close()
+    return version
+
+
+def db_spec(*dbs):
+    return OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in dbs])
+
+
+def open():  # noqa
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(False, "mark as execute"))
+
+
+def closed():
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "marked as skip"))
+
+
+def fails(reason=None):
+    return fails_if(BooleanPredicate(True, reason or "expected to fail"))
+
+
+def future():
+    return fails_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "Future feature"))
+
+
+def fails_on(db, reason=None):
+    return fails_if(db, reason)
+
+
+def fails_on_everything_except(*dbs):
+    return succeeds_if(OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in dbs]))
+
+
+def skip(db, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(db, reason)
+
+
+def only_on(dbs, reason=None):
+    return only_if(
+        OrPredicate(
+            [Predicate.as_predicate(db, reason) for db in util.to_list(dbs)]
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def exclude(db, op, spec, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(SpecPredicate(db, op, spec), reason)
+
+
+def against(config, *queries):
+    assert queries, "no queries sent!"
+    return OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(query) for query in queries])(
+        config
+    )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf6312b8a4fdd77ae4312f7097f33ee52e85a58a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# testing/fixtures/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from .base import FutureEngineMixin as FutureEngineMixin
+from .base import TestBase as TestBase
+from .mypy import MypyTest as MypyTest
+from .orm import after_test as after_test
+from .orm import close_all_sessions as close_all_sessions
+from .orm import DeclarativeMappedTest as DeclarativeMappedTest
+from .orm import fixture_session as fixture_session
+from .orm import MappedTest as MappedTest
+from .orm import ORMTest as ORMTest
+from .orm import RemoveORMEventsGlobally as RemoveORMEventsGlobally
+from .orm import (
+    stop_test_class_inside_fixtures as stop_test_class_inside_fixtures,
+)
+from .sql import CacheKeyFixture as CacheKeyFixture
+from .sql import (
+    ComputedReflectionFixtureTest as ComputedReflectionFixtureTest,
+)
+from .sql import insertmanyvalues_fixture as insertmanyvalues_fixture
+from .sql import NoCache as NoCache
+from .sql import RemovesEvents as RemovesEvents
+from .sql import TablesTest as TablesTest
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a15753d3e024e02379d8efc84e0eff73c2330a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# testing/fixtures/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .. import assertions
+from .. import config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..util import drop_all_tables_from_metadata
+from ... import Column
+from ... import func
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import Table
+from ...orm import DeclarativeBase
+from ...orm import MappedAsDataclass
+from ...orm import registry
+
+
+@config.mark_base_test_class()
+class TestBase:
+    # A sequence of requirement names matching testing.requires decorators
+    __requires__ = ()
+
+    # A sequence of dialect names to exclude from the test class.
+    __unsupported_on__ = ()
+
+    # If present, test class is only runnable for the *single* specified
+    # dialect.  If you need multiple, use __unsupported_on__ and invert.
+    __only_on__ = None
+
+    # A sequence of no-arg callables. If any are True, the entire testcase is
+    # skipped.
+    __skip_if__ = None
+
+    # if True, the testing reaper will not attempt to touch connection
+    # state after a test is completed and before the outer teardown
+    # starts
+    __leave_connections_for_teardown__ = False
+
+    def assert_(self, val, msg=None):
+        assert val, msg
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def nocache(self):
+        _cache = config.db._compiled_cache
+        config.db._compiled_cache = None
+        yield
+        config.db._compiled_cache = _cache
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def connection_no_trans(self):
+        eng = getattr(self, "bind", None) or config.db
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            yield conn
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def connection(self):
+        global _connection_fixture_connection
+
+        eng = getattr(self, "bind", None) or config.db
+
+        conn = eng.connect()
+        trans = conn.begin()
+
+        _connection_fixture_connection = conn
+        yield conn
+
+        _connection_fixture_connection = None
+
+        if trans.is_active:
+            trans.rollback()
+        # trans would not be active here if the test is using
+        # the legacy @provide_metadata decorator still, as it will
+        # run a close all connections.
+        conn.close()
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def close_result_when_finished(self):
+        to_close = []
+        to_consume = []
+
+        def go(result, consume=False):
+            to_close.append(result)
+            if consume:
+                to_consume.append(result)
+
+        yield go
+        for r in to_consume:
+            try:
+                r.all()
+            except:
+                pass
+        for r in to_close:
+            try:
+                r.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def registry(self, metadata):
+        reg = registry(
+            metadata=metadata,
+            type_annotation_map={
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb", "oracle"
+                )
+            },
+        )
+        yield reg
+        reg.dispose()
+
+    @config.fixture
+    def decl_base(self, metadata):
+        _md = metadata
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            metadata = _md
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb", "oracle"
+                )
+            }
+
+        yield Base
+        Base.registry.dispose()
+
+    @config.fixture
+    def dc_decl_base(self, metadata):
+        _md = metadata
+
+        class Base(MappedAsDataclass, DeclarativeBase):
+            metadata = _md
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb"
+                )
+            }
+
+        yield Base
+        Base.registry.dispose()
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def future_connection(self, future_engine, connection):
+        # integrate the future_engine and connection fixtures so
+        # that users of the "connection" fixture will get at the
+        # "future" connection
+        yield connection
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def future_engine(self):
+        yield
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def testing_engine(self):
+        from .. import engines
+
+        def gen_testing_engine(
+            url=None,
+            options=None,
+            future=None,
+            asyncio=False,
+            transfer_staticpool=False,
+            share_pool=False,
+        ):
+            if options is None:
+                options = {}
+            options["scope"] = "fixture"
+            return engines.testing_engine(
+                url=url,
+                options=options,
+                asyncio=asyncio,
+                transfer_staticpool=transfer_staticpool,
+                share_pool=share_pool,
+            )
+
+        yield gen_testing_engine
+
+        engines.testing_reaper._drop_testing_engines("fixture")
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def async_testing_engine(self, testing_engine):
+        def go(**kw):
+            kw["asyncio"] = True
+            return testing_engine(**kw)
+
+        return go
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def metadata(self, request):
+        """Provide bound MetaData for a single test, dropping afterwards."""
+
+        from ...sql import schema
+
+        metadata = schema.MetaData()
+        request.instance.metadata = metadata
+        yield metadata
+        del request.instance.metadata
+
+        if (
+            _connection_fixture_connection
+            and _connection_fixture_connection.in_transaction()
+        ):
+            trans = _connection_fixture_connection.get_transaction()
+            trans.rollback()
+            with _connection_fixture_connection.begin():
+                drop_all_tables_from_metadata(
+                    metadata, _connection_fixture_connection
+                )
+        else:
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, config.db)
+
+    @config.fixture(
+        params=[
+            (rollback, second_operation, begin_nested)
+            for rollback in (True, False)
+            for second_operation in ("none", "execute", "begin")
+            for begin_nested in (
+                True,
+                False,
+            )
+        ]
+    )
+    def trans_ctx_manager_fixture(self, request, metadata):
+        rollback, second_operation, begin_nested = request.param
+
+        t = Table("test", metadata, Column("data", Integer))
+        eng = getattr(self, "bind", None) or config.db
+
+        t.create(eng)
+
+        def run_test(subject, trans_on_subject, execute_on_subject):
+            with subject.begin() as trans:
+                if begin_nested:
+                    if not config.requirements.savepoints.enabled:
+                        config.skip_test("savepoints not enabled")
+                    if execute_on_subject:
+                        nested_trans = subject.begin_nested()
+                    else:
+                        nested_trans = trans.begin_nested()
+
+                    with nested_trans:
+                        if execute_on_subject:
+                            subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+                        else:
+                            trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+
+                        # for nested trans, we always commit/rollback on the
+                        # "nested trans" object itself.
+                        # only Session(future=False) will affect savepoint
+                        # transaction for session.commit/rollback
+
+                        if rollback:
+                            nested_trans.rollback()
+                        else:
+                            nested_trans.commit()
+
+                        if second_operation != "none":
+                            with assertions.expect_raises_message(
+                                sa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
+                                "Can't operate on closed transaction "
+                                "inside context "
+                                "manager.  Please complete the context "
+                                "manager "
+                                "before emitting further commands.",
+                            ):
+                                if second_operation == "execute":
+                                    if execute_on_subject:
+                                        subject.execute(
+                                            t.insert(), {"data": 12}
+                                        )
+                                    else:
+                                        trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 12})
+                                elif second_operation == "begin":
+                                    if execute_on_subject:
+                                        subject.begin_nested()
+                                    else:
+                                        trans.begin_nested()
+
+                    # outside the nested trans block, but still inside the
+                    # transaction block, we can run SQL, and it will be
+                    # committed
+                    if execute_on_subject:
+                        subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 14})
+                    else:
+                        trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 14})
+
+                else:
+                    if execute_on_subject:
+                        subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+                    else:
+                        trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+
+                    if trans_on_subject:
+                        if rollback:
+                            subject.rollback()
+                        else:
+                            subject.commit()
+                    else:
+                        if rollback:
+                            trans.rollback()
+                        else:
+                            trans.commit()
+
+                    if second_operation != "none":
+                        with assertions.expect_raises_message(
+                            sa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
+                            "Can't operate on closed transaction inside "
+                            "context "
+                            "manager.  Please complete the context manager "
+                            "before emitting further commands.",
+                        ):
+                            if second_operation == "execute":
+                                if execute_on_subject:
+                                    subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 12})
+                                else:
+                                    trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 12})
+                            elif second_operation == "begin":
+                                if hasattr(trans, "begin"):
+                                    trans.begin()
+                                else:
+                                    subject.begin()
+                            elif second_operation == "begin_nested":
+                                if execute_on_subject:
+                                    subject.begin_nested()
+                                else:
+                                    trans.begin_nested()
+
+            expected_committed = 0
+            if begin_nested:
+                # begin_nested variant, we inserted a row after the nested
+                # block
+                expected_committed += 1
+            if not rollback:
+                # not rollback variant, our row inserted in the target
+                # block itself would be committed
+                expected_committed += 1
+
+            if execute_on_subject:
+                eq_(
+                    subject.scalar(select(func.count()).select_from(t)),
+                    expected_committed,
+                )
+            else:
+                with subject.connect() as conn:
+                    eq_(
+                        conn.scalar(select(func.count()).select_from(t)),
+                        expected_committed,
+                    )
+
+        return run_test
+
+
+_connection_fixture_connection = None
+
+
+class FutureEngineMixin:
+    """alembic's suite still using this"""
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/mypy.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/mypy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58e84935e18a5ac02083a22f648f876a490bc6f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/mypy.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# testing/fixtures/mypy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+from .base import TestBase
+from .. import config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ... import util
+
+
+@config.add_to_marker.mypy
+class MypyTest(TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("no_sqlalchemy2_stubs",)
+
+    @config.fixture(scope="function")
+    def per_func_cachedir(self):
+        yield from self._cachedir()
+
+    @config.fixture(scope="class")
+    def cachedir(self):
+        yield from self._cachedir()
+
+    def _cachedir(self):
+        # as of mypy 0.971 i think we need to keep mypy_path empty
+        mypy_path = ""
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as cachedir:
+            with open(
+                Path(cachedir) / "sqla_mypy_config.cfg", "w"
+            ) as config_file:
+                config_file.write(
+                    f"""
+                    [mypy]\n
+                    plugins = sqlalchemy.ext.mypy.plugin\n
+                    show_error_codes = True\n
+                    {mypy_path}
+                    disable_error_code = no-untyped-call
+
+                    [mypy-sqlalchemy.*]
+                    ignore_errors = True
+
+                    """
+                )
+            with open(
+                Path(cachedir) / "plain_mypy_config.cfg", "w"
+            ) as config_file:
+                config_file.write(
+                    f"""
+                    [mypy]\n
+                    show_error_codes = True\n
+                    {mypy_path}
+                    disable_error_code = var-annotated,no-untyped-call
+                    [mypy-sqlalchemy.*]
+                    ignore_errors = True
+
+                    """
+                )
+            yield cachedir
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def mypy_runner(self, cachedir):
+        from mypy import api
+
+        def run(path, use_plugin=False, use_cachedir=None):
+            if use_cachedir is None:
+                use_cachedir = cachedir
+            args = [
+                "--strict",
+                "--raise-exceptions",
+                "--cache-dir",
+                use_cachedir,
+                "--config-file",
+                os.path.join(
+                    use_cachedir,
+                    (
+                        "sqla_mypy_config.cfg"
+                        if use_plugin
+                        else "plain_mypy_config.cfg"
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ]
+
+            # mypy as of 0.990 is more aggressively blocking messaging
+            # for paths that are in sys.path, and as pytest puts currdir,
+            # test/ etc in sys.path, just copy the source file to the
+            # tempdir we are working in so that we don't have to try to
+            # manipulate sys.path and/or guess what mypy is doing
+            filename = os.path.basename(path)
+            test_program = os.path.join(use_cachedir, filename)
+            if path != test_program:
+                shutil.copyfile(path, test_program)
+            args.append(test_program)
+
+            # I set this locally but for the suite here needs to be
+            # disabled
+            os.environ.pop("MYPY_FORCE_COLOR", None)
+
+            stdout, stderr, exitcode = api.run(args)
+            return stdout, stderr, exitcode
+
+        return run
+
+    @config.fixture
+    def mypy_typecheck_file(self, mypy_runner):
+        def run(path, use_plugin=False):
+            expected_messages = self._collect_messages(path)
+            stdout, stderr, exitcode = mypy_runner(path, use_plugin=use_plugin)
+            self._check_output(
+                path, expected_messages, stdout, stderr, exitcode
+            )
+
+        return run
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def file_combinations(dirname):
+        if os.path.isabs(dirname):
+            path = dirname
+        else:
+            caller_path = inspect.stack()[1].filename
+            path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(caller_path), dirname)
+        files = list(Path(path).glob("**/*.py"))
+
+        for extra_dir in config.options.mypy_extra_test_paths:
+            if extra_dir and os.path.isdir(extra_dir):
+                files.extend((Path(extra_dir) / dirname).glob("**/*.py"))
+        return files
+
+    def _collect_messages(self, path):
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.mypy.util import mypy_14
+
+        expected_messages = []
+        expected_re = re.compile(r"\s*# EXPECTED(_MYPY)?(_RE)?(_TYPE)?: (.+)")
+        py_ver_re = re.compile(r"^#\s*PYTHON_VERSION\s?>=\s?(\d+\.\d+)")
+        with open(path) as file_:
+            current_assert_messages = []
+            for num, line in enumerate(file_, 1):
+                m = py_ver_re.match(line)
+                if m:
+                    major, _, minor = m.group(1).partition(".")
+                    if sys.version_info < (int(major), int(minor)):
+                        config.skip_test(
+                            "Requires python >= %s" % (m.group(1))
+                        )
+                    continue
+
+                m = expected_re.match(line)
+                if m:
+                    is_mypy = bool(m.group(1))
+                    is_re = bool(m.group(2))
+                    is_type = bool(m.group(3))
+
+                    expected_msg = re.sub(r"# noqa[:]? ?.*", "", m.group(4))
+                    if is_type:
+                        if not is_re:
+                            # the goal here is that we can cut-and-paste
+                            # from vscode -> pylance into the
+                            # EXPECTED_TYPE: line, then the test suite will
+                            # validate that line against what mypy produces
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                r"([\[\]])",
+                                lambda m: rf"\{m.group(0)}",
+                                expected_msg,
+                            )
+
+                            # note making sure preceding text matches
+                            # with a dot, so that an expect for "Select"
+                            # does not match "TypedSelect"
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                r"([\w_]+)",
+                                lambda m: rf"(?:.*\.)?{m.group(1)}\*?",
+                                expected_msg,
+                            )
+
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                "List", "builtins.list", expected_msg
+                            )
+
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                r"\b(int|str|float|bool)\b",
+                                lambda m: rf"builtins.{m.group(0)}\*?",
+                                expected_msg,
+                            )
+                            # expected_msg = re.sub(
+                            #     r"(Sequence|Tuple|List|Union)",
+                            #     lambda m: fr"typing.{m.group(0)}\*?",
+                            #     expected_msg,
+                            # )
+
+                        is_mypy = is_re = True
+                        expected_msg = f'Revealed type is "{expected_msg}"'
+
+                    if mypy_14 and util.py39:
+                        # use_lowercase_names, py39 and above
+                        # https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/304997bfb85200fb521ac727ee0ce3e6085e5278/mypy/options.py#L363  # noqa: E501
+
+                        # skip first character which could be capitalized
+                        # "List item x not found" type of message
+                        expected_msg = expected_msg[0] + re.sub(
+                            (
+                                r"\b(List|Tuple|Dict|Set)\b"
+                                if is_type
+                                else r"\b(List|Tuple|Dict|Set|Type)\b"
+                            ),
+                            lambda m: m.group(1).lower(),
+                            expected_msg[1:],
+                        )
+
+                    if mypy_14 and util.py310:
+                        # use_or_syntax, py310 and above
+                        # https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/304997bfb85200fb521ac727ee0ce3e6085e5278/mypy/options.py#L368  # noqa: E501
+                        expected_msg = re.sub(
+                            r"Optional\[(.*?)\]",
+                            lambda m: f"{m.group(1)} | None",
+                            expected_msg,
+                        )
+                    current_assert_messages.append(
+                        (is_mypy, is_re, expected_msg.strip())
+                    )
+                elif current_assert_messages:
+                    expected_messages.extend(
+                        (num, is_mypy, is_re, expected_msg)
+                        for (
+                            is_mypy,
+                            is_re,
+                            expected_msg,
+                        ) in current_assert_messages
+                    )
+                    current_assert_messages[:] = []
+
+        return expected_messages
+
+    def _check_output(self, path, expected_messages, stdout, stderr, exitcode):
+        not_located = []
+        filename = os.path.basename(path)
+        if expected_messages:
+            # mypy 0.990 changed how return codes work, so don't assume a
+            # 1 or a 0 return code here, could be either depending on if
+            # errors were generated or not
+
+            output = []
+
+            raw_lines = stdout.split("\n")
+            while raw_lines:
+                e = raw_lines.pop(0)
+                if re.match(r".+\.py:\d+: error: .*", e):
+                    output.append(("error", e))
+                elif re.match(
+                    r".+\.py:\d+: note: +(?:Possible overload|def ).*", e
+                ):
+                    while raw_lines:
+                        ol = raw_lines.pop(0)
+                        if not re.match(r".+\.py:\d+: note: +def \[.*", ol):
+                            break
+                elif re.match(
+                    r".+\.py:\d+: note: .*(?:perhaps|suggestion)", e, re.I
+                ):
+                    pass
+                elif re.match(r".+\.py:\d+: note: .*", e):
+                    output.append(("note", e))
+
+            for num, is_mypy, is_re, msg in expected_messages:
+                msg = msg.replace("'", '"')
+                prefix = "[SQLAlchemy Mypy plugin] " if not is_mypy else ""
+                for idx, (typ, errmsg) in enumerate(output):
+                    if is_re:
+                        if re.match(
+                            rf".*{filename}\:{num}\: {typ}\: {prefix}{msg}",
+                            errmsg,
+                        ):
+                            break
+                    elif (
+                        f"{filename}:{num}: {typ}: {prefix}{msg}"
+                        in errmsg.replace("'", '"')
+                    ):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    not_located.append(msg)
+                    continue
+                del output[idx]
+
+            if not_located:
+                missing = "\n".join(not_located)
+                print("Couldn't locate expected messages:", missing, sep="\n")
+                if output:
+                    extra = "\n".join(msg for _, msg in output)
+                    print("Remaining messages:", extra, sep="\n")
+                assert False, "expected messages not found, see stdout"
+
+            if output:
+                print(f"{len(output)} messages from mypy were not consumed:")
+                print("\n".join(msg for _, msg in output))
+                assert False, "errors and/or notes remain, see stdout"
+
+        else:
+            if exitcode != 0:
+                print(stdout, stderr, sep="\n")
+
+            eq_(exitcode, 0, msg=stdout)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/orm.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/orm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5446959eca6ad5a031f536851d0a036050ce8291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/orm.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# testing/fixtures/orm.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .base import TestBase
+from .sql import TablesTest
+from .. import assertions
+from .. import config
+from .. import schema
+from ..entities import BasicEntity
+from ..entities import ComparableEntity
+from ..util import adict
+from ... import orm
+from ...orm import DeclarativeBase
+from ...orm import events as orm_events
+from ...orm import registry
+
+
+class ORMTest(TestBase):
+    @config.fixture
+    def fixture_session(self):
+        return fixture_session()
+
+
+class MappedTest(ORMTest, TablesTest, assertions.AssertsExecutionResults):
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_classes = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_mappers = "each"
+
+    classes: Any = None
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="class")
+    def _setup_tables_test_class(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        if cls.classes is None:
+            cls.classes = adict()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+        cls._setup_once_classes()
+        cls._setup_once_mappers()
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        cls._teardown_once_class()
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _setup_tables_test_instance(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_classes()
+        self._setup_each_mappers()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        orm.session.close_all_sessions()
+        self._teardown_each_mappers()
+        self._teardown_each_classes()
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_class(cls):
+        cls.classes.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_classes(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_classes == "once":
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_mappers(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_mappers == "once":
+            cls.mapper_registry, cls.mapper = cls._generate_registry()
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_mappers(self):
+        if self.run_setup_mappers != "once":
+            (
+                self.__class__.mapper_registry,
+                self.__class__.mapper,
+            ) = self._generate_registry()
+
+        if self.run_setup_mappers == "each":
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_classes(self):
+        if self.run_setup_classes == "each":
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_registry(cls):
+        decl = registry(metadata=cls._tables_metadata)
+        return decl, decl.map_imperatively
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        """Run a setup method, framing the operation with a Base class
+        that will catch new subclasses to be established within
+        the "classes" registry.
+
+        """
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class _Base:
+            def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+                assert cls_registry is not None
+                cls_registry[cls.__name__] = cls
+                super().__init_subclass__()
+
+        class Basic(BasicEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Comparable(ComparableEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        cls.Basic = Basic
+        cls.Comparable = Comparable
+        fn()
+
+    def _teardown_each_mappers(self):
+        # some tests create mappers in the test bodies
+        # and will define setup_mappers as None -
+        # clear mappers in any case
+        if self.run_setup_mappers != "once":
+            orm.clear_mappers()
+
+    def _teardown_each_classes(self):
+        if self.run_setup_classes != "once":
+            self.classes.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_classes(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mappers(cls):
+        pass
+
+
+class DeclarativeMappedTest(MappedTest):
+    run_setup_classes = "once"
+    run_setup_mappers = "once"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class _DeclBase(DeclarativeBase):
+            __table_cls__ = schema.Table
+            metadata = cls._tables_metadata
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb", "oracle"
+                )
+            }
+
+            def __init_subclass__(cls, **kw) -> None:
+                assert cls_registry is not None
+                cls_registry[cls.__name__] = cls
+                super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+        cls.DeclarativeBasic = _DeclBase
+
+        # sets up cls.Basic which is helpful for things like composite
+        # classes
+        super()._with_register_classes(fn)
+
+        if cls._tables_metadata.tables and cls.run_create_tables:
+            cls._tables_metadata.create_all(config.db)
+
+
+class RemoveORMEventsGlobally:
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True)
+    def _remove_listeners(self):
+        yield
+        orm_events.MapperEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.InstanceEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.SessionEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.InstrumentationEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.QueryEvents._clear()
+
+
+_fixture_sessions = set()
+
+
+def fixture_session(**kw):
+    kw.setdefault("autoflush", True)
+    kw.setdefault("expire_on_commit", True)
+
+    bind = kw.pop("bind", config.db)
+
+    sess = orm.Session(bind, **kw)
+    _fixture_sessions.add(sess)
+    return sess
+
+
+def close_all_sessions():
+    # will close all still-referenced sessions
+    orm.close_all_sessions()
+    _fixture_sessions.clear()
+
+
+def stop_test_class_inside_fixtures(cls):
+    close_all_sessions()
+    orm.clear_mappers()
+
+
+def after_test():
+    if _fixture_sessions:
+        close_all_sessions()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/sql.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/sql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c34ff592c3b484b6dd40c5f679a357e9f55765d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/sql.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+# testing/fixtures/sql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import random
+import re
+import sys
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .base import TestBase
+from .. import config
+from .. import mock
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import ne_
+from ..util import adict
+from ..util import drop_all_tables_from_metadata
+from ... import event
+from ... import util
+from ...schema import sort_tables_and_constraints
+from ...sql import visitors
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+
+
+class TablesTest(TestBase):
+    # 'once', None
+    run_setup_bind = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_define_tables = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_create_tables = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_inserts = "each"
+
+    # 'each', None
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    # 'once', None
+    run_dispose_bind = None
+
+    bind = None
+    _tables_metadata = None
+    tables = None
+    other = None
+    sequences = None
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="class")
+    def _setup_tables_test_class(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _setup_tables_test_instance(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @property
+    def tables_test_metadata(self):
+        return self._tables_metadata
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_class(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == "each":
+            if cls.run_create_tables == "once":
+                cls.run_create_tables = "each"
+            assert cls.run_inserts in ("each", None)
+
+        cls.other = adict()
+        cls.tables = adict()
+        cls.sequences = adict()
+
+        cls.bind = cls.setup_bind()
+        cls._tables_metadata = sa.MetaData()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_inserts(cls):
+        if cls.run_inserts == "once":
+            cls._load_fixtures()
+            with cls.bind.begin() as conn:
+                cls.insert_data(conn)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == "once":
+            cls.define_tables(cls._tables_metadata)
+            if cls.run_create_tables == "once":
+                cls._tables_metadata.create_all(cls.bind)
+            cls.tables.update(cls._tables_metadata.tables)
+            cls.sequences.update(cls._tables_metadata._sequences)
+
+    def _setup_each_tables(self):
+        if self.run_define_tables == "each":
+            self.define_tables(self._tables_metadata)
+            if self.run_create_tables == "each":
+                self._tables_metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+            self.tables.update(self._tables_metadata.tables)
+            self.sequences.update(self._tables_metadata._sequences)
+        elif self.run_create_tables == "each":
+            self._tables_metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+
+    def _setup_each_inserts(self):
+        if self.run_inserts == "each":
+            self._load_fixtures()
+            with self.bind.begin() as conn:
+                self.insert_data(conn)
+
+    def _teardown_each_tables(self):
+        if self.run_define_tables == "each":
+            self.tables.clear()
+            if self.run_create_tables == "each":
+                drop_all_tables_from_metadata(self._tables_metadata, self.bind)
+            self._tables_metadata.clear()
+        elif self.run_create_tables == "each":
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(self._tables_metadata, self.bind)
+
+        savepoints = getattr(config.requirements, "savepoints", False)
+        if savepoints:
+            savepoints = savepoints.enabled
+
+        # no need to run deletes if tables are recreated on setup
+        if (
+            self.run_define_tables != "each"
+            and self.run_create_tables != "each"
+            and self.run_deletes == "each"
+        ):
+            with self.bind.begin() as conn:
+                for table in reversed(
+                    [
+                        t
+                        for (t, fks) in sort_tables_and_constraints(
+                            self._tables_metadata.tables.values()
+                        )
+                        if t is not None
+                    ]
+                ):
+                    try:
+                        if savepoints:
+                            with conn.begin_nested():
+                                conn.execute(table.delete())
+                        else:
+                            conn.execute(table.delete())
+                    except sa.exc.DBAPIError as ex:
+                        print(
+                            ("Error emptying table %s: %r" % (table, ex)),
+                            file=sys.stderr,
+                        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_metadata_bind(cls):
+        if cls.run_create_tables:
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(cls._tables_metadata, cls.bind)
+
+        if cls.run_dispose_bind == "once":
+            cls.dispose_bind(cls.bind)
+
+        cls._tables_metadata.bind = None
+
+        if cls.run_setup_bind is not None:
+            cls.bind = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        return config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dispose_bind(cls, bind):
+        if hasattr(bind, "dispose"):
+            bind.dispose()
+        elif hasattr(bind, "close"):
+            bind.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fixtures(cls):
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        pass
+
+    def sql_count_(self, count, fn):
+        self.assert_sql_count(self.bind, fn, count)
+
+    def sql_eq_(self, callable_, statements):
+        self.assert_sql(self.bind, callable_, statements)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_fixtures(cls):
+        """Insert rows as represented by the fixtures() method."""
+        headers, rows = {}, {}
+        for table, data in cls.fixtures().items():
+            if len(data) < 2:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(table, str):
+                table = cls.tables[table]
+            headers[table] = data[0]
+            rows[table] = data[1:]
+        for table, fks in sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            cls._tables_metadata.tables.values()
+        ):
+            if table is None:
+                continue
+            if table not in headers:
+                continue
+            with cls.bind.begin() as conn:
+                conn.execute(
+                    table.insert(),
+                    [
+                        dict(zip(headers[table], column_values))
+                        for column_values in rows[table]
+                    ],
+                )
+
+
+class NoCache:
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _disable_cache(self):
+        _cache = config.db._compiled_cache
+        config.db._compiled_cache = None
+        yield
+        config.db._compiled_cache = _cache
+
+
+class RemovesEvents:
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _event_fns(self):
+        return set()
+
+    def event_listen(self, target, name, fn, **kw):
+        self._event_fns.add((target, name, fn))
+        event.listen(target, name, fn, **kw)
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _remove_events(self):
+        yield
+        for key in self._event_fns:
+            event.remove(*key)
+
+
+class ComputedReflectionFixtureTest(TablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("computed_columns", "table_reflection")
+
+    regexp = re.compile(r"[\[\]\(\)\s`'\"]*")
+
+    def normalize(self, text):
+        return self.regexp.sub("", text).lower()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        from ... import Integer
+        from ... import testing
+        from ...schema import Column
+        from ...schema import Computed
+        from ...schema import Table
+
+        Table(
+            "computed_default_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("normal", Integer),
+            Column("computed_col", Integer, Computed("normal + 42")),
+            Column("with_default", Integer, server_default="42"),
+        )
+
+        t = Table(
+            "computed_column_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("normal", Integer),
+            Column("computed_no_flag", Integer, Computed("normal + 42")),
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            t2 = Table(
+                "computed_column_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("normal", Integer),
+                Column("computed_no_flag", Integer, Computed("normal / 42")),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
+            t.append_column(
+                Column(
+                    "computed_virtual",
+                    Integer,
+                    Computed("normal + 2", persisted=False),
+                )
+            )
+            if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+                t2.append_column(
+                    Column(
+                        "computed_virtual",
+                        Integer,
+                        Computed("normal / 2", persisted=False),
+                    )
+                )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
+            t.append_column(
+                Column(
+                    "computed_stored",
+                    Integer,
+                    Computed("normal - 42", persisted=True),
+                )
+            )
+            if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+                t2.append_column(
+                    Column(
+                        "computed_stored",
+                        Integer,
+                        Computed("normal * 42", persisted=True),
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+class CacheKeyFixture:
+    def _compare_equal(self, a, b, compare_values):
+        a_key = a._generate_cache_key()
+        b_key = b._generate_cache_key()
+
+        if a_key is None:
+            assert a._annotations.get("nocache")
+
+            assert b_key is None
+        else:
+            eq_(a_key.key, b_key.key)
+            eq_(hash(a_key.key), hash(b_key.key))
+
+            for a_param, b_param in zip(a_key.bindparams, b_key.bindparams):
+                assert a_param.compare(b_param, compare_values=compare_values)
+        return a_key, b_key
+
+    def _run_cache_key_fixture(self, fixture, compare_values):
+        case_a = fixture()
+        case_b = fixture()
+
+        for a, b in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(
+            range(len(case_a)), 2
+        ):
+            if a == b:
+                a_key, b_key = self._compare_equal(
+                    case_a[a], case_b[b], compare_values
+                )
+                if a_key is None:
+                    continue
+            else:
+                a_key = case_a[a]._generate_cache_key()
+                b_key = case_b[b]._generate_cache_key()
+
+                if a_key is None or b_key is None:
+                    if a_key is None:
+                        assert case_a[a]._annotations.get("nocache")
+                    if b_key is None:
+                        assert case_b[b]._annotations.get("nocache")
+                    continue
+
+                if a_key.key == b_key.key:
+                    for a_param, b_param in zip(
+                        a_key.bindparams, b_key.bindparams
+                    ):
+                        if not a_param.compare(
+                            b_param, compare_values=compare_values
+                        ):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        # this fails unconditionally since we could not
+                        # find bound parameter values that differed.
+                        # Usually we intended to get two distinct keys here
+                        # so the failure will be more descriptive using the
+                        # ne_() assertion.
+                        ne_(a_key.key, b_key.key)
+                else:
+                    ne_(a_key.key, b_key.key)
+
+            # ClauseElement-specific test to ensure the cache key
+            # collected all the bound parameters that aren't marked
+            # as "literal execute"
+            if isinstance(case_a[a], ClauseElement) and isinstance(
+                case_b[b], ClauseElement
+            ):
+                assert_a_params = []
+                assert_b_params = []
+
+                for elem in visitors.iterate(case_a[a]):
+                    if elem.__visit_name__ == "bindparam":
+                        assert_a_params.append(elem)
+
+                for elem in visitors.iterate(case_b[b]):
+                    if elem.__visit_name__ == "bindparam":
+                        assert_b_params.append(elem)
+
+                # note we're asserting the order of the params as well as
+                # if there are dupes or not.  ordering has to be
+                # deterministic and matches what a traversal would provide.
+                eq_(
+                    sorted(a_key.bindparams, key=lambda b: b.key),
+                    sorted(
+                        util.unique_list(assert_a_params), key=lambda b: b.key
+                    ),
+                )
+                eq_(
+                    sorted(b_key.bindparams, key=lambda b: b.key),
+                    sorted(
+                        util.unique_list(assert_b_params), key=lambda b: b.key
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    def _run_cache_key_equal_fixture(self, fixture, compare_values):
+        case_a = fixture()
+        case_b = fixture()
+
+        for a, b in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(
+            range(len(case_a)), 2
+        ):
+            self._compare_equal(case_a[a], case_b[b], compare_values)
+
+
+def insertmanyvalues_fixture(
+    connection, randomize_rows=False, warn_on_downgraded=False
+):
+    dialect = connection.dialect
+    orig_dialect = dialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches
+    orig_conn = connection._exec_insertmany_context
+
+    class RandomCursor:
+        __slots__ = ("cursor",)
+
+        def __init__(self, cursor):
+            self.cursor = cursor
+
+        # only this method is called by the deliver method.
+        # by not having the other methods we assert that those aren't being
+        # used
+
+        @property
+        def description(self):
+            return self.cursor.description
+
+        def fetchall(self):
+            rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
+            rows = list(rows)
+            random.shuffle(rows)
+            return rows
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        cursor, statement, parameters, generic_setinputsizes, context
+    ):
+        if randomize_rows:
+            cursor = RandomCursor(cursor)
+        for batch in orig_dialect(
+            cursor, statement, parameters, generic_setinputsizes, context
+        ):
+            if warn_on_downgraded and batch.is_downgraded:
+                util.warn("Batches were downgraded for sorted INSERT")
+
+            yield batch
+
+    def _exec_insertmany_context(dialect, context):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            dialect,
+            "_deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches",
+            new=_deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches,
+        ):
+            return orig_conn(dialect, context)
+
+    connection._exec_insertmany_context = _exec_insertmany_context
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0afe4f3e2cd2880c4b3677e236dfa6512ce6eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# testing/pickleable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Classes used in pickling tests, need to be at the module level for
+unpickling.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .entities import ComparableEntity
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..types import String
+
+
+class User(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Order(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Dingaling(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class EmailUser(User):
+    pass
+
+
+class Address(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: these are kind of arbitrary....
+class Child1(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Child2(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Parent(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Screen:
+    def __init__(self, obj, parent=None):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+class Mixin:
+    email_address = Column(String)
+
+
+class AddressWMixin(Mixin, ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Foo:
+    def __init__(self, moredata, stuff="im stuff"):
+        self.data = "im data"
+        self.stuff = stuff
+        self.moredata = moredata
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            other.data == self.data
+            and other.stuff == self.stuff
+            and other.moredata == self.moredata
+        )
+
+
+class Bar:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            other.__class__ is self.__class__
+            and other.x == self.x
+            and other.y == self.y
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class OldSchool:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            other.__class__ is self.__class__
+            and other.x == self.x
+            and other.y == self.y
+        )
+
+
+class OldSchoolWithoutCompare:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+
+class BarWithoutCompare:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class NotComparable:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+
+class BrokenComparable:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d16e4ae8e81068433ed398648877b2a70b83301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# testing/plugin/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c30deffff50fb8ab40bd231edfbe6ca7e44f3326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""
+Bootstrapper for test framework plugins.
+
+The entire rationale for this system is to get the modules in plugin/
+imported without importing all of the supporting library, so that we can
+set up things for testing before coverage starts.
+
+The rationale for all of plugin/ being *in* the supporting library in the
+first place is so that the testing and plugin suite is available to other
+libraries, mainly external SQLAlchemy and Alembic dialects, to make use
+of the same test environment and standard suites available to
+SQLAlchemy/Alembic themselves without the need to ship/install a separate
+package outside of SQLAlchemy.
+
+
+"""
+
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+bootstrap_file = locals()["bootstrap_file"]
+to_bootstrap = locals()["to_bootstrap"]
+
+
+def load_file_as_module(name):
+    path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bootstrap_file), "%s.py" % name)
+
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, path)
+    assert spec is not None
+    assert spec.loader is not None
+    mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
+    return mod
+
+
+if to_bootstrap == "pytest":
+    sys.modules["sqla_plugin_base"] = load_file_as_module("plugin_base")
+    sys.modules["sqla_plugin_base"].bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy = True
+    sys.modules["sqla_pytestplugin"] = load_file_as_module("pytestplugin")
+else:
+    raise Exception("unknown bootstrap: %s" % to_bootstrap)  # noqa
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b884ff46aea3d549546a6ea87da0a04b57f72f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+# testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+from argparse import Namespace
+import configparser
+import logging
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+"""Testing extensions.
+
+this module is designed to work as a testing-framework-agnostic library,
+created so that multiple test frameworks can be supported at once
+(mostly so that we can migrate to new ones). The current target
+is pytest.
+
+"""
+
+# flag which indicates we are in the SQLAlchemy testing suite,
+# and not that of Alembic or a third party dialect.
+bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy = False
+
+log = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.testing.plugin_base")
+
+# late imports
+fixtures = None
+engines = None
+exclusions = None
+warnings = None
+profiling = None
+provision = None
+assertions = None
+requirements = None
+config = None
+testing = None
+util = None
+file_config = None
+
+logging = None
+include_tags = set()
+exclude_tags = set()
+options: Namespace = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+def setup_options(make_option):
+    make_option(
+        "--log-info",
+        action="callback",
+        type=str,
+        callback=_log,
+        help="turn on info logging for <LOG> (multiple OK)",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--log-debug",
+        action="callback",
+        type=str,
+        callback=_log,
+        help="turn on debug logging for <LOG> (multiple OK)",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--db",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        dest="db",
+        help="Use prefab database uri. Multiple OK, "
+        "first one is run by default.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dbs",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_list_dbs,
+        help="List available prefab dbs",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dburi",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        dest="dburi",
+        help="Database uri.  Multiple OK, first one is run by default.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dbdriver",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        dest="dbdriver",
+        help="Additional database drivers to include in tests.  "
+        "These are linked to the existing database URLs by the "
+        "provisioning system.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dropfirst",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="dropfirst",
+        help="Drop all tables in the target database first",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--disable-asyncio",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="disable test / fixtures / provisoning running in asyncio",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--backend-only",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_include("backend"),
+        help=(
+            "Run only tests marked with __backend__ or __sparse_backend__; "
+            "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m backend mark expression"
+        ),
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--nomemory",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_exclude("memory_intensive"),
+        help="Don't run memory profiling tests; "
+        "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m 'not memory_intensive' "
+        "mark expression",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--notimingintensive",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_exclude("timing_intensive"),
+        help="Don't run timing intensive tests; "
+        "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m 'not timing_intensive' "
+        "mark expression",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--nomypy",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_exclude("mypy"),
+        help="Don't run mypy typing tests; "
+        "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m 'not mypy' mark expression",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--profile-sort",
+        type=str,
+        default="cumulative",
+        dest="profilesort",
+        help="Type of sort for profiling standard output",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--profile-dump",
+        type=str,
+        dest="profiledump",
+        help="Filename where a single profile run will be dumped",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--low-connections",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="low_connections",
+        help="Use a low number of distinct connections - "
+        "i.e. for Oracle TNS",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--write-idents",
+        type=str,
+        dest="write_idents",
+        help="write out generated follower idents to <file>, "
+        "when -n<num> is used",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--requirements",
+        action="callback",
+        type=str,
+        callback=_requirements_opt,
+        help="requirements class for testing, overrides setup.cfg",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--include-tag",
+        action="callback",
+        callback=_include_tag,
+        type=str,
+        help="Include tests with tag <tag>; "
+        "legacy, use pytest -m 'tag' instead",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--exclude-tag",
+        action="callback",
+        callback=_exclude_tag,
+        type=str,
+        help="Exclude tests with tag <tag>; "
+        "legacy, use pytest -m 'not tag' instead",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--write-profiles",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="write_profiles",
+        default=False,
+        help="Write/update failing profiling data.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--force-write-profiles",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="force_write_profiles",
+        default=False,
+        help="Unconditionally write/update profiling data.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dump-pyannotate",
+        type=str,
+        dest="dump_pyannotate",
+        help="Run pyannotate and dump json info to given file",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--mypy-extra-test-path",
+        type=str,
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        dest="mypy_extra_test_paths",
+        help="Additional test directories to add to the mypy tests. "
+        "This is used only when running mypy tests. Multiple OK",
+    )
+    # db specific options
+    make_option(
+        "--postgresql-templatedb",
+        type=str,
+        help="name of template database to use for PostgreSQL "
+        "CREATE DATABASE (defaults to current database)",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--oracledb-thick-mode",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enables the 'thick mode' when testing with oracle+oracledb",
+    )
+
+
+def configure_follower(follower_ident):
+    """Configure required state for a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the parent process and typically includes
+    database creation.
+
+    """
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+
+    provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT = follower_ident
+
+
+def memoize_important_follower_config(dict_):
+    """Store important configuration we will need to send to a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the parent process after normal config is set up.
+
+    Hook is currently not used.
+
+    """
+
+
+def restore_important_follower_config(dict_):
+    """Restore important configuration needed by a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the follower process.
+
+    Hook is currently not used.
+
+    """
+
+
+def read_config(root_path):
+    global file_config
+    file_config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    file_config.read(
+        [str(root_path / "setup.cfg"), str(root_path / "test.cfg")]
+    )
+
+
+def pre_begin(opt):
+    """things to set up early, before coverage might be setup."""
+    global options
+    options = opt
+    for fn in pre_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+
+def set_coverage_flag(value):
+    options.has_coverage = value
+
+
+def post_begin():
+    """things to set up later, once we know coverage is running."""
+    # Lazy setup of other options (post coverage)
+    for fn in post_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+    # late imports, has to happen after config.
+    global util, fixtures, engines, exclusions, assertions, provision
+    global warnings, profiling, config, testing
+    from sqlalchemy import testing  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures, engines, exclusions  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import assertions, warnings, profiling  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config, provision  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy import util  # noqa
+
+    warnings.setup_filters()
+
+
+def _log(opt_str, value, parser):
+    global logging
+    if not logging:
+        import logging
+
+        logging.basicConfig()
+
+    if opt_str.endswith("-info"):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    elif opt_str.endswith("-debug"):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+
+def _list_dbs(*args):
+    if file_config is None:
+        # assume the current working directory is the one containing the
+        # setup file
+        read_config(Path.cwd())
+    print("Available --db options (use --dburi to override)")
+    for macro in sorted(file_config.options("db")):
+        print("%20s\t%s" % (macro, file_config.get("db", macro)))
+    sys.exit(0)
+
+
+def _requirements_opt(opt_str, value, parser):
+    _setup_requirements(value)
+
+
+def _set_tag_include(tag):
+    def _do_include_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+        _include_tag(opt_str, tag, parser)
+
+    return _do_include_tag
+
+
+def _set_tag_exclude(tag):
+    def _do_exclude_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+        _exclude_tag(opt_str, tag, parser)
+
+    return _do_exclude_tag
+
+
+def _exclude_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+    exclude_tags.add(value.replace("-", "_"))
+
+
+def _include_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+    include_tags.add(value.replace("-", "_"))
+
+
+pre_configure = []
+post_configure = []
+
+
+def pre(fn):
+    pre_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+def post(fn):
+    post_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+@pre
+def _setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    global options
+    options = opt
+
+
+@pre
+def _register_sqlite_numeric_dialect(opt, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects import registry
+
+    registry.register(
+        "sqlite.pysqlite_numeric",
+        "sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite",
+        "_SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_numeric",
+    )
+    registry.register(
+        "sqlite.pysqlite_dollar",
+        "sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite",
+        "_SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_dollar",
+    )
+
+
+@post
+def __ensure_cext(opt, file_config):
+    if os.environ.get("REQUIRE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT", "0") == "1":
+        from sqlalchemy.util import has_compiled_ext
+
+        try:
+            has_compiled_ext(raise_=True)
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "REQUIRE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT is set but can't import the "
+                "cython extensions"
+            ) from err
+
+
+@post
+def _init_symbols(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    config._fixture_functions = _fixture_fn_class()
+
+
+@pre
+def _set_disable_asyncio(opt, file_config):
+    if opt.disable_asyncio:
+        asyncio.ENABLE_ASYNCIO = False
+
+
+@post
+def _engine_uri(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import url as sa_url
+
+    if options.dburi:
+        db_urls = list(options.dburi)
+    else:
+        db_urls = []
+
+    extra_drivers = options.dbdriver or []
+
+    if options.db:
+        for db_token in options.db:
+            for db in re.split(r"[,\s]+", db_token):
+                if db not in file_config.options("db"):
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Unknown URI specifier '%s'.  "
+                        "Specify --dbs for known uris." % db
+                    )
+                else:
+                    db_urls.append(file_config.get("db", db))
+
+    if not db_urls:
+        db_urls.append(file_config.get("db", "default"))
+
+    config._current = None
+
+    if options.write_idents and provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT:
+        for db_url in [sa_url.make_url(db_url) for db_url in db_urls]:
+            with open(options.write_idents, "a") as file_:
+                file_.write(
+                    f"{provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT} "
+                    f"{db_url.render_as_string(hide_password=False)}\n"
+                )
+
+    expanded_urls = list(provision.generate_db_urls(db_urls, extra_drivers))
+
+    for db_url in expanded_urls:
+        log.info("Adding database URL: %s", db_url)
+
+        cfg = provision.setup_config(
+            db_url, options, file_config, provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT
+        )
+        if not config._current:
+            cfg.set_as_current(cfg, testing)
+
+
+@post
+def _requirements(options, file_config):
+    requirement_cls = file_config.get("sqla_testing", "requirement_cls")
+    _setup_requirements(requirement_cls)
+
+
+def _setup_requirements(argument):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+
+    modname, clsname = argument.split(":")
+
+    # importlib.import_module() only introduced in 2.7, a little
+    # late
+    mod = __import__(modname)
+    for component in modname.split(".")[1:]:
+        mod = getattr(mod, component)
+    req_cls = getattr(mod, clsname)
+
+    config.requirements = testing.requires = req_cls()
+
+    config.bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy = bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy
+
+
+@post
+def _prep_testing_database(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    if options.dropfirst:
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+
+        for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+            provision.drop_all_schema_objects(cfg, cfg.db)
+
+
+@post
+def _post_setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    config.options = options
+    config.file_config = file_config
+
+
+@post
+def _setup_profiling(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import profiling
+
+    profiling._profile_stats = profiling.ProfileStatsFile(
+        file_config.get("sqla_testing", "profile_file"),
+        sort=options.profilesort,
+        dump=options.profiledump,
+    )
+
+
+def want_class(name, cls):
+    if not issubclass(cls, fixtures.TestBase):
+        return False
+    elif name.startswith("_"):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def want_method(cls, fn):
+    if not fn.__name__.startswith("test_"):
+        return False
+    elif fn.__module__ is None:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def generate_sub_tests(cls, module, markers):
+    if "backend" in markers or "sparse_backend" in markers:
+        sparse = "sparse_backend" in markers
+        for cfg in _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, sparse=sparse):
+            orig_name = cls.__name__
+
+            # we can have special chars in these names except for the
+            # pytest junit plugin, which is tripped up by the brackets
+            # and periods, so sanitize
+
+            alpha_name = re.sub(r"[_\[\]\.]+", "_", cfg.name)
+            alpha_name = re.sub(r"_+$", "", alpha_name)
+            name = "%s_%s" % (cls.__name__, alpha_name)
+            subcls = type(
+                name,
+                (cls,),
+                {"_sa_orig_cls_name": orig_name, "__only_on_config__": cfg},
+            )
+            setattr(module, name, subcls)
+            yield subcls
+    else:
+        yield cls
+
+
+def start_test_class_outside_fixtures(cls):
+    _do_skips(cls)
+    _setup_engine(cls)
+
+
+def stop_test_class(cls):
+    # close sessions, immediate connections, etc.
+    fixtures.stop_test_class_inside_fixtures(cls)
+
+    # close outstanding connection pool connections, dispose of
+    # additional engines
+    engines.testing_reaper.stop_test_class_inside_fixtures()
+
+
+def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(cls):
+    engines.testing_reaper.stop_test_class_outside_fixtures()
+    provision.stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, config.db, cls)
+    try:
+        if not options.low_connections:
+            assertions.global_cleanup_assertions()
+    finally:
+        _restore_engine()
+
+
+def _restore_engine():
+    if config._current:
+        config._current.reset(testing)
+
+
+def final_process_cleanup():
+    engines.testing_reaper.final_cleanup()
+    assertions.global_cleanup_assertions()
+    _restore_engine()
+
+
+def _setup_engine(cls):
+    if getattr(cls, "__engine_options__", None):
+        opts = dict(cls.__engine_options__)
+        opts["scope"] = "class"
+        eng = engines.testing_engine(options=opts)
+        config._current.push_engine(eng, testing)
+
+
+def before_test(test, test_module_name, test_class, test_name):
+    # format looks like:
+    # "test.aaa_profiling.test_compiler.CompileTest.test_update_whereclause"
+
+    name = getattr(test_class, "_sa_orig_cls_name", test_class.__name__)
+
+    id_ = "%s.%s.%s" % (test_module_name, name, test_name)
+
+    profiling._start_current_test(id_)
+
+
+def after_test(test):
+    fixtures.after_test()
+    engines.testing_reaper.after_test()
+
+
+def after_test_fixtures(test):
+    engines.testing_reaper.after_test_outside_fixtures(test)
+
+
+def _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, reasons=None, sparse=False):
+    all_configs = set(config.Config.all_configs())
+
+    if cls.__unsupported_on__:
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*cls.__unsupported_on__)
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__only_on__", None):
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__only_on__))
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__only_on_config__", None):
+        all_configs.intersection_update([cls.__only_on_config__])
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "__requires__"):
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                skip_reasons = check.matching_config_reasons(config_obj)
+                if skip_reasons:
+                    all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+                    if reasons is not None:
+                        reasons.extend(skip_reasons)
+                    break
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "__prefer_requires__"):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__prefer_requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                if not check.enabled_for_config(config_obj):
+                    non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if sparse:
+        # pick only one config from each base dialect
+        # sorted so we get the same backend each time selecting the highest
+        # server version info.
+        per_dialect = {}
+        for cfg in reversed(
+            sorted(
+                all_configs,
+                key=lambda cfg: (
+                    cfg.db.name,
+                    cfg.db.driver,
+                    cfg.db.dialect.server_version_info,
+                ),
+            )
+        ):
+            db = cfg.db.name
+            if db not in per_dialect:
+                per_dialect[db] = cfg
+        return per_dialect.values()
+
+    return all_configs
+
+
+def _do_skips(cls):
+    reasons = []
+    all_configs = _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, reasons)
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__skip_if__", False):
+        for c in getattr(cls, "__skip_if__"):
+            if c():
+                config.skip_test(
+                    "'%s' skipped by %s" % (cls.__name__, c.__name__)
+                )
+
+    if not all_configs:
+        msg = "'%s.%s' unsupported on any DB implementation %s%s" % (
+            cls.__module__,
+            cls.__name__,
+            ", ".join(
+                "'%s(%s)+%s'"
+                % (
+                    config_obj.db.name,
+                    ".".join(
+                        str(dig)
+                        for dig in exclusions._server_version(config_obj.db)
+                    ),
+                    config_obj.db.driver,
+                )
+                for config_obj in config.Config.all_configs()
+            ),
+            ", ".join(reasons),
+        )
+        config.skip_test(msg)
+    elif hasattr(cls, "__prefer_backends__"):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__prefer_backends__))
+        for config_obj in all_configs:
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if config._current not in all_configs:
+        _setup_config(all_configs.pop(), cls)
+
+
+def _setup_config(config_obj, ctx):
+    config._current.push(config_obj, testing)
+
+
+class FixtureFunctions(abc.ABC):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def skip_test_exception(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def combinations(self, *args, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def param_ident(self, *args, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def fixture(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_current_test_name(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def mark_base_test_class(self) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def add_to_marker(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+_fixture_fn_class = None
+
+
+def set_fixture_functions(fixture_fn_class):
+    global _fixture_fn_class
+    _fixture_fn_class = fixture_fn_class
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7950e3e6b85c69f9c65de9df2115dcfc1998b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+# testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+from functools import update_wrapper
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import uuid
+
+import pytest
+
+try:
+    # installed by bootstrap.py
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        import sqla_plugin_base as plugin_base
+except ImportError:
+    # assume we're a package, use traditional import
+    from . import plugin_base
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("sqlalchemy")
+
+    def make_option(name, **kw):
+        callback_ = kw.pop("callback", None)
+        if callback_:
+
+            class CallableAction(argparse.Action):
+                def __call__(
+                    self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None
+                ):
+                    callback_(option_string, values, parser)
+
+            kw["action"] = CallableAction
+
+        zeroarg_callback = kw.pop("zeroarg_callback", None)
+        if zeroarg_callback:
+
+            class CallableAction(argparse.Action):
+                def __init__(
+                    self,
+                    option_strings,
+                    dest,
+                    default=False,
+                    required=False,
+                    help=None,  # noqa
+                ):
+                    super().__init__(
+                        option_strings=option_strings,
+                        dest=dest,
+                        nargs=0,
+                        const=True,
+                        default=default,
+                        required=required,
+                        help=help,
+                    )
+
+                def __call__(
+                    self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None
+                ):
+                    zeroarg_callback(option_string, values, parser)
+
+            kw["action"] = CallableAction
+
+        group.addoption(name, **kw)
+
+    plugin_base.setup_options(make_option)
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config):
+    plugin_base.read_config(config.rootpath)
+    if plugin_base.exclude_tags or plugin_base.include_tags:
+        new_expr = " and ".join(
+            list(plugin_base.include_tags)
+            + [f"not {tag}" for tag in plugin_base.exclude_tags]
+        )
+
+        if config.option.markexpr:
+            config.option.markexpr += f" and {new_expr}"
+        else:
+            config.option.markexpr = new_expr
+
+    if config.pluginmanager.hasplugin("xdist"):
+        config.pluginmanager.register(XDistHooks())
+
+    if hasattr(config, "workerinput"):
+        plugin_base.restore_important_follower_config(config.workerinput)
+        plugin_base.configure_follower(config.workerinput["follower_ident"])
+    else:
+        if config.option.write_idents and os.path.exists(
+            config.option.write_idents
+        ):
+            os.remove(config.option.write_idents)
+
+    plugin_base.pre_begin(config.option)
+
+    plugin_base.set_coverage_flag(
+        bool(getattr(config.option, "cov_source", False))
+    )
+
+    plugin_base.set_fixture_functions(PytestFixtureFunctions)
+
+    if config.option.dump_pyannotate:
+        global DUMP_PYANNOTATE
+        DUMP_PYANNOTATE = True
+
+
+DUMP_PYANNOTATE = False
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def collect_types_fixture():
+    if DUMP_PYANNOTATE:
+        from pyannotate_runtime import collect_types
+
+        collect_types.start()
+    yield
+    if DUMP_PYANNOTATE:
+        collect_types.stop()
+
+
+def _log_sqlalchemy_info(session):
+    import sqlalchemy
+    from sqlalchemy import __version__
+    from sqlalchemy.util import has_compiled_ext
+    from sqlalchemy.util._has_cy import _CYEXTENSION_MSG
+
+    greet = "sqlalchemy installation"
+    site = "no user site" if sys.flags.no_user_site else "user site loaded"
+    msgs = [
+        f"SQLAlchemy {__version__} ({site})",
+        f"Path: {sqlalchemy.__file__}",
+    ]
+
+    if has_compiled_ext():
+        from sqlalchemy.cyextension import util
+
+        msgs.append(f"compiled extension enabled, e.g. {util.__file__} ")
+    else:
+        msgs.append(f"compiled extension not enabled; {_CYEXTENSION_MSG}")
+
+    pm = session.config.pluginmanager.get_plugin("terminalreporter")
+    if pm:
+        pm.write_sep("=", greet)
+        for m in msgs:
+            pm.write_line(m)
+    else:
+        # fancy pants reporter not found, fallback to plain print
+        print("=" * 25, greet, "=" * 25)
+        for m in msgs:
+            print(m)
+
+
+def pytest_sessionstart(session):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    _log_sqlalchemy_info(session)
+    asyncio._assume_async(plugin_base.post_begin)
+
+
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(plugin_base.final_process_cleanup)
+
+    if session.config.option.dump_pyannotate:
+        from pyannotate_runtime import collect_types
+
+        collect_types.dump_stats(session.config.option.dump_pyannotate)
+
+
+def pytest_unconfigure(config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._shutdown()
+
+
+def pytest_collection_finish(session):
+    if session.config.option.dump_pyannotate:
+        from pyannotate_runtime import collect_types
+
+        lib_sqlalchemy = os.path.abspath("lib/sqlalchemy")
+
+        def _filter(filename):
+            filename = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(filename))
+            if "lib/sqlalchemy" not in os.path.commonpath(
+                [filename, lib_sqlalchemy]
+            ):
+                return None
+            if "testing" in filename:
+                return None
+
+            return filename
+
+        collect_types.init_types_collection(filter_filename=_filter)
+
+
+class XDistHooks:
+    def pytest_configure_node(self, node):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        # the master for each node fills workerinput dictionary
+        # which pytest-xdist will transfer to the subprocess
+
+        plugin_base.memoize_important_follower_config(node.workerinput)
+
+        node.workerinput["follower_ident"] = "test_%s" % uuid.uuid4().hex[0:12]
+
+        asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+            provision.create_follower_db, node.workerinput["follower_ident"]
+        )
+
+    def pytest_testnodedown(self, node, error):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+            provision.drop_follower_db, node.workerinput["follower_ident"]
+        )
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items):
+    # look for all those classes that specify __backend__ and
+    # expand them out into per-database test cases.
+
+    # this is much easier to do within pytest_pycollect_makeitem, however
+    # pytest is iterating through cls.__dict__ as makeitem is
+    # called which causes a "dictionary changed size" error on py3k.
+    # I'd submit a pullreq for them to turn it into a list first, but
+    # it's to suit the rather odd use case here which is that we are adding
+    # new classes to a module on the fly.
+
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    rebuilt_items = collections.defaultdict(
+        lambda: collections.defaultdict(list)
+    )
+
+    items[:] = [
+        item
+        for item in items
+        if item.getparent(pytest.Class) is not None
+        and not item.getparent(pytest.Class).name.startswith("_")
+    ]
+
+    test_classes = {item.getparent(pytest.Class) for item in items}
+
+    def collect(element):
+        for inst_or_fn in element.collect():
+            if isinstance(inst_or_fn, pytest.Collector):
+                yield from collect(inst_or_fn)
+            else:
+                yield inst_or_fn
+
+    def setup_test_classes():
+        for test_class in test_classes:
+            # transfer legacy __backend__ and __sparse_backend__ symbols
+            # to be markers
+            add_markers = set()
+            if getattr(test_class.cls, "__backend__", False) or getattr(
+                test_class.cls, "__only_on__", False
+            ):
+                add_markers = {"backend"}
+            elif getattr(test_class.cls, "__sparse_backend__", False):
+                add_markers = {"sparse_backend"}
+            else:
+                add_markers = frozenset()
+
+            existing_markers = {
+                mark.name for mark in test_class.iter_markers()
+            }
+            add_markers = add_markers - existing_markers
+            all_markers = existing_markers.union(add_markers)
+
+            for marker in add_markers:
+                test_class.add_marker(marker)
+
+            for sub_cls in plugin_base.generate_sub_tests(
+                test_class.cls, test_class.module, all_markers
+            ):
+                if sub_cls is not test_class.cls:
+                    per_cls_dict = rebuilt_items[test_class.cls]
+
+                    module = test_class.getparent(pytest.Module)
+
+                    new_cls = pytest.Class.from_parent(
+                        name=sub_cls.__name__, parent=module
+                    )
+                    for marker in add_markers:
+                        new_cls.add_marker(marker)
+
+                    for fn in collect(new_cls):
+                        per_cls_dict[fn.name].append(fn)
+
+    # class requirements will sometimes need to access the DB to check
+    # capabilities, so need to do this for async
+    asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(setup_test_classes)
+
+    newitems = []
+    for item in items:
+        cls_ = item.cls
+        if cls_ in rebuilt_items:
+            newitems.extend(rebuilt_items[cls_][item.name])
+        else:
+            newitems.append(item)
+
+    # seems like the functions attached to a test class aren't sorted already?
+    # is that true and why's that? (when using unittest, they're sorted)
+    items[:] = sorted(
+        newitems,
+        key=lambda item: (
+            item.getparent(pytest.Module).name,
+            item.getparent(pytest.Class).name,
+            item.name,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+    if inspect.isclass(obj) and plugin_base.want_class(name, obj):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+        if config.any_async:
+            obj = _apply_maybe_async(obj)
+
+        return [
+            pytest.Class.from_parent(
+                name=parametrize_cls.__name__, parent=collector
+            )
+            for parametrize_cls in _parametrize_cls(collector.module, obj)
+        ]
+    elif (
+        inspect.isfunction(obj)
+        and collector.cls is not None
+        and plugin_base.want_method(collector.cls, obj)
+    ):
+        # None means, fall back to default logic, which includes
+        # method-level parametrize
+        return None
+    else:
+        # empty list means skip this item
+        return []
+
+
+def _is_wrapped_coroutine_function(fn):
+    while hasattr(fn, "__wrapped__"):
+        fn = fn.__wrapped__
+
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(fn)
+
+
+def _apply_maybe_async(obj, recurse=True):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    for name, value in vars(obj).items():
+        if (
+            (callable(value) or isinstance(value, classmethod))
+            and not getattr(value, "_maybe_async_applied", False)
+            and (name.startswith("test_"))
+            and not _is_wrapped_coroutine_function(value)
+        ):
+            is_classmethod = False
+            if isinstance(value, classmethod):
+                value = value.__func__
+                is_classmethod = True
+
+            @_pytest_fn_decorator
+            def make_async(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+                return asyncio._maybe_async(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            do_async = make_async(value)
+            if is_classmethod:
+                do_async = classmethod(do_async)
+            do_async._maybe_async_applied = True
+
+            setattr(obj, name, do_async)
+    if recurse:
+        for cls in obj.mro()[1:]:
+            if cls != object:
+                _apply_maybe_async(cls, False)
+    return obj
+
+
+def _parametrize_cls(module, cls):
+    """implement a class-based version of pytest parametrize."""
+
+    if "_sa_parametrize" not in cls.__dict__:
+        return [cls]
+
+    _sa_parametrize = cls._sa_parametrize
+    classes = []
+    for full_param_set in itertools.product(
+        *[params for argname, params in _sa_parametrize]
+    ):
+        cls_variables = {}
+
+        for argname, param in zip(
+            [_sa_param[0] for _sa_param in _sa_parametrize], full_param_set
+        ):
+            if not argname:
+                raise TypeError("need argnames for class-based combinations")
+            argname_split = re.split(r",\s*", argname)
+            for arg, val in zip(argname_split, param.values):
+                cls_variables[arg] = val
+        parametrized_name = "_".join(
+            re.sub(r"\W", "", token)
+            for param in full_param_set
+            for token in param.id.split("-")
+        )
+        name = "%s_%s" % (cls.__name__, parametrized_name)
+        newcls = type.__new__(type, name, (cls,), cls_variables)
+        setattr(module, name, newcls)
+        classes.append(newcls)
+    return classes
+
+
+_current_class = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    # pytest_runtest_setup runs *before* pytest fixtures with scope="class".
+    # plugin_base.start_test_class_outside_fixtures may opt to raise SkipTest
+    # for the whole class and has to run things that are across all current
+    # databases, so we run this outside of the pytest fixture system altogether
+    # and ensure asyncio greenlet if any engines are async
+
+    global _current_class
+
+    if isinstance(item, pytest.Function) and _current_class is None:
+        asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+            plugin_base.start_test_class_outside_fixtures,
+            item.cls,
+        )
+        _current_class = item.getparent(pytest.Class)
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item, nextitem):
+    # runs inside of pytest function fixture scope
+    # after test function runs
+
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(plugin_base.after_test, item)
+
+    yield
+    # this is now after all the fixture teardown have run, the class can be
+    # finalized. Since pytest v7 this finalizer can no longer be added in
+    # pytest_runtest_setup since the class has not yet been setup at that
+    # time.
+    # See https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/9343
+    global _current_class, _current_report
+
+    if _current_class is not None and (
+        # last test or a new class
+        nextitem is None
+        or nextitem.getparent(pytest.Class) is not _current_class
+    ):
+        _current_class = None
+
+        try:
+            asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+                plugin_base.stop_test_class_outside_fixtures, item.cls
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            # in case of an exception during teardown attach the original
+            # error to the exception message, otherwise it will get lost
+            if _current_report.failed:
+                if not e.args:
+                    e.args = (
+                        "__Original test failure__:\n"
+                        + _current_report.longreprtext,
+                    )
+                elif e.args[-1] and isinstance(e.args[-1], str):
+                    args = list(e.args)
+                    args[-1] += (
+                        "\n__Original test failure__:\n"
+                        + _current_report.longreprtext
+                    )
+                    e.args = tuple(args)
+                else:
+                    e.args += (
+                        "__Original test failure__",
+                        _current_report.longreprtext,
+                    )
+            raise
+        finally:
+            _current_report = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_call(item):
+    # runs inside of pytest function fixture scope
+    # before test function runs
+
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(
+        plugin_base.before_test,
+        item,
+        item.module.__name__,
+        item.cls,
+        item.name,
+    )
+
+
+_current_report = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_logreport(report):
+    global _current_report
+    if report.when == "call":
+        _current_report = report
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="class")
+def setup_class_methods(request):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    cls = request.cls
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "setup_test_class"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(cls.setup_test_class)
+
+    yield
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "teardown_test_class"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(cls.teardown_test_class)
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(plugin_base.stop_test_class, cls)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+def setup_test_methods(request):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    # called for each test
+
+    self = request.instance
+
+    # before this fixture runs:
+
+    # 1. function level "autouse" fixtures under py3k (examples: TablesTest
+    #    define tables / data, MappedTest define tables / mappers / data)
+
+    # 2. was for p2k. no longer applies
+
+    # 3. run outer xdist-style setup
+    if hasattr(self, "setup_test"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.setup_test)
+
+    # alembic test suite is using setUp and tearDown
+    # xdist methods; support these in the test suite
+    # for the near term
+    if hasattr(self, "setUp"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.setUp)
+
+    # inside the yield:
+    # 4. function level fixtures defined on test functions themselves,
+    #    e.g. "connection", "metadata" run next
+
+    # 5. pytest hook pytest_runtest_call then runs
+
+    # 6. test itself runs
+
+    yield
+
+    # yield finishes:
+
+    # 7. function level fixtures defined on test functions
+    #    themselves, e.g. "connection" rolls back the transaction, "metadata"
+    #    emits drop all
+
+    # 8. pytest hook pytest_runtest_teardown hook runs, this is associated
+    #    with fixtures close all sessions, provisioning.stop_test_class(),
+    #    engines.testing_reaper -> ensure all connection pool connections
+    #    are returned, engines created by testing_engine that aren't the
+    #    config engine are disposed
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(plugin_base.after_test_fixtures, self)
+
+    # 10. run xdist-style teardown
+    if hasattr(self, "tearDown"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.tearDown)
+
+    if hasattr(self, "teardown_test"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.teardown_test)
+
+    # 11. was for p2k. no longer applies
+
+    # 12. function level "autouse" fixtures under py3k (examples: TablesTest /
+    #    MappedTest delete table data, possibly drop tables and clear mappers
+    #    depending on the flags defined by the test class)
+
+
+def _pytest_fn_decorator(target):
+    """Port of langhelpers.decorator with pytest-specific tricks."""
+
+    from sqlalchemy.util.langhelpers import format_argspec_plus
+    from sqlalchemy.util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+    def _exec_code_in_env(code, env, fn_name):
+        # note this is affected by "from __future__ import annotations" at
+        # the top; exec'ed code will use non-evaluated annotations
+        # which allows us to be more flexible with code rendering
+        # in format_argpsec_plus()
+        exec(code, env)
+        return env[fn_name]
+
+    def decorate(fn, add_positional_parameters=()):
+        spec = inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        if add_positional_parameters:
+            spec.args.extend(add_positional_parameters)
+
+        metadata = dict(
+            __target_fn="__target_fn", __orig_fn="__orig_fn", name=fn.__name__
+        )
+        metadata.update(format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False))
+        code = (
+            """\
+def %(name)s%(grouped_args)s:
+    return %(__target_fn)s(%(__orig_fn)s, %(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+            % metadata
+        )
+        decorated = _exec_code_in_env(
+            code, {"__target_fn": target, "__orig_fn": fn}, fn.__name__
+        )
+        if not add_positional_parameters:
+            decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, "__func__", fn).__defaults__
+            decorated.__wrapped__ = fn
+            return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)
+        else:
+            # this is the pytest hacky part.  don't do a full update wrapper
+            # because pytest is really being sneaky about finding the args
+            # for the wrapped function
+            decorated.__module__ = fn.__module__
+            decorated.__name__ = fn.__name__
+            if hasattr(fn, "pytestmark"):
+                decorated.pytestmark = fn.pytestmark
+            return decorated
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+class PytestFixtureFunctions(plugin_base.FixtureFunctions):
+    def skip_test_exception(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return pytest.skip.Exception(*arg, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def add_to_marker(self):
+        return pytest.mark
+
+    def mark_base_test_class(self):
+        return pytest.mark.usefixtures(
+            "setup_class_methods", "setup_test_methods"
+        )
+
+    _combination_id_fns = {
+        "i": lambda obj: obj,
+        "r": repr,
+        "s": str,
+        "n": lambda obj: (
+            obj.__name__ if hasattr(obj, "__name__") else type(obj).__name__
+        ),
+    }
+
+    def combinations(self, *arg_sets, **kw):
+        """Facade for pytest.mark.parametrize.
+
+        Automatically derives argument names from the callable which in our
+        case is always a method on a class with positional arguments.
+
+        ids for parameter sets are derived using an optional template.
+
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import exclusions
+
+        if len(arg_sets) == 1 and hasattr(arg_sets[0], "__next__"):
+            arg_sets = list(arg_sets[0])
+
+        argnames = kw.pop("argnames", None)
+
+        def _filter_exclusions(args):
+            result = []
+            gathered_exclusions = []
+            for a in args:
+                if isinstance(a, exclusions.compound):
+                    gathered_exclusions.append(a)
+                else:
+                    result.append(a)
+
+            return result, gathered_exclusions
+
+        id_ = kw.pop("id_", None)
+
+        tobuild_pytest_params = []
+        has_exclusions = False
+        if id_:
+            _combination_id_fns = self._combination_id_fns
+
+            # because itemgetter is not consistent for one argument vs.
+            # multiple, make it multiple in all cases and use a slice
+            # to omit the first argument
+            _arg_getter = operator.itemgetter(
+                0,
+                *[
+                    idx
+                    for idx, char in enumerate(id_)
+                    if char in ("n", "r", "s", "a")
+                ],
+            )
+            fns = [
+                (operator.itemgetter(idx), _combination_id_fns[char])
+                for idx, char in enumerate(id_)
+                if char in _combination_id_fns
+            ]
+
+            for arg in arg_sets:
+                if not isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                    arg = (arg,)
+
+                fn_params, param_exclusions = _filter_exclusions(arg)
+
+                parameters = _arg_getter(fn_params)[1:]
+
+                if param_exclusions:
+                    has_exclusions = True
+
+                tobuild_pytest_params.append(
+                    (
+                        parameters,
+                        param_exclusions,
+                        "-".join(
+                            comb_fn(getter(arg)) for getter, comb_fn in fns
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        else:
+            for arg in arg_sets:
+                if not isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                    arg = (arg,)
+
+                fn_params, param_exclusions = _filter_exclusions(arg)
+
+                if param_exclusions:
+                    has_exclusions = True
+
+                tobuild_pytest_params.append(
+                    (fn_params, param_exclusions, None)
+                )
+
+        pytest_params = []
+        for parameters, param_exclusions, id_ in tobuild_pytest_params:
+            if has_exclusions:
+                parameters += (param_exclusions,)
+
+            param = pytest.param(*parameters, id=id_)
+            pytest_params.append(param)
+
+        def decorate(fn):
+            if inspect.isclass(fn):
+                if has_exclusions:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "exclusions not supported for class level combinations"
+                    )
+                if "_sa_parametrize" not in fn.__dict__:
+                    fn._sa_parametrize = []
+                fn._sa_parametrize.append((argnames, pytest_params))
+                return fn
+            else:
+                _fn_argnames = inspect.getfullargspec(fn).args[1:]
+                if argnames is None:
+                    _argnames = _fn_argnames
+                else:
+                    _argnames = re.split(r", *", argnames)
+
+                if has_exclusions:
+                    existing_exl = sum(
+                        1 for n in _fn_argnames if n.startswith("_exclusions")
+                    )
+                    current_exclusion_name = f"_exclusions_{existing_exl}"
+                    _argnames += [current_exclusion_name]
+
+                    @_pytest_fn_decorator
+                    def check_exclusions(fn, *args, **kw):
+                        _exclusions = args[-1]
+                        if _exclusions:
+                            exlu = exclusions.compound().add(*_exclusions)
+                            fn = exlu(fn)
+                        return fn(*args[:-1], **kw)
+
+                    fn = check_exclusions(
+                        fn, add_positional_parameters=(current_exclusion_name,)
+                    )
+
+                return pytest.mark.parametrize(_argnames, pytest_params)(fn)
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def param_ident(self, *parameters):
+        ident = parameters[0]
+        return pytest.param(*parameters[1:], id=ident)
+
+    def fixture(self, *arg, **kw):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        # wrapping pytest.fixture function.  determine if
+        # decorator was called as @fixture or @fixture().
+        if len(arg) > 0 and callable(arg[0]):
+            # was called as @fixture(), we have the function to wrap.
+            fn = arg[0]
+            arg = arg[1:]
+        else:
+            # was called as @fixture, don't have the function yet.
+            fn = None
+
+        # create a pytest.fixture marker.  because the fn is not being
+        # passed, this is always a pytest.FixtureFunctionMarker()
+        # object (or whatever pytest is calling it when you read this)
+        # that is waiting for a function.
+        fixture = pytest.fixture(*arg, **kw)
+
+        # now apply wrappers to the function, including fixture itself
+
+        def wrap(fn):
+            if config.any_async:
+                fn = asyncio._maybe_async_wrapper(fn)
+            # other wrappers may be added here
+
+            # now apply FixtureFunctionMarker
+            fn = fixture(fn)
+
+            return fn
+
+        if fn:
+            return wrap(fn)
+        else:
+            return wrap
+
+    def get_current_test_name(self):
+        return os.environ.get("PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST")
+
+    def async_test(self, fn):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        @_pytest_fn_decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+            asyncio._run_coroutine_function(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return decorate(fn)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b405ef38766bfc01f67628f6fb24b7c5c223e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# testing/profiling.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Profiling support for unit and performance tests.
+
+These are special purpose profiling methods which operate
+in a more fine-grained way than nose's profiling plugin.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import os
+import platform
+import pstats
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import config
+from .util import gc_collect
+from ..util import has_compiled_ext
+
+
+try:
+    import cProfile
+except ImportError:
+    cProfile = None
+
+_profile_stats = None
+"""global ProfileStatsFileInstance.
+
+plugin_base assigns this at the start of all tests.
+
+"""
+
+
+_current_test = None
+"""String id of current test.
+
+plugin_base assigns this at the start of each test using
+_start_current_test.
+
+"""
+
+
+def _start_current_test(id_):
+    global _current_test
+    _current_test = id_
+
+    if _profile_stats.force_write:
+        _profile_stats.reset_count()
+
+
+class ProfileStatsFile:
+    """Store per-platform/fn profiling results in a file.
+
+    There was no json module available when this was written, but now
+    the file format which is very deterministically line oriented is kind of
+    handy in any case for diffs and merges.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, sort="cumulative", dump=None):
+        self.force_write = (
+            config.options is not None and config.options.force_write_profiles
+        )
+        self.write = self.force_write or (
+            config.options is not None and config.options.write_profiles
+        )
+        self.fname = os.path.abspath(filename)
+        self.short_fname = os.path.split(self.fname)[-1]
+        self.data = collections.defaultdict(
+            lambda: collections.defaultdict(dict)
+        )
+        self.dump = dump
+        self.sort = sort
+        self._read()
+        if self.write:
+            # rewrite for the case where features changed,
+            # etc.
+            self._write()
+
+    @property
+    def platform_key(self):
+        dbapi_key = config.db.name + "_" + config.db.driver
+
+        if config.db.name == "sqlite" and config.db.dialect._is_url_file_db(
+            config.db.url
+        ):
+            dbapi_key += "_file"
+
+        # keep it at 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, etc. for now.
+        py_version = ".".join([str(v) for v in sys.version_info[0:2]])
+
+        platform_tokens = [
+            platform.machine(),
+            platform.system().lower(),
+            platform.python_implementation().lower(),
+            py_version,
+            dbapi_key,
+        ]
+
+        platform_tokens.append("dbapiunicode")
+        _has_cext = has_compiled_ext()
+        platform_tokens.append(_has_cext and "cextensions" or "nocextensions")
+        return "_".join(platform_tokens)
+
+    def has_stats(self):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        return (
+            test_key in self.data and self.platform_key in self.data[test_key]
+        )
+
+    def result(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+
+        if "counts" not in per_platform:
+            per_platform["counts"] = counts = []
+        else:
+            counts = per_platform["counts"]
+
+        if "current_count" not in per_platform:
+            per_platform["current_count"] = current_count = 0
+        else:
+            current_count = per_platform["current_count"]
+
+        has_count = len(counts) > current_count
+
+        if not has_count:
+            counts.append(callcount)
+            if self.write:
+                self._write()
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = per_platform["lineno"], counts[current_count]
+        per_platform["current_count"] += 1
+        return result
+
+    def reset_count(self):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        # since self.data is a defaultdict, don't access a key
+        # if we don't know it's there first.
+        if test_key not in self.data:
+            return
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        if self.platform_key not in per_fn:
+            return
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+        if "counts" in per_platform:
+            per_platform["counts"][:] = []
+
+    def replace(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+        counts = per_platform["counts"]
+        current_count = per_platform["current_count"]
+        if current_count < len(counts):
+            counts[current_count - 1] = callcount
+        else:
+            counts[-1] = callcount
+        if self.write:
+            self._write()
+
+    def _header(self):
+        return (
+            "# %s\n"
+            "# This file is written out on a per-environment basis.\n"
+            "# For each test in aaa_profiling, the corresponding "
+            "function and \n"
+            "# environment is located within this file.  "
+            "If it doesn't exist,\n"
+            "# the test is skipped.\n"
+            "# If a callcount does exist, it is compared "
+            "to what we received. \n"
+            "# assertions are raised if the counts do not match.\n"
+            "# \n"
+            "# To add a new callcount test, apply the function_call_count \n"
+            "# decorator and re-run the tests using the --write-profiles \n"
+            "# option - this file will be rewritten including the new count.\n"
+            "# \n"
+        ) % (self.fname)
+
+    def _read(self):
+        try:
+            profile_f = open(self.fname)
+        except OSError:
+            return
+        for lineno, line in enumerate(profile_f):
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+
+            test_key, platform_key, counts = line.split()
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+            c = [int(count) for count in counts.split(",")]
+            per_platform["counts"] = c
+            per_platform["lineno"] = lineno + 1
+            per_platform["current_count"] = 0
+        profile_f.close()
+
+    def _write(self):
+        print("Writing profile file %s" % self.fname)
+        profile_f = open(self.fname, "w")
+        profile_f.write(self._header())
+        for test_key in sorted(self.data):
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            profile_f.write("\n# TEST: %s\n\n" % test_key)
+            for platform_key in sorted(per_fn):
+                per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+                c = ",".join(str(count) for count in per_platform["counts"])
+                profile_f.write("%s %s %s\n" % (test_key, platform_key, c))
+        profile_f.close()
+
+
+def function_call_count(variance=0.05, times=1, warmup=0):
+    """Assert a target for a test case's function call count.
+
+    The main purpose of this assertion is to detect changes in
+    callcounts for various functions - the actual number is not as important.
+    Callcounts are stored in a file keyed to Python version and OS platform
+    information.  This file is generated automatically for new tests,
+    and versioned so that unexpected changes in callcounts will be detected.
+
+    """
+
+    # use signature-rewriting decorator function so that pytest fixtures
+    # still work on py27.  In Py3, update_wrapper() alone is good enough,
+    # likely due to the introduction of __signature__.
+
+    from sqlalchemy.util import decorator
+
+    @decorator
+    def wrap(fn, *args, **kw):
+        for warm in range(warmup):
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+        timerange = range(times)
+        with count_functions(variance=variance):
+            for time in timerange:
+                rv = fn(*args, **kw)
+            return rv
+
+    return wrap
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def count_functions(variance=0.05):
+    if cProfile is None:
+        raise config._skip_test_exception("cProfile is not installed")
+
+    if not _profile_stats.has_stats() and not _profile_stats.write:
+        config.skip_test(
+            "No profiling stats available on this "
+            "platform for this function.  Run tests with "
+            "--write-profiles to add statistics to %s for "
+            "this platform." % _profile_stats.short_fname
+        )
+
+    gc_collect()
+
+    pr = cProfile.Profile()
+    pr.enable()
+    # began = time.time()
+    yield
+    # ended = time.time()
+    pr.disable()
+
+    # s = StringIO()
+    stats = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=sys.stdout)
+
+    # timespent = ended - began
+    callcount = stats.total_calls
+
+    expected = _profile_stats.result(callcount)
+
+    if expected is None:
+        expected_count = None
+    else:
+        line_no, expected_count = expected
+
+    print("Pstats calls: %d Expected %s" % (callcount, expected_count))
+    stats.sort_stats(*re.split(r"[, ]", _profile_stats.sort))
+    stats.print_stats()
+    if _profile_stats.dump:
+        base, ext = os.path.splitext(_profile_stats.dump)
+        test_name = _current_test.split(".")[-1]
+        dumpfile = "%s_%s%s" % (base, test_name, ext or ".profile")
+        stats.dump_stats(dumpfile)
+        print("Dumped stats to file %s" % dumpfile)
+    # stats.print_callers()
+    if _profile_stats.force_write:
+        _profile_stats.replace(callcount)
+    elif expected_count:
+        deviance = int(callcount * variance)
+        failed = abs(callcount - expected_count) > deviance
+
+        if failed:
+            if _profile_stats.write:
+                _profile_stats.replace(callcount)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Adjusted function call count %s not within %s%% "
+                    "of expected %s, platform %s. Rerun with "
+                    "--write-profiles to "
+                    "regenerate this callcount."
+                    % (
+                        callcount,
+                        (variance * 100),
+                        expected_count,
+                        _profile_stats.platform_key,
+                    )
+                )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17e3775f6fa36759ba43914c856737b87405af63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+# testing/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import logging
+
+from . import config
+from . import engines
+from . import util
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from ..engine import url as sa_url
+from ..sql import ddl
+from ..sql import schema
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+FOLLOWER_IDENT = None
+
+
+class register:
+    def __init__(self, decorator=None):
+        self.fns = {}
+        self.decorator = decorator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init(cls, fn):
+        return register().for_db("*")(fn)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init_decorator(cls, decorator):
+        return register(decorator).for_db("*")
+
+    def for_db(self, *dbnames):
+        def decorate(fn):
+            if self.decorator:
+                fn = self.decorator(fn)
+            for dbname in dbnames:
+                self.fns[dbname] = fn
+            return self
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def __call__(self, cfg, *arg, **kw):
+        if isinstance(cfg, str):
+            url = sa_url.make_url(cfg)
+        elif isinstance(cfg, sa_url.URL):
+            url = cfg
+        else:
+            url = cfg.db.url
+        backend = url.get_backend_name()
+        if backend in self.fns:
+            return self.fns[backend](cfg, *arg, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.fns["*"](cfg, *arg, **kw)
+
+
+def create_follower_db(follower_ident):
+    for cfg in _configs_for_db_operation():
+        log.info("CREATE database %s, URI %r", follower_ident, cfg.db.url)
+        create_db(cfg, cfg.db, follower_ident)
+
+
+def setup_config(db_url, options, file_config, follower_ident):
+    # load the dialect, which should also have it set up its provision
+    # hooks
+
+    dialect = sa_url.make_url(db_url).get_dialect()
+
+    dialect.load_provisioning()
+
+    if follower_ident:
+        db_url = follower_url_from_main(db_url, follower_ident)
+    db_opts = {}
+    update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts, options)
+    db_opts["scope"] = "global"
+    eng = engines.testing_engine(db_url, db_opts)
+    post_configure_engine(db_url, eng, follower_ident)
+    eng.connect().close()
+
+    cfg = config.Config.register(eng, db_opts, options, file_config)
+
+    # a symbolic name that tests can use if they need to disambiguate
+    # names across databases
+    if follower_ident:
+        config.ident = follower_ident
+
+    if follower_ident:
+        configure_follower(cfg, follower_ident)
+    return cfg
+
+
+def drop_follower_db(follower_ident):
+    for cfg in _configs_for_db_operation():
+        log.info("DROP database %s, URI %r", follower_ident, cfg.db.url)
+        drop_db(cfg, cfg.db, follower_ident)
+
+
+def generate_db_urls(db_urls, extra_drivers):
+    """Generate a set of URLs to test given configured URLs plus additional
+    driver names.
+
+    Given::
+
+        --dburi postgresql://db1  \
+        --dburi postgresql://db2  \
+        --dburi postgresql://db2  \
+        --dbdriver=psycopg2 --dbdriver=asyncpg?async_fallback=true
+
+    Noting that the default postgresql driver is psycopg2,  the output
+    would be::
+
+        postgresql+psycopg2://db1
+        postgresql+asyncpg://db1
+        postgresql+psycopg2://db2
+        postgresql+psycopg2://db3
+
+    That is, for the driver in a --dburi, we want to keep that and use that
+    driver for each URL it's part of .   For a driver that is only
+    in --dbdrivers, we want to use it just once for one of the URLs.
+    for a driver that is both coming from --dburi as well as --dbdrivers,
+    we want to keep it in that dburi.
+
+    Driver specific query options can be specified by added them to the
+    driver name. For example, to enable the async fallback option for
+    asyncpg::
+
+        --dburi postgresql://db1  \
+        --dbdriver=asyncpg?async_fallback=true
+
+    """
+    urls = set()
+
+    backend_to_driver_we_already_have = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+    urls_plus_dialects = [
+        (url_obj, url_obj.get_dialect())
+        for url_obj in [sa_url.make_url(db_url) for db_url in db_urls]
+    ]
+
+    for url_obj, dialect in urls_plus_dialects:
+        # use get_driver_name instead of dialect.driver to account for
+        # "_async" virtual drivers like oracledb and psycopg
+        driver_name = url_obj.get_driver_name()
+        backend_to_driver_we_already_have[dialect.name].add(driver_name)
+
+    backend_to_driver_we_need = {}
+
+    for url_obj, dialect in urls_plus_dialects:
+        backend = dialect.name
+        dialect.load_provisioning()
+
+        if backend not in backend_to_driver_we_need:
+            backend_to_driver_we_need[backend] = extra_per_backend = set(
+                extra_drivers
+            ).difference(backend_to_driver_we_already_have[backend])
+        else:
+            extra_per_backend = backend_to_driver_we_need[backend]
+
+        for driver_url in _generate_driver_urls(url_obj, extra_per_backend):
+            if driver_url in urls:
+                continue
+            urls.add(driver_url)
+            yield driver_url
+
+
+def _generate_driver_urls(url, extra_drivers):
+    main_driver = url.get_driver_name()
+    extra_drivers.discard(main_driver)
+
+    url = generate_driver_url(url, main_driver, "")
+    yield url
+
+    for drv in list(extra_drivers):
+        if "?" in drv:
+            driver_only, query_str = drv.split("?", 1)
+
+        else:
+            driver_only = drv
+            query_str = None
+
+        new_url = generate_driver_url(url, driver_only, query_str)
+        if new_url:
+            extra_drivers.remove(drv)
+
+            yield new_url
+
+
+@register.init
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+
+    new_url = url.set(
+        drivername="%s+%s" % (backend, driver),
+    )
+    if query_str:
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_string(query_str)
+
+    try:
+        new_url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return new_url
+
+
+def _configs_for_db_operation():
+    hosts = set()
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        cfg.db.dispose()
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        url = cfg.db.url
+        backend = url.get_backend_name()
+        host_conf = (backend, url.username, url.host, url.database)
+
+        if host_conf not in hosts:
+            yield cfg
+            hosts.add(host_conf)
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        cfg.db.dispose()
+
+
+@register.init
+def drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng):
+    pass
+
+
+def drop_all_schema_objects(cfg, eng):
+    drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng)
+
+    drop_views(cfg, eng)
+
+    if config.requirements.materialized_views.enabled:
+        drop_materialized_views(cfg, eng)
+
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+
+    consider_schemas = (None,)
+    if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        consider_schemas += (cfg.test_schema, cfg.test_schema_2)
+    util.drop_all_tables(eng, inspector, consider_schemas=consider_schemas)
+
+    drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng)
+
+    if config.requirements.sequences.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        with eng.begin() as conn:
+            for seq in inspector.get_sequence_names():
+                conn.execute(ddl.DropSequence(schema.Sequence(seq)))
+            if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+                for schema_name in [cfg.test_schema, cfg.test_schema_2]:
+                    for seq in inspector.get_sequence_names(
+                        schema=schema_name
+                    ):
+                        conn.execute(
+                            ddl.DropSequence(
+                                schema.Sequence(seq, schema=schema_name)
+                            )
+                        )
+
+
+def drop_views(cfg, eng):
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+
+    try:
+        view_names = inspector.get_view_names()
+    except NotImplementedError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        with eng.begin() as conn:
+            for vname in view_names:
+                conn.execute(
+                    ddl._DropView(schema.Table(vname, schema.MetaData()))
+                )
+
+    if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        try:
+            view_names = inspector.get_view_names(schema=cfg.test_schema)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            with eng.begin() as conn:
+                for vname in view_names:
+                    conn.execute(
+                        ddl._DropView(
+                            schema.Table(
+                                vname,
+                                schema.MetaData(),
+                                schema=cfg.test_schema,
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+
+
+def drop_materialized_views(cfg, eng):
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+
+    mview_names = inspector.get_materialized_view_names()
+
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        for vname in mview_names:
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(f"DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW {vname}")
+
+    if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        mview_names = inspector.get_materialized_view_names(
+            schema=cfg.test_schema
+        )
+        with eng.begin() as conn:
+            for vname in mview_names:
+                conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                    f"DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW {cfg.test_schema}.{vname}"
+                )
+
+
+@register.init
+def create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    """Dynamically create a database for testing.
+
+    Used when a test run will employ multiple processes, e.g., when run
+    via `tox` or `pytest -n4`.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "no DB creation routine for cfg: %s" % (eng.url,)
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    """Drop a database that we dynamically created for testing."""
+    raise NotImplementedError("no DB drop routine for cfg: %s" % (eng.url,))
+
+
+def _adapt_update_db_opts(fn):
+    insp = util.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    if len(insp.args) == 3:
+        return fn
+    else:
+        return lambda db_url, db_opts, _options: fn(db_url, db_opts)
+
+
+@register.init_decorator(_adapt_update_db_opts)
+def update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts, options):
+    """Set database options (db_opts) for a test database that we created."""
+
+
+@register.init
+def post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    """Perform extra steps after configuring an engine for testing.
+
+    (For the internal dialects, currently only used by sqlite, oracle)
+    """
+
+
+@register.init
+def follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    """Create a connection URL for a dynamically-created test database.
+
+    :param url: the connection URL specified when the test run was invoked
+    :param ident: the pytest-xdist "worker identifier" to be used as the
+                  database name
+    """
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    return url.set(database=ident)
+
+
+@register.init
+def configure_follower(cfg, ident):
+    """Create dialect-specific config settings for a follower database."""
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def run_reap_dbs(url, ident):
+    """Remove databases that were created during the test process, after the
+    process has ended.
+
+    This is an optional step that is invoked for certain backends that do not
+    reliably release locks on the database as long as a process is still in
+    use. For the internal dialects, this is currently only necessary for
+    mssql and oracle.
+    """
+
+
+def reap_dbs(idents_file):
+    log.info("Reaping databases...")
+
+    urls = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    idents = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    dialects = {}
+
+    with open(idents_file) as file_:
+        for line in file_:
+            line = line.strip()
+            db_name, db_url = line.split(" ")
+            url_obj = sa_url.make_url(db_url)
+            if db_name not in dialects:
+                dialects[db_name] = url_obj.get_dialect()
+                dialects[db_name].load_provisioning()
+            url_key = (url_obj.get_backend_name(), url_obj.host)
+            urls[url_key].add(db_url)
+            idents[url_key].add(db_name)
+
+    for url_key in urls:
+        url = list(urls[url_key])[0]
+        ident = idents[url_key]
+        run_reap_dbs(url, ident)
+
+
+@register.init
+def temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    """Specify keyword arguments for creating a temporary Table.
+
+    Dialect-specific implementations of this method will return the
+    kwargs that are passed to the Table method when creating a temporary
+    table for testing, e.g., in the define_temp_tables method of the
+    ComponentReflectionTest class in suite/test_reflection.py
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "no temp table keyword args routine for cfg: %s" % (eng.url,)
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def prepare_for_drop_tables(config, connection):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, db, testcls):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def get_temp_table_name(cfg, eng, base_name):
+    """Specify table name for creating a temporary Table.
+
+    Dialect-specific implementations of this method will return the
+    name to use when creating a temporary table for testing,
+    e.g., in the define_temp_tables method of the
+    ComponentReflectionTest class in suite/test_reflection.py
+
+    Default to just the base name since that's what most dialects will
+    use. The mssql dialect's implementation will need a "#" prepended.
+    """
+    return base_name
+
+
+@register.init
+def set_default_schema_on_connection(cfg, dbapi_connection, schema_name):
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "backend does not implement a schema name set function: %s"
+        % (cfg.db.url,)
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    """return the backends insert..on conflict / on dupe etc. construct.
+
+    while we should add a backend-neutral upsert construct as well, such as
+    insert().upsert(), it's important that we continue to test the
+    backend-specific insert() constructs since if we do implement
+    insert().upsert(), that would be using a different codepath for the things
+    we need to test like insertmanyvalues, etc.
+
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        f"backend does not include an upsert implementation: {cfg.db.url}"
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def normalize_sequence(cfg, sequence):
+    """Normalize sequence parameters for dialect that don't start with 1
+    by default.
+
+    The default implementation does nothing
+    """
+    return sequence
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d923164b20a6d0dbe2b5df1b91cf5b467cda38eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1783 @@
+# testing/requirements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Global database feature support policy.
+
+Provides decorators to mark tests requiring specific feature support from the
+target database.
+
+External dialect test suites should subclass SuiteRequirements
+to provide specific inclusion/exclusions.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import platform
+
+from . import asyncio as _test_asyncio
+from . import exclusions
+from .exclusions import only_on
+from .. import create_engine
+from .. import util
+from ..pool import QueuePool
+
+
+class Requirements:
+    pass
+
+
+class SuiteRequirements(Requirements):
+    @property
+    def create_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic CreateTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def drop_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic DropTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def table_ddl_if_exists(self):
+        """target platform supports IF NOT EXISTS / IF EXISTS for tables."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def index_ddl_if_exists(self):
+        """target platform supports IF NOT EXISTS / IF EXISTS for indexes."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def uuid_data_type(self):
+        """Return databases that support the UUID datatype."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys_reflect_as_index(self):
+        """Target database creates an index that's reflected for
+        foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_index_reflect_as_unique_constraints(self):
+        """Target database reflects unique indexes as unique constrains."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_constraints_reflect_as_index(self):
+        """Target database reflects unique constraints as indexes."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def table_value_constructor(self):
+        """Database / dialect supports a query like::
+
+             SELECT * FROM VALUES ( (c1, c2), (c1, c2), ...)
+             AS some_table(col1, col2)
+
+        SQLAlchemy generates this with the :func:`_sql.values` function.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def standard_cursor_sql(self):
+        """Target database passes SQL-92 style statements to cursor.execute()
+        when a statement like select() or insert() is run.
+
+        A very small portion of dialect-level tests will ensure that certain
+        conditions are present in SQL strings, and these tests use very basic
+        SQL that will work on any SQL-like platform in order to assert results.
+
+        It's normally a given for any pep-249 DBAPI that a statement like
+        "SELECT id, name FROM table WHERE some_table.id=5" will work.
+        However, there are dialects that don't actually produce SQL Strings
+        and instead may work with symbolic objects instead, or dialects that
+        aren't working with SQL, so for those this requirement can be marked
+        as excluded.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_cascade(self):
+        """target database must support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def non_updating_cascade(self):
+        """target database must *not* support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def deferrable_fks(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_or_deferrable_fks(self):
+        # TODO: exclusions should be composable,
+        # somehow only_if([x, y]) isn't working here, negation/conjunctions
+        # getting confused.
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: self.on_update_cascade.enabled
+            or self.deferrable_fks.enabled
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def queue_pool(self):
+        """target database is using QueuePool"""
+
+        def go(config):
+            return isinstance(config.db.pool, QueuePool)
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def self_referential_foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support self-referential foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_ddl(self):
+        """Target database must support the DDL phrases for FOREIGN KEY."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def named_constraints(self):
+        """target database must support names for constraints."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def implicitly_named_constraints(self):
+        """target database must apply names to unnamed constraints."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unusual_column_name_characters(self):
+        """target database allows column names that have unusual characters
+        in them, such as dots, spaces, slashes, or percent signs.
+
+        The column names are as always in such a case quoted, however the
+        DB still needs to support those characters in the name somehow.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def subqueries(self):
+        """Target database must support subqueries."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def offset(self):
+        """target database can render OFFSET, or an equivalent, in a
+        SELECT.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def bound_limit_offset(self):
+        """target database can render LIMIT and/or OFFSET using a bound
+        parameter
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def sql_expression_limit_offset(self):
+        """target database can render LIMIT and/or OFFSET with a complete
+        SQL expression, such as one that uses the addition operator.
+        parameter
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset(self):
+        """Target database must support parenthesized SELECT in UNION
+        when LIMIT/OFFSET is specifically present.
+
+        E.g. (SELECT ...) UNION (SELECT ..)
+
+        This is known to fail on SQLite.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def parens_in_union_contained_select_wo_limit_offset(self):
+        """Target database must support parenthesized SELECT in UNION
+        when OFFSET/LIMIT is specifically not present.
+
+        E.g. (SELECT ... LIMIT ..) UNION (SELECT .. OFFSET ..)
+
+        This is known to fail on SQLite.  It also fails on Oracle
+        because without LIMIT/OFFSET, there is currently no step that
+        creates an additional subquery.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def boolean_col_expressions(self):
+        """Target database must support boolean expressions as columns"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def nullable_booleans(self):
+        """Target database allows boolean columns to store NULL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def nullsordering(self):
+        """Target backends that support nulls ordering."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def standalone_binds(self):
+        """target database/driver supports bound parameters as column
+        expressions without being in the context of a typed column.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def standalone_null_binds_whereclause(self):
+        """target database/driver supports bound parameters with NULL in the
+        WHERE clause, in situations where it has to be typed.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def intersect(self):
+        """Target database must support INTERSECT or equivalent."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def except_(self):
+        """Target database must support EXCEPT or equivalent (i.e. MINUS)."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def window_functions(self):
+        """Target database must support window functions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def ctes(self):
+        """Target database supports CTEs"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def ctes_with_update_delete(self):
+        """target database supports CTES that ride on top of a normal UPDATE
+        or DELETE statement which refers to the CTE in a correlated subquery.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def ctes_on_dml(self):
+        """target database supports CTES which consist of INSERT, UPDATE
+        or DELETE *within* the CTE, e.g. WITH x AS (UPDATE....)"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_insert(self):
+        """target platform generates new surrogate integer primary key values
+        when insert() is executed, excluding the pk column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_rows_post_commit(self):
+        """target platform will allow cursor.fetchone() to proceed after a
+        COMMIT.
+
+        Typically this refers to an INSERT statement with RETURNING which
+        is invoked within "autocommit".   If the row can be returned
+        after the autocommit, then this rule can be open.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def group_by_complex_expression(self):
+        """target platform supports SQL expressions in GROUP BY
+
+        e.g.
+
+        SELECT x + y AS somelabel FROM table GROUP BY x + y
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def sane_rowcount(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount,
+            "driver doesn't support 'sane' rowcount",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        return exclusions.fails_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount,
+            "driver %(driver)s %(doesnt_support)s 'sane' multi row count",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sane_rowcount_w_returning(self):
+        return exclusions.fails_if(
+            lambda config: not (
+                config.db.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount_returning
+            ),
+            "driver doesn't support 'sane' rowcount when returning is on",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def empty_inserts(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT with no values, i.e.
+        INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or equivalent."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_empty_insert
+            or config.db.dialect.supports_default_values
+            or config.db.dialect.supports_default_metavalue,
+            "empty inserts not supported",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def empty_inserts_executemany(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT with no values, i.e.
+        INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or equivalent, within executemany()"""
+
+        return self.empty_inserts
+
+    @property
+    def insert_from_select(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT from a SELECT."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def delete_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports DELETE ... RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.delete_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'DELETE ... RETURNING'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT ... RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.insert_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'INSERT ... RETURNING'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def update_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports UPDATE ... RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.update_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'UPDATE ... RETURNING'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_executemany_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports RETURNING when INSERT is used with
+        executemany(), e.g. multiple parameter sets, indicating
+        as many rows come back as do parameter sets were passed.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.insert_executemany_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'RETURNING of "
+            "multiple rows with INSERT executemany'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insertmanyvalues(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert
+            and config.db.dialect.insert_returning
+            and config.db.dialect.use_insertmanyvalues,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'insertmanyvalues functionality",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def tuple_in(self):
+        """Target platform supports the syntax
+        "(x, y) IN ((x1, y1), (x2, y2), ...)"
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def tuple_in_w_empty(self):
+        """Target platform tuple IN w/ empty set"""
+        return self.tuple_in
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_names_in_cursor_description(self):
+        """target platform supports a SELECT statement that has
+        the same name repeated more than once in the columns list."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def denormalized_names(self):
+        """Target database must have 'denormalized', i.e.
+        UPPERCASE as case insensitive names."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.requires_name_normalize,
+            "Backend does not require denormalized names.",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def multivalues_inserts(self):
+        """target database must support multiple VALUES clauses in an
+        INSERT statement."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert,
+            "Backend does not support multirow inserts.",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def implements_get_lastrowid(self):
+        """target dialect implements the executioncontext.get_lastrowid()
+        method without reliance on RETURNING.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        """dialect includes the required pep-249 attribute
+        ``cursor.arraysize``"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def emulated_lastrowid(self):
+        """target dialect retrieves cursor.lastrowid, or fetches
+        from a database-side function after an insert() construct executes,
+        within the get_lastrowid() method.
+
+        Only dialects that "pre-execute", or need RETURNING to get last
+        inserted id, would return closed/fail/skip for this.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def emulated_lastrowid_even_with_sequences(self):
+        """target dialect retrieves cursor.lastrowid or an equivalent
+        after an insert() construct executes, even if the table has a
+        Sequence on it.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def dbapi_lastrowid(self):
+        """target platform includes a 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI
+        cursor object.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def views(self):
+        """Target database must support VIEWs."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def schemas(self):
+        """Target database must support external schemas, and have one
+        named 'test_schema'."""
+
+        return only_on(lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_schemas)
+
+    @property
+    def cross_schema_fk_reflection(self):
+        """target system must support reflection of inter-schema
+        foreign keys"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_name_reflection(self):
+        """Target supports reflection of FOREIGN KEY constraints and
+        will return the name of the constraint that was used in the
+        "CONSTRAINT <name> FOREIGN KEY" DDL.
+
+        MySQL prior to version 8 and MariaDB prior to version 10.5
+        don't support this.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def implicit_default_schema(self):
+        """target system has a strong concept of 'default' schema that can
+        be referred to implicitly.
+
+        basically, PostgreSQL.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name_switch(self):
+        """target dialect implements provisioning module including
+        set_default_schema_on_connection"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def server_side_cursors(self):
+        """Target dialect must support server side cursors."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors],
+            "no server side cursors support",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sequences(self):
+        """Target database must support SEQUENCEs."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences],
+            "no sequence support",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_sequences(self):
+        """the opposite of "sequences", DB does not support sequences at
+        all."""
+
+        return exclusions.NotPredicate(self.sequences)
+
+    @property
+    def sequences_optional(self):
+        """Target database supports sequences, but also optionally
+        as a means of generating new PK values."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [
+                lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and config.db.dialect.sequences_optional
+            ],
+            "no sequence support, or sequences not optional",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def supports_lastrowid(self):
+        """target database / driver supports cursor.lastrowid as a means
+        of retrieving the last inserted primary key value.
+
+        note that if the target DB supports sequences also, this is still
+        assumed to work.  This is a new use case brought on by MariaDB 10.3.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: config.db.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_lastrowid_support(self):
+        """the opposite of supports_lastrowid"""
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: not config.db.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def reflects_pk_names(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def table_reflection(self):
+        """target database has general support for table reflection"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_tables_no_columns(self):
+        """target database supports creation and reflection of tables with no
+        columns, or at least tables that seem to have no columns."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def comment_reflection(self):
+        """Indicates if the database support table comment reflection"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def comment_reflection_full_unicode(self):
+        """Indicates if the database support table comment reflection in the
+        full unicode range, including emoji etc.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def constraint_comment_reflection(self):
+        """indicates if the database support comments on constraints
+        and their reflection"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def view_column_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support retrieval of the columns in a view,
+        similarly to how a table is inspected.
+
+        This does not include the full CREATE VIEW definition.
+
+        """
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def view_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support inspection of the full CREATE VIEW
+        definition."""
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def schema_reflection(self):
+        return self.schemas
+
+    @property
+    def schema_create_delete(self):
+        """target database supports schema create and dropped with
+        'CREATE SCHEMA' and 'DROP SCHEMA'"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_restrict(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_noaction(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fk_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate_restrict(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_reflect_indexes(self):
+        return self.temp_table_reflection
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_names(self):
+        """target dialect supports listing of temporary table names"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def has_temp_table(self):
+        """target dialect supports checking a single temp table name"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def temporary_tables(self):
+        """target database supports temporary tables"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temporary_views(self):
+        """target database supports temporary views"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def index_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def index_reflects_included_columns(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def indexes_with_ascdesc(self):
+        """target database supports CREATE INDEX with per-column ASC/DESC."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc(self):
+        """target database supports reflecting INDEX with per-column
+        ASC/DESC."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc_as_expression(self):
+        """target database supports reflecting INDEX with per-column
+        ASC/DESC but reflects them as expressions (like oracle)."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def indexes_with_expressions(self):
+        """target database supports CREATE INDEX against SQL expressions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_indexes_with_expressions(self):
+        """target database supports reflection of indexes with
+        SQL expressions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of unique constraints"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def check_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of check constraints"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_key_raises_integrity_error(self):
+        """target dialect raises IntegrityError when reporting an INSERT
+        with a primary key violation.  (hint: it should)
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unbounded_varchar(self):
+        """Target database must support VARCHAR with no length"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_data_no_special_types(self):
+        """Target database/dialect can receive / deliver / compare data with
+        non-ASCII characters in plain VARCHAR, TEXT columns, without the need
+        for special "national" datatypes like NVARCHAR or similar.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_data(self):
+        """Target database/dialect must support Python unicode objects with
+        non-ASCII characters represented, delivered as bound parameters
+        as well as in result rows.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_ddl(self):
+        """Target driver must support some degree of non-ascii symbol
+        names.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def symbol_names_w_double_quote(self):
+        """Target driver can create tables with a name like 'some " table'"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_interval(self):
+        """target dialect supports rendering of a datetime.timedelta as a
+        literal string, e.g. via the TypeEngine.literal_processor() method.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_literals(self):
+        """target dialect supports rendering of a date, time, or datetime as a
+        literal string, e.g. via the TypeEngine.literal_processor() method.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_timezone(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with tzinfo with DateTime(timezone=True)."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def time_timezone(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() with tzinfo with Time(timezone=True)."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def date_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a date object will bind it such
+        that the database server knows the object is a date, and not
+        a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def time_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a time object will bind it such
+        that the database server knows the object is a time, and not
+        a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a datetime object will bind it such
+        that the database server knows the object is a datetime, and not
+        a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def timestamp_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with microsecond objects but only
+        if TIMESTAMP is used."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def timestamp_microseconds_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a datetime object which also includes
+        a microseconds portion when using the TIMESTAMP data type
+        will bind it such that the database server knows
+        the object is a datetime with microseconds, and not a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return self.timestamp_microseconds
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def date(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.date() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_coerces_from_datetime(self):
+        """target dialect accepts a datetime object as the target
+        of a date column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def time(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def time_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_comparisons(self):
+        """target database/driver can allow BLOB/BINARY fields to be compared
+        against a bound parameter value.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_literals(self):
+        """target backend supports simple binary literals, e.g. an
+        expression like::
+
+            SELECT CAST('foo' AS BINARY)
+
+        Where ``BINARY`` is the type emitted from :class:`.LargeBinary`,
+        e.g. it could be ``BLOB`` or similar.
+
+        Basically fails on Oracle.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        """target dialect supports 'AUTOCOMMIT' as an isolation_level"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def isolation_level(self):
+        """target dialect supports general isolation level settings.
+
+        Note that this requirement, when enabled, also requires that
+        the get_isolation_levels() method be implemented.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    def get_isolation_levels(self, config):
+        """Return a structure of supported isolation levels for the current
+        testing dialect.
+
+        The structure indicates to the testing suite what the expected
+        "default" isolation should be, as well as the other values that
+        are accepted.  The dictionary has two keys, "default" and "supported".
+        The "supported" key refers to a list of all supported levels and
+        it should include AUTOCOMMIT if the dialect supports it.
+
+        If the :meth:`.DefaultRequirements.isolation_level` requirement is
+        not open, then this method has no return value.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> testing.requirements.get_isolation_levels()
+            {
+                "default": "READ_COMMITTED",
+                "supported": [
+                    "SERIALIZABLE", "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+                    "READ COMMITTED", "REPEATABLE READ",
+                    "AUTOCOMMIT"
+                ]
+            }
+        """
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            try:
+                supported = conn.dialect.get_isolation_level_values(
+                    conn.connection.dbapi_connection
+                )
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return {
+                    "default": conn.dialect.default_isolation_level,
+                    "supported": supported,
+                }
+
+    @property
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self):
+        """target dialect supports the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.get_isolation_level_values`
+        method added in SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+        """
+
+        def go(config):
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                try:
+                    conn.dialect.get_isolation_level_values(
+                        conn.connection.dbapi_connection
+                    )
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    return False
+                else:
+                    return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def dialect_level_isolation_level_param(self):
+        """test that the dialect allows the 'isolation_level' argument
+        to be handled by DefaultDialect"""
+
+        def go(config):
+            try:
+                e = create_engine(
+                    config.db.url, isolation_level="READ COMMITTED"
+                )
+            except:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return (
+                    e.dialect._on_connect_isolation_level == "READ COMMITTED"
+                )
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def json_type(self):
+        """target platform implements a native JSON type."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def json_array_indexes(self):
+        """target platform supports numeric array indexes
+        within a JSON structure"""
+
+        return self.json_type
+
+    @property
+    def json_index_supplementary_unicode_element(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def legacy_unconditional_json_extract(self):
+        """Backend has a JSON_EXTRACT or similar function that returns a
+        valid JSON string in all cases.
+
+        Used to test a legacy feature and is not needed.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_general(self):
+        """target backend has general support for moderately high-precision
+        numerics."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_small(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very small values."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_large(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very large values."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_many_significant_digits(self):
+        """target backend supports values with many digits on both sides,
+        such as 319438950232418390.273596, 87673.594069654243
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def cast_precision_numerics_many_significant_digits(self):
+        """same as precision_numerics_many_significant_digits but within the
+        context of a CAST statement (hello MySQL)
+
+        """
+        return self.precision_numerics_many_significant_digits
+
+    @property
+    def implicit_decimal_binds(self):
+        """target backend will return a selected Decimal as a Decimal, not
+        a string.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            expr = decimal.Decimal("15.7563")
+
+            value = e.scalar(
+                select(literal(expr))
+            )
+
+            assert value == expr
+
+        See :ticket:`4036`
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def numeric_received_as_decimal_untyped(self):
+        """target backend will return result columns that are explicitly
+        against NUMERIC or similar precision-numeric datatypes (not including
+        FLOAT or INT types) as Python Decimal objects, and not as floats
+        or ints, including when no SQLAlchemy-side typing information is
+        associated with the statement (e.g. such as a raw SQL string).
+
+        This should be enabled if either the DBAPI itself returns Decimal
+        objects, or if the dialect has set up DBAPI-specific return type
+        handlers such that Decimal objects come back automatically.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def nested_aggregates(self):
+        """target database can select an aggregate from a subquery that's
+        also using an aggregate
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def recursive_fk_cascade(self):
+        """target database must support ON DELETE CASCADE on a self-referential
+        foreign key
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits(self):
+        """A precision numeric type will return empty significant digits,
+        i.e. a value such as 10.000 will come back in Decimal form with
+        the .000 maintained."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def infinity_floats(self):
+        """The Float type can persist and load float('inf'), float('-inf')."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def float_or_double_precision_behaves_generically(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_generic_float_type(self):
+        """target backend will return native floating point numbers with at
+        least seven decimal places when using the generic Float type.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def literal_float_coercion(self):
+        """target backend will return the exact float value 15.7563
+        with only four significant digits from this statement:
+
+        SELECT :param
+
+        where :param is the Python float 15.7563
+
+        i.e. it does not return 15.75629997253418
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def floats_to_four_decimals(self):
+        """target backend can return a floating-point number with four
+        significant digits (such as 15.7563) accurately
+        (i.e. without FP inaccuracies, such as 15.75629997253418).
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_null_from_numeric(self):
+        """target backend doesn't crash when you try to select a NUMERIC
+        value that has a value of NULL.
+
+        Added to support Pyodbc bug #351.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def float_is_numeric(self):
+        """target backend uses Numeric for Float/Dual"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def text_type(self):
+        """Target database must support an unbounded Text() "
+        "type such as TEXT or CLOB"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_varchar(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with a
+        varchar.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_text(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with an
+        unbounded text."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def expressions_against_unbounded_text(self):
+        """target database supports use of an unbounded textual field in a
+        WHERE clause."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def selectone(self):
+        """target driver must support the literal statement 'select 1'"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def savepoints(self):
+        """Target database must support savepoints."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def two_phase_transactions(self):
+        """Target database must support two-phase transactions."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_from(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE..FROM syntax"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def delete_from(self):
+        """Target must support DELETE FROM..FROM or DELETE..USING syntax"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_where_target_in_subquery(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE (or DELETE) where the same table is
+        present in a subquery in the WHERE clause.
+
+        This is an ANSI-standard syntax that apparently MySQL can't handle,
+        such as::
+
+            UPDATE documents SET flag=1 WHERE documents.title IN
+                (SELECT max(documents.title) AS title
+                    FROM documents GROUP BY documents.user_id
+                )
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def mod_operator_as_percent_sign(self):
+        """target database must use a plain percent '%' as the 'modulus'
+        operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def percent_schema_names(self):
+        """target backend supports weird identifiers with percent signs
+        in them, e.g. 'some % column'.
+
+        this is a very weird use case but often has problems because of
+        DBAPIs that use python formatting.  It's not a critical use
+        case either.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_col_from_union(self):
+        """target database supports ordering by a column from a SELECT
+        inside of a UNION
+
+        E.g.  (SELECT id, ...) UNION (SELECT id, ...) ORDER BY id
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_label_with_expression(self):
+        """target backend supports ORDER BY a column label within an
+        expression.
+
+        Basically this::
+
+            select data as foo from test order by foo || 'bar'
+
+        Lots of databases including PostgreSQL don't support this,
+        so this is off by default.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_collation(self):
+        def check(config):
+            try:
+                self.get_order_by_collation(config)
+                return False
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(check)
+
+    def get_order_by_collation(self, config):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_connections(self):
+        """Target driver must support non-ASCII characters being passed at
+        all.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def graceful_disconnects(self):
+        """Target driver must raise a DBAPI-level exception, such as
+        InterfaceError, when the underlying connection has been closed
+        and the execute() method is called.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def independent_connections(self):
+        """
+        Target must support simultaneous, independent database connections.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def independent_readonly_connections(self):
+        """
+        Target must support simultaneous, independent database connections
+        that will be used in a readonly fashion.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def skip_mysql_on_windows(self):
+        """Catchall for a large variety of MySQL on Windows failures"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def ad_hoc_engines(self):
+        """Test environment must allow ad-hoc engine/connection creation.
+
+        DBs that scale poorly for many connections, even when closed, i.e.
+        Oracle, may use the "--low-connections" option which flags this
+        requirement as not present.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.low_connections
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_windows(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(self._running_on_windows())
+
+    def _running_on_windows(self):
+        return exclusions.LambdaPredicate(
+            lambda: platform.system() == "Windows",
+            description="running on Windows",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def timing_intensive(self):
+        from . import config
+
+        return config.add_to_marker.timing_intensive
+
+    @property
+    def memory_intensive(self):
+        from . import config
+
+        return config.add_to_marker.memory_intensive
+
+    @property
+    def threading_with_mock(self):
+        """Mark tests that use threading and mock at the same time - stability
+        issues have been observed with coverage
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.has_coverage,
+            "Stability issues with coverage",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sqlalchemy2_stubs(self):
+        def check(config):
+            try:
+                __import__("sqlalchemy-stubs.ext.mypy")
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(check)
+
+    @property
+    def no_sqlalchemy2_stubs(self):
+        def check(config):
+            try:
+                __import__("sqlalchemy-stubs.ext.mypy")
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(check)
+
+    @property
+    def python38(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py38, "Python 3.8 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python39(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py39, "Python 3.9 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python310(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py310, "Python 3.10 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python311(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py311, "Python 3.11 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python312(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py312, "Python 3.12 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def cpython(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.cpython, "cPython interpreter needed"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is64bit(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(lambda: util.is64bit, "64bit required")
+
+    @property
+    def patch_library(self):
+        def check_lib():
+            try:
+                __import__("patch")
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(check_lib, "patch library needed")
+
+    @property
+    def predictable_gc(self):
+        """target platform must remove all cycles unconditionally when
+        gc.collect() is called, as well as clean out unreferenced subclasses.
+
+        """
+        return self.cpython
+
+    @property
+    def no_coverage(self):
+        """Test should be skipped if coverage is enabled.
+
+        This is to block tests that exercise libraries that seem to be
+        sensitive to coverage, such as PostgreSQL notice logging.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.has_coverage,
+            "Issues observed when coverage is enabled",
+        )
+
+    def _has_mysql_on_windows(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    def _has_mysql_fully_case_sensitive(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def sqlite(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(lambda: not self._has_sqlite())
+
+    @property
+    def cextensions(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda: not util.has_compiled_ext(),
+            "Cython extensions not installed",
+        )
+
+    def _has_sqlite(self):
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        try:
+            create_engine("sqlite://")
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def async_dialect(self):
+        """dialect makes use of await_() to invoke operations on the DBAPI."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def asyncio(self):
+        return self.greenlet
+
+    @property
+    def no_greenlet(self):
+        def go(config):
+            try:
+                import greenlet  # noqa: F401
+            except ImportError:
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def greenlet(self):
+        def go(config):
+            if not _test_asyncio.ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+                return False
+
+            try:
+                import greenlet  # noqa: F401
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns(self):
+        "Supports computed columns"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_stored(self):
+        "Supports computed columns with `persisted=True`"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_virtual(self):
+        "Supports computed columns with `persisted=False`"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_default_persisted(self):
+        """If the default persistence is virtual or stored when `persisted`
+        is omitted"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_reflect_persisted(self):
+        """If persistence information is returned by the reflection of
+        computed columns"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_distinct_on(self):
+        """If a backend supports the DISTINCT ON in a select"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_is_distinct_from(self):
+        """Supports some form of "x IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM y" construct.
+        Different dialects will implement their own flavour, e.g.,
+        sqlite will emit "x IS NOT y" instead of "x IS DISTINCT FROM y".
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_distinct_from`
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_is_distinct_from,
+            "driver doesn't support an IS DISTINCT FROM construct",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def identity_columns(self):
+        """If a backend supports GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT }
+        AS IDENTITY"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def identity_columns_standard(self):
+        """If a backend supports GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT }
+        AS IDENTITY with a standard syntax.
+        This is mainly to exclude MSSql.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def regexp_match(self):
+        """backend supports the regexp_match operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def regexp_replace(self):
+        """backend supports the regexp_replace operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_first(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first clause."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_percent(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first clause with percent."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_ties(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first clause with ties."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_no_order_by(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first without order by"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_offset_with_options(self):
+        """backend supports the offset when using fetch first with percent
+        or ties. basically this is "not mssql"
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_expression(self):
+        """backend supports fetch / offset with expression in them, like
+
+        SELECT * FROM some_table
+        OFFSET 1 + 1 ROWS FETCH FIRST 1 + 1 ROWS ONLY
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_without_sequence(self):
+        """If autoincrement=True on a column does not require an explicit
+        sequence. This should be false only for oracle.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def generic_classes(self):
+        "If X[Y] can be implemented with ``__class_getitem__``. py3.7+"
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def json_deserializer_binary(self):
+        "indicates if the json_deserializer function is called with bytes"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_table_options(self):
+        """Target database must support reflecting table_options."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def materialized_views(self):
+        """Target database must support MATERIALIZED VIEWs."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def materialized_views_reflect_pk(self):
+        """Target database reflect MATERIALIZED VIEWs pks."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dadf3783f450c3e335efe53ee7c5bc1a446b116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# testing/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+from . import config
+from . import exclusions
+from .. import event
+from .. import schema
+from .. import types as sqltypes
+from ..orm import mapped_column as _orm_mapped_column
+from ..util import OrderedDict
+
+__all__ = ["Table", "Column"]
+
+table_options = {}
+
+
+def Table(*args, **kw) -> schema.Table:
+    """A schema.Table wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    test_opts = {k: kw.pop(k) for k in list(kw) if k.startswith("test_")}
+
+    kw.update(table_options)
+
+    if exclusions.against(config._current, "mysql"):
+        if (
+            "mysql_engine" not in kw
+            and "mysql_type" not in kw
+            and "autoload_with" not in kw
+        ):
+            if "test_needs_fk" in test_opts or "test_needs_acid" in test_opts:
+                kw["mysql_engine"] = "InnoDB"
+            else:
+                # there are in fact test fixtures that rely upon MyISAM,
+                # due to MySQL / MariaDB having poor FK behavior under innodb,
+                # such as a self-referential table can't be deleted from at
+                # once without attending to per-row dependencies.  We'd need to
+                # add special steps to some fixtures if we want to not
+                # explicitly state MyISAM here
+                kw["mysql_engine"] = "MyISAM"
+    elif exclusions.against(config._current, "mariadb"):
+        if (
+            "mariadb_engine" not in kw
+            and "mariadb_type" not in kw
+            and "autoload_with" not in kw
+        ):
+            if "test_needs_fk" in test_opts or "test_needs_acid" in test_opts:
+                kw["mariadb_engine"] = "InnoDB"
+            else:
+                kw["mariadb_engine"] = "MyISAM"
+
+    return schema.Table(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def mapped_column(*args, **kw):
+    """An orm.mapped_column wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    return _schema_column(_orm_mapped_column, args, kw)
+
+
+def Column(*args, **kw):
+    """A schema.Column wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    return _schema_column(schema.Column, args, kw)
+
+
+def _schema_column(factory, args, kw):
+    test_opts = {k: kw.pop(k) for k in list(kw) if k.startswith("test_")}
+
+    if not config.requirements.foreign_key_ddl.enabled_for_config(config):
+        args = [arg for arg in args if not isinstance(arg, schema.ForeignKey)]
+
+    construct = factory(*args, **kw)
+
+    if factory is schema.Column:
+        col = construct
+    else:
+        col = construct.column
+
+    if test_opts.get("test_needs_autoincrement", False) and kw.get(
+        "primary_key", False
+    ):
+        if col.default is None and col.server_default is None:
+            col.autoincrement = True
+
+        # allow any test suite to pick up on this
+        col.info["test_needs_autoincrement"] = True
+
+        # hardcoded rule for oracle; this should
+        # be moved out
+        if exclusions.against(config._current, "oracle"):
+
+            def add_seq(c, tbl):
+                c._init_items(
+                    schema.Sequence(
+                        _truncate_name(
+                            config.db.dialect, tbl.name + "_" + c.name + "_seq"
+                        ),
+                        optional=True,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            event.listen(col, "after_parent_attach", add_seq, propagate=True)
+    return construct
+
+
+class eq_type_affinity:
+    """Helper to compare types inside of datastructures based on affinity.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_columns("foo"),
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "id",
+                    "type": testing.eq_type_affinity(sqltypes.INTEGER),
+                    "nullable": False,
+                    "default": None,
+                    "autoincrement": False,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "data",
+                    "type": testing.eq_type_affinity(sqltypes.NullType),
+                    "nullable": True,
+                    "default": None,
+                    "autoincrement": False,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        self.target = sqltypes.to_instance(target)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.target._type_affinity is other._type_affinity
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.target._type_affinity is not other._type_affinity
+
+
+class eq_compile_type:
+    """similar to eq_type_affinity but uses compile"""
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.target == other.compile()
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.target != other.compile()
+
+
+class eq_clause_element:
+    """Helper to compare SQL structures based on compare()"""
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.target.compare(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.target.compare(other)
+
+
+def _truncate_name(dialect, name):
+    if len(name) > dialect.max_identifier_length:
+        return (
+            name[0 : max(dialect.max_identifier_length - 6, 0)]
+            + "_"
+            + hex(hash(name) % 64)[2:]
+        )
+    else:
+        return name
+
+
+def pep435_enum(name):
+    # Implements PEP 435 in the minimal fashion needed by SQLAlchemy
+    __members__ = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value, alias=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+        self.__members__[name] = self
+        value_to_member[value] = self
+        setattr(self.__class__, name, self)
+        if alias:
+            self.__members__[alias] = self
+            setattr(self.__class__, alias, self)
+
+    value_to_member = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get(cls, value):
+        return value_to_member[value]
+
+    someenum = type(
+        name,
+        (object,),
+        {"__members__": __members__, "__init__": __init__, "get": get},
+    )
+
+    # getframe() trick for pickling I don't understand courtesy
+    # Python namedtuple()
+    try:
+        module = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get("__name__", "__main__")
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        pass
+    if module is not None:
+        someenum.__module__ = module
+
+    return someenum
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c015ee9141cb147543810c9a88837a4ec9596a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# testing/suite/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from .test_cte import *  # noqa
+from .test_ddl import *  # noqa
+from .test_deprecations import *  # noqa
+from .test_dialect import *  # noqa
+from .test_insert import *  # noqa
+from .test_reflection import *  # noqa
+from .test_results import *  # noqa
+from .test_rowcount import *  # noqa
+from .test_select import *  # noqa
+from .test_sequence import *  # noqa
+from .test_types import *  # noqa
+from .test_unicode_ddl import *  # noqa
+from .test_update_delete import *  # noqa
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_cte.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_cte.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6fb2a76d2179bc2b75725c6c3f168a9209a3e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_cte.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# testing/suite/test_cte.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import ForeignKey
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+
+
+class CTETest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("ctes",)
+
+    run_inserts = "each"
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("parent_id", ForeignKey("some_table.id")),
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "some_other_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("parent_id", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1", "parent_id": None},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2", "parent_id": 1},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3", "parent_id": 1},
+                {"id": 4, "data": "d4", "parent_id": 3},
+                {"id": 5, "data": "d5", "parent_id": 3},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_nonrecursive_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(cte.c.data).where(cte.c.data.in_(["d4", "d5"]))
+        )
+        eq_(result.fetchall(), [("d4",)])
+
+    def test_select_recursive_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte", recursive=True)
+        )
+
+        cte_alias = cte.alias("c1")
+        st1 = some_table.alias()
+        # note that SQL Server requires this to be UNION ALL,
+        # can't be UNION
+        cte = cte.union_all(
+            select(st1).where(st1.c.id == cte_alias.c.parent_id)
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(cte.c.data)
+            .where(cte.c.data != "d2")
+            .order_by(cte.c.data.desc())
+        )
+        eq_(
+            result.fetchall(),
+            [("d4",), ("d3",), ("d3",), ("d1",), ("d1",), ("d1",)],
+        )
+
+    def test_insert_from_select_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(cte)
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(2, "d2", 1), (3, "d3", 1), (4, "d4", 3)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.ctes_with_update_delete
+    @testing.requires.update_from
+    def test_update_from_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(some_table)
+            )
+        )
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.update()
+            .values(parent_id=5)
+            .where(some_other_table.c.data == cte.c.data)
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "d1", None),
+                (2, "d2", 5),
+                (3, "d3", 5),
+                (4, "d4", 5),
+                (5, "d5", 3),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.ctes_with_update_delete
+    @testing.requires.delete_from
+    def test_delete_from_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(some_table)
+            )
+        )
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.delete().where(
+                some_other_table.c.data == cte.c.data
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1", None), (5, "d5", 3)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.ctes_with_update_delete
+    def test_delete_scalar_subq_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(some_table)
+            )
+        )
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.delete().where(
+                some_other_table.c.data
+                == select(cte.c.data)
+                .where(cte.c.id == some_other_table.c.id)
+                .scalar_subquery()
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1", None), (5, "d5", 3)],
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e38c364eb1e9aa60b5c9e6b94e9a0c7a1ab4d151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+# testing/suite/test_ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import random
+
+from . import testing
+from .. import config
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import util
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import is_false
+from ..assertions import is_true
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import CheckConstraint
+from ... import Column
+from ... import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ... import Index
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import schema
+from ... import String
+from ... import UniqueConstraint
+
+
+class TableDDLTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _simple_fixture(self, schema=None):
+        return Table(
+            "test_table",
+            self.metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+
+    def _underscore_fixture(self):
+        return Table(
+            "_test_table",
+            self.metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("_data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    def _table_index_fixture(self, schema=None):
+        table = self._simple_fixture(schema=schema)
+        idx = Index("test_index", table.c.data)
+        return table, idx
+
+    def _simple_roundtrip(self, table):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(table.insert().values((1, "some data")))
+            result = conn.execute(table.select())
+            eq_(result.first(), (1, "some data"))
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @requirements.schemas
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table_schema(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture(schema=config.test_schema)
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.drop_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        table.drop(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_underscore_names(self):
+        table = self._underscore_fixture()
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.comment_reflection
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_add_table_comment(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(connection, checkfirst=False)
+        table.comment = "a comment"
+        connection.execute(schema.SetTableComment(table))
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_table_comment("test_table"),
+            {"text": "a comment"},
+        )
+
+    @requirements.comment_reflection
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table_comment(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(connection, checkfirst=False)
+        table.comment = "a comment"
+        connection.execute(schema.SetTableComment(table))
+        connection.execute(schema.DropTableComment(table))
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_table_comment("test_table"), {"text": None}
+        )
+
+    @requirements.table_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table_if_not_exists(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateTable(table, if_not_exists=True))
+
+        is_true(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateTable(table, if_not_exists=True))
+
+    @requirements.index_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_index_if_not_exists(self, connection):
+        table, idx = self._table_index_fixture()
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateTable(table, if_not_exists=True))
+        is_true(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+        is_false(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateIndex(idx, if_not_exists=True))
+
+        is_true(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateIndex(idx, if_not_exists=True))
+
+    @requirements.table_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table_if_exists(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+
+        table.create(connection)
+
+        is_true(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropTable(table, if_exists=True))
+
+        is_false(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropTable(table, if_exists=True))
+
+    @requirements.index_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_index_if_exists(self, connection):
+        table, idx = self._table_index_fixture()
+
+        table.create(connection)
+
+        is_true(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropIndex(idx, if_exists=True))
+
+        is_false(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropIndex(idx, if_exists=True))
+
+
+class FutureTableDDLTest(fixtures.FutureEngineMixin, TableDDLTest):
+    pass
+
+
+class LongNameBlowoutTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    """test the creation of a variety of DDL structures and ensure
+    label length limits pass on backends
+
+    """
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def fk(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "fk": "foreign_key_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s_"
+            "%(referred_table_name)s_"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(20))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        cons = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+            ["aid"], ["a_things_with_stuff.id_long_column_name"]
+        )
+        Table(
+            "b_related_things_of_value",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "aid",
+            ),
+            cons,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        if testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_name_reflection.enabled:
+            insp = inspect(connection)
+            fks = insp.get_foreign_keys("b_related_things_of_value")
+            reflected_name = fks[0]["name"]
+
+            return actual_name, reflected_name
+        else:
+            return actual_name, None
+
+    def pk(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "pk": "primary_key_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        a = Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("id_another_long_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        )
+        cons = a.primary_key
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        pk = insp.get_pk_constraint("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = pk["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    def ix(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "ix": "index_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        a = Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("id_another_long_name", Integer),
+        )
+        cons = Index(None, a.c.id_long_column_name, a.c.id_another_long_name)
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        ix = insp.get_indexes("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = ix[0]["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    def uq(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "uq": "unique_constraint_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        cons = UniqueConstraint("id_long_column_name", "id_another_long_name")
+        Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("id_another_long_name", Integer),
+            cons,
+        )
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        uq = insp.get_unique_constraints("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = uq[0]["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    def ck(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "ck": "check_constraint_%(table_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        cons = CheckConstraint("some_long_column_name > 5")
+        Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("some_long_column_name", Integer),
+            cons,
+        )
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        ck = insp.get_check_constraints("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = ck[0]["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("fk",),
+        ("pk",),
+        ("ix",),
+        ("ck", testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection.as_skips()),
+        ("uq", testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection.as_skips()),
+        argnames="type_",
+    )
+    def test_long_convention_name(self, type_, metadata, connection):
+        actual_name, reflected_name = getattr(self, type_)(
+            metadata, connection
+        )
+
+        assert len(actual_name) > 255
+
+        if reflected_name is not None:
+            overlap = actual_name[0 : len(reflected_name)]
+            if len(overlap) < len(actual_name):
+                eq_(overlap[0:-5], reflected_name[0 : len(overlap) - 5])
+            else:
+                eq_(overlap, reflected_name)
+
+
+__all__ = ("TableDDLTest", "FutureTableDDLTest", "LongNameBlowoutTest")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_deprecations.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c104fa30002e7dbaa07811de9dbd5b589b78012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_deprecations.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# testing/suite/test_deprecations.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import testing
+from ... import union
+
+
+class DeprecatedCompoundSelectTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, conn, select, result, params=()):
+        eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_plain_union(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    # note we've had to remove one use case entirely, which is this
+    # one.   the Select gets its FROMS from the WHERE clause and the
+    # columns clause, but not the ORDER BY, which means the old ".c" system
+    # allowed you to "order_by(s.c.foo)" to get an unnamed column in the
+    # ORDER BY without adding the SELECT into the FROM and breaking the
+    # query.  Users will have to adjust for this use case if they were doing
+    # it before.
+    def _dont_test_select_from_plain_union(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).alias().select()
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.order_by_col_from_union
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset
+    def test_limit_offset_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_wo_limit_offset
+    def test_order_by_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    def test_distinct_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).distinct()
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).distinct()
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    def test_limit_offset_aliased_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 2)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+        s2 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 3)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d9345f82529a260252a567f59ab4ab38dac9312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
+# testing/suite/test_dialect.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import importlib
+
+from . import testing
+from .. import assert_raises
+from .. import config
+from .. import engines
+from .. import eq_
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import is_not_none
+from .. import is_true
+from .. import ne_
+from .. import provide_metadata
+from ..assertions import expect_raises
+from ..assertions import expect_raises_message
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..provision import set_default_schema_on_connection
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import bindparam
+from ... import dialects
+from ... import event
+from ... import exc
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ...sql.compiler import Compiled
+from ...util import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+
+class PingTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_do_ping(self):
+        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
+            is_true(
+                testing.db.dialect.do_ping(conn.connection.dbapi_connection)
+            )
+
+
+class ArgSignatureTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    """test that all visit_XYZ() in :class:`_sql.Compiler` subclasses have
+    ``**kw``, for #8988.
+
+    This test uses runtime code inspection.   Does not need to be a
+    ``__backend__`` test as it only needs to run once provided all target
+    dialects have been imported.
+
+    For third party dialects, the suite would be run with that third
+    party as a "--dburi", which means its compiler classes will have been
+    imported by the time this test runs.
+
+    """
+
+    def _all_subclasses():  # type: ignore  # noqa
+        for d in dialects.__all__:
+            if not d.startswith("_"):
+                importlib.import_module("sqlalchemy.dialects.%s" % d)
+
+        stack = [Compiled]
+
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            yield cls
+
+    @testing.fixture(params=list(_all_subclasses()))
+    def all_subclasses(self, request):
+        yield request.param
+
+    def test_all_visit_methods_accept_kw(self, all_subclasses):
+        cls = all_subclasses
+
+        for k in cls.__dict__:
+            if k.startswith("visit_"):
+                meth = getattr(cls, k)
+
+                insp = inspect_getfullargspec(meth)
+                is_not_none(
+                    insp.varkw,
+                    f"Compiler visit method {cls.__name__}.{k}() does "
+                    "not accommodate for **kw in its argument signature",
+                )
+
+
+class ExceptionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Test basic exception wrapping.
+
+    DBAPIs vary a lot in exception behavior so to actually anticipate
+    specific exceptions from real round trips, we need to be conservative.
+
+    """
+
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "manual_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_key_raises_integrity_error
+    def test_integrity_error(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            trans = conn.begin()
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.manual_pk.insert(), {"id": 1, "data": "d1"}
+            )
+
+            assert_raises(
+                exc.IntegrityError,
+                conn.execute,
+                self.tables.manual_pk.insert(),
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+            )
+
+            trans.rollback()
+
+    def test_exception_with_non_ascii(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            try:
+                # try to create an error message that likely has non-ascii
+                # characters in the DBAPI's message string.  unfortunately
+                # there's no way to make this happen with some drivers like
+                # mysqlclient, pymysql.  this at least does produce a non-
+                # ascii error message for cx_oracle, psycopg2
+                conn.execute(select(literal_column("méil")))
+                assert False
+            except exc.DBAPIError as err:
+                err_str = str(err)
+
+                assert str(err.orig) in str(err)
+
+            assert isinstance(err_str, str)
+
+
+class IsolationLevelTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("isolation_level",)
+
+    def _get_non_default_isolation_level(self):
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+
+        default = levels["default"]
+        supported = levels["supported"]
+
+        s = set(supported).difference(["AUTOCOMMIT", default])
+        if s:
+            return s.pop()
+        else:
+            config.skip_test("no non-default isolation level available")
+
+    def test_default_isolation_level(self):
+        eq_(
+            config.db.dialect.default_isolation_level,
+            requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)["default"],
+        )
+
+    def test_non_default_isolation_level(self):
+        non_default = self._get_non_default_isolation_level()
+
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            existing = conn.get_isolation_level()
+
+            ne_(existing, non_default)
+
+            conn.execution_options(isolation_level=non_default)
+
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), non_default)
+
+            conn.dialect.reset_isolation_level(
+                conn.connection.dbapi_connection
+            )
+
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), existing)
+
+    def test_all_levels(self):
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+
+        all_levels = levels["supported"]
+
+        for level in set(all_levels).difference(["AUTOCOMMIT"]):
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execution_options(isolation_level=level)
+
+                eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), level)
+
+                trans = conn.begin()
+                trans.rollback()
+
+                eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), level)
+
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                eq_(
+                    conn.get_isolation_level(),
+                    levels["default"],
+                )
+
+    @testing.requires.get_isolation_level_values
+    def test_invalid_level_execution_option(self, connection_no_trans):
+        """test for the new get_isolation_level_values() method"""
+
+        connection = connection_no_trans
+        with expect_raises_message(
+            exc.ArgumentError,
+            "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+            "Valid isolation levels for '%s' are %s"
+            % (
+                "FOO",
+                connection.dialect.name,
+                ", ".join(
+                    requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)["supported"]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ):
+            connection.execution_options(isolation_level="FOO")
+
+    @testing.requires.get_isolation_level_values
+    @testing.requires.dialect_level_isolation_level_param
+    def test_invalid_level_engine_param(self, testing_engine):
+        """test for the new get_isolation_level_values() method
+        and support for the dialect-level 'isolation_level' parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        eng = testing_engine(options=dict(isolation_level="FOO"))
+        with expect_raises_message(
+            exc.ArgumentError,
+            "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+            "Valid isolation levels for '%s' are %s"
+            % (
+                "FOO",
+                eng.dialect.name,
+                ", ".join(
+                    requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)["supported"]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ):
+            eng.connect()
+
+    @testing.requires.independent_readonly_connections
+    def test_dialect_user_setting_is_restored(self, testing_engine):
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+        default = levels["default"]
+        supported = (
+            sorted(
+                set(levels["supported"]).difference([default, "AUTOCOMMIT"])
+            )
+        )[0]
+
+        e = testing_engine(options={"isolation_level": supported})
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), supported)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execution_options(isolation_level=default)
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), default)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), supported)
+
+
+class AutocommitIsolationTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    __requires__ = ("autocommit",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            test_needs_acid=True,
+        )
+
+    def _test_conn_autocommits(self, conn, autocommit):
+        trans = conn.begin()
+        conn.execute(
+            self.tables.some_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "data": "some data"}
+        )
+        trans.rollback()
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(select(self.tables.some_table.c.id)),
+            1 if autocommit else None,
+        )
+        conn.rollback()
+
+        with conn.begin():
+            conn.execute(self.tables.some_table.delete())
+
+    def test_autocommit_on(self, connection_no_trans):
+        conn = connection_no_trans
+        c2 = conn.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(c2, True)
+
+        c2.dialect.reset_isolation_level(c2.connection.dbapi_connection)
+
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+    def test_autocommit_off(self, connection_no_trans):
+        conn = connection_no_trans
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+    def test_turn_autocommit_off_via_default_iso_level(
+        self, connection_no_trans
+    ):
+        conn = connection_no_trans
+        conn = conn.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, True)
+
+        conn.execution_options(
+            isolation_level=requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)[
+                "default"
+            ]
+        )
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+    @testing.requires.independent_readonly_connections
+    @testing.variation("use_dialect_setting", [True, False])
+    def test_dialect_autocommit_is_restored(
+        self, testing_engine, use_dialect_setting
+    ):
+        """test #10147"""
+
+        if use_dialect_setting:
+            e = testing_engine(options={"isolation_level": "AUTOCOMMIT"})
+        else:
+            e = testing_engine().execution_options(
+                isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"
+            )
+
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+
+        default = levels["default"]
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, True)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execution_options(isolation_level=default)
+            self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, True)
+
+
+class EscapingTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    @provide_metadata
+    def test_percent_sign_round_trip(self):
+        """test that the DBAPI accommodates for escaped / nonescaped
+        percent signs in a way that matches the compiler
+
+        """
+        m = self.metadata
+        t = Table("t", m, Column("data", String(50)))
+        t.create(config.db)
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(t.insert(), dict(data="some % value"))
+            conn.execute(t.insert(), dict(data="some %% other value"))
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(t.c.data).where(
+                        t.c.data == literal_column("'some % value'")
+                    )
+                ),
+                "some % value",
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(t.c.data).where(
+                        t.c.data == literal_column("'some %% other value'")
+                    )
+                ),
+                "some %% other value",
+            )
+
+
+class WeCanSetDefaultSchemaWEventsTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("default_schema_name_switch",)
+
+    def test_control_case(self):
+        default_schema_name = config.db.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+        with eng.connect():
+            pass
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, default_schema_name)
+
+    def test_wont_work_wo_insert(self):
+        default_schema_name = config.db.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+
+        @event.listens_for(eng, "connect")
+        def on_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+            set_default_schema_on_connection(
+                config, dbapi_connection, config.test_schema
+            )
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, default_schema_name)
+
+    def test_schema_change_on_connect(self):
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+
+        @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
+        def on_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+            set_default_schema_on_connection(
+                config, dbapi_connection, config.test_schema
+            )
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, config.test_schema)
+
+    def test_schema_change_works_w_transactions(self):
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+
+        @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
+        def on_connect(dbapi_connection, *arg):
+            set_default_schema_on_connection(
+                config, dbapi_connection, config.test_schema
+            )
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            trans = conn.begin()
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+            trans.rollback()
+
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, config.test_schema)
+
+
+class FutureWeCanSetDefaultSchemaWEventsTest(
+    fixtures.FutureEngineMixin, WeCanSetDefaultSchemaWEventsTest
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class DifficultParametersTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    tough_parameters = testing.combinations(
+        ("boring",),
+        ("per cent",),
+        ("per % cent",),
+        ("%percent",),
+        ("par(ens)",),
+        ("percent%(ens)yah",),
+        ("col:ons",),
+        ("_starts_with_underscore",),
+        ("dot.s",),
+        ("more :: %colons%",),
+        ("_name",),
+        ("___name",),
+        ("[BracketsAndCase]",),
+        ("42numbers",),
+        ("percent%signs",),
+        ("has spaces",),
+        ("/slashes/",),
+        ("more/slashes",),
+        ("q?marks",),
+        ("1param",),
+        ("1col:on",),
+        argnames="paramname",
+    )
+
+    @tough_parameters
+    @config.requirements.unusual_column_name_characters
+    def test_round_trip_same_named_column(
+        self, paramname, connection, metadata
+    ):
+        name = paramname
+
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(name, String(50), nullable=False),
+        )
+
+        # table is created
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        # automatic param generated by insert
+        connection.execute(t.insert().values({"id": 1, name: "some name"}))
+
+        # automatic param generated by criteria, plus selecting the column
+        stmt = select(t.c[name]).where(t.c[name] == "some name")
+
+        eq_(connection.scalar(stmt), "some name")
+
+        # use the name in a param explicitly
+        stmt = select(t.c[name]).where(t.c[name] == bindparam(name))
+
+        row = connection.execute(stmt, {name: "some name"}).first()
+
+        # name works as the key from cursor.description
+        eq_(row._mapping[name], "some name")
+
+        # use expanding IN
+        stmt = select(t.c[name]).where(
+            t.c[name].in_(["some name", "some other_name"])
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def multirow_fixture(self, metadata, connection):
+        mytable = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("myid", Integer),
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("desc", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        mytable.create(connection)
+
+        connection.execute(
+            mytable.insert(),
+            [
+                {"myid": 1, "name": "a", "desc": "a_desc"},
+                {"myid": 2, "name": "b", "desc": "b_desc"},
+                {"myid": 3, "name": "c", "desc": "c_desc"},
+                {"myid": 4, "name": "d", "desc": "d_desc"},
+            ],
+        )
+        yield mytable
+
+    @tough_parameters
+    def test_standalone_bindparam_escape(
+        self, paramname, connection, multirow_fixture
+    ):
+        tbl1 = multirow_fixture
+        stmt = select(tbl1.c.myid).where(
+            tbl1.c.name == bindparam(paramname, value="x")
+        )
+        res = connection.scalar(stmt, {paramname: "c"})
+        eq_(res, 3)
+
+    @tough_parameters
+    def test_standalone_bindparam_escape_expanding(
+        self, paramname, connection, multirow_fixture
+    ):
+        tbl1 = multirow_fixture
+        stmt = (
+            select(tbl1.c.myid)
+            .where(tbl1.c.name.in_(bindparam(paramname, value=["a", "b"])))
+            .order_by(tbl1.c.myid)
+        )
+
+        res = connection.scalars(stmt, {paramname: ["d", "a"]}).all()
+        eq_(res, [1, 4])
+
+
+class ReturningGuardsTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """test that the various 'returning' flags are set appropriately"""
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def run_stmt(self, connection):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        def go(stmt, executemany, id_param_name, expect_success):
+            stmt = stmt.returning(t.c.id)
+
+            if executemany:
+                if not expect_success:
+                    # for RETURNING executemany(), we raise our own
+                    # error as this is independent of general RETURNING
+                    # support
+                    with expect_raises_message(
+                        exc.StatementError,
+                        rf"Dialect {connection.dialect.name}\+"
+                        f"{connection.dialect.driver} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        f".*RETURNING when executemany is used",
+                    ):
+                        result = connection.execute(
+                            stmt,
+                            [
+                                {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"},
+                                {id_param_name: 2, "data": "d2"},
+                                {id_param_name: 3, "data": "d3"},
+                            ],
+                        )
+                else:
+                    result = connection.execute(
+                        stmt,
+                        [
+                            {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"},
+                            {id_param_name: 2, "data": "d2"},
+                            {id_param_name: 3, "data": "d3"},
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    eq_(result.all(), [(1,), (2,), (3,)])
+            else:
+                if not expect_success:
+                    # for RETURNING execute(), we pass all the way to the DB
+                    # and let it fail
+                    with expect_raises(exc.DBAPIError):
+                        connection.execute(
+                            stmt, {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"}
+                        )
+                else:
+                    result = connection.execute(
+                        stmt, {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"}
+                    )
+                    eq_(result.all(), [(1,)])
+
+        return go
+
+    def test_insert_single(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        stmt = t.insert()
+
+        run_stmt(stmt, False, "id", connection.dialect.insert_returning)
+
+    def test_insert_many(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        stmt = t.insert()
+
+        run_stmt(
+            stmt, True, "id", connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+        )
+
+    def test_update_single(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.update().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(stmt, False, "b_id", connection.dialect.update_returning)
+
+    def test_update_many(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.update().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(
+            stmt, True, "b_id", connection.dialect.update_executemany_returning
+        )
+
+    def test_delete_single(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.delete().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(stmt, False, "b_id", connection.dialect.delete_returning)
+
+    def test_delete_many(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.delete().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(
+            stmt, True, "b_id", connection.dialect.delete_executemany_returning
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f97efc1e4dab9e171b6111184b74c60cdd041cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+# testing/suite/test_insert.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from decimal import Decimal
+import uuid
+
+from . import testing
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Double
+from ... import Float
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import literal
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import Numeric
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ...types import LargeBinary
+from ...types import UUID
+from ...types import Uuid
+
+
+class LastrowidTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = "implements_get_lastrowid", "autoincrement_insert"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "autoinc_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "manual_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (
+                conn.dialect.default_sequence_base,
+                "some data",
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, connection)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        pk = connection.scalar(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+        eq_(r.inserted_primary_key, (pk,))
+
+    @requirements.dbapi_lastrowid
+    def test_native_lastrowid_autoinc(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        lastrowid = r.lastrowid
+        pk = connection.scalar(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+        eq_(lastrowid, pk)
+
+
+class InsertBehaviorTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "autoinc_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "manual_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "no_implicit_returning",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "includes_defaults",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("x", Integer, default=5),
+            Column(
+                "y",
+                Integer,
+                default=literal_column("2", type_=Integer) + literal(2),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @testing.variation("style", ["plain", "return_defaults"])
+    @testing.variation("executemany", [True, False])
+    def test_no_results_for_non_returning_insert(
+        self, connection, style, executemany
+    ):
+        """test another INSERT issue found during #10453"""
+
+        table = self.tables.no_implicit_returning
+
+        stmt = table.insert()
+        if style.return_defaults:
+            stmt = stmt.return_defaults()
+
+        if executemany:
+            data = [
+                {"data": "d1"},
+                {"data": "d2"},
+                {"data": "d3"},
+                {"data": "d4"},
+                {"data": "d5"},
+            ]
+        else:
+            data = {"data": "d1"}
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt, data)
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+    @requirements.autoincrement_insert
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+
+        # new as of I8091919d45421e3f53029b8660427f844fee0228; for the moment
+        # an insert where the PK was taken from a row that the dialect
+        # selected, as is the case for mssql/pyodbc, will still report
+        # returns_rows as true because there's a cursor description.  in that
+        # case, the row had to have been consumed at least.
+        assert not r.returns_rows or r.fetchone() is None
+
+    @requirements.insert_returning
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            # return_defaults() ensures RETURNING will be used,
+            # new in 2.0 as sqlite/mariadb offer both RETURNING and
+            # cursor.lastrowid
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert().return_defaults(),
+            dict(data="some data"),
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+
+        # note we are experimenting with having this be True
+        # as of I8091919d45421e3f53029b8660427f844fee0228 .
+        # implicit returning has fetched the row, but it still is a
+        # "returns rows"
+        assert r.returns_rows
+
+        # and we should be able to fetchone() on it, we just get no row
+        eq_(r.fetchone(), None)
+
+        # and the keys, etc.
+        eq_(r.keys(), ["id"])
+
+        # but the dialect took in the row already.   not really sure
+        # what the best behavior is.
+
+    @requirements.empty_inserts
+    def test_empty_insert(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert())
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.select().where(
+                self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id != None
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(len(r.all()), 1)
+
+    @requirements.empty_inserts_executemany
+    def test_empty_insert_multiple(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), [{}, {}, {}])
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.select().where(
+                self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id != None
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(len(r.all()), 3)
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_autoinc(self, connection):
+        src_table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        dest_table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        connection.execute(
+            src_table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            dest_table.insert().from_select(
+                ("data",),
+                select(src_table.c.data).where(
+                    src_table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(result.inserted_primary_key, (None,))
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(dest_table.c.data).order_by(dest_table.c.data)
+        )
+        eq_(result.fetchall(), [("data2",), ("data3",)])
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_autoinc_no_rows(self, connection):
+        src_table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        dest_table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            dest_table.insert().from_select(
+                ("data",),
+                select(src_table.c.data).where(
+                    src_table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(result.inserted_primary_key, (None,))
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(dest_table.c.data).order_by(dest_table.c.data)
+        )
+
+        eq_(result.fetchall(), [])
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert()
+            .inline()
+            .from_select(
+                ("id", "data"),
+                select(table.c.id + 5, table.c.data).where(
+                    table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(table.c.data).order_by(table.c.data)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [("data1",), ("data2",), ("data2",), ("data3",), ("data3",)],
+        )
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_with_defaults(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.includes_defaults
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert()
+            .inline()
+            .from_select(
+                ("id", "data"),
+                select(table.c.id + 5, table.c.data).where(
+                    table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(table).order_by(table.c.data, table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "data1", 5, 4),
+                (2, "data2", 5, 4),
+                (7, "data2", 5, 4),
+                (3, "data3", 5, 4),
+                (8, "data3", 5, 4),
+            ],
+        )
+
+
+class ReturningTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_create_tables = "each"
+    __requires__ = "insert_returning", "autoincrement_insert"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (
+                conn.dialect.default_sequence_base,
+                "some data",
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "autoinc_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @requirements.fetch_rows_post_commit
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_autocommit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        r = connection.execute(
+            table.insert().returning(table.c.id), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = connection.scalar(select(table.c.id))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_no_autocommit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        r = connection.execute(
+            table.insert().returning(table.c.id), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+
+        pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = connection.scalar(select(table.c.id))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, connection)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        pk = connection.scalar(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+        eq_(r.inserted_primary_key, (pk,))
+
+    @requirements.insert_executemany_returning
+    def test_insertmanyvalues_returning(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert().returning(
+                self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id
+            ),
+            [
+                {"data": "d1"},
+                {"data": "d2"},
+                {"data": "d3"},
+                {"data": "d4"},
+                {"data": "d5"},
+            ],
+        )
+        rall = r.all()
+
+        pks = connection.execute(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+
+        eq_(rall, pks.all())
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (Double(), 8.5514716, True),
+        (
+            Double(53),
+            8.5514716,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.float_or_double_precision_behaves_generically,
+        ),
+        (Float(), 8.5514, True),
+        (
+            Float(8),
+            8.5514,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.float_or_double_precision_behaves_generically,
+        ),
+        (
+            Numeric(precision=15, scale=12, asdecimal=False),
+            8.5514716,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.literal_float_coercion,
+        ),
+        (
+            Numeric(precision=15, scale=12, asdecimal=True),
+            Decimal("8.5514716"),
+            False,
+        ),
+        argnames="type_,value,do_rounding",
+    )
+    @testing.variation("sort_by_parameter_order", [True, False])
+    @testing.variation("multiple_rows", [True, False])
+    def test_insert_w_floats(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        metadata,
+        sort_by_parameter_order,
+        type_,
+        value,
+        do_rounding,
+        multiple_rows,
+    ):
+        """test #9701.
+
+        this tests insertmanyvalues as well as decimal / floating point
+        RETURNING types
+
+        """
+
+        t = Table(
+            # Oracle backends seems to be getting confused if
+            # this table is named the same as the one
+            # in test_imv_returning_datatypes.  use a different name
+            "f_t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, Identity(), primary_key=True),
+            Column("value", type_),
+        )
+
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            t.insert().returning(
+                t.c.id,
+                t.c.value,
+                sort_by_parameter_order=bool(sort_by_parameter_order),
+            ),
+            (
+                [{"value": value} for i in range(10)]
+                if multiple_rows
+                else {"value": value}
+            ),
+        )
+
+        if multiple_rows:
+            i_range = range(1, 11)
+        else:
+            i_range = range(1, 2)
+
+        # we want to test only that we are getting floating points back
+        # with some degree of the original value maintained, that it is not
+        # being truncated to an integer.  there's too much variation in how
+        # drivers return floats, which should not be relied upon to be
+        # exact, for us to just compare as is (works for PG drivers but not
+        # others) so we use rounding here.  There's precedent for this
+        # in suite/test_types.py::NumericTest as well
+
+        if do_rounding:
+            eq_(
+                {(id_, round(val_, 5)) for id_, val_ in result},
+                {(id_, round(value, 5)) for id_ in i_range},
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                {
+                    round(val_, 5)
+                    for val_ in connection.scalars(select(t.c.value))
+                },
+                {round(value, 5)},
+            )
+        else:
+            eq_(
+                set(result),
+                {(id_, value) for id_ in i_range},
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                set(connection.scalars(select(t.c.value))),
+                {value},
+            )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (
+            "non_native_uuid",
+            Uuid(native_uuid=False),
+            uuid.uuid4(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "non_native_uuid_str",
+            Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=False),
+            str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        ),
+        (
+            "generic_native_uuid",
+            Uuid(native_uuid=True),
+            uuid.uuid4(),
+            testing.requires.uuid_data_type,
+        ),
+        (
+            "generic_native_uuid_str",
+            Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=True),
+            str(uuid.uuid4()),
+            testing.requires.uuid_data_type,
+        ),
+        ("UUID", UUID(), uuid.uuid4(), testing.requires.uuid_data_type),
+        (
+            "LargeBinary1",
+            LargeBinary(),
+            b"this is binary",
+        ),
+        ("LargeBinary2", LargeBinary(), b"7\xe7\x9f"),
+        argnames="type_,value",
+        id_="iaa",
+    )
+    @testing.variation("sort_by_parameter_order", [True, False])
+    @testing.variation("multiple_rows", [True, False])
+    @testing.requires.insert_returning
+    def test_imv_returning_datatypes(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        metadata,
+        sort_by_parameter_order,
+        type_,
+        value,
+        multiple_rows,
+    ):
+        """test #9739, #9808 (similar to #9701).
+
+        this tests insertmanyvalues in conjunction with various datatypes.
+
+        These tests are particularly for the asyncpg driver which needs
+        most types to be explicitly cast for the new IMV format
+
+        """
+        t = Table(
+            "d_t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, Identity(), primary_key=True),
+            Column("value", type_),
+        )
+
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            t.insert().returning(
+                t.c.id,
+                t.c.value,
+                sort_by_parameter_order=bool(sort_by_parameter_order),
+            ),
+            (
+                [{"value": value} for i in range(10)]
+                if multiple_rows
+                else {"value": value}
+            ),
+        )
+
+        if multiple_rows:
+            i_range = range(1, 11)
+        else:
+            i_range = range(1, 2)
+
+        eq_(
+            set(result),
+            {(id_, value) for id_ in i_range},
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            set(connection.scalars(select(t.c.value))),
+            {value},
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ("LastrowidTest", "InsertBehaviorTest", "ReturningTest")
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cefa5b16f7cd72199dc6b48ffb296b9804a5639a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,3128 @@
+# testing/suite/test_reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import operator
+import re
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .. import config
+from .. import engines
+from .. import eq_
+from .. import expect_raises
+from .. import expect_raises_message
+from .. import expect_warnings
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import is_
+from ..provision import get_temp_table_name
+from ..provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import event
+from ... import ForeignKey
+from ... import func
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+from ... import types as sql_types
+from ...engine import Inspector
+from ...engine import ObjectKind
+from ...engine import ObjectScope
+from ...exc import NoSuchTableError
+from ...exc import UnreflectableTableError
+from ...schema import DDL
+from ...schema import Index
+from ...sql.elements import quoted_name
+from ...sql.schema import BLANK_SCHEMA
+from ...testing import ComparesIndexes
+from ...testing import ComparesTables
+from ...testing import is_false
+from ...testing import is_true
+from ...testing import mock
+
+
+metadata, users = None, None
+
+
+class OneConnectionTablesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        # TODO: when temp tables are subject to server reset,
+        # this will also have to disable that server reset from
+        # happening
+        if config.requirements.independent_connections.enabled:
+            from sqlalchemy import pool
+
+            return engines.testing_engine(
+                options=dict(poolclass=pool.StaticPool, scope="class"),
+            )
+        else:
+            return config.db
+
+
+class HasTableTest(OneConnectionTablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "test_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            Table(
+                "test_table_s",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+        if testing.requires.view_reflection:
+            cls.define_views(metadata)
+        if testing.requires.has_temp_table.enabled:
+            cls.define_temp_tables(metadata)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_views(cls, metadata):
+        query = "CREATE VIEW vv AS SELECT id, data FROM test_table"
+
+        event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+        event.listen(metadata, "before_drop", DDL("DROP VIEW vv"))
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            query = (
+                "CREATE VIEW %s.vv AS SELECT id, data FROM %s.test_table_s"
+                % (
+                    config.test_schema,
+                    config.test_schema,
+                )
+            )
+            event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "before_drop",
+                DDL("DROP VIEW %s.vv" % (config.test_schema)),
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def temp_table_name(cls):
+        return get_temp_table_name(
+            config, config.db, f"user_tmp_{config.ident}"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_temp_tables(cls, metadata):
+        kw = temp_table_keyword_args(config, config.db)
+        table_name = cls.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = Table(
+            table_name,
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", sa.VARCHAR(50)),
+            **kw,
+        )
+        if (
+            testing.requires.view_reflection.enabled
+            and testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled
+        ):
+            event.listen(
+                user_tmp,
+                "after_create",
+                DDL(
+                    "create temporary view user_tmp_v as "
+                    "select * from user_tmp_%s" % config.ident
+                ),
+            )
+            event.listen(user_tmp, "before_drop", DDL("drop view user_tmp_v"))
+
+    def test_has_table(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            is_true(config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "test_table"))
+            is_false(config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "test_table_s"))
+            is_false(config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "nonexistent_table"))
+
+    def test_has_table_cache(self, metadata):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("test_table"))
+        nt = Table("new_table", metadata, Column("col", Integer))
+        is_false(insp.has_table("new_table"))
+        nt.create(config.db)
+        try:
+            is_false(insp.has_table("new_table"))
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            is_true(insp.has_table("new_table"))
+        finally:
+            nt.drop(config.db)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_table_schema(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            is_false(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "test_table", schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            )
+            is_true(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "test_table_s", schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            )
+            is_false(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "nonexistent_table", schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_table_nonexistent_schema(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            is_false(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "test_table", schema="nonexistent_schema"
+                )
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    def test_has_table_view(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("vv"))
+
+    @testing.requires.has_temp_table
+    def test_has_table_temp_table(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        temp_table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        is_true(insp.has_table(temp_table_name))
+
+    @testing.requires.has_temp_table
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_has_table_temp_view(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("user_tmp_v"))
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_table_view_schema(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("vv", config.test_schema))
+
+
+class HasIndexTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        tt = Table(
+            "test_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("data2", String(50)),
+        )
+        Index("my_idx", tt.c.data)
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            tt = Table(
+                "test_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+            Index("my_idx_s", tt.c.data)
+
+    kind = testing.combinations("dialect", "inspector", argnames="kind")
+
+    def _has_index(self, kind, conn):
+        if kind == "dialect":
+            return lambda *a, **k: config.db.dialect.has_index(conn, *a, **k)
+        else:
+            return inspect(conn).has_index
+
+    @kind
+    def test_has_index(self, kind, connection, metadata):
+        meth = self._has_index(kind, connection)
+        assert meth("test_table", "my_idx")
+        assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx_s")
+        assert not meth("nonexistent_table", "my_idx")
+        assert not meth("test_table", "nonexistent_idx")
+
+        assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx_2")
+        assert not meth("test_table_2", "my_idx_3")
+        idx = Index("my_idx_2", self.tables.test_table.c.data2)
+        tbl = Table(
+            "test_table_2",
+            metadata,
+            Column("foo", Integer),
+            Index("my_idx_3", "foo"),
+        )
+        idx.create(connection)
+        tbl.create(connection)
+        try:
+            if kind == "inspector":
+                assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx_2")
+                assert not meth("test_table_2", "my_idx_3")
+                meth.__self__.clear_cache()
+            assert meth("test_table", "my_idx_2") is True
+            assert meth("test_table_2", "my_idx_3") is True
+        finally:
+            tbl.drop(connection)
+            idx.drop(connection)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    @kind
+    def test_has_index_schema(self, kind, connection):
+        meth = self._has_index(kind, connection)
+        assert meth("test_table", "my_idx_s", schema=config.test_schema)
+        assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx", schema=config.test_schema)
+        assert not meth(
+            "nonexistent_table", "my_idx_s", schema=config.test_schema
+        )
+        assert not meth(
+            "test_table", "nonexistent_idx_s", schema=config.test_schema
+        )
+
+
+class BizarroCharacterFKResolutionTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    """tests for #10275"""
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("id",), ("(3)",), ("col%p",), ("[brack]",), argnames="columnname"
+    )
+    @testing.variation("use_composite", [True, False])
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("plain",),
+        ("(2)",),
+        ("per % cent",),
+        ("[brackets]",),
+        argnames="tablename",
+    )
+    def test_fk_ref(
+        self, connection, metadata, use_composite, tablename, columnname
+    ):
+        tt = Table(
+            tablename,
+            metadata,
+            Column(columnname, Integer, key="id", primary_key=True),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        if use_composite:
+            tt.append_column(Column("id2", Integer, primary_key=True))
+
+        if use_composite:
+            Table(
+                "other",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("ref", Integer),
+                Column("ref2", Integer),
+                sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["ref", "ref2"], [tt.c.id, tt.c.id2]),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            Table(
+                "other",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("ref", ForeignKey(tt.c.id)),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        m2 = MetaData()
+
+        o2 = Table("other", m2, autoload_with=connection)
+        t1 = m2.tables[tablename]
+
+        assert o2.c.ref.references(t1.c[0])
+        if use_composite:
+            assert o2.c.ref2.references(t1.c[1])
+
+
+class QuotedNameArgumentTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_create_tables = "once"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "quote ' one",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer),
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("related_id", Integer),
+            sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id", name="pk quote ' one"),
+            sa.Index("ix quote ' one", "name"),
+            sa.UniqueConstraint(
+                "data",
+                name="uq quote' one",
+            ),
+            sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                ["id"], ["related.id"], name="fk quote ' one"
+            ),
+            sa.CheckConstraint("name != 'foo'", name="ck quote ' one"),
+            comment=r"""quote ' one comment""",
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.symbol_names_w_double_quote.enabled:
+            Table(
+                'quote " two',
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer),
+                Column("name", String(50)),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                Column("related_id", Integer),
+                sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id", name='pk quote " two'),
+                sa.Index('ix quote " two', "name"),
+                sa.UniqueConstraint(
+                    "data",
+                    name='uq quote" two',
+                ),
+                sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                    ["id"], ["related.id"], name='fk quote " two'
+                ),
+                sa.CheckConstraint("name != 'foo'", name='ck quote " two '),
+                comment=r"""quote " two comment""",
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+
+        Table(
+            "related",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("related", Integer),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            if testing.requires.symbol_names_w_double_quote.enabled:
+                names = [
+                    "quote ' one",
+                    'quote " two',
+                ]
+            else:
+                names = [
+                    "quote ' one",
+                ]
+            for name in names:
+                query = "CREATE VIEW %s AS SELECT * FROM %s" % (
+                    config.db.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(
+                        "view %s" % name
+                    ),
+                    config.db.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(name),
+                )
+
+                event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+                event.listen(
+                    metadata,
+                    "before_drop",
+                    DDL(
+                        "DROP VIEW %s"
+                        % config.db.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(
+                            "view %s" % name
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    def quote_fixtures(fn):
+        return testing.combinations(
+            ("quote ' one",),
+            ('quote " two', testing.requires.symbol_names_w_double_quote),
+        )(fn)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_table_options(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        if testing.requires.reflect_table_options.enabled:
+            res = insp.get_table_options(name)
+            is_true(isinstance(res, dict))
+        else:
+            with expect_raises(NotImplementedError):
+                res = insp.get_table_options(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_view_definition(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_view_definition("view %s" % name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_columns(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_columns(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_pk_constraint(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_pk_constraint(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_foreign_keys(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_foreign_keys(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_indexes(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_indexes(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_unique_constraints(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_unique_constraints(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    def test_get_table_comment(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_table_comment(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_check_constraints(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_check_constraints(name)
+
+
+def _multi_combination(fn):
+    schema = testing.combinations(
+        None,
+        (
+            lambda: config.test_schema,
+            testing.requires.schemas,
+        ),
+        argnames="schema",
+    )
+    scope = testing.combinations(
+        ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        ObjectScope.TEMPORARY,
+        ObjectScope.ANY,
+        argnames="scope",
+    )
+    kind = testing.combinations(
+        ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        ObjectKind.VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.ANY,
+        ObjectKind.ANY_VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW,
+        argnames="kind",
+    )
+    filter_names = testing.combinations(True, False, argnames="use_filter")
+
+    return schema(scope(kind(filter_names(fn))))
+
+
+class ComponentReflectionTest(ComparesTables, OneConnectionTablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, None)
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_reflected_tables(cls, metadata, schema):
+        if schema:
+            schema_prefix = schema + "."
+        else:
+            schema_prefix = ""
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            parent_id_args = (
+                ForeignKey(
+                    "%susers.user_id" % schema_prefix, name="user_id_fk"
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            parent_id_args = ()
+        users = Table(
+            "users",
+            metadata,
+            Column("user_id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column("test1", sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
+            Column("test2", sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+            Column("parent_user_id", sa.Integer, *parent_id_args),
+            sa.CheckConstraint(
+                "test2 > 0",
+                name="zz_test2_gt_zero",
+                comment="users check constraint",
+            ),
+            sa.CheckConstraint("test2 <= 1000"),
+            schema=schema,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "dingalings",
+            metadata,
+            Column("dingaling_id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(
+                "address_id",
+                sa.Integer,
+                ForeignKey(
+                    "%semail_addresses.address_id" % schema_prefix,
+                    name="zz_email_add_id_fg",
+                    comment="di fk comment",
+                ),
+            ),
+            Column(
+                "id_user",
+                sa.Integer,
+                ForeignKey("%susers.user_id" % schema_prefix),
+            ),
+            Column("data", sa.String(30), unique=True),
+            sa.CheckConstraint(
+                "address_id > 0 AND address_id < 1000",
+                name="address_id_gt_zero",
+            ),
+            sa.UniqueConstraint(
+                "address_id",
+                "dingaling_id",
+                name="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                comment="di unique comment",
+            ),
+            schema=schema,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "email_addresses",
+            metadata,
+            Column("address_id", sa.Integer),
+            Column("remote_user_id", sa.Integer, ForeignKey(users.c.user_id)),
+            Column("email_address", sa.String(20), index=True),
+            sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+                "address_id", name="email_ad_pk", comment="ea pk comment"
+            ),
+            schema=schema,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "comment_test",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True, comment="id comment"),
+            Column("data", sa.String(20), comment="data % comment"),
+            Column(
+                "d2",
+                sa.String(20),
+                comment=r"""Comment types type speedily ' " \ '' Fun!""",
+            ),
+            Column("d3", sa.String(42), comment="Comment\nwith\rescapes"),
+            schema=schema,
+            comment=r"""the test % ' " \ table comment""",
+        )
+        Table(
+            "no_constraints",
+            metadata,
+            Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+            schema=schema,
+            comment="no\nconstraints\rhas\fescaped\vcomment",
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection.enabled:
+            if schema is None:
+                Table(
+                    "local_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                    Column(
+                        "remote_id",
+                        ForeignKey(
+                            "%s.remote_table_2.id" % testing.config.test_schema
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                    schema=config.db.dialect.default_schema_name,
+                )
+            else:
+                Table(
+                    "remote_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column(
+                        "local_id",
+                        ForeignKey(
+                            "%s.local_table.id"
+                            % config.db.dialect.default_schema_name
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                    schema=schema,
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+                Table(
+                    "remote_table_2",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                    schema=schema,
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+
+        if testing.requires.index_reflection.enabled:
+            Index("users_t_idx", users.c.test1, users.c.test2, unique=True)
+            Index(
+                "users_all_idx", users.c.user_id, users.c.test2, users.c.test1
+            )
+
+            if not schema:
+                # test_needs_fk is at the moment to force MySQL InnoDB
+                noncol_idx_test_nopk = Table(
+                    "noncol_idx_test_nopk",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("q", sa.String(5)),
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+
+                noncol_idx_test_pk = Table(
+                    "noncol_idx_test_pk",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column("q", sa.String(5)),
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    testing.requires.indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+                    and testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+                ):
+                    Index("noncol_idx_nopk", noncol_idx_test_nopk.c.q.desc())
+                    Index("noncol_idx_pk", noncol_idx_test_pk.c.q.desc())
+
+        if testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_views(metadata, schema)
+        if not schema and testing.requires.temp_table_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_temp_tables(metadata)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def temp_table_name(cls):
+        return get_temp_table_name(
+            config, config.db, f"user_tmp_{config.ident}"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_temp_tables(cls, metadata):
+        kw = temp_table_keyword_args(config, config.db)
+        table_name = cls.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = Table(
+            table_name,
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", sa.VARCHAR(50)),
+            Column("foo", sa.INT),
+            # disambiguate temp table unique constraint names.  this is
+            # pretty arbitrary for a generic dialect however we are doing
+            # it to suit SQL Server which will produce name conflicts for
+            # unique constraints created against temp tables in different
+            # databases.
+            # https://www.arbinada.com/en/node/1645
+            sa.UniqueConstraint("name", name=f"user_tmp_uq_{config.ident}"),
+            sa.Index("user_tmp_ix", "foo"),
+            **kw,
+        )
+        if (
+            testing.requires.view_reflection.enabled
+            and testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled
+        ):
+            event.listen(
+                user_tmp,
+                "after_create",
+                DDL(
+                    "create temporary view user_tmp_v as "
+                    "select * from user_tmp_%s" % config.ident
+                ),
+            )
+            event.listen(user_tmp, "before_drop", DDL("drop view user_tmp_v"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_views(cls, metadata, schema):
+        if testing.requires.materialized_views.enabled:
+            materialized = {"dingalings"}
+        else:
+            materialized = set()
+        for table_name in ("users", "email_addresses", "dingalings"):
+            fullname = table_name
+            if schema:
+                fullname = f"{schema}.{table_name}"
+            view_name = fullname + "_v"
+            prefix = "MATERIALIZED " if table_name in materialized else ""
+            query = (
+                f"CREATE {prefix}VIEW {view_name} AS SELECT * FROM {fullname}"
+            )
+
+            event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+            if table_name in materialized:
+                index_name = "mat_index"
+                if schema and testing.against("oracle"):
+                    index_name = f"{schema}.{index_name}"
+                idx = f"CREATE INDEX {index_name} ON {view_name}(data)"
+                event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(idx))
+            event.listen(
+                metadata, "before_drop", DDL(f"DROP {prefix}VIEW {view_name}")
+            )
+
+    def _resolve_kind(self, kind, tables, views, materialized):
+        res = {}
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+            res.update(tables)
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            res.update(views)
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            res.update(materialized)
+        return res
+
+    def _resolve_views(self, views, materialized):
+        if not testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            materialized.clear()
+            views.clear()
+        elif not testing.requires.materialized_views.enabled:
+            views.update(materialized)
+            materialized.clear()
+
+    def _resolve_names(self, schema, scope, filter_names, values):
+        scope_filter = lambda _: True  # noqa: E731
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            scope_filter = lambda k: "tmp" not in k[1]  # noqa: E731
+        if scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            scope_filter = lambda k: "tmp" in k[1]  # noqa: E731
+
+        removed = {
+            None: {"remote_table", "remote_table_2"},
+            testing.config.test_schema: {
+                "local_table",
+                "noncol_idx_test_nopk",
+                "noncol_idx_test_pk",
+                "user_tmp_v",
+                self.temp_table_name(),
+            },
+        }
+        if not testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection.enabled:
+            removed[None].add("local_table")
+            removed[testing.config.test_schema].update(
+                ["remote_table", "remote_table_2"]
+            )
+        if not testing.requires.index_reflection.enabled:
+            removed[None].update(
+                ["noncol_idx_test_nopk", "noncol_idx_test_pk"]
+            )
+        if (
+            not testing.requires.temp_table_reflection.enabled
+            or not testing.requires.temp_table_names.enabled
+        ):
+            removed[None].update(["user_tmp_v", self.temp_table_name()])
+        if not testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled:
+            removed[None].update(["user_tmp_v"])
+
+        res = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in values.items()
+            if scope_filter(k)
+            and k[1] not in removed[schema]
+            and (not filter_names or k[1] in filter_names)
+        }
+        return res
+
+    def exp_options(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): mock.ANY}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "users_v"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): mock.ANY,
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "dingalings"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "comment_test"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "local_table"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "remote_table"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): mock.ANY,
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exp_comments(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        empty = {"text": None}
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): empty}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "users_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): empty,
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): empty,
+            (schema, "dingalings"): empty,
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): empty,
+            (schema, "comment_test"): {
+                "text": r"""the test % ' " \ table comment"""
+            },
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): {
+                "text": "no\nconstraints\rhas\fescaped\vcomment"
+            },
+            (schema, "local_table"): empty,
+            (schema, "remote_table"): empty,
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): empty,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): empty,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): empty,
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): empty,
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exp_columns(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        def col(
+            name, auto=False, default=mock.ANY, comment=None, nullable=True
+        ):
+            res = {
+                "name": name,
+                "autoincrement": auto,
+                "type": mock.ANY,
+                "default": default,
+                "comment": comment,
+                "nullable": nullable,
+            }
+            if auto == "omit":
+                res.pop("autoincrement")
+            return res
+
+        def pk(name, **kw):
+            kw = {"auto": True, "default": mock.ANY, "nullable": False, **kw}
+            return col(name, **kw)
+
+        materialized = {
+            (schema, "dingalings_v"): [
+                col("dingaling_id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("address_id"),
+                col("id_user"),
+                col("data"),
+            ]
+        }
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [
+                col("address_id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("remote_user_id"),
+                col("email_address"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [
+                col("user_id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("test1", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("test2", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("parent_user_id"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [
+                col("id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("name"),
+                col("foo"),
+            ],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                pk("user_id"),
+                col("test1", nullable=False),
+                col("test2", nullable=False),
+                col("parent_user_id"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                pk("dingaling_id"),
+                col("address_id"),
+                col("id_user"),
+                col("data"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [
+                pk("address_id"),
+                col("remote_user_id"),
+                col("email_address"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [
+                pk("id", comment="id comment"),
+                col("data", comment="data % comment"),
+                col(
+                    "d2",
+                    comment=r"""Comment types type speedily ' " \ '' Fun!""",
+                ),
+                col("d3", comment="Comment\nwith\rescapes"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [col("data")],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [pk("id"), col("data"), col("remote_id")],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [pk("id"), col("local_id"), col("data")],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [pk("id"), col("data")],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [col("q")],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [pk("id"), col("q")],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [
+                pk("id"),
+                col("name"),
+                col("foo"),
+            ],
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_column_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "type", "nullable", "default"}
+
+    def exp_pks(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        def pk(*cols, name=mock.ANY, comment=None):
+            return {
+                "constrained_columns": list(cols),
+                "name": name,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+
+        empty = pk(name=None)
+        if testing.requires.materialized_views_reflect_pk.enabled:
+            materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): pk("dingaling_id")}
+        else:
+            materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): empty}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "users_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): empty,
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): pk("user_id"),
+            (schema, "dingalings"): pk("dingaling_id"),
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): pk(
+                "address_id", name="email_ad_pk", comment="ea pk comment"
+            ),
+            (schema, "comment_test"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): empty,
+            (schema, "local_table"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "remote_table"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): empty,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): pk("id"),
+        }
+        if not testing.requires.reflects_pk_names.enabled:
+            for val in tables.values():
+                if val["name"] is not None:
+                    val["name"] = mock.ANY
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_pk_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "constrained_columns"}
+
+    def exp_fks(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        class tt:
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return (
+                    other is None
+                    or config.db.dialect.default_schema_name == other
+                )
+
+        def fk(
+            cols,
+            ref_col,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_schema=schema,
+            name=mock.ANY,
+            comment=None,
+        ):
+            return {
+                "constrained_columns": cols,
+                "referred_columns": ref_col,
+                "name": name,
+                "options": mock.ANY,
+                "referred_schema": (
+                    ref_schema if ref_schema is not None else tt()
+                ),
+                "referred_table": ref_table,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                fk(["parent_user_id"], ["user_id"], "users", name="user_id_fk")
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                fk(["id_user"], ["user_id"], "users"),
+                fk(
+                    ["address_id"],
+                    ["address_id"],
+                    "email_addresses",
+                    name="zz_email_add_id_fg",
+                    comment="di fk comment",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [
+                fk(["remote_user_id"], ["user_id"], "users")
+            ],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [
+                fk(
+                    ["remote_id"],
+                    ["id"],
+                    "remote_table_2",
+                    ref_schema=config.test_schema,
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [
+                fk(["local_id"], ["id"], "local_table", ref_schema=None)
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [],
+        }
+        if not testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            tables[(schema, "users")].clear()
+        if not testing.requires.named_constraints.enabled:
+            for vals in tables.values():
+                for val in vals:
+                    if val["name"] is not mock.ANY:
+                        val["name"] = mock.ANY
+
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_fk_keys(self):
+        return {
+            "name",
+            "constrained_columns",
+            "referred_schema",
+            "referred_table",
+            "referred_columns",
+        }
+
+    def exp_indexes(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        def idx(
+            *cols,
+            name,
+            unique=False,
+            column_sorting=None,
+            duplicates=False,
+            fk=False,
+        ):
+            fk_req = testing.requires.foreign_keys_reflect_as_index
+            dup_req = testing.requires.unique_constraints_reflect_as_index
+            sorting_expression = (
+                testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc_as_expression
+            )
+
+            if (fk and not fk_req.enabled) or (
+                duplicates and not dup_req.enabled
+            ):
+                return ()
+            res = {
+                "unique": unique,
+                "column_names": list(cols),
+                "name": name,
+                "dialect_options": mock.ANY,
+                "include_columns": [],
+            }
+            if column_sorting:
+                res["column_sorting"] = column_sorting
+                if sorting_expression.enabled:
+                    res["expressions"] = orig = res["column_names"]
+                    res["column_names"] = [
+                        None if c in column_sorting else c for c in orig
+                    ]
+
+            if duplicates:
+                res["duplicates_constraint"] = name
+            return [res]
+
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        if materialized:
+            materialized[(schema, "dingalings_v")].extend(
+                idx("data", name="mat_index")
+            )
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                *idx("parent_user_id", name="user_id_fk", fk=True),
+                *idx("user_id", "test2", "test1", name="users_all_idx"),
+                *idx("test1", "test2", name="users_t_idx", unique=True),
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                *idx("data", name=mock.ANY, unique=True, duplicates=True),
+                *idx("id_user", name=mock.ANY, fk=True),
+                *idx(
+                    "address_id",
+                    "dingaling_id",
+                    name="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                    unique=True,
+                    duplicates=True,
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [
+                *idx("email_address", name=mock.ANY),
+                *idx("remote_user_id", name=mock.ANY, fk=True),
+            ],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [
+                *idx("remote_id", name=mock.ANY, fk=True)
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [
+                *idx("local_id", name=mock.ANY, fk=True)
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [
+                *idx(
+                    "q",
+                    name="noncol_idx_nopk",
+                    column_sorting={"q": ("desc",)},
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [
+                *idx(
+                    "q", name="noncol_idx_pk", column_sorting={"q": ("desc",)}
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [
+                *idx("foo", name="user_tmp_ix"),
+                *idx(
+                    "name",
+                    name=f"user_tmp_uq_{config.ident}",
+                    duplicates=True,
+                    unique=True,
+                ),
+            ],
+        }
+        if (
+            not testing.requires.indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+            or not testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+        ):
+            tables[(schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk")].clear()
+            tables[(schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk")].clear()
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_index_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "column_names", "unique"}
+
+    def exp_ucs(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+        all_=False,
+    ):
+        def uc(
+            *cols, name, duplicates_index=None, is_index=False, comment=None
+        ):
+            req = testing.requires.unique_index_reflect_as_unique_constraints
+            if is_index and not req.enabled:
+                return ()
+            res = {
+                "column_names": list(cols),
+                "name": name,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            if duplicates_index:
+                res["duplicates_index"] = duplicates_index
+            return [res]
+
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                *uc(
+                    "test1",
+                    "test2",
+                    name="users_t_idx",
+                    duplicates_index="users_t_idx",
+                    is_index=True,
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                *uc("data", name=mock.ANY, duplicates_index=mock.ANY),
+                *uc(
+                    "address_id",
+                    "dingaling_id",
+                    name="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                    duplicates_index="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                    comment="di unique comment",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [
+                *uc("name", name=f"user_tmp_uq_{config.ident}")
+            ],
+        }
+        if all_:
+            return {**materialized, **views, **tables}
+        else:
+            res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+            res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+            return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_unique_cst_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "column_names"}
+
+    def exp_ccs(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        class tt(str):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                res = (
+                    other.lower()
+                    .replace("(", "")
+                    .replace(")", "")
+                    .replace("`", "")
+                )
+                return self in res
+
+        def cc(text, name, comment=None):
+            return {"sqltext": tt(text), "name": name, "comment": comment}
+
+        # print({1: "test2 > (0)::double precision"} == {1: tt("test2 > 0")})
+        # assert 0
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                cc("test2 <= 1000", mock.ANY),
+                cc(
+                    "test2 > 0",
+                    "zz_test2_gt_zero",
+                    comment="users check constraint",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                cc(
+                    "address_id > 0 and address_id < 1000",
+                    name="address_id_gt_zero",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [],
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_cc_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "sqltext"}
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_schema_names(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(testing.config.test_schema in insp.get_schema_names())
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_has_schema(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(insp.has_schema(testing.config.test_schema))
+        is_false(insp.has_schema("sa_fake_schema_foo"))
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_schema_names_w_translate_map(self, connection):
+        """test #7300"""
+
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={
+                "foo": "bar",
+                BLANK_SCHEMA: testing.config.test_schema,
+            }
+        )
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(testing.config.test_schema in insp.get_schema_names())
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_has_schema_w_translate_map(self, connection):
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={
+                "foo": "bar",
+                BLANK_SCHEMA: testing.config.test_schema,
+            }
+        )
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(insp.has_schema(testing.config.test_schema))
+        is_false(insp.has_schema("sa_fake_schema_foo"))
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schema_create_delete
+    def test_schema_cache(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_false("foo_bar" in insp.get_schema_names())
+        is_false(insp.has_schema("foo_bar"))
+        connection.execute(DDL("CREATE SCHEMA foo_bar"))
+        try:
+            is_false("foo_bar" in insp.get_schema_names())
+            is_false(insp.has_schema("foo_bar"))
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            is_true("foo_bar" in insp.get_schema_names())
+            is_true(insp.has_schema("foo_bar"))
+        finally:
+            connection.execute(DDL("DROP SCHEMA foo_bar"))
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_dialect_initialize(self):
+        engine = engines.testing_engine()
+        inspect(engine)
+        assert hasattr(engine.dialect, "default_schema_name")
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.default_schema_name, connection.dialect.default_schema_name)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        None,
+        ("foreign_key", testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection),
+        argnames="order_by",
+    )
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), False, argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_table_names(self, connection, order_by, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        _ignore_tables = {
+            "comment_test",
+            "noncol_idx_test_pk",
+            "noncol_idx_test_nopk",
+            "local_table",
+            "remote_table",
+            "remote_table_2",
+            "no_constraints",
+        }
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        if order_by:
+            tables = [
+                rec[0]
+                for rec in insp.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(schema)
+                if rec[0]
+            ]
+        else:
+            tables = insp.get_table_names(schema)
+        table_names = [t for t in tables if t not in _ignore_tables]
+
+        if order_by == "foreign_key":
+            answer = ["users", "email_addresses", "dingalings"]
+            eq_(table_names, answer)
+        else:
+            answer = ["dingalings", "email_addresses", "users"]
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), False, argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_view_names(self, connection, use_schema):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        table_names = insp.get_view_names(schema)
+        if testing.requires.materialized_views.enabled:
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), ["email_addresses_v", "users_v"])
+            eq_(insp.get_materialized_view_names(schema), ["dingalings_v"])
+        else:
+            answer = ["dingalings_v", "email_addresses_v", "users_v"]
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_names
+    def test_get_temp_table_names(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        temp_table_names = insp.get_temp_table_names()
+        eq_(sorted(temp_table_names), [f"user_tmp_{config.ident}"])
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_get_temp_view_names(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        temp_table_names = insp.get_temp_view_names()
+        eq_(sorted(temp_table_names), ["user_tmp_v"])
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    def test_get_comments(self, connection):
+        self._test_get_comments(connection)
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_comments_with_schema(self, connection):
+        self._test_get_comments(connection, testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    def _test_get_comments(self, connection, schema=None):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        exp = self.exp_comments(schema=schema)
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment("comment_test", schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, "comment_test")],
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment("users", schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, "users")],
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment("comment_test", schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, "comment_test")],
+        )
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment(no_cst, schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, no_cst)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False, False),
+        (False, True, testing.requires.schemas),
+        (True, False, testing.requires.view_reflection),
+        (
+            True,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.schemas + testing.requires.view_reflection,
+        ),
+        argnames="use_views,use_schema",
+    )
+    def test_get_columns(self, connection, use_views, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        users, addresses = (self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses)
+        if use_views:
+            table_names = ["users_v", "email_addresses_v", "dingalings_v"]
+        else:
+            table_names = ["users", "email_addresses"]
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        for table_name, table in zip(table_names, (users, addresses)):
+            schema_name = schema
+            cols = insp.get_columns(table_name, schema=schema_name)
+            is_true(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+            # should be in order
+
+            for i, col in enumerate(table.columns):
+                eq_(col.name, cols[i]["name"])
+                ctype = cols[i]["type"].__class__
+                ctype_def = col.type
+                if isinstance(ctype_def, sa.types.TypeEngine):
+                    ctype_def = ctype_def.__class__
+
+                # Oracle returns Date for DateTime.
+
+                if testing.against("oracle") and ctype_def in (
+                    sql_types.Date,
+                    sql_types.DateTime,
+                ):
+                    ctype_def = sql_types.Date
+
+                # assert that the desired type and return type share
+                # a base within one of the generic types.
+
+                is_true(
+                    len(
+                        set(ctype.__mro__)
+                        .intersection(ctype_def.__mro__)
+                        .intersection(
+                            [
+                                sql_types.Integer,
+                                sql_types.Numeric,
+                                sql_types.DateTime,
+                                sql_types.Date,
+                                sql_types.Time,
+                                sql_types.String,
+                                sql_types._Binary,
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    )
+                    > 0,
+                    "%s(%s), %s(%s)"
+                    % (col.name, col.type, cols[i]["name"], ctype),
+                )
+
+                if not col.primary_key:
+                    assert cols[i]["default"] is None
+
+        # The case of a table with no column
+        # is tested below in TableNoColumnsTest
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    def test_reflect_table_temp_table(self, connection):
+        table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = self.tables[table_name]
+
+        reflected_user_tmp = Table(
+            table_name, MetaData(), autoload_with=connection
+        )
+        self.assert_tables_equal(
+            user_tmp, reflected_user_tmp, strict_constraints=False
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_columns(self, connection):
+        table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = self.tables[table_name]
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        cols = insp.get_columns(table_name)
+        is_true(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+        for i, col in enumerate(user_tmp.columns):
+            eq_(col.name, cols[i]["name"])
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_get_temp_view_columns(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        cols = insp.get_columns("user_tmp_v")
+        eq_([col["name"] for col in cols], ["id", "name", "foo"])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_pk_constraint(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = testing.config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        users, addresses = self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        exp = self.exp_pks(schema=schema)
+
+        users_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(users.name, schema=schema)
+        self._check_list(
+            [users_cons], [exp[(schema, users.name)]], self._required_pk_keys
+        )
+
+        addr_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(addresses.name, schema=schema)
+        exp_cols = exp[(schema, addresses.name)]["constrained_columns"]
+        eq_(addr_cons["constrained_columns"], exp_cols)
+
+        with testing.requires.reflects_pk_names.fail_if():
+            eq_(addr_cons["name"], "email_ad_pk")
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        self._check_list(
+            [insp.get_pk_constraint(no_cst, schema=schema)],
+            [exp[(schema, no_cst)]],
+            self._required_pk_keys,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_foreign_keys(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        users, addresses = (self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        expected_schema = schema
+        # users
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            users_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(users.name, schema=schema)
+            fkey1 = users_fkeys[0]
+
+            with testing.requires.named_constraints.fail_if():
+                eq_(fkey1["name"], "user_id_fk")
+
+            eq_(fkey1["referred_schema"], expected_schema)
+            eq_(fkey1["referred_table"], users.name)
+            eq_(fkey1["referred_columns"], ["user_id"])
+            eq_(fkey1["constrained_columns"], ["parent_user_id"])
+
+        # addresses
+        addr_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(addresses.name, schema=schema)
+        fkey1 = addr_fkeys[0]
+
+        with testing.requires.implicitly_named_constraints.fail_if():
+            is_true(fkey1["name"] is not None)
+
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_schema"], expected_schema)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_table"], users.name)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_columns"], ["user_id"])
+        eq_(fkey1["constrained_columns"], ["remote_user_id"])
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        eq_(insp.get_foreign_keys(no_cst, schema=schema), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_inter_schema_foreign_keys(self, connection):
+        local_table, remote_table, remote_table_2 = self.tables(
+            "%s.local_table" % connection.dialect.default_schema_name,
+            "%s.remote_table" % testing.config.test_schema,
+            "%s.remote_table_2" % testing.config.test_schema,
+        )
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        local_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(local_table.name)
+        eq_(len(local_fkeys), 1)
+
+        fkey1 = local_fkeys[0]
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_schema"], testing.config.test_schema)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_table"], remote_table_2.name)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_columns"], ["id"])
+        eq_(fkey1["constrained_columns"], ["remote_id"])
+
+        remote_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(
+            remote_table.name, schema=testing.config.test_schema
+        )
+        eq_(len(remote_fkeys), 1)
+
+        fkey2 = remote_fkeys[0]
+
+        is_true(
+            fkey2["referred_schema"]
+            in (
+                None,
+                connection.dialect.default_schema_name,
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(fkey2["referred_table"], local_table.name)
+        eq_(fkey2["referred_columns"], ["id"])
+        eq_(fkey2["constrained_columns"], ["local_id"])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    def test_get_indexes(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        # The database may decide to create indexes for foreign keys, etc.
+        # so there may be more indexes than expected.
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes("users", schema=schema)
+        exp = self.exp_indexes(schema=schema)
+        self._check_list(
+            indexes, exp[(schema, "users")], self._required_index_keys
+        )
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        self._check_list(
+            insp.get_indexes(no_cst, schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, no_cst)],
+            self._required_index_keys,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("noncol_idx_test_nopk", "noncol_idx_nopk"),
+        ("noncol_idx_test_pk", "noncol_idx_pk"),
+        argnames="tname,ixname",
+    )
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    @testing.requires.indexes_with_ascdesc
+    @testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc
+    def test_get_noncol_index(self, connection, tname, ixname):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes(tname)
+        # reflecting an index that has "x DESC" in it as the column.
+        # the DB may or may not give us "x", but make sure we get the index
+        # back, it has a name, it's connected to the table.
+        expected_indexes = self.exp_indexes()[(None, tname)]
+        self._check_list(indexes, expected_indexes, self._required_index_keys)
+
+        t = Table(tname, MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(len(t.indexes), 1)
+        is_(list(t.indexes)[0].table, t)
+        eq_(list(t.indexes)[0].name, ixname)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_unique_constraints(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        name = self.temp_table_name()
+        reflected = insp.get_unique_constraints(name)
+        exp = self.exp_ucs(all_=True)[(None, name)]
+        self._check_list(reflected, exp, self._required_index_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflect_indexes
+    def test_get_temp_table_indexes(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes(table_name)
+        for ind in indexes:
+            ind.pop("dialect_options", None)
+        expected = [
+            {"unique": False, "column_names": ["foo"], "name": "user_tmp_ix"}
+        ]
+        if testing.requires.index_reflects_included_columns.enabled:
+            expected[0]["include_columns"] = []
+        eq_(
+            [idx for idx in indexes if idx["name"] == "user_tmp_ix"],
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), (False,), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_unique_constraints(self, metadata, connection, use_schema):
+        # SQLite dialect needs to parse the names of the constraints
+        # separately from what it gets from PRAGMA index_list(), and
+        # then matches them up.  so same set of column_names in two
+        # constraints will confuse it.    Perhaps we should no longer
+        # bother with index_list() here since we have the whole
+        # CREATE TABLE?
+
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        uniques = sorted(
+            [
+                {"name": "unique_a", "column_names": ["a"]},
+                {"name": "unique_a_b_c", "column_names": ["a", "b", "c"]},
+                {"name": "unique_c_a_b", "column_names": ["c", "a", "b"]},
+                {"name": "unique_asc_key", "column_names": ["asc", "key"]},
+                {"name": "i.have.dots", "column_names": ["b"]},
+                {"name": "i have spaces", "column_names": ["c"]},
+            ],
+            key=operator.itemgetter("name"),
+        )
+        table = Table(
+            "testtbl",
+            metadata,
+            Column("a", sa.String(20)),
+            Column("b", sa.String(30)),
+            Column("c", sa.Integer),
+            # reserved identifiers
+            Column("asc", sa.String(30)),
+            Column("key", sa.String(30)),
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+        for uc in uniques:
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa.UniqueConstraint(*uc["column_names"], name=uc["name"])
+            )
+        table.create(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        reflected = sorted(
+            insp.get_unique_constraints("testtbl", schema=schema),
+            key=operator.itemgetter("name"),
+        )
+
+        names_that_duplicate_index = set()
+
+        eq_(len(uniques), len(reflected))
+
+        for orig, refl in zip(uniques, reflected):
+            # Different dialects handle duplicate index and constraints
+            # differently, so ignore this flag
+            dupe = refl.pop("duplicates_index", None)
+            if dupe:
+                names_that_duplicate_index.add(dupe)
+            eq_(refl.pop("comment", None), None)
+            eq_(orig, refl)
+
+        reflected_metadata = MetaData()
+        reflected = Table(
+            "testtbl",
+            reflected_metadata,
+            autoload_with=connection,
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+
+        # test "deduplicates for index" logic.   MySQL and Oracle
+        # "unique constraints" are actually unique indexes (with possible
+        # exception of a unique that is a dupe of another one in the case
+        # of Oracle).  make sure # they aren't duplicated.
+        idx_names = {idx.name for idx in reflected.indexes}
+        uq_names = {
+            uq.name
+            for uq in reflected.constraints
+            if isinstance(uq, sa.UniqueConstraint)
+        }.difference(["unique_c_a_b"])
+
+        assert not idx_names.intersection(uq_names)
+        if names_that_duplicate_index:
+            eq_(names_that_duplicate_index, idx_names)
+            eq_(uq_names, set())
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        eq_(insp.get_unique_constraints(no_cst, schema=schema), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_view_definition(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        for view in ["users_v", "email_addresses_v", "dingalings_v"]:
+            v = insp.get_view_definition(view, schema=schema)
+            is_true(bool(v))
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    def test_get_view_definition_does_not_exist(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        with expect_raises(NoSuchTableError):
+            insp.get_view_definition("view_does_not_exist")
+        with expect_raises(NoSuchTableError):
+            insp.get_view_definition("users")  # a table
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_autoincrement_col(self, connection):
+        """test that 'autoincrement' is reflected according to sqla's policy.
+
+        Don't mark this test as unsupported for any backend !
+
+        (technically it fails with MySQL InnoDB since "id" comes before "id2")
+
+        A backend is better off not returning "autoincrement" at all,
+        instead of potentially returning "False" for an auto-incrementing
+        primary key column.
+
+        """
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        for tname, cname in [
+            ("users", "user_id"),
+            ("email_addresses", "address_id"),
+            ("dingalings", "dingaling_id"),
+        ]:
+            cols = insp.get_columns(tname)
+            id_ = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}[cname]
+            assert id_.get("autoincrement", True)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), (False,), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_table_options(self, use_schema):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        schema = config.test_schema if use_schema else None
+
+        if testing.requires.reflect_table_options.enabled:
+            res = insp.get_table_options("users", schema=schema)
+            is_true(isinstance(res, dict))
+            # NOTE: can't really create a table with no option
+            res = insp.get_table_options("no_constraints", schema=schema)
+            is_true(isinstance(res, dict))
+        else:
+            with expect_raises(NotImplementedError):
+                res = insp.get_table_options("users", schema=schema)
+
+    @testing.combinations((True, testing.requires.schemas), False)
+    def test_multi_get_table_options(self, use_schema):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        if testing.requires.reflect_table_options.enabled:
+            schema = config.test_schema if use_schema else None
+            res = insp.get_multi_table_options(schema=schema)
+
+            exp = {
+                (schema, table): insp.get_table_options(table, schema=schema)
+                for table in insp.get_table_names(schema=schema)
+            }
+            eq_(res, exp)
+        else:
+            with expect_raises(NotImplementedError):
+                res = insp.get_multi_table_options()
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def get_multi_exp(self, connection):
+        def provide_fixture(
+            schema, scope, kind, use_filter, single_reflect_fn, exp_method
+        ):
+            insp = inspect(connection)
+            # call the reflection function at least once to avoid
+            # "Unexpected success" errors if the result is actually empty
+            # and NotImplementedError is not raised
+            single_reflect_fn(insp, "email_addresses")
+            kw = {"scope": scope, "kind": kind}
+            if schema:
+                schema = schema()
+
+            filter_names = []
+
+            if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+                filter_names.extend(
+                    ["comment_test", "users", "does-not-exist"]
+                )
+            if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+                filter_names.extend(["email_addresses_v", "does-not-exist"])
+            if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+                filter_names.extend(["dingalings_v", "does-not-exist"])
+
+            if schema:
+                kw["schema"] = schema
+            if use_filter:
+                kw["filter_names"] = filter_names
+
+            exp = exp_method(
+                schema=schema,
+                scope=scope,
+                kind=kind,
+                filter_names=kw.get("filter_names"),
+            )
+            kws = [kw]
+            if scope == ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+                nkw = kw.copy()
+                nkw.pop("scope")
+                kws.append(nkw)
+            if kind == ObjectKind.TABLE:
+                nkw = kw.copy()
+                nkw.pop("kind")
+                kws.append(nkw)
+
+            return inspect(connection), kws, exp
+
+        return provide_fixture
+
+    @testing.requires.reflect_table_options
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_multi_get_table_options_tables(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_table_options,
+            self.exp_options,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_table_options(**kw)
+            eq_(result, exp)
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_table_comment(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_table_comment,
+            self.exp_comments,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            eq_(insp.get_multi_table_comment(**kw), exp)
+
+    def _check_expressions(self, result, exp, err_msg):
+        def _clean(text: str):
+            return re.sub(r"['\" ]", "", text).lower()
+
+        if isinstance(exp, dict):
+            eq_({_clean(e): v for e, v in result.items()}, exp, err_msg)
+        else:
+            eq_([_clean(e) for e in result], exp, err_msg)
+
+    def _check_list(self, result, exp, req_keys=None, msg=None):
+        if req_keys is None:
+            eq_(result, exp, msg)
+        else:
+            eq_(len(result), len(exp), msg)
+            for r, e in zip(result, exp):
+                for k in set(r) | set(e):
+                    if k in req_keys or (k in r and k in e):
+                        err_msg = f"{msg} - {k} - {r}"
+                        if k in ("expressions", "column_sorting"):
+                            self._check_expressions(r[k], e[k], err_msg)
+                        else:
+                            eq_(r[k], e[k], err_msg)
+
+    def _check_table_dict(self, result, exp, req_keys=None, make_lists=False):
+        eq_(set(result.keys()), set(exp.keys()))
+        for k in result:
+            r, e = result[k], exp[k]
+            if make_lists:
+                r, e = [r], [e]
+            self._check_list(r, e, req_keys, k)
+
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_columns(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_columns,
+            self.exp_columns,
+        )
+
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_columns(**kw)
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_column_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_pk_constraint,
+            self.exp_pks,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_pk_constraint(**kw)
+            self._check_table_dict(
+                result, exp, self._required_pk_keys, make_lists=True
+            )
+
+    def _adjust_sort(self, result, expected, key):
+        if not testing.requires.implicitly_named_constraints.enabled:
+            for obj in [result, expected]:
+                for val in obj.values():
+                    if len(val) > 1 and any(
+                        v.get("name") in (None, mock.ANY) for v in val
+                    ):
+                        val.sort(key=key)
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_foreign_keys,
+            self.exp_fks,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_foreign_keys(**kw)
+            self._adjust_sort(
+                result, exp, lambda d: tuple(d["constrained_columns"])
+            )
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_fk_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_indexes(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_indexes,
+            self.exp_indexes,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_indexes(**kw)
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_index_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_unique_constraints,
+            self.exp_ucs,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_unique_constraints(**kw)
+            self._adjust_sort(result, exp, lambda d: tuple(d["column_names"]))
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_unique_cst_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_check_constraints,
+            self.exp_ccs,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_check_constraints(**kw)
+            self._adjust_sort(result, exp, lambda d: tuple(d["sqltext"]))
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_cc_keys)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("get_table_options", testing.requires.reflect_table_options),
+        "get_columns",
+        (
+            "get_pk_constraint",
+            testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        (
+            "get_foreign_keys",
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        ("get_indexes", testing.requires.index_reflection),
+        (
+            "get_unique_constraints",
+            testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        (
+            "get_check_constraints",
+            testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        ("get_table_comment", testing.requires.comment_reflection),
+        argnames="method",
+    )
+    def test_not_existing_table(self, method, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        meth = getattr(insp, method)
+        with expect_raises(NoSuchTableError):
+            meth("table_does_not_exists")
+
+    def test_unreflectable(self, connection):
+        mc = Inspector.get_multi_columns
+
+        def patched(*a, **k):
+            ur = k.setdefault("unreflectable", {})
+            ur[(None, "some_table")] = UnreflectableTableError("err")
+            return mc(*a, **k)
+
+        with mock.patch.object(Inspector, "get_multi_columns", patched):
+            with expect_raises_message(UnreflectableTableError, "err"):
+                inspect(connection).reflect_table(
+                    Table("some_table", MetaData()), None
+                )
+
+    @testing.combinations(True, False, argnames="use_schema")
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.views), False, argnames="views"
+    )
+    def test_metadata(self, connection, use_schema, views):
+        m = MetaData()
+        schema = config.test_schema if use_schema else None
+        m.reflect(connection, schema=schema, views=views, resolve_fks=False)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        tables = insp.get_table_names(schema)
+        if views:
+            tables += insp.get_view_names(schema)
+            try:
+                tables += insp.get_materialized_view_names(schema)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+        if schema:
+            tables = [f"{schema}.{t}" for t in tables]
+        eq_(sorted(m.tables), sorted(tables))
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    def test_comments_unicode(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "unicode_comments",
+            metadata,
+            Column("unicode", Integer, comment="é試蛇ẟΩ"),
+            Column("emoji", Integer, comment="☁️✨"),
+            comment="試蛇ẟΩ✨",
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        tc = insp.get_table_comment("unicode_comments")
+        eq_(tc, {"text": "試蛇ẟΩ✨"})
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("unicode_comments")
+        value = {c["name"]: c["comment"] for c in cols}
+        exp = {"unicode": "é試蛇ẟΩ", "emoji": "☁️✨"}
+        eq_(value, exp)
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection_full_unicode
+    def test_comments_unicode_full(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "unicode_comments",
+            metadata,
+            Column("emoji", Integer, comment="🐍🧙🝝🧙‍♂️🧙‍♀️"),
+            comment="🎩🁰🝑🤷‍♀️🤷‍♂️",
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        tc = insp.get_table_comment("unicode_comments")
+        eq_(tc, {"text": "🎩🁰🝑🤷‍♀️🤷‍♂️"})
+        c = insp.get_columns("unicode_comments")[0]
+        eq_({c["name"]: c["comment"]}, {"emoji": "🐍🧙🝝🧙‍♂️🧙‍♀️"})
+
+
+class TableNoColumnsTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("reflect_tables_no_columns",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def table_no_columns(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table("empty", metadata)
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def view_no_columns(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table("empty", metadata)
+        event.listen(
+            metadata,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("CREATE VIEW empty_v AS SELECT * FROM empty"),
+        )
+
+        # for transactional DDL the transaction is rolled back before this
+        # drop statement is invoked
+        event.listen(
+            metadata, "before_drop", DDL("DROP VIEW IF EXISTS empty_v")
+        )
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+    def test_reflect_table_no_columns(self, connection, table_no_columns):
+        t2 = Table("empty", MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(list(t2.c), [])
+
+    def test_get_columns_table_no_columns(self, connection, table_no_columns):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.get_columns("empty"), [])
+        multi = insp.get_multi_columns()
+        eq_(multi, {(None, "empty"): []})
+
+    def test_reflect_incl_table_no_columns(self, connection, table_no_columns):
+        m = MetaData()
+        m.reflect(connection)
+        assert set(m.tables).intersection(["empty"])
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    def test_reflect_view_no_columns(self, connection, view_no_columns):
+        t2 = Table("empty_v", MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(list(t2.c), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    def test_get_columns_view_no_columns(self, connection, view_no_columns):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.get_columns("empty_v"), [])
+        multi = insp.get_multi_columns(kind=ObjectKind.VIEW)
+        eq_(multi, {(None, "empty_v"): []})
+
+
+class ComponentReflectionTestExtra(ComparesIndexes, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), (False,), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_check_constraints(self, metadata, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        Table(
+            "sa_cc",
+            metadata,
+            Column("a", Integer()),
+            sa.CheckConstraint("a > 1 AND a < 5", name="cc1"),
+            sa.CheckConstraint(
+                "a = 1 OR (a > 2 AND a < 5)", name="UsesCasing"
+            ),
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "no_constraints",
+            metadata,
+            Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        reflected = sorted(
+            insp.get_check_constraints("sa_cc", schema=schema),
+            key=operator.itemgetter("name"),
+        )
+
+        # trying to minimize effect of quoting, parenthesis, etc.
+        # may need to add more to this as new dialects get CHECK
+        # constraint reflection support
+        def normalize(sqltext):
+            return " ".join(
+                re.findall(r"and|\d|=|a|or|<|>", sqltext.lower(), re.I)
+            )
+
+        reflected = [
+            {"name": item["name"], "sqltext": normalize(item["sqltext"])}
+            for item in reflected
+        ]
+        eq_(
+            reflected,
+            [
+                {"name": "UsesCasing", "sqltext": "a = 1 or a > 2 and a < 5"},
+                {"name": "cc1", "sqltext": "a > 1 and a < 5"},
+            ],
+        )
+        no_cst = "no_constraints"
+        eq_(insp.get_check_constraints(no_cst, schema=schema), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.indexes_with_expressions
+    def test_reflect_expression_based_indexes(self, metadata, connection):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("x", String(30)),
+            Column("y", String(30)),
+            Column("z", String(30)),
+        )
+
+        Index("t_idx", func.lower(t.c.x), t.c.z, func.lower(t.c.y))
+        long_str = "long string " * 100
+        Index("t_idx_long", func.coalesce(t.c.x, long_str))
+        Index("t_idx_2", t.c.x)
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        expected = [
+            {
+                "name": "t_idx_2",
+                "column_names": ["x"],
+                "unique": False,
+                "dialect_options": {},
+            }
+        ]
+
+        def completeIndex(entry):
+            if testing.requires.index_reflects_included_columns.enabled:
+                entry["include_columns"] = []
+                entry["dialect_options"] = {
+                    f"{connection.engine.name}_include": []
+                }
+            else:
+                entry.setdefault("dialect_options", {})
+
+        completeIndex(expected[0])
+
+        class lower_index_str(str):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                ol = other.lower()
+                # test that lower and x or y are in the string
+                return "lower" in ol and ("x" in ol or "y" in ol)
+
+        class coalesce_index_str(str):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                # test that coalesce and the string is in other
+                return "coalesce" in other.lower() and long_str in other
+
+        if testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_expressions.enabled:
+            expr_index = {
+                "name": "t_idx",
+                "column_names": [None, "z", None],
+                "expressions": [
+                    lower_index_str("lower(x)"),
+                    "z",
+                    lower_index_str("lower(y)"),
+                ],
+                "unique": False,
+            }
+            completeIndex(expr_index)
+            expected.insert(0, expr_index)
+
+            expr_index_long = {
+                "name": "t_idx_long",
+                "column_names": [None],
+                "expressions": [
+                    coalesce_index_str(f"coalesce(x, '{long_str}')")
+                ],
+                "unique": False,
+            }
+            completeIndex(expr_index_long)
+            expected.append(expr_index_long)
+
+            eq_(insp.get_indexes("t"), expected)
+            m2 = MetaData()
+            t2 = Table("t", m2, autoload_with=connection)
+        else:
+            with expect_warnings(
+                "Skipped unsupported reflection of expression-based "
+                "index t_idx"
+            ):
+                eq_(insp.get_indexes("t"), expected)
+                m2 = MetaData()
+                t2 = Table("t", m2, autoload_with=connection)
+
+        self.compare_table_index_with_expected(
+            t2, expected, connection.engine.name
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflects_included_columns
+    def test_reflect_covering_index(self, metadata, connection):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("x", String(30)),
+            Column("y", String(30)),
+        )
+        idx = Index("t_idx", t.c.x)
+        idx.dialect_options[connection.engine.name]["include"] = ["y"]
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        get_indexes = insp.get_indexes("t")
+        eq_(
+            get_indexes,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "t_idx",
+                    "column_names": ["x"],
+                    "include_columns": ["y"],
+                    "unique": False,
+                    "dialect_options": mock.ANY,
+                }
+            ],
+        )
+        eq_(
+            get_indexes[0]["dialect_options"][
+                "%s_include" % connection.engine.name
+            ],
+            ["y"],
+        )
+
+        t2 = Table("t", MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(
+            list(t2.indexes)[0].dialect_options[connection.engine.name][
+                "include"
+            ],
+            ["y"],
+        )
+
+    def _type_round_trip(self, connection, metadata, *types):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            *[Column("t%d" % i, type_) for i, type_ in enumerate(types)],
+        )
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        return [c["type"] for c in inspect(connection).get_columns("t")]
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_numeric_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
+        for typ in self._type_round_trip(
+            connection, metadata, sql_types.Numeric(18, 5)
+        ):
+            assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.Numeric)
+            eq_(typ.precision, 18)
+            eq_(typ.scale, 5)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_varchar_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
+        typ = self._type_round_trip(
+            connection, metadata, sql_types.String(52)
+        )[0]
+        assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.String)
+        eq_(typ.length, 52)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_nullable_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("a", Integer, nullable=True),
+            Column("b", Integer, nullable=False),
+        )
+        t.create(connection)
+        eq_(
+            {
+                col["name"]: col["nullable"]
+                for col in inspect(connection).get_columns("t")
+            },
+            {"a": True, "b": False},
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (
+            None,
+            "CASCADE",
+            None,
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete,
+        ),
+        (
+            None,
+            None,
+            "SET NULL",
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate,
+        ),
+        (
+            {},
+            None,
+            "NO ACTION",
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate,
+        ),
+        (
+            {},
+            "NO ACTION",
+            None,
+            testing.requires.fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_noaction,
+        ),
+        (
+            None,
+            None,
+            "RESTRICT",
+            testing.requires.fk_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate_restrict,
+        ),
+        (
+            None,
+            "RESTRICT",
+            None,
+            testing.requires.fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_restrict,
+        ),
+        argnames="expected,ondelete,onupdate",
+    )
+    def test_get_foreign_key_options(
+        self, connection, metadata, expected, ondelete, onupdate
+    ):
+        options = {}
+        if ondelete:
+            options["ondelete"] = ondelete
+        if onupdate:
+            options["onupdate"] = onupdate
+
+        if expected is None:
+            expected = options
+
+        Table(
+            "x",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x_id", Integer, ForeignKey("x.id", name="xid")),
+            Column("test", String(10)),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "user",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", String(50), nullable=False),
+            Column("tid", Integer),
+            sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                ["tid"], ["table.id"], name="myfk", **options
+            ),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        # test 'options' is always present for a backend
+        # that can reflect these, since alembic looks for this
+        opts = insp.get_foreign_keys("table")[0]["options"]
+
+        eq_({k: opts[k] for k in opts if opts[k]}, {})
+
+        opts = insp.get_foreign_keys("user")[0]["options"]
+        eq_(opts, expected)
+        # eq_(dict((k, opts[k]) for k in opts if opts[k]), expected)
+
+
+class NormalizedNameTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("denormalized_names",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            quoted_name("t1", quote=True),
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        )
+        Table(
+            quoted_name("t2", quote=True),
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("t1id", ForeignKey("t1.id")),
+        )
+
+    def test_reflect_lowercase_forced_tables(self):
+        m2 = MetaData()
+        t2_ref = Table(
+            quoted_name("t2", quote=True), m2, autoload_with=config.db
+        )
+        t1_ref = m2.tables["t1"]
+        assert t2_ref.c.t1id.references(t1_ref.c.id)
+
+        m3 = MetaData()
+        m3.reflect(
+            config.db, only=lambda name, m: name.lower() in ("t1", "t2")
+        )
+        assert m3.tables["t2"].c.t1id.references(m3.tables["t1"].c.id)
+
+    def test_get_table_names(self):
+        tablenames = [
+            t
+            for t in inspect(config.db).get_table_names()
+            if t.lower() in ("t1", "t2")
+        ]
+
+        eq_(tablenames[0].upper(), tablenames[0].lower())
+        eq_(tablenames[1].upper(), tablenames[1].lower())
+
+
+class ComputedReflectionTest(fixtures.ComputedReflectionFixtureTest):
+    def test_computed_col_default_not_set(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("computed_default_table")
+        col_data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+        is_true("42" in col_data["with_default"]["default"])
+        is_(col_data["normal"]["default"], None)
+        is_(col_data["computed_col"]["default"], None)
+
+    def test_get_column_returns_computed(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("computed_default_table")
+        data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+        for key in ("id", "normal", "with_default"):
+            is_true("computed" not in data[key])
+        compData = data["computed_col"]
+        is_true("computed" in compData)
+        is_true("sqltext" in compData["computed"])
+        eq_(self.normalize(compData["computed"]["sqltext"]), "normal+42")
+        eq_(
+            "persisted" in compData["computed"],
+            testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled,
+        )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled:
+            eq_(
+                compData["computed"]["persisted"],
+                testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
+            )
+
+    def check_column(self, data, column, sqltext, persisted):
+        is_true("computed" in data[column])
+        compData = data[column]["computed"]
+        eq_(self.normalize(compData["sqltext"]), sqltext)
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled:
+            is_true("persisted" in compData)
+            is_(compData["persisted"], persisted)
+
+    def test_get_column_returns_persisted(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("computed_column_table")
+        data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+
+        self.check_column(
+            data,
+            "computed_no_flag",
+            "normal+42",
+            testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
+        )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_virtual",
+                "normal+2",
+                False,
+            )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_stored",
+                "normal-42",
+                True,
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_column_returns_persisted_with_schema(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns(
+            "computed_column_table", schema=config.test_schema
+        )
+        data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+
+        self.check_column(
+            data,
+            "computed_no_flag",
+            "normal/42",
+            testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
+        )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_virtual",
+                "normal/2",
+                False,
+            )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_stored",
+                "normal*42",
+                True,
+            )
+
+
+class IdentityReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("identity_columns", "table_reflection")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "t1",
+            metadata,
+            Column("normal", Integer),
+            Column("id1", Integer, Identity()),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "t2",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id2",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(
+                    always=True,
+                    start=2,
+                    increment=3,
+                    minvalue=-2,
+                    maxvalue=42,
+                    cycle=True,
+                    cache=4,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            Table(
+                "t1",
+                metadata,
+                Column("normal", Integer),
+                Column("id1", Integer, Identity(always=True, start=20)),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+    def check(self, value, exp, approx):
+        if testing.requires.identity_columns_standard.enabled:
+            common_keys = (
+                "always",
+                "start",
+                "increment",
+                "minvalue",
+                "maxvalue",
+                "cycle",
+                "cache",
+            )
+            for k in list(value):
+                if k not in common_keys:
+                    value.pop(k)
+            if approx:
+                eq_(len(value), len(exp))
+                for k in value:
+                    if k == "minvalue":
+                        is_true(value[k] <= exp[k])
+                    elif k in {"maxvalue", "cache"}:
+                        is_true(value[k] >= exp[k])
+                    else:
+                        eq_(value[k], exp[k], k)
+            else:
+                eq_(value, exp)
+        else:
+            eq_(value["start"], exp["start"])
+            eq_(value["increment"], exp["increment"])
+
+    def test_reflect_identity(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("t1") + insp.get_columns("t2")
+        for col in cols:
+            if col["name"] == "normal":
+                is_false("identity" in col)
+            elif col["name"] == "id1":
+                if "autoincrement" in col:
+                    is_true(col["autoincrement"])
+                eq_(col["default"], None)
+                is_true("identity" in col)
+                self.check(
+                    col["identity"],
+                    dict(
+                        always=False,
+                        start=1,
+                        increment=1,
+                        minvalue=1,
+                        maxvalue=2147483647,
+                        cycle=False,
+                        cache=1,
+                    ),
+                    approx=True,
+                )
+            elif col["name"] == "id2":
+                if "autoincrement" in col:
+                    is_true(col["autoincrement"])
+                eq_(col["default"], None)
+                is_true("identity" in col)
+                self.check(
+                    col["identity"],
+                    dict(
+                        always=True,
+                        start=2,
+                        increment=3,
+                        minvalue=-2,
+                        maxvalue=42,
+                        cycle=True,
+                        cache=4,
+                    ),
+                    approx=False,
+                )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_reflect_identity_schema(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("t1", schema=config.test_schema)
+        for col in cols:
+            if col["name"] == "normal":
+                is_false("identity" in col)
+            elif col["name"] == "id1":
+                if "autoincrement" in col:
+                    is_true(col["autoincrement"])
+                eq_(col["default"], None)
+                is_true("identity" in col)
+                self.check(
+                    col["identity"],
+                    dict(
+                        always=True,
+                        start=20,
+                        increment=1,
+                        minvalue=1,
+                        maxvalue=2147483647,
+                        cycle=False,
+                        cache=1,
+                    ),
+                    approx=True,
+                )
+
+
+class CompositeKeyReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        tb1 = Table(
+            "tb1",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer),
+            Column("attr", Integer),
+            Column("name", sql_types.VARCHAR(20)),
+            sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("name", "id", "attr", name="pk_tb1"),
+            schema=None,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "tb2",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("pid", Integer),
+            Column("pattr", Integer),
+            Column("pname", sql_types.VARCHAR(20)),
+            sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                ["pname", "pid", "pattr"],
+                [tb1.c.name, tb1.c.id, tb1.c.attr],
+                name="fk_tb1_name_id_attr",
+            ),
+            schema=None,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_pk_column_order(self, connection):
+        # test for issue #5661
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        primary_key = insp.get_pk_constraint(self.tables.tb1.name)
+        eq_(primary_key.get("constrained_columns"), ["name", "id", "attr"])
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_fk_column_order(self, connection):
+        # test for issue #5661
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        foreign_keys = insp.get_foreign_keys(self.tables.tb2.name)
+        eq_(len(foreign_keys), 1)
+        fkey1 = foreign_keys[0]
+        eq_(fkey1.get("referred_columns"), ["name", "id", "attr"])
+        eq_(fkey1.get("constrained_columns"), ["pname", "pid", "pattr"])
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ComponentReflectionTest",
+    "ComponentReflectionTestExtra",
+    "TableNoColumnsTest",
+    "QuotedNameArgumentTest",
+    "BizarroCharacterFKResolutionTest",
+    "HasTableTest",
+    "HasIndexTest",
+    "NormalizedNameTest",
+    "ComputedReflectionTest",
+    "IdentityReflectionTest",
+    "CompositeKeyReflectionTest",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7a244bd715e73b4ac9a168cbff059810e2a2bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+# testing/suite/test_results.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import datetime
+
+from .. import engines
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import DateTime
+from ... import func
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import sql
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+from ... import text
+
+
+class RowFetchTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "plain_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "has_dates",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("today", DateTime),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.has_dates.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1, "today": datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0)}],
+        )
+
+    def test_via_attr(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row.id, 1)
+        eq_(row.data, "d1")
+
+    def test_via_string(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row._mapping["id"], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping["data"], "d1")
+
+    def test_via_int(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row[0], 1)
+        eq_(row[1], "d1")
+
+    def test_via_col_object(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row._mapping[self.tables.plain_pk.c.id], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[self.tables.plain_pk.c.data], "d1")
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
+    def test_row_with_dupe_names(self, connection):
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                self.tables.plain_pk.c.data,
+                self.tables.plain_pk.c.data.label("data"),
+            ).order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        )
+        row = result.first()
+        eq_(result.keys(), ["data", "data"])
+        eq_(row, ("d1", "d1"))
+
+    def test_row_w_scalar_select(self, connection):
+        """test that a scalar select as a column is returned as such
+        and that type conversion works OK.
+
+        (this is half a SQLAlchemy Core test and half to catch database
+        backends that may have unusual behavior with scalar selects.)
+
+        """
+        datetable = self.tables.has_dates
+        s = select(datetable.alias("x").c.today).scalar_subquery()
+        s2 = select(datetable.c.id, s.label("somelabel"))
+        row = connection.execute(s2).first()
+
+        eq_(row.somelabel, datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0))
+
+
+class PercentSchemaNamesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """tests using percent signs, spaces in table and column names.
+
+    This didn't work for PostgreSQL / MySQL drivers for a long time
+    but is now supported.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ("percent_schema_names",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.tables.percent_table = Table(
+            "percent%table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("percent%", Integer),
+            Column("spaces % more spaces", Integer),
+        )
+        cls.tables.lightweight_percent_table = sql.table(
+            "percent%table",
+            sql.column("percent%"),
+            sql.column("spaces % more spaces"),
+        )
+
+    def test_single_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        for params in [
+            {"percent%": 5, "spaces % more spaces": 12},
+            {"percent%": 7, "spaces % more spaces": 11},
+            {"percent%": 9, "spaces % more spaces": 10},
+            {"percent%": 11, "spaces % more spaces": 9},
+        ]:
+            connection.execute(percent_table.insert(), params)
+        self._assert_table(connection)
+
+    def test_executemany_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(), {"percent%": 5, "spaces % more spaces": 12}
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"percent%": 7, "spaces % more spaces": 11},
+                {"percent%": 9, "spaces % more spaces": 10},
+                {"percent%": 11, "spaces % more spaces": 9},
+            ],
+        )
+        self._assert_table(connection)
+
+    @requirements.insert_executemany_returning
+    def test_executemany_returning_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(), {"percent%": 5, "spaces % more spaces": 12}
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert().returning(
+                percent_table.c["percent%"],
+                percent_table.c["spaces % more spaces"],
+            ),
+            [
+                {"percent%": 7, "spaces % more spaces": 11},
+                {"percent%": 9, "spaces % more spaces": 10},
+                {"percent%": 11, "spaces % more spaces": 9},
+            ],
+        )
+        eq_(result.all(), [(7, 11), (9, 10), (11, 9)])
+        self._assert_table(connection)
+
+    def _assert_table(self, conn):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        lightweight_percent_table = self.tables.lightweight_percent_table
+
+        for table in (
+            percent_table,
+            percent_table.alias(),
+            lightweight_percent_table,
+            lightweight_percent_table.alias(),
+        ):
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    conn.execute(table.select().order_by(table.c["percent%"]))
+                ),
+                [(5, 12), (7, 11), (9, 10), (11, 9)],
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    conn.execute(
+                        table.select()
+                        .where(table.c["spaces % more spaces"].in_([9, 10]))
+                        .order_by(table.c["percent%"])
+                    )
+                ),
+                [(9, 10), (11, 9)],
+            )
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                table.select().order_by(table.c["percent%"])
+            ).first()
+            eq_(row._mapping["percent%"], 5)
+            eq_(row._mapping["spaces % more spaces"], 12)
+
+            eq_(row._mapping[table.c["percent%"]], 5)
+            eq_(row._mapping[table.c["spaces % more spaces"]], 12)
+
+        conn.execute(
+            percent_table.update().values(
+                {percent_table.c["spaces % more spaces"]: 15}
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            list(
+                conn.execute(
+                    percent_table.select().order_by(
+                        percent_table.c["percent%"]
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            [(5, 15), (7, 15), (9, 15), (11, 15)],
+        )
+
+
+class ServerSideCursorsTest(
+    fixtures.TestBase, testing.AssertsExecutionResults
+):
+    __requires__ = ("server_side_cursors",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _is_server_side(self, cursor):
+        # TODO: this is a huge issue as it prevents these tests from being
+        # usable by third party dialects.
+        if self.engine.dialect.driver == "psycopg2":
+            return bool(cursor.name)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "pymysql":
+            sscursor = __import__("pymysql.cursors").cursors.SSCursor
+            return isinstance(cursor, sscursor)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver in ("aiomysql", "asyncmy", "aioodbc"):
+            return cursor.server_side
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "mysqldb":
+            sscursor = __import__("MySQLdb.cursors").cursors.SSCursor
+            return isinstance(cursor, sscursor)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "mariadbconnector":
+            return not cursor.buffered
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver in ("asyncpg", "aiosqlite"):
+            return cursor.server_side
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "pg8000":
+            return getattr(cursor, "server_side", False)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "psycopg":
+            return bool(getattr(cursor, "name", False))
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _fixture(self, server_side_cursors):
+        if server_side_cursors:
+            with testing.expect_deprecated(
+                "The create_engine.server_side_cursors parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  "
+                "Please use the Connection.execution_options.stream_results "
+                "parameter."
+            ):
+                self.engine = engines.testing_engine(
+                    options={"server_side_cursors": server_side_cursors}
+                )
+        else:
+            self.engine = engines.testing_engine(
+                options={"server_side_cursors": server_side_cursors}
+            )
+        return self.engine
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("global_string", True, "select 1", True),
+        ("global_text", True, text("select 1"), True),
+        ("global_expr", True, select(1), True),
+        ("global_off_explicit", False, text("select 1"), False),
+        (
+            "stmt_option",
+            False,
+            select(1).execution_options(stream_results=True),
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            "stmt_option_disabled",
+            True,
+            select(1).execution_options(stream_results=False),
+            False,
+        ),
+        ("for_update_expr", True, select(1).with_for_update(), True),
+        # TODO: need a real requirement for this, or dont use this test
+        (
+            "for_update_string",
+            True,
+            "SELECT 1 FOR UPDATE",
+            True,
+            testing.skip_if(["sqlite", "mssql"]),
+        ),
+        ("text_no_ss", False, text("select 42"), False),
+        (
+            "text_ss_option",
+            False,
+            text("select 42").execution_options(stream_results=True),
+            True,
+        ),
+        id_="iaaa",
+        argnames="engine_ss_arg, statement, cursor_ss_status",
+    )
+    def test_ss_cursor_status(
+        self, engine_ss_arg, statement, cursor_ss_status
+    ):
+        engine = self._fixture(engine_ss_arg)
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            if isinstance(statement, str):
+                result = conn.exec_driver_sql(statement)
+            else:
+                result = conn.execute(statement)
+            eq_(self._is_server_side(result.cursor), cursor_ss_status)
+            result.close()
+
+    def test_conn_option(self):
+        engine = self._fixture(False)
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            # should be enabled for this one
+            result = conn.execution_options(
+                stream_results=True
+            ).exec_driver_sql("select 1")
+            assert self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+
+            # the connection has autobegun, which means at the end of the
+            # block, we will roll back, which on MySQL at least will fail
+            # with "Commands out of sync" if the result set
+            # is not closed, so we close it first.
+            #
+            # fun fact!  why did we not have this result.close() in this test
+            # before 2.0? don't we roll back in the connection pool
+            # unconditionally? yes!  and in fact if you run this test in 1.4
+            # with stdout shown, there is in fact "Exception during reset or
+            # similar" with "Commands out sync" emitted a warning!  2.0's
+            # architecture finds and fixes what was previously an expensive
+            # silent error condition.
+            result.close()
+
+    def test_stmt_enabled_conn_option_disabled(self):
+        engine = self._fixture(False)
+
+        s = select(1).execution_options(stream_results=True)
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            # not this one
+            result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=False).execute(s)
+            assert not self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+
+    def test_aliases_and_ss(self):
+        engine = self._fixture(False)
+        s1 = (
+            select(sql.literal_column("1").label("x"))
+            .execution_options(stream_results=True)
+            .subquery()
+        )
+
+        # options don't propagate out when subquery is used as a FROM clause
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            result = conn.execute(s1.select())
+            assert not self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+            result.close()
+
+        s2 = select(1).select_from(s1)
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            result = conn.execute(s2)
+            assert not self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+            result.close()
+
+    def test_roundtrip_fetchall(self, metadata):
+        md = self.metadata
+
+        engine = self._fixture(True)
+        test_table = Table(
+            "test_table",
+            md,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        with engine.begin() as connection:
+            test_table.create(connection, checkfirst=True)
+            connection.execute(test_table.insert(), dict(data="data1"))
+            connection.execute(test_table.insert(), dict(data="data2"))
+            eq_(
+                connection.execute(
+                    test_table.select().order_by(test_table.c.id)
+                ).fetchall(),
+                [(1, "data1"), (2, "data2")],
+            )
+            connection.execute(
+                test_table.update()
+                .where(test_table.c.id == 2)
+                .values(data=test_table.c.data + " updated")
+            )
+            eq_(
+                connection.execute(
+                    test_table.select().order_by(test_table.c.id)
+                ).fetchall(),
+                [(1, "data1"), (2, "data2 updated")],
+            )
+            connection.execute(test_table.delete())
+            eq_(
+                connection.scalar(
+                    select(func.count("*")).select_from(test_table)
+                ),
+                0,
+            )
+
+    def test_roundtrip_fetchmany(self, metadata):
+        md = self.metadata
+
+        engine = self._fixture(True)
+        test_table = Table(
+            "test_table",
+            md,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        with engine.begin() as connection:
+            test_table.create(connection, checkfirst=True)
+            connection.execute(
+                test_table.insert(),
+                [dict(data="data%d" % i) for i in range(1, 20)],
+            )
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                test_table.select().order_by(test_table.c.id)
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                result.fetchmany(5),
+                [(i, "data%d" % i) for i in range(1, 6)],
+            )
+            eq_(
+                result.fetchmany(10),
+                [(i, "data%d" % i) for i in range(6, 16)],
+            )
+            eq_(result.fetchall(), [(i, "data%d" % i) for i in range(16, 20)])
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_rowcount.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_rowcount.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e314a46b4d7ba7948dd1086621dd00f7c4c8033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_rowcount.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# testing/suite/test_rowcount.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+from sqlalchemy import Column
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy import String
+from sqlalchemy import Table
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
+from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
+
+
+class RowCountTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """test rowcount functionality"""
+
+    __requires__ = ("sane_rowcount",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "employees",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "employee_id",
+                Integer,
+                autoincrement=False,
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("department", String(1)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        cls.data = data = [
+            ("Angela", "A"),
+            ("Andrew", "A"),
+            ("Anand", "A"),
+            ("Bob", "B"),
+            ("Bobette", "B"),
+            ("Buffy", "B"),
+            ("Charlie", "C"),
+            ("Cynthia", "C"),
+            ("Chris", "C"),
+        ]
+
+        employees_table = cls.tables.employees
+        connection.execute(
+            employees_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"employee_id": i, "name": n, "department": d}
+                for i, (n, d) in enumerate(data)
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_basic(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+        s = select(
+            employees_table.c.name, employees_table.c.department
+        ).order_by(employees_table.c.employee_id)
+        rows = connection.execute(s).fetchall()
+
+        eq_(rows, self.data)
+
+    @testing.variation("statement", ["update", "delete", "insert", "select"])
+    @testing.variation("close_first", [True, False])
+    def test_non_rowcount_scenarios_no_raise(
+        self, connection, statement, close_first
+    ):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 3 rows changed
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+
+        if statement.update:
+            r = connection.execute(
+                employees_table.update().where(department == "C"),
+                {"department": "Z"},
+            )
+        elif statement.delete:
+            r = connection.execute(
+                employees_table.delete().where(department == "C"),
+                {"department": "Z"},
+            )
+        elif statement.insert:
+            r = connection.execute(
+                employees_table.insert(),
+                [
+                    {"employee_id": 25, "name": "none 1", "department": "X"},
+                    {"employee_id": 26, "name": "none 2", "department": "Z"},
+                    {"employee_id": 27, "name": "none 3", "department": "Z"},
+                ],
+            )
+        elif statement.select:
+            s = select(
+                employees_table.c.name, employees_table.c.department
+            ).where(employees_table.c.department == "C")
+            r = connection.execute(s)
+            r.all()
+        else:
+            statement.fail()
+
+        if close_first:
+            r.close()
+
+        assert r.rowcount in (-1, 3)
+
+    def test_update_rowcount1(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 3 rows changed
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+        r = connection.execute(
+            employees_table.update().where(department == "C"),
+            {"department": "Z"},
+        )
+        assert r.rowcount == 3
+
+    def test_update_rowcount2(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 0 rows changed
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            employees_table.update().where(department == "C"),
+            {"department": "C"},
+        )
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 3)
+
+    @testing.variation("implicit_returning", [True, False])
+    @testing.variation(
+        "dml",
+        [
+            ("update", testing.requires.update_returning),
+            ("delete", testing.requires.delete_returning),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_update_delete_rowcount_return_defaults(
+        self, connection, implicit_returning, dml
+    ):
+        """note this test should succeed for all RETURNING backends
+        as of 2.0.  In
+        Idf28379f8705e403a3c6a937f6a798a042ef2540 we changed rowcount to use
+        len(rows) when we have implicit returning
+
+        """
+
+        if implicit_returning:
+            employees_table = self.tables.employees
+        else:
+            employees_table = Table(
+                "employees",
+                MetaData(),
+                Column(
+                    "employee_id",
+                    Integer,
+                    autoincrement=False,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+                Column("name", String(50)),
+                Column("department", String(1)),
+                implicit_returning=False,
+            )
+
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+
+        if dml.update:
+            stmt = (
+                employees_table.update()
+                .where(department == "C")
+                .values(name=employees_table.c.department + "Z")
+                .return_defaults()
+            )
+        elif dml.delete:
+            stmt = (
+                employees_table.delete()
+                .where(department == "C")
+                .return_defaults()
+            )
+        else:
+            dml.fail()
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt)
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 3)
+
+    def test_raw_sql_rowcount(self, connection):
+        # test issue #3622, make sure eager rowcount is called for text
+        result = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "update employees set department='Z' where department='C'"
+        )
+        eq_(result.rowcount, 3)
+
+    def test_text_rowcount(self, connection):
+        # test issue #3622, make sure eager rowcount is called for text
+        result = connection.execute(
+            text("update employees set department='Z' where department='C'")
+        )
+        eq_(result.rowcount, 3)
+
+    def test_delete_rowcount(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 3 rows deleted
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+        r = connection.execute(
+            employees_table.delete().where(department == "C")
+        )
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 3)
+
+    @testing.requires.sane_multi_rowcount
+    def test_multi_update_rowcount(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+        stmt = (
+            employees_table.update()
+            .where(employees_table.c.name == bindparam("emp_name"))
+            .values(department="C")
+        )
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                {"emp_name": "Bob"},
+                {"emp_name": "Cynthia"},
+                {"emp_name": "nonexistent"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 2)
+
+    @testing.requires.sane_multi_rowcount
+    def test_multi_delete_rowcount(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        stmt = employees_table.delete().where(
+            employees_table.c.name == bindparam("emp_name")
+        )
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                {"emp_name": "Bob"},
+                {"emp_name": "Cynthia"},
+                {"emp_name": "nonexistent"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 2)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79c91a45b0dbd2fb75c4ceb083feba29f9931522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,1888 @@
+# testing/suite/test_select.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import itertools
+
+from .. import AssertsCompiledSQL
+from .. import AssertsExecutionResults
+from .. import config
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import assert_raises
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import in_
+from ..assertsql import CursorSQL
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import bindparam
+from ... import case
+from ... import column
+from ... import Computed
+from ... import exists
+from ... import false
+from ... import ForeignKey
+from ... import func
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import literal
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import null
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ... import table
+from ... import testing
+from ... import text
+from ... import true
+from ... import tuple_
+from ... import TupleType
+from ... import union
+from ... import values
+from ...exc import DatabaseError
+from ...exc import ProgrammingError
+
+
+class CollateTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(100)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "collate data1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "collate data2"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select).fetchall(), result)
+
+    @testing.requires.order_by_collation
+    def test_collate_order_by(self):
+        collation = testing.requires.get_order_by_collation(testing.config)
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            select(self.tables.some_table).order_by(
+                self.tables.some_table.c.data.collate(collation).asc()
+            ),
+            [(1, "collate data1"), (2, "collate data2")],
+        )
+
+
+class OrderByLabelTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Test the dialect sends appropriate ORDER BY expressions when
+    labels are used.
+
+    This essentially exercises the "supports_simple_order_by_label"
+    setting.
+
+    """
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+            Column("q", String(50)),
+            Column("p", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "q": "q1", "p": "p3"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "q": "q2", "p": "p2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "q": "q3", "p": "p1"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_plain(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx), [(1,), (2,), (3,)])
+
+    def test_composed_int(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx), [(3,), (5,), (7,)])
+
+    def test_composed_multiple(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        ly = (func.lower(table.c.q) + table.c.p).label("ly")
+        self._assert_result(
+            select(lx, ly).order_by(lx, ly.desc()),
+            [(3, "q1p3"), (5, "q2p2"), (7, "q3p1")],
+        )
+
+    def test_plain_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx.desc()), [(3,), (2,), (1,)])
+
+    def test_composed_int_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx.desc()), [(7,), (5,), (3,)])
+
+    @testing.requires.group_by_complex_expression
+    def test_group_by_composed(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        expr = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        stmt = (
+            select(func.count(table.c.id), expr).group_by(expr).order_by(expr)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7)])
+
+
+class ValuesExpressionTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("table_value_constructor",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_tuples(self, connection):
+        value_expr = values(
+            column("id", Integer), column("name", String), name="my_values"
+        ).data([(1, "name1"), (2, "name2"), (3, "name3")])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(select(value_expr)).all(),
+            [(1, "name1"), (2, "name2"), (3, "name3")],
+        )
+
+
+class FetchLimitOffsetTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+                {"id": 5, "x": 4, "y": 6},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(
+        self, connection, select, result, params=(), set_=False
+    ):
+        if set_:
+            query_res = connection.execute(select, params).fetchall()
+            eq_(len(query_res), len(result))
+            eq_(set(query_res), set(result))
+
+        else:
+            eq_(connection.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def _assert_result_str(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.exec_driver_sql(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_simple_limit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id)
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            stmt.limit(2),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            stmt.limit(3),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    def test_limit_render_multiple_times(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).limit(1).scalar_subquery()
+
+        u = union(select(stmt), select(stmt)).subquery().select()
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            u,
+            [
+                (1,),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_simple_fetch(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(2),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(3),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(3),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ([(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)]),
+        ([(2, 1), (2, 0), (3, 2)]),
+        ([(3, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1)]),
+        argnames="cases",
+    )
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_limit_offset(self, connection, cases):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        connection = connection.execution_options(compiled_cache={})
+
+        assert_data = [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)]
+
+        for limit, offset in cases:
+            expected = assert_data[offset : offset + limit]
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection,
+                select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(limit).offset(offset),
+                expected,
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_simple_fetch_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(2).offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(3).offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_no_order_by
+    def test_fetch_offset_no_order(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).fetch(10),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_offset_zero(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(0),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_limit_offset_nobinds(self):
+        """test that 'literal binds' mode works - no bound params."""
+
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(2).offset(1)
+        sql = stmt.compile(
+            dialect=config.db.dialect, compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}
+        )
+        sql = str(sql)
+
+        self._assert_result_str(sql, [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)])
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_fetch_offset_nobinds(self):
+        """test that 'literal binds' mode works - no bound params."""
+
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(2).offset(1)
+        sql = stmt.compile(
+            dialect=config.db.dialect, compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}
+        )
+        sql = str(sql)
+
+        self._assert_result_str(sql, [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)])
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_limit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(bindparam("l")),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+            params={"l": 2},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(bindparam("l")),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"l": 3},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"o": 2},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"o": 1},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_limit_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(bindparam("l"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"l": 2, "o": 1},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(bindparam("l"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"l": 3, "o": 2},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_bound_fetch_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(bindparam("f"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"f": 2, "o": 1},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(bindparam("f"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"f": 3, "o": 2},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("2")),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_limit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("2")),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_limit_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    @testing.requires.fetch_expression
+    def test_expr_fetch_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_simple_limit_expr_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(2)
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(3)
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_limit_simple_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    def test_simple_fetch_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.x.desc()).fetch(1, with_ties=True),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.x.desc()).fetch(3, with_ties=True),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        fa = connection.execute(
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(2, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(2)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(fa[0], (3, 3, 4))
+        eq_(set(fa), {(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)})
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_ties_exact_number(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(2, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(3, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(3),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    def test_simple_fetch_percent(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(20, percent=True),
+            [(1, 1, 2)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_percent(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(40, percent=True)
+            .offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    def test_simple_fetch_percent_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x.desc())
+            .fetch(20, percent=True, with_ties=True),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_percent_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        fa = connection.execute(
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(40, percent=True, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(2)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(fa[0], (3, 3, 4))
+        eq_(set(fa), {(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)})
+
+
+class SameNamedSchemaTableTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """tests for #7471"""
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("schemas",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            schema=config.test_schema,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(
+                "some_table_id",
+                Integer,
+                # ForeignKey("%s.some_table.id" % config.test_schema),
+                nullable=False,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = cls.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+        connection.execute(some_table_schema.insert(), {"id": 1})
+        connection.execute(some_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "some_table_id": 1})
+
+    def test_simple_join_both_tables(self, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = self.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_table, some_table_schema).join_from(
+                    some_table,
+                    some_table_schema,
+                    some_table.c.some_table_id == some_table_schema.c.id,
+                )
+            ).first(),
+            (1, 1, 1),
+        )
+
+    def test_simple_join_whereclause_only(self, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = self.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_table)
+                .join_from(
+                    some_table,
+                    some_table_schema,
+                    some_table.c.some_table_id == some_table_schema.c.id,
+                )
+                .where(some_table.c.id == 1)
+            ).first(),
+            (1, 1),
+        )
+
+    def test_subquery(self, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = self.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+
+        subq = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .join_from(
+                some_table,
+                some_table_schema,
+                some_table.c.some_table_id == some_table_schema.c.id,
+            )
+            .where(some_table.c.id == 1)
+            .subquery()
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_table, subq.c.id)
+                .join_from(
+                    some_table,
+                    subq,
+                    some_table.c.some_table_id == subq.c.id,
+                )
+                .where(some_table.c.id == 1)
+            ).first(),
+            (1, 1, 1),
+        )
+
+
+class JoinTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
+        Table(
+            "b",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("a_id", ForeignKey("a.id"), nullable=False),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.a.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}, {"id": 3}, {"id": 4}, {"id": 5}],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.b.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "a_id": 1},
+                {"id": 2, "a_id": 1},
+                {"id": 4, "a_id": 2},
+                {"id": 5, "a_id": 3},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_inner_join_fk(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = select(a, b).select_from(a.join(b)).order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (2, 4, 2), (3, 5, 3)])
+
+    def test_inner_join_true(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(a, b)
+            .select_from(a.join(b, true()))
+            .order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                (a, b, c)
+                for (a,), (b, c) in itertools.product(
+                    [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,)],
+                    [(1, 1), (2, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)],
+                )
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_inner_join_false(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(a, b)
+            .select_from(a.join(b, false()))
+            .order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_outer_join_false(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(a, b)
+            .select_from(a.outerjoin(b, false()))
+            .order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                (1, None, None),
+                (2, None, None),
+                (3, None, None),
+                (4, None, None),
+                (5, None, None),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_outer_join_fk(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = select(a, b).select_from(a.join(b)).order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (2, 4, 2), (3, 5, 3)])
+
+
+class CompoundSelectTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_plain_union(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    def test_select_from_plain_union(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).alias().select()
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.order_by_col_from_union
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset
+    def test_limit_offset_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_wo_limit_offset
+    def test_order_by_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    def test_distinct_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).distinct()
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).distinct()
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset
+    def test_limit_offset_in_unions_from_alias(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        # this necessarily has double parens
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).alias()
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.select().limit(2).order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    def test_limit_offset_aliased_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 2)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+        s2 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 3)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+
+class PostCompileParamsTest(
+    AssertsExecutionResults, AssertsCompiledSQL, fixtures.TablesTest
+):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("standard_cursor_sql",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+            Column("z", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "z": "z1"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "z": "z2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "z": "z3"},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5, "z": "z4"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_compile(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x == bindparam("q", literal_execute=True)
+        )
+
+        self.assert_compile(
+            stmt,
+            "SELECT some_table.id FROM some_table "
+            "WHERE some_table.x = __[POSTCOMPILE_q]",
+            {},
+        )
+
+    def test_compile_literal_binds(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x == bindparam("q", 10, literal_execute=True)
+        )
+
+        self.assert_compile(
+            stmt,
+            "SELECT some_table.id FROM some_table WHERE some_table.x = 10",
+            {},
+            literal_binds=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x == bindparam("q", literal_execute=True)
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=10))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE some_table.x = 10",
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+    def test_execute_expanding_plus_literal_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q", expanding=True, literal_execute=True))
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=[5, 6, 7]))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE some_table.x IN (5, 6, 7)",
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_execute_tuple_expanding_plus_literal_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(
+                bindparam("q", expanding=True, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=[(5, 10), (12, 18)]))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE (some_table.x, some_table.y) "
+                "IN (%s(5, 10), (12, 18))"
+                % ("VALUES " if config.db.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""),
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_execute_tuple_expanding_plus_literal_heterogeneous_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(
+                bindparam("q", expanding=True, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=[(5, "z1"), (12, "z3")]))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE (some_table.x, some_table.z) "
+                "IN (%s(5, 'z1'), (12, 'z3'))"
+                % ("VALUES " if config.db.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""),
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class ExpandingBoundInTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+            Column("z", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "z": "z1"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "z": "z2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "z": "z3"},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5, "z": "z4"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_multiple_empty_sets_bindparam(self):
+        # test that any anonymous aliasing used by the dialect
+        # is fine with duplicates
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .where(table.c.y.in_(bindparam("p")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": [], "p": []})
+
+    def test_multiple_empty_sets_direct(self):
+        # test that any anonymous aliasing used by the dialect
+        # is fine with duplicates
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([]))
+            .where(table.c.y.in_([]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_heterogeneous_tuples_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_heterogeneous_tuples_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        def go(val, expected):
+            stmt = (
+                select(table.c.id)
+                .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(val))
+                .order_by(table.c.id)
+            )
+            self._assert_result(stmt, expected)
+
+        go([], [])
+        go([(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")], [(2,), (3,), (4,)])
+        go([], [])
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_homogeneous_tuples_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_homogeneous_tuples_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        def go(val, expected):
+            stmt = (
+                select(table.c.id)
+                .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(val))
+                .order_by(table.c.id)
+            )
+            self._assert_result(stmt, expected)
+
+        go([], [])
+        go([(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)], [(1,), (2,), (3,)])
+        go([], [])
+
+    def test_bound_in_scalar_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": [2, 3, 4]})
+
+    def test_bound_in_scalar_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([2, 3, 4]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    def test_nonempty_in_plus_empty_notin(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([2, 3]))
+            .where(table.c.id.not_in([]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,)])
+
+    def test_empty_in_plus_notempty_notin(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([]))
+            .where(table.c.id.not_in([2, 3]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_typed_str_in(self):
+        """test related to #7292.
+
+        as a type is given to the bound param, there is no ambiguity
+        to the type of element.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE z IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", type_=String, expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": ["z2", "z3", "z4"]},
+        )
+
+    def test_untyped_str_in(self):
+        """test related to #7292.
+
+        for untyped expression, we look at the types of elements.
+        Test for Sequence to detect tuple in.  but not strings or bytes!
+        as always....
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE z IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": ["z2", "z3", "z4"]},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_two_tuple_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": [(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)]}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_two_tuple_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_([(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": [(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")]},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(
+                tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(
+                    [(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")]
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_text_bindparam(self):
+        # note this becomes ARRAY if we dont use expanding
+        # explicitly right now
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE (x, z) IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": [(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")]},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_typed_bindparam_non_tuple(self):
+        class LikeATuple(collections_abc.Sequence):
+            def __init__(self, *data):
+                self._data = data
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter(self._data)
+
+            def __getitem__(self, idx):
+                return self._data[idx]
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return len(self._data)
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE (x, z) IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(
+            bindparam(
+                "q", type_=TupleType(Integer(), String()), expanding=True
+            )
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={
+                "q": [
+                    LikeATuple(2, "z2"),
+                    LikeATuple(3, "z3"),
+                    LikeATuple(4, "z4"),
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_text_bindparam_non_tuple(self):
+        # note this becomes ARRAY if we dont use expanding
+        # explicitly right now
+
+        class LikeATuple(collections_abc.Sequence):
+            def __init__(self, *data):
+                self._data = data
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter(self._data)
+
+            def __getitem__(self, idx):
+                return self._data[idx]
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return len(self._data)
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE (x, z) IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={
+                "q": [
+                    LikeATuple(2, "z2"),
+                    LikeATuple(3, "z3"),
+                    LikeATuple(4, "z4"),
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(table.c.x.in_([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_negation_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.not_in(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_negation_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id).where(table.c.x.not_in([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.z.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(table.c.z.in_([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_negation_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.z.not_in(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_negation_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id).where(table.c.z.not_in([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    def test_null_in_empty_set_is_false_bindparam(self, connection):
+        stmt = select(
+            case(
+                (
+                    null().in_(bindparam("foo", value=())),
+                    true(),
+                ),
+                else_=false(),
+            )
+        )
+        in_(connection.execute(stmt).fetchone()[0], (False, 0))
+
+    def test_null_in_empty_set_is_false_direct(self, connection):
+        stmt = select(
+            case(
+                (
+                    null().in_([]),
+                    true(),
+                ),
+                else_=false(),
+            )
+        )
+        in_(connection.execute(stmt).fetchone()[0], (False, 0))
+
+
+class LikeFunctionsTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    run_inserts = "once"
+    run_deletes = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "abcdefg"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "ab/cdefg"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "ab%cdefg"},
+                {"id": 4, "data": "ab_cdefg"},
+                {"id": 5, "data": "abcde/fg"},
+                {"id": 6, "data": "abcde%fg"},
+                {"id": 7, "data": "ab#cdefg"},
+                {"id": 8, "data": "ab9cdefg"},
+                {"id": 9, "data": "abcde#fg"},
+                {"id": 10, "data": "abcd9fg"},
+                {"id": 11, "data": None},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _test(self, expr, expected):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            rows = {
+                value
+                for value, in conn.execute(select(some_table.c.id).where(expr))
+            }
+
+        eq_(rows, expected)
+
+    def test_startswith_unescaped(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab%c"), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10})
+
+    def test_startswith_autoescape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab%c", autoescape=True), {3})
+
+    def test_startswith_sqlexpr(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(
+            col.startswith(literal_column("'ab%c'")),
+            {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
+        )
+
+    def test_startswith_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab##c", escape="#"), {7})
+
+    def test_startswith_autoescape_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab%c", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {3})
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab#c", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {7})
+
+    def test_endswith_unescaped(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e%fg"), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})
+
+    def test_endswith_sqlexpr(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(
+            col.endswith(literal_column("'e%fg'")), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
+        )
+
+    def test_endswith_autoescape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e%fg", autoescape=True), {6})
+
+    def test_endswith_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e##fg", escape="#"), {9})
+
+    def test_endswith_autoescape_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e%fg", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {6})
+        self._test(col.endswith("e#fg", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {9})
+
+    def test_contains_unescaped(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b%cde"), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})
+
+    def test_contains_autoescape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b%cde", autoescape=True), {3})
+
+    def test_contains_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b##cde", escape="#"), {7})
+
+    def test_contains_autoescape_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b%cd", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {3})
+        self._test(col.contains("b#cd", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {7})
+
+    @testing.requires.regexp_match
+    def test_not_regexp_match(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(~col.regexp_match("a.cde"), {2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10})
+
+    @testing.requires.regexp_replace
+    def test_regexp_replace(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(
+            col.regexp_replace("a.cde", "FOO").contains("FOO"), {1, 5, 6, 9}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.regexp_match
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("a.cde", {1, 5, 6, 9}),
+        ("abc", {1, 5, 6, 9, 10}),
+        ("^abc", {1, 5, 6, 9, 10}),
+        ("9cde", {8}),
+        ("^a", set(range(1, 11))),
+        ("(b|c)", set(range(1, 11))),
+        ("^(b|c)", set()),
+    )
+    def test_regexp_match(self, text, expected):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.regexp_match(text), expected)
+
+
+class ComputedColumnTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("computed_columns",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "square",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("side", Integer),
+            Column("area", Integer, Computed("side * side")),
+            Column("perimeter", Integer, Computed("4 * side")),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.square.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1, "side": 10}, {"id": 10, "side": 42}],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_all(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            res = conn.execute(
+                select(text("*"))
+                .select_from(self.tables.square)
+                .order_by(self.tables.square.c.id)
+            ).fetchall()
+            eq_(res, [(1, 10, 100, 40), (10, 42, 1764, 168)])
+
+    def test_select_columns(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            res = conn.execute(
+                select(
+                    self.tables.square.c.area, self.tables.square.c.perimeter
+                )
+                .select_from(self.tables.square)
+                .order_by(self.tables.square.c.id)
+            ).fetchall()
+            eq_(res, [(100, 40), (1764, 168)])
+
+
+class IdentityColumnTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("identity_columns",)
+    run_inserts = "once"
+    run_deletes = "once"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "tbl_a",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(
+                    always=True, start=42, nominvalue=True, nomaxvalue=True
+                ),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("desc", String(100)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "tbl_b",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(increment=-5, start=0, minvalue=-1000, maxvalue=0),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("desc", String(100)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.tbl_a.insert(),
+            [{"desc": "a"}, {"desc": "b"}],
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.tbl_b.insert(),
+            [{"desc": "a"}, {"desc": "b"}],
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.tbl_b.insert(),
+            [{"id": 42, "desc": "c"}],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_all(self, connection):
+        res = connection.execute(
+            select(text("*"))
+            .select_from(self.tables.tbl_a)
+            .order_by(self.tables.tbl_a.c.id)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(res, [(42, "a"), (43, "b")])
+
+        res = connection.execute(
+            select(text("*"))
+            .select_from(self.tables.tbl_b)
+            .order_by(self.tables.tbl_b.c.id)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(res, [(-5, "b"), (0, "a"), (42, "c")])
+
+    def test_select_columns(self, connection):
+        res = connection.execute(
+            select(self.tables.tbl_a.c.id).order_by(self.tables.tbl_a.c.id)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(res, [(42,), (43,)])
+
+    @testing.requires.identity_columns_standard
+    def test_insert_always_error(self, connection):
+        def fn():
+            connection.execute(
+                self.tables.tbl_a.insert(),
+                [{"id": 200, "desc": "a"}],
+            )
+
+        assert_raises((DatabaseError, ProgrammingError), fn)
+
+
+class IdentityAutoincrementTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("autoincrement_without_sequence",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "tbl",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(),
+                primary_key=True,
+                autoincrement=True,
+            ),
+            Column("desc", String(100)),
+        )
+
+    def test_autoincrement_with_identity(self, connection):
+        res = connection.execute(self.tables.tbl.insert(), {"desc": "row"})
+        res = connection.execute(self.tables.tbl.select()).first()
+        eq_(res, (1, "row"))
+
+
+class ExistsTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.stuff.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "some data"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "some data"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "some data"},
+                {"id": 4, "data": "some other data"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_exists(self, connection):
+        stuff = self.tables.stuff
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(literal(1)).where(
+                    exists().where(stuff.c.data == "some data")
+                )
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1,)],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_exists_false(self, connection):
+        stuff = self.tables.stuff
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(literal(1)).where(
+                    exists().where(stuff.c.data == "no data")
+                )
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [],
+        )
+
+
+class DistinctOnTest(AssertsCompiledSQL, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fails_if(testing.requires.supports_distinct_on)
+    def test_distinct_on(self):
+        stm = select("*").distinct(column("q")).select_from(table("foo"))
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "DISTINCT ON is currently supported only by the PostgreSQL "
+        ):
+            self.assert_compile(stm, "SELECT DISTINCT * FROM foo")
+
+
+class IsOrIsNotDistinctFromTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("supports_is_distinct_from",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "is_distinct_test",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("col_a", Integer, nullable=True),
+            Column("col_b", Integer, nullable=True),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("both_int_different", 0, 1, 1),
+        ("both_int_same", 1, 1, 0),
+        ("one_null_first", None, 1, 1),
+        ("one_null_second", 0, None, 1),
+        ("both_null", None, None, 0),
+        id_="iaaa",
+        argnames="col_a_value, col_b_value, expected_row_count_for_is",
+    )
+    def test_is_or_is_not_distinct_from(
+        self, col_a_value, col_b_value, expected_row_count_for_is, connection
+    ):
+        tbl = self.tables.is_distinct_test
+
+        connection.execute(
+            tbl.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1, "col_a": col_a_value, "col_b": col_b_value}],
+        )
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            tbl.select().where(tbl.c.col_a.is_distinct_from(tbl.c.col_b))
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(
+            len(result),
+            expected_row_count_for_is,
+        )
+
+        expected_row_count_for_is_not = (
+            1 if expected_row_count_for_is == 0 else 0
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            tbl.select().where(tbl.c.col_a.is_not_distinct_from(tbl.c.col_b))
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(
+            len(result),
+            expected_row_count_for_is_not,
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecba1995de68826d845764624a02111d49a62d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# testing/suite/test_sequence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import config
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import is_true
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..provision import normalize_sequence
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Sequence
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+
+
+class SequenceTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    run_create_tables = "each"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "seq_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("tab_id_seq")),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "seq_opt_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(
+                    config,
+                    Sequence("tab_id_seq", data_type=Integer, optional=True),
+                ),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "seq_no_returning",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("noret_id_seq")),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            Table(
+                "seq_no_returning_sch",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "id",
+                    Integer,
+                    normalize_sequence(
+                        config,
+                        Sequence(
+                            "noret_sch_id_seq", schema=config.test_schema
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                implicit_returning=False,
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+    def test_insert_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(self.tables.seq_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data"))
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.seq_pk, connection)
+
+    def test_insert_lastrowid(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key, (testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base,)
+        )
+
+    def test_nextval_direct(self, connection):
+        r = connection.scalar(self.tables.seq_pk.c.id.default)
+        eq_(r, testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base)
+
+    @requirements.sequences_optional
+    def test_optional_seq(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_opt_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        eq_(r.inserted_primary_key, (1,))
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(row, (testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base, "some data"))
+
+    def test_insert_roundtrip_no_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_no_returning.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.seq_no_returning, connection)
+
+    @testing.combinations((True,), (False,), argnames="implicit_returning")
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_insert_roundtrip_translate(self, connection, implicit_returning):
+        seq_no_returning = Table(
+            "seq_no_returning_sch",
+            MetaData(),
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(
+                    config, Sequence("noret_sch_id_seq", schema="alt_schema")
+                ),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=implicit_returning,
+            schema="alt_schema",
+        )
+
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={"alt_schema": config.test_schema}
+        )
+        connection.execute(seq_no_returning.insert(), dict(data="some data"))
+        self._assert_round_trip(seq_no_returning, connection)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_nextval_direct_schema_translate(self, connection):
+        seq = normalize_sequence(
+            config, Sequence("noret_sch_id_seq", schema="alt_schema")
+        )
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={"alt_schema": config.test_schema}
+        )
+
+        r = connection.scalar(seq)
+        eq_(r, testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base)
+
+
+class SequenceCompilerTest(testing.AssertsCompiledSQL, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_literal_binds_inline_compile(self, connection):
+        table = Table(
+            "x",
+            MetaData(),
+            Column(
+                "y", Integer, normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("y_seq"))
+            ),
+            Column("q", Integer),
+        )
+
+        stmt = table.insert().values(q=5)
+
+        seq_nextval = connection.dialect.statement_compiler(
+            statement=None, dialect=connection.dialect
+        ).visit_sequence(normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("y_seq")))
+        self.assert_compile(
+            stmt,
+            "INSERT INTO x (y, q) VALUES (%s, 5)" % (seq_nextval,),
+            literal_binds=True,
+            dialect=connection.dialect,
+        )
+
+
+class HasSequenceTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = None
+
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("user_id_seq", metadata=metadata))
+        normalize_sequence(
+            config,
+            Sequence(
+                "other_seq",
+                metadata=metadata,
+                nomaxvalue=True,
+                nominvalue=True,
+            ),
+        )
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            normalize_sequence(
+                config,
+                Sequence(
+                    "user_id_seq", schema=config.test_schema, metadata=metadata
+                ),
+            )
+            normalize_sequence(
+                config,
+                Sequence(
+                    "schema_seq", schema=config.test_schema, metadata=metadata
+                ),
+            )
+        Table(
+            "user_id_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        )
+
+    def test_has_sequence(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("user_id_seq"), True)
+
+    def test_has_sequence_cache(self, connection, metadata):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.has_sequence("user_id_seq"), True)
+        ss = normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("new_seq", metadata=metadata))
+        eq_(insp.has_sequence("new_seq"), False)
+        ss.create(connection)
+        try:
+            eq_(insp.has_sequence("new_seq"), False)
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            eq_(insp.has_sequence("new_seq"), True)
+        finally:
+            ss.drop(connection)
+
+    def test_has_sequence_other_object(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("user_id_table"), False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schema(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).has_sequence(
+                "user_id_seq", schema=config.test_schema
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+
+    def test_has_sequence_neg(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("some_sequence"), False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schemas_neg(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).has_sequence(
+                "some_sequence", schema=config.test_schema
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_default_not_in_remote(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).has_sequence(
+                "other_sequence", schema=config.test_schema
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_remote_not_in_default(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("schema_seq"), False)
+
+    def test_get_sequence_names(self, connection):
+        exp = {"other_seq", "user_id_seq"}
+
+        res = set(inspect(connection).get_sequence_names())
+        is_true(res.intersection(exp) == exp)
+        is_true("schema_seq" not in res)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_sequence_names_no_sequence_schema(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_sequence_names(
+                schema=config.test_schema_2
+            ),
+            [],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_sequence_names_sequences_schema(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            sorted(
+                inspect(connection).get_sequence_names(
+                    schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            ),
+            ["schema_seq", "user_id_seq"],
+        )
+
+
+class HasSequenceTestEmpty(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_get_sequence_names_no_sequence(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_sequence_names(),
+            [],
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a9fd60f637fab4de968cbc8b40a2904a62f3df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2071 @@
+# testing/suite/test_types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import json
+import re
+import uuid
+
+from .. import config
+from .. import engines
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import mock
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import is_
+from ..assertions import ne_
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import and_
+from ... import ARRAY
+from ... import BigInteger
+from ... import bindparam
+from ... import Boolean
+from ... import case
+from ... import cast
+from ... import Date
+from ... import DateTime
+from ... import Float
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import Interval
+from ... import JSON
+from ... import literal
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import null
+from ... import Numeric
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+from ... import Text
+from ... import Time
+from ... import TIMESTAMP
+from ... import type_coerce
+from ... import TypeDecorator
+from ... import Unicode
+from ... import UnicodeText
+from ... import UUID
+from ... import Uuid
+from ...orm import declarative_base
+from ...orm import Session
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql.sqltypes import LargeBinary
+from ...sql.sqltypes import PickleType
+
+
+class _LiteralRoundTripFixture:
+    supports_whereclause = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def literal_round_trip(self, metadata, connection):
+        """test literal rendering"""
+
+        # for literal, we test the literal render in an INSERT
+        # into a typed column.  we can then SELECT it back as its
+        # official type; ideally we'd be able to use CAST here
+        # but MySQL in particular can't CAST fully
+
+        def run(
+            type_,
+            input_,
+            output,
+            filter_=None,
+            compare=None,
+            support_whereclause=True,
+        ):
+            t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", type_))
+            t.create(connection)
+
+            for value in input_:
+                ins = t.insert().values(
+                    x=literal(value, type_, literal_execute=True)
+                )
+                connection.execute(ins)
+
+            ins = t.insert().values(
+                x=literal(None, type_, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+            connection.execute(ins)
+
+            if support_whereclause and self.supports_whereclause:
+                if compare:
+                    stmt = t.select().where(
+                        t.c.x
+                        == literal(
+                            compare,
+                            type_,
+                            literal_execute=True,
+                        ),
+                        t.c.x
+                        == literal(
+                            input_[0],
+                            type_,
+                            literal_execute=True,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    stmt = t.select().where(
+                        t.c.x
+                        == literal(
+                            compare if compare is not None else input_[0],
+                            type_,
+                            literal_execute=True,
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                stmt = t.select().where(t.c.x.is_not(None))
+
+            rows = connection.execute(stmt).all()
+            assert rows, "No rows returned"
+            for row in rows:
+                value = row[0]
+                if filter_ is not None:
+                    value = filter_(value)
+                assert value in output
+
+            stmt = t.select().where(t.c.x.is_(None))
+            rows = connection.execute(stmt).all()
+            eq_(rows, [(None,)])
+
+        return run
+
+
+class _UnicodeFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("unicode_data",)
+
+    data = (
+        "Alors vous imaginez ma 🐍 surprise, au lever du jour, "
+        "quand une drôle de petite 🐍 voix m’a réveillé. Elle "
+        "disait: « S’il vous plaît… dessine-moi 🐍 un mouton! »"
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def supports_whereclause(self):
+        return config.requirements.expressions_against_unbounded_text.enabled
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "unicode_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("unicode_data", cls.datatype),
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "unicode_data": self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (self.data,))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], str)
+
+    def test_round_trip_executemany(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            [{"id": i, "unicode_data": self.data} for i in range(1, 4)],
+        )
+
+        rows = connection.execute(
+            select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(rows, [(self.data,) for i in range(1, 4)])
+        for row in rows:
+            assert isinstance(row[0], str)
+
+    def _test_null_strings(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "unicode_data": None}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    def _test_empty_strings(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "unicode_data": ""}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ("",))
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [self.data])
+
+    def test_literal_non_ascii(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, ["réve🐍 illé"], ["réve🐍 illé"])
+
+
+class UnicodeVarcharTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("unicode_data",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Unicode(255)
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_varchar
+    def test_empty_strings_varchar(self, connection):
+        self._test_empty_strings(connection)
+
+    def test_null_strings_varchar(self, connection):
+        self._test_null_strings(connection)
+
+
+class UnicodeTextTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = "unicode_data", "text_type"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = UnicodeText()
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_text
+    def test_empty_strings_text(self, connection):
+        self._test_empty_strings(connection)
+
+    def test_null_strings_text(self, connection):
+        self._test_null_strings(connection)
+
+
+class ArrayTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Add ARRAY test suite, #8138.
+
+    This only works on PostgreSQL right now.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ("array_type",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "array_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("single_dim", ARRAY(Integer)),
+            Column("multi_dim", ARRAY(String, dimensions=2)),
+        )
+
+    def test_array_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        array_table = self.tables.array_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            array_table.insert(),
+            {
+                "id": 1,
+                "single_dim": [1, 2, 3],
+                "multi_dim": [["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]],
+            },
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(array_table.c.single_dim, array_table.c.multi_dim)
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, ([1, 2, 3], [["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]]))
+
+    def test_literal_simple(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            ARRAY(Integer),
+            ([1, 2, 3],),
+            ([1, 2, 3],),
+            support_whereclause=False,
+        )
+
+    def test_literal_complex(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            ARRAY(String, dimensions=2),
+            ([["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]],),
+            ([["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]],),
+            support_whereclause=False,
+        )
+
+
+class BinaryTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "binary_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("binary_data", LargeBinary),
+            Column("pickle_data", PickleType),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(b"this is binary", b"7\xe7\x9f", argnames="data")
+    def test_binary_roundtrip(self, connection, data):
+        binary_table = self.tables.binary_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            binary_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "binary_data": data}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(binary_table.c.binary_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (data,))
+
+    def test_pickle_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        binary_table = self.tables.binary_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            binary_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "pickle_data": {"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": "bat"}},
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(binary_table.c.pickle_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": "bat"},))
+
+
+class TextTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("text_type",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @property
+    def supports_whereclause(self):
+        return config.requirements.expressions_against_unbounded_text.enabled
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "text_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("text_data", Text),
+        )
+
+    def test_text_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            text_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "text_data": "some text"}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(text_table.c.text_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ("some text",))
+
+    @testing.requires.empty_strings_text
+    def test_text_empty_strings(self, connection):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        connection.execute(text_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "text_data": ""})
+        row = connection.execute(select(text_table.c.text_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ("",))
+
+    def test_text_null_strings(self, connection):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        connection.execute(text_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "text_data": None})
+        row = connection.execute(select(text_table.c.text_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Text, ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    @requirements.unicode_data_no_special_types
+    def test_literal_non_ascii(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Text, ["réve🐍 illé"], ["réve🐍 illé"])
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = """some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text"""
+        literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = r"backslash one \ backslash two \\ end"
+        literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_percentsigns(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = r"percent % signs %% percent"
+        literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+
+class StringTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @requirements.unbounded_varchar
+    def test_nolength_string(self):
+        metadata = MetaData()
+        foo = Table("foo", metadata, Column("one", String))
+
+        foo.create(config.db)
+        foo.drop(config.db)
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        # note that in Python 3, this invokes the Unicode
+        # datatype for the literal part because all strings are unicode
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    @requirements.unicode_data_no_special_types
+    def test_literal_non_ascii(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), ["réve🐍 illé"], ["réve🐍 illé"])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("%B%", ["AB", "BC"]),
+        ("A%C", ["AC"]),
+        ("A%C%Z", []),
+        argnames="expr, expected",
+    )
+    def test_dont_truncate_rightside(
+        self, metadata, connection, expr, expected
+    ):
+        t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", String(2)))
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        connection.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": "AB"}, {"x": "BC"}, {"x": "AC"}])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalars(select(t.c.x).where(t.c.x.like(expr))).all(),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = """some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text"""
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = r"backslash one \ backslash two \\ end"
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_concatenate_binary(self, connection):
+        """dialects with special string concatenation operators should
+        implement visit_concat_op_binary() and visit_concat_op_clauselist()
+        in their compiler.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  visit_concat_op_clauselist() is also needed
+           for dialects to override the string concatenation operator.
+
+        """
+        eq_(connection.scalar(select(literal("a") + "b")), "ab")
+
+    def test_concatenate_clauselist(self, connection):
+        """dialects with special string concatenation operators should
+        implement visit_concat_op_binary() and visit_concat_op_clauselist()
+        in their compiler.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  visit_concat_op_clauselist() is also needed
+           for dialects to override the string concatenation operator.
+
+        """
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(select(literal("a") + "b" + "c" + "d" + "e")),
+            "abcde",
+        )
+
+
+class IntervalTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_interval",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Interval
+    data = datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=4)
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [self.data])
+
+    def test_select_direct_literal_interval(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(select(literal(self.data))).first()
+        eq_(row, (self.data,))
+
+    def test_arithmetic_operation_literal_interval(self, connection):
+        now = datetime.datetime.now().replace(microsecond=0)
+        # Able to subtract
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(literal(now) - literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(row, now - self.data)
+
+        # Able to Add
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(literal(now) + literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(row, now + self.data)
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def arithmetic_table_fixture(cls, metadata, connection):
+        class Decorated(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = cls.datatype
+            cache_ok = True
+
+        it = Table(
+            "interval_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("interval_data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("date_data", DateTime),
+            Column("decorated_interval_data", Decorated),
+        )
+        it.create(connection)
+        return it
+
+    def test_arithmetic_operation_table_interval_and_literal_interval(
+        self, connection, arithmetic_table_fixture
+    ):
+        interval_table = arithmetic_table_fixture
+        data = datetime.timedelta(days=2, seconds=5)
+        connection.execute(
+            interval_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "interval_data": data}
+        )
+        # Subtraction Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.interval_data - literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, data - self.data)
+
+        # Addition Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.interval_data + literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, data + self.data)
+
+    def test_arithmetic_operation_table_date_and_literal_interval(
+        self, connection, arithmetic_table_fixture
+    ):
+        interval_table = arithmetic_table_fixture
+        now = datetime.datetime.now().replace(microsecond=0)
+        connection.execute(
+            interval_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": now}
+        )
+        # Subtraction Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.date_data - literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, (now - self.data))
+
+        # Addition Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.date_data + literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, (now + self.data))
+
+
+class PrecisionIntervalTest(IntervalTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_interval",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Interval(day_precision=9, second_precision=9)
+    data = datetime.timedelta(days=103, seconds=4)
+
+
+class _DateFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    compare = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        class Decorated(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = cls.datatype
+            cache_ok = True
+
+        Table(
+            "date_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("date_data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("decorated_date_data", Decorated),
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, connection):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(date_table.c.date_data)).first()
+
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        eq_(row, (compare,))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], type(compare))
+
+    def test_round_trip_decorated(self, connection):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "decorated_date_data": self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(date_table.c.decorated_date_data)
+        ).first()
+
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        eq_(row, (compare,))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], type(compare))
+
+    def test_null(self, connection):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        connection.execute(date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": None})
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(date_table.c.date_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_literals
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+
+        literal_round_trip(
+            self.datatype, [self.data], [compare], compare=compare
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.standalone_null_binds_whereclause
+    def test_null_bound_comparison(self):
+        # this test is based on an Oracle issue observed in #4886.
+        # passing NULL for an expression that needs to be interpreted as
+        # a certain type, does the DBAPI have the info it needs to do this.
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            result = conn.execute(
+                date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": self.data}
+            )
+            id_ = result.inserted_primary_key[0]
+            stmt = select(date_table.c.id).where(
+                case(
+                    (
+                        bindparam("foo", type_=self.datatype) != None,
+                        bindparam("foo", type_=self.datatype),
+                    ),
+                    else_=date_table.c.date_data,
+                )
+                == date_table.c.date_data
+            )
+
+            row = conn.execute(stmt, {"foo": None}).first()
+            eq_(row[0], id_)
+
+
+class DateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeTZTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_timezone",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime(timezone=True)
+    data = datetime.datetime(
+        2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+    )
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_microseconds",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, 39642)
+
+
+class TimestampMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("timestamp_microseconds",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = TIMESTAMP
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+    @testing.requires.timestamp_microseconds_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class TimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("time",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18)
+
+    @testing.requires.time_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class TimeTZTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("time_timezone",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time(timezone=True)
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+
+    @testing.requires.time_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class TimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("time_microseconds",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+    @testing.requires.time_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("date",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+    @testing.requires.date_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """this particular suite is testing that datetime parameters get
+    coerced to dates, which tends to be something DBAPIs do.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = "date", "date_coerces_from_datetime"
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+    compare = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_historic",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(1850, 11, 10, 11, 52, 35)
+
+    @testing.requires.date_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("date_historic",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(1727, 4, 1)
+
+    @testing.requires.date_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class IntegerTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Integer, [5], [5])
+
+    def _huge_ints():
+        return testing.combinations(
+            2147483649,  # 32 bits
+            2147483648,  # 32 bits
+            2147483647,  # 31 bits
+            2147483646,  # 31 bits
+            -2147483649,  # 32 bits
+            -2147483648,  # 32 interestingly, asyncpg accepts this one as int32
+            -2147483647,  # 31
+            -2147483646,  # 31
+            0,
+            1376537018368127,
+            -1376537018368127,
+            argnames="intvalue",
+        )
+
+    @_huge_ints()
+    def test_huge_int_auto_accommodation(self, connection, intvalue):
+        """test #7909"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(intvalue).where(literal(intvalue) == intvalue)
+            ),
+            intvalue,
+        )
+
+    @_huge_ints()
+    def test_huge_int(self, integer_round_trip, intvalue):
+        integer_round_trip(BigInteger, intvalue)
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def integer_round_trip(self, metadata, connection):
+        def run(datatype, data):
+            int_table = Table(
+                "integer_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "id",
+                    Integer,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    test_needs_autoincrement=True,
+                ),
+                Column("integer_data", datatype),
+            )
+
+            metadata.create_all(config.db)
+
+            connection.execute(
+                int_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "integer_data": data}
+            )
+
+            row = connection.execute(select(int_table.c.integer_data)).first()
+
+            eq_(row, (data,))
+
+            assert isinstance(row[0], int)
+
+        return run
+
+
+class CastTypeDecoratorTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def string_as_int(self):
+        class StringAsInt(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String(50)
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            def column_expression(self, col):
+                return cast(col, Integer)
+
+            def bind_expression(self, col):
+                return cast(type_coerce(col, Integer), String(50))
+
+        return StringAsInt()
+
+    def test_special_type(self, metadata, connection, string_as_int):
+        type_ = string_as_int
+
+        t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", type_))
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        connection.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": x} for x in [1, 2, 3]])
+
+        result = {row[0] for row in connection.execute(t.select())}
+        eq_(result, {1, 2, 3})
+
+        result = {
+            row[0] for row in connection.execute(t.select().where(t.c.x == 2))
+        }
+        eq_(result, {2})
+
+
+class TrueDivTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("15", "10", 1.5),
+        ("-15", "10", -1.5),
+        argnames="left, right, expected",
+    )
+    def test_truediv_integer(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Integer())
+                    / literal_column(right, type_=Integer())
+                )
+            ),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("15", "10", 1), ("-15", "5", -3), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_floordiv_integer(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Integer())
+                    // literal_column(right, type_=Integer())
+                )
+            ),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("5.52", "2.4", "2.3"), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_truediv_numeric(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Numeric(10, 2))
+                    / literal_column(right, type_=Numeric(10, 2))
+                )
+            ),
+            decimal.Decimal(expected),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("5.52", "2.4", 2.3), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_truediv_float(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Float())
+                    / literal_column(right, type_=Float())
+                )
+            ),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("5.52", "2.4", "2.0"), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_floordiv_numeric(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Numeric())
+                    // literal_column(right, type_=Numeric())
+                )
+            ),
+            decimal.Decimal(expected),
+        )
+
+    def test_truediv_integer_bound(self, connection):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(select(literal(15) / literal(10))),
+            1.5,
+        )
+
+    def test_floordiv_integer_bound(self, connection):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(select(literal(15) // literal(10))),
+            1,
+        )
+
+
+class NumericTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def do_numeric_test(self, metadata, connection):
+        def run(type_, input_, output, filter_=None, check_scale=False):
+            t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", type_))
+            t.create(connection)
+            connection.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": x} for x in input_])
+
+            result = {row[0] for row in connection.execute(t.select())}
+            output = set(output)
+            if filter_:
+                result = {filter_(x) for x in result}
+                output = {filter_(x) for x in output}
+            eq_(result, output)
+            if check_scale:
+                eq_([str(x) for x in result], [str(x) for x in output])
+
+            connection.execute(t.delete())
+
+            # test that this is actually a number!
+            # note we have tiny scale here as we have tests with very
+            # small scale Numeric types.  PostgreSQL will raise an error
+            # if you use values outside the available scale.
+            if type_.asdecimal:
+                test_value = decimal.Decimal("2.9")
+                add_value = decimal.Decimal("37.12")
+            else:
+                test_value = 2.9
+                add_value = 37.12
+
+            connection.execute(t.insert(), {"x": test_value})
+            assert_we_are_a_number = connection.scalar(
+                select(type_coerce(t.c.x + add_value, type_))
+            )
+            eq_(
+                round(assert_we_are_a_number, 3),
+                round(test_value + add_value, 3),
+            )
+
+        return run
+
+    def test_render_literal_numeric(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_numeric_asfloat(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_float(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Float(),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None,
+            support_whereclause=False,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_generic_float_type
+    def test_float_custom_scale(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(None, decimal_return_scale=7, asdecimal=True),
+            [15.7563827, decimal.Decimal("15.7563827")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563827")],
+            check_scale=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_float(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.infinity_floats
+    def test_infinity_floats(self, do_numeric_test):
+        """test for #977, #7283"""
+
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(None),
+            [float("inf")],
+            [float("inf")],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=8, scale=4), [None], [None])
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_float(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False), [None], [None]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.floats_to_four_decimals
+    def test_float_as_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(asdecimal=True),
+            [15.756, decimal.Decimal("15.756"), None],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.756"), None],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 4) or None,
+        )
+
+    def test_float_as_float(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(),
+            [15.756, decimal.Decimal("15.756")],
+            [15.756],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.literal_float_coercion
+    def test_float_coerce_round_trip(self, connection):
+        expr = 15.7563
+
+        val = connection.scalar(select(literal(expr)))
+        eq_(val, expr)
+
+    # this does not work in MySQL, see #4036, however we choose not
+    # to render CAST unconditionally since this is kind of an edge case.
+
+    @testing.requires.implicit_decimal_binds
+    def test_decimal_coerce_round_trip(self, connection):
+        expr = decimal.Decimal("15.7563")
+
+        val = connection.scalar(select(literal(expr)))
+        eq_(val, expr)
+
+    def test_decimal_coerce_round_trip_w_cast(self, connection):
+        expr = decimal.Decimal("15.7563")
+
+        val = connection.scalar(select(cast(expr, Numeric(10, 4))))
+        eq_(val, expr)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_general
+    def test_precision_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("54.234246451650"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.004354"),
+            decimal.Decimal("900.0"),
+        }
+
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=18, scale=12), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        """test exceedingly small decimals.
+
+        Decimal reports values with E notation when the exponent
+        is greater than 6.
+
+        """
+
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-2"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-3"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-4"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-5"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-6"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-7"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-8"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.01000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.70000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("696E-12"),
+        }
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=18, scale=14), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal_large(self, do_numeric_test):
+        """test exceedingly large decimals."""
+
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("4E+8"),
+            decimal.Decimal("5748E+15"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1.521E+15"),
+            decimal.Decimal("00000000000000.1E+12"),
+        }
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=25, scale=2), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_many_significant_digits
+    def test_many_significant_digits(self, do_numeric_test):
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("31943874831932418390.01"),
+            decimal.Decimal("319438950232418390.273596"),
+            decimal.Decimal("87673.594069654243"),
+        }
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=38, scale=12), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits
+    def test_numeric_no_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        numbers = {decimal.Decimal("1.000")}
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=5, scale=3), numbers, numbers, check_scale=True
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(sqltypes.Float, sqltypes.Double, argnames="cls_")
+    @testing.requires.float_is_numeric
+    def test_float_is_not_numeric(self, connection, cls_):
+        target_type = cls_().dialect_impl(connection.dialect)
+        numeric_type = sqltypes.Numeric().dialect_impl(connection.dialect)
+
+        ne_(target_type.__visit_name__, numeric_type.__visit_name__)
+        ne_(target_type.__class__, numeric_type.__class__)
+
+
+class BooleanTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "boolean_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("value", Boolean),
+            Column("unconstrained_value", Boolean(create_constraint=False)),
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_bool(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Boolean(), [True, False], [True, False])
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, connection):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "value": True, "unconstrained_value": False},
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(boolean_table.c.value, boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (True, False))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], bool)
+
+    @testing.requires.nullable_booleans
+    def test_null(self, connection):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "value": None, "unconstrained_value": None},
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(boolean_table.c.value, boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (None, None))
+
+    def test_whereclause(self):
+        # testing "WHERE <column>" renders a compatible expression
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                boolean_table.insert(),
+                [
+                    {"id": 1, "value": True, "unconstrained_value": True},
+                    {"id": 2, "value": False, "unconstrained_value": False},
+                ],
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(boolean_table.c.value)
+                ),
+                1,
+            )
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(
+                        boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+                    )
+                ),
+                1,
+            )
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(~boolean_table.c.value)
+                ),
+                2,
+            )
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(
+                        ~boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+                    )
+                ),
+                2,
+            )
+
+
+class JSONTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("json_type",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = JSON
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", String(30), nullable=False),
+            Column("data", cls.datatype, nullable=False),
+            Column("nulldata", cls.datatype(none_as_null=True)),
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip_data1(self, connection):
+        self._test_round_trip({"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}, connection)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("unicode", True), ("ascii", False), argnames="unicode_", id_="ia"
+    )
+    @testing.combinations(100, 1999, 3000, 4000, 5000, 9000, argnames="length")
+    def test_round_trip_pretty_large_data(self, connection, unicode_, length):
+        if unicode_:
+            data = "réve🐍illé" * ((length // 9) + 1)
+            data = data[0 : (length // 2)]
+        else:
+            data = "abcdefg" * ((length // 7) + 1)
+            data = data[0:length]
+
+        self._test_round_trip({"key1": data, "key2": data}, connection)
+
+    def _test_round_trip(self, data_element, connection):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            data_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "name": "row1", "data": data_element},
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(data_table.c.data)).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (data_element,))
+
+    def _index_fixtures(include_comparison):
+        if include_comparison:
+            # basically SQL Server and MariaDB can kind of do json
+            # comparison, MySQL, PG and SQLite can't.  not worth it.
+            json_elements = []
+        else:
+            json_elements = [
+                ("json", {"foo": "bar"}),
+                ("json", ["one", "two", "three"]),
+                (None, {"foo": "bar"}),
+                (None, ["one", "two", "three"]),
+            ]
+
+        elements = [
+            ("boolean", True),
+            ("boolean", False),
+            ("boolean", None),
+            ("string", "some string"),
+            ("string", None),
+            ("string", "réve illé"),
+            (
+                "string",
+                "réve🐍 illé",
+                testing.requires.json_index_supplementary_unicode_element,
+            ),
+            ("integer", 15),
+            ("integer", 1),
+            ("integer", 0),
+            ("integer", None),
+            ("float", 28.5),
+            ("float", None),
+            ("float", 1234567.89, testing.requires.literal_float_coercion),
+            ("numeric", 1234567.89),
+            # this one "works" because the float value you see here is
+            # lost immediately to floating point stuff
+            (
+                "numeric",
+                99998969694839.983485848,
+            ),
+            ("numeric", 99939.983485848),
+            ("_decimal", decimal.Decimal("1234567.89")),
+            (
+                "_decimal",
+                decimal.Decimal("99998969694839.983485848"),
+                # fails on SQLite and MySQL (non-mariadb)
+                requirements.cast_precision_numerics_many_significant_digits,
+            ),
+            (
+                "_decimal",
+                decimal.Decimal("99939.983485848"),
+            ),
+        ] + json_elements
+
+        def decorate(fn):
+            fn = testing.combinations(id_="sa", *elements)(fn)
+
+            return fn
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def _json_value_insert(self, connection, datatype, value, data_element):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        if datatype == "_decimal":
+            # Python's builtin json serializer basically doesn't support
+            # Decimal objects without implicit float conversion period.
+            # users can otherwise use simplejson which supports
+            # precision decimals
+
+            # https://bugs.python.org/issue16535
+
+            # inserting as strings to avoid a new fixture around the
+            # dialect which would have idiosyncrasies for different
+            # backends.
+
+            class DecimalEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+                def default(self, o):
+                    if isinstance(o, decimal.Decimal):
+                        return str(o)
+                    return super().default(o)
+
+            json_data = json.dumps(data_element, cls=DecimalEncoder)
+
+            # take the quotes out.  yup, there is *literally* no other
+            # way to get Python's json.dumps() to put all the digits in
+            # the string
+            json_data = re.sub(r'"(%s)"' % str(value), str(value), json_data)
+
+            datatype = "numeric"
+
+            connection.execute(
+                data_table.insert().values(
+                    name="row1",
+                    # to pass the string directly to every backend, including
+                    # PostgreSQL which needs the value to be CAST as JSON
+                    # both in the SQL as well as at the prepared statement
+                    # level for asyncpg, while at the same time MySQL
+                    # doesn't even support CAST for JSON, here we are
+                    # sending the string embedded in the SQL without using
+                    # a parameter.
+                    data=bindparam(None, json_data, literal_execute=True),
+                    nulldata=bindparam(None, json_data, literal_execute=True),
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            connection.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                {
+                    "name": "row1",
+                    "data": data_element,
+                    "nulldata": data_element,
+                },
+            )
+
+        p_s = None
+
+        if datatype:
+            if datatype == "numeric":
+                a, b = str(value).split(".")
+                s = len(b)
+                p = len(a) + s
+
+                if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                    compare_value = value
+                else:
+                    compare_value = decimal.Decimal(str(value))
+
+                p_s = (p, s)
+            else:
+                compare_value = value
+        else:
+            compare_value = value
+
+        return datatype, compare_value, p_s
+
+    @_index_fixtures(False)
+    def test_index_typed_access(self, datatype, value):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": value}
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            datatype, compare_value, p_s = self._json_value_insert(
+                conn, datatype, value, data_element
+            )
+
+            expr = data_table.c.data["key1"]
+            if datatype:
+                if datatype == "numeric" and p_s:
+                    expr = expr.as_numeric(*p_s)
+                else:
+                    expr = getattr(expr, "as_%s" % datatype)()
+
+            roundtrip = conn.scalar(select(expr))
+            eq_(roundtrip, compare_value)
+            is_(type(roundtrip), type(compare_value))
+
+    @_index_fixtures(True)
+    def test_index_typed_comparison(self, datatype, value):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": value}
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            datatype, compare_value, p_s = self._json_value_insert(
+                conn, datatype, value, data_element
+            )
+
+            expr = data_table.c.data["key1"]
+            if datatype:
+                if datatype == "numeric" and p_s:
+                    expr = expr.as_numeric(*p_s)
+                else:
+                    expr = getattr(expr, "as_%s" % datatype)()
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                select(expr).where(expr == compare_value)
+            ).first()
+
+            # make sure we get a row even if value is None
+            eq_(row, (compare_value,))
+
+    @_index_fixtures(True)
+    def test_path_typed_comparison(self, datatype, value):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": {"subkey1": value}}
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            datatype, compare_value, p_s = self._json_value_insert(
+                conn, datatype, value, data_element
+            )
+
+            expr = data_table.c.data[("key1", "subkey1")]
+
+            if datatype:
+                if datatype == "numeric" and p_s:
+                    expr = expr.as_numeric(*p_s)
+                else:
+                    expr = getattr(expr, "as_%s" % datatype)()
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                select(expr).where(expr == compare_value)
+            ).first()
+
+            # make sure we get a row even if value is None
+            eq_(row, (compare_value,))
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True,),
+        (False,),
+        (None,),
+        (15,),
+        (0,),
+        (-1,),
+        (-1.0,),
+        (15.052,),
+        ("a string",),
+        ("réve illé",),
+        ("réve🐍 illé",),
+    )
+    def test_single_element_round_trip(self, element):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = element
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                {
+                    "name": "row1",
+                    "data": data_element,
+                    "nulldata": data_element,
+                },
+            )
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                select(data_table.c.data, data_table.c.nulldata)
+            ).first()
+
+            eq_(row, (data_element, data_element))
+
+    def test_round_trip_custom_json(self):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": "data1"}
+
+        js = mock.Mock(side_effect=json.dumps)
+        jd = mock.Mock(side_effect=json.loads)
+        engine = engines.testing_engine(
+            options=dict(json_serializer=js, json_deserializer=jd)
+        )
+
+        # support sqlite :memory: database...
+        data_table.create(engine, checkfirst=True)
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(), {"name": "row1", "data": data_element}
+            )
+            row = conn.execute(select(data_table.c.data)).first()
+
+            eq_(row, (data_element,))
+            eq_(js.mock_calls, [mock.call(data_element)])
+            if testing.requires.json_deserializer_binary.enabled:
+                eq_(
+                    jd.mock_calls,
+                    [mock.call(json.dumps(data_element).encode())],
+                )
+            else:
+                eq_(jd.mock_calls, [mock.call(json.dumps(data_element))])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("parameters",),
+        ("multiparameters",),
+        ("values",),
+        ("omit",),
+        argnames="insert_type",
+    )
+    def test_round_trip_none_as_sql_null(self, connection, insert_type):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["nulldata"]
+
+        conn = connection
+
+        if insert_type == "parameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), {
+                "name": "r1",
+                "nulldata": None,
+                "data": None,
+            }
+        elif insert_type == "multiparameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), [
+                {"name": "r1", "nulldata": None, "data": None}
+            ]
+        elif insert_type == "values":
+            stmt, params = (
+                self.tables.data_table.insert().values(
+                    name="r1",
+                    nulldata=None,
+                    data=None,
+                ),
+                {},
+            )
+        elif insert_type == "omit":
+            stmt, params = (
+                self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+                {"name": "r1", "data": None},
+            )
+
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+        conn.execute(stmt, params)
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(col.is_(null()))
+            ),
+            "r1",
+        )
+
+        eq_(conn.scalar(select(col)), None)
+
+    def test_round_trip_json_null_as_json_null(self, connection):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        conn = connection
+        conn.execute(
+            self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+            {"name": "r1", "data": JSON.NULL},
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(
+                    cast(col, String) == "null"
+                )
+            ),
+            "r1",
+        )
+
+        eq_(conn.scalar(select(col)), None)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("parameters",),
+        ("multiparameters",),
+        ("values",),
+        argnames="insert_type",
+    )
+    def test_round_trip_none_as_json_null(self, connection, insert_type):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        if insert_type == "parameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), {
+                "name": "r1",
+                "data": None,
+            }
+        elif insert_type == "multiparameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), [
+                {"name": "r1", "data": None}
+            ]
+        elif insert_type == "values":
+            stmt, params = (
+                self.tables.data_table.insert().values(name="r1", data=None),
+                {},
+            )
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+        conn = connection
+        conn.execute(stmt, params)
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(
+                    cast(col, String) == "null"
+                )
+            ),
+            "r1",
+        )
+
+        eq_(conn.scalar(select(col)), None)
+
+    def test_unicode_round_trip(self):
+        # note we include Unicode supplementary characters as well
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+                {
+                    "name": "r1",
+                    "data": {
+                        "réve🐍 illé": "réve🐍 illé",
+                        "data": {"k1": "drôl🐍e"},
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(select(self.tables.data_table.c.data)),
+                {
+                    "réve🐍 illé": "réve🐍 illé",
+                    "data": {"k1": "drôl🐍e"},
+                },
+            )
+
+    def test_eval_none_flag_orm(self, connection):
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+        class Data(Base):
+            __table__ = self.tables.data_table
+
+        with Session(connection) as s:
+            d1 = Data(name="d1", data=None, nulldata=None)
+            s.add(d1)
+            s.commit()
+
+            s.bulk_insert_mappings(
+                Data, [{"name": "d2", "data": None, "nulldata": None}]
+            )
+            eq_(
+                s.query(
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.data, String()),
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.nulldata, String),
+                )
+                .filter(self.tables.data_table.c.name == "d1")
+                .first(),
+                ("null", None),
+            )
+            eq_(
+                s.query(
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.data, String()),
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.nulldata, String),
+                )
+                .filter(self.tables.data_table.c.name == "d2")
+                .first(),
+                ("null", None),
+            )
+
+
+class JSONLegacyStringCastIndexTest(
+    _LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest
+):
+    """test JSON index access with "cast to string", which we have documented
+    for a long time as how to compare JSON values, but is ultimately not
+    reliable in all cases.   The "as_XYZ()" comparators should be used
+    instead.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ("json_type", "legacy_unconditional_json_extract")
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = JSON
+
+    data1 = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+
+    data2 = {
+        "Key 'One'": "value1",
+        "key two": "value2",
+        "key three": "value ' three '",
+    }
+
+    data3 = {
+        "key1": [1, 2, 3],
+        "key2": ["one", "two", "three"],
+        "key3": [{"four": "five"}, {"six": "seven"}],
+    }
+
+    data4 = ["one", "two", "three"]
+
+    data5 = {
+        "nested": {
+            "elem1": [{"a": "b", "c": "d"}, {"e": "f", "g": "h"}],
+            "elem2": {"elem3": {"elem4": "elem5"}},
+        }
+    }
+
+    data6 = {"a": 5, "b": "some value", "c": {"foo": "bar"}}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", String(30), nullable=False),
+            Column("data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("nulldata", cls.datatype(none_as_null=True)),
+        )
+
+    def _criteria_fixture(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+                [
+                    {"name": "r1", "data": self.data1},
+                    {"name": "r2", "data": self.data2},
+                    {"name": "r3", "data": self.data3},
+                    {"name": "r4", "data": self.data4},
+                    {"name": "r5", "data": self.data5},
+                    {"name": "r6", "data": self.data6},
+                ],
+            )
+
+    def _test_index_criteria(self, crit, expected, test_literal=True):
+        self._criteria_fixture()
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            stmt = select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(crit)
+
+            eq_(conn.scalar(stmt), expected)
+
+            if test_literal:
+                literal_sql = str(
+                    stmt.compile(
+                        config.db, compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}
+                    )
+                )
+
+                eq_(conn.exec_driver_sql(literal_sql).scalar(), expected)
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_spaces_in_key(self):
+        name = self.tables.data_table.c.name
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        # limit the rows here to avoid PG error
+        # "cannot extract field from a non-object", which is
+        # fixed in 9.4 but may exist in 9.3
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            and_(
+                name.in_(["r1", "r2", "r3"]),
+                cast(col["key two"], String) == '"value2"',
+            ),
+            "r2",
+        )
+
+    @config.requirements.json_array_indexes
+    def test_string_cast_crit_simple_int(self):
+        name = self.tables.data_table.c.name
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        # limit the rows here to avoid PG error
+        # "cannot extract array element from a non-array", which is
+        # fixed in 9.4 but may exist in 9.3
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            and_(
+                name == "r4",
+                cast(col[1], String) == '"two"',
+            ),
+            "r4",
+        )
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_mixed_path(self):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            cast(col[("key3", 1, "six")], String) == '"seven"',
+            "r3",
+        )
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_string_path(self):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            cast(col[("nested", "elem2", "elem3", "elem4")], String)
+            == '"elem5"',
+            "r5",
+        )
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_against_string_basic(self):
+        name = self.tables.data_table.c.name
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            and_(
+                name == "r6",
+                cast(col["b"], String) == '"some value"',
+            ),
+            "r6",
+        )
+
+
+class UuidTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Uuid
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "uuid_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("uuid_data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("uuid_text_data", cls.datatype(as_uuid=False)),
+            Column("uuid_data_nonnative", Uuid(native_uuid=False)),
+            Column(
+                "uuid_text_data_nonnative",
+                Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=False),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_uuid_round_trip(self, connection):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        uuid_table = self.tables.uuid_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            uuid_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "uuid_data": data, "uuid_data_nonnative": data},
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data, uuid_table.c.uuid_data_nonnative
+            ).where(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data == data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data_nonnative == data,
+            )
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, (data, data))
+
+    def test_uuid_text_round_trip(self, connection):
+        data = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        uuid_table = self.tables.uuid_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            uuid_table.insert(),
+            {
+                "id": 1,
+                "uuid_text_data": data,
+                "uuid_text_data_nonnative": data,
+            },
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data_nonnative,
+            ).where(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data == data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data_nonnative == data,
+            )
+        ).first()
+        eq_((row[0].lower(), row[1].lower()), (data, data))
+
+    def test_literal_uuid(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_text(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        literal_round_trip(
+            self.datatype(as_uuid=False),
+            [data],
+            [data],
+            filter_=lambda x: x.lower(),
+        )
+
+    def test_literal_nonnative_uuid(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        literal_round_trip(Uuid(native_uuid=False), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_nonnative_text(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=False),
+            [data],
+            [data],
+            filter_=lambda x: x.lower(),
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.insert_returning
+    def test_uuid_returning(self, connection):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        str_data = str(data)
+        uuid_table = self.tables.uuid_table
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            uuid_table.insert().returning(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data_nonnative,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data_nonnative,
+            ),
+            {
+                "id": 1,
+                "uuid_data": data,
+                "uuid_text_data": str_data,
+                "uuid_data_nonnative": data,
+                "uuid_text_data_nonnative": str_data,
+            },
+        )
+        row = result.first()
+
+        eq_(row, (data, str_data, data, str_data))
+
+
+class NativeUUIDTest(UuidTest):
+    __requires__ = ("uuid_data_type",)
+
+    datatype = UUID
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ArrayTest",
+    "BinaryTest",
+    "UnicodeVarcharTest",
+    "UnicodeTextTest",
+    "JSONTest",
+    "JSONLegacyStringCastIndexTest",
+    "DateTest",
+    "DateTimeTest",
+    "DateTimeTZTest",
+    "TextTest",
+    "NumericTest",
+    "IntegerTest",
+    "IntervalTest",
+    "PrecisionIntervalTest",
+    "CastTypeDecoratorTest",
+    "DateTimeHistoricTest",
+    "DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest",
+    "TimeMicrosecondsTest",
+    "TimestampMicrosecondsTest",
+    "TimeTest",
+    "TimeTZTest",
+    "TrueDivTest",
+    "DateTimeMicrosecondsTest",
+    "DateHistoricTest",
+    "StringTest",
+    "BooleanTest",
+    "UuidTest",
+    "NativeUUIDTest",
+)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1af748feb3456e29519bcad7ce49d39bfae2f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from sqlalchemy import desc
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
+from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
+from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Column
+from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table
+
+
+class UnicodeSchemaTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("unicode_ddl",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        global t1, t2, t3
+
+        t1 = Table(
+            "unitable1",
+            metadata,
+            Column("méil", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("\u6e2c\u8a66", Integer),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        t2 = Table(
+            "Unitéble2",
+            metadata,
+            Column("méil", Integer, primary_key=True, key="a"),
+            Column(
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                Integer,
+                ForeignKey("unitable1.méil"),
+                key="b",
+            ),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        # Few DBs support Unicode foreign keys
+        if testing.against("sqlite"):
+            t3 = Table(
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "\u6e2c\u8a66_id",
+                    Integer,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    autoincrement=False,
+                ),
+                Column(
+                    "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                    Integer,
+                    ForeignKey("unitable1.\u6e2c\u8a66"),
+                ),
+                Column("Unitéble2_b", Integer, ForeignKey("Unitéble2.b")),
+                Column(
+                    "\u6e2c\u8a66_self",
+                    Integer,
+                    ForeignKey("\u6e2c\u8a66.\u6e2c\u8a66_id"),
+                ),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            t3 = Table(
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "\u6e2c\u8a66_id",
+                    Integer,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    autoincrement=False,
+                ),
+                Column("unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66", Integer),
+                Column("Unitéble2_b", Integer),
+                Column("\u6e2c\u8a66_self", Integer),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+
+    def test_insert(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(t1.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 5})
+        connection.execute(t2.insert(), {"a": 1, "b": 1})
+        connection.execute(
+            t3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 1,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 5,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 1,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 1,
+            },
+        )
+
+        eq_(connection.execute(t1.select()).fetchall(), [(1, 5)])
+        eq_(connection.execute(t2.select()).fetchall(), [(1, 1)])
+        eq_(connection.execute(t3.select()).fetchall(), [(1, 5, 1, 1)])
+
+    def test_col_targeting(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(t1.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 5})
+        connection.execute(t2.insert(), {"a": 1, "b": 1})
+        connection.execute(
+            t3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 1,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 5,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 1,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 1,
+            },
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(t1.select()).first()
+        eq_(row._mapping[t1.c["méil"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t1.c["\u6e2c\u8a66"]], 5)
+
+        row = connection.execute(t2.select()).first()
+        eq_(row._mapping[t2.c["a"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t2.c["b"]], 1)
+
+        row = connection.execute(t3.select()).first()
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["\u6e2c\u8a66_id"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66"]], 5)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["Unitéble2_b"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["\u6e2c\u8a66_self"]], 1)
+
+    def test_reflect(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(t1.insert(), {"méil": 2, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 7})
+        connection.execute(t2.insert(), {"a": 2, "b": 2})
+        connection.execute(
+            t3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 2,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 7,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 2,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 2,
+            },
+        )
+
+        meta = MetaData()
+        tt1 = Table(t1.name, meta, autoload_with=connection)
+        tt2 = Table(t2.name, meta, autoload_with=connection)
+        tt3 = Table(t3.name, meta, autoload_with=connection)
+
+        connection.execute(tt1.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 5})
+        connection.execute(tt2.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 1})
+        connection.execute(
+            tt3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 1,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 5,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 1,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 1,
+            },
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(tt1.select().order_by(desc("méil"))).fetchall(),
+            [(2, 7), (1, 5)],
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(tt2.select().order_by(desc("méil"))).fetchall(),
+            [(2, 2), (1, 1)],
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                tt3.select().order_by(desc("\u6e2c\u8a66_id"))
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(2, 7, 2, 2), (1, 5, 1, 1)],
+        )
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        meta = MetaData()
+        t = Table("\u6e2c\u8a66", meta, Column("\u6e2c\u8a66_id", Integer))
+        eq_(
+            repr(t),
+            (
+                "Table('測試', MetaData(), "
+                "Column('測試_id', Integer(), "
+                "table=<測試>), "
+                "schema=None)"
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c4a214421b1643705bdd3510de9d961a3824741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+
+
+class SimpleUpdateDeleteTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+    __requires__ = ("sane_rowcount",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "plain_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_update(self, connection):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = connection.execute(
+            t.update().where(t.c.id == 2), dict(data="d2_new")
+        )
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+        assert r.rowcount == 1
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2_new"), (3, "d3")],
+        )
+
+    def test_delete(self, connection):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = connection.execute(t.delete().where(t.c.id == 2))
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+        assert r.rowcount == 1
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1"), (3, "d3")],
+        )
+
+    @testing.variation("criteria", ["rows", "norows", "emptyin"])
+    @testing.requires.update_returning
+    def test_update_returning(self, connection, criteria):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+
+        stmt = t.update().returning(t.c.id, t.c.data)
+
+        if criteria.norows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 10)
+        elif criteria.rows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 2)
+        elif criteria.emptyin:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id.in_([]))
+        else:
+            criteria.fail()
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt, dict(data="d2_new"))
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert r.returns_rows
+        eq_(r.keys(), ["id", "data"])
+
+        if criteria.rows:
+            eq_(r.all(), [(2, "d2_new")])
+        else:
+            eq_(r.all(), [])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            (
+                [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2_new"), (3, "d3")]
+                if criteria.rows
+                else [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2"), (3, "d3")]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @testing.variation("criteria", ["rows", "norows", "emptyin"])
+    @testing.requires.delete_returning
+    def test_delete_returning(self, connection, criteria):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+
+        stmt = t.delete().returning(t.c.id, t.c.data)
+
+        if criteria.norows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 10)
+        elif criteria.rows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 2)
+        elif criteria.emptyin:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id.in_([]))
+        else:
+            criteria.fail()
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt)
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert r.returns_rows
+        eq_(r.keys(), ["id", "data"])
+
+        if criteria.rows:
+            eq_(r.all(), [(2, "d2")])
+        else:
+            eq_(r.all(), [])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            (
+                [(1, "d1"), (3, "d3")]
+                if criteria.rows
+                else [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2"), (3, "d3")]
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ("SimpleUpdateDeleteTest",)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6de916fe06dd0ba1dd215e5b1afc036f5517aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+# testing/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import decimal
+import gc
+from itertools import chain
+import random
+import sys
+from sys import getsizeof
+import types
+
+from . import config
+from . import mock
+from .. import inspect
+from ..engine import Connection
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import DropConstraint
+from ..schema import DropTable
+from ..schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ..schema import MetaData
+from ..schema import Table
+from ..sql import schema
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Integer
+from ..util import decorator
+from ..util import defaultdict
+from ..util import has_refcount_gc
+from ..util import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+
+if not has_refcount_gc:
+
+    def non_refcount_gc_collect(*args):
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
+
+    gc_collect = lazy_gc = non_refcount_gc_collect
+else:
+    # assume CPython - straight gc.collect, lazy_gc() is a pass
+    gc_collect = gc.collect
+
+    def lazy_gc():
+        pass
+
+
+def picklers():
+    picklers = set()
+    import pickle
+
+    picklers.add(pickle)
+
+    # yes, this thing needs this much testing
+    for pickle_ in picklers:
+        for protocol in range(-2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            yield pickle_.loads, lambda d: pickle_.dumps(d, protocol)
+
+
+def random_choices(population, k=1):
+    return random.choices(population, k=k)
+
+
+def round_decimal(value, prec):
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return round(value, prec)
+
+    # can also use shift() here but that is 2.6 only
+    return (value * decimal.Decimal("1" + "0" * prec)).to_integral(
+        decimal.ROUND_FLOOR
+    ) / pow(10, prec)
+
+
+class RandomSet(set):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        l = list(set.__iter__(self))
+        random.shuffle(l)
+        return iter(l)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        index = random.randint(0, len(self) - 1)
+        item = list(set.__iter__(self))[index]
+        self.remove(item)
+        return item
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.union(self, other))
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.difference(self, other))
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.intersection(self, other))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return RandomSet(self)
+
+
+def conforms_partial_ordering(tuples, sorted_elements):
+    """True if the given sorting conforms to the given partial ordering."""
+
+    deps = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        deps[parent].add(child)
+    for i, node in enumerate(sorted_elements):
+        for n in sorted_elements[i:]:
+            if node in deps[n]:
+                return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def all_partial_orderings(tuples, elements):
+    edges = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    def _all_orderings(elements):
+        if len(elements) == 1:
+            yield list(elements)
+        else:
+            for elem in elements:
+                subset = set(elements).difference([elem])
+                if not subset.intersection(edges[elem]):
+                    for sub_ordering in _all_orderings(subset):
+                        yield [elem] + sub_ordering
+
+    return iter(_all_orderings(elements))
+
+
+def function_named(fn, name):
+    """Return a function with a given __name__.
+
+    Will assign to __name__ and return the original function if possible on
+    the Python implementation, otherwise a new function will be constructed.
+
+    This function should be phased out as much as possible
+    in favor of @decorator.   Tests that "generate" many named tests
+    should be modernized.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        fn.__name__ = name
+    except TypeError:
+        fn = types.FunctionType(
+            fn.__code__, fn.__globals__, name, fn.__defaults__, fn.__closure__
+        )
+    return fn
+
+
+def run_as_contextmanager(ctx, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    """Run the given function under the given contextmanager,
+    simulating the behavior of 'with' to support older
+    Python versions.
+
+    This is not necessary anymore as we have placed 2.6
+    as minimum Python version, however some tests are still using
+    this structure.
+
+    """
+
+    obj = ctx.__enter__()
+    try:
+        result = fn(obj, *arg, **kw)
+        ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+        return result
+    except:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        raise_ = ctx.__exit__(*exc_info)
+        if not raise_:
+            raise
+        else:
+            return raise_
+
+
+def rowset(results):
+    """Converts the results of sql execution into a plain set of column tuples.
+
+    Useful for asserting the results of an unordered query.
+    """
+
+    return {tuple(row) for row in results}
+
+
+def fail(msg):
+    assert False, msg
+
+
+@decorator
+def provide_metadata(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Provide bound MetaData for a single test, dropping afterwards.
+
+    Legacy; use the "metadata" pytest fixture.
+
+    """
+
+    from . import fixtures
+
+    metadata = schema.MetaData()
+    self = args[0]
+    prev_meta = getattr(self, "metadata", None)
+    self.metadata = metadata
+    try:
+        return fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        # close out some things that get in the way of dropping tables.
+        # when using the "metadata" fixture, there is a set ordering
+        # of things that makes sure things are cleaned up in order, however
+        # the simple "decorator" nature of this legacy function means
+        # we have to hardcode some of that cleanup ahead of time.
+
+        # close ORM sessions
+        fixtures.close_all_sessions()
+
+        # integrate with the "connection" fixture as there are many
+        # tests where it is used along with provide_metadata
+        cfc = fixtures.base._connection_fixture_connection
+        if cfc:
+            # TODO: this warning can be used to find all the places
+            # this is used with connection fixture
+            # warn("mixing legacy provide metadata with connection fixture")
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, cfc)
+            # as the provide_metadata fixture is often used with "testing.db",
+            # when we do the drop we have to commit the transaction so that
+            # the DB is actually updated as the CREATE would have been
+            # committed
+            cfc.get_transaction().commit()
+        else:
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, config.db)
+        self.metadata = prev_meta
+
+
+def flag_combinations(*combinations):
+    """A facade around @testing.combinations() oriented towards boolean
+    keyword-based arguments.
+
+    Basically generates a nice looking identifier based on the keywords
+    and also sets up the argument names.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @testing.flag_combinations(
+            dict(lazy=False, passive=False),
+            dict(lazy=True, passive=False),
+            dict(lazy=False, passive=True),
+            dict(lazy=False, passive=True, raiseload=True),
+        )
+
+
+    would result in::
+
+        @testing.combinations(
+            ('', False, False, False),
+            ('lazy', True, False, False),
+            ('lazy_passive', True, True, False),
+            ('lazy_passive', True, True, True),
+            id_='iaaa',
+            argnames='lazy,passive,raiseload'
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    keys = set()
+
+    for d in combinations:
+        keys.update(d)
+
+    keys = sorted(keys)
+
+    return config.combinations(
+        *[
+            ("_".join(k for k in keys if d.get(k, False)),)
+            + tuple(d.get(k, False) for k in keys)
+            for d in combinations
+        ],
+        id_="i" + ("a" * len(keys)),
+        argnames=",".join(keys),
+    )
+
+
+def lambda_combinations(lambda_arg_sets, **kw):
+    args = inspect_getfullargspec(lambda_arg_sets)
+
+    arg_sets = lambda_arg_sets(*[mock.Mock() for arg in args[0]])
+
+    def create_fixture(pos):
+        def fixture(**kw):
+            return lambda_arg_sets(**kw)[pos]
+
+        fixture.__name__ = "fixture_%3.3d" % pos
+        return fixture
+
+    return config.combinations(
+        *[(create_fixture(i),) for i in range(len(arg_sets))], **kw
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_lambda(__fn, **kw):
+    """Given a no-arg lambda and a namespace, return a new lambda that
+    has all the values filled in.
+
+    This is used so that we can have module-level fixtures that
+    refer to instance-level variables using lambdas.
+
+    """
+
+    pos_args = inspect_getfullargspec(__fn)[0]
+    pass_pos_args = {arg: kw.pop(arg) for arg in pos_args}
+    glb = dict(__fn.__globals__)
+    glb.update(kw)
+    new_fn = types.FunctionType(__fn.__code__, glb)
+    return new_fn(**pass_pos_args)
+
+
+def metadata_fixture(ddl="function"):
+    """Provide MetaData for a pytest fixture."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        def run_ddl(self):
+            metadata = self.metadata = schema.MetaData()
+            try:
+                result = fn(self, metadata)
+                metadata.create_all(config.db)
+                # TODO:
+                # somehow get a per-function dml erase fixture here
+                yield result
+            finally:
+                metadata.drop_all(config.db)
+
+        return config.fixture(scope=ddl)(run_ddl)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def force_drop_names(*names):
+    """Force the given table names to be dropped after test complete,
+    isolating for foreign key cycles
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def go(fn, *args, **kw):
+        try:
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+        finally:
+            drop_all_tables(config.db, inspect(config.db), include_names=names)
+
+    return go
+
+
+class adict(dict):
+    """Dict keys available as attributes.  Shadows."""
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return dict.__getattribute__(self, key)
+
+    def __call__(self, *keys):
+        return tuple([self[key] for key in keys])
+
+    get_all = __call__
+
+
+def drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, engine_or_connection):
+    from . import engines
+
+    def go(connection):
+        engines.testing_reaper.prepare_for_drop_tables(connection)
+
+        if not connection.dialect.supports_alter:
+            from . import assertions
+
+            with assertions.expect_warnings(
+                "Can't sort tables", assert_=False
+            ):
+                metadata.drop_all(connection)
+        else:
+            metadata.drop_all(connection)
+
+    if not isinstance(engine_or_connection, Connection):
+        with engine_or_connection.begin() as connection:
+            go(connection)
+    else:
+        go(engine_or_connection)
+
+
+def drop_all_tables(
+    engine,
+    inspector,
+    schema=None,
+    consider_schemas=(None,),
+    include_names=None,
+):
+    if include_names is not None:
+        include_names = set(include_names)
+
+    if schema is not None:
+        assert consider_schemas == (
+            None,
+        ), "consider_schemas and schema are mutually exclusive"
+        consider_schemas = (schema,)
+
+    with engine.begin() as conn:
+        for table_key, fkcs in reversed(
+            inspector.sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+                consider_schemas=consider_schemas
+            )
+        ):
+            if table_key:
+                if (
+                    include_names is not None
+                    and table_key[1] not in include_names
+                ):
+                    continue
+                conn.execute(
+                    DropTable(
+                        Table(table_key[1], MetaData(), schema=table_key[0])
+                    )
+                )
+            elif fkcs:
+                if not engine.dialect.supports_alter:
+                    continue
+                for t_key, fkc in fkcs:
+                    if (
+                        include_names is not None
+                        and t_key[1] not in include_names
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    tb = Table(
+                        t_key[1],
+                        MetaData(),
+                        Column("x", Integer),
+                        Column("y", Integer),
+                        schema=t_key[0],
+                    )
+                    conn.execute(
+                        DropConstraint(
+                            ForeignKeyConstraint([tb.c.x], [tb.c.y], name=fkc)
+                        )
+                    )
+
+
+def teardown_events(event_cls):
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *arg, **kw):
+        try:
+            return fn(*arg, **kw)
+        finally:
+            event_cls._clear()
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def total_size(o):
+    """Returns the approximate memory footprint an object and all of its
+    contents.
+
+    source: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577504/
+
+
+    """
+
+    def dict_handler(d):
+        return chain.from_iterable(d.items())
+
+    all_handlers = {
+        tuple: iter,
+        list: iter,
+        deque: iter,
+        dict: dict_handler,
+        set: iter,
+        frozenset: iter,
+    }
+    seen = set()  # track which object id's have already been seen
+    default_size = getsizeof(0)  # estimate sizeof object without __sizeof__
+
+    def sizeof(o):
+        if id(o) in seen:  # do not double count the same object
+            return 0
+        seen.add(id(o))
+        s = getsizeof(o, default_size)
+
+        for typ, handler in all_handlers.items():
+            if isinstance(o, typ):
+                s += sum(map(sizeof, handler(o)))
+                break
+        return s
+
+    return sizeof(o)
+
+
+def count_cache_key_tuples(tup):
+    """given a cache key tuple, counts how many instances of actual
+    tuples are found.
+
+    used to alert large jumps in cache key complexity.
+
+    """
+    stack = [tup]
+
+    sentinel = object()
+    num_elements = 0
+
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop(0)
+        if elem is sentinel:
+            num_elements += 1
+        elif isinstance(elem, tuple):
+            if elem:
+                stack = list(elem) + [sentinel] + stack
+    return num_elements
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..445d0dc2f586b032b8d3bf481f3cd1582f6993e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# testing/warnings.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+
+from . import assertions
+from .. import exc
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from ..exc import SATestSuiteWarning
+from ..util.langhelpers import _warnings_warn
+
+
+def warn_test_suite(message):
+    _warnings_warn(message, category=SATestSuiteWarning)
+
+
+def setup_filters():
+    """hook for setting up warnings filters.
+
+    SQLAlchemy-specific classes must only be here and not in pytest config,
+    as we need to delay importing SQLAlchemy until conftest.py has been
+    processed.
+
+    NOTE: filters on subclasses of DeprecationWarning or
+    PendingDeprecationWarning have no effect if added here, since pytest
+    will add at each test the following filters
+    ``always::PendingDeprecationWarning`` and ``always::DeprecationWarning``
+    that will take precedence over any added here.
+
+    """
+    warnings.filterwarnings("error", category=exc.SAWarning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings("always", category=exc.SATestSuiteWarning)
+
+
+def assert_warnings(fn, warning_msgs, regex=False):
+    """Assert that each of the given warnings are emitted by fn.
+
+    Deprecated.  Please use assertions.expect_warnings().
+
+    """
+
+    with assertions._expect_warnings(
+        sa_exc.SAWarning, warning_msgs, regex=regex
+    ):
+        return fn()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a95ebb07b231272d233c650f3e898d98015b7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# util/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from collections import defaultdict as defaultdict
+from functools import partial as partial
+from functools import update_wrapper as update_wrapper
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import preloaded as preloaded
+from ._collections import coerce_generator_arg as coerce_generator_arg
+from ._collections import coerce_to_immutabledict as coerce_to_immutabledict
+from ._collections import column_dict as column_dict
+from ._collections import column_set as column_set
+from ._collections import EMPTY_DICT as EMPTY_DICT
+from ._collections import EMPTY_SET as EMPTY_SET
+from ._collections import FacadeDict as FacadeDict
+from ._collections import flatten_iterator as flatten_iterator
+from ._collections import has_dupes as has_dupes
+from ._collections import has_intersection as has_intersection
+from ._collections import IdentitySet as IdentitySet
+from ._collections import immutabledict as immutabledict
+from ._collections import LRUCache as LRUCache
+from ._collections import merge_lists_w_ordering as merge_lists_w_ordering
+from ._collections import NONE_SET as NONE_SET
+from ._collections import ordered_column_set as ordered_column_set
+from ._collections import OrderedDict as OrderedDict
+from ._collections import OrderedIdentitySet as OrderedIdentitySet
+from ._collections import OrderedProperties as OrderedProperties
+from ._collections import OrderedSet as OrderedSet
+from ._collections import PopulateDict as PopulateDict
+from ._collections import Properties as Properties
+from ._collections import ReadOnlyContainer as ReadOnlyContainer
+from ._collections import ReadOnlyProperties as ReadOnlyProperties
+from ._collections import ScopedRegistry as ScopedRegistry
+from ._collections import sort_dictionary as sort_dictionary
+from ._collections import ThreadLocalRegistry as ThreadLocalRegistry
+from ._collections import to_column_set as to_column_set
+from ._collections import to_list as to_list
+from ._collections import to_set as to_set
+from ._collections import unique_list as unique_list
+from ._collections import UniqueAppender as UniqueAppender
+from ._collections import update_copy as update_copy
+from ._collections import WeakPopulateDict as WeakPopulateDict
+from ._collections import WeakSequence as WeakSequence
+from .compat import anext_ as anext_
+from .compat import arm as arm
+from .compat import b as b
+from .compat import b64decode as b64decode
+from .compat import b64encode as b64encode
+from .compat import cmp as cmp
+from .compat import cpython as cpython
+from .compat import dataclass_fields as dataclass_fields
+from .compat import decode_backslashreplace as decode_backslashreplace
+from .compat import dottedgetter as dottedgetter
+from .compat import has_refcount_gc as has_refcount_gc
+from .compat import inspect_getfullargspec as inspect_getfullargspec
+from .compat import is64bit as is64bit
+from .compat import local_dataclass_fields as local_dataclass_fields
+from .compat import osx as osx
+from .compat import py310 as py310
+from .compat import py311 as py311
+from .compat import py312 as py312
+from .compat import py38 as py38
+from .compat import py39 as py39
+from .compat import pypy as pypy
+from .compat import win32 as win32
+from .concurrency import await_fallback as await_fallback
+from .concurrency import await_only as await_only
+from .concurrency import greenlet_spawn as greenlet_spawn
+from .concurrency import is_exit_exception as is_exit_exception
+from .deprecations import became_legacy_20 as became_legacy_20
+from .deprecations import deprecated as deprecated
+from .deprecations import deprecated_cls as deprecated_cls
+from .deprecations import deprecated_params as deprecated_params
+from .deprecations import moved_20 as moved_20
+from .deprecations import warn_deprecated as warn_deprecated
+from .langhelpers import add_parameter_text as add_parameter_text
+from .langhelpers import as_interface as as_interface
+from .langhelpers import asbool as asbool
+from .langhelpers import asint as asint
+from .langhelpers import assert_arg_type as assert_arg_type
+from .langhelpers import attrsetter as attrsetter
+from .langhelpers import bool_or_str as bool_or_str
+from .langhelpers import chop_traceback as chop_traceback
+from .langhelpers import class_hierarchy as class_hierarchy
+from .langhelpers import classproperty as classproperty
+from .langhelpers import clsname_as_plain_name as clsname_as_plain_name
+from .langhelpers import coerce_kw_type as coerce_kw_type
+from .langhelpers import constructor_copy as constructor_copy
+from .langhelpers import constructor_key as constructor_key
+from .langhelpers import counter as counter
+from .langhelpers import create_proxy_methods as create_proxy_methods
+from .langhelpers import decode_slice as decode_slice
+from .langhelpers import decorator as decorator
+from .langhelpers import dictlike_iteritems as dictlike_iteritems
+from .langhelpers import duck_type_collection as duck_type_collection
+from .langhelpers import ellipses_string as ellipses_string
+from .langhelpers import EnsureKWArg as EnsureKWArg
+from .langhelpers import FastIntFlag as FastIntFlag
+from .langhelpers import format_argspec_init as format_argspec_init
+from .langhelpers import format_argspec_plus as format_argspec_plus
+from .langhelpers import generic_fn_descriptor as generic_fn_descriptor
+from .langhelpers import generic_repr as generic_repr
+from .langhelpers import get_annotations as get_annotations
+from .langhelpers import get_callable_argspec as get_callable_argspec
+from .langhelpers import get_cls_kwargs as get_cls_kwargs
+from .langhelpers import get_func_kwargs as get_func_kwargs
+from .langhelpers import getargspec_init as getargspec_init
+from .langhelpers import has_compiled_ext as has_compiled_ext
+from .langhelpers import HasMemoized as HasMemoized
+from .langhelpers import (
+    HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute as HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute,
+)
+from .langhelpers import hybridmethod as hybridmethod
+from .langhelpers import hybridproperty as hybridproperty
+from .langhelpers import inject_docstring_text as inject_docstring_text
+from .langhelpers import iterate_attributes as iterate_attributes
+from .langhelpers import map_bits as map_bits
+from .langhelpers import md5_hex as md5_hex
+from .langhelpers import memoized_instancemethod as memoized_instancemethod
+from .langhelpers import memoized_property as memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import MemoizedSlots as MemoizedSlots
+from .langhelpers import method_is_overridden as method_is_overridden
+from .langhelpers import methods_equivalent as methods_equivalent
+from .langhelpers import (
+    monkeypatch_proxied_specials as monkeypatch_proxied_specials,
+)
+from .langhelpers import non_memoized_property as non_memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import NoneType as NoneType
+from .langhelpers import only_once as only_once
+from .langhelpers import (
+    parse_user_argument_for_enum as parse_user_argument_for_enum,
+)
+from .langhelpers import PluginLoader as PluginLoader
+from .langhelpers import portable_instancemethod as portable_instancemethod
+from .langhelpers import quoted_token_parser as quoted_token_parser
+from .langhelpers import ro_memoized_property as ro_memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import ro_non_memoized_property as ro_non_memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import rw_hybridproperty as rw_hybridproperty
+from .langhelpers import safe_reraise as safe_reraise
+from .langhelpers import set_creation_order as set_creation_order
+from .langhelpers import string_or_unprintable as string_or_unprintable
+from .langhelpers import symbol as symbol
+from .langhelpers import TypingOnly as TypingOnly
+from .langhelpers import (
+    unbound_method_to_callable as unbound_method_to_callable,
+)
+from .langhelpers import walk_subclasses as walk_subclasses
+from .langhelpers import warn as warn
+from .langhelpers import warn_exception as warn_exception
+from .langhelpers import warn_limited as warn_limited
+from .langhelpers import wrap_callable as wrap_callable
+from .preloaded import preload_module as preload_module
+from .typing import is_non_string_iterable as is_non_string_iterable
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..259586cd0408acdabcb0dff966da2865aa7e7ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+# util/_collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Collection classes and helpers."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import threading
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+from typing import ValuesView
+import weakref
+
+from ._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from .typing import is_non_string_iterable
+from .typing import Literal
+from .typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_collections import immutabledict as immutabledict
+    from ._py_collections import IdentitySet as IdentitySet
+    from ._py_collections import ReadOnlyContainer as ReadOnlyContainer
+    from ._py_collections import ImmutableDictBase as ImmutableDictBase
+    from ._py_collections import OrderedSet as OrderedSet
+    from ._py_collections import unique_list as unique_list
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.immutabledict import (
+        ReadOnlyContainer as ReadOnlyContainer,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.immutabledict import (
+        ImmutableDictBase as ImmutableDictBase,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.immutabledict import (
+        immutabledict as immutabledict,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.collections import IdentitySet as IdentitySet
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.collections import OrderedSet as OrderedSet
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.collections import (  # noqa
+        unique_list as unique_list,
+    )
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+EMPTY_SET: FrozenSet[Any] = frozenset()
+NONE_SET: FrozenSet[Any] = frozenset([None])
+
+
+def merge_lists_w_ordering(a: List[Any], b: List[Any]) -> List[Any]:
+    """merge two lists, maintaining ordering as much as possible.
+
+    this is to reconcile vars(cls) with cls.__annotations__.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> a = ['__tablename__', 'id', 'x', 'created_at']
+        >>> b = ['id', 'name', 'data', 'y', 'created_at']
+        >>> merge_lists_w_ordering(a, b)
+        ['__tablename__', 'id', 'name', 'data', 'y', 'x', 'created_at']
+
+    This is not necessarily the ordering that things had on the class,
+    in this case the class is::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "users"
+
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            name: Mapped[str]
+            data: Mapped[Optional[str]]
+            x = Column(Integer)
+            y: Mapped[int]
+            created_at: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column()
+
+    But things are *mostly* ordered.
+
+    The algorithm could also be done by creating a partial ordering for
+    all items in both lists and then using topological_sort(), but that
+    is too much overhead.
+
+    Background on how I came up with this is at:
+    https://gist.github.com/zzzeek/89de958cf0803d148e74861bd682ebae
+
+    """
+    overlap = set(a).intersection(b)
+
+    result = []
+
+    current, other = iter(a), iter(b)
+
+    while True:
+        for element in current:
+            if element in overlap:
+                overlap.discard(element)
+                other, current = current, other
+                break
+
+            result.append(element)
+        else:
+            result.extend(other)
+            break
+
+    return result
+
+
+def coerce_to_immutabledict(d: Mapping[_KT, _VT]) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+    if not d:
+        return EMPTY_DICT
+    elif isinstance(d, immutabledict):
+        return d
+    else:
+        return immutabledict(d)
+
+
+EMPTY_DICT: immutabledict[Any, Any] = immutabledict()
+
+
+class FacadeDict(ImmutableDictBase[_KT, _VT]):
+    """A dictionary that is not publicly mutable."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args: Any) -> FacadeDict[Any, Any]:
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(cls)
+        return new
+
+    def copy(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "an immutabledict shouldn't need to be copied.  use dict(d) "
+            "if you need a mutable dictionary."
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return FacadeDict, (dict(self),)
+
+    def _insert_item(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        """insert an item into the dictionary directly."""
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "FacadeDict(%s)" % dict.__repr__(self)
+
+
+_DT = TypeVar("_DT", bound=Any)
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Any)
+
+
+class Properties(Generic[_T]):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface over a dict."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("_data",)
+
+    _data: Dict[str, _T]
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Dict[str, _T]):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_data", data)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter(list(self._data.values()))
+
+    def __dir__(self) -> List[str]:
+        return dir(super()) + [str(k) for k in self._data.keys()]
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Properties[_F]) -> List[Union[_T, _F]]:
+        return list(self) + list(other)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, obj: _T) -> None:
+        self._data[key] = obj
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> _T:
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        del self._data[key]
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: str, obj: _T) -> None:
+        self._data[key] = obj
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"_data": self._data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_data", state["_data"])
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> _T:
+        try:
+            return self._data[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def as_readonly(self) -> ReadOnlyProperties[_T]:
+        """Return an immutable proxy for this :class:`.Properties`."""
+
+        return ReadOnlyProperties(self._data)
+
+    def update(self, value: Dict[str, _T]) -> None:
+        self._data.update(value)
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Union[_DT, _T]) -> Union[_DT, _T]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: str, default: Optional[Union[_DT, _T]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_T, _DT]]:
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def keys(self) -> List[str]:
+        return list(self._data)
+
+    def values(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self._data.values())
+
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[str, _T]]:
+        return list(self._data.items())
+
+    def has_key(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self._data.clear()
+
+
+class OrderedProperties(Properties[_T]):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface with an OrderedDict
+    as backing store."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Properties.__init__(self, OrderedDict())
+
+
+class ReadOnlyProperties(ReadOnlyContainer, Properties[_T]):
+    """Provide immutable dict/object attribute to an underlying dictionary."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+def _ordered_dictionary_sort(d, key=None):
+    """Sort an OrderedDict in-place."""
+
+    items = [(k, d[k]) for k in sorted(d, key=key)]
+
+    d.clear()
+
+    d.update(items)
+
+
+OrderedDict = dict
+sort_dictionary = _ordered_dictionary_sort
+
+
+class WeakSequence(Sequence[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, __elements: Sequence[_T] = ()):
+        # adapted from weakref.WeakKeyDictionary, prevent reference
+        # cycles in the collection itself
+        def _remove(item, selfref=weakref.ref(self)):
+            self = selfref()
+            if self is not None:
+                self._storage.remove(item)
+
+        self._remove = _remove
+        self._storage = [
+            weakref.ref(element, _remove) for element in __elements
+        ]
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self._storage.append(weakref.ref(item, self._remove))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._storage)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (
+            obj for obj in (ref() for ref in self._storage) if obj is not None
+        )
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        try:
+            obj = self._storage[index]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise IndexError("Index %s out of range" % index)
+        else:
+            return obj()
+
+
+class OrderedIdentitySet(IdentitySet):
+    def __init__(self, iterable: Optional[Iterable[Any]] = None):
+        IdentitySet.__init__(self)
+        self._members = OrderedDict()
+        if iterable:
+            for o in iterable:
+                self.add(o)
+
+
+class PopulateDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """A dict which populates missing values via a creation function.
+
+    Note the creation function takes a key, unlike
+    collections.defaultdict.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator: Callable[[_KT], _VT]):
+        self.creator = creator
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        self[key] = val = self.creator(key)
+        return val
+
+
+class WeakPopulateDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Like PopulateDict, but assumes a self + a method and does not create
+    a reference cycle.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator_method: types.MethodType):
+        self.creator = creator_method.__func__
+        weakself = creator_method.__self__
+        self.weakself = weakref.ref(weakself)
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        self[key] = val = self.creator(self.weakself(), key)
+        return val
+
+
+# Define collections that are capable of storing
+# ColumnElement objects as hashable keys/elements.
+# At this point, these are mostly historical, things
+# used to be more complicated.
+column_set = set
+column_dict = dict
+ordered_column_set = OrderedSet
+
+
+class UniqueAppender(Generic[_T]):
+    """Appends items to a collection ensuring uniqueness.
+
+    Additional appends() of the same object are ignored.  Membership is
+    determined by identity (``is a``) not equality (``==``).
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "data", "_data_appender", "_unique"
+
+    data: Union[Iterable[_T], Set[_T], List[_T]]
+    _data_appender: Callable[[_T], None]
+    _unique: Dict[int, Literal[True]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: Union[Iterable[_T], Set[_T], List[_T]],
+        via: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        self.data = data
+        self._unique = {}
+        if via:
+            self._data_appender = getattr(data, via)
+        elif hasattr(data, "append"):
+            self._data_appender = cast("List[_T]", data).append
+        elif hasattr(data, "add"):
+            self._data_appender = cast("Set[_T]", data).add
+
+    def append(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        id_ = id(item)
+        if id_ not in self._unique:
+            self._data_appender(item)
+            self._unique[id_] = True
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+
+def coerce_generator_arg(arg: Any) -> List[Any]:
+    if len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], types.GeneratorType):
+        return list(arg[0])
+    else:
+        return cast("List[Any]", arg)
+
+
+def to_list(x: Any, default: Optional[List[Any]] = None) -> List[Any]:
+    if x is None:
+        return default  # type: ignore
+    if not is_non_string_iterable(x):
+        return [x]
+    elif isinstance(x, list):
+        return x
+    else:
+        return list(x)
+
+
+def has_intersection(set_, iterable):
+    r"""return True if any items of set\_ are present in iterable.
+
+    Goes through special effort to ensure __hash__ is not called
+    on items in iterable that don't support it.
+
+    """
+    # TODO: optimize, write in C, etc.
+    return bool(set_.intersection([i for i in iterable if i.__hash__]))
+
+
+def to_set(x):
+    if x is None:
+        return set()
+    if not isinstance(x, set):
+        return set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def to_column_set(x: Any) -> Set[Any]:
+    if x is None:
+        return column_set()
+    if not isinstance(x, column_set):
+        return column_set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def update_copy(d, _new=None, **kw):
+    """Copy the given dict and update with the given values."""
+
+    d = d.copy()
+    if _new:
+        d.update(_new)
+    d.update(**kw)
+    return d
+
+
+def flatten_iterator(x: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]:
+    """Given an iterator of which further sub-elements may also be
+    iterators, flatten the sub-elements into a single iterator.
+
+    """
+    elem: _T
+    for elem in x:
+        if not isinstance(elem, str) and hasattr(elem, "__iter__"):
+            yield from flatten_iterator(elem)
+        else:
+            yield elem
+
+
+class LRUCache(typing.MutableMapping[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Dictionary with 'squishy' removal of least
+    recently used items.
+
+    Note that either get() or [] should be used here, but
+    generally its not safe to do an "in" check first as the dictionary
+    can change subsequent to that call.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "capacity",
+        "threshold",
+        "size_alert",
+        "_data",
+        "_counter",
+        "_mutex",
+    )
+
+    capacity: int
+    threshold: float
+    size_alert: Optional[Callable[[LRUCache[_KT, _VT]], None]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        capacity: int = 100,
+        threshold: float = 0.5,
+        size_alert: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.capacity = capacity
+        self.threshold = threshold
+        self.size_alert = size_alert
+        self._counter = 0
+        self._mutex = threading.Lock()
+        self._data: Dict[_KT, Tuple[_KT, _VT, List[int]]] = {}
+
+    def _inc_counter(self):
+        self._counter += 1
+        return self._counter
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: _KT) -> Optional[_VT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: _KT, default: Union[_VT, _T]) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _KT, default: Optional[Union[_VT, _T]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_VT, _T]]:
+        item = self._data.get(key)
+        if item is not None:
+            item[2][0] = self._inc_counter()
+            return item[1]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _KT) -> _VT:
+        item = self._data[key]
+        item[2][0] = self._inc_counter()
+        return item[1]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_KT]:
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def values(self) -> ValuesView[_VT]:
+        return typing.ValuesView({k: i[1] for k, i in self._data.items()})
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        self._data[key] = (key, value, [self._inc_counter()])
+        self._manage_size()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, __v: _KT) -> None:
+        del self._data[__v]
+
+    @property
+    def size_threshold(self) -> float:
+        return self.capacity + self.capacity * self.threshold
+
+    def _manage_size(self) -> None:
+        if not self._mutex.acquire(False):
+            return
+        try:
+            size_alert = bool(self.size_alert)
+            while len(self) > self.capacity + self.capacity * self.threshold:
+                if size_alert:
+                    size_alert = False
+                    self.size_alert(self)  # type: ignore
+                by_counter = sorted(
+                    self._data.values(),
+                    key=operator.itemgetter(2),
+                    reverse=True,
+                )
+                for item in by_counter[self.capacity :]:
+                    try:
+                        del self._data[item[0]]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        # deleted elsewhere; skip
+                        continue
+        finally:
+            self._mutex.release()
+
+
+class _CreateFuncType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+class _ScopeFuncType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ScopedRegistry(Generic[_T]):
+    """A Registry that can store one or multiple instances of a single
+    class on the basis of a "scope" function.
+
+    The object implements ``__call__`` as the "getter", so by
+    calling ``myregistry()`` the contained object is returned
+    for the current scope.
+
+    :param createfunc:
+      a callable that returns a new object to be placed in the registry
+
+    :param scopefunc:
+      a callable that will return a key to store/retrieve an object.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "createfunc", "scopefunc", "registry"
+
+    createfunc: _CreateFuncType[_T]
+    scopefunc: _ScopeFuncType
+    registry: Any
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, createfunc: Callable[[], _T], scopefunc: Callable[[], Any]
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.ScopedRegistry`.
+
+        :param createfunc:  A creation function that will generate
+          a new value for the current scope, if none is present.
+
+        :param scopefunc:  A function that returns a hashable
+          token representing the current scope (such as, current
+          thread identifier).
+
+        """
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.scopefunc = scopefunc
+        self.registry = {}
+
+    def __call__(self) -> _T:
+        key = self.scopefunc()
+        try:
+            return self.registry[key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except KeyError:
+            return self.registry.setdefault(key, self.createfunc())  # type: ignore[no-any-return] # noqa: E501
+
+    def has(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if an object is present in the current scope."""
+
+        return self.scopefunc() in self.registry
+
+    def set(self, obj: _T) -> None:
+        """Set the value for the current scope."""
+
+        self.registry[self.scopefunc()] = obj
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear the current scope, if any."""
+
+        try:
+            del self.registry[self.scopefunc()]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+
+class ThreadLocalRegistry(ScopedRegistry[_T]):
+    """A :class:`.ScopedRegistry` that uses a ``threading.local()``
+    variable for storage.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, createfunc: Callable[[], _T]):
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.registry = threading.local()
+
+    def __call__(self) -> _T:
+        try:
+            return self.registry.value  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except AttributeError:
+            val = self.registry.value = self.createfunc()
+            return val
+
+    def has(self) -> bool:
+        return hasattr(self.registry, "value")
+
+    def set(self, obj: _T) -> None:
+        self.registry.value = obj
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            del self.registry.value
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def has_dupes(sequence, target):
+    """Given a sequence and search object, return True if there's more
+    than one, False if zero or one of them.
+
+
+    """
+    # compare to .index version below, this version introduces less function
+    # overhead and is usually the same speed.  At 15000 items (way bigger than
+    # a relationship-bound collection in memory usually is) it begins to
+    # fall behind the other version only by microseconds.
+    c = 0
+    for item in sequence:
+        if item is target:
+            c += 1
+            if c > 1:
+                return True
+    return False
+
+
+# .index version.  the two __contains__ calls as well
+# as .index() and isinstance() slow this down.
+# def has_dupes(sequence, target):
+#    if target not in sequence:
+#        return False
+#    elif not isinstance(sequence, collections_abc.Sequence):
+#        return False
+#
+#    idx = sequence.index(target)
+#    return target in sequence[idx + 1:]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_concurrency_py3k.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_concurrency_py3k.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f290bb8b8a538e11dd242a34c0bce1574229b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_concurrency_py3k.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# util/_concurrency_py3k.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from contextvars import Context
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Coroutine
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .langhelpers import memoized_property
+from .. import exc
+from ..util import py311
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    class greenlet(Protocol):
+        dead: bool
+        gr_context: Optional[Context]
+
+        def __init__(self, fn: Callable[..., Any], driver: greenlet): ...
+
+        def throw(self, *arg: Any) -> Any:
+            return None
+
+        def switch(self, value: Any) -> Any:
+            return None
+
+    def getcurrent() -> greenlet: ...
+
+else:
+    from greenlet import getcurrent
+    from greenlet import greenlet
+
+
+# If greenlet.gr_context is present in current version of greenlet,
+# it will be set with the current context on creation.
+# Refs: https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/pull/198
+_has_gr_context = hasattr(getcurrent(), "gr_context")
+
+
+def is_exit_exception(e: BaseException) -> bool:
+    # note asyncio.CancelledError is already BaseException
+    # so was an exit exception in any case
+    return not isinstance(e, Exception) or isinstance(
+        e, (asyncio.TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError)
+    )
+
+
+# implementation based on snaury gist at
+# https://gist.github.com/snaury/202bf4f22c41ca34e56297bae5f33fef
+# Issue for context: https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/173
+
+
+class _AsyncIoGreenlet(greenlet):
+    dead: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, fn: Callable[..., Any], driver: greenlet):
+        greenlet.__init__(self, fn, driver)
+        self.driver = driver
+        if _has_gr_context:
+            self.gr_context = driver.gr_context
+
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def iscoroutine(
+        awaitable: Awaitable[_T_co],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[Coroutine[Any, Any, _T_co]]: ...
+
+else:
+    iscoroutine = asyncio.iscoroutine
+
+
+def _safe_cancel_awaitable(awaitable: Awaitable[Any]) -> None:
+    # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#coroutine.close
+
+    if iscoroutine(awaitable):
+        awaitable.close()
+
+
+def in_greenlet() -> bool:
+    current = getcurrent()
+    return isinstance(current, _AsyncIoGreenlet)
+
+
+def await_only(awaitable: Awaitable[_T]) -> _T:
+    """Awaits an async function in a sync method.
+
+    The sync method must be inside a :func:`greenlet_spawn` context.
+    :func:`await_only` calls cannot be nested.
+
+    :param awaitable: The coroutine to call.
+
+    """
+    # this is called in the context greenlet while running fn
+    current = getcurrent()
+    if not isinstance(current, _AsyncIoGreenlet):
+        _safe_cancel_awaitable(awaitable)
+
+        raise exc.MissingGreenlet(
+            "greenlet_spawn has not been called; can't call await_only() "
+            "here. Was IO attempted in an unexpected place?"
+        )
+
+    # returns the control to the driver greenlet passing it
+    # a coroutine to run. Once the awaitable is done, the driver greenlet
+    # switches back to this greenlet with the result of awaitable that is
+    # then returned to the caller (or raised as error)
+    return current.driver.switch(awaitable)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+def await_fallback(awaitable: Awaitable[_T]) -> _T:
+    """Awaits an async function in a sync method.
+
+    The sync method must be inside a :func:`greenlet_spawn` context.
+    :func:`await_fallback` calls cannot be nested.
+
+    :param awaitable: The coroutine to call.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0.24 The ``await_fallback()`` function will be removed
+       in SQLAlchemy 2.1.  Use :func:`_util.await_only` instead, running the
+       function / program / etc. within a top-level greenlet that is set up
+       using :func:`_util.greenlet_spawn`.
+
+    """
+
+    # this is called in the context greenlet while running fn
+    current = getcurrent()
+    if not isinstance(current, _AsyncIoGreenlet):
+        loop = get_event_loop()
+        if loop.is_running():
+            _safe_cancel_awaitable(awaitable)
+
+            raise exc.MissingGreenlet(
+                "greenlet_spawn has not been called and asyncio event "
+                "loop is already running; can't call await_fallback() here. "
+                "Was IO attempted in an unexpected place?"
+            )
+        return loop.run_until_complete(awaitable)
+
+    return current.driver.switch(awaitable)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+async def greenlet_spawn(
+    fn: Callable[..., _T],
+    *args: Any,
+    _require_await: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _T:
+    """Runs a sync function ``fn`` in a new greenlet.
+
+    The sync function can then use :func:`await_only` to wait for async
+    functions.
+
+    :param fn: The sync callable to call.
+    :param \\*args: Positional arguments to pass to the ``fn`` callable.
+    :param \\*\\*kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the ``fn`` callable.
+    """
+
+    result: Any
+    context = _AsyncIoGreenlet(fn, getcurrent())
+    # runs the function synchronously in gl greenlet. If the execution
+    # is interrupted by await_only, context is not dead and result is a
+    # coroutine to wait. If the context is dead the function has
+    # returned, and its result can be returned.
+    switch_occurred = False
+    try:
+        result = context.switch(*args, **kwargs)
+        while not context.dead:
+            switch_occurred = True
+            try:
+                # wait for a coroutine from await_only and then return its
+                # result back to it.
+                value = await result
+            except BaseException:
+                # this allows an exception to be raised within
+                # the moderated greenlet so that it can continue
+                # its expected flow.
+                result = context.throw(*sys.exc_info())
+            else:
+                result = context.switch(value)
+    finally:
+        # clean up to avoid cycle resolution by gc
+        del context.driver
+    if _require_await and not switch_occurred:
+        raise exc.AwaitRequired(
+            "The current operation required an async execution but none was "
+            "detected. This will usually happen when using a non compatible "
+            "DBAPI driver. Please ensure that an async DBAPI is used."
+        )
+    return result  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptedLock:
+    @memoized_property
+    def mutex(self) -> asyncio.Lock:
+        # there should not be a race here for coroutines creating the
+        # new lock as we are not using await, so therefore no concurrency
+        return asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> bool:
+        # await is used to acquire the lock only after the first calling
+        # coroutine has created the mutex.
+        return await_fallback(self.mutex.acquire())
+
+    def __exit__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        self.mutex.release()
+
+
+def get_event_loop() -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
+    """vendor asyncio.get_event_loop() for python 3.7 and above.
+
+    Python 3.10 deprecates get_event_loop() as a standalone.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        # avoid "During handling of the above exception, another exception..."
+        pass
+    return asyncio.get_event_loop_policy().get_event_loop()
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING and py311:
+    _Runner = asyncio.Runner
+else:
+
+    class _Runner:
+        """Runner implementation for test only"""
+
+        _loop: Union[None, asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, Literal[False]]
+
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self._loop = None
+
+        def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+            self._lazy_init()
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_val: Any, exc_tb: Any) -> None:
+            self.close()
+
+        def close(self) -> None:
+            if self._loop:
+                try:
+                    self._loop.run_until_complete(
+                        self._loop.shutdown_asyncgens()
+                    )
+                finally:
+                    self._loop.close()
+                    self._loop = False
+
+        def get_loop(self) -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
+            """Return embedded event loop."""
+            self._lazy_init()
+            assert self._loop
+            return self._loop
+
+        def run(self, coro: Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]) -> _T:
+            self._lazy_init()
+            assert self._loop
+            return self._loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+
+        def _lazy_init(self) -> None:
+            if self._loop is False:
+                raise RuntimeError("Runner is closed")
+            if self._loop is None:
+                self._loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_has_cy.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_has_cy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3925173ed20cd12a823d0350d1bd6a3ed9a9a6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_has_cy.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# util/_has_cy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import os
+import typing
+
+
+def _import_cy_extensions():
+    # all cython extension extension modules are treated as optional by the
+    # setup, so to ensure that all are compiled, all should be imported here
+    from ..cyextension import collections
+    from ..cyextension import immutabledict
+    from ..cyextension import processors
+    from ..cyextension import resultproxy
+    from ..cyextension import util
+
+    return (collections, immutabledict, processors, resultproxy, util)
+
+
+_CYEXTENSION_MSG: str
+if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    if os.environ.get("DISABLE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT_RUNTIME"):
+        HAS_CYEXTENSION = False
+        _CYEXTENSION_MSG = "DISABLE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT_RUNTIME is set"
+    else:
+        try:
+            _import_cy_extensions()
+        except ImportError as err:
+            HAS_CYEXTENSION = False
+            _CYEXTENSION_MSG = str(err)
+        else:
+            _CYEXTENSION_MSG = "Loaded"
+            HAS_CYEXTENSION = True
+else:
+    HAS_CYEXTENSION = False
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_py_collections.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_py_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3046b3cd65a8ae117c108548ec550c2af52eb71f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_py_collections.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+# util/_py_collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from itertools import filterfalse
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class ReadOnlyContainer:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _readonly(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "%s object is immutable and/or readonly" % self.__class__.__name__
+        )
+
+    def _immutable(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s object is immutable" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+
+class ImmutableDictBase(ReadOnlyContainer, Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+        def __init__(cls, *args: Any): ...
+
+    def _readonly(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._immutable()
+
+    def clear(self) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def pop(self, key: Any, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def popitem(self) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: Any, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def update(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+
+class immutabledict(ImmutableDictBase[_KT, _VT]):
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(cls)
+        dict.__init__(new, *args)
+        return new
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: Union[Mapping[_KT, _VT], Iterable[Tuple[_KT, _VT]]]
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return immutabledict, (dict(self),)
+
+    def union(
+        self, __d: Optional[Mapping[_KT, _VT]] = None
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        if not __d:
+            return self
+
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(self.__class__)
+        dict.__init__(new, self)
+        dict.update(new, __d)  # type: ignore
+        return new
+
+    def _union_w_kw(
+        self, __d: Optional[Mapping[_KT, _VT]] = None, **kw: _VT
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        # not sure if C version works correctly w/ this yet
+        if not __d and not kw:
+            return self
+
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(self.__class__)
+        dict.__init__(new, self)
+        if __d:
+            dict.update(new, __d)  # type: ignore
+        dict.update(new, kw)  # type: ignore
+        return new
+
+    def merge_with(
+        self, *dicts: Optional[Mapping[_KT, _VT]]
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        new = None
+        for d in dicts:
+            if d:
+                if new is None:
+                    new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(self.__class__)
+                    dict.__init__(new, self)
+                dict.update(new, d)  # type: ignore
+        if new is None:
+            return self
+
+        return new
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "immutabledict(%s)" % dict.__repr__(self)
+
+    # PEP 584
+    def __ior__(self, __value: Any) -> NoReturn:  # type: ignore
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def __or__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, __value: Mapping[_KT, _VT]
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return immutabledict(
+            super().__or__(__value),  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        )
+
+    def __ror__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, __value: Mapping[_KT, _VT]
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return immutabledict(
+            super().__ror__(__value),  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        )
+
+
+class OrderedSet(Set[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ("_list",)
+
+    _list: List[_T]
+
+    def __init__(self, d: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = None) -> None:
+        if d is not None:
+            self._list = unique_list(d)
+            super().update(self._list)
+        else:
+            self._list = []
+
+    def copy(self) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        cp = self.__class__()
+        cp._list = self._list.copy()
+        set.update(cp, cp._list)
+        return cp
+
+    def add(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.append(element)
+        super().add(element)
+
+    def remove(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        super().remove(element)
+        self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def pop(self) -> _T:
+        try:
+            value = self._list.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set") from None
+        super().remove(value)
+        return value
+
+    def insert(self, pos: int, element: _T) -> None:
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.insert(pos, element)
+        super().add(element)
+
+    def discard(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        if element in self:
+            self._list.remove(element)
+            super().remove(element)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> _T:
+        return self._list[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Iterator[_T]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    def update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for iterable in iterables:
+            for e in iterable:
+                if e not in self:
+                    self._list.append(e)
+                    super().add(e)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def union(self, *other: Iterable[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        result: OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]] = self.copy()
+        result.update(*other)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        other_set: Set[Any] = set()
+        other_set.update(*other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self if a in other_set)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        collection: Collection[_T]
+        if isinstance(other, set):
+            collection = other_set = other
+        elif isinstance(other, Collection):
+            collection = other
+            other_set = set(other)
+        else:
+            collection = list(other)
+            other_set = set(collection)
+        result = self.__class__(a for a in self if a not in other_set)
+        result.update(a for a in collection if a not in self)
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return cast(OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]], self).symmetric_difference(
+            other
+        )
+
+    def difference(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        other_set = super().difference(*other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self._list if a in other_set)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: AbstractSet[Optional[_T]]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().intersection_update(*other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __iand__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        collection = other if isinstance(other, Collection) else list(other)
+        super().symmetric_difference_update(collection)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        self._list += [a for a in collection if a in self]
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return cast(OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]], self)
+
+    def difference_update(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().difference_update(*other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __isub__(self, other: AbstractSet[Optional[_T]]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+
+class IdentitySet:
+    """A set that considers only object id() for uniqueness.
+
+    This strategy has edge cases for builtin types- it's possible to have
+    two 'foo' strings in one of these sets, for example.  Use sparingly.
+
+    """
+
+    _members: Dict[int, Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable: Optional[Iterable[Any]] = None):
+        self._members = dict()
+        if iterable:
+            self.update(iterable)
+
+    def add(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        self._members[id(value)] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, value: Any) -> bool:
+        return id(value) in self._members
+
+    def remove(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        del self._members[id(value)]
+
+    def discard(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.remove(value)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def pop(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            pair = self._members.popitem()
+            return pair[1]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set")
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self._members.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members == other._members
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members != other._members
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def issubset(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) > len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in filterfalse(
+            other._members.__contains__, iter(self._members.keys())
+        ):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issubset(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) < len(other) and self.issubset(other)
+
+    def issuperset(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) < len(other):
+            return False
+
+        for m in filterfalse(
+            self._members.__contains__, iter(other._members.keys())
+        ):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) > len(other) and self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def union(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__class__()
+        members = self._members
+        result._members.update(members)
+        result._members.update((id(obj), obj) for obj in iterable)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other: Any) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members.update((id(obj), obj) for obj in iterable)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: Any) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def difference(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        other: Collection[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable._members
+        else:
+            other = {id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {
+            k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other
+        }
+        return result
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def difference_update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members = self.difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __isub__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+
+        other: Collection[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable._members
+        else:
+            other = {id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {
+            k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k in other
+        }
+        return result
+
+    def __and__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members = self.intersection(iterable)._members
+
+    def __iand__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable._members
+        else:
+            other = {id(obj): obj for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {
+            k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other
+        }
+        result._members.update(
+            (k, v) for k, v in other.items() if k not in self._members
+        )
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members = self.symmetric_difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.symmetric_difference(other)
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        result._members = self._members.copy()
+        return result
+
+    __copy__ = copy
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._members)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self._members.values())
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("set objects are unhashable")
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%r)" % (type(self).__name__, list(self._members.values()))
+
+
+def unique_list(
+    seq: Iterable[_T], hashfunc: Optional[Callable[[_T], int]] = None
+) -> List[_T]:
+    seen: Set[Any] = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if not hashfunc:
+        return [x for x in seq if x not in seen and not seen_add(x)]
+    else:
+        return [
+            x
+            for x in seq
+            if hashfunc(x) not in seen and not seen_add(hashfunc(x))
+        ]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dad79a0deab4988052dce1da85b641caf47ae018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# util/compat.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Handle Python version/platform incompatibilities."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import dataclasses
+import hashlib
+import inspect
+import operator
+import platform
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+
+py312 = sys.version_info >= (3, 12)
+py311 = sys.version_info >= (3, 11)
+py310 = sys.version_info >= (3, 10)
+py39 = sys.version_info >= (3, 9)
+py38 = sys.version_info >= (3, 8)
+pypy = platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy"
+cpython = platform.python_implementation() == "CPython"
+
+win32 = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+osx = sys.platform.startswith("darwin")
+arm = "aarch" in platform.machine().lower()
+is64bit = sys.maxsize > 2**32
+
+has_refcount_gc = bool(cpython)
+
+dottedgetter = operator.attrgetter
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+
+class FullArgSpec(typing.NamedTuple):
+    args: List[str]
+    varargs: Optional[str]
+    varkw: Optional[str]
+    defaults: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    kwonlyargs: List[str]
+    kwonlydefaults: Dict[str, Any]
+    annotations: Dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def inspect_getfullargspec(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> FullArgSpec:
+    """Fully vendored version of getfullargspec from Python 3.3."""
+
+    if inspect.ismethod(func):
+        func = func.__func__
+    if not inspect.isfunction(func):
+        raise TypeError(f"{func!r} is not a Python function")
+
+    co = func.__code__
+    if not inspect.iscode(co):
+        raise TypeError(f"{co!r} is not a code object")
+
+    nargs = co.co_argcount
+    names = co.co_varnames
+    nkwargs = co.co_kwonlyargcount
+    args = list(names[:nargs])
+    kwonlyargs = list(names[nargs : nargs + nkwargs])
+
+    nargs += nkwargs
+    varargs = None
+    if co.co_flags & inspect.CO_VARARGS:
+        varargs = co.co_varnames[nargs]
+        nargs = nargs + 1
+    varkw = None
+    if co.co_flags & inspect.CO_VARKEYWORDS:
+        varkw = co.co_varnames[nargs]
+
+    return FullArgSpec(
+        args,
+        varargs,
+        varkw,
+        func.__defaults__,
+        kwonlyargs,
+        func.__kwdefaults__,
+        func.__annotations__,
+    )
+
+
+if py39:
+    # python stubs don't have a public type for this. not worth
+    # making a protocol
+    def md5_not_for_security() -> Any:
+        return hashlib.md5(usedforsecurity=False)
+
+else:
+
+    def md5_not_for_security() -> Any:
+        return hashlib.md5()
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or py38:
+    from importlib import metadata as importlib_metadata
+else:
+    import importlib_metadata  # noqa
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or py39:
+    # pep 584 dict union
+    dict_union = operator.or_  # noqa
+else:
+
+    def dict_union(a: dict, b: dict) -> dict:
+        a = a.copy()
+        a.update(b)
+        return a
+
+
+if py310:
+    anext_ = anext
+else:
+    _NOT_PROVIDED = object()
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+
+    async def anext_(async_iterator, default=_NOT_PROVIDED):
+        """vendored from https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/8895"""
+
+        if not isinstance(async_iterator, AsyncIterator):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"anext expected an AsyncIterator, got {type(async_iterator)}"
+            )
+        anxt = type(async_iterator).__anext__
+        try:
+            return await anxt(async_iterator)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            if default is _NOT_PROVIDED:
+                raise
+            return default
+
+
+def importlib_metadata_get(group):
+    ep = importlib_metadata.entry_points()
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or hasattr(ep, "select"):
+        return ep.select(group=group)
+    else:
+        return ep.get(group, ())
+
+
+def b(s):
+    return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+
+def b64decode(x: str) -> bytes:
+    return base64.b64decode(x.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+def b64encode(x: bytes) -> str:
+    return base64.b64encode(x).decode("ascii")
+
+
+def decode_backslashreplace(text: bytes, encoding: str) -> str:
+    return text.decode(encoding, errors="backslashreplace")
+
+
+def cmp(a, b):
+    return (a > b) - (a < b)
+
+
+def _formatannotation(annotation, base_module=None):
+    """vendored from python 3.7"""
+
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        return annotation
+
+    if getattr(annotation, "__module__", None) == "typing":
+        return repr(annotation).replace("typing.", "").replace("~", "")
+    if isinstance(annotation, type):
+        if annotation.__module__ in ("builtins", base_module):
+            return repr(annotation.__qualname__)
+        return annotation.__module__ + "." + annotation.__qualname__
+    elif isinstance(annotation, typing.TypeVar):
+        return repr(annotation).replace("~", "")
+    return repr(annotation).replace("~", "")
+
+
+def inspect_formatargspec(
+    args: List[str],
+    varargs: Optional[str] = None,
+    varkw: Optional[str] = None,
+    defaults: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None,
+    kwonlyargs: Optional[Sequence[str]] = (),
+    kwonlydefaults: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = {},
+    annotations: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+    formatarg: Callable[[str], str] = str,
+    formatvarargs: Callable[[str], str] = lambda name: "*" + name,
+    formatvarkw: Callable[[str], str] = lambda name: "**" + name,
+    formatvalue: Callable[[Any], str] = lambda value: "=" + repr(value),
+    formatreturns: Callable[[Any], str] = lambda text: " -> " + str(text),
+    formatannotation: Callable[[Any], str] = _formatannotation,
+) -> str:
+    """Copy formatargspec from python 3.7 standard library.
+
+    Python 3 has deprecated formatargspec and requested that Signature
+    be used instead, however this requires a full reimplementation
+    of formatargspec() in terms of creating Parameter objects and such.
+    Instead of introducing all the object-creation overhead and having
+    to reinvent from scratch, just copy their compatibility routine.
+
+    Ultimately we would need to rewrite our "decorator" routine completely
+    which is not really worth it right now, until all Python 2.x support
+    is dropped.
+
+    """
+
+    kwonlydefaults = kwonlydefaults or {}
+    annotations = annotations or {}
+
+    def formatargandannotation(arg):
+        result = formatarg(arg)
+        if arg in annotations:
+            result += ": " + formatannotation(annotations[arg])
+        return result
+
+    specs = []
+    if defaults:
+        firstdefault = len(args) - len(defaults)
+    else:
+        firstdefault = -1
+
+    for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+        spec = formatargandannotation(arg)
+        if defaults and i >= firstdefault:
+            spec = spec + formatvalue(defaults[i - firstdefault])
+        specs.append(spec)
+
+    if varargs is not None:
+        specs.append(formatvarargs(formatargandannotation(varargs)))
+    else:
+        if kwonlyargs:
+            specs.append("*")
+
+    if kwonlyargs:
+        for kwonlyarg in kwonlyargs:
+            spec = formatargandannotation(kwonlyarg)
+            if kwonlydefaults and kwonlyarg in kwonlydefaults:
+                spec += formatvalue(kwonlydefaults[kwonlyarg])
+            specs.append(spec)
+
+    if varkw is not None:
+        specs.append(formatvarkw(formatargandannotation(varkw)))
+
+    result = "(" + ", ".join(specs) + ")"
+    if "return" in annotations:
+        result += formatreturns(formatannotation(annotations["return"]))
+    return result
+
+
+def dataclass_fields(cls: Type[Any]) -> Iterable[dataclasses.Field[Any]]:
+    """Return a sequence of all dataclasses.Field objects associated
+    with a class as an already processed dataclass.
+
+    The class must **already be a dataclass** for Field objects to be returned.
+
+    """
+
+    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(cls):
+        return dataclasses.fields(cls)
+    else:
+        return []
+
+
+def local_dataclass_fields(cls: Type[Any]) -> Iterable[dataclasses.Field[Any]]:
+    """Return a sequence of all dataclasses.Field objects associated with
+    an already processed dataclass, excluding those that originate from a
+    superclass.
+
+    The class must **already be a dataclass** for Field objects to be returned.
+
+    """
+
+    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(cls):
+        super_fields: Set[dataclasses.Field[Any]] = set()
+        for sup in cls.__bases__:
+            super_fields.update(dataclass_fields(sup))
+        return [f for f in dataclasses.fields(cls) if f not in super_fields]
+    else:
+        return []
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/concurrency.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/concurrency.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3654b47c3072d59188f010625720436db0d8cb90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/concurrency.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# util/concurrency.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio  # noqa
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Coroutine
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+have_greenlet = False
+greenlet_error = None
+try:
+    import greenlet  # type: ignore[import-untyped,unused-ignore]  # noqa: F401,E501
+except ImportError as e:
+    greenlet_error = str(e)
+    pass
+else:
+    have_greenlet = True
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import await_only as await_only
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import await_fallback as await_fallback
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import in_greenlet as in_greenlet
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import greenlet_spawn as greenlet_spawn
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import is_exit_exception as is_exit_exception
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import AsyncAdaptedLock as AsyncAdaptedLock
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import _Runner
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class _AsyncUtil:
+    """Asyncio util for test suite/ util only"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if have_greenlet:
+            self.runner = _Runner()
+
+    def run(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]],
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Run coroutine on the loop"""
+        return self.runner.run(fn(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def run_in_greenlet(
+        self, fn: Callable[..., _T], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Run sync function in greenlet. Support nested calls"""
+        if have_greenlet:
+            if self.runner.get_loop().is_running():
+                return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                return self.runner.run(greenlet_spawn(fn, *args, **kwargs))
+        else:
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if have_greenlet:
+            self.runner.close()
+
+
+if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING and not have_greenlet:
+
+    def _not_implemented():
+        # this conditional is to prevent pylance from considering
+        # greenlet_spawn() etc as "no return" and dimming out code below it
+        if have_greenlet:
+            return None
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            "the greenlet library is required to use this function."
+            " %s" % greenlet_error
+            if greenlet_error
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def is_exit_exception(e):  # noqa: F811
+        return not isinstance(e, Exception)
+
+    def await_only(thing):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def await_fallback(thing):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        return thing
+
+    def in_greenlet():  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def greenlet_spawn(fn, *args, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def AsyncAdaptedLock(*args, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def _util_async_run(fn, *arg, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def _util_async_run_coroutine_function(fn, *arg, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811,E501
+        _not_implemented()
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84aadf0c6f5cc17a7f4db8cfc32a38a64ec4ea53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# util/deprecations.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Helpers related to deprecation of functions, methods, classes, other
+functionality."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Match
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import compat
+from .langhelpers import _hash_limit_string
+from .langhelpers import _warnings_warn
+from .langhelpers import decorator
+from .langhelpers import inject_docstring_text
+from .langhelpers import inject_param_text
+from .. import exc
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+# https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/generics.html#declaring-decorators
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+
+def _warn_with_version(
+    msg: str,
+    version: str,
+    type_: Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning],
+    stacklevel: int,
+    code: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    warn = type_(msg, code=code)
+    warn.deprecated_since = version
+
+    _warnings_warn(warn, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+
+
+def warn_deprecated(
+    msg: str, version: str, stacklevel: int = 3, code: Optional[str] = None
+) -> None:
+    _warn_with_version(
+        msg, version, exc.SADeprecationWarning, stacklevel, code=code
+    )
+
+
+def warn_deprecated_limited(
+    msg: str,
+    args: Sequence[Any],
+    version: str,
+    stacklevel: int = 3,
+    code: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Issue a deprecation warning with a parameterized string,
+    limiting the number of registrations.
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        msg = _hash_limit_string(msg, 10, args)
+    _warn_with_version(
+        msg, version, exc.SADeprecationWarning, stacklevel, code=code
+    )
+
+
+def deprecated_cls(
+    version: str, message: str, constructor: Optional[str] = "__init__"
+) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]:
+    header = ".. deprecated:: %s %s" % (version, (message or ""))
+
+    def decorate(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
+        return _decorate_cls_with_warning(
+            cls,
+            constructor,
+            exc.SADeprecationWarning,
+            message % dict(func=constructor),
+            version,
+            header,
+        )
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def deprecated(
+    version: str,
+    message: Optional[str] = None,
+    add_deprecation_to_docstring: bool = True,
+    warning: Optional[Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning]] = None,
+    enable_warnings: bool = True,
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    """Decorates a function and issues a deprecation warning on use.
+
+    :param version:
+      Issue version in the warning.
+
+    :param message:
+      If provided, issue message in the warning.  A sensible default
+      is used if not provided.
+
+    :param add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+      Default True.  If False, the wrapped function's __doc__ is left
+      as-is.  If True, the 'message' is prepended to the docs if
+      provided, or sensible default if message is omitted.
+
+    """
+
+    if add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+        header = ".. deprecated:: %s %s" % (
+            version,
+            (message or ""),
+        )
+    else:
+        header = None
+
+    if message is None:
+        message = "Call to deprecated function %(func)s"
+
+    if warning is None:
+        warning = exc.SADeprecationWarning
+
+    message += " (deprecated since: %s)" % version
+
+    def decorate(fn: _F) -> _F:
+        assert message is not None
+        assert warning is not None
+        return _decorate_with_warning(
+            fn,
+            warning,
+            message % dict(func=fn.__name__),
+            version,
+            header,
+            enable_warnings=enable_warnings,
+        )
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def moved_20(
+    message: str, **kw: Any
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _T]], Callable[..., _T]]:
+    return deprecated(
+        "2.0", message=message, warning=exc.MovedIn20Warning, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def became_legacy_20(
+    api_name: str, alternative: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    type_reg = re.match("^:(attr|func|meth):", api_name)
+    if type_reg:
+        type_ = {"attr": "attribute", "func": "function", "meth": "method"}[
+            type_reg.group(1)
+        ]
+    else:
+        type_ = "construct"
+    message = (
+        "The %s %s is considered legacy as of the "
+        "1.x series of SQLAlchemy and %s in 2.0."
+        % (
+            api_name,
+            type_,
+            "becomes a legacy construct",
+        )
+    )
+
+    if ":attr:" in api_name:
+        attribute_ok = kw.pop("warn_on_attribute_access", False)
+        if not attribute_ok:
+            assert kw.get("enable_warnings") is False, (
+                "attribute %s will emit a warning on read access.  "
+                "If you *really* want this, "
+                "add warn_on_attribute_access=True.  Otherwise please add "
+                "enable_warnings=False." % api_name
+            )
+
+    if alternative:
+        message += " " + alternative
+
+    warning_cls = exc.LegacyAPIWarning
+
+    return deprecated("2.0", message=message, warning=warning_cls, **kw)
+
+
+def deprecated_params(**specs: Tuple[str, str]) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    """Decorates a function to warn on use of certain parameters.
+
+    e.g. ::
+
+        @deprecated_params(
+            weak_identity_map=(
+                "0.7",
+                "the :paramref:`.Session.weak_identity_map parameter "
+                "is deprecated."
+            )
+
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    messages: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    versions: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    version_warnings: Dict[str, Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning]] = {}
+
+    for param, (version, message) in specs.items():
+        versions[param] = version
+        messages[param] = _sanitize_restructured_text(message)
+        version_warnings[param] = exc.SADeprecationWarning
+
+    def decorate(fn: _F) -> _F:
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+
+        check_defaults: Union[Set[str], Tuple[()]]
+        if spec.defaults is not None:
+            defaults = dict(
+                zip(
+                    spec.args[(len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)) :],
+                    spec.defaults,
+                )
+            )
+            check_defaults = set(defaults).intersection(messages)
+            check_kw = set(messages).difference(defaults)
+        elif spec.kwonlydefaults is not None:
+            defaults = spec.kwonlydefaults
+            check_defaults = set(defaults).intersection(messages)
+            check_kw = set(messages).difference(defaults)
+        else:
+            check_defaults = ()
+            check_kw = set(messages)
+
+        check_any_kw = spec.varkw
+
+        # latest mypy has opinions here, not sure if they implemented
+        # Concatenate or something
+        @decorator
+        def warned(fn: _F, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _F:
+            for m in check_defaults:
+                if (defaults[m] is None and kwargs[m] is not None) or (
+                    defaults[m] is not None and kwargs[m] != defaults[m]
+                ):
+                    _warn_with_version(
+                        messages[m],
+                        versions[m],
+                        version_warnings[m],
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+
+            if check_any_kw in messages and set(kwargs).difference(
+                check_defaults
+            ):
+                assert check_any_kw is not None
+                _warn_with_version(
+                    messages[check_any_kw],
+                    versions[check_any_kw],
+                    version_warnings[check_any_kw],
+                    stacklevel=3,
+                )
+
+            for m in check_kw:
+                if m in kwargs:
+                    _warn_with_version(
+                        messages[m],
+                        versions[m],
+                        version_warnings[m],
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        doc = fn.__doc__ is not None and fn.__doc__ or ""
+        if doc:
+            doc = inject_param_text(
+                doc,
+                {
+                    param: ".. deprecated:: %s %s"
+                    % ("1.4" if version == "2.0" else version, (message or ""))
+                    for param, (version, message) in specs.items()
+                },
+            )
+        decorated = warned(fn)
+        decorated.__doc__ = doc
+        return decorated
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _sanitize_restructured_text(text: str) -> str:
+    def repl(m: Match[str]) -> str:
+        type_, name = m.group(1, 2)
+        if type_ in ("func", "meth"):
+            name += "()"
+        return name
+
+    text = re.sub(r":ref:`(.+) <.*>`", lambda m: '"%s"' % m.group(1), text)
+    return re.sub(r"\:(\w+)\:`~?(?:_\w+)?\.?(.+?)`", repl, text)
+
+
+def _decorate_cls_with_warning(
+    cls: Type[_T],
+    constructor: Optional[str],
+    wtype: Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning],
+    message: str,
+    version: str,
+    docstring_header: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Type[_T]:
+    doc = cls.__doc__ is not None and cls.__doc__ or ""
+    if docstring_header is not None:
+        if constructor is not None:
+            docstring_header %= dict(func=constructor)
+
+        if issubclass(wtype, exc.Base20DeprecationWarning):
+            docstring_header += (
+                " (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: "
+                ":ref:`migration_20_toplevel`)"
+            )
+        doc = inject_docstring_text(doc, docstring_header, 1)
+
+        constructor_fn = None
+        if type(cls) is type:
+            clsdict = dict(cls.__dict__)
+            clsdict["__doc__"] = doc
+            clsdict.pop("__dict__", None)
+            clsdict.pop("__weakref__", None)
+            cls = type(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, clsdict)
+            if constructor is not None:
+                constructor_fn = clsdict[constructor]
+
+        else:
+            cls.__doc__ = doc
+            if constructor is not None:
+                constructor_fn = getattr(cls, constructor)
+
+        if constructor is not None:
+            assert constructor_fn is not None
+            assert wtype is not None
+            setattr(
+                cls,
+                constructor,
+                _decorate_with_warning(
+                    constructor_fn, wtype, message, version, None
+                ),
+            )
+    return cls
+
+
+def _decorate_with_warning(
+    func: _F,
+    wtype: Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning],
+    message: str,
+    version: str,
+    docstring_header: Optional[str] = None,
+    enable_warnings: bool = True,
+) -> _F:
+    """Wrap a function with a warnings.warn and augmented docstring."""
+
+    message = _sanitize_restructured_text(message)
+
+    if issubclass(wtype, exc.Base20DeprecationWarning):
+        doc_only = (
+            " (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: "
+            ":ref:`migration_20_toplevel`)"
+        )
+    else:
+        doc_only = ""
+
+    @decorator
+    def warned(fn: _F, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _F:
+        skip_warning = not enable_warnings or kwargs.pop(
+            "_sa_skip_warning", False
+        )
+        if not skip_warning:
+            _warn_with_version(message, version, wtype, stacklevel=3)
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    doc = func.__doc__ is not None and func.__doc__ or ""
+    if docstring_header is not None:
+        docstring_header %= dict(func=func.__name__)
+
+        docstring_header += doc_only
+
+        doc = inject_docstring_text(doc, docstring_header, 1)
+
+    decorated = warned(func)
+    decorated.__doc__ = doc
+    decorated._sa_warn = lambda: _warn_with_version(  # type: ignore
+        message, version, wtype, stacklevel=3
+    )
+    return decorated
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56986eb29d2acb50f547d2db0565cd5c643b45bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,2208 @@
+# util/langhelpers.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Routines to help with the creation, loading and introspection of
+modules, classes, hierarchies, attributes, functions, and methods.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import enum
+from functools import update_wrapper
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import threading
+import types
+from types import CodeType
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import warnings
+
+from . import _collections
+from . import compat
+from ._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from .typing import Literal
+from .. import exc
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+_MP = TypeVar("_MP", bound="memoized_property[Any]")
+_MA = TypeVar("_MA", bound="HasMemoized.memoized_attribute[Any]")
+_HP = TypeVar("_HP", bound="hybridproperty[Any]")
+_HM = TypeVar("_HM", bound="hybridmethod[Any]")
+
+
+if compat.py310:
+
+    def get_annotations(obj: Any) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return inspect.get_annotations(obj)
+
+else:
+
+    def get_annotations(obj: Any) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        # it's been observed that cls.__annotations__ can be non present.
+        # it's not clear what causes this, running under tox py37/38 it
+        # happens, running straight pytest it doesnt
+
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/howto/annotations.html#annotations-howto
+        if isinstance(obj, type):
+            ann = obj.__dict__.get("__annotations__", None)
+        else:
+            ann = getattr(obj, "__annotations__", None)
+
+        if ann is None:
+            return _collections.EMPTY_DICT
+        else:
+            return cast("Mapping[str, Any]", ann)
+
+
+def md5_hex(x: Any) -> str:
+    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+    m = compat.md5_not_for_security()
+    m.update(x)
+    return cast(str, m.hexdigest())
+
+
+class safe_reraise:
+    """Reraise an exception after invoking some
+    handler code.
+
+    Stores the existing exception info before
+    invoking so that it is maintained across a potential
+    coroutine context switch.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        try:
+            sess.commit()
+        except:
+            with safe_reraise():
+                sess.rollback()
+
+    TODO: we should at some point evaluate current behaviors in this regard
+    based on current greenlet, gevent/eventlet implementations in Python 3, and
+    also see the degree to which our own asyncio (based on greenlet also) is
+    impacted by this. .rollback() will cause IO / context switch to occur in
+    all these scenarios; what happens to the exception context from an
+    "except:" block if we don't explicitly store it? Original issue was #2703.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_exc_info",)
+
+    _exc_info: Union[
+        None,
+        Tuple[
+            Type[BaseException],
+            BaseException,
+            types.TracebackType,
+        ],
+        Tuple[None, None, None],
+    ]
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        self._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        type_: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        value: Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: Optional[types.TracebackType],
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        assert self._exc_info is not None
+        # see #2703 for notes
+        if type_ is None:
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = self._exc_info
+            assert exc_value is not None
+            self._exc_info = None  # remove potential circular references
+            raise exc_value.with_traceback(exc_tb)
+        else:
+            self._exc_info = None  # remove potential circular references
+            assert value is not None
+            raise value.with_traceback(traceback)
+
+
+def walk_subclasses(cls: Type[_T]) -> Iterator[Type[_T]]:
+    seen: Set[Any] = set()
+
+    stack = [cls]
+    while stack:
+        cls = stack.pop()
+        if cls in seen:
+            continue
+        else:
+            seen.add(cls)
+        stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+        yield cls
+
+
+def string_or_unprintable(element: Any) -> str:
+    if isinstance(element, str):
+        return element
+    else:
+        try:
+            return str(element)
+        except Exception:
+            return "unprintable element %r" % element
+
+
+def clsname_as_plain_name(
+    cls: Type[Any], use_name: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    name = use_name or cls.__name__
+    return " ".join(n.lower() for n in re.findall(r"([A-Z][a-z]+|SQL)", name))
+
+
+def method_is_overridden(
+    instance_or_cls: Union[Type[Any], object],
+    against_method: Callable[..., Any],
+) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the two class methods don't match."""
+
+    if not isinstance(instance_or_cls, type):
+        current_cls = instance_or_cls.__class__
+    else:
+        current_cls = instance_or_cls
+
+    method_name = against_method.__name__
+
+    current_method: types.MethodType = getattr(current_cls, method_name)
+
+    return current_method != against_method
+
+
+def decode_slice(slc: slice) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """decode a slice object as sent to __getitem__.
+
+    takes into account the 2.5 __index__() method, basically.
+
+    """
+    ret: List[Any] = []
+    for x in slc.start, slc.stop, slc.step:
+        if hasattr(x, "__index__"):
+            x = x.__index__()
+        ret.append(x)
+    return tuple(ret)
+
+
+def _unique_symbols(used: Sequence[str], *bases: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    used_set = set(used)
+    for base in bases:
+        pool = itertools.chain(
+            (base,),
+            map(lambda i: base + str(i), range(1000)),
+        )
+        for sym in pool:
+            if sym not in used_set:
+                used_set.add(sym)
+                yield sym
+                break
+        else:
+            raise NameError("exhausted namespace for symbol base %s" % base)
+
+
+def map_bits(fn: Callable[[int], Any], n: int) -> Iterator[Any]:
+    """Call the given function given each nonzero bit from n."""
+
+    while n:
+        b = n & (~n + 1)
+        yield fn(b)
+        n ^= b
+
+
+_Fn = TypeVar("_Fn", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+# this seems to be in flux in recent mypy versions
+
+
+def decorator(target: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+    """A signature-matching decorator factory."""
+
+    def decorate(fn: _Fn) -> _Fn:
+        if not inspect.isfunction(fn) and not inspect.ismethod(fn):
+            raise Exception("not a decoratable function")
+
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        env: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        spec = _update_argspec_defaults_into_env(spec, env)
+
+        names = (
+            tuple(cast("Tuple[str, ...]", spec[0]))
+            + cast("Tuple[str, ...]", spec[1:3])
+            + (fn.__name__,)
+        )
+        targ_name, fn_name = _unique_symbols(names, "target", "fn")
+
+        metadata: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = dict(target=targ_name, fn=fn_name)
+        metadata.update(format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False))
+        metadata["name"] = fn.__name__
+
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(fn):
+            metadata["prefix"] = "async "
+            metadata["target_prefix"] = "await "
+        else:
+            metadata["prefix"] = ""
+            metadata["target_prefix"] = ""
+
+        # look for __ positional arguments.  This is a convention in
+        # SQLAlchemy that arguments should be passed positionally
+        # rather than as keyword
+        # arguments.  note that apply_pos doesn't currently work in all cases
+        # such as when a kw-only indicator "*" is present, which is why
+        # we limit the use of this to just that case we can detect.  As we add
+        # more kinds of methods that use @decorator, things may have to
+        # be further improved in this area
+        if "__" in repr(spec[0]):
+            code = (
+                """\
+%(prefix)sdef %(name)s%(grouped_args)s:
+    return %(target_prefix)s%(target)s(%(fn)s, %(apply_pos)s)
+"""
+                % metadata
+            )
+        else:
+            code = (
+                """\
+%(prefix)sdef %(name)s%(grouped_args)s:
+    return %(target_prefix)s%(target)s(%(fn)s, %(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+                % metadata
+            )
+
+        mod = sys.modules[fn.__module__]
+        env.update(vars(mod))
+        env.update({targ_name: target, fn_name: fn, "__name__": fn.__module__})
+
+        decorated = cast(
+            types.FunctionType,
+            _exec_code_in_env(code, env, fn.__name__),
+        )
+        decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, "__func__", fn).__defaults__
+
+        decorated.__wrapped__ = fn  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    return update_wrapper(decorate, target)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def _update_argspec_defaults_into_env(spec, env):
+    """given a FullArgSpec, convert defaults to be symbol names in an env."""
+
+    if spec.defaults:
+        new_defaults = []
+        i = 0
+        for arg in spec.defaults:
+            if type(arg).__module__ not in ("builtins", "__builtin__"):
+                name = "x%d" % i
+                env[name] = arg
+                new_defaults.append(name)
+                i += 1
+            else:
+                new_defaults.append(arg)
+        elem = list(spec)
+        elem[3] = tuple(new_defaults)
+        return compat.FullArgSpec(*elem)
+    else:
+        return spec
+
+
+def _exec_code_in_env(
+    code: Union[str, types.CodeType], env: Dict[str, Any], fn_name: str
+) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env[fn_name]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+_PF = TypeVar("_PF")
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE")
+
+
+class PluginLoader:
+    def __init__(
+        self, group: str, auto_fn: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+    ):
+        self.group = group
+        self.impls: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self.auto_fn = auto_fn
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.impls.clear()
+
+    def load(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if name in self.impls:
+            return self.impls[name]()
+
+        if self.auto_fn:
+            loader = self.auto_fn(name)
+            if loader:
+                self.impls[name] = loader
+                return loader()
+
+        for impl in compat.importlib_metadata_get(self.group):
+            if impl.name == name:
+                self.impls[name] = impl.load
+                return impl.load()
+
+        raise exc.NoSuchModuleError(
+            "Can't load plugin: %s:%s" % (self.group, name)
+        )
+
+    def register(self, name: str, modulepath: str, objname: str) -> None:
+        def load():
+            mod = __import__(modulepath)
+            for token in modulepath.split(".")[1:]:
+                mod = getattr(mod, token)
+            return getattr(mod, objname)
+
+        self.impls[name] = load
+
+
+def _inspect_func_args(fn):
+    try:
+        co_varkeywords = inspect.CO_VARKEYWORDS
+    except AttributeError:
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html
+        # The flags are specific to CPython, and may not be defined in other
+        # Python implementations. Furthermore, the flags are an implementation
+        # detail, and can be removed or deprecated in future Python releases.
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        return spec[0], bool(spec[2])
+    else:
+        # use fn.__code__ plus flags to reduce method call overhead
+        co = fn.__code__
+        nargs = co.co_argcount
+        return (
+            list(co.co_varnames[:nargs]),
+            bool(co.co_flags & co_varkeywords),
+        )
+
+
+@overload
+def get_cls_kwargs(
+    cls: type,
+    *,
+    _set: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+    raiseerr: Literal[True] = ...,
+) -> Set[str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def get_cls_kwargs(
+    cls: type, *, _set: Optional[Set[str]] = None, raiseerr: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Set[str]]: ...
+
+
+def get_cls_kwargs(
+    cls: type, *, _set: Optional[Set[str]] = None, raiseerr: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Set[str]]:
+    r"""Return the full set of inherited kwargs for the given `cls`.
+
+    Probes a class's __init__ method, collecting all named arguments.  If the
+    __init__ defines a \**kwargs catch-all, then the constructor is presumed
+    to pass along unrecognized keywords to its base classes, and the
+    collection process is repeated recursively on each of the bases.
+
+    Uses a subset of inspect.getfullargspec() to cut down on method overhead,
+    as this is used within the Core typing system to create copies of type
+    objects which is a performance-sensitive operation.
+
+    No anonymous tuple arguments please !
+
+    """
+    toplevel = _set is None
+    if toplevel:
+        _set = set()
+    assert _set is not None
+
+    ctr = cls.__dict__.get("__init__", False)
+
+    has_init = (
+        ctr
+        and isinstance(ctr, types.FunctionType)
+        and isinstance(ctr.__code__, types.CodeType)
+    )
+
+    if has_init:
+        names, has_kw = _inspect_func_args(ctr)
+        _set.update(names)
+
+        if not has_kw and not toplevel:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"given cls {cls} doesn't have an __init__ method"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+    else:
+        has_kw = False
+
+    if not has_init or has_kw:
+        for c in cls.__bases__:
+            if get_cls_kwargs(c, _set=_set) is None:
+                break
+
+    _set.discard("self")
+    return _set
+
+
+def get_func_kwargs(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> List[str]:
+    """Return the set of legal kwargs for the given `func`.
+
+    Uses getargspec so is safe to call for methods, functions,
+    etc.
+
+    """
+
+    return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(func)[0]
+
+
+def get_callable_argspec(
+    fn: Callable[..., Any], no_self: bool = False, _is_init: bool = False
+) -> compat.FullArgSpec:
+    """Return the argument signature for any callable.
+
+    All pure-Python callables are accepted, including
+    functions, methods, classes, objects with __call__;
+    builtins and other edge cases like functools.partial() objects
+    raise a TypeError.
+
+    """
+    if inspect.isbuiltin(fn):
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect builtin: %s" % fn)
+    elif inspect.isfunction(fn):
+        if _is_init and no_self:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+            return compat.FullArgSpec(
+                spec.args[1:],
+                spec.varargs,
+                spec.varkw,
+                spec.defaults,
+                spec.kwonlyargs,
+                spec.kwonlydefaults,
+                spec.annotations,
+            )
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    elif inspect.ismethod(fn):
+        if no_self and (_is_init or fn.__self__):
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn.__func__)
+            return compat.FullArgSpec(
+                spec.args[1:],
+                spec.varargs,
+                spec.varkw,
+                spec.defaults,
+                spec.kwonlyargs,
+                spec.kwonlydefaults,
+                spec.annotations,
+            )
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif inspect.isclass(fn):
+        return get_callable_argspec(
+            fn.__init__, no_self=no_self, _is_init=True
+        )
+    elif hasattr(fn, "__func__"):
+        return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif hasattr(fn, "__call__"):
+        if inspect.ismethod(fn.__call__):
+            return get_callable_argspec(fn.__call__, no_self=no_self)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+
+
+def format_argspec_plus(
+    fn: Union[Callable[..., Any], compat.FullArgSpec], grouped: bool = True
+) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+    """Returns a dictionary of formatted, introspected function arguments.
+
+    A enhanced variant of inspect.formatargspec to support code generation.
+
+    fn
+       An inspectable callable or tuple of inspect getargspec() results.
+    grouped
+      Defaults to True; include (parens, around, argument) lists
+
+    Returns:
+
+    args
+      Full inspect.formatargspec for fn
+    self_arg
+      The name of the first positional argument, varargs[0], or None
+      if the function defines no positional arguments.
+    apply_pos
+      args, re-written in calling rather than receiving syntax.  Arguments are
+      passed positionally.
+    apply_kw
+      Like apply_pos, except keyword-ish args are passed as keywords.
+    apply_pos_proxied
+      Like apply_pos but omits the self/cls argument
+
+    Example::
+
+      >>> format_argspec_plus(lambda self, a, b, c=3, **d: 123)
+      {'grouped_args': '(self, a, b, c=3, **d)',
+       'self_arg': 'self',
+       'apply_kw': '(self, a, b, c=c, **d)',
+       'apply_pos': '(self, a, b, c, **d)'}
+
+    """
+    if callable(fn):
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    else:
+        spec = fn
+
+    args = compat.inspect_formatargspec(*spec)
+
+    apply_pos = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+        spec[0], spec[1], spec[2], None, spec[4]
+    )
+
+    if spec[0]:
+        self_arg = spec[0][0]
+
+        apply_pos_proxied = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+            spec[0][1:], spec[1], spec[2], None, spec[4]
+        )
+
+    elif spec[1]:
+        # I'm not sure what this is
+        self_arg = "%s[0]" % spec[1]
+
+        apply_pos_proxied = apply_pos
+    else:
+        self_arg = None
+        apply_pos_proxied = apply_pos
+
+    num_defaults = 0
+    if spec[3]:
+        num_defaults += len(cast(Tuple[Any], spec[3]))
+    if spec[4]:
+        num_defaults += len(spec[4])
+
+    name_args = spec[0] + spec[4]
+
+    defaulted_vals: Union[List[str], Tuple[()]]
+
+    if num_defaults:
+        defaulted_vals = name_args[0 - num_defaults :]
+    else:
+        defaulted_vals = ()
+
+    apply_kw = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+        name_args,
+        spec[1],
+        spec[2],
+        defaulted_vals,
+        formatvalue=lambda x: "=" + str(x),
+    )
+
+    if spec[0]:
+        apply_kw_proxied = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+            name_args[1:],
+            spec[1],
+            spec[2],
+            defaulted_vals,
+            formatvalue=lambda x: "=" + str(x),
+        )
+    else:
+        apply_kw_proxied = apply_kw
+
+    if grouped:
+        return dict(
+            grouped_args=args,
+            self_arg=self_arg,
+            apply_pos=apply_pos,
+            apply_kw=apply_kw,
+            apply_pos_proxied=apply_pos_proxied,
+            apply_kw_proxied=apply_kw_proxied,
+        )
+    else:
+        return dict(
+            grouped_args=args,
+            self_arg=self_arg,
+            apply_pos=apply_pos[1:-1],
+            apply_kw=apply_kw[1:-1],
+            apply_pos_proxied=apply_pos_proxied[1:-1],
+            apply_kw_proxied=apply_kw_proxied[1:-1],
+        )
+
+
+def format_argspec_init(method, grouped=True):
+    """format_argspec_plus with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps format_argspec_plus with error handling strategies for typical
+    __init__ cases::
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    if method is object.__init__:
+        grouped_args = "(self)"
+        args = "(self)" if grouped else "self"
+        proxied = "()" if grouped else ""
+    else:
+        try:
+            return format_argspec_plus(method, grouped=grouped)
+        except TypeError:
+            grouped_args = "(self, *args, **kwargs)"
+            args = grouped_args if grouped else "self, *args, **kwargs"
+            proxied = "(*args, **kwargs)" if grouped else "*args, **kwargs"
+    return dict(
+        self_arg="self",
+        grouped_args=grouped_args,
+        apply_pos=args,
+        apply_kw=args,
+        apply_pos_proxied=proxied,
+        apply_kw_proxied=proxied,
+    )
+
+
+def create_proxy_methods(
+    target_cls: Type[Any],
+    target_cls_sphinx_name: str,
+    proxy_cls_sphinx_name: str,
+    classmethods: Sequence[str] = (),
+    methods: Sequence[str] = (),
+    attributes: Sequence[str] = (),
+    use_intermediate_variable: Sequence[str] = (),
+) -> Callable[[_T], _T]:
+    """A class decorator indicating attributes should refer to a proxy
+    class.
+
+    This decorator is now a "marker" that does nothing at runtime.  Instead,
+    it is consumed by the tools/generate_proxy_methods.py script to
+    statically generate proxy methods and attributes that are fully
+    recognized by typing tools such as mypy.
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(cls):
+        return cls
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def getargspec_init(method):
+    """inspect.getargspec with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps inspect.getargspec with error handling for typical __init__ cases::
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(method)
+    except TypeError:
+        if method is object.__init__:
+            return (["self"], None, None, None)
+        else:
+            return (["self"], "args", "kwargs", None)
+
+
+def unbound_method_to_callable(func_or_cls):
+    """Adjust the incoming callable such that a 'self' argument is not
+    required.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(func_or_cls, types.MethodType) and not func_or_cls.__self__:
+        return func_or_cls.__func__
+    else:
+        return func_or_cls
+
+
+def generic_repr(
+    obj: Any,
+    additional_kw: Sequence[Tuple[str, Any]] = (),
+    to_inspect: Optional[Union[object, List[object]]] = None,
+    omit_kwarg: Sequence[str] = (),
+) -> str:
+    """Produce a __repr__() based on direct association of the __init__()
+    specification vs. same-named attributes present.
+
+    """
+    if to_inspect is None:
+        to_inspect = [obj]
+    else:
+        to_inspect = _collections.to_list(to_inspect)
+
+    missing = object()
+
+    pos_args = []
+    kw_args: _collections.OrderedDict[str, Any] = _collections.OrderedDict()
+    vargs = None
+    for i, insp in enumerate(to_inspect):
+        try:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(insp.__init__)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+        else:
+            default_len = len(spec.defaults) if spec.defaults else 0
+            if i == 0:
+                if spec.varargs:
+                    vargs = spec.varargs
+                if default_len:
+                    pos_args.extend(spec.args[1:-default_len])
+                else:
+                    pos_args.extend(spec.args[1:])
+            else:
+                kw_args.update(
+                    [(arg, missing) for arg in spec.args[1:-default_len]]
+                )
+
+            if default_len:
+                assert spec.defaults
+                kw_args.update(
+                    [
+                        (arg, default)
+                        for arg, default in zip(
+                            spec.args[-default_len:], spec.defaults
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+    output: List[str] = []
+
+    output.extend(repr(getattr(obj, arg, None)) for arg in pos_args)
+
+    if vargs is not None and hasattr(obj, vargs):
+        output.extend([repr(val) for val in getattr(obj, vargs)])
+
+    for arg, defval in kw_args.items():
+        if arg in omit_kwarg:
+            continue
+        try:
+            val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+            if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                output.append("%s=%r" % (arg, val))
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    if additional_kw:
+        for arg, defval in additional_kw:
+            try:
+                val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+                if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                    output.append("%s=%r" % (arg, val))
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    return "%s(%s)" % (obj.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(output))
+
+
+class portable_instancemethod:
+    """Turn an instancemethod into a (parent, name) pair
+    to produce a serializable callable.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "target", "name", "kwargs", "__weakref__"
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            "target": self.target,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "kwargs": self.kwargs,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.target = state["target"]
+        self.name = state["name"]
+        self.kwargs = state.get("kwargs", ())
+
+    def __init__(self, meth, kwargs=()):
+        self.target = meth.__self__
+        self.name = meth.__name__
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        kw.update(self.kwargs)
+        return getattr(self.target, self.name)(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def class_hierarchy(cls):
+    """Return an unordered sequence of all classes related to cls.
+
+    Traverses diamond hierarchies.
+
+    Fibs slightly: subclasses of builtin types are not returned.  Thus
+    class_hierarchy(class A(object)) returns (A, object), not A plus every
+    class systemwide that derives from object.
+
+    """
+
+    hier = {cls}
+    process = list(cls.__mro__)
+    while process:
+        c = process.pop()
+        bases = (_ for _ in c.__bases__ if _ not in hier)
+
+        for b in bases:
+            process.append(b)
+            hier.add(b)
+
+        if c.__module__ == "builtins" or not hasattr(c, "__subclasses__"):
+            continue
+
+        for s in [
+            _
+            for _ in (
+                c.__subclasses__()
+                if not issubclass(c, type)
+                else c.__subclasses__(c)
+            )
+            if _ not in hier
+        ]:
+            process.append(s)
+            hier.add(s)
+    return list(hier)
+
+
+def iterate_attributes(cls):
+    """iterate all the keys and attributes associated
+    with a class, without using getattr().
+
+    Does not use getattr() so that class-sensitive
+    descriptors (i.e. property.__get__()) are not called.
+
+    """
+    keys = dir(cls)
+    for key in keys:
+        for c in cls.__mro__:
+            if key in c.__dict__:
+                yield (key, c.__dict__[key])
+                break
+
+
+def monkeypatch_proxied_specials(
+    into_cls,
+    from_cls,
+    skip=None,
+    only=None,
+    name="self.proxy",
+    from_instance=None,
+):
+    """Automates delegation of __specials__ for a proxying type."""
+
+    if only:
+        dunders = only
+    else:
+        if skip is None:
+            skip = (
+                "__slots__",
+                "__del__",
+                "__getattribute__",
+                "__metaclass__",
+                "__getstate__",
+                "__setstate__",
+            )
+        dunders = [
+            m
+            for m in dir(from_cls)
+            if (
+                m.startswith("__")
+                and m.endswith("__")
+                and not hasattr(into_cls, m)
+                and m not in skip
+            )
+        ]
+
+    for method in dunders:
+        try:
+            maybe_fn = getattr(from_cls, method)
+            if not hasattr(maybe_fn, "__call__"):
+                continue
+            maybe_fn = getattr(maybe_fn, "__func__", maybe_fn)
+            fn = cast(types.FunctionType, maybe_fn)
+
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+        try:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+            fn_args = compat.inspect_formatargspec(spec[0])
+            d_args = compat.inspect_formatargspec(spec[0][1:])
+        except TypeError:
+            fn_args = "(self, *args, **kw)"
+            d_args = "(*args, **kw)"
+
+        py = (
+            "def %(method)s%(fn_args)s: "
+            "return %(name)s.%(method)s%(d_args)s" % locals()
+        )
+
+        env: Dict[str, types.FunctionType] = (
+            from_instance is not None and {name: from_instance} or {}
+        )
+        exec(py, env)
+        try:
+            env[method].__defaults__ = fn.__defaults__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        setattr(into_cls, method, env[method])
+
+
+def methods_equivalent(meth1, meth2):
+    """Return True if the two methods are the same implementation."""
+
+    return getattr(meth1, "__func__", meth1) is getattr(
+        meth2, "__func__", meth2
+    )
+
+
+def as_interface(obj, cls=None, methods=None, required=None):
+    """Ensure basic interface compliance for an instance or dict of callables.
+
+    Checks that ``obj`` implements public methods of ``cls`` or has members
+    listed in ``methods``. If ``required`` is not supplied, implementing at
+    least one interface method is sufficient. Methods present on ``obj`` that
+    are not in the interface are ignored.
+
+    If ``obj`` is a dict and ``dict`` does not meet the interface
+    requirements, the keys of the dictionary are inspected. Keys present in
+    ``obj`` that are not in the interface will raise TypeErrors.
+
+    Raises TypeError if ``obj`` does not meet the interface criteria.
+
+    In all passing cases, an object with callable members is returned.  In the
+    simple case, ``obj`` is returned as-is; if dict processing kicks in then
+    an anonymous class is returned.
+
+    obj
+      A type, instance, or dictionary of callables.
+    cls
+      Optional, a type.  All public methods of cls are considered the
+      interface.  An ``obj`` instance of cls will always pass, ignoring
+      ``required``..
+    methods
+      Optional, a sequence of method names to consider as the interface.
+    required
+      Optional, a sequence of mandatory implementations. If omitted, an
+      ``obj`` that provides at least one interface method is considered
+      sufficient.  As a convenience, required may be a type, in which case
+      all public methods of the type are required.
+
+    """
+    if not cls and not methods:
+        raise TypeError("a class or collection of method names are required")
+
+    if isinstance(cls, type) and isinstance(obj, cls):
+        return obj
+
+    interface = set(methods or [m for m in dir(cls) if not m.startswith("_")])
+    implemented = set(dir(obj))
+
+    complies = operator.ge
+    if isinstance(required, type):
+        required = interface
+    elif not required:
+        required = set()
+        complies = operator.gt
+    else:
+        required = set(required)
+
+    if complies(implemented.intersection(interface), required):
+        return obj
+
+    # No dict duck typing here.
+    if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+        qualifier = complies is operator.gt and "any of" or "all of"
+        raise TypeError(
+            "%r does not implement %s: %s"
+            % (obj, qualifier, ", ".join(interface))
+        )
+
+    class AnonymousInterface:
+        """A callable-holding shell."""
+
+    if cls:
+        AnonymousInterface.__name__ = "Anonymous" + cls.__name__
+    found = set()
+
+    for method, impl in dictlike_iteritems(obj):
+        if method not in interface:
+            raise TypeError("%r: unknown in this interface" % method)
+        if not callable(impl):
+            raise TypeError("%r=%r is not callable" % (method, impl))
+        setattr(AnonymousInterface, method, staticmethod(impl))
+        found.add(method)
+
+    if complies(found, required):
+        return AnonymousInterface
+
+    raise TypeError(
+        "dictionary does not contain required keys %s"
+        % ", ".join(required - found)
+    )
+
+
+_GFD = TypeVar("_GFD", bound="generic_fn_descriptor[Any]")
+
+
+class generic_fn_descriptor(Generic[_T_co]):
+    """Descriptor which proxies a function when the attribute is not
+    present in dict
+
+    This superclass is organized in a particular way with "memoized" and
+    "non-memoized" implementation classes that are hidden from type checkers,
+    as Mypy seems to not be able to handle seeing multiple kinds of descriptor
+    classes used for the same attribute.
+
+    """
+
+    fget: Callable[..., _T_co]
+    __doc__: Optional[str]
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __init__(self, fget: Callable[..., _T_co], doc: Optional[str] = None):
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+        self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self: _GFD, obj: None, cls: Any) -> _GFD: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, obj: object, cls: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+    def __get__(self: _GFD, obj: Any, cls: Any) -> Union[_GFD, _T_co]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def _reset(self, obj: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, obj: Any, name: str) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _non_memoized_property(generic_fn_descriptor[_T_co]):
+    """a plain descriptor that proxies a function.
+
+    primary rationale is to provide a plain attribute that's
+    compatible with memoized_property which is also recognized as equivalent
+    by mypy.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+            if obj is None:
+                return self
+            return self.fget(obj)
+
+
+class _memoized_property(generic_fn_descriptor[_T_co]):
+    """A read-only @property that is only evaluated once."""
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+            if obj is None:
+                return self
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result = self.fget(obj)
+            return result
+
+    def _reset(self, obj):
+        _memoized_property.reset(obj, self.__name__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, obj, name):
+        obj.__dict__.pop(name, None)
+
+
+# despite many attempts to get Mypy to recognize an overridden descriptor
+# where one is memoized and the other isn't, there seems to be no reliable
+# way other than completely deceiving the type checker into thinking there
+# is just one single descriptor type everywhere.  Otherwise, if a superclass
+# has non-memoized and subclass has memoized, that requires
+# "class memoized(non_memoized)".  but then if a superclass has memoized and
+# superclass has non-memoized, the class hierarchy of the descriptors
+# would need to be reversed; "class non_memoized(memoized)".  so there's no
+# way to achieve this.
+# additional issues, RO properties:
+# https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/12440
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # allow memoized and non-memoized to be freely mixed by having them
+    # be the same class
+    memoized_property = generic_fn_descriptor
+    non_memoized_property = generic_fn_descriptor
+
+    # for read only situations, mypy only sees @property as read only.
+    # read only is needed when a subtype specializes the return type
+    # of a property, meaning assignment needs to be disallowed
+    ro_memoized_property = property
+    ro_non_memoized_property = property
+
+else:
+    memoized_property = ro_memoized_property = _memoized_property
+    non_memoized_property = ro_non_memoized_property = _non_memoized_property
+
+
+def memoized_instancemethod(fn: _F) -> _F:
+    """Decorate a method memoize its return value.
+
+    Best applied to no-arg methods: memoization is not sensitive to
+    argument values, and will always return the same value even when
+    called with different arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def oneshot(self, *args, **kw):
+        result = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+
+        def memo(*a, **kw):
+            return result
+
+        memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+        memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+        self.__dict__[fn.__name__] = memo
+        return result
+
+    return update_wrapper(oneshot, fn)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class HasMemoized:
+    """A mixin class that maintains the names of memoized elements in a
+    collection for easy cache clearing, generative, etc.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # support classes that want to have __slots__ with an explicit
+        # slot for __dict__.  not sure if that requires base __slots__ here.
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    _memoized_keys: FrozenSet[str] = frozenset()
+
+    def _reset_memoizations(self) -> None:
+        for elem in self._memoized_keys:
+            self.__dict__.pop(elem, None)
+
+    def _assert_no_memoizations(self) -> None:
+        for elem in self._memoized_keys:
+            assert elem not in self.__dict__
+
+    def _set_memoized_attribute(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.__dict__[key] = value
+        self._memoized_keys |= {key}
+
+    class memoized_attribute(memoized_property[_T]):
+        """A read-only @property that is only evaluated once.
+
+        :meta private:
+
+        """
+
+        fget: Callable[..., _T]
+        __doc__: Optional[str]
+        __name__: str
+
+        def __init__(self, fget: Callable[..., _T], doc: Optional[str] = None):
+            self.fget = fget
+            self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+            self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self: _MA, obj: None, cls: Any) -> _MA: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+            if obj is None:
+                return self
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result = self.fget(obj)
+            obj._memoized_keys |= {self.__name__}
+            return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def memoized_instancemethod(cls, fn: _F) -> _F:
+        """Decorate a method memoize its return value.
+
+        :meta private:
+
+        """
+
+        def oneshot(self: Any, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            result = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+
+            def memo(*a, **kw):
+                return result
+
+            memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+            memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+            self.__dict__[fn.__name__] = memo
+            self._memoized_keys |= {fn.__name__}
+            return result
+
+        return update_wrapper(oneshot, fn)  # type: ignore
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute = property
+else:
+    HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute = HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+
+
+class MemoizedSlots:
+    """Apply memoized items to an object using a __getattr__ scheme.
+
+    This allows the functionality of memoized_property and
+    memoized_instancemethod to be available to a class using __slots__.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _fallback_getattr(self, key):
+        raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        if key.startswith("_memoized_attr_") or key.startswith(
+            "_memoized_method_"
+        ):
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+        # to avoid recursion errors when interacting with other __getattr__
+        # schemes that refer to this one, when testing for memoized method
+        # look at __class__ only rather than going into __getattr__ again.
+        elif hasattr(self.__class__, f"_memoized_attr_{key}"):
+            value = getattr(self, f"_memoized_attr_{key}")()
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+            return value
+        elif hasattr(self.__class__, f"_memoized_method_{key}"):
+            fn = getattr(self, f"_memoized_method_{key}")
+
+            def oneshot(*args, **kw):
+                result = fn(*args, **kw)
+
+                def memo(*a, **kw):
+                    return result
+
+                memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+                memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+                setattr(self, key, memo)
+                return result
+
+            oneshot.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+            return oneshot
+        else:
+            return self._fallback_getattr(key)
+
+
+# from paste.deploy.converters
+def asbool(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    if isinstance(obj, str):
+        obj = obj.strip().lower()
+        if obj in ["true", "yes", "on", "y", "t", "1"]:
+            return True
+        elif obj in ["false", "no", "off", "n", "f", "0"]:
+            return False
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("String is not true/false: %r" % obj)
+    return bool(obj)
+
+
+def bool_or_str(*text: str) -> Callable[[str], Union[str, bool]]:
+    """Return a callable that will evaluate a string as
+    boolean, or one of a set of "alternate" string values.
+
+    """
+
+    def bool_or_value(obj: str) -> Union[str, bool]:
+        if obj in text:
+            return obj
+        else:
+            return asbool(obj)
+
+    return bool_or_value
+
+
+def asint(value: Any) -> Optional[int]:
+    """Coerce to integer."""
+
+    if value is None:
+        return value
+    return int(value)
+
+
+def coerce_kw_type(
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+    key: str,
+    type_: Type[Any],
+    flexi_bool: bool = True,
+    dest: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> None:
+    r"""If 'key' is present in dict 'kw', coerce its value to type 'type\_' if
+    necessary.  If 'flexi_bool' is True, the string '0' is considered false
+    when coercing to boolean.
+    """
+
+    if dest is None:
+        dest = kw
+
+    if (
+        key in kw
+        and (not isinstance(type_, type) or not isinstance(kw[key], type_))
+        and kw[key] is not None
+    ):
+        if type_ is bool and flexi_bool:
+            dest[key] = asbool(kw[key])
+        else:
+            dest[key] = type_(kw[key])
+
+
+def constructor_key(obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """Produce a tuple structure that is cacheable using the __dict__ of
+    obj to retrieve values
+
+    """
+    names = get_cls_kwargs(cls)
+    return (cls,) + tuple(
+        (k, obj.__dict__[k]) for k in names if k in obj.__dict__
+    )
+
+
+def constructor_copy(obj: _T, cls: Type[_T], *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> _T:
+    """Instantiate cls using the __dict__ of obj as constructor arguments.
+
+    Uses inspect to match the named arguments of ``cls``.
+
+    """
+
+    names = get_cls_kwargs(cls)
+    kw.update(
+        (k, obj.__dict__[k]) for k in names.difference(kw) if k in obj.__dict__
+    )
+    return cls(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def counter() -> Callable[[], int]:
+    """Return a threadsafe counter function."""
+
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+    # avoid the 2to3 "next" transformation...
+    def _next():
+        with lock:
+            return next(counter)
+
+    return _next
+
+
+def duck_type_collection(
+    specimen: Any, default: Optional[Type[Any]] = None
+) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+    """Given an instance or class, guess if it is or is acting as one of
+    the basic collection types: list, set and dict.  If the __emulates__
+    property is present, return that preferentially.
+    """
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, "__emulates__"):
+        # canonicalize set vs sets.Set to a standard: the builtin set
+        if specimen.__emulates__ is not None and issubclass(
+            specimen.__emulates__, set
+        ):
+            return set
+        else:
+            return specimen.__emulates__  # type: ignore
+
+    isa = issubclass if isinstance(specimen, type) else isinstance
+    if isa(specimen, list):
+        return list
+    elif isa(specimen, set):
+        return set
+    elif isa(specimen, dict):
+        return dict
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, "append"):
+        return list
+    elif hasattr(specimen, "add"):
+        return set
+    elif hasattr(specimen, "set"):
+        return dict
+    else:
+        return default
+
+
+def assert_arg_type(
+    arg: Any, argtype: Union[Tuple[Type[Any], ...], Type[Any]], name: str
+) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(arg, argtype):
+        return arg
+    else:
+        if isinstance(argtype, tuple):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be one of type %s, got '%s'"
+                % (name, " or ".join("'%s'" % a for a in argtype), type(arg))
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be of type '%s', got '%s'"
+                % (name, argtype, type(arg))
+            )
+
+
+def dictlike_iteritems(dictlike):
+    """Return a (key, value) iterator for almost any dict-like object."""
+
+    if hasattr(dictlike, "items"):
+        return list(dictlike.items())
+
+    getter = getattr(dictlike, "__getitem__", getattr(dictlike, "get", None))
+    if getter is None:
+        raise TypeError("Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+    if hasattr(dictlike, "iterkeys"):
+
+        def iterator():
+            for key in dictlike.iterkeys():
+                assert getter is not None
+                yield key, getter(key)
+
+        return iterator()
+    elif hasattr(dictlike, "keys"):
+        return iter((key, getter(key)) for key in dictlike.keys())
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+
+class classproperty(property):
+    """A decorator that behaves like @property except that operates
+    on classes rather than instances.
+
+    The decorator is currently special when using the declarative
+    module, but note that the
+    :class:`~.sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr`
+    decorator should be used for this purpose with declarative.
+
+    """
+
+    fget: Callable[[Any], Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, fget: Callable[[Any], Any], *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
+        self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Optional[type] = None) -> Any:
+        return self.fget(cls)
+
+
+class hybridproperty(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]):
+        self.func = func
+        self.clslevel = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> _T:
+        if instance is None:
+            clsval = self.clslevel(owner)
+            return clsval
+        else:
+            return self.func(instance)
+
+    def classlevel(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> hybridproperty[_T]:
+        self.clslevel = func
+        return self
+
+
+class rw_hybridproperty(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]):
+        self.func = func
+        self.clslevel = func
+        self.setfn: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> _T:
+        if instance is None:
+            clsval = self.clslevel(owner)
+            return clsval
+        else:
+            return self.func(instance)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+        assert self.setfn is not None
+        self.setfn(instance, value)
+
+    def setter(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> rw_hybridproperty[_T]:
+        self.setfn = func
+        return self
+
+    def classlevel(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> rw_hybridproperty[_T]:
+        self.clslevel = func
+        return self
+
+
+class hybridmethod(Generic[_T]):
+    """Decorate a function as cls- or instance- level."""
+
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]):
+        self.func = self.__func__ = func
+        self.clslevel = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> Callable[..., _T]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.clslevel.__get__(owner, owner.__class__)  # type:ignore
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)  # type:ignore
+
+    def classlevel(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> hybridmethod[_T]:
+        self.clslevel = func
+        return self
+
+
+class symbol(int):
+    """A constant symbol.
+
+    >>> symbol('foo') is symbol('foo')
+    True
+    >>> symbol('foo')
+    <symbol 'foo>
+
+    A slight refinement of the MAGICCOOKIE=object() pattern.  The primary
+    advantage of symbol() is its repr().  They are also singletons.
+
+    Repeated calls of symbol('name') will all return the same instance.
+
+    """
+
+    name: str
+
+    symbols: Dict[str, symbol] = {}
+    _lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        canonical: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> symbol:
+        with cls._lock:
+            sym = cls.symbols.get(name)
+            if sym is None:
+                assert isinstance(name, str)
+                if canonical is None:
+                    canonical = hash(name)
+                sym = int.__new__(symbol, canonical)
+                sym.name = name
+                if doc:
+                    sym.__doc__ = doc
+
+                # NOTE: we should ultimately get rid of this global thing,
+                # however, currently it is to support pickling.  The best
+                # change would be when we are on py3.11 at a minimum, we
+                # switch to stdlib enum.IntFlag.
+                cls.symbols[name] = sym
+            else:
+                if canonical and canonical != sym:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Can't replace canonical symbol for {name!r} "
+                        f"with new int value {canonical}"
+                    )
+            return sym
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return symbol, (self.name, "x", int(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"symbol({self.name!r})"
+
+
+class _IntFlagMeta(type):
+    def __init__(
+        cls,
+        classname: str,
+        bases: Tuple[Type[Any], ...],
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        items: List[symbol]
+        cls._items = items = []
+        for k, v in dict_.items():
+            if isinstance(v, int):
+                sym = symbol(k, canonical=v)
+            elif not k.startswith("_"):
+                raise TypeError("Expected integer values for IntFlag")
+            else:
+                continue
+            setattr(cls, k, sym)
+            items.append(sym)
+
+        cls.__members__ = _collections.immutabledict(
+            {sym.name: sym for sym in items}
+        )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[symbol]:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "iter not implemented to ensure compatibility with "
+            "Python 3.11 IntFlag.  Please use __members__.  See "
+            "https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/99304"
+        )
+
+
+class _FastIntFlag(metaclass=_IntFlagMeta):
+    """An 'IntFlag' copycat that isn't slow when performing bitwise
+    operations.
+
+    the ``FastIntFlag`` class will return ``enum.IntFlag`` under TYPE_CHECKING
+    and ``_FastIntFlag`` otherwise.
+
+    """
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from enum import IntFlag
+
+    FastIntFlag = IntFlag
+else:
+    FastIntFlag = _FastIntFlag
+
+
+_E = TypeVar("_E", bound=enum.Enum)
+
+
+def parse_user_argument_for_enum(
+    arg: Any,
+    choices: Dict[_E, List[Any]],
+    name: str,
+    resolve_symbol_names: bool = False,
+) -> Optional[_E]:
+    """Given a user parameter, parse the parameter into a chosen value
+    from a list of choice objects, typically Enum values.
+
+    The user argument can be a string name that matches the name of a
+    symbol, or the symbol object itself, or any number of alternate choices
+    such as True/False/ None etc.
+
+    :param arg: the user argument.
+    :param choices: dictionary of enum values to lists of possible
+        entries for each.
+    :param name: name of the argument.   Used in an :class:`.ArgumentError`
+        that is raised if the parameter doesn't match any available argument.
+
+    """
+    for enum_value, choice in choices.items():
+        if arg is enum_value:
+            return enum_value
+        elif resolve_symbol_names and arg == enum_value.name:
+            return enum_value
+        elif arg in choice:
+            return enum_value
+
+    if arg is None:
+        return None
+
+    raise exc.ArgumentError(f"Invalid value for '{name}': {arg!r}")
+
+
+_creation_order = 1
+
+
+def set_creation_order(instance: Any) -> None:
+    """Assign a '_creation_order' sequence to the given instance.
+
+    This allows multiple instances to be sorted in order of creation
+    (typically within a single thread; the counter is not particularly
+    threadsafe).
+
+    """
+    global _creation_order
+    instance._creation_order = _creation_order
+    _creation_order += 1
+
+
+def warn_exception(func: Callable[..., Any], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    """executes the given function, catches all exceptions and converts to
+    a warning.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+    except Exception:
+        warn("%s('%s') ignored" % sys.exc_info()[0:2])
+
+
+def ellipses_string(value, len_=25):
+    try:
+        if len(value) > len_:
+            return "%s..." % value[0:len_]
+        else:
+            return value
+    except TypeError:
+        return value
+
+
+class _hash_limit_string(str):
+    """A string subclass that can only be hashed on a maximum amount
+    of unique values.
+
+    This is used for warnings so that we can send out parameterized warnings
+    without the __warningregistry__ of the module,  or the non-overridable
+    "once" registry within warnings.py, overloading memory,
+
+
+    """
+
+    _hash: int
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, value: str, num: int, args: Sequence[Any]
+    ) -> _hash_limit_string:
+        interpolated = (value % args) + (
+            " (this warning may be suppressed after %d occurrences)" % num
+        )
+        self = super().__new__(cls, interpolated)
+        self._hash = hash("%s_%d" % (value, hash(interpolated) % num))
+        return self
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return hash(self) == hash(other)
+
+
+def warn(msg: str, code: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    """Issue a warning.
+
+    If msg is a string, :class:`.exc.SAWarning` is used as
+    the category.
+
+    """
+    if code:
+        _warnings_warn(exc.SAWarning(msg, code=code))
+    else:
+        _warnings_warn(msg, exc.SAWarning)
+
+
+def warn_limited(msg: str, args: Sequence[Any]) -> None:
+    """Issue a warning with a parameterized string, limiting the number
+    of registrations.
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        msg = _hash_limit_string(msg, 10, args)
+    _warnings_warn(msg, exc.SAWarning)
+
+
+_warning_tags: Dict[CodeType, Tuple[str, Type[Warning]]] = {}
+
+
+def tag_method_for_warnings(
+    message: str, category: Type[Warning]
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    def go(fn):
+        _warning_tags[fn.__code__] = (message, category)
+        return fn
+
+    return go
+
+
+_not_sa_pattern = re.compile(r"^(?:sqlalchemy\.(?!testing)|alembic\.)")
+
+
+def _warnings_warn(
+    message: Union[str, Warning],
+    category: Optional[Type[Warning]] = None,
+    stacklevel: int = 2,
+) -> None:
+    # adjust the given stacklevel to be outside of SQLAlchemy
+    try:
+        frame = sys._getframe(stacklevel)
+    except ValueError:
+        # being called from less than 3 (or given) stacklevels, weird,
+        # but don't crash
+        stacklevel = 0
+    except:
+        # _getframe() doesn't work, weird interpreter issue, weird,
+        # ok, but don't crash
+        stacklevel = 0
+    else:
+        stacklevel_found = warning_tag_found = False
+        while frame is not None:
+            # using __name__ here requires that we have __name__ in the
+            # __globals__ of the decorated string functions we make also.
+            # we generate this using {"__name__": fn.__module__}
+            if not stacklevel_found and not re.match(
+                _not_sa_pattern, frame.f_globals.get("__name__", "")
+            ):
+                # stop incrementing stack level if an out-of-SQLA line
+                # were found.
+                stacklevel_found = True
+
+                # however, for the warning tag thing, we have to keep
+                # scanning up the whole traceback
+
+            if frame.f_code in _warning_tags:
+                warning_tag_found = True
+                (_suffix, _category) = _warning_tags[frame.f_code]
+                category = category or _category
+                message = f"{message} ({_suffix})"
+
+            frame = frame.f_back  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            if not stacklevel_found:
+                stacklevel += 1
+            elif stacklevel_found and warning_tag_found:
+                break
+
+    if category is not None:
+        warnings.warn(message, category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+
+
+def only_once(
+    fn: Callable[..., _T], retry_on_exception: bool
+) -> Callable[..., Optional[_T]]:
+    """Decorate the given function to be a no-op after it is called exactly
+    once."""
+
+    once = [fn]
+
+    def go(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+        # strong reference fn so that it isn't garbage collected,
+        # which interferes with the event system's expectations
+        strong_fn = fn  # noqa
+        if once:
+            once_fn = once.pop()
+            try:
+                return once_fn(*arg, **kw)
+            except:
+                if retry_on_exception:
+                    once.insert(0, once_fn)
+                raise
+
+        return None
+
+    return go
+
+
+_SQLA_RE = re.compile(r"sqlalchemy/([a-z_]+/){0,2}[a-z_]+\.py")
+_UNITTEST_RE = re.compile(r"unit(?:2|test2?/)")
+
+
+def chop_traceback(
+    tb: List[str],
+    exclude_prefix: re.Pattern[str] = _UNITTEST_RE,
+    exclude_suffix: re.Pattern[str] = _SQLA_RE,
+) -> List[str]:
+    """Chop extraneous lines off beginning and end of a traceback.
+
+    :param tb:
+      a list of traceback lines as returned by ``traceback.format_stack()``
+
+    :param exclude_prefix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at beginning of
+      ``tb``
+
+    :param exclude_suffix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at end of ``tb``
+    """
+    start = 0
+    end = len(tb) - 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_prefix.search(tb[start]):
+        start += 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_suffix.search(tb[end]):
+        end -= 1
+    return tb[start : end + 1]
+
+
+NoneType = type(None)
+
+
+def attrsetter(attrname):
+    code = "def set(obj, value):    obj.%s = value" % attrname
+    env = locals().copy()
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env["set"]
+
+
+_dunders = re.compile("^__.+__$")
+
+
+class TypingOnly:
+    """A mixin class that marks a class as 'typing only', meaning it has
+    absolutely no methods, attributes, or runtime functionality whatsoever.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if TypingOnly in cls.__bases__:
+            remaining = {
+                name for name in cls.__dict__ if not _dunders.match(name)
+            }
+            if remaining:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    f"Class {cls} directly inherits TypingOnly but has "
+                    f"additional attributes {remaining}."
+                )
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+
+class EnsureKWArg:
+    r"""Apply translation of functions to accept \**kw arguments if they
+    don't already.
+
+    Used to ensure cross-compatibility with third party legacy code, for things
+    like compiler visit methods that need to accept ``**kw`` arguments,
+    but may have been copied from old code that didn't accept them.
+
+    """
+
+    ensure_kwarg: str
+    """a regular expression that indicates method names for which the method
+    should accept ``**kw`` arguments.
+
+    The class will scan for methods matching the name template and decorate
+    them if necessary to ensure ``**kw`` parameters are accepted.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        fn_reg = cls.ensure_kwarg
+        clsdict = cls.__dict__
+        if fn_reg:
+            for key in clsdict:
+                m = re.match(fn_reg, key)
+                if m:
+                    fn = clsdict[key]
+                    spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+                    if not spec.varkw:
+                        wrapped = cls._wrap_w_kw(fn)
+                        setattr(cls, key, wrapped)
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _wrap_w_kw(cls, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            return fn(*arg)
+
+        return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def wrap_callable(wrapper, fn):
+    """Augment functools.update_wrapper() to work with objects with
+    a ``__call__()`` method.
+
+    :param fn:
+      object with __call__ method
+
+    """
+    if hasattr(fn, "__name__"):
+        return update_wrapper(wrapper, fn)
+    else:
+        _f = wrapper
+        _f.__name__ = fn.__class__.__name__
+        if hasattr(fn, "__module__"):
+            _f.__module__ = fn.__module__
+
+        if hasattr(fn.__call__, "__doc__") and fn.__call__.__doc__:
+            _f.__doc__ = fn.__call__.__doc__
+        elif fn.__doc__:
+            _f.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+
+        return _f
+
+
+def quoted_token_parser(value):
+    """Parse a dotted identifier with accommodation for quoted names.
+
+    Includes support for SQL-style double quotes as a literal character.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> quoted_token_parser("name")
+        ["name"]
+        >>> quoted_token_parser("schema.name")
+        ["schema", "name"]
+        >>> quoted_token_parser('"Schema"."Name"')
+        ['Schema', 'Name']
+        >>> quoted_token_parser('"Schema"."Name""Foo"')
+        ['Schema', 'Name""Foo']
+
+    """
+
+    if '"' not in value:
+        return value.split(".")
+
+    # 0 = outside of quotes
+    # 1 = inside of quotes
+    state = 0
+    result: List[List[str]] = [[]]
+    idx = 0
+    lv = len(value)
+    while idx < lv:
+        char = value[idx]
+        if char == '"':
+            if state == 1 and idx < lv - 1 and value[idx + 1] == '"':
+                result[-1].append('"')
+                idx += 1
+            else:
+                state ^= 1
+        elif char == "." and state == 0:
+            result.append([])
+        else:
+            result[-1].append(char)
+        idx += 1
+
+    return ["".join(token) for token in result]
+
+
+def add_parameter_text(params: Any, text: str) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    params = _collections.to_list(params)
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        doc = fn.__doc__ is not None and fn.__doc__ or ""
+        if doc:
+            doc = inject_param_text(doc, {param: text for param in params})
+        fn.__doc__ = doc
+        return fn
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _dedent_docstring(text: str) -> str:
+    split_text = text.split("\n", 1)
+    if len(split_text) == 1:
+        return text
+    else:
+        firstline, remaining = split_text
+    if not firstline.startswith(" "):
+        return firstline + "\n" + textwrap.dedent(remaining)
+    else:
+        return textwrap.dedent(text)
+
+
+def inject_docstring_text(
+    given_doctext: Optional[str], injecttext: str, pos: int
+) -> str:
+    doctext: str = _dedent_docstring(given_doctext or "")
+    lines = doctext.split("\n")
+    if len(lines) == 1:
+        lines.append("")
+    injectlines = textwrap.dedent(injecttext).split("\n")
+    if injectlines[0]:
+        injectlines.insert(0, "")
+
+    blanks = [num for num, line in enumerate(lines) if not line.strip()]
+    blanks.insert(0, 0)
+
+    inject_pos = blanks[min(pos, len(blanks) - 1)]
+
+    lines = lines[0:inject_pos] + injectlines + lines[inject_pos:]
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+_param_reg = re.compile(r"(\s+):param (.+?):")
+
+
+def inject_param_text(doctext: str, inject_params: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    doclines = collections.deque(doctext.splitlines())
+    lines = []
+
+    # TODO: this is not working for params like ":param case_sensitive=True:"
+
+    to_inject = None
+    while doclines:
+        line = doclines.popleft()
+
+        m = _param_reg.match(line)
+
+        if to_inject is None:
+            if m:
+                param = m.group(2).lstrip("*")
+                if param in inject_params:
+                    # default indent to that of :param: plus one
+                    indent = " " * len(m.group(1)) + " "
+
+                    # but if the next line has text, use that line's
+                    # indentation
+                    if doclines:
+                        m2 = re.match(r"(\s+)\S", doclines[0])
+                        if m2:
+                            indent = " " * len(m2.group(1))
+
+                    to_inject = indent + inject_params[param]
+        elif m:
+            lines.extend(["\n", to_inject, "\n"])
+            to_inject = None
+        elif not line.rstrip():
+            lines.extend([line, to_inject, "\n"])
+            to_inject = None
+        elif line.endswith("::"):
+            # TODO: this still won't cover if the code example itself has
+            # blank lines in it, need to detect those via indentation.
+            lines.extend([line, doclines.popleft()])
+            continue
+        lines.append(line)
+
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def repr_tuple_names(names: List[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Trims a list of strings from the middle and return a string of up to
+    four elements. Strings greater than 11 characters will be truncated"""
+    if len(names) == 0:
+        return None
+    flag = len(names) <= 4
+    names = names[0:4] if flag else names[0:3] + names[-1:]
+    res = ["%s.." % name[:11] if len(name) > 11 else name for name in names]
+    if flag:
+        return ", ".join(res)
+    else:
+        return "%s, ..., %s" % (", ".join(res[0:3]), res[-1])
+
+
+def has_compiled_ext(raise_=False):
+    if HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+        return True
+    elif raise_:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "cython extensions were expected to be installed, "
+            "but are not present"
+        )
+    else:
+        return False
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/preloaded.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/preloaded.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68fa5d4d372c5ee6737f2d777c7c1f450ec6eeee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/preloaded.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# util/preloaded.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""supplies the "preloaded" registry to resolve circular module imports at
+runtime.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlalchemy import dialects as _dialects
+    from sqlalchemy import orm as _orm
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import cursor as _engine_cursor
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import default as _engine_default
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection as _engine_reflection
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import result as _engine_result
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import url as _engine_url
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import attributes as _orm_attributes
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import base as _orm_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import clsregistry as _orm_clsregistry
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import decl_api as _orm_decl_api
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import decl_base as _orm_decl_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import dependency as _orm_dependency
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import descriptor_props as _orm_descriptor_props
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapperlib as _orm_mapper
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import properties as _orm_properties
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationships as _orm_relationships
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import session as _orm_session
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import state as _orm_state
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import strategies as _orm_strategies
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import strategy_options as _orm_strategy_options
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import util as _orm_util
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import default_comparator as _sql_default_comparator
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import dml as _sql_dml
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import elements as _sql_elements
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import functions as _sql_functions
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import naming as _sql_naming
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import schema as _sql_schema
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import selectable as _sql_selectable
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import sqltypes as _sql_sqltypes
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import traversals as _sql_traversals
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import util as _sql_util
+
+    # sigh, appease mypy 0.971 which does not accept imports as instance
+    # variables of a module
+    dialects = _dialects
+    engine_cursor = _engine_cursor
+    engine_default = _engine_default
+    engine_reflection = _engine_reflection
+    engine_result = _engine_result
+    engine_url = _engine_url
+    orm_clsregistry = _orm_clsregistry
+    orm_base = _orm_base
+    orm = _orm
+    orm_attributes = _orm_attributes
+    orm_decl_api = _orm_decl_api
+    orm_decl_base = _orm_decl_base
+    orm_descriptor_props = _orm_descriptor_props
+    orm_dependency = _orm_dependency
+    orm_mapper = _orm_mapper
+    orm_properties = _orm_properties
+    orm_relationships = _orm_relationships
+    orm_session = _orm_session
+    orm_strategies = _orm_strategies
+    orm_strategy_options = _orm_strategy_options
+    orm_state = _orm_state
+    orm_util = _orm_util
+    sql_default_comparator = _sql_default_comparator
+    sql_dml = _sql_dml
+    sql_elements = _sql_elements
+    sql_functions = _sql_functions
+    sql_naming = _sql_naming
+    sql_selectable = _sql_selectable
+    sql_traversals = _sql_traversals
+    sql_schema = _sql_schema
+    sql_sqltypes = _sql_sqltypes
+    sql_util = _sql_util
+
+
+class _ModuleRegistry:
+    """Registry of modules to load in a package init file.
+
+    To avoid potential thread safety issues for imports that are deferred
+    in a function, like https://bugs.python.org/issue38884, these modules
+    are added to the system module cache by importing them after the packages
+    has finished initialization.
+
+    A global instance is provided under the name :attr:`.preloaded`. Use
+    the function :func:`.preload_module` to register modules to load and
+    :meth:`.import_prefix` to load all the modules that start with the
+    given path.
+
+    While the modules are loaded in the global module cache, it's advisable
+    to access them using :attr:`.preloaded` to ensure that it was actually
+    registered. Each registered module is added to the instance ``__dict__``
+    in the form `<package>_<module>`, omitting ``sqlalchemy`` from the package
+    name. Example: ``sqlalchemy.sql.util`` becomes ``preloaded.sql_util``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix="sqlalchemy."):
+        self.module_registry = set()
+        self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def preload_module(self, *deps: str) -> Callable[[_FN], _FN]:
+        """Adds the specified modules to the list to load.
+
+        This method can be used both as a normal function and as a decorator.
+        No change is performed to the decorated object.
+        """
+        self.module_registry.update(deps)
+        return lambda fn: fn
+
+    def import_prefix(self, path: str) -> None:
+        """Resolve all the modules in the registry that start with the
+        specified path.
+        """
+        for module in self.module_registry:
+            if self.prefix:
+                key = module.split(self.prefix)[-1].replace(".", "_")
+            else:
+                key = module
+            if (
+                not path or module.startswith(path)
+            ) and key not in self.__dict__:
+                __import__(module, globals(), locals())
+                self.__dict__[key] = globals()[key] = sys.modules[module]
+
+
+_reg = _ModuleRegistry()
+preload_module = _reg.preload_module
+import_prefix = _reg.import_prefix
+
+# this appears to do absolutely nothing for any version of mypy
+# if TYPE_CHECKING:
+#    def __getattr__(key: str) -> ModuleType:
+#        ...
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4688a5b79a25b3e652400f03372d758b49442c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# util/queue.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""An adaptation of Py2.3/2.4's Queue module which supports reentrant
+behavior, using RLock instead of Lock for its mutex object.  The
+Queue object is used exclusively by the sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool
+class.
+
+This is to support the connection pool's usage of weakref callbacks to return
+connections to the underlying Queue, which can in extremely
+rare cases be invoked within the ``get()`` method of the Queue itself,
+producing a ``put()`` inside the ``get()`` and therefore a reentrant
+condition.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from collections import deque
+import threading
+from time import time as _time
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .concurrency import await_fallback
+from .concurrency import await_only
+from .langhelpers import memoized_property
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+__all__ = ["Empty", "Full", "Queue"]
+
+
+class Empty(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.get(block=0)/get_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Full(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.put(block=0)/put_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class QueueCommon(Generic[_T]):
+    maxsize: int
+    use_lifo: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int = 0, use_lifo: bool = False): ...
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def full(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def qsize(self) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def put(
+        self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> _T:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Queue(QueueCommon[_T]):
+    queue: Deque[_T]
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int = 0, use_lifo: bool = False):
+        """Initialize a queue object with a given maximum size.
+
+        If `maxsize` is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.
+
+        If `use_lifo` is True, this Queue acts like a Stack (LIFO).
+        """
+
+        self._init(maxsize)
+        # mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating.  All methods
+        # that acquire mutex must release it before returning.  mutex
+        # is shared between the two conditions, so acquiring and
+        # releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.
+        self.mutex = threading.RLock()
+        # Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a
+        # thread waiting to get is notified then.
+        self.not_empty = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+        # Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;
+        # a thread waiting to put is notified then.
+        self.not_full = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+        # If this queue uses LIFO or FIFO
+        self.use_lifo = use_lifo
+
+    def qsize(self) -> int:
+        """Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""
+
+        with self.mutex:
+            return self._qsize()
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        with self.mutex:
+            return self._empty()
+
+    def full(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        with self.mutex:
+            return self._full()
+
+    def put(
+        self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Put an item into the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until a free slot is
+        available. If `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at
+        most `timeout` seconds and raises the ``Full`` exception if no
+        free slot was available within that time.  Otherwise (`block`
+        is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is
+        immediately available, else raise the ``Full`` exception
+        (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+        """
+
+        with self.not_full:
+            if not block:
+                if self._full():
+                    raise Full
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._full():
+                    self.not_full.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._full():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Full
+                    self.not_full.wait(remaining)
+            self._put(item)
+            self.not_empty.notify()
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Put an item into the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.
+        Otherwise raise the ``Full`` exception.
+        """
+        return self.put(item, False)
+
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> _T:
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until an item is available. If
+        `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at most `timeout`
+        seconds and raises the ``Empty`` exception if no item was
+        available within that time.  Otherwise (`block` is false),
+        return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the
+        ``Empty`` exception (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+
+        """
+        with self.not_empty:
+            if not block:
+                if self._empty():
+                    raise Empty
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._empty():
+                    self.not_empty.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._empty():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Empty
+                    self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
+            item = self._get()
+            self.not_full.notify()
+            return item
+
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T:
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise
+        raise the ``Empty`` exception.
+        """
+
+        return self.get(False)
+
+    def _init(self, maxsize: int) -> None:
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+        self.queue = deque()
+
+    def _qsize(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.queue)
+
+    def _empty(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.queue
+
+    def _full(self) -> bool:
+        return self.maxsize > 0 and len(self.queue) == self.maxsize
+
+    def _put(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        self.queue.append(item)
+
+    def _get(self) -> _T:
+        if self.use_lifo:
+            # LIFO
+            return self.queue.pop()
+        else:
+            # FIFO
+            return self.queue.popleft()
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptedQueue(QueueCommon[_T]):
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def await_(coroutine: Awaitable[Any]) -> _T: ...
+
+    else:
+        await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int = 0, use_lifo: bool = False):
+        self.use_lifo = use_lifo
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        return self._queue.empty()
+
+    def full(self):
+        return self._queue.full()
+
+    def qsize(self):
+        return self._queue.qsize()
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _queue(self) -> asyncio.Queue[_T]:
+        # Delay creation of the queue until it is first used, to avoid
+        # binding it to a possibly wrong event loop.
+        # By delaying the creation of the pool we accommodate the common
+        # usage pattern of instantiating the engine at module level, where a
+        # different event loop is in present compared to when the application
+        # is actually run.
+
+        queue: asyncio.Queue[_T]
+
+        if self.use_lifo:
+            queue = asyncio.LifoQueue(maxsize=self.maxsize)
+        else:
+            queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=self.maxsize)
+        return queue
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._queue.put_nowait(item)
+        except asyncio.QueueFull as err:
+            raise Full() from err
+
+    def put(
+        self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if not block:
+            return self.put_nowait(item)
+
+        try:
+            if timeout is not None:
+                self.await_(asyncio.wait_for(self._queue.put(item), timeout))
+            else:
+                self.await_(self._queue.put(item))
+        except (asyncio.QueueFull, asyncio.TimeoutError) as err:
+            raise Full() from err
+
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T:
+        try:
+            return self._queue.get_nowait()
+        except asyncio.QueueEmpty as err:
+            raise Empty() from err
+
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> _T:
+        if not block:
+            return self.get_nowait()
+
+        try:
+            if timeout is not None:
+                return self.await_(
+                    asyncio.wait_for(self._queue.get(), timeout)
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.await_(self._queue.get())
+        except (asyncio.QueueEmpty, asyncio.TimeoutError) as err:
+            raise Empty() from err
+
+
+class FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueue(AsyncAdaptedQueue[_T]):
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/tool_support.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/tool_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6406ba9b59d6307ed2fe6ef7cc7a4b32e55c0eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/tool_support.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# util/tool_support.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+"""support routines for the helpers in tools/.
+
+These aren't imported by the enclosing util package as the are not
+needed for normal library use.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from argparse import Namespace
+import contextlib
+import difflib
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import compat
+
+
+class code_writer_cmd:
+    parser: ArgumentParser
+    args: Namespace
+    suppress_output: bool
+    diffs_detected: bool
+    source_root: Path
+    pyproject_toml_path: Path
+
+    def __init__(self, tool_script: str):
+        self.source_root = Path(tool_script).parent.parent
+        self.pyproject_toml_path = self.source_root / Path("pyproject.toml")
+        assert self.pyproject_toml_path.exists()
+
+        self.parser = ArgumentParser()
+        self.parser.add_argument(
+            "--stdout",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Write to stdout instead of saving to file",
+        )
+        self.parser.add_argument(
+            "-c",
+            "--check",
+            help="Don't write the files back, just return the "
+            "status. Return code 0 means nothing would change. "
+            "Return code 1 means some files would be reformatted",
+            action="store_true",
+        )
+
+    def run_zimports(self, tempfile: str) -> None:
+        self._run_console_script(
+            str(tempfile),
+            {
+                "entrypoint": "zimports",
+                "options": f"--toml-config {self.pyproject_toml_path}",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def run_black(self, tempfile: str) -> None:
+        self._run_console_script(
+            str(tempfile),
+            {
+                "entrypoint": "black",
+                "options": f"--config {self.pyproject_toml_path}",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _run_console_script(self, path: str, options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Run a Python console application from within the process.
+
+        Used for black, zimports
+
+        """
+
+        is_posix = os.name == "posix"
+
+        entrypoint_name = options["entrypoint"]
+
+        for entry in compat.importlib_metadata_get("console_scripts"):
+            if entry.name == entrypoint_name:
+                impl = entry
+                break
+        else:
+            raise Exception(
+                f"Could not find entrypoint console_scripts.{entrypoint_name}"
+            )
+        cmdline_options_str = options.get("options", "")
+        cmdline_options_list = shlex.split(
+            cmdline_options_str, posix=is_posix
+        ) + [path]
+
+        kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.suppress_output:
+            kw["stdout"] = kw["stderr"] = subprocess.DEVNULL
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                sys.executable,
+                "-c",
+                "import %s; %s.%s()" % (impl.module, impl.module, impl.attr),
+            ]
+            + cmdline_options_list,
+            cwd=str(self.source_root),
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def write_status(self, *text: str) -> None:
+        if not self.suppress_output:
+            sys.stderr.write(" ".join(text))
+
+    def write_output_file_from_text(
+        self, text: str, destination_path: Union[str, Path]
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.args.check:
+            self._run_diff(destination_path, source=text)
+        elif self.args.stdout:
+            print(text)
+        else:
+            self.write_status(f"Writing {destination_path}...")
+            Path(destination_path).write_text(
+                text, encoding="utf-8", newline="\n"
+            )
+            self.write_status("done\n")
+
+    def write_output_file_from_tempfile(
+        self, tempfile: str, destination_path: str
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.args.check:
+            self._run_diff(destination_path, source_file=tempfile)
+            os.unlink(tempfile)
+        elif self.args.stdout:
+            with open(tempfile) as tf:
+                print(tf.read())
+            os.unlink(tempfile)
+        else:
+            self.write_status(f"Writing {destination_path}...")
+            shutil.move(tempfile, destination_path)
+            self.write_status("done\n")
+
+    def _run_diff(
+        self,
+        destination_path: Union[str, Path],
+        *,
+        source: Optional[str] = None,
+        source_file: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if source_file:
+            with open(source_file, encoding="utf-8") as tf:
+                source_lines = list(tf)
+        elif source is not None:
+            source_lines = source.splitlines(keepends=True)
+        else:
+            assert False, "source or source_file is required"
+
+        with open(destination_path, encoding="utf-8") as dp:
+            d = difflib.unified_diff(
+                list(dp),
+                source_lines,
+                fromfile=Path(destination_path).as_posix(),
+                tofile="<proposed changes>",
+                n=3,
+                lineterm="\n",
+            )
+            d_as_list = list(d)
+            if d_as_list:
+                self.diffs_detected = True
+                print("".join(d_as_list))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def add_arguments(self) -> Iterator[ArgumentParser]:
+        yield self.parser
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def run_program(self) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self.args = self.parser.parse_args()
+        if self.args.check:
+            self.diffs_detected = False
+            self.suppress_output = True
+        elif self.args.stdout:
+            self.suppress_output = True
+        else:
+            self.suppress_output = False
+        yield
+
+        if self.args.check and self.diffs_detected:
+            sys.exit(1)
+        else:
+            sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56879dd4502e92526c7722217b423187affaaf8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# util/topological.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Topological sorting algorithms."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import DefaultDict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import util
+from ..exc import CircularDependencyError
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+__all__ = ["sort", "sort_as_subsets", "find_cycles"]
+
+
+def sort_as_subsets(
+    tuples: Collection[Tuple[_T, _T]], allitems: Collection[_T]
+) -> Iterator[Sequence[_T]]:
+    edges: DefaultDict[_T, Set[_T]] = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    todo = list(allitems)
+    todo_set = set(allitems)
+
+    while todo_set:
+        output = []
+        for node in todo:
+            if todo_set.isdisjoint(edges[node]):
+                output.append(node)
+
+        if not output:
+            raise CircularDependencyError(
+                "Circular dependency detected.",
+                find_cycles(tuples, allitems),
+                _gen_edges(edges),
+            )
+
+        todo_set.difference_update(output)
+        todo = [t for t in todo if t in todo_set]
+        yield output
+
+
+def sort(
+    tuples: Collection[Tuple[_T, _T]],
+    allitems: Collection[_T],
+    deterministic_order: bool = True,
+) -> Iterator[_T]:
+    """sort the given list of items by dependency.
+
+    'tuples' is a list of tuples representing a partial ordering.
+
+    deterministic_order is no longer used, the order is now always
+    deterministic given the order of "allitems".    the flag is there
+    for backwards compatibility with Alembic.
+
+    """
+
+    for set_ in sort_as_subsets(tuples, allitems):
+        yield from set_
+
+
+def find_cycles(
+    tuples: Iterable[Tuple[_T, _T]], allitems: Iterable[_T]
+) -> Set[_T]:
+    # adapted from:
+    # https://neopythonic.blogspot.com/2009/01/detecting-cycles-in-directed-graph.html
+
+    edges: DefaultDict[_T, Set[_T]] = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[parent].add(child)
+    nodes_to_test = set(edges)
+
+    output = set()
+
+    # we'd like to find all nodes that are
+    # involved in cycles, so we do the full
+    # pass through the whole thing for each
+    # node in the original list.
+
+    # we can go just through parent edge nodes.
+    # if a node is only a child and never a parent,
+    # by definition it can't be part of a cycle.  same
+    # if it's not in the edges at all.
+    for node in nodes_to_test:
+        stack = [node]
+        todo = nodes_to_test.difference(stack)
+        while stack:
+            top = stack[-1]
+            for node in edges[top]:
+                if node in stack:
+                    cyc = stack[stack.index(node) :]
+                    todo.difference_update(cyc)
+                    output.update(cyc)
+
+                if node in todo:
+                    stack.append(node)
+                    todo.remove(node)
+                    break
+            else:
+                node = stack.pop()
+    return output
+
+
+def _gen_edges(edges: DefaultDict[_T, Set[_T]]) -> Set[Tuple[_T, _T]]:
+    return {(right, left) for left in edges for right in edges[left]}
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/typing.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f57100bc3a9f8b3f9608723fae75d56086db52df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/typing.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+# util/typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import builtins
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import ForwardRef
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NewType
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import compat
+
+if True:  # zimports removes the tailing comments
+    from typing_extensions import Annotated as Annotated  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import Concatenate as Concatenate  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import (
+        dataclass_transform as dataclass_transform,  # 3.11,
+    )
+    from typing_extensions import Final as Final  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import final as final  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import get_args as get_args  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import get_origin as get_origin  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import Literal as Literal  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired as NotRequired  # 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec as ParamSpec  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import Protocol as Protocol  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import SupportsIndex as SupportsIndex  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias as TypeAlias  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict as TypedDict  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import TypeGuard as TypeGuard  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import Self as Self  # 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAliasType as TypeAliasType  # 3.12
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT")
+_KT_co = TypeVar("_KT_co", covariant=True)
+_KT_contra = TypeVar("_KT_contra", contravariant=True)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT")
+_VT_co = TypeVar("_VT_co", covariant=True)
+
+
+if compat.py310:
+    # why they took until py310 to put this in stdlib is beyond me,
+    # I've been wanting it since py27
+    from types import NoneType as NoneType
+else:
+    NoneType = type(None)  # type: ignore
+
+NoneFwd = ForwardRef("None")
+
+typing_get_args = get_args
+typing_get_origin = get_origin
+
+
+_AnnotationScanType = Union[
+    Type[Any], str, ForwardRef, NewType, TypeAliasType, "GenericProtocol[Any]"
+]
+
+
+class ArgsTypeProcotol(Protocol):
+    """protocol for types that have ``__args__``
+
+    there's no public interface for this AFAIK
+
+    """
+
+    __args__: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]
+
+
+class GenericProtocol(Protocol[_T]):
+    """protocol for generic types.
+
+    this since Python.typing _GenericAlias is private
+
+    """
+
+    __args__: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]
+    __origin__: Type[_T]
+
+    # Python's builtin _GenericAlias has this method, however builtins like
+    # list, dict, etc. do not, even though they have ``__origin__`` and
+    # ``__args__``
+    #
+    # def copy_with(self, params: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]) -> Type[_T]:
+    #     ...
+
+
+# copied from TypeShed, required in order to implement
+# MutableMapping.update()
+class SupportsKeysAndGetItem(Protocol[_KT, _VT_co]):
+    def keys(self) -> Iterable[_KT]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, __k: _KT) -> _VT_co: ...
+
+
+# work around https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3025
+_LiteralStar = Literal["*"]
+
+
+def de_stringify_annotation(
+    cls: Type[Any],
+    annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+    originating_module: str,
+    locals_: Mapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    str_cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
+    include_generic: bool = False,
+    _already_seen: Optional[Set[Any]] = None,
+) -> Type[Any]:
+    """Resolve annotations that may be string based into real objects.
+
+    This is particularly important if a module defines "from __future__ import
+    annotations", as everything inside of __annotations__ is a string. We want
+    to at least have generic containers like ``Mapped``, ``Union``, ``List``,
+    etc.
+
+    """
+    # looked at typing.get_type_hints(), looked at pydantic.  We need much
+    # less here, and we here try to not use any private typing internals
+    # or construct ForwardRef objects which is documented as something
+    # that should be avoided.
+
+    original_annotation = annotation
+
+    if is_fwd_ref(annotation):
+        annotation = annotation.__forward_arg__
+
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        if str_cleanup_fn:
+            annotation = str_cleanup_fn(annotation, originating_module)
+
+        annotation = eval_expression(
+            annotation, originating_module, locals_=locals_, in_class=cls
+        )
+
+    if (
+        include_generic
+        and is_generic(annotation)
+        and not is_literal(annotation)
+    ):
+        if _already_seen is None:
+            _already_seen = set()
+
+        if annotation in _already_seen:
+            # only occurs recursively.  outermost return type
+            # will always be Type.
+            # the element here will be either ForwardRef or
+            # Optional[ForwardRef]
+            return original_annotation  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            _already_seen.add(annotation)
+
+        elements = tuple(
+            de_stringify_annotation(
+                cls,
+                elem,
+                originating_module,
+                locals_,
+                str_cleanup_fn=str_cleanup_fn,
+                include_generic=include_generic,
+                _already_seen=_already_seen,
+            )
+            for elem in annotation.__args__
+        )
+
+        return _copy_generic_annotation_with(annotation, elements)
+    return annotation  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _copy_generic_annotation_with(
+    annotation: GenericProtocol[_T], elements: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]
+) -> Type[_T]:
+    if hasattr(annotation, "copy_with"):
+        # List, Dict, etc. real generics
+        return annotation.copy_with(elements)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        # Python builtins list, dict, etc.
+        return annotation.__origin__[elements]  # type: ignore
+
+
+def eval_expression(
+    expression: str,
+    module_name: str,
+    *,
+    locals_: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    in_class: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    try:
+        base_globals: Dict[str, Any] = sys.modules[module_name].__dict__
+    except KeyError as ke:
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Module {module_name} isn't present in sys.modules; can't "
+            f"evaluate expression {expression}"
+        ) from ke
+
+    try:
+        if in_class is not None:
+            cls_namespace = dict(in_class.__dict__)
+            cls_namespace.setdefault(in_class.__name__, in_class)
+
+            # see #10899.  We want the locals/globals to take precedence
+            # over the class namespace in this context, even though this
+            # is not the usual way variables would resolve.
+            cls_namespace.update(base_globals)
+
+            annotation = eval(expression, cls_namespace, locals_)
+        else:
+            annotation = eval(expression, base_globals, locals_)
+    except Exception as err:
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Could not de-stringify annotation {expression!r}"
+        ) from err
+    else:
+        return annotation
+
+
+def eval_name_only(
+    name: str,
+    module_name: str,
+    *,
+    locals_: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    if "." in name:
+        return eval_expression(name, module_name, locals_=locals_)
+
+    try:
+        base_globals: Dict[str, Any] = sys.modules[module_name].__dict__
+    except KeyError as ke:
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Module {module_name} isn't present in sys.modules; can't "
+            f"resolve name {name}"
+        ) from ke
+
+    # name only, just look in globals.  eval() works perfectly fine here,
+    # however we are seeking to have this be faster, as this occurs for
+    # every Mapper[] keyword, etc. depending on configuration
+    try:
+        return base_globals[name]
+    except KeyError as ke:
+        # check in builtins as well to handle `list`, `set` or `dict`, etc.
+        try:
+            return builtins.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Could not locate name {name} in module {module_name}"
+        ) from ke
+
+
+def resolve_name_to_real_class_name(name: str, module_name: str) -> str:
+    try:
+        obj = eval_name_only(name, module_name)
+    except NameError:
+        return name
+    else:
+        return getattr(obj, "__name__", name)
+
+
+def de_stringify_union_elements(
+    cls: Type[Any],
+    annotation: ArgsTypeProcotol,
+    originating_module: str,
+    locals_: Mapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    str_cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
+) -> Type[Any]:
+    return make_union_type(
+        *[
+            de_stringify_annotation(
+                cls,
+                anno,
+                originating_module,
+                {},
+                str_cleanup_fn=str_cleanup_fn,
+            )
+            for anno in annotation.__args__
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+def is_pep593(type_: Optional[_AnnotationScanType]) -> bool:
+    return type_ is not None and typing_get_origin(type_) is Annotated
+
+
+def is_non_string_iterable(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[Iterable[Any]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, collections_abc.Iterable) and not isinstance(
+        obj, (str, bytes)
+    )
+
+
+def is_literal(type_: _AnnotationScanType) -> bool:
+    return get_origin(type_) is Literal
+
+
+def is_newtype(type_: Optional[_AnnotationScanType]) -> TypeGuard[NewType]:
+    return hasattr(type_, "__supertype__")
+
+    # doesn't work in 3.8, 3.7 as it passes a closure, not an
+    # object instance
+    # return isinstance(type_, NewType)
+
+
+def is_generic(type_: _AnnotationScanType) -> TypeGuard[GenericProtocol[Any]]:
+    return hasattr(type_, "__args__") and hasattr(type_, "__origin__")
+
+
+def is_pep695(type_: _AnnotationScanType) -> TypeGuard[TypeAliasType]:
+    return isinstance(type_, TypeAliasType)
+
+
+def flatten_newtype(type_: NewType) -> Type[Any]:
+    super_type = type_.__supertype__
+    while is_newtype(super_type):
+        super_type = super_type.__supertype__
+    return super_type  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def is_fwd_ref(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType, check_generic: bool = False
+) -> TypeGuard[ForwardRef]:
+    if isinstance(type_, ForwardRef):
+        return True
+    elif check_generic and is_generic(type_):
+        return any(is_fwd_ref(arg, True) for arg in type_.__args__)
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+@overload
+def de_optionalize_union_types(type_: str) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def de_optionalize_union_types(type_: Type[Any]) -> Type[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def de_optionalize_union_types(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType,
+) -> _AnnotationScanType: ...
+
+
+def de_optionalize_union_types(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType,
+) -> _AnnotationScanType:
+    """Given a type, filter out ``Union`` types that include ``NoneType``
+    to not include the ``NoneType``.
+
+    """
+
+    if is_fwd_ref(type_):
+        return de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(type_)
+
+    elif is_optional(type_):
+        typ = set(type_.__args__)
+
+        typ.discard(NoneType)
+        typ.discard(NoneFwd)
+
+        return make_union_type(*typ)
+
+    else:
+        return type_
+
+
+def de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(
+    type_: ForwardRef,
+) -> _AnnotationScanType:
+    """return the non-optional type for Optional[], Union[None, ...], x|None,
+    etc. without de-stringifying forward refs.
+
+    unfortunately this seems to require lots of hardcoded heuristics
+
+    """
+
+    annotation = type_.__forward_arg__
+
+    mm = re.match(r"^(.+?)\[(.+)\]$", annotation)
+    if mm:
+        if mm.group(1) == "Optional":
+            return ForwardRef(mm.group(2))
+        elif mm.group(1) == "Union":
+            elements = re.split(r",\s*", mm.group(2))
+            return make_union_type(
+                *[ForwardRef(elem) for elem in elements if elem != "None"]
+            )
+        else:
+            return type_
+
+    pipe_tokens = re.split(r"\s*\|\s*", annotation)
+    if "None" in pipe_tokens:
+        return ForwardRef("|".join(p for p in pipe_tokens if p != "None"))
+
+    return type_
+
+
+def make_union_type(*types: _AnnotationScanType) -> Type[Any]:
+    """Make a Union type.
+
+    This is needed by :func:`.de_optionalize_union_types` which removes
+    ``NoneType`` from a ``Union``.
+
+    """
+    return cast(Any, Union).__getitem__(types)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def expand_unions(
+    type_: Type[Any], include_union: bool = False, discard_none: bool = False
+) -> Tuple[Type[Any], ...]:
+    """Return a type as a tuple of individual types, expanding for
+    ``Union`` types."""
+
+    if is_union(type_):
+        typ = set(type_.__args__)
+
+        if discard_none:
+            typ.discard(NoneType)
+
+        if include_union:
+            return (type_,) + tuple(typ)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return tuple(typ)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return (type_,)
+
+
+def is_optional(type_: Any) -> TypeGuard[ArgsTypeProcotol]:
+    return is_origin_of(
+        type_,
+        "Optional",
+        "Union",
+        "UnionType",
+    )
+
+
+def is_optional_union(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    return is_optional(type_) and NoneType in typing_get_args(type_)
+
+
+def is_union(type_: Any) -> TypeGuard[ArgsTypeProcotol]:
+    return is_origin_of(type_, "Union")
+
+
+def is_origin_of_cls(
+    type_: Any, class_obj: Union[Tuple[Type[Any], ...], Type[Any]]
+) -> bool:
+    """return True if the given type has an __origin__ that shares a base
+    with the given class"""
+
+    origin = typing_get_origin(type_)
+    if origin is None:
+        return False
+
+    return isinstance(origin, type) and issubclass(origin, class_obj)
+
+
+def is_origin_of(
+    type_: Any, *names: str, module: Optional[str] = None
+) -> bool:
+    """return True if the given type has an __origin__ with the given name
+    and optional module."""
+
+    origin = typing_get_origin(type_)
+    if origin is None:
+        return False
+
+    return _get_type_name(origin) in names and (
+        module is None or origin.__module__.startswith(module)
+    )
+
+
+def _get_type_name(type_: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    if compat.py310:
+        return type_.__name__
+    else:
+        typ_name = getattr(type_, "__name__", None)
+        if typ_name is None:
+            typ_name = getattr(type_, "_name", None)
+
+        return typ_name  # type: ignore
+
+
+class DescriptorProto(Protocol):
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+_DESC = TypeVar("_DESC", bound=DescriptorProto)
+
+
+class DescriptorReference(Generic[_DESC]):
+    """a descriptor that refers to a descriptor.
+
+    used for cases where we need to have an instance variable referring to an
+    object that is itself a descriptor, which typically confuses typing tools
+    as they don't know when they should use ``__get__`` or not when referring
+    to the descriptor assignment as an instance variable. See
+    sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.PropComparator.prop
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _DESC: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: _DESC) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+_DESC_co = TypeVar("_DESC_co", bound=DescriptorProto, covariant=True)
+
+
+class RODescriptorReference(Generic[_DESC_co]):
+    """a descriptor that refers to a descriptor.
+
+    same as :class:`.DescriptorReference` but is read-only, so that subclasses
+    can define a subtype as the generically contained element
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _DESC_co: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Optional[Callable[..., Any]])
+
+
+class CallableReference(Generic[_FN]):
+    """a descriptor that refers to a callable.
+
+    works around mypy's limitation of not allowing callables assigned
+    as instance variables
+
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _FN: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: _FN) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+# $def ro_descriptor_reference(fn: Callable[])
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse-0.5.0.dist-info/licenses/AUTHORS b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse-0.5.0.dist-info/licenses/AUTHORS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..261b04df578cd423f8d7112f4930190f4ce10d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse-0.5.0.dist-info/licenses/AUTHORS	
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+python-sqlparse is written and maintained by Andi Albrecht <albrecht.andi@gmail.com>.
+
+This module contains code (namely the lexer and filter mechanism) from
+the pygments project that was written by Georg Brandl.
+
+This module contains code (Python 2/3 compatibility) from the six
+project: https://bitbucket.org/gutworth/six.
+
+Alphabetical list of contributors:
+* Adam Greenhall <agreenhall@lyft.com>
+* Adam Johnson <me@adamj.eu>
+* Aki Ariga <chezou+github@gmail.com>
+* Alexander Beedie <ayembee@gmail.com>
+* Alexey Malyshev <nostrict@gmail.com>
+* ali-tny <aliteeney@googlemail.com>
+* andrew deryabin <github@djsf.com>
+* Andrew Tipton <andrew.tipton@compareglobalgroup.com>
+* atronah <atronah.ds@gmail.com>
+* casey <casey@cloudera.com>
+* Cauê Beloni <cbeloni@gmail.com>
+* Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
+* circld <circld1@gmail.com>
+* Corey Zumar <corey.zumar@databricks.com>
+* Cristian Orellana <cristiano@groupon.com>
+* Dag Wieers <dag@wieers.com>
+* Daniel Harding <dharding@living180.net>
+* Darik Gamble <darik.gamble@gmail.com>
+* Demetrio92 <Demetrio.Rodriguez.T@gmail.com>
+* Dennis Taylor <dennis.taylor@clio.com>
+* Dvořák Václav <Vaclav.Dvorak@ysoft.com>
+* Erik Cederstrand <erik@adamatics.com>
+* Florian Bauer <florian.bauer@zmdi.com>
+* Fredy Wijaya <fredy.wijaya@gmail.com>
+* Gavin Wahl <gwahl@fusionbox.com>
+* Georg Traar <georg@crate.io>
+* griff <70294474+griffatrasgo@users.noreply.github.com>
+* Hugo van Kemenade <hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>
+* hurcy <cinyoung.hur@gmail.com>
+* Ian Robertson <ian.robertson@capitalone.com>
+* Igor Khrol <igor.khrol@automattic.com>
+* JacekPliszka <Jacek.Pliszka@gmail.com>
+* JavierPan <PeterSandwich@users.noreply.github.com>
+* Jean-Martin Archer <jm@jmartin.ca>
+* Jesús Leganés Combarro "Piranna" <piranna@gmail.com>
+* Johannes Hoff <johshoff@gmail.com>
+* John Bodley <john.bodley@airbnb.com>
+* Jon Dufresne <jon.dufresne@gmail.com>
+* Josh Soref <jsoref@users.noreply.github.com>
+* Kevin Jing Qiu <kevin.jing.qiu@gmail.com>
+* koljonen <koljonen@outlook.com>
+* Likai Liu <liulk@likai.org>
+* Long Le Xich <codenamelxl@users.noreply.github.com>
+* mathilde.oustlant <mathilde.oustlant@ext.cdiscount.com>
+* Michael Schuller <chick@mschuller.net>
+* Mike Amy <cocoade@googlemail.com>
+* mulos <daniel.strackbein@gmail.com>
+* Oleg Broytman <phd@phdru.name>
+* osmnv <80402144+osmnv@users.noreply.github.com>
+* Patrick Schemitz <patrick.schemitz@digitalbriefkasten.de>
+* Pi Delport <pjdelport@gmail.com>
+* Prudhvi Vatala <pvatala@gmail.com>
+* quest <quest@wonky.windwards.net>
+* Robert Nix <com.github@rnix.org>
+* Rocky Meza <rmeza@fusionbox.com>
+* Romain Rigaux <romain.rigaux@gmail.com>
+* Rowan Seymour <rowanseymour@gmail.com>
+* Ryan Wooden <rygwdn@gmail.com>
+* saaj <id@saaj.me>
+* Shen Longxing <shenlongxing2012@gmail.com>
+* Simon Heisterkamp <she@delegate.dk>
+* Sjoerd Job Postmus
+* Soloman Weng <soloman1124@gmail.com>
+* spigwitmer <itgpmc@gmail.com>
+* Tao Wang <twang2218@gmail.com>
+* Tenghuan <tenghuanhe@gmail.com>
+* Tim Graham <timograham@gmail.com>
+* Victor Hahn <info@victor-hahn.de>
+* Victor Uriarte <vmuriart@gmail.com>
+* Ville Skyttä <ville.skytta@iki.fi>
+* vthriller <farreva232@yandex.ru>
+* wayne.wuw <wayne.wuw@alibaba-inc.com>
+* Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>
+* William Ivanski <william.ivanski@gmail.com>
+* Yago Riveiro <yago.riveiro@gmail.com>
+* Zi-Xuan Fu <r33s3n6@gmail.com>
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse-0.5.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse-0.5.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de414c55796725b86b89c2a5d1aa34e72ff4b258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse-0.5.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE	
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2016, Andi Albrecht <albrecht.andi@gmail.com>
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    * Neither the name of the authors nor the names of its contributors may be
+      used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d54d5141bc802f867c3b9472ef376360d65fb87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse.engine import grouping
+from sqlparse.engine.filter_stack import FilterStack
+from sqlparse.engine.statement_splitter import StatementSplitter
+
+__all__ = [
+    'grouping',
+    'FilterStack',
+    'StatementSplitter',
+]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/filter_stack.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/filter_stack.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3feba377b891631655e8ab9fe0ea01ff1028c202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/filter_stack.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+"""filter"""
+
+from sqlparse import lexer
+from sqlparse.engine import grouping
+from sqlparse.engine.statement_splitter import StatementSplitter
+from sqlparse.filters import StripTrailingSemicolonFilter
+
+
+class FilterStack:
+    def __init__(self, strip_semicolon=False):
+        self.preprocess = []
+        self.stmtprocess = []
+        self.postprocess = []
+        self._grouping = False
+        if strip_semicolon:
+            self.stmtprocess.append(StripTrailingSemicolonFilter())
+
+    def enable_grouping(self):
+        self._grouping = True
+
+    def run(self, sql, encoding=None):
+        stream = lexer.tokenize(sql, encoding)
+        # Process token stream
+        for filter_ in self.preprocess:
+            stream = filter_.process(stream)
+
+        stream = StatementSplitter().process(stream)
+
+        # Output: Stream processed Statements
+        for stmt in stream:
+            if self._grouping:
+                stmt = grouping.group(stmt)
+
+            for filter_ in self.stmtprocess:
+                filter_.process(stmt)
+
+            for filter_ in self.postprocess:
+                stmt = filter_.process(stmt)
+
+            yield stmt
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/grouping.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/grouping.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..926a3c1b040ed4d86b47a56c34e11798ad237b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/grouping.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse import sql
+from sqlparse import tokens as T
+from sqlparse.utils import recurse, imt
+
+T_NUMERICAL = (T.Number, T.Number.Integer, T.Number.Float)
+T_STRING = (T.String, T.String.Single, T.String.Symbol)
+T_NAME = (T.Name, T.Name.Placeholder)
+
+
+def _group_matching(tlist, cls):
+    """Groups Tokens that have beginning and end."""
+    opens = []
+    tidx_offset = 0
+    for idx, token in enumerate(list(tlist)):
+        tidx = idx - tidx_offset
+
+        if token.is_whitespace:
+            # ~50% of tokens will be whitespace. Will checking early
+            # for them avoid 3 comparisons, but then add 1 more comparison
+            # for the other ~50% of tokens...
+            continue
+
+        if token.is_group and not isinstance(token, cls):
+            # Check inside previously grouped (i.e. parenthesis) if group
+            # of different type is inside (i.e., case). though ideally  should
+            # should check for all open/close tokens at once to avoid recursion
+            _group_matching(token, cls)
+            continue
+
+        if token.match(*cls.M_OPEN):
+            opens.append(tidx)
+
+        elif token.match(*cls.M_CLOSE):
+            try:
+                open_idx = opens.pop()
+            except IndexError:
+                # this indicates invalid sql and unbalanced tokens.
+                # instead of break, continue in case other "valid" groups exist
+                continue
+            close_idx = tidx
+            tlist.group_tokens(cls, open_idx, close_idx)
+            tidx_offset += close_idx - open_idx
+
+
+def group_brackets(tlist):
+    _group_matching(tlist, sql.SquareBrackets)
+
+
+def group_parenthesis(tlist):
+    _group_matching(tlist, sql.Parenthesis)
+
+
+def group_case(tlist):
+    _group_matching(tlist, sql.Case)
+
+
+def group_if(tlist):
+    _group_matching(tlist, sql.If)
+
+
+def group_for(tlist):
+    _group_matching(tlist, sql.For)
+
+
+def group_begin(tlist):
+    _group_matching(tlist, sql.Begin)
+
+
+def group_typecasts(tlist):
+    def match(token):
+        return token.match(T.Punctuation, '::')
+
+    def valid(token):
+        return token is not None
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    valid_prev = valid_next = valid
+    _group(tlist, sql.Identifier, match, valid_prev, valid_next, post)
+
+
+def group_tzcasts(tlist):
+    def match(token):
+        return token.ttype == T.Keyword.TZCast
+
+    def valid_prev(token):
+        return token is not None
+
+    def valid_next(token):
+        return token is not None and (
+            token.is_whitespace
+            or token.match(T.Keyword, 'AS')
+            or token.match(*sql.TypedLiteral.M_CLOSE)
+        )
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    _group(tlist, sql.Identifier, match, valid_prev, valid_next, post)
+
+
+def group_typed_literal(tlist):
+    # definitely not complete, see e.g.:
+    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/appendixes/interval-literal-syntax
+    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/appendixes/interval-literals
+    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/datatype-datetime.html
+    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/functions-datetime.html
+    def match(token):
+        return imt(token, m=sql.TypedLiteral.M_OPEN)
+
+    def match_to_extend(token):
+        return isinstance(token, sql.TypedLiteral)
+
+    def valid_prev(token):
+        return token is not None
+
+    def valid_next(token):
+        return token is not None and token.match(*sql.TypedLiteral.M_CLOSE)
+
+    def valid_final(token):
+        return token is not None and token.match(*sql.TypedLiteral.M_EXTEND)
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return tidx, nidx
+
+    _group(tlist, sql.TypedLiteral, match, valid_prev, valid_next,
+           post, extend=False)
+    _group(tlist, sql.TypedLiteral, match_to_extend, valid_prev, valid_final,
+           post, extend=True)
+
+
+def group_period(tlist):
+    def match(token):
+        for ttype, value in ((T.Punctuation, '.'),
+                             (T.Operator, '->'),
+                             (T.Operator, '->>')):
+            if token.match(ttype, value):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def valid_prev(token):
+        sqlcls = sql.SquareBrackets, sql.Identifier
+        ttypes = T.Name, T.String.Symbol
+        return imt(token, i=sqlcls, t=ttypes)
+
+    def valid_next(token):
+        # issue261, allow invalid next token
+        return True
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        # next_ validation is being performed here. issue261
+        sqlcls = sql.SquareBrackets, sql.Function
+        ttypes = T.Name, T.String.Symbol, T.Wildcard, T.String.Single
+        next_ = tlist[nidx] if nidx is not None else None
+        valid_next = imt(next_, i=sqlcls, t=ttypes)
+
+        return (pidx, nidx) if valid_next else (pidx, tidx)
+
+    _group(tlist, sql.Identifier, match, valid_prev, valid_next, post)
+
+
+def group_as(tlist):
+    def match(token):
+        return token.is_keyword and token.normalized == 'AS'
+
+    def valid_prev(token):
+        return token.normalized == 'NULL' or not token.is_keyword
+
+    def valid_next(token):
+        ttypes = T.DML, T.DDL, T.CTE
+        return not imt(token, t=ttypes) and token is not None
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    _group(tlist, sql.Identifier, match, valid_prev, valid_next, post)
+
+
+def group_assignment(tlist):
+    def match(token):
+        return token.match(T.Assignment, ':=')
+
+    def valid(token):
+        return token is not None and token.ttype not in (T.Keyword,)
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        m_semicolon = T.Punctuation, ';'
+        snidx, _ = tlist.token_next_by(m=m_semicolon, idx=nidx)
+        nidx = snidx or nidx
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    valid_prev = valid_next = valid
+    _group(tlist, sql.Assignment, match, valid_prev, valid_next, post)
+
+
+def group_comparison(tlist):
+    sqlcls = (sql.Parenthesis, sql.Function, sql.Identifier,
+              sql.Operation, sql.TypedLiteral)
+    ttypes = T_NUMERICAL + T_STRING + T_NAME
+
+    def match(token):
+        return token.ttype == T.Operator.Comparison
+
+    def valid(token):
+        if imt(token, t=ttypes, i=sqlcls):
+            return True
+        elif token and token.is_keyword and token.normalized == 'NULL':
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    valid_prev = valid_next = valid
+    _group(tlist, sql.Comparison, match,
+           valid_prev, valid_next, post, extend=False)
+
+
+@recurse(sql.Identifier)
+def group_identifier(tlist):
+    ttypes = (T.String.Symbol, T.Name)
+
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes)
+    while token:
+        tlist.group_tokens(sql.Identifier, tidx, tidx)
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes, idx=tidx)
+
+
+@recurse(sql.Over)
+def group_over(tlist):
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Over.M_OPEN)
+    while token:
+        nidx, next_ = tlist.token_next(tidx)
+        if imt(next_, i=sql.Parenthesis, t=T.Name):
+            tlist.group_tokens(sql.Over, tidx, nidx)
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Over.M_OPEN, idx=tidx)
+
+
+def group_arrays(tlist):
+    sqlcls = sql.SquareBrackets, sql.Identifier, sql.Function
+    ttypes = T.Name, T.String.Symbol
+
+    def match(token):
+        return isinstance(token, sql.SquareBrackets)
+
+    def valid_prev(token):
+        return imt(token, i=sqlcls, t=ttypes)
+
+    def valid_next(token):
+        return True
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return pidx, tidx
+
+    _group(tlist, sql.Identifier, match,
+           valid_prev, valid_next, post, extend=True, recurse=False)
+
+
+def group_operator(tlist):
+    ttypes = T_NUMERICAL + T_STRING + T_NAME
+    sqlcls = (sql.SquareBrackets, sql.Parenthesis, sql.Function,
+              sql.Identifier, sql.Operation, sql.TypedLiteral)
+
+    def match(token):
+        return imt(token, t=(T.Operator, T.Wildcard))
+
+    def valid(token):
+        return imt(token, i=sqlcls, t=ttypes) \
+            or (token and token.match(
+                T.Keyword,
+                ('CURRENT_DATE', 'CURRENT_TIME', 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP')))
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        tlist[tidx].ttype = T.Operator
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    valid_prev = valid_next = valid
+    _group(tlist, sql.Operation, match,
+           valid_prev, valid_next, post, extend=False)
+
+
+def group_identifier_list(tlist):
+    m_role = T.Keyword, ('null', 'role')
+    sqlcls = (sql.Function, sql.Case, sql.Identifier, sql.Comparison,
+              sql.IdentifierList, sql.Operation)
+    ttypes = (T_NUMERICAL + T_STRING + T_NAME
+              + (T.Keyword, T.Comment, T.Wildcard))
+
+    def match(token):
+        return token.match(T.Punctuation, ',')
+
+    def valid(token):
+        return imt(token, i=sqlcls, m=m_role, t=ttypes)
+
+    def post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx):
+        return pidx, nidx
+
+    valid_prev = valid_next = valid
+    _group(tlist, sql.IdentifierList, match,
+           valid_prev, valid_next, post, extend=True)
+
+
+@recurse(sql.Comment)
+def group_comments(tlist):
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=T.Comment)
+    while token:
+        eidx, end = tlist.token_not_matching(
+            lambda tk: imt(tk, t=T.Comment) or tk.is_whitespace, idx=tidx)
+        if end is not None:
+            eidx, end = tlist.token_prev(eidx, skip_ws=False)
+            tlist.group_tokens(sql.Comment, tidx, eidx)
+
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=T.Comment, idx=tidx)
+
+
+@recurse(sql.Where)
+def group_where(tlist):
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Where.M_OPEN)
+    while token:
+        eidx, end = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Where.M_CLOSE, idx=tidx)
+
+        if end is None:
+            end = tlist._groupable_tokens[-1]
+        else:
+            end = tlist.tokens[eidx - 1]
+        # TODO: convert this to eidx instead of end token.
+        # i think above values are len(tlist) and eidx-1
+        eidx = tlist.token_index(end)
+        tlist.group_tokens(sql.Where, tidx, eidx)
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Where.M_OPEN, idx=tidx)
+
+
+@recurse()
+def group_aliased(tlist):
+    I_ALIAS = (sql.Parenthesis, sql.Function, sql.Case, sql.Identifier,
+               sql.Operation, sql.Comparison)
+
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(i=I_ALIAS, t=T.Number)
+    while token:
+        nidx, next_ = tlist.token_next(tidx)
+        if isinstance(next_, sql.Identifier):
+            tlist.group_tokens(sql.Identifier, tidx, nidx, extend=True)
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(i=I_ALIAS, t=T.Number, idx=tidx)
+
+
+@recurse(sql.Function)
+def group_functions(tlist):
+    has_create = False
+    has_table = False
+    has_as = False
+    for tmp_token in tlist.tokens:
+        if tmp_token.value.upper() == 'CREATE':
+            has_create = True
+        if tmp_token.value.upper() == 'TABLE':
+            has_table = True
+        if tmp_token.value == 'AS':
+            has_as = True
+    if has_create and has_table and not has_as:
+        return
+
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=T.Name)
+    while token:
+        nidx, next_ = tlist.token_next(tidx)
+        if isinstance(next_, sql.Parenthesis):
+            over_idx, over = tlist.token_next(nidx)
+            if over and isinstance(over, sql.Over):
+                eidx = over_idx
+            else:
+                eidx = nidx
+            tlist.group_tokens(sql.Function, tidx, eidx)
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=T.Name, idx=tidx)
+
+
+@recurse(sql.Identifier)
+def group_order(tlist):
+    """Group together Identifier and Asc/Desc token"""
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=T.Keyword.Order)
+    while token:
+        pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(tidx)
+        if imt(prev_, i=sql.Identifier, t=T.Number):
+            tlist.group_tokens(sql.Identifier, pidx, tidx)
+            tidx = pidx
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=T.Keyword.Order, idx=tidx)
+
+
+@recurse()
+def align_comments(tlist):
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(i=sql.Comment)
+    while token:
+        pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(tidx)
+        if isinstance(prev_, sql.TokenList):
+            tlist.group_tokens(sql.TokenList, pidx, tidx, extend=True)
+            tidx = pidx
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(i=sql.Comment, idx=tidx)
+
+
+def group_values(tlist):
+    tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=(T.Keyword, 'VALUES'))
+    start_idx = tidx
+    end_idx = -1
+    while token:
+        if isinstance(token, sql.Parenthesis):
+            end_idx = tidx
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next(tidx)
+    if end_idx != -1:
+        tlist.group_tokens(sql.Values, start_idx, end_idx, extend=True)
+
+
+def group(stmt):
+    for func in [
+        group_comments,
+
+        # _group_matching
+        group_brackets,
+        group_parenthesis,
+        group_case,
+        group_if,
+        group_for,
+        group_begin,
+
+        group_over,
+        group_functions,
+        group_where,
+        group_period,
+        group_arrays,
+        group_identifier,
+        group_order,
+        group_typecasts,
+        group_tzcasts,
+        group_typed_literal,
+        group_operator,
+        group_comparison,
+        group_as,
+        group_aliased,
+        group_assignment,
+
+        align_comments,
+        group_identifier_list,
+        group_values,
+    ]:
+        func(stmt)
+    return stmt
+
+
+def _group(tlist, cls, match,
+           valid_prev=lambda t: True,
+           valid_next=lambda t: True,
+           post=None,
+           extend=True,
+           recurse=True
+           ):
+    """Groups together tokens that are joined by a middle token. i.e. x < y"""
+
+    tidx_offset = 0
+    pidx, prev_ = None, None
+    for idx, token in enumerate(list(tlist)):
+        tidx = idx - tidx_offset
+        if tidx < 0:  # tidx shouldn't get negative
+            continue
+
+        if token.is_whitespace:
+            continue
+
+        if recurse and token.is_group and not isinstance(token, cls):
+            _group(token, cls, match, valid_prev, valid_next, post, extend)
+
+        if match(token):
+            nidx, next_ = tlist.token_next(tidx)
+            if prev_ and valid_prev(prev_) and valid_next(next_):
+                from_idx, to_idx = post(tlist, pidx, tidx, nidx)
+                grp = tlist.group_tokens(cls, from_idx, to_idx, extend=extend)
+
+                tidx_offset += to_idx - from_idx
+                pidx, prev_ = from_idx, grp
+                continue
+
+        pidx, prev_ = tidx, token
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/statement_splitter.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/statement_splitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b3a0d9bf91653a7b22b27c0c3700cc444bb6663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/engine/statement_splitter.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse import sql, tokens as T
+
+
+class StatementSplitter:
+    """Filter that split stream at individual statements"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._reset()
+
+    def _reset(self):
+        """Set the filter attributes to its default values"""
+        self._in_declare = False
+        self._is_create = False
+        self._begin_depth = 0
+
+        self.consume_ws = False
+        self.tokens = []
+        self.level = 0
+
+    def _change_splitlevel(self, ttype, value):
+        """Get the new split level (increase, decrease or remain equal)"""
+
+        # parenthesis increase/decrease a level
+        if ttype is T.Punctuation and value == '(':
+            return 1
+        elif ttype is T.Punctuation and value == ')':
+            return -1
+        elif ttype not in T.Keyword:  # if normal token return
+            return 0
+
+        # Everything after here is ttype = T.Keyword
+        # Also to note, once entered an If statement you are done and basically
+        # returning
+        unified = value.upper()
+
+        # three keywords begin with CREATE, but only one of them is DDL
+        # DDL Create though can contain more words such as "or replace"
+        if ttype is T.Keyword.DDL and unified.startswith('CREATE'):
+            self._is_create = True
+            return 0
+
+        # can have nested declare inside of being...
+        if unified == 'DECLARE' and self._is_create and self._begin_depth == 0:
+            self._in_declare = True
+            return 1
+
+        if unified == 'BEGIN':
+            self._begin_depth += 1
+            if self._is_create:
+                # FIXME(andi): This makes no sense.  ## this comment neither
+                return 1
+            return 0
+
+        # Should this respect a preceding BEGIN?
+        # In CASE ... WHEN ... END this results in a split level -1.
+        # Would having multiple CASE WHEN END and a Assignment Operator
+        # cause the statement to cut off prematurely?
+        if unified == 'END':
+            self._begin_depth = max(0, self._begin_depth - 1)
+            return -1
+
+        if (unified in ('IF', 'FOR', 'WHILE', 'CASE')
+                and self._is_create and self._begin_depth > 0):
+            return 1
+
+        if unified in ('END IF', 'END FOR', 'END WHILE'):
+            return -1
+
+        # Default
+        return 0
+
+    def process(self, stream):
+        """Process the stream"""
+        EOS_TTYPE = T.Whitespace, T.Comment.Single
+
+        # Run over all stream tokens
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            # Yield token if we finished a statement and there's no whitespaces
+            # It will count newline token as a non whitespace. In this context
+            # whitespace ignores newlines.
+            # why don't multi line comments also count?
+            if self.consume_ws and ttype not in EOS_TTYPE:
+                yield sql.Statement(self.tokens)
+
+                # Reset filter and prepare to process next statement
+                self._reset()
+
+            # Change current split level (increase, decrease or remain equal)
+            self.level += self._change_splitlevel(ttype, value)
+
+            # Append the token to the current statement
+            self.tokens.append(sql.Token(ttype, value))
+
+            # Check if we get the end of a statement
+            # Issue762: Allow GO (or "GO 2") as statement splitter.
+            # When implementing a language toggle, it's not only to add
+            # keywords it's also to change some rules, like this splitting
+            # rule.
+            if (self.level <= 0 and ttype is T.Punctuation and value == ';') \
+                    or (ttype is T.Keyword and value.split()[0] == 'GO'):
+                self.consume_ws = True
+
+        # Yield pending statement (if any)
+        if self.tokens and not all(t.is_whitespace for t in self.tokens):
+            yield sql.Statement(self.tokens)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/__init__.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..061694606c6eb008e9b24ffd494fda0ae49c60e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/__init__.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse.filters.others import SerializerUnicode
+from sqlparse.filters.others import StripCommentsFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.others import StripWhitespaceFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.others import StripTrailingSemicolonFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.others import SpacesAroundOperatorsFilter
+
+from sqlparse.filters.output import OutputPHPFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.output import OutputPythonFilter
+
+from sqlparse.filters.tokens import KeywordCaseFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.tokens import IdentifierCaseFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.tokens import TruncateStringFilter
+
+from sqlparse.filters.reindent import ReindentFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.right_margin import RightMarginFilter
+from sqlparse.filters.aligned_indent import AlignedIndentFilter
+
+__all__ = [
+    'SerializerUnicode',
+    'StripCommentsFilter',
+    'StripWhitespaceFilter',
+    'StripTrailingSemicolonFilter',
+    'SpacesAroundOperatorsFilter',
+
+    'OutputPHPFilter',
+    'OutputPythonFilter',
+
+    'KeywordCaseFilter',
+    'IdentifierCaseFilter',
+    'TruncateStringFilter',
+
+    'ReindentFilter',
+    'RightMarginFilter',
+    'AlignedIndentFilter',
+]
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/aligned_indent.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/aligned_indent.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc60926390781758f50c0e01e190a60b1b794443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/aligned_indent.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse import sql, tokens as T
+from sqlparse.utils import offset, indent
+
+
+class AlignedIndentFilter:
+    join_words = (r'((LEFT\s+|RIGHT\s+|FULL\s+)?'
+                  r'(INNER\s+|OUTER\s+|STRAIGHT\s+)?|'
+                  r'(CROSS\s+|NATURAL\s+)?)?JOIN\b')
+    by_words = r'(GROUP|ORDER)\s+BY\b'
+    split_words = ('FROM',
+                   join_words, 'ON', by_words,
+                   'WHERE', 'AND', 'OR',
+                   'HAVING', 'LIMIT',
+                   'UNION', 'VALUES',
+                   'SET', 'BETWEEN', 'EXCEPT')
+
+    def __init__(self, char=' ', n='\n'):
+        self.n = n
+        self.offset = 0
+        self.indent = 0
+        self.char = char
+        self._max_kwd_len = len('select')
+
+    def nl(self, offset=1):
+        # offset = 1 represent a single space after SELECT
+        offset = -len(offset) if not isinstance(offset, int) else offset
+        # add two for the space and parenthesis
+        indent = self.indent * (2 + self._max_kwd_len)
+
+        return sql.Token(T.Whitespace, self.n + self.char * (
+            self._max_kwd_len + offset + indent + self.offset))
+
+    def _process_statement(self, tlist):
+        if len(tlist.tokens) > 0 and tlist.tokens[0].is_whitespace \
+                and self.indent == 0:
+            tlist.tokens.pop(0)
+
+        # process the main query body
+        self._process(sql.TokenList(tlist.tokens))
+
+    def _process_parenthesis(self, tlist):
+        # if this isn't a subquery, don't re-indent
+        _, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=(T.DML, 'SELECT'))
+        if token is not None:
+            with indent(self):
+                tlist.insert_after(tlist[0], self.nl('SELECT'))
+                # process the inside of the parenthesis
+                self._process_default(tlist)
+
+            # de-indent last parenthesis
+            tlist.insert_before(tlist[-1], self.nl())
+
+    def _process_identifierlist(self, tlist):
+        # columns being selected
+        identifiers = list(tlist.get_identifiers())
+        identifiers.pop(0)
+        [tlist.insert_before(token, self.nl()) for token in identifiers]
+        self._process_default(tlist)
+
+    def _process_case(self, tlist):
+        offset_ = len('case ') + len('when ')
+        cases = tlist.get_cases(skip_ws=True)
+        # align the end as well
+        end_token = tlist.token_next_by(m=(T.Keyword, 'END'))[1]
+        cases.append((None, [end_token]))
+
+        condition_width = [len(' '.join(map(str, cond))) if cond else 0
+                           for cond, _ in cases]
+        max_cond_width = max(condition_width)
+
+        for i, (cond, value) in enumerate(cases):
+            # cond is None when 'else or end'
+            stmt = cond[0] if cond else value[0]
+
+            if i > 0:
+                tlist.insert_before(stmt, self.nl(offset_ - len(str(stmt))))
+            if cond:
+                ws = sql.Token(T.Whitespace, self.char * (
+                    max_cond_width - condition_width[i]))
+                tlist.insert_after(cond[-1], ws)
+
+    def _next_token(self, tlist, idx=-1):
+        split_words = T.Keyword, self.split_words, True
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=split_words, idx=idx)
+        # treat "BETWEEN x and y" as a single statement
+        if token and token.normalized == 'BETWEEN':
+            tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist, tidx)
+            if token and token.normalized == 'AND':
+                tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist, tidx)
+        return tidx, token
+
+    def _split_kwds(self, tlist):
+        tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist)
+        while token:
+            # joins, group/order by are special case. only consider the first
+            # word as aligner
+            if (
+                token.match(T.Keyword, self.join_words, regex=True)
+                or token.match(T.Keyword, self.by_words, regex=True)
+            ):
+                token_indent = token.value.split()[0]
+            else:
+                token_indent = str(token)
+            tlist.insert_before(token, self.nl(token_indent))
+            tidx += 1
+            tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist, tidx)
+
+    def _process_default(self, tlist):
+        self._split_kwds(tlist)
+        # process any sub-sub statements
+        for sgroup in tlist.get_sublists():
+            idx = tlist.token_index(sgroup)
+            pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(idx)
+            # HACK: make "group/order by" work. Longer than max_len.
+            offset_ = 3 if (
+                prev_ and prev_.match(T.Keyword, self.by_words, regex=True)
+            ) else 0
+            with offset(self, offset_):
+                self._process(sgroup)
+
+    def _process(self, tlist):
+        func_name = '_process_{cls}'.format(cls=type(tlist).__name__)
+        func = getattr(self, func_name.lower(), self._process_default)
+        func(tlist)
+
+    def process(self, stmt):
+        self._process(stmt)
+        return stmt
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/others.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/others.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da7c0e79320ceb04d89885bcc32d99d15aa87af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/others.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+import re
+
+from sqlparse import sql, tokens as T
+from sqlparse.utils import split_unquoted_newlines
+
+
+class StripCommentsFilter:
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _process(tlist):
+        def get_next_comment():
+            # TODO(andi) Comment types should be unified, see related issue38
+            return tlist.token_next_by(i=sql.Comment, t=T.Comment)
+
+        def _get_insert_token(token):
+            """Returns either a whitespace or the line breaks from token."""
+            # See issue484 why line breaks should be preserved.
+            # Note: The actual value for a line break is replaced by \n
+            # in SerializerUnicode which will be executed in the
+            # postprocessing state.
+            m = re.search(r'([\r\n]+) *$', token.value)
+            if m is not None:
+                return sql.Token(T.Whitespace.Newline, m.groups()[0])
+            else:
+                return sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+
+        tidx, token = get_next_comment()
+        while token:
+            pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(tidx, skip_ws=False)
+            nidx, next_ = tlist.token_next(tidx, skip_ws=False)
+            # Replace by whitespace if prev and next exist and if they're not
+            # whitespaces. This doesn't apply if prev or next is a parenthesis.
+            if (prev_ is None or next_ is None
+                    or prev_.is_whitespace or prev_.match(T.Punctuation, '(')
+                    or next_.is_whitespace or next_.match(T.Punctuation, ')')):
+                # Insert a whitespace to ensure the following SQL produces
+                # a valid SQL (see #425).
+                if prev_ is not None and not prev_.match(T.Punctuation, '('):
+                    tlist.tokens.insert(tidx, _get_insert_token(token))
+                tlist.tokens.remove(token)
+            else:
+                tlist.tokens[tidx] = _get_insert_token(token)
+
+            tidx, token = get_next_comment()
+
+    def process(self, stmt):
+        [self.process(sgroup) for sgroup in stmt.get_sublists()]
+        StripCommentsFilter._process(stmt)
+        return stmt
+
+
+class StripWhitespaceFilter:
+    def _stripws(self, tlist):
+        func_name = '_stripws_{cls}'.format(cls=type(tlist).__name__)
+        func = getattr(self, func_name.lower(), self._stripws_default)
+        func(tlist)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _stripws_default(tlist):
+        last_was_ws = False
+        is_first_char = True
+        for token in tlist.tokens:
+            if token.is_whitespace:
+                token.value = '' if last_was_ws or is_first_char else ' '
+            last_was_ws = token.is_whitespace
+            is_first_char = False
+
+    def _stripws_identifierlist(self, tlist):
+        # Removes newlines before commas, see issue140
+        last_nl = None
+        for token in list(tlist.tokens):
+            if last_nl and token.ttype is T.Punctuation and token.value == ',':
+                tlist.tokens.remove(last_nl)
+            last_nl = token if token.is_whitespace else None
+
+            # next_ = tlist.token_next(token, skip_ws=False)
+            # if (next_ and not next_.is_whitespace and
+            #             token.ttype is T.Punctuation and token.value == ','):
+            #     tlist.insert_after(token, sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' '))
+        return self._stripws_default(tlist)
+
+    def _stripws_parenthesis(self, tlist):
+        while tlist.tokens[1].is_whitespace:
+            tlist.tokens.pop(1)
+        while tlist.tokens[-2].is_whitespace:
+            tlist.tokens.pop(-2)
+        self._stripws_default(tlist)
+
+    def process(self, stmt, depth=0):
+        [self.process(sgroup, depth + 1) for sgroup in stmt.get_sublists()]
+        self._stripws(stmt)
+        if depth == 0 and stmt.tokens and stmt.tokens[-1].is_whitespace:
+            stmt.tokens.pop(-1)
+        return stmt
+
+
+class SpacesAroundOperatorsFilter:
+    @staticmethod
+    def _process(tlist):
+
+        ttypes = (T.Operator, T.Comparison)
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes)
+        while token:
+            nidx, next_ = tlist.token_next(tidx, skip_ws=False)
+            if next_ and next_.ttype != T.Whitespace:
+                tlist.insert_after(tidx, sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' '))
+
+            pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(tidx, skip_ws=False)
+            if prev_ and prev_.ttype != T.Whitespace:
+                tlist.insert_before(tidx, sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' '))
+                tidx += 1  # has to shift since token inserted before it
+
+            # assert tlist.token_index(token) == tidx
+            tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes, idx=tidx)
+
+    def process(self, stmt):
+        [self.process(sgroup) for sgroup in stmt.get_sublists()]
+        SpacesAroundOperatorsFilter._process(stmt)
+        return stmt
+
+
+class StripTrailingSemicolonFilter:
+
+    def process(self, stmt):
+        while stmt.tokens and (stmt.tokens[-1].is_whitespace
+                               or stmt.tokens[-1].value == ';'):
+            stmt.tokens.pop()
+        return stmt
+
+
+# ---------------------------
+# postprocess
+
+class SerializerUnicode:
+    @staticmethod
+    def process(stmt):
+        lines = split_unquoted_newlines(stmt)
+        return '\n'.join(line.rstrip() for line in lines)
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/output.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/output.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..253537e04ccf1b1b5526fe4485c9bd1d441967ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/output.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse import sql, tokens as T
+
+
+class OutputFilter:
+    varname_prefix = ''
+
+    def __init__(self, varname='sql'):
+        self.varname = self.varname_prefix + varname
+        self.count = 0
+
+    def _process(self, stream, varname, has_nl):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def process(self, stmt):
+        self.count += 1
+        if self.count > 1:
+            varname = '{f.varname}{f.count}'.format(f=self)
+        else:
+            varname = self.varname
+
+        has_nl = len(str(stmt).strip().splitlines()) > 1
+        stmt.tokens = self._process(stmt.tokens, varname, has_nl)
+        return stmt
+
+
+class OutputPythonFilter(OutputFilter):
+    def _process(self, stream, varname, has_nl):
+        # SQL query assignation to varname
+        if self.count > 1:
+            yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, '\n')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Name, varname)
+        yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Operator, '=')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+        if has_nl:
+            yield sql.Token(T.Operator, '(')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Text, "'")
+
+        # Print the tokens on the quote
+        for token in stream:
+            # Token is a new line separator
+            if token.is_whitespace and '\n' in token.value:
+                # Close quote and add a new line
+                yield sql.Token(T.Text, " '")
+                yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, '\n')
+
+                # Quote header on secondary lines
+                yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ' * (len(varname) + 4))
+                yield sql.Token(T.Text, "'")
+
+                # Indentation
+                after_lb = token.value.split('\n', 1)[1]
+                if after_lb:
+                    yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, after_lb)
+                continue
+
+            # Token has escape chars
+            elif "'" in token.value:
+                token.value = token.value.replace("'", "\\'")
+
+            # Put the token
+            yield sql.Token(T.Text, token.value)
+
+        # Close quote
+        yield sql.Token(T.Text, "'")
+        if has_nl:
+            yield sql.Token(T.Operator, ')')
+
+
+class OutputPHPFilter(OutputFilter):
+    varname_prefix = '$'
+
+    def _process(self, stream, varname, has_nl):
+        # SQL query assignation to varname (quote header)
+        if self.count > 1:
+            yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, '\n')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Name, varname)
+        yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+        if has_nl:
+            yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Operator, '=')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Text, '"')
+
+        # Print the tokens on the quote
+        for token in stream:
+            # Token is a new line separator
+            if token.is_whitespace and '\n' in token.value:
+                # Close quote and add a new line
+                yield sql.Token(T.Text, ' ";')
+                yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, '\n')
+
+                # Quote header on secondary lines
+                yield sql.Token(T.Name, varname)
+                yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+                yield sql.Token(T.Operator, '.=')
+                yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' ')
+                yield sql.Token(T.Text, '"')
+
+                # Indentation
+                after_lb = token.value.split('\n', 1)[1]
+                if after_lb:
+                    yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, after_lb)
+                continue
+
+            # Token has escape chars
+            elif '"' in token.value:
+                token.value = token.value.replace('"', '\\"')
+
+            # Put the token
+            yield sql.Token(T.Text, token.value)
+
+        # Close quote
+        yield sql.Token(T.Text, '"')
+        yield sql.Token(T.Punctuation, ';')
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/reindent.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/reindent.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fb232f02dd46ffcec64ec3fc770818c35929938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/reindent.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse import sql, tokens as T
+from sqlparse.utils import offset, indent
+
+
+class ReindentFilter:
+    def __init__(self, width=2, char=' ', wrap_after=0, n='\n',
+                 comma_first=False, indent_after_first=False,
+                 indent_columns=False):
+        self.n = n
+        self.width = width
+        self.char = char
+        self.indent = 1 if indent_after_first else 0
+        self.offset = 0
+        self.wrap_after = wrap_after
+        self.comma_first = comma_first
+        self.indent_columns = indent_columns
+        self._curr_stmt = None
+        self._last_stmt = None
+        self._last_func = None
+
+    def _flatten_up_to_token(self, token):
+        """Yields all tokens up to token but excluding current."""
+        if token.is_group:
+            token = next(token.flatten())
+
+        for t in self._curr_stmt.flatten():
+            if t == token:
+                break
+            yield t
+
+    @property
+    def leading_ws(self):
+        return self.offset + self.indent * self.width
+
+    def _get_offset(self, token):
+        raw = ''.join(map(str, self._flatten_up_to_token(token)))
+        line = (raw or '\n').splitlines()[-1]
+        # Now take current offset into account and return relative offset.
+        return len(line) - len(self.char * self.leading_ws)
+
+    def nl(self, offset=0):
+        return sql.Token(
+            T.Whitespace,
+            self.n + self.char * max(0, self.leading_ws + offset))
+
+    def _next_token(self, tlist, idx=-1):
+        split_words = ('FROM', 'STRAIGHT_JOIN$', 'JOIN$', 'AND', 'OR',
+                       'GROUP BY', 'ORDER BY', 'UNION', 'VALUES',
+                       'SET', 'BETWEEN', 'EXCEPT', 'HAVING', 'LIMIT')
+        m_split = T.Keyword, split_words, True
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=m_split, idx=idx)
+
+        if token and token.normalized == 'BETWEEN':
+            tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist, tidx)
+
+            if token and token.normalized == 'AND':
+                tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist, tidx)
+
+        return tidx, token
+
+    def _split_kwds(self, tlist):
+        tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist)
+        while token:
+            pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(tidx, skip_ws=False)
+            uprev = str(prev_)
+
+            if prev_ and prev_.is_whitespace:
+                del tlist.tokens[pidx]
+                tidx -= 1
+
+            if not (uprev.endswith('\n') or uprev.endswith('\r')):
+                tlist.insert_before(tidx, self.nl())
+                tidx += 1
+
+            tidx, token = self._next_token(tlist, tidx)
+
+    def _split_statements(self, tlist):
+        ttypes = T.Keyword.DML, T.Keyword.DDL
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes)
+        while token:
+            pidx, prev_ = tlist.token_prev(tidx, skip_ws=False)
+            if prev_ and prev_.is_whitespace:
+                del tlist.tokens[pidx]
+                tidx -= 1
+            # only break if it's not the first token
+            if prev_:
+                tlist.insert_before(tidx, self.nl())
+                tidx += 1
+            tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes, idx=tidx)
+
+    def _process(self, tlist):
+        func_name = '_process_{cls}'.format(cls=type(tlist).__name__)
+        func = getattr(self, func_name.lower(), self._process_default)
+        func(tlist)
+
+    def _process_where(self, tlist):
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(m=(T.Keyword, 'WHERE'))
+        if not token:
+            return
+        # issue121, errors in statement fixed??
+        tlist.insert_before(tidx, self.nl())
+        with indent(self):
+            self._process_default(tlist)
+
+    def _process_parenthesis(self, tlist):
+        ttypes = T.Keyword.DML, T.Keyword.DDL
+        _, is_dml_dll = tlist.token_next_by(t=ttypes)
+        fidx, first = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Parenthesis.M_OPEN)
+        if first is None:
+            return
+
+        with indent(self, 1 if is_dml_dll else 0):
+            tlist.tokens.insert(0, self.nl()) if is_dml_dll else None
+            with offset(self, self._get_offset(first) + 1):
+                self._process_default(tlist, not is_dml_dll)
+
+    def _process_function(self, tlist):
+        self._last_func = tlist[0]
+        self._process_default(tlist)
+
+    def _process_identifierlist(self, tlist):
+        identifiers = list(tlist.get_identifiers())
+        if self.indent_columns:
+            first = next(identifiers[0].flatten())
+            num_offset = 1 if self.char == '\t' else self.width
+        else:
+            first = next(identifiers.pop(0).flatten())
+            num_offset = 1 if self.char == '\t' else self._get_offset(first)
+
+        if not tlist.within(sql.Function) and not tlist.within(sql.Values):
+            with offset(self, num_offset):
+                position = 0
+                for token in identifiers:
+                    # Add 1 for the "," separator
+                    position += len(token.value) + 1
+                    if position > (self.wrap_after - self.offset):
+                        adjust = 0
+                        if self.comma_first:
+                            adjust = -2
+                            _, comma = tlist.token_prev(
+                                tlist.token_index(token))
+                            if comma is None:
+                                continue
+                            token = comma
+                        tlist.insert_before(token, self.nl(offset=adjust))
+                        if self.comma_first:
+                            _, ws = tlist.token_next(
+                                tlist.token_index(token), skip_ws=False)
+                            if (ws is not None
+                                    and ws.ttype is not T.Text.Whitespace):
+                                tlist.insert_after(
+                                    token, sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' '))
+                        position = 0
+        else:
+            # ensure whitespace
+            for token in tlist:
+                _, next_ws = tlist.token_next(
+                    tlist.token_index(token), skip_ws=False)
+                if token.value == ',' and not next_ws.is_whitespace:
+                    tlist.insert_after(
+                        token, sql.Token(T.Whitespace, ' '))
+
+            end_at = self.offset + sum(len(i.value) + 1 for i in identifiers)
+            adjusted_offset = 0
+            if (self.wrap_after > 0
+                    and end_at > (self.wrap_after - self.offset)
+                    and self._last_func):
+                adjusted_offset = -len(self._last_func.value) - 1
+
+            with offset(self, adjusted_offset), indent(self):
+                if adjusted_offset < 0:
+                    tlist.insert_before(identifiers[0], self.nl())
+                position = 0
+                for token in identifiers:
+                    # Add 1 for the "," separator
+                    position += len(token.value) + 1
+                    if (self.wrap_after > 0
+                            and position > (self.wrap_after - self.offset)):
+                        adjust = 0
+                        tlist.insert_before(token, self.nl(offset=adjust))
+                        position = 0
+        self._process_default(tlist)
+
+    def _process_case(self, tlist):
+        iterable = iter(tlist.get_cases())
+        cond, _ = next(iterable)
+        first = next(cond[0].flatten())
+
+        with offset(self, self._get_offset(tlist[0])):
+            with offset(self, self._get_offset(first)):
+                for cond, value in iterable:
+                    token = value[0] if cond is None else cond[0]
+                    tlist.insert_before(token, self.nl())
+
+                # Line breaks on group level are done. let's add an offset of
+                # len "when ", "then ", "else "
+                with offset(self, len("WHEN ")):
+                    self._process_default(tlist)
+            end_idx, end = tlist.token_next_by(m=sql.Case.M_CLOSE)
+            if end_idx is not None:
+                tlist.insert_before(end_idx, self.nl())
+
+    def _process_values(self, tlist):
+        tlist.insert_before(0, self.nl())
+        tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(i=sql.Parenthesis)
+        first_token = token
+        while token:
+            ptidx, ptoken = tlist.token_next_by(m=(T.Punctuation, ','),
+                                                idx=tidx)
+            if ptoken:
+                if self.comma_first:
+                    adjust = -2
+                    offset = self._get_offset(first_token) + adjust
+                    tlist.insert_before(ptoken, self.nl(offset))
+                else:
+                    tlist.insert_after(ptoken,
+                                       self.nl(self._get_offset(token)))
+            tidx, token = tlist.token_next_by(i=sql.Parenthesis, idx=tidx)
+
+    def _process_default(self, tlist, stmts=True):
+        self._split_statements(tlist) if stmts else None
+        self._split_kwds(tlist)
+        for sgroup in tlist.get_sublists():
+            self._process(sgroup)
+
+    def process(self, stmt):
+        self._curr_stmt = stmt
+        self._process(stmt)
+
+        if self._last_stmt is not None:
+            nl = '\n' if str(self._last_stmt).endswith('\n') else '\n\n'
+            stmt.tokens.insert(0, sql.Token(T.Whitespace, nl))
+
+        self._last_stmt = stmt
+        return stmt
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/right_margin.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/right_margin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e670562342b12ab812eb28b0dff41839a87374f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/right_margin.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+import re
+
+from sqlparse import sql, tokens as T
+
+
+# FIXME: Doesn't work
+class RightMarginFilter:
+    keep_together = (
+        # sql.TypeCast, sql.Identifier, sql.Alias,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, width=79):
+        self.width = width
+        self.line = ''
+
+    def _process(self, group, stream):
+        for token in stream:
+            if token.is_whitespace and '\n' in token.value:
+                if token.value.endswith('\n'):
+                    self.line = ''
+                else:
+                    self.line = token.value.splitlines()[-1]
+            elif token.is_group and type(token) not in self.keep_together:
+                token.tokens = self._process(token, token.tokens)
+            else:
+                val = str(token)
+                if len(self.line) + len(val) > self.width:
+                    match = re.search(r'^ +', self.line)
+                    if match is not None:
+                        indent = match.group()
+                    else:
+                        indent = ''
+                    yield sql.Token(T.Whitespace, '\n{}'.format(indent))
+                    self.line = indent
+                self.line += val
+            yield token
+
+    def process(self, group):
+        # return
+        # group.tokens = self._process(group, group.tokens)
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/tokens.py b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/tokens.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc00a844f2e9f3ff1041acf8777641c66a3ce6d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/sqlparse/filters/tokens.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2020 the sqlparse authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of python-sqlparse and is released under
+# the BSD License: https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+
+from sqlparse import tokens as T
+
+
+class _CaseFilter:
+    ttype = None
+
+    def __init__(self, case=None):
+        case = case or 'upper'
+        self.convert = getattr(str, case)
+
+    def process(self, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype in self.ttype:
+                value = self.convert(value)
+            yield ttype, value
+
+
+class KeywordCaseFilter(_CaseFilter):
+    ttype = T.Keyword
+
+
+class IdentifierCaseFilter(_CaseFilter):
+    ttype = T.Name, T.String.Symbol
+
+    def process(self, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype in self.ttype and value.strip()[0] != '"':
+                value = self.convert(value)
+            yield ttype, value
+
+
+class TruncateStringFilter:
+    def __init__(self, width, char):
+        self.width = width
+        self.char = char
+
+    def process(self, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype != T.Literal.String.Single:
+                yield ttype, value
+                continue
+
+            if value[:2] == "''":
+                inner = value[2:-2]
+                quote = "''"
+            else:
+                inner = value[1:-1]
+                quote = "'"
+
+            if len(inner) > self.width:
+                value = ''.join((quote, inner[:self.width], self.char, quote))
+            yield ttype, value
diff --git a/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/typer-0.12.3.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/typer-0.12.3.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7694736cf37716aafec14b24aa8d6316ebe07a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgsql/pgAdmin 4/python/Lib/site-packages/typer-0.12.3.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE	
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2019 Sebastián Ramírez
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
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